# Patent

## Title
Security intelligence tracking anti-terrorist system

## Abstract

The invention is a method and system for continuously tracking the movement of cargo in domestic and international shipping from point of departure to point of destination and to prevent hijacking of the same. The system uses one or more wireless electronic seals which can communicate with a central computer system, such as by satellite, providing the current location of the cargo at regular intervals or upon demand. The electronic seals are provided with a unique identification number and are activated upon locking of the seal to the closed cargo container. During shipment, the seal transmits its location to the central computer which compares the location of the shipment to a calculated expected route, notifying the parties to the shipment and government authorities in the event that the cargo is found to deviate from the expected route. The electronic seal is also capable of signaling the central computer when the cargo is opened. If the opening is premature, a second seal hidden within the cargo can be activated to enable tracking of the cargo which may be removed from the container. The system also provides a consolidated, verifiable record of the shipping history of a shipment which can facilitate government clearance and inspections of potentially dangerously handled cargo.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/680,005, filed Oct. 7, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,973,385, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/416,795, filed Oct. 8, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to deterrents to terrorism in international shipping. Specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method for determining the end-to-end routing of a shipment from the door of a shipper to the door of a consignee.
FIG. 1 is an overview of the steps in a typical shipping process. Typically, the shipping process begins at Step 1 when the entity or person who is responsible for the initiation of a shipment, known herein as the shipper, loads a container with cargo and seals it. This is currently done with a device such as a tamper-evident lead seal.
In the Step 2, a firm which specializes in arranging transportation and the necessary documentation for export and domestic movements of cargo, known herein as a freight forwarder, obtains a booking record from the shipper. The booking information contained on the record includes a list of the parties to the shipping transaction (e.g. the shipper and the entity or person designated as the recipient of the shipment, identified herein as the consignee) along with the itinerary of the shipment and whether it is an international or domestic shipment.
In Step 3, a firm responsible for moving cargo from one point to another within a country, referred to herein as a domestic carrier, transports the container to the place where the cargo can be loaded onto a vessel, aircraft or other form of international transportation. This location is known as the port of loading. At the port of loading, the domestic carrier typically tenders the container to a steam ship line or airline which will serve as the international carrier.
In Step 4, the international carrier provides a bill of lading and cargo manifest for all bills of lading to government authorities. A bill of lading is a document that is used by international carriers to describe cargo being shipped between two designated points. This can be an inland bill covering domestic moves, an air waybill or similar documentation.
In Step 5, a customs broker makes an import entry. A customs broker is a firm that is licensed by the importing country to issue a customs declaration form that declares the nature of the goods and typically the duties and taxes owed thereon. A customs broker will also arrange for the movement of the goods from the port of entry to the final consignee.
In Step 6, the exporting government may, at its option, review documentation relating to the shipment and pass information to the importing customs authority.
In Step 7, the customs broker or an importer assigns the shipment to a domestic trucker.
In Step 8, the importing customs authority decides whether to inspect the cargo. If inspection is called for, the seal installed in Step 1 is broken and a new seal is installed on the authority of importing customs.
In Step 9, the domestic trucker delivers the shipment to the consignee. If the shipment is successful, the seal installed in Step 1, or its replacement installed in Step 8 of the shipping process is broken in Step 10 by the consignee who receives and inspects the cargo.
An enormous quantity of cargo departs and arrives from international ports worldwide on a daily basis, however only a small percentage of the cargo can be inspected as a practical matter. Therefore, unless carefully monitored at every step, the shipping process introduces a risk to national security, particularly from terrorism.
Current asset management systems attempt to monitor the existence, location and status of items being transported or stored. Such a system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,876 to Woolley, et al.
Woolley discloses an asset management system in which uniquely identifiable asset tags are attached to individual shipments. The tags are capable of storing unique identification information as well as data regarding a shipment's origin and destination as well as a signature of the owner of the shipment. The tags are capable of detecting their location and transmitting this information to a remote location for purposes of tracking a shipment en route.
An asset management system such as that disclosed by Woolley provides a workable approach to keep tracking cargo and preventing tampering therewith while in transit. However, the data provided by such systems is insufficient and is not organized in a manner conducive to the prevention of terrorism. Specifically, although the present technology has been applied for tracking, theft management and tamper prevention, these functions have not been effectively integrated and the obtainable data has not been distributable such that oversight of a shipment can be maintained from shipper to consignee without interruption. This problem applies particularly to international shipments, especially those which take place on the high seas, or across multiple national borders before reaching their destination.
Therefore, a need exists for a system which can continuously monitor multiple aspects of the status of a shipment that can be integrated with current shipping processes “door to door” from shipper to consignee across multiple international borders, and in international waters and air space.
A further need exists for a system which will provide international carriers and national governments with accurate information regarding the location and contents of shipments in transit to assist government authorities to determine if cargo should be inspected.
A further need exists for a cargo tracking system which generates an efficient routing guide based upon the origin and destinations of the shipment to allow the system to notify authorities of any deviation from logical routes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In general, the invention features a system and method to determine the end-to-end routing of a shipment from the door of a shipper to the door of the consignee to act as a deterrent to terrorism in international shipping. The system combines existing satellite and communications technology with application software which securely passes data, preferably in an acceptable encryption format, to government agencies responsible for reducing terrorism. The information and physical tracking of the cargo is accomplished through an electronic seal that ideally emits several types of signals along with the seal number. Those signals are received by the e2e system using known communication technology and is stored in a computer database for processing.
A preferred embodiment of the system of the present invention (the e2e system) also provides an e2e security seal which uses information from the shipper. The shipper enters the origin and destination along with identifying data of the seal number and the name and location of the consignee, which can be used to determine if the consignee is on a denied party list published by the U.S. State Department and Customs which is now part of the Homeland Security Department. To the extent that other countries have similar denied party lists, those may also be maintained within the e2e system. The information entered by the shipper provides both export and import governments with more intelligence on actual products being shipped. This information can be used in the transfer records to the government to provide intelligence for inspection and classification of goods.
The e2e system provides a means to identify domestic truck drivers by license ID and by a computer image of the driver kept in the system entered by the carrier as well as a digital image of the driver. The digital image is an option to be used in high-risk cargo, where the shipper needs to know the identity of the driver before turning over the cargo to the driver. Participating domestic carriers would use the e2e system to send a prescribed record found in this document that identifies the driver and the file name associated with the driver. In addition, the e2e system will track and control interchanges which will benefit domestic carriers. The purpose of interchange tracking is to record the transfer of responsibility for the container and to record any damages to the container during such transfer. The interchange record is a significant benefit to carriers, container owners (leasing companies), and insurance companies for establishing the condition of containers and who was responsible.
The e2e seal system provides international carriers with information not commonly available to them today. A booking request will provide them with information to assist them in the preparation of the bills of lading and with the manifest data that is essential to customs in the U.S. and other nations. They will participate in the benefits of the interchange record as well. The system facilitates the clearance of containers and thereby facilitates the movement of containers through container yards. Those steamship lines not having sophisticated systems to track of vessels can also take advantage of the e2e system in tracking of the vessels by the e2e sealed cargo they may carry.
The present invention also provides for the transfer of containers from one vessel to another vessel or from one mode of transportation to another. The ability to account for this type of transfer is essential to a true door-to-door tracking system.
The system of the present invention provides links to export and import government authorities. The information provided through booking and routing guides will provide intelligence to those agencies required to protect against terrorism. The information supplied further enhances the intelligence used by government authorities to determine if cargo should be inspected.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a second e2e security seal can be placed in an undisclosed location within a shipment to locate hijacked cargo if the e2e security seal on the outside of the container is removed. A signal from the e2e security seal upon breach would preferably turn on the second seal when the outside seal is opened and the cargo is not located at the final destination. In a modified embodiment, an authorized pre-delivery opening of the cargo (as for customs inspection or for another legitimate purpose) would prevent the outside e2e security seal from activating the inner seal. Specifically, the second seal receives a hijack signal from the first seal when the first seal is broken. The second seal will allow a satellite to locate the second seal and give the coordinates to government authorities to locate the cargo, even if the first seal is disabled or no longer located with the cargo.
A routing guide is preferably generated based on the latitude and longitude of all known ports, cities, towns, and postal codes. Specific shippers and importers will have their locations stored in their respective files and be used to generate a logical routing. This table is maintained by the system of the present invention and indicates what port of exit should be used or recommended for use when making a shipment from a given location to another country and city within that country. The user is allowed to indicate specific ports, but the system will provide a logical selection and indicate to the government when that logical choice is not made.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, carrier and driver ID is maintained in the system. This is accomplished by using standard international code identification of carriers. Drivers will be coupled with the carrier, and then the state or province issuing the license, along with that identity's unique identification. To ensure that the proper driver shows up to pick up the cargo, an image file of the driver is provided in addition to the driver's license number. This image is ideally accessible to the receiving clerk or the shipper to ensure that the correct driver has delivered the goods.
In a further embodiment, each locale keeps a file as to which parties should be notified in the case of an emergency. These parties will be notified in the order they are listed.
An exemplary summary of the components of an embodiment of the present invention are provided in Table 1, below. As described in greater detail in the description of the preferred embodiments below, each of the steps of the process provided in Chart 1 can be dovetailed into the existing shipping process as described above, and are sufficiently flexible to accommodate future shipping methodologies.










