| Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of SwineAnimal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library |
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**ISSN:  1052-5378**
***Quick Bibliography Series*, QB 95-06 January 1991 - January 1995 Updates  QB 94-14 306 citations from AGRICOLA February 1995 Updated by:   Information Resources on Swine Housing, Care and Welfare**

*Compiled By:***Michael D. Kreger**Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351**Go to:** About the *Quick Bibliography Series*Document Delivery InformationNational Agricultural Library Cataloging RecordSearch StrategyAuthor IndexSubject IndexNational Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Kreger, Michael D.   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine : January 1991- January 1995.   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-06)   1. Swine--Bibliography. 2. Swine--Housing--Bibliography. 3. Swine--Health--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-06 Search Strategy  Line Command 1.   (SWINE OR SUIDEA OR SUIS OR PIG OR PIGS OR BOAR? OR SOW? OR PIGLET? OR BARROW? OR GILT? OR HOG?)/TI,DE  2.   (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR CRATE? OR STALL? OR BARN? OR SLAUGHTER? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS)/TI,DE  3.   (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN? OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE  4.   S1 AND (S2 OR S3)  5.   S4 NOT (GUINEA)  6.   S5 AND PY=1991:1995  1                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7322 Acid base status of stress susceptible pigs affects sensory quality of loin roasts. Boles, J.A.; Shand, P.J.; Patience, J.F.; McCurdy, A.R.; Schaefer, A.L. Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1993 Nov. Journal of food science v. 58 (6): p. 1254-1257; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Susceptibility; Halothane; Acid base equilibrium; Exudative meat; Loins; Meat cuts; Food quality; Sensory evaluation; Organoleptic traits; Food acceptability  Abstract:  Halothane positive pigs (24) were placed on water treatments containing sodium bicarbonate (BC, 12.6 g/L), ammonium chloride (AC, 8 g/L) or no additive for 4 days and slaughtered. Halothane negative pigs (8) also were slaughtered. Loin roasts were aged for periods of 1 or 7 days. Loin roasts from animals treated with AC were scored (p < 0.05) less firm, juicy, more tender and mealy than roasts from other halothane positive and halothane negative animals. No difference in sensory properties occurred with aging. Juiciness and off-flavor intensity were positively related to blood bicarbonate and base excess.   2                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western Australian pig farmers. Robertson, I.D.; Hampson, D.J.; Mhoma, J.R.L. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (9): p. 291-293; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Western australia; Pig farming; Animal husbandry; Farm surveys   3                                   NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Airflow characteristics in the floor region of a slot ventilated room (isothermal). Jin, Y.; Ogilvie, J.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 695-702. ill; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Design; Floor area; Ventilation; Simulation models  Abstract:  Accurate flow information was obtained through use of hot-wire anemometry and special calibration devices in a comprehensive experiment. Velocities in the floor region (0-0.6 m above the floor) correlated well with the inlet configuration while airflow stayed fully rotary. Non-linear models through dimensional analysis showed that the mean and the turbulent fluctuation of floor velocity were nearly proportional to the incoming air speed at the inlet and to the inlet height raised to the 0.6 power. Furthermore these flow parameters can be expressed in terms of the jet momentum number or the inlet height and the pressure difference. Stability of airflow patterns, inadequacy of air mixing and excessive air speeds at the floor are shown on an airflow rate plan based on inlet velocity versus inlet height. These are shown as system characteristic graphs which include pressure difference, zone boundaries for flow patterns, floor air speeds and RMS values, inlet jet momentum numbers, a typical fan characteristic, and a four-stage ventilation strategy for a pig barn.   4                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydroden sulfide, and methane in swine confinement facilities. Gerber, D.B.; Veenhuizen, M.A.; Shurson, G.C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Sep. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (9): p. 1483-1489; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ohio; Pigs; Pig housing; Air pollutants; Toxic gases; Safety at work; Ventilation; Air flow; Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxide   5                                     NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72 Animal genetics--of pigs, oncomice and men. Webster, J. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Jan. Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (1): p. 1-2; 1993 Jan.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transgenics; Biotechnology; Animal welfare   6                                   NAL Call. No.: aS21.D27S64 Animal models in biomedical research: swine. Smith, C.P. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Mar. Special reference briefs - National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-06): 61 p.; 1991 Mar.  Bibliography.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Medical research; Animal models; Bibliographies; Cardiovascular system; Hemodynamics; Hematology; Digestive system; Nutrition; Urinary tract; Reproduction; Immunology; Stress; Skeletomuscular system; Dermatology; Puerperium; Toxicology; Pharmacodynamics; Eyes; Mouth; Teeth; Surgery; Laboratory methods; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare   7                                    NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Application of bacterial product for zero-liquid-discharge pig waste management under tropical conditions. Ong, H.K.; Choo, P.Y.; Soo, S.P. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 133-140; 1993.  In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Malaysia; Pig housing; Litter; Sawdust; Waste treatment; Aerobic treatment; Bacterial products; Carcass quality   8                                NAL Call. No.: SF395.H67 1992 Artgemasse Schweinehaltung Grundlagen und Beispiele aus der Praxis  [Swine husbandry appropriate to the species]. Horning, Bernhard; Raskopf, Sabine; Simantke, Christel; Boehncke, Engelhard; Walter, Jurgen,_1950-; Schneider, Manuel Karlsruhe : C.F. Muller,; 1992. 256, [8] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. (Alternative Konzepte ; 78).  Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-232).  Language:  German  Descriptors: Swine; Swine   9                                      NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Assessment of dustfall collectors used in livestock buildings. Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A. London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 157-165; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Air pollution; Dust; Collectors; Collection; Efficiency; Deposition; Sampling; Measurement; Accuracy  Abstract:  The relative collection efficiency of several different types of dustfall collector was assessed over different collection intervals in a piggery. Flat plate collectors and collectors with sidewalls 10 and 50 mm high were placed on a slow-speed turntable to minimize positional effects. For each sampler type, collection intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks were used. The collection medium was generally a 47 mm glass fibre filter located on a 75 mm diameter aluminium disc. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters were used for one treatment. The dust sedimentation rate determined from the weekly samples varied from 80 to 200 mg m-2h-1 over the 12-week period. Dust deposits on the filters varied linearly with time from 2.3 mg/cm2 of collector surface for the 1-week interval to 27.9 mg/cm2 over 12 weeks. The measured dust sedimentation rate was about 3.0% less on the membrane filters than on the glass fibre filters and also for those collectors with the 50 mm high sidewall when compared with the flat plate collectors. The length of sample collection interval did not significantly affect the measured dust sedimentation rate. It is suggested that handling errors and edge effects may affect accuracy when deposits are greater than about 7 mg/cm2 of collector surface.   10                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Association between growth indicators and volume of lesions in lungs from pigs at slaughter. Hill, M.A.; Scheidt, A.B.; Teclaw, R.F.; Clark, L.K.; Knox, K.E.; Jordan, M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12): p. 2221-2223; 1992 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Growth  Abstract:  Conflicting findings exist among studies on the effect of pneumonia on growth in pigs. We determined the extent of pneumonia in market-weight pigs by use of an objective, volumetric method and linear regression analyses of mean daily gain and days-to-slaughter weight on the percentage of pneumonic lung. In a range of extent of pneumonia between 1.33 and 70.44%, a 10% increase in the volume of pneumonic lung was associated with a decrease in mean daily gain by 41.1 g and a 16.7-day increase in number of days to a slaughter weight of 104.5 kg.   11                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Association between low birth weight and increased adrenocortical function in neonatal pigs. Klemcke, H.G.; Lunstra, D.D.; Brown-Borg, H.M.; Borg, K.E.; Christenson, R.