TABLE 1






Description of Step &




Step No.
Method of Input
Process Controlled here
Responsible Party


















1
Manufacturing step at
Unique number assigned to
‘e2e security or their



Seal number
the seal. This will be a 15
approved/licensed



Manufacturing process
alphal/numeric code wherein
agent manufacturing



step will assign unique
the device will transmit this
the device.



number to memory chip
seal number to the satellite



in the device.
when triggered in step No. 1




described in FIG 1.1


2
Purchase of Seals. Input
A program will record who is
‘e2e security or their



done via secured WEB
buying the seals and when
approved/licensed



input or direct input by
that company is licensed
agent distributor of



e2e security.
authorized re-seller of the
the device. It is




seal. The program will set up
envisioned that




a data base that will record
Forwarders and




how many seals were
Consolidators will




purchased and will draw
use the device




down from that number as




each seal is employed in




screens to order seals




depicted in this document




several pages below.


3
Booking information.
Recording of Parties to the
Shipper, Freight



Input done via secured
transaction along with the
Forwarder or Carrier



WEB input or direct
itinerary of the shipment
if step not



input by e2e security.
whether it is international or
accomplished by




domestic moves. This
either the Shipper or




process is depicted in FIGS
Forwarder.




1.2 The data also includes




the exact location of the




Shipper and the Importer.


4
Closure of the Container.
When a seal is closed (See
Shipper, Consolidator,



Input done via secured
device diagrams) the seal
Forwarder or government



satellite transmission by
will activate the transmitter
agent is activated by



the e2e security seal.
and send the first of four
them but controlled by




types of messages. This
e2e security.




message will be that




shipment has started. See




FIG. 1.1


5
In-transit movement.
Based on the model of the
‘e2e Security’



Input done via secured
seal the program will send a



satellite transmission by
read message to the satellite



the e2e security seal.
provider for a coordinates



This would employ a
position of the e2e seal.



wireless data systems,



GEOSAT systems (geo



synchronous satellite),



or LEOSAT/MEOSAT



(Low Earth orbit



satellite/Medium Earth



Orbit Satellite). The use



of the satellite service



will be based on the



most available service.


6
Arrival at Country of
This process will setup co-
‘e2e Security’



destination for
ordinates of planned first



International
port of call in any given



shipments.
country where the shipment



Input done via secured
crosses a border. This will



satellite transmission by
send a message to



the e2e security seal.
participating country Border



The entry to a country
Security Authorities that this



will be considered at
shipment has crossed that



least the international
border. The data given to the



borders but can be
authority would include



extended up to 100
Shipper and Consignee



miles or more of the
information along with Port



border based on the
of Entry data. It is



requirement of the
anticipated that certain



government officials of
countries may require this



that country.
information for expedited




clearance.


7
Arrival at City of
When the seal is sending a
‘e2e Security’



destination for all
signal that is interpreted that



shipments.
it has arrived at the city of



Input done via secured
Destination, then a process



satellite transmission by
will be triggered that will



the e2e security seal
advise the status to those




designated in step 3 above


8
Import Clearance
This optional step for
Input would be done



Input done via secured
international shipments will
by authorized



message or WEB access
indicate the equivalent of
government



from participating
clearance messages from
agencies through



governments, Importer
participating Import
several methods:



or Customs Brokers
Countries where an
EDI secured




electronic message will be
WEB secured




sent to indicate clearance of
Other secured




inspection of the goods. If
transmission of




an inspection record is
data.




received then the e2e system




will anticipate that the




container seal will be broken




before receipt at the




consignee. If the goods are




moved to a non-designated




area before clearance is




received from the




government, then a message




will be sent to government




officials participating in e2e




security chain.


9
Transfer of Carrier
There may be a need to
Carrier who



Input done via secured
record that a container is
transfers the goods



message from
being transshipped via
to another carrier.



participating carriers or
another carrier for either an
This should be done



brokers
international or a domestic
as part of the




leg of the journey.
inspection of the




In addition, this process 
outside of the




would ID the person
container to assure




authorized to deliver the
that the container is




goods to the consignee where
in good working




possible.
order.





Container stations





therefore will be





doing this for





shipments that are





being delivered to





final destinations.





International carriers





will be doing this for





transshipments





where the cargo is





moved from one





vessel to another or





is taken from one





flight to another.


10
Arrival at Consignee
The e2e seal will send a
‘e2e Security’



Input is automatic based
distinct message that the seal



on the fact that the seal
is broken. That message will



is broken and the
then be compared to the co-



Latitude and longitude is
ordinates of where it was



equal to the final
expected to be delivered and



destination co-ordinates
if there is a deviation a



that were defined at the
message will be sent to



time of the Booking
authorities indicating that



establishment.
deviation and the current



Hijacked find
location of the seal even if it



information would be
is not on the box. A second



input via secured WEB
seal could have been hidden



input by authorized
in the container or within the



government agency or
cargo if the shipper or



importer of the goods.
consignee is trying to detect




the locations of the goods




today. The system will be




associated with the hidden




seal number in the




application and will activate




this seal as soon as the first




seal is broken at a destination




different than the scheduled




final destination and not




authorized by inspection by




government agency. The




“hidden Seal” will send out a




message for authorities on a




continual basis until the




cargo, not the container is




located and an authorized




find signal is received by the




SITATS system





‘e2e Security’









In another embodiment of the invention, the security seal may include a universal serial bus (USB) port for reading information stored on a portable memory device, such as a memory stick. The memory device may store information regarding the party currently in control of the cargo, so that when the memory device is inserted into the USB port, information regarding the controlling party can be communicated to the central computer system. Another memory device may be stored in the cargo container, itself, and may contain data such as the cargo identification number (container number), so that such information may be read by the USB port and sent to the central computer system to confirm that the party actually has control of the cargo.
In another embodiment of the invention, the security seal may include a housing, a first locking cable having an end that extends from the housing, and a second locking cable that has an end that extends from the housing. A connecting means connects the ends of the first and second cables together to lock the seal to the cargo. The connecting means may include a male twist connector disposed at the end of the first locking cable and a female twist connector disposed at the end of the second locking cable. The housing may include a main body portion and a top cover, the top cover being removeably attached to the main body. The ends of the first and second locking cables preferably extend through respective openings formed in the top cover.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the steps in a typical shipping process as related to the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an e2e security seal prior to locking.
FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of an e2e security seal that has been locked.
FIG. 2C is a schematic detail of the locking mechanism of an embodiment of the e2e security seal.
FIGS. 3A through 3D are exemplary computer interfaces to facilitate order entry in the system of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an exemplary computer interface to facilitate entry of booking information in the system of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of error levels generated during transit in the system of the present invention.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are exemplary computer interfaces to facilitate entry of customs clearance information in the system of the present invention.
FIGS. 7A through 7C are exemplary computer interfaces to facilitate cargo interchange data into the system of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is an exemplary computer interface to facilitate entry of delivery information in the system of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary process followed by a shipper integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary process implemented by a freight forwarder integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary process implemented by a domestic trucker integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary process implemented by an international carrier upon departure implementing the system of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary process implemented by an international carrier upon arrival integrating the system of the present invention.
FIGS. 14A and 14B are process flow diagrams of an exemplary process implemented by an import customs broker for import clearance and trucker assignment integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a process flow diagram of a process implemented by the importing government of a shipment integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a process flow diagram of a process implemented by a domestic carrier integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a process flow diagram implemented by the consignee upon receipt of a shipment integrating the system of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a process flow diagram illustrating the process of gathering and sharing data in the system of the present invention.
FIGS. 19A and 19B shows an e2e security seal according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 20 shows a housing for the e2e security seal according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As discussed above, the present invention is implemented on a computer network that receives and transmits data over existing communications infrastructure such as the internet satellite systems for GPS (Global Positioning System) which provide a signal for the exact longitude and latitude received by and e2e security seal transmission devices as described herein below. The system of the present invention uses input received from one or a plurality of e2e security seals in addition to web/internet encrypted input from users of the system such as shippers and government agencies who initiate and/or employ a cargo booking record. As used herein below, booking is the process in which a company or individual reserves space for transport on a vessel, airline, truck or rail to move goods.
As shown in FIG. 2A, e2e security seal 11 is shown having a housing 12 which contains a transmitter/receiver 14 which is connected to battery cell 16, display button 18 and electronic seal display 20. Transmitter/receiver 14 has a memory (not shown) which stores an identification number which can be displayed on electronic seal display 20 by actuation of display button 18 by user.
Housing 12 can be of any size appropriate for containing the internal components of the e2e security seal. The e2e security seal is analogous to the lead seals currently used in international shipping, so the dimensions of housing 12 are ideally between 2.5×4×0.25 inches and 3×6×0.5 inches.
Ideally, the identification number is assigned during manufacture of the e2e security seal. The number is preferably unique to the seal and may be based upon an algorithm unique to the manufacturing location of the e2e security seal. For example, the identification number of seals manufactured in New York maybe based upon the output from a first algorithm, whereas seals manufactured in Colorado may be based upon second algorithm, provided that the results of the first and second algorithm do not result in the assignment of the same identification number to more than one e2e security seal. To maintain the integrity of the system of the present invention and to prevent the manufacture of counterfeit seals the algorithms used by the manufacturers should remain secret, and known only to limited authorized personnel.
The use of location specific algorithms allows the system of the present invention to identify the manufacture and the century year and month of manufacture of any seal employed in the system. Likewise, this will assure that the e2e security seals in service are genuine, and that counterfeits can be detected.
Referring again to FIG. 2A, transmitter/receiver 14 is also connected to flex cable 22 and female cable end 24. Flex cable 22 and cable end 24 are ideally lengths of fiberoptic cable. The cable is ideally surrounded by stainless steel or similar wire mesh that is further encased in a weatherproof coating. Additional weatherproofing could be provided by an umbrella-like cap (not shown) which covers the insertion points of the cable 22 into housing 12. Flex cable 22 extends outside housing 12 and terminates at a locking cable end 26 which has a keyed surface 28 which may be protrusions formed integrally with flex cable 22.
Likewise cable end 24 terminates in receptacle end 30 which has apertures 32 which are ideally keyed to match protrusions 28 in flex cable 22.
Transmitter/receiver 14, in addition to storing a unique identification number must be able to send a signal sufficient to be read by existing wireless communication systems. Additionally, it must have the ability to ascertain its location, as from the existing GPS satellite system. It should also have a range of wireless transmission/reception capabilities which allow the e2e seal's memory to be queried securely from a remote location.
Among the types of signals transmitter/receiver 14 should be able to transmit are a signal that indicates that the seal has just been closed. The closure signal starts the e2e system's cargo tracking. After the closure signal, a signal indicating movement during a domestic routing is transmitted. This signal is ideally transmitted frequently and should occur immediately after goods are sealed at the shipper's location and upon arrival at the port of discharge. Then, a signal indicating international leg movement routing is ideally transmitted. The signal may be less frequent and will be triggered based upon the notification of receipt of the shipment by the steamship line, or airline. The timing of the transmissions is optional and reduces the overall energy requirements to send a signal to a satellite while the goods are in transit over the ocean. The more frequent domestic routing signal would again be initiated when the cargo is within 25 miles of the international destination.
Then a signal indicating the seal is broken at the destination location is transmitted. This transmission indicates a successfully completed shipment. Alternatively, a signal indicating the seal is broken at a location other than the expected destination can be transmitted. This will cause an alert message to be sent to government officials using the system in the local country along with the domestic, importer and international carriers. This signal can also cause a second device hidden within the cargo to emit a signal that will initiate a tracking and recovery signal to allow tracking and recovery of potentially stolen goods.
Dependent upon the application for which the e2e security seal will be employed, a person of skill in the art would be able to select from the wide existing range of communication technology available to provide the wireless functionality of transmitter/receiver 14 described above.
Furthermore, in addition to having sufficient memory to store an identification number, the memory of transmitter/receiver 14 can ideally store values for a number of data fields which are set forth below in Table 2. Or optionally, a data file updated on a centralized computer system, such as the e2e system, used to monitor the movement of a container. As described in greater detail below, these fields enable the e2e security seal to respond properly to events that occur to the seal during shipment.







TABLE 2







File Name- e2e Seal number file














Other File
Data Element


Data Field
Appx Size
Description
Relationship
Connecting it














E2e_seal_no
15
Unique code assigned to this device




E2e_Supplier
20
Name of the authorized Manufacturer
Party File
Party_Code


E2e_SKU
12
SKU ID code of seal
E2e SKU
SKU_Code


E2e_Seal_Mfg_Date
8
Date this unit was Manufacturered


E2e_Sold_Date
8
Date this unit was sold


E2e_SoldTo
20
Code of entity unit sold to.
Party File
Party_Code


E2e_ActDateTime
14
CCYYMMDDHHmmSS




CC-Century, YY-Year, MM_Month,




DD-Day, HH-Hour, mm-Minute, SS-Second


E2e-Lattitude_start
10
Latitude Position at the beginning of journey


E2e-Longitude_Start
10
Position at the beginning of journey


E2e-Lattitude_end
10
Latitude Position at the end of journey


E2e-Longitude_end
10
Position at the end of journey









The next step in the system of the present invention is the purchase of an e2e security seal by a shipper. Throughout the shipping process, the application of the e2e system depends upon strict tracking of the location of all e2e security seals. Thus, a database should be created, preferably on a computer system providing access to the internet, which will track the particulars of each seal sold with a valid identification number.
Table 3 provides a preferred list of data fields and their specifications for the creation of an e2e database to track information related to the sale of e2e security seals to authorized personnel in the shipping industry. Such authorized personnel may be considered “distributors” of the e2e seal and will be recorded in the database.











TABLE 3








Other File
Data Element


Data Field
Appx Size
Description
Relationship
Connecting it



















Party_Code
20
Unique Code assigned by
None





System to Seller


Party_Type
1
M = Manufacturer, S = Seller,
SIC file
SIC_CODE




U = User


Party_SIC
3
Classification of the Seller SIC Code
SIC file
SIC_CODE


Party_Name
40
Name of the Party


Party_ADR1
40
Physical Location of the Party


Party_ADR2
40
Physical Additional Address Line


Party_Crty
2
ISO Country Code of Party
ISO Ctry
ISO_CODE


Party_CITY
25
Name of the City


Party_Postal
16
Postal Zone within the Country
ISO POSTAL
ISO_CODE &






ISO_ZONE


Party_Date_CR
8
CCYYMMDD Century, Year,




Month and Day of record being established.


Party_Date_Last
8
CCYYMMDD for the last Transaction


Party_Qty2Dte
9
Cumulative Count since starting of activity.


Party_QtyCur
9
Current year totals


Party-contact
30
Name of contact at seller


Party-phone
18
Telephone Number of Office


Party-email
32
Email Address of Seller


Party-Shrt-Name
20
Short name of seller for reports


Party_Local_Gvt#
20
ID of the Seller's entity as form
ISO Govt#
ISOGVTCTRY




of “Known Seller” information

ISOGVTID


Party_Invty
1
Method to use to balance




inventory D = Daily, W = Weekly,




M = Monthly and A = Annually.


File Name- ISO Country


ISO_CODE
2
International Standards




Organization code for countries


ISO_CtryName
25
Country Name


ISO_Continent
1
Continent where country exists
World
World_ContCode


ISO_Ctry_Def_Email
32
Email Address of Person to be




contacted with Terrorist Notice


ISO_Phone#
18
Phone number of Hot line for such notices


ISO_Friendly_Rate
6
Classification code of




probability that Terrorist




could exist within the borders




of this country


ISO_Contact1
30
Name of the contact


ISO_Contact1_Title
12
Title of the contact


ISO_Contact1_Phone
18
Phone number


ISO_Contact1_email
32
Email Address


ISO_Contact2
30
Name of the second contact


ISO_Contact2_Title
12
Title of the contact


ISO_Contact2_Phone
18
Phone number


ISO_Contact2_email
32
Email Address


ISO_Contact3
30
Name of the third contact


ISO_Contact3_Title
12
Title of the contact


ISO_Contact3_Phone
18
Phone number


ISO_Contact3_email
32
Email Address


File Name- World Area


World_Cont_Code
1
Code Identifying all the major




regions


World_Cont_Name
32
Name of the Continent or World




Area







File Name- SIC Standard Industry Code











SIC_Code
3
Standard code used by world






trade to classify types of




businesses


SIC_DESC
32
Long Description of Industry


SIC_DESC_Short
18
Short Description of the




industry







File Name- ISO Postal City Codes











Postal_CTRY
2
Standard ISO code for the
ISO Ctry
ISO_Code




Country


Postal_Zone
16
Postal Code within the Country


Postal_City
25
Name of the city within the




Country


Postal-Latitude
10
Latitude reading of City Center


Postal-Longitude
10
Longitude reading of the City




Center







File Name- e2e SKU Seal Products











SKU_CODE
12
Stock Keeping Unit, Model ID,






or Product Code of the product


SKU_DESCR
80
Eighty Character Description




showing the Characteristics of




the model


SKU_Type
3
Product Class type Unit. This




will point to another file that will




describe these type units. (e.g.




Seals, Seals for Ocean Vs Air,




Batteries, etc.)


SKU_MidDescr
40
Middle size description for




reports


SKU_Short
20
Short Description


SKU_Patent
40
Patent Number Assigned







File Name- e2e Seal Inventory











INV_Owner
15
Code for the Party or now






Current owner of the seals.


INV_SKU
12
SKU Code
SKU
SKU-CODE


INV_Begin_Bal
9
Opening balance at beginning of




the period. Assumption this will




be a month.


INV_Consumed
9
Total units consumed to date




within the period used by the




Owner


INV_CURBAL
9
Current Balance of Stock


INV_IN-Transit
9
Units being processed







File Name- UN-Load Code - Air/Ocean Port Files











UNLD-CTRY
2
ISO Countr Code
ISO
ISO_CODE


UNLD-CITY
3
Airport/City Code for Intl Port


UNLD-PortName
20
Name of City


UNLD-Latitude
10
Latitude of Port Center


UNLD-Longitude
10
Longitude of Port Center









The preferred embodiment of the e2e system envisions a website that will be the mechanism used by distributors to purchase e2e security seals. Each buyer of the seals should be required to complete the profile information needed to complete the “Party to Transaction” file as shown in Table 3. A fifteen character ID will be assigned to the distributor who can then stipulate their own unique password for entering orders for seals. An distributor may have a limited number of authorized individuals (such as three) who may purchase seals on behalf of the distributor.
Population of the e2e database may take place at a dedicated terminal or from a web interface. FIGS. 3A-3D are examples of interface screens, respectively, to establish a new distributor account, enter an account password, order e2e seals and to establish a new drop-shipment location.
After sale of the seals, booking information is recorded. Table 4 provides the fields in a preferred embodiment of the e2e database for use in recording the booking record. FIG. 4 is an example of a web or terminal interface screen for obtaining the booking information. When a shipment is planned from a supplier/manufacturer to a given consignee there is a booking of the shipment to reserve space on a carrier's vessel, aircraft or truck. It is essential to the e2e system that a booking record be established and associated with a particular seal number before shipment takes place.








TABLE 4







Field
Logic to be used





Seal Number
Must be a valid number on the e2e Seal number file


Container Owner
Must be on the SCAC file.


NOS
Must not be blank


Organization ID
Must be on the Party File


Carrier ID Code
Must be on the Party File and a type C


Origin Ctry
Must be on the ISO file


Postal Zone
Must be on the ISO Postal zone file


Intermediary Location/Consol
Must be on the Party File


Shipper ID
Must be on the Party File


Reference
Can be blank


Consignee ID
Must be on the Party File


Consignee Ref
Can Be Blank


Vessel/Airline
Can not be blank


Carrier Code
Must be on the Party file or the SCAC file


Departs On
Must be shown as CCYYMMDD optionally add time HH:MM


Voyage/Flight/Trip No
Must be given (Plan to validate against Itinerary file of Carriers participating in



the SITATS)


Origin
Must be given for international Ocean and Air shipments. Must be on UN



Load Port file if international movement


Destination
Must be given for international Ocean and Air shipments. Must be on UN



Load Port file if international movement

















Other File
Data Element


Data Field
Appx Size
Description
Relationship
Connecting it










File Name SCAC Standard Carrier Alpha Code











SCAC_Country_Code
2
International Standards






Organization two letter code


SCAC_Code
4
Standard Carrier Alpha Code


SCAC_Party
20
Party Code for SCAC code
Party
Party_CODE


SCAC_Shortname
20
Move Short name into this




field from Party File


File Name Carrier Driver ID Code


Driver_SCAC_Country_Code
2
International Standards




Organization two letter




code


Driver_SCAC_Code
4
Standard Carrier Alpha




Code


Driver_ID_State_Prov
4
State, Province within




Country


Driver_ID
20
Drivers License ID


Driver_Photo
50
File name of image




stored as driver's digital




picture.









After the booking record has been entered and associated with an e2e security seal, the seal is used to close the container which contains the cargo to be shipped. As discussed above, conventional cargo containers, particularly those used in international shipping have a locking device which is sealed by a lead seal. More specifically, the locking device on many cargo containers is adapted to receive a cable the ends of which are sealed together with lead for the duration of the voyage or until inspected.
Referring to FIGS. 2A-2C, flex cable 22 is threaded through the locking device of a conventional container ULD (unit load device), crate or any suitable shipping device that can be enclosed or secured. This completes a circuit which turns the seal on, and cable end 26 is inserted into receptacle end 24. As shown in FIG. 2B, this creates a complete circuit which can automatically be detected by transmitter 14, or can be indicated by the actuation of a pressure sensing switch 29 which detects when flex cable 22 is fully inserted into receptacle 24. Thus, the e2e security seal takes the place of the conventional lead seal currently used in the shipping industry.
Flex cable 22 can be as long as needed to function with containers, such as those with soft sides which need a relatively long cable to tie in the soft sides. Flex cable 22 can be supplemented by an extension cable (having a receptacle-sized end on one side having the same characteristics as receptacle end 24 and having a cable end such as cable end 26 on the other). It is critical that the length of the cable not exceed the ability of transmitter/receiver 14 to detect a complete circuit from flex cable 22 to receptacle end 24 when the seal is closed.
As shown in FIG. 2C, it is preferable that the length of flex cable 22 not permit the opening of the container without cutting flex cable 22 due to excessive slack. One or more collars 27 can be provided on the cable to act as a physical barrier to prevent sliding the cable to open the container without breaking the seal. Additionally, an extension of the flex cable can be run throughout the walls of the container that can detect a break in any of the six walls of the container.
When the seal is closed, the transmitter/receiver becomes active and begins transmitting and receiving data. Battery cell 16 preferably provides for at least 120 days of signal power, however this can be varied to accommodate voyages of greater or lesser duration.
The initial transmission from the closed e2e security seal will indicate that the seal has been employed and is now active. In response, the e2e system will first look for a booking record associated with the identification number of the e2e security seal. The e2e system will then query the seal for its location and compare the location of the seal (which is the presumed location of the shipment) to the origin point as recorded in the booking record. If the location of the cargo is not the same as the origin, a message can be sent by the e2e system, preferably to the owner of the cargo indicating the discrepancy.
If no booking record exists, then the e2e system generates a message indicating that the container can be tracked, but that the system can not reasonably determine if the goods are on course or diverted from their ultimate destination.
The e2e system will also create an expected itinerary file based on the mode of transportation and carriers selected in the booking record. This is known as a routing guide. The system will create anticipated “way points” with the coordinates of those points kept as a means to establish any deviations from the anticipated course. As discussed in detail below, these way points are preferably monitored in-transit.
The e2e system also updates its database with respect to the distributor who bought the seal, indicating that the seal has been used, and that the seal has started its journey. This is the start of a tracking record created by the e2e system which can be used to reconstruct every location and dime and date of the cargo on its journey to the destination. This information may be considered useful by logistic analysts to study transit times and trade lane evaluations.
Optionally, a record could be sent to any participating party including any one or all of the shipper, consignee, exporting country officials and international carriers. Transmission records of itinerary movements are preferably standardized and encrypted using encryption criteria developed by the e2e system and provided to those participating on electronic exchange of data as to position. Secure web support for authorized users can also be provided.
The next step in the e2e system process is in-transit tracking of the shipment. The tracking is preferably done in three tiers, the first of which is a map image of the expected route (as calculated based on the booking record) and any diversions from that route. The map image can allow users a number of views of the itinerary map, at least the following ten being preferred:
















!
Global view



!
Expected itenerary



!
Detailed map of origin of shipment



!
High-level map of current cargo location



!
Mid-level map of current location



!
Detailed map of current location



!
Specific current location



!
Detailed map of expected port of entry



!
Detailed map of destination area



!
Detailed map of specific destination










The second tier is the expected computer generated routing of the shipment based on the booking information given. The routing information could be displayed on the any of the above views in a particular color such as blue. The third tier is the actual route taken at any point in the journey. This route could be displayed in red to distinguish it from the expected route. The views of in-transit tracking could be accomplished using any prior art mapping software or online mapping services such as Expedia (r) by MicroSoft (r) or MapQuest (r) as long as the software has the capability to zoom its view in to specifically locate the cargo. The cargo can then be graphically depicted on the map as a truck, jet or vessel depending upon the mode of transport currently moving the cargo.
A further display is preferably available to the e2e system user providing specific information on location including country, city, latitude, longitude and distance to destination. Further information may include current time, time since cargo departed its origin and time expected at destination. Based on the above information, it is possible to determine the time and extent of deviation from the calculated expected route.
More specifically, the expected route, which forms the basis of the routing guide, is calculated by the e2e system from the information in the booking record. The routing guide provides for a fixed set of coordinates based on latitude and longitude of way points on the expected route. The routing guide therefore provides the e2e system with the sequential coordinates that the cargo is expected to follow to reach its destination.
However, ocean vessels and flights do not always follow a strict route as a vehicle might, and even vehicles require the ability to deviate from a strict route plan so that the normal business of shipping can account for storms, or traffic that are better avoided. Thus, the e2e system should have tolerances built in to allow for a degree of deviation from the expected route.
As shown in FIG. 5, tolerances are typically based on absolute distance from the expected route. Diagram 60 is a graphic depiction of the status assigned to moving cargo based on its location relative to its expected position at any given time during shipment. Each of regions 62, 64, 66 and 68 represents an area defined by a progressively larger distance from the expected position to the north, south, east or west. The exact size of each region can be defined by the e2e system based upon the type of cargo and mode of transportation, or can be defined by a user, such as a shipper or consignee who would prefer to define routing tolerances according to individual or corporate policies.
During transport, the regions 62, 64, 66 and 68 move in unison according to the expected movement of the cargo. The condition of the shipment is defined by the region in which the cargo is found based on the transmissions of the e2e security seal on the cargo at a given time during transportation. The first condition, defined by region 62, identified as “white” indicates that the cargo is on course and closely corresponds to the routing guide. The second condition, defined by region 64 and identified as “green” indicates a safe deviation for this segment of the trip. As noted above, the deviation tolerance will differ from land, ocean and air movements.
The third condition, defined by region 66 and identified as “yellow” indicates that the deviation is a reason for concern. Upon reaching this condition, a message can be sent by the e2e system to the carrier or to other authorities stating that there is reason for caution. The transmission of the warning to the carrier would allow the carrier to provide a reason for the change in routing, if any. The routing guide could then be updated to reflect the change in plan.
The fourth condition, defined by region 68 and identified as “red” includes all of the area outside yellow region 66 and indicates that a serious problem with the routing of the shipment exists. The red zone ordinarily requires an immediate alert to government authorities and the carrier. At this point, the authorities would be able to take whatever necessary precaution that the nature and location of the goods suggest should be taken to intercept the cargo, which is now off course.
The next step in the e2e system process occurs at the arrival of the cargo at the country of destination. During shipment of the cargo following the activation of the e2e security seal, the e2e system keeps track of the border crossings made by the cargo in its database as a border crossing record. Exemplary data fields in the e2e database for maintaining the border crossing record are shown in Table 5. The objective is to send the border crossing information to destination government authorities such as customs and to customs brokers, shippers and carriers as well as the end consignee. Particularly with respect to customs officials, having a verifiable list of border crossings, and proof that the original e2e seal is still intact, may speed the cargo through customs processing. However, should customs determine that inspection is required, a new e2e seal could be placed on the cargo, the identification number of the new seal being updated in the e2e booking record.











TABLE 5








Other File
Data Element


Data Field
Appx Size
Description
Relationship
Connecting it



















BC_Record
5
Record ID code “e2eBC” will






ID this as a Border crossing Record


BC_Carrier_Name
20
Name of the Carrier
None


BC_Carrier_Code
4
SCAC Code
None


BC-Contr_No
7
Container number
None


BC_Shipper
20
Government Code for Shipper If not available
None




then e2e Party Code


BC_Consignee
20
Government Code for Consignee if not available
None




then e2e Party code


BC-SealID
15
Seal number in the event the party wants to
None




continue tracking using the e2e reference


BC-Date Time
12
CCYYMMDDHHmm Century, Year, Month, Day,
None




Hour, Minute


BC_CITY
20
Closet city where crossing Border
None









To facilitate customs clearance in international shipments, the clearance process can also be integrated into the e2e system. By allowing authorized customs officials to have direct access to the e2e system, particularly the databases associated with the booking record, the clearance and customs data processes can be combined. FIGS. 6a and 6b are examples of user interfaces which can be used by customs officials to facilitate clearance.
Often there is more than one carrier involved in the movement of cargo from one point to another after arrival in the destination country. It is typical that when cargo is off-loaded at the port of destination it is given to a trucker who will move it to an authorized container or De-Consolidation station or on directly to the designated consignee. The e2e system can provide for the interchange of the cargo with another entity and thereby passing responsibility for the cargo to that entity. This aspect of the e2e system can be fully integrated or can comprise a stand-alone application.
In addition to recording the interchange of the cargo, the reporting of damage to the container and who is responsible can also be established. FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C are examples of user interfaces which can be used to populate the e2e database with the information discussed above related to cargo interchange.
The arrival of the cargo in the city of destination is significant because several entities are customarily informed that the cargo is ready for reception at the consignee. Based on whether this is an international shipment, customs, customs brokers, the shipper and the consignee will receive notification of cargo arrival. Table 6 provides the data fields that are ideally entered into the e2e database upon arrival at the city of destination.











TABLE 6








Other File
Data Element


Data Field
Appx Size
Description
Relationship
Connecting it



















AC_Record
5
Record ID code “e2eAC” will






ID this as a City Arrival Record


AC_Carrier_Name
20
Name of the Carrier
None


AC_Carrier_Code
4
SCAC Code
None


AC-Contr_No
7
Container number
None


AC_Shipper
20
Government Code for Shipper If not available
None




then e2e Party Code


AC_Consignee
20
Government Code for Consignee if not available
None




then e2e Party code


AC-SealID
15
Seal number in the event the party wants to
None




continue tracking using the e2e reference


AC-Date Time
12
CCYYMMDDHHmm Century, Year, Month, Day,
None




Hour, Minute


AC_CITY
20
Closet city where arriving city
None









The final step in the shipping process is the arrival of the cargo at the consignee. This final step accounts for the safe arrival of the goods at the consignee. Typically, the consignee would have the ability to access the web and go to the e2e security site and enter the receipt information. This information will be considered to be proof of delivery by the delivering carrier.
This information might be shared with the shipper, customs broker, international carrier (based on the responsibility of the international carrier to provide a door-to-door deliver) and the delivering carrier. It is essential that the consignee provide this data just prior to breaking the e2e security seal. The e2e system assumes that the container will be at the latitude and longitude of the destination as prescribed in the booking record at the time the seal is broken. If this is not the case, a warning message is transmitted by the e2e system to the appropriate authorities indicating a possible hijack. If the shipper had inserted a second e2e security seal into the cargo, it would now become active as a homing device for authorities to locate the tampered goods. FIG. 8 is an example of a user interface screen that could be used by the e2e system to obtain confirmation from a consignee of safe arrival of a shipment.
FIGS. 9-17 provide a detailed view of the e2e system as it is integrated into the ordinary course of a shipment. FIGS. 9-17 coordinate with the steps in the overall shipping process provided in FIG. 1, and discussed above.
In step 1 of FIG. 1, the shipper loads and seals a container. As shown in FIG. 9, this process 100 begins at 102 when a purchase order is received from a buyer or importer. The order is processed at 104 by the order processing department of the shipper. The order is reviewed at 106 after which a work order 108 issues calling for the goods to be readied for shipment.
A copy of the work order 108a is sent to the traffic department and the original is sent to the manufacturing or warehouse floor 110 where the items in the work order are manufactured or picked from stock 112. Meanwhile, traffic copy 108a is forwarded to the traffic manager 114 who may call a forwarder, steam ship line or air line to get a booking. This sets into motion step 2 of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 10, the call made by traffic manager 114 to a forwarder is received at 116 by telephone, fax or e-mail or by secured Internet 118. The freight forwarder prepares 119 the export document including ocean blading and dock receipts 120 and prescribed export government records which are sent for approval 122. Upon receipt of approval data 124, the approved export notice 126 is provided and then the forwarder arranges for a truck or other transportation to deliver the shipment to an international carrier 128. This process generates a booking number and itinerary which can be transmitted through secure Internet 118 to the shipper.
Referring again to FIG. 9, at 2a, the shipper receives the booking number and itinerary 130 from the forwarder and assigns e2e security seal numbers to be associated with the booking record. The e2e security seal numbers are obtained from one or more e2e security seals 11 which may have been purchased in advance by the shipper. Shipping instructions are then issued to the shipping department 132. The shipper then packs the items for export 134 optionally concealing one or more e2e security seals 11 in the cargo to enable hijack recovery as discussed above. Quality assurance 136 checks the export package and delivers it to the shipping department 138 for storage in container 140.
Shipping enters the seal number 142 over secured Internet 118 to the e2e security tracking computer system 144. When the shipping container is full (146), the e2e security seal 11 is attached and secured to the container and activated 148. The e2e security seal then begins transmitting the seal number via satellite. The e2e system will determine the coordinates and location of the device and match it to the booking record 150.
Referring again to FIG. 10, if required by shipper, the freight forwarder 116a will arrange for the export domestic trucker to pick up container 140. A dock receipt 152 is issued and sent via secured Internet 118 to the exporting domestic carrier in step 3. Similarly, freight forwarder 116 forwards the freight information via secured Internet 118 or directly to a steam ship line or air line 154.
Referring to FIG. 11, domestic trucking company receives dock receipt 156. Dispatcher 158 assigns a specific driver to pick up the shipment. A domestic pick-up order 160 issues with delivery instructions which is provided to ABC Trucking Company 162 with instructions to pick up shipping container 140 which is ready at the shipper's dock or yard and is then attached to the cab of a truck for movement to the steam ship line or air line.
e2e security seal 11 transmits a signal via satellite 164 to the e2e security tracking computer system 144 as the trucker moves the goods. The satellite picks up the seal number and sends back the latitude and longitude of the truck at the required intervals for example, 5, 10, 30 or 60 seconds apart.
After the dispatcher 158a completes the driver assignment the specific truck and drivers' information is forwarded via secure web 118 to the e2e security tracking computer system as well as the shipper 1 and forwarder 2.
Referring to FIG. 12, international carrier departure activity are detailed beginning with step 4 wherein shipping container 140 with e2e security seal 11 has been delivered with dock receipt 166 to the receiving clerk 168. The container is inspected 170 and interchanged to another mode of transportation is prepared. If container is to be held, the receiving clerk 168 also assigns a yard position to the container 172. An interchange order 174 is issued for container 140 and clerk 176 adds the interchange to the carriers computer system. A bill of lading and manifest issues 178 which is forwarded via secured Internet 118 to the shipper 1, freight forwarder 2, export government 6, and the e2e tracking computer system 144.
When the container is loaded on the vessel or on an air craft 180, signals continue to be sent via satellite 164 to the e2e tracking computer system 144. The vessel 182 is now tracked by the e2e system, although the frequency of transmissions may be reduced, for example, to intervals of every 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 or 60 minutes. On participating steam ship lines, the transmitter in e2e security seal 11 could simultaneously act as a tracking for the vessel itself.
FIG. 13 discloses the international carrier's activities upon arrival at the country of destination. Upon arrival of vessel 182 in port, containers and crates 180 of cargo are offloaded from the vessel or aircraft. Simultaneously, the international carrier undertakes the documentation required for an interchange of cargo, specifically, import customs release and payment 184. Depending on whether the cargo requires inspection, the cargo is moved 186 to an inspection area. A message is simultaneously forwarded to the e2e system indicating that the shipment will be inspected and that the e2e security seal will be broken.
The cargo is held pending payment of outstanding fees 188. When holds are released, receiving clerk 190 receives a pick-up order 192 from an entity associated with customs such as customs broker 4.8.1 and arranges for transfer of the cargo 140 to a domestic delivery company.
e2e security seal 11, which may be the original seal or may be a replacement seal which was placed on container 140 by authorized inspectors following inspection of the cargo upon arrival. As truck 194 moves container 140, seal 11 transmits via satellite 164 data related to the location of container 140 to e2e security tracking computer system 144. Transmission intervals ideally increase in frequency during truck transportation, for example, to intervals of 15 seconds or better.
As shown in FIGS. 14 and 14A, the activities of the import customs broker of step 5 begin with the receipt of a packet of invoices and shipping documents 196 which are processed by the import entry clerk 198 and forwarded to domestic customs house internal computer system 200. After receiving clearance from the import country 202, customs house 200 issues a delivery order in step 7 which results in the assignment 204 of delivery to a domestic carrier as shown in FIG. 14A. A pick-up or delivery order is issued 206 which results in the assignment of a domestic trucker according to step 9. As shown in 208, e2e security tracking computer system 144 coordinates the data related to domestic delivery over secured web connection 118 in coordination with the import government authority.
FIG. 15 details the steps taken by the import government in step 8 in deciding whether to inspect a container of incoming cargo. The information available to the import government typically includes documentation from customs brokers which include ABI or ACE or other local government import records 210 and from steamship or airlines which provide manifest data 212. Upon notice of import entry 214, customs and export control authorities 216 refer to data in customs or other import government control systems 218 in deciding whether to inspect.
Clearance 220 can be sent to customs brokers directly, although the process can be facilitated by the e2e system, as e2e security tracking computer system 144 can provide export government data over secured web connection 118 to import customs control authorities 216 for purposes of assisting in inspection decision making, or expediting clearance.
FIG. 16 discloses the process undertaken by domestic carriers in step 9. While container 140 having e2e security seal 11 affixed thereto is in transit, regular communication via satellite 164 provides e2e computer system 144 with data which permits the e2e system to determine whether the shipment is on course. The domestic dispatcher 224 is responsible for tracking the shipment and uses data from e2e computer system 144 as well as its own computer system 226 to ensure that the shipment is on course, or provide an explanation in case of deviation. In the event of a deviation, e2e computer system 144 notifies both domestic dispatcher 224 as well as government authorities 228 if the divergence is unexplained.
FIG. 17 illustrates the process of delivery of the cargo at its final destination according to step 10. Shipping container 140 is off-loaded at the consignee's warehouse and seal 11 is broken. Breaking seal 11 initiates the transmission of a signal via satellite 164 to the e2e computer system which verifies that the cargo is physically located at the consignee 230 based on the information in the booking record. If there is a discrepancy and no explanation is provided, government authorities 228 are notified.
FIGS. 19A and 19B show an e2e security seal 300 according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As in the previous embodiment, the e2e security seal 300 includes a housing 312 that contains a transmitter/receiver 314 connected to a battery cell 316, a display button 318 and an electronic seal display 320. However, in this embodiment, the transmitter/receiver 314 is connected to a male flex cable 322 and a female flex cable 324, both of which extend from the housing 312 through respective openings 326, 328 in the top cover 329 of the housing 312. Both the male flex cable 322 and the female flex cable 324 are preferably made of fiberoptic cable, as in the previous embodiment. The end of the male flex cable 322 that extends from the opening 326 includes a male twist coupler portion 330, and the end of the female flex cable 324 that extends from the opening 328 includes a female twist coupler portion 332.
FIG. 20 shows the housing 312 of the e2e security seal 300 in more detail. The housing 312 includes a main body portion 342, and the top cover 329 of the housing 312 is preferably connected to the main body portion 342 by a hinge 344. The hinge 344 allows the top cover 329 to swivel away from the main body portion 342 so that the inside of the housing 312 can be accessed. The housing 312 may also include battery openings 346 for insertion and removal of the battery cell 316, and corresponding battery opening covers 348 which may be hinged to the main body portion 342. Connection hardware 350 may be disposed at the back of the main body portion 342, and may include, for example, weld points, fasteners, prefabricated brackets or any other suitable means for connection to a shipping container. Also, a USB port opening 352 is preferably disposed at the bottom surface of the main body portion 342, for access to a USB port, as will be explained in further detail below. In various embodiments, the housing 312 may be made of a corrosive resistant material such as, for example, stainless steel or Kevlar and lined with insulation to absorb shock and insulate from the weather elements.
The housing 312 of the e2e security seal 300 may be delivered separate from the inner components. The top cover 329 allows for the housing 312 to be opened, so that the inner components may be placed inside in their proper configuration. As shown in FIG. 19A, once the components are placed inside the housing 312 with the top cover 329 still in the hinged open position, the male flex cable 322 and the female flex cable 324 protrude through the top opening of the housing 312. At this point, the male flex cable 322 can be threaded through the opening 326 and the female flex cable 324 can be threaded through the opening 328. At the same time, the flex cables 322, 324 may be pushed down into the housing 300 as much as possible so as to lessen any unwanted slack. Once the flex cables 322, 324 are threaded through their respective openings 32, 328 the top cover 329 may be hinged back into place to cover the top opening of the housing 312, thereby effectively clamping the flex cables 322, 324 into position. At this point, the male twist coupler portion 330 may be inserted into the female twist coupler portion 332 to complete the circuit and activate the security seal 300. It should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the use of a twist coupling mechanism, and any other coupling mechanism may be used, such a friction fit coupling.
In the present embodiment, the e2e security seal 300 includes a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port 334. A portable memory device, such as, for example, USB flash memory stick 336, may be inserted into the USB port 334. The flash memory stick 336 preferably stores encrypted information regarding the party currently in control of the shipping container. In this regard, the controlling party inserts the flash memory stick 336 into a USB port of a computer located at the controlling party's workstation, and encrypted information regarding the controlling party may be downloaded from the controlling party's computer to the flash memory stick 336. The controlling party may then insert the flash memory stick 336 containing the encrypted information into the USB port 334 of the e2e security seal 300. The transmitter/receiver 314 may then read the data input from the flash memory stick 336 and transmit such information to the e2e security tracking computer system 144. Thus, in this embodiment, there is no need for the party in control of the container to manually input data for transmission over the Internet to the e2e security tracking computer system 144.
A separate container memory stick (not shown) disposed within the container may store the container identification number. The controlling party may insert this memory stick into the USB port of a computer located at the controlling party's workstation, which will then read the container ID number and transmit this information to the e2e security tracking computer system 144. This will confirm that the controlling party is actually in possession of the container, and the controlling party's information can be matched with the container ID number. In this way, tracking of the container can continue as the container changes hands from one party to the next.
The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.

## Claims

1. A system for monitoring the shipment of cargo from a shipper having a first location defined by a latitude and a longitude to a consignee having a second location differing from the first location and defined by a second latitude and a second longitude, comprising
a computer system having routing guide associated therewith, the routing guide having a plurality of way points, each of the way points defined by an expected latitude, an expected longitude and a unique time at which the cargo is expected at the way point;
a means for storing data regarding identity of the consignee; and
at least one electronic seal attached to the cargo, the seal comprising a means for detecting its current location defined by a latitude and a longitude, a means for detecting the opening of the cargo, a means for periodic two-way wireless communication of data between the seal and the computer system, and a means for reading the data stored in the means for storing,
the computer system periodically receiving data from the electronic seal indicating the location of the cargo and wherein the computer system compares the data to the routing guide to determine the condition of the cargo during shipment.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for storing data comprises a portable memory device.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for reading data comprises a universal serial bus (USB) port.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one electronic seal further comprises a housing, and the means for detecting the opening of the cargo comprises:
a first locking cable having an end that extends from the housing;
a second locking cable that has an end that extends from the housing;
a connecting means that connects ends of the first and second locking cables together to lock the seal to the cargo; and
a sensor that detects disconnection of the first and second locking cables.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the connecting means comprises a male twist connector disposed at the end of the first locking cable and a female twist connector disposed at the end of the second locking cable.

6. The system of claim 4, wherein the housing comprises a main body portion and a top cover, the top cover being removeably attached to the main body.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the ends of the first and second locking cables extend through respective openings formed in the top cover.

8. An electronic seal for locking and monitoring cargo shipped by a shipper to a consignee, the shipper having a first location defined by a latitude and a longitude and the consignee having a second location differing from the first location and defined by a second latitude and a second longitude, comprising:
a means for detecting current location of the seal based on a latitude and a longitude;
a means for detecting the opening of the cargo;
a means for periodic two-way wireless communication of data between the seal and a computer system, the computer system having a routing guide associated therewith, the routing guide having a plurality of way points, each of the way points defined by an expected latitude, an expected longitude and a unique time at which the cargo is expected at the way point; and
the computer system periodically receiving data from the electronic seal indicating the location of the cargo and wherein the computer system compares the data to the routing guide to determine the condition of the cargo during shipment.

9. The electronic seal of claim 8, further comprising a means for reading data stored in a portable memory device, the data being related to the identification of the consignee.

10. The electronic seal of claim 9, wherein the means for reading data comprises a universal serial bus (USB) port.

11. The electronic seal of claim 8, further comprising a housing, and wherein the means for detecting the opening of the cargo comprises:
a first locking cable having an end that extends from the housing;
a second locking cable that has an end that extends from the housing;
a connecting means that connects ends of the first and second locking cables together to lock the seal to the cargo; and
a sensor that detects disconnection of the first and second locking cables.

12. The electronic seal of claim 11, wherein the connecting means comprises a male twist connector disposed at the end of the first locking cable and a female twist connector disposed at the end of the second locking cable.

13. The electronic seal of claim 11, wherein the housing comprises a main body portion and a top cover, the top cover being removeably attached to the main body portion.

14. The electronic seal of claim 13, wherein the ends of the first and second locking cables extend through respective openings formed in the top cover.