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1010-1018; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Birth weight; Fostering; Adrenal cortex; Hydrocortisone; Slaughter weight; Fetal growth; Blood plasma; Cell cultures  Abstract:  This study examined differences in adrenocortical function between low- and high-birthweight female neonatal pigs. Pigs born to unilaterally hysterectomized, ovariectomized sows were grouped by birth weight; "small" were less than or equal to 1.2 kg and "large" were > 1.2 kg. Pigs were cross-fostered such that each sow had six to eight pigs that were either small or large. At 3 or 7 d of age a blood sample was obtained by venipuncture, pigs were killed, and adrenocortical cells were isolated. Adrenal weights (milligrams/ kilogram BW) in small pigs were 46% greater (P = .001) than those in large pigs at both ages. Compared with those in large pigs, plasma cortisol concentrations were 70% greater (P = .006) in small pigs at 3 d and 199% greater at 7 d of age. Sensitivity of adrenocortical cell response to ACTH was enhanced at both ages in small pigs (P = .001). Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity in small pigs was 75% greater (P = .03) than that in large pigs at 3 d and 26% greater at 7 d of age. Significant negative correlations existed between birth weight and relative adrenal weight, plasma cortisol, slopes of in vitro adrenocortical cell response curves to ACTH, and CBG binding capacity, irrespective of birth weight group classification. Such data indicate an association between adrenal function during early neonatal life and birth weight in female pigs. The current study does not indicate whether increased adrenal function causes or merely reflects conditions associated with low birth weight. However, we hypothesize that increased adrenal function is initiated prenatally and causes some instances of low birth weight.   12                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine. Donham, K.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1723-1730; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sweden; Pigs; Air quality; Swine diseases; Productivity; Air pollutants; Air microbiology; Stocking density; Pig housing; Guidelines  Abstract:  A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating air quality with swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms in southern Sweden. Correlation of housing air environment to swine diseases and productivity (data collected over the preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent swine health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and pleuritis. In farrowing and nursery operations, the most prevalent problem was neonatal pig mortality. Several air contaminants (dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and microbes) were found to be correlated with these swine health problems. Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated on the basis of dose-response correlation to swine health or human health problems. Recommended maximal concentrations of contaminants were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3; ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin, 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming units/m3; and carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but not with dust concentrations. High animal density was related to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations. Animal density measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the highest correlation to animal health and air contaminants.   13                           NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Chi Automated weighing system for group housed swine. Chi, Hsien-Chung, 1992; 1992. xi, 101 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes vita and abstract.  Includes bibliographical references (l. 98-100).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine; Weighing systems, Electronic   14                            NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1S9 no.85 Avvanjning av grisar i ett suggstyrt och i ett konventionellt inhysningssystem = weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system.. Weaning of pigs in a sow- controlled and in a conventional housing system Rantzer, Dan Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1993. 102 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. (Rapport (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik) ; 84.).  In Swedish, with English summary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-71).  Language:  Swedish   15                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The bases of sow--piglet identification. 2. Cues used by piglets to identify their dam and home pen. Horrell, I.; Hodgson, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 329-343; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Dams (mothers); Identification; Senses; Farrowing pens; Feces; Urine; Litter; Udders; Odors; Vocalization   16                               NAL Call. No.: DISS  F1992260 Befruchtungsraten und uterotubaler Spermientransport nach instrumenteller Besamung zu verschiedenen Zeiten vor und nach der Ovulation beim Schwein [Fertility rates and uterotubal sperm transport in the pig after artificial insemination at various times before and after ovulation]. Gleumes, Thomas Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992. 82 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-81).  Language:  German   17                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavior and extensive management of domestic sows (Sus scrofa) and litters. Dellmeier, G.R.; Friend, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science. p. 327-341; 1991 Feb.  Paper presented at the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and Management," May 23-27, 1988, College Station, Texas.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Animal behavior; Animal husbandry   18                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The behavior of gestating swine housed in the Hurnik-Morris system. Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Friendship, R.M.; Buhr, M.M.; Allen, O.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3280-3284; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Sow pregnancy; Animal welfare; Pig housing; Feeding behavior; Pig feeding  Abstract:  A group housing system for sows, the Hurnik-Morris (HM) system, was developed to address several of the perceived animal welfare limitations of existing housing methods. The HM system permits socially coordinated eating and resting, controlled and socially undisturbed feed intake, physical exercise, and regular exposure to boars.The HM system effectively uses and reinforces the behavioral phenomenon of the social synchronization of feeding and provides a less restrictive housing environment. The system provides housing for sows in small groups and an individual, non-competitive feeding environment using electronic feeding compartments. Gilts reared during gestation in the HM system were observed to spend less time lying in sternal recumbency (31 vs 21%; P = .004) and performing stereotypies (.10 vs .56%; P = .034) and to spend more time participating in social activities (1.4 vs .19%; P = .0007) than similar gilts kept in gestation crates (GC). The HM sows revealed a significantly longer latent period to postprandial lying than did GC gilts (64 vs 32 min; P =.0001). The order of gilt entry into the feeding compartments tended to be more consistent than the sequence of feeding compartments being entered (W = .57 vs .41; P = .06). This indicates that social factors seemed to be more important than spatial ones in determining the order of entry into the feeder compartments.   19                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The behaviour of primiparous sows around farrowing in response to restraint and straw bedding. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.; Hodge, F.M.; Hemsworth, P.H. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 269-280; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Maternal behavior; Animal behavior; Piglets; Survival; Litter; Straw; Farrowing pens; Pig housing   20                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavioural observations of piglets undergoing tail docking, teeth clipping and ear notching. Noonan, G.J.; Rand, J.S.; Priest, J.; Ainscow, J.; Blackshaw, J.K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 203-213; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Animal behavior; Tail; Docking; Teeth; Clipping; Marking; Animal welfare; Stress; Restraint of animals   21                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Boar presence reduces fighting in mixed slaughter-weight pigs. Grandin, T.; Bruning, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 273-276; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Boars; Fighting; Mixing; Wounds; Incidence   22                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility design. Ruen, P.D.; Dial, G.D.; Polson, D.D.; Marsh, W.E. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Nov. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (3): p. 475-502; 1992 Nov.  In the series analytic: Swine reproduction / edited by R.C. Tubbs and A.D. Leman.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal breeding   23                                   NAL Call. No.: RC963.A1A7 Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in swine confinement building workers. Bessette, L.; Boulet, L.P.; Tremblay, G.; Cormier, Y. Washington, D.C. : Heldref Publications; 1993 Mar. Archives of environmental health v. 48 (2): p. 73-77; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Farm workers; Occupational disorders; Respiratory diseases; Bronchi; Lungs; Physiological functions   24                                       NAL Call. No.: S1.N32 Build a better hog hut. Cramer, C. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Sep. The New farm v. 16 (6): p. 50-52; 1994 Sep.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Design; Farrowing; Pig farming   25                            NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55C37 1993 Care and management of miniature pet pigs guidelines for the veterinary practitioner., 1st ed.. Reeves, David E.; Becker, H. Neil American Association of Swine Practitioners Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.,; 1993. ix, 117 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  "Published in cooperation with the American Association of Swine Practitioners"--Cover.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs as pets; Miniature pigs   26                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Caring for potbellied pigs. Bradford, J.R. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1173-1181; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Nutrient requirements   27                                    NAL Call. No.: HV4731.C3 The Casualty pig. Pig Veterinary Society Cambridge : The Society,; 1991. 20 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Cover title.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine; Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Euthanasia   28                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Changes in nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and their piglets in farrowing crates. Gotz, M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 271-275; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Behavior change; Farrowing pens; Postpartum interval; Animal behavior   29                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Characterization of particles, ammonia and endotoxin in swine confinement operations. Pickrell, J.A.; Heber, A.J.; Murphy, J.P.; Henry, S.C.; May, M.M.; Nolan, D.; Oehme, F.W.; Gillespie, J.R.; Schoneweis, D. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Oct. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (5): p. 421-428; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Intensive farming; Intensive husbandry; Dust; Pig manure; Ammonia; Endotoxins; Particle size; Spatial variation; Ventilation; Spring; Summer; Winter   30                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Chromosomal pericentric inversion detected in a sow and her piglets. Miyake, Y.I.; Matsubara, T.; Hata, M.; Kaneda, Y. Newton, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994. Theriogenology v. 42 (2): p. 241-246; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pericentric inversion; Chromosomes; Porcine stress syndrome; Chromosome analysis  Abstract:  Forty-four pigs with the suspicious symptoms of porcine stress syndrome (PSS) were selected for chromosome analysis. Cytogenetic evaluation by means of the G-banding technique revealed that one sow had an abnormal [38,XX, inv (1 p+q-) (2.1; 1.1)] karyotype. The same abnormality was also detected in 8 of 13 offspring of this sow. However, there was no correlation between the chromosome abnormality and PSS. The chromosome abnormality did not give rise to a reduction in the fertility of this sow or in the viability of her offspring. This case represents the first reported instance of pericentric inversion in swine.   31                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings. Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, S.; Mohling, K. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991. Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1991.  In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-22), revised December 1991.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Site selection; Drainage; Pig manure; Farrowing houses; Fire prevention; Building construction; Landscaping   32                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings. Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, K. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Jun.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Site factors; Farm planning   33                                    NAL Call. No.: SF623.A64 Comparing swine preweaning death losses between total confinement farrowing facilities and open barns and huts. Bowman, G.; Ott, S.L. Fort Collins, CO : USDA:APHIS:VS,; 1993. Animal health insight /. p. 1-7; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Mortality; Preweaning period; Farrowing houses; Piglet production; Litter size   34                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Comparison of behaviour patterns of sows and litters in a farrowing crate and a farrowing pen. Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W.; Thomas, F.J.; Newman, F.W. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 281-295; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Litters; Behavior patterns; Farrowing pens; Pig housing; Animal behavior; Mortality   35                                    NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Comparison of bioaerosol sampling methods in barns housing swine. Thorne, P.S.; Kiekhaeffer, M.S.; Whitten, P.; Donham, K.J. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992 Aug. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (8): p. 2543-2551; 1992 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Aerosols; Sampling; Comparisons  Abstract:  The air in livestock buildings contains bioaerosol levels that are sufficiently high to cause adverse health effects in animals and workers. These bioaerosols are complex mixtures of live and dead microorganisms and their products as well as other aeroallergens. The effectiveness of sampling methods used for quantifying the very high concentrations of microorganisms in these environments has not been well studied. To facilitate an accurate assessment of respiratory hazards from viable organisms in agricultural environments, three bioaerosol sampling methods were investigated: the Andersen microbial sampler method (AMS), the all-glass impinger method (AGI), and the Nuclepore filtration-elution method (NFE). These methods were studied in a parallel fashion in 24 swine confinement buildings. Measurements were taken in two seasons with three types of culture media in duplicate to assess total bacteria, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and total fungi. Methods were analyzed for the proportion of samples yielding data within the limits of detection, intraclass reliability, and correlation between methods. For sampling viable bacteria, the AMS had a poor data yield because of overloading and demonstrated weak correlation with the AGI. Conversely, the AGI and NFE gave sufficient numbers of valid data points (90%), yielded high intraclass reliabilities (alpha greater than or equal to 0.92), and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.86). The AGI and the NFE were suitable methods for assessing bacteria in this environment, but the AMS was not. The AMS was the only method that consistently recovered enteric bacteria (73% data yield). For sampling fungi, the AGI and AMS both yielded sufficient data and all three methods demonstrated high intraclass reliability. The AGI and AMS correlated moderately with each other, but each correlated well with the NFE. However, the AGI measured significantly higher airborne fungal concentrations than did the AMS. Thus, the AGI was the   36                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 A comparison of operant responding by farrowing sows for food and nest-building materials. Hutson, G.D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 221-230; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Feeds; Straw; Materials; Conditioned reflexes; Motivation; Animal welfare; Farrowing pens   37                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Computer simulation assessment of the thermal microenvironment of growing pigs under summer conditions. Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 1005-1009; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Greece; Pigs; Buildings; Computer simulation; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Microenvironments; Relative humidity; Simulation models; Summer; Weather data  Abstract:  The effects of outside climatic conditions on the thermal microenvironment inside a building for growing pigs (50 kg mean) were studied using a 30-year period set of hourly real weather data from the Athenian region. Transient computer simulation allowed hourly prediction of air temperature and relative humidity inside the swine unit for each year. Under Greek summer conditions (May to September) pigs are subjected to heat stress of considerable duration and intensity due to temperature, while few problems due to relative humidity occur. Furthermore, inside THI values exceeded 85 only a few hours, therefore THI cannot effectively be used as a heat- stress index.   38                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and identification of certain microbial types in a hog-growing facility. Butera, M.; Smith, J.H.; Morrison, W.D.; Hacker, R.R.; Kains, F.A.; Ogilvie, J.R. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 271-277; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Dust; Aerosols; Ventilation; Particle size; Air; Air quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria; Molds; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity   39                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Contributions of pig behavior research to animal production. Blackshaw, J.K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 195-202; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Agricultural research; Animal welfare; Animal production; Animal husbandry   40                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus transmission: handling infected seedstock. Dee, S.; Joo, H.S.; Pijoan, C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 16 (7): p. 927-933, 943; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Viral diseases; Disease control; Strain differences; Arterivirus; Serology; Immunofluorescence; Sentinel animals; Pig farming   41                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Controlling rats and mice in swine facilities. Timm, R.M.; Marsh, R.E.; Corrigan, R.M.; Holscher, K. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Feb. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Feb.  In Subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Management.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Rodent control; Disease control; Diseases; Trapping; Rodenticides; Fumigants   42                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Cooling swine. Jones, D.D.; Driggers, L.B.; Fehr, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 6 p.; 1992.  In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-87), revised December 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Cooling systems; Shade; Insulation; Ventilation   43                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating behavior in the bull and boar. Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response  Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars.   44                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Costs of environmental changes in pig housing. Foster, M.P.; Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4030): 7 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Environmental control; Costs; Models   45                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 A data-acquisition system for electronic identification, monitoring and control of group-housed pigs. Goedseels, V.; Geers, R.; Truyen, B.; Wouters, P.; Goossens, K.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S. London : Academic Press; 1992 May. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (1): p. 25-33; 1992 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Groups; Data collection; Systems; Measurement; Body weight; Feed intake; Body temperature; Physical activity; Electronics; Identification; Monitoring; Automatic control; Information storage; Computers  Abstract:  This paper describes a data-acquisition system which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a group, their body temperature and physical activity. This multitude of signals originating from physiological and behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis. A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more extended data management system. A periodical and complete automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other networks. The availability of an electronic identification system combined with various sensors will provide opportunities to study possible improvements of handling, housing and transport of farm animals.   46                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Determination of minimum ventilation rate in pig houses with natural ventilation based on carbon dioxide balance. Klooster, C.E. van't; Heitlager, B.P. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-; 1994 Apr. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 57 (4): p. 279-287; 1994 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Measurement; Models; Carbon dioxide; Ecological balance   47                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Development of a portable microprocessor for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs. Feddes, J.J.R.; DeShazer, J.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 201-204; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Movement; Stress; Measurement; Microprocessors; Computers; Design; Pig housing  Abstract:  The development of a non-restrictive method for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs in their environment is important to assess the acceptability of an environment for the pig. Blood pressure, body temperature, and animal activity are three measurements that can relate to stress of an environment. A portable microprocessor-controlled data logger was developed to measure these three parameters every 16 min over several days. These measurements were found to be accurate when obtained from the data logger strapped to a pig. Surgical techniques were developed to obtain blood pressure and body temperature. Specific data collected from this study showed that typical blood pressure for a growing pig (35 kg) is 80 +/- 5 mm Hg, blood temperature varied between 39 degrees C (thermoneutral) and 42 degrees C (surgical recovery) and the pig was active 26% of the time.   48                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The development of pain in young pigs associated with castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced behavioral changes. McGlone, J.J.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hellman, J.M.; Herzog, D.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1441-1446; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pain; Castration; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Age differences; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain; Survival  Abstract:  Four experiments were conducted to examine the development of castration-induced behavioral changes, the effects of castration age on pig weight gain, and the efficacy of common analgesics for use in castrated pigs. In Exp. 1, behavioral changes associated with castration of pigs at 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 d of age were evaluated. Castration caused measurable changes (reduced suckling, reduced standing, and increased lying times, P < .05) in the behavior of young pigs compared with that of intact pigs at all ages tested. Effects of age and interactions between age and castration treatment were not significant (P > .10) for any behaviors evaluated. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs castrated at 1 d of age was compared with the performance of those castrated on d 14 and female littermates. Birth weights, weaning weights, and mortality were recorded. Pigs that were castrated on d 14 were heavier (P = .05) at weaning and had a higher (P < .05) weight gain during lactation compared to pigs castrated on d 1 of age. Pig mortality was similar among the treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, the efficacies of pain-reducing drugs (non-narcotic analgesics) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing castration-induced behavioral changes in 8-wk-old pigs. Although castration reduced (P < .05) feeding time and weight gain, neither aspirin nor butorphanol influenced behavioral changes associated with castration. We conclude that pigs show similar behavioral changes (and probably pain perception) when castrated from 1 to 20 d of age. However, pig performance data favored castration at 14 d rather than at 1 d of age. Among older pigs, which show much greater behavioral effects of castration, analgesics (aspirin and butorphanol), used at recommended doses, provided no measurable effect on castration-induced behavioral changes.   49                                   NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4 Development of rodent control technology for confined swine facilities. Corrigan, R.M.; Towell, C.A.; Williams, R.E. Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug. Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 280-285; 1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mus musculus; Rattus norvegicus; Pig housing; Rodent control; Rodenticides; Baiting   50                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of porcine proliferative enteritis. Connor, J.F. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (7): p. 1172-1176, 1178; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Tissue proliferation; Enteritis; Campylobacter; Ileum; Hemorrhagic enteritis; Histopathology; Differential diagnosis; Antibiotics; Stress factors   51                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Drip vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling of farrowing houses in Oklahoma. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 461-464; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Farrowing houses; Cooling systems; Comparisons; Performance testing  Abstract:  A comparison of drip cooling vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling was performed on 61 sows over three farrowings. There were no significant differences between cooling methods for piglet weight gain, percentage of piglets weaned or sow weight loss. There was a significant difference in respiration rates between cooling methods. Respiration rate was a function of wet-bulb depression.   52                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Durability of truss connections in a naturally ventilated swine barn. Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A.; Phillips, P.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 625-627; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Trusses; Joints (timber); Creosote; Decay; Durability; Loads; Natural ventilation; Wood strength  Abstract:  This study investigated the effect of a four-year exposure in a naturally ventilated building (NVB) environment on the lateral load capacity and stiffness of truss connections. Untreated and creosote brush treated joints exposed in the NVB were compared with matched specimens that had been stored under laboratory conditions. It was found that there was no statistical difference (P=0.05) in ultimate strength and axial stiffness between joints exposed in the barn and joints exposed in the laboratory considering either the steel gussets or plywood gussets. Other observations indicated that this barn was not a "worst case" concerning harshness of the environment local to the exposed joints.   53                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Economics behind trend to free-stall farrowing. Marberry, S. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1993 Jul26. Feedstuffs v. 65 (1): p. 13, 20; 1993 Jul26.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Farrowing; Trends   54                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of a foraging device (The 'Edinburgh Foodball') on the behaviour of pigs. Young, R.J.; Carruthers, J.; Lawrence, A.B. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 237-247; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Foraging; Feed dispensers; Enrichment; Animal welfare   55                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd with enzootic pneumonia. Clark, L.K.; Scheidt, A.B.; Armstrong, C.H.; Knox, K.; Mayrose, V.B. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Sep. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (9): p. 946, 948-951; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Mycoplasma; Disease control; Disease prevalence; Disease course; Pig housing; Liveweight gain; Animal husbandry   56                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of dietary fibre and feeding system on activity and oral behaviour of group housed gilts. Brouns, F.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 215-223; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Diet; Fiber content; Unrestricted feeding; Restricted feeding; Pregnancy; Behavior patterns; Maternal nutrition; Abnormal behavior; Feeding behavior   57                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Lawrence, A.B.; Petherick, J.C.; McLean, K.A.; Deans, L.A.; Chirnside, J.; Vaughan, A.; Clutton, E.; Terlouw, E.M.C. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 313-330; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Prolactin; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Farrowing pens; Pig housing; Litter; Animal behavior; Gestation period; Litter size; Litter weight   58                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Effect of environmental factors on humoral and cell mediated immune parameters of growing pigs. Rafai, P.; Kovacs, F.; Tuboly, S.; Biro, H. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan. World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 9-16; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hungary; Pigs; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Humoral immunity; Selenium; Stress; Corticotropin; Environmental temperature; Microclimate; Feed additives; Vitamin e; Liveweight gain; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Cytotoxicity; Seasons; Pig fattening   59                                     NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12 Effect of feeding a high level of sugar in the diet for the last 12 days before slaughter on muscle glycolytic potential and meat quality traits in pigs. Fernandez, X.; Tornberg, E.; Magard, M.; Goransson, L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1992. Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 60 (1): p. 135-138; 1992. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Diet; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Glycolysis; Sugar; Pigs  Abstract:  The aim of this work was to study the effects of 500 12 kg-1 sucrose diet and of type of food distribution (ad libitum or two meals daily without food restriction) during the last 12 days before slaughter on glycolytic potential (GP, an estimate of resting muscle glycogen content) in pig Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, and on meat quality traits in muscles LD and Biceps femoris. The pigs used were three-way crossbred ((Yorkshire X Landrace) X Hampshire). Samples of LD were taken intra vitam, immediately before and after treatment, using a biopsy technique. Muscle metabolites, GP and meat quality traits such as pH, internal light scattering or drip loss did not vary significantly between the treatments. A significant decrease in GP was noted after feeding the conventional diet ad libitum. The lack of effect of the sugar diet on muscle glycogen content might be attributed to the overnight fast (approximately 15 h) preceding the second sampling. It was therefore hypothesised that sugar feeding has no significant long-term effect on muscle glycogen stores. The pigs exhibited a wide individual variability in GP changes during the feeding period. Pigs fed the conventional diet showed a marked trend towards a decreased GP after 12 days. This decrease in GP might be attributed to a sampling date effect, the reasons for which remain unknown.   60                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of group composition and pen size on behavior, productivity and immune response of growing pigs. Moore, A.S.; Gonyou, H.W.; Stookey, J.M.; McLaren, D.G. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (1): p. 13-30; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Groups; Body weight; Aggressive behavior; Pens; Size; Trauma; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Liveweight gain; Physical activity; Animal welfare; Mixing   61                                     NAL Call. No.: 382 So12 The effect of housing system on apparent digestibility in pigs, using the classical and marker (chromic oxide, acid- insoluble ash) techniques, in relation to dietary composition. Bakker, G.C.M.; Jongbloed, A.W. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited; 1994. Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 64 (1): p. 107-115; 1994. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig farming; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Diet; Maize starch; Cellulose; Toasting; Soybeans; Hulls; Fats; Digestibility; Laboratory methods; Chromic oxide; Acids; Solubility; Ash  Abstract:  The present study examined differences in faecal digestibilities of organic matter (dOM) and crude protein (dXP), between growing pigs housed either in pens as groups or individually in metabolism cages. In addition, a study was made of the influence of dietary composition on these observed differences. Four experimental diets were composed by iso- energetic exchange of maize starch in the control diet with purified cellulose (260 g kg-1), toasted soyabean hulls (280 g kg-1) or renderers fat (67 g kg-1), respectively. Both in pens and in metabolism cages, dOM and dXP were measured, using both chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as markers. In metabolism cages, the results of the marker method were compared to those of the classical method, where dOM and dXP were measured by collecting faeces quantitatively. Recoveries of both markers were measured, after a period of 10 and 3 days. With Cr2O3 as marker, pen-housing resulted in a dOM which was on average 2.5 (1.7-4.5) units lower and a dXP averaging 4.5 (3.0-5.8) units lower than measured in the metabolism cages (P < 0.001). No significant interactions were demonstrated between housing system and dietary composition. In contrast, with AIA as marker significantly higher digestibility values were observed for pigs in pens, when fed the cellulose diet. With this diet, the dOM was on average 14.7 units higher and the dXP was on average 10.9 units higher for the penned pigs. For the pigs fed one of the other three diets, the dOM was on average 1.5 (0.1-2.7) units lower and the dXP was on average 3.7 (1.9-5.7) units lower. Thus, with AIA as a marker, the effect of housing system on digestibility interacted with the type of diet (P < 0.05 on dOM and P < 0.01 on dXP). Comparison between the marker method with the classical method, showed that Cr2O3 provided similar results. In contrast, AIA displayed significantly higher dOM and dXP, except with the cellulose diet. This could be explained by differences in the recoveries of both markers. For Cr2O3 this was close to 100% and for AIA it varied from 97% on the cellulose diet to 183% on the control diet. The analytical procedure for AIA requires more research. Shortening the measuring period from 10 to 3 days did not prove to be significant, but increased the standard deviations. It was concluded that for practical application, faecal digestibilities should be measured with penned pigs. According to the findings, under such conditions Cr2O3 a good marker. AIA was found to be unsuitable.   62                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of initial breeding weight and management system using a high-producing sow genotype on resulting reproductive performance over three parities. Newton, E.A.; Mahan, D.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1177-1186; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Body weight; Farrowing pens; Reproductive performance; Crates; Lactation number; Sow lactation; Feed intake; Weight losses; Sow milk; Milk composition; Culling; Survival; Litter size  Abstract:  A study was conducted with sows of a high-producing genotype to evaluate their reproductive performance using three breeding weights over a three-parity period in two management systems. A total of 114 F1 gilts (Landrace X Yorkshire) were used in a split-plot, randomized, complete block experiment conducted as a 3 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in two replicates. Three gilt breeding weights of 120, 135, and 150 kg were achieved by feeding 1.8, 2.3, or 3.2 kg/d of a .73% lysine corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet, respectively, from 5 to 8 mo of age. Two locations, each with different management systems, were considered the main plot and consisted of 1) outside, concrete-floored gestation lots and indoor farrowing pens or 2) indoor gestation pens and farrowing crates. All sows were fed 1.8 (Parity 1) or 2.1 (Parity 2 and 3) kg/d of a .73% lysine C-SBM diet during the breeding and gestation periods, whereas a .82% lysine C-SBM diet with 5% added fat was available ad libitum during lactation. All sows lost weight during the first lactation; larger weight losses occurred as breeding weight increased (P < .01). During the second and third lactations the 135- and 150-kg sow breeding groups had less lactation weight change, whereas the 120-kg group lost more weight, resulting in a breeding weight X parity interaction (P < .01). The 120-kg breeding weight group consumed less feed (P < .05) for the three lactation periods than did the heavier weight groups. Initial breeding weight had no effect on number of pigs born (total, live) or pig and litter weights at birth. Pig mortality increased with increasing breeding weight (P < .01) and parity (P < .05), a response that was exacerbated when sows farrowed in pens vs crates. Postweaning breeding intervals and sow removal from the experiment were not significantly affected by initial breeding weight, but a numerically higher percentage of sows in the 120-kg group were anestrous or failed to conceive than the percentage of s   63                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX Effect of Luprosil NC on pig performance. Danielson, M.; Saner, R.; Wenninghoff, J.; Wiseman, S. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219-A): p. 16-17; 1992.  In the series analytic: 1992 Nebraska Swine report / Compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stress factors; Feed additives; Feed intake; Liveweight gain   64                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in nursery swine. Dee, S.A.; Carlson, A.R.; Winkelman, N.L.; Corey, M.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (2): p. 295-299; 1993 Jul15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Colorado; Kentucky; Minnesota; Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; Pigs; Streptococcus suis; Carrier state; Incidence; Animal husbandry   65                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of oral loading of acid or base on the incidence of pale soft exudative port (PSE) in stress-susceptible pigs. Boles, J.A.; Patience, J.F.; Schaefer, A.L.; Aalhus, J.L. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 37 (2): p. 181-194; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Incidence; Acid base equilibrium; Meat quality   66                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of pasture, confinement, and diet fortification with vitamin E and selenium on reproducing gilts and their progeny. Mutetikka, D.B.; Mahan, D.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3211-3218; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Dietary minerals; Selenium; Vitamin e; Maize; Soybean oilmeal; Pastures; Grasses; Alfalfa; Sow lactation; Intensive livestock farming; Nutrient requirements; Female fertility; Blood serum; Vitamin supplements; Mineral supplements; Colostrum; Tissues  Abstract:  A total of 48 gilts were used to evaluate the effects of a corn-soybean meal diet with or without vitamin E and Se fed on pasture or in confinement. The effects of these treatments on gilt serum and tissue alpha-tocopherol and Se concentrations and those of their progeny at weaning (28 d) were evaluated. During gestation, the experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design that compared the housing system (pasture or confinement) and the effect of diets fortified with or without vitamin E (22 IU/kg) and Se (.3 ppm). The lactation study was a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design evaluating the two housing systems during gestation or lactation only when gilts were fed the unfortified basal diet. The gilts fed the vitamin E- and Se-supplemented diet remained either on pasture or in confinement during both reproductive phases and served as positive controls.Gilts were bled at breeding, at 30, 60, and 90 d postcoitum, at farrowing, and at weaning (28 d). Three pigs per litter were bled from all litters at weaning. Six pigs per treatment group were killed at weaning and livers were collected. Pasture lots contained orchardgrass, ryegrass, and alfalfa; different lots were used during each reproductive phase. Grass species predominated (> 90%) during gestation, but alfalfa was the major species (> 50%) during lactation. Forage samples during gestation were analyzed as containing.036 ppm of Se and 29 mg of alpha- tocopherol/kg of DM, but during lactation the forages contained .046 ppm of Se and 106 mg of alpha-tocopherol/ kg of DM. Serum and colostrum alpha-tocopherol concentrations during gestation increased when the vitamin E- and Se-fortified diet was fed, but gilts fed on pasture had higher serum alpha- tocopherol concentrations than those in confinement, resulting in a housing system X diet interaction (P < .01). No effects on serum Se or glutathione peroxidase activity were detected whether gilts were in confinement or on pasture or whether the diet was fortified with vitamin E and Se during gestation. At weaning, serum and milk alpha-tocopherol and Se contents were higher in gilts on pasture fed the unfortified diet than in gilts in confinement. Pigs from sows fed the unfortified diet had higher serum alpha-tocopherol (P < .01), liver alpha- tocopherol (P < .01), and liver Se (P < .01) concentrations when they and their dams were on pasture rather than in confinement. These results suggest that both diet and pasture contributed to the vitamin E and Se status of both gilts and litters in an additive manner, but vitamin E was influenced more than Se.   67                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of piglet stimuli on the posture changing behaviour of recently farrowed sows. Cronin, G.M.; Cropley, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 167-172; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Postpartum interval; Posture; Change; Piglets; Sounds; Touch; Stimulation; Maternal behavior; Farrowing pens   68                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of playback volume and duration on the response of sows to piglet distress calls. Hutson, G.D.; Price, E.O.; Dickenson, L.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (1): p. 31-37; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization   69                          NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis vet noye The effect of pneumonia monitored during lifetime and at slaughter on growth in swine. Noyes, Elizabeth Pearsall 1992; 1992. xii, 142 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English   70                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of porcine somatotropin, stress susceptibility, and final end point of cooking on the sensory, physical, and chemical properties of pork loin chops. Boles, J.A.; Parrish, F.C. Jr; Skaggs, C.L.; Christian, L.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 69 (7): p. 2865-2870; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Stress; Porcine stress syndrome; Susceptibility; Meat cuts; Meat quality; Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Tenderness; Sensory evaluation; Proximate analysis; Fat percentage; Genotypes; Temperature  Abstract:  Forty-eight pigs of three known stress susceptibility classes were injected daily with porcine somatotropin (pST; 4 mg/d) or a placebo. Each pig was injected in the neck once daily until taken off test, starting when the pigs weighed 59 kg. The PST treatment was terminated at weekly intervals when individual pigs reached 109 kg, but animals continued to be fed for six additional days to allow for required withdrawal time. The effect of pST and stress classification on the sensory, physical, and chemical characteristics of pork chops was observed. Also, the effect of two end-point temperatures (71 and 77 degrees C) on the sensory attributes was observed. The pST treatment of animals resulted in a small but significant decrease in panel scores for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Stress susceptibility class, however, decreased panel scores for tenderness only. The pST treatment reduced intramuscular fat and increased moisture in the longissimus muscle, but stress susceptibility class had no effect on proximate composition. The pST treatment and stress susceptibility decreased and increased Hunter L values of chops, respectively, indicating darker and lighter colors, respectively. Furthermore, a greater end-point temperature reduced sensory scores for tenderness and juiciness. These results suggest that PST treatment does not cause an increased incidence of pale, soft, exudative muscle. Also, the use of a lower temperature of end-point doneness (71 degrees C) should be implemented to optimize palatability of broiled pork chops regardless of PST treatment.   71                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of pre-scalding brushing on contamination level of pork carcsses during the slaughtering process. Rahkio, M.; Korkeala, H.; Sippola, I.; Peltonen, M. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (2): p. 173-183; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter; Carcasses; Contamination; Prevention; Brushes; Bacterial count   72                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of preslaughter anesthesia on muscle metabolism and meat quality of pigs of different halothane genotypes. Klont, R.E.; Lambooy, E.; Logtestijn, J.G. van Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1477-1485; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Genotypes; Halothane; Color; Postmortem changes; Muscle physiology; Blood chemistry; Metabolites; Enzyme activity  Abstract:  Pigs of different halothane genotypes were anesthetized 45 min before slaughter. During the period of anesthesia blood samples and muscle biopsy samples were taken to investigate muscle energy metabolism by measuring different metabolites. After exsanguination, the same metabolites and some meat quality characteristics were determined. Minimal differences in resting muscle metabolism seemed to exist between the halothane genotypes. Some significant differences in ante- and postmortem metabolism were found, particularly in creatine and lactate concentrations, but these were not reflected in ultimate meat quality. None of the pigs showed PSE meat and there were no differences in muscle pH and temperature at 45 min and 18 h postmortem. However, rigor, drip loss, and color still showed a significant genotype effect. It was concluded that due to the method of anesthesia there were no differences in muscle metabolism at the moment of slaughter. This may have led to a more uniform ultimate meat quality between pigs differing in their genetic susceptibility toward stress. There were differences in color and drip loss between the halothane genotypes that cannot be explained by differences in pH and carcass temperature at 45 min postmortem.   73                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the behaviour, productivity and physiology of male pigs. Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 11-28; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Crowding; Stocking density; Toys; Stress; Animal behavior   74                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 129-133; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Straw; Nesting; Animal behavior; Animal welfare   75                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs. Fraser, D.; Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Tennessen, T. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 307-318; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Straw; Litter; Agonistic behavior; Animal behavior; Diurnal activity; Young animals; Age differences; Pig housing   76                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effect of subclinical infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in commingled feeder swine. Rohrbach, B.W.; Hall, R.F.; Hitchcock, J.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (7): p. 1095-1098; 1993 Apr01.  Paper presented at the symposium on "Animals and the environment: Impacts on veterinary medicine," Boston, Massachusetts.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Latent infections; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Age; Slaughter   77                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effect of the angle of slope on the ease with which pigs negotiate loading ramps. Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Edwards, J.E.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G. London : The Association; 1991 May04. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (18): p. 419-421; 1991 May04.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Slopes; Chutes; Spacing   78                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Effect of time between adrenaline injection and slaughter on the rate and extent of post-mortem metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle. Fernandez, X.; Forslid, A.; Magard, M.; Moller, B.M.; Tornberg, E. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 31 (3): p. 287-298; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Epinephrine; Injection; Time; Slaughter; Skeletal muscle; Metabolism   79                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of vitamin E and fat source in sows' diets on immune response of suckling and weaned piglets. Babinszky, L.; Langhout, D.J.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hartog, L.A. den; Joling, P.; Nieuwland, M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1833-1842; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Alpha-tocopherol; Dietary fat; Pregnancy; Lactation; Sunflower oil; Fats; Slaughterhouse waste; Colostrum; Sow milk; B lymphocytes; Blood serum; Igg; Lysozyme; Antibody formation  Abstract:  Thirty-six 7-mo-old gilts were used to study the effects of dietary vitamin E and fat source (5% sunflower oil or animal fat) in pregnant and lactating sow diets on serum vitamin E concentration and on cell-mediated and humoral immune response in suckling and weaned piglets. Six gilts each received one of six diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. The basal diets (13 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg diet) were supplemented with dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to 48 and 136 mg alpha- tocopherol/kg of feed (average analyzed values). After weaning (at 4 wk of age) all pigs received identical diets (20 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg feed). One week after weaning, pigs were immunized (i.m. with ovalbumin and tetanus toxoid) and antibody production was measured. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, at 1 wk after birth, at weaning, and at four weekly intervals after weaning. Samples were analyzed for alpha-tocopherol concentration, total number of leukocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes, lymphocyte stimulation with concanavalin A, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin concentrations. It was concluded that a high vitamin E level in the sow's diet increased serum vitamin E concentration of 1-wk-old pigs (P < .05). Immune response against ovalbumin was increased (P < .05) at 1 wk of age after immunization for weaned pigs from sows fed the high level of vitamin E. Also, the phagocytic measures of pigs at 1 wk of age were increased by the medium vitamin E level (P < .05). Fat sources in the sow's diet had no consistent effect on the immunological measures of pigs.   80                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of a porcine somatotropin implant on tissue mineral status of finishing pigs exposed to a thermoneutral or cold environment. Ledoux, D.R.; Knight, C.D.; Becker, B.A.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 71 (8): p. 2180-2186; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Diet studies; Feed supplements; Implantation; Somatotropin; Temperature; Animal tissues; Cold stress; Heat stress; Mineral content; Carcass composition  Abstract:  An experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred (Landrace X Yorkshire X Duroc) finishing pigs (mean BW 85 kg) to study the effects of a single 100-mg recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) implant on the tissue mineral status of pigs exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C, 50 to 55% RH) or cold (C; 5 to 15 degrees C, 50 to 70% RH) environment until BW averaged 110 kg. The implants used in this study delivered an average 2.4 to 2.5 mg of rpST/d during the course of the study. Control pigs were implanted with a placebo. All diets were supplemented with minerals at levels that either met or exceeded the requirements of an 85-kg pig. At slaughter (mean BW 110 kg), tissues were collected and analyzed for selected macro- and microminerals. Pigs treated with rpST had higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations and total Ca in liver and kidney and higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations in muscle. Total P, Mg, Na, and K were all higher (P < .05) in the liver and kidneys of rpST-treated pigs. In general, rpST had little influence on Cu, Zn, and Fe in tissues. No consistent trend was evident in the response of tissue minerals to environmental temperature. Results indicated that pigs treated with rpST and supplemented with adequate minerals accumulated more minerals in certain tissues than did pigs not given rpST.   81                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress indicators in pig blood. Weeding, C.M.; Hunter, E.J.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C. London : The Association; 1993 Jul03. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (1): p. 10-13; 1993 Jul03.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Slaughter   82                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of accommodation type and straw bedding around parturition and during lactation on the behaviour of primiparous sows and survival and growth of piglets to weaning. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 191-208; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Farrowing; Sow lactation; Litter size; Survival; Growth; Maternal behavior; Weaning weight; Vocalization   83                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effects of acute physical stress on immune competence in pigs. Waern, M.J.; Fossum, C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (4): p. 596-601; 1993 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Immune competence; Exercise; Interferon; Lymphocyte transformation; Interleukin 2; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Lactates; Hypoxanthines  Abstract:  Some interrelations between physical stress and immune competence were studied in pigs. One group of pigs underwent 2 intense short-term treadmill exercise tests, separated by an interval of 1 week, and another group served as controls. In vitro production of interferon alpha by blood mononuclear cells and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and produce interleukin 2 were chosen as markers of immune competence; plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and purines were used as markers of physical stress. Blood samples were drawn from a catheter in situ 60 minutes before, immediately after, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and 7, 24, and 72 hours after exercise. Physical stress resulted in immediate increase in the plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and hypoxanthine, but had no effect on the blastogenic capability of lymphocytes or on their interleukin-2 production on either of the test occasions. Ability of blood mononuclear cells to produce interferon alpha in vitro was not affected by exercise stress.   84                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 61-72; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Stress; Animal behavior; Growth; Reproductive performance; Corticoids; Groups; Individuals   85                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Effects of continuous stray voltage on health, growth, and welfare of fattening pigs. Robert, S.; Lennoxville, Quebec; Matte, J.J.; Bertin-Mahieux, J.; Martineau, G.P. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 55 (4): p. 371-376; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stray voltage; Feeding frequency; Animal welfare; Drinking behavior; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Pig fattening   86                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavioural and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 23-33; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Animal welfare; Aggressive behavior; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Design; Animal behavior   87                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance and immune response of weanling pigs housed at two floor space allowances. Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Ravindran, V. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 552-556; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Lysine; Stocking density; Floor space; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Antibody formation; Crowding; Performance; Variation  Abstract:  Three 35-d trials involving 288 crossbred weanling pigs (initial weight, 7.1 kg; age, 28 d) were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of two floor space allowances (.28 and .14 m2/pig) and three dietary lysine levels (NRC recommended, NRC + .1% crystalline lysine-HCl, and NRC + .2% crystalline lysine-HCl) on growth performance and several factors that measure variation within pens. Each trial was conducted as a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pens (four pigs per pen) for each of the six treatment combinations in each trial. The lysine X floor space allowance interaction was not significant (P = .25) for daily gain, daily feed intake, or gain/feed. Restriction of the floor space allowance decreased (P < .001) daily gain and daily feed intake, but gain/feed was not affected. The humoral immune response, as measured by the level of antibodies produced after two injections of ovalbumin, was not affected by floor space allowance. Addition of .1 and .2% crystalline lysine-HCl improved daily gain (P < .07), gain/feed (P < .10), and humoral immune response (P < .05) and was without effect (P = .28) on feed intake. Natural logarithms of variance, coefficients of variation, and range of daily gain and body weights were not changed by floor space allowance or dietary lysine level. Pigs on adequate and restricted floor space allowances responded similarly to dietary lysine levels. These results suggest that the addition of lysine to the diet was not effective in overcoming the reduction in performance in weanling pigs caused by the restricted floor space allowance.   88                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts housed in a hot, diurnal environment. Lopez, J.; Goodband, R.D.; Allee, G.L.; Jesse, G.W.; Nelssen, J.L.; Tokach, M.D.; Spiers, D.; Becker, B.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 367-379; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Feed supplements; Pig feeding; Diet; Lysine; Amino acids; Environmental temperature; Nutrient requirements; Heat stress; Fattening performance; Protein intake; Protein efficiency ratio; Carcass composition; Growth rate; Organs; Weight; Body temperature  Abstract:  Forty-eight finishing gilts (initial BW = 70.6 +/- .95 kg) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with main effects including dietary lysine (.60 vs 1.00%), source of amino acid fortification (intact protein vs synthetic amino acids formulated on an ideal protein basis), and environmental temperature (thermoneutral [TN]: 20 degrees C vs hot, diurnal [HD]: 27.7 to 35 degrees C). The ideal protein diets were formulated by using corn and soybean meal to meet the fifth- limiting amino acid; synthetic lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, or isoleucine were added to meet the gilts' estimated requirements. The ratios of other total amino acids relative to lysine were as follows: threonine, 66%; tryptophan, 17%; methionine and cystine, 56%; and isoleucine, 63%. Average daily gain, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G/F) were similar for gilts fed the intact and those fed the ideal proteins diets (P > .10). Increasing dietary lysine improved d 0 to 14 ADG (P < .01), but no differences were observed for the overall experiment. Gilts in the HD environment ate less feed and had lower ADG than gilts in the TN environment (P < .01). A temperature X lysine interaction was observed (P < .02) for G/F. Increasing dietary lysine had no effect on G/F of gilts in the TN environment but improved G/F of gilts in the HD environment. Gilts fed the intact protein diets had higher (P < .01) N intake and plasma urea concentrations. Gilts fed the ideal protein diets had lower (P < .05) plasma essential amino acids, with the exception of lysine. Carcass protein and lipid contents were improved (P < .01) for gilts in the HD environment and for those fed 1.00% lysine. Backfat thickness and longissimus muscle area (P < .01) were improved and lipid accretion rate tended to decrease (P < .08) in gilts fed 1.00% lysine. The source of amino acid fortification did not influence carcass characteristics (P > .10). Rectal, skin, and ear temperatures were higher for gilts in the HD environment (P < .05). Metabolic heat production was elevated by feeding gilts the ideal protein diets (P < .03). In conclusion, increased dietary lysine improved G/F and carcass leanness in gilts to a greater extent in HD than in TN environments. However, no improvements in growth performance or carcass traits resulted from feeding ideal protein diets.   89                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of early contact with humans on the subsequent level of fear of humans in pigs. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (1): p. 83-90; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Fearfulness; Man   90                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of modifying the farrowing environment on sow behaviour and survival and growth of piglets. Cronin, G.M.; Amerongen, G. van Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 287-298; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Farrowing; Nesting; Survival; Growth rate   91                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of naloxone on stereotypic and normal behaviour of tethered and loose-housed sows. Schouten, W.; Rushen J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 17-26; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Loose housing; Tethered housing   92                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 207-220; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Animal welfare; Pens; Stalls; Pig housing; Space requirements; Pig feeding; Stress; Immunological deficiency; Aggressive behavior; Injuries; Hydrocortisone   93                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 111-122; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Pig housing   94                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of porcine somatotropin on growth and carcass composition of Meishan and Yorkshire barrows. White, B.R.; Lan, Y.H.; McKeith, F.K.; McLaren, D.G.; Novakofski, J.; Wheeler, M.B.; Kasser, T.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3226-3238; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Pig breeds; Breed differences; Slaughter weight; Age differences; Growth rate; Carcass composition; Carcass weight; Meat cuts; Weight; Carcass quality; Meat quality  Abstract:  Effects of porcine somatotropin (PST) on growth and carcass characteristics of Meishan (Ms) and Yorkshire (Y) barrows given 3 mg of PST or saline daily were determined for two end points. First, 26 Ms and 26 Y barrows were treated from 119 d of age until the Y barrows reached 108 kg. Second, another 18 Ms barrows were treated to 108 kg BW. Age- and weight-matched treatments were analyzed. Results for both groups indicated PST effects (P < .05) for feed conversion (+) and intake (-), dressing percentage (-), percentage of carcass fat (-) and protein and water (+), leaf fat (-), backfat (BF) thickness (-), longissimus muscle area (LMA; +), skin thickness (+), muscle firmness and marbling scores (-), organ weights (+), belly (-), clear plate (-), ham (+), and total boneless cuts (BC; ). Somatotropin effects were also present for loin (-) and boneless Boston butt (BBB; +) in the age- matched group and for ADG (+), carcass weight (-), loin (-), jowl (-), and tenderloin (+) in the weight-matched group. Breed effects (P < .05), in favor of Y barrows, in both treatments existed for ADG (+) and feed intake (+), carcass weight (+), dressing percentage (+), LNU (+), skin thickness (-), muscle color and firmness scores (-), muscling score (+), all wholesale cuts (WC; +) except clear plate (age-matched), all trimmed cuts (TC; +) except picnic shoulder (weight- matched), and all BC (+). Breed effects, in favor of Y barrows, were also determined for carcass length (+), percentage of carcass ash leaf fat (+), average BF thickness (+), and heart and liver (-) weights in age-matched animals and percentage of carcass fat (-), protein (+), water (+), leaf fat (-), 10th rib, average, and P2 BF thicknesses (-), marbling score(-), femur length (-), and liver weights (+) in weight-matched animals. A higher response to PST (P < .05) was determined in Ms barrows than in Y barrows for percentage of carcass protein (+), liver (+), and heart (+) in the age- matched treatment and 10th rib BF thickness (-) and heart weight (+) in the weight-matched treatment. Yorkshire barrows treated with PST had more improved values for color score (+; age-matched) and BBB (+; weight-matched).   95                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in farrowing crates on sow behaviour, the duration of parturition and the occurrence of intra-partum stillborn piglets. Cronin, G.M.; Schirmer, B.N.; McCallum, T.H.; Smith, J.A.; Butler, K.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 301-315; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Sawdust; Farrowing   96                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of short term exposure of unmedicated pigs to sulphadimidine contaminated housing. Elliott, C.T.; McCaughey, W.J.; Crooks, S.R.H.; McEvoy, J.D.G. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Apr23. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (17): p. 450-451; 1993 Apr23.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Sulfadimidine; Drug residues; Pigmeat; Pig housing; Exposure   97                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of the interrelationship between genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composiiton in finishing pigs fed to either 104 or 127 kilograms. Friesen, K.G.; Nelssen, J.L.; Unruh, J.A.; Goodband, R.D.; Tokach, M.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 946-954; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Fattening performance; Lysine; Sex differences; Diet; Genotypes; Carcass composition; Slaughter weight; Amino acids; Genotype nutrition interaction; Organs; Weight  Abstract:  One hundred twenty pigs (initially 44 kg BW) were used to determine effects of the interrelationship between genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Genetic comparisons were made between pigs characterized with either a high or medium potential for lean tissue gain. Within genotype, barrows and gilts were separately fed either a .90 or .70% lysine diet until the mean weight of pigs in each pen of three reached 104 kg. One pig per pen was slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and chemical composition. From 104 to 127 kg, dietary lysine was lowered to .75 or .55% for pigs fed .90 or .70% dietary lysine, respectively. When the pigs' mean weight met or exceeded 127 kg, both pigs were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and chemical composition. Carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, and 10th rib fat depth were measured 24 h postmortem on the chilled carcasses. The right side of each carcass was then ground and chemically analyzed to determine protein and lipid accretion rates. No interactions were detected from 44 to 104 kg; therefore, main effect means will be discussed. At 104 kg, high-lean pigs had increased ADG (P < .01) and gain:feed ratio (G/F; P < .05) compared with medium- lean pigs. Barrows had increased (P < .05) ADG and ADFI but exhibited a poorer (P < .01) G/F than gilts. Pigs fed .90% lysine had improved (P < .01) ADG compared with pigs fed .70% lysine. High-lean pigs had increased CP accretion (P < .01) and lipid accretion (P < .05) compared with medium-lean pigs. Gilts had larger longissimus muscle area and less backfat (P < .01) than barrows. Similarly, gilts had increased (P < .01) CP accretion and decreased (P < .01) lipid accretion compared with barrows. Cumulative ADG (44 to 127 kg) was greater (P < .05) in high-lean pigs, in barrows, and in pigs fed the .90/.75% lysine regimen. Average daily feed intake was increased (P < .05) in barrows compared with gilts. Differences between genotypes were greater at 127 kg; high- lean pigs had larger (P < .01) longissimus muscle area and longer carcasses than medium-lean pigs. Gilts also had increased (P < .05) longissimus muscle area, greater CP accretion, and decreased backfat thickness compared with barrows. Crude protein accretion was greater in high-lean pigs than in medium-lean pigs; high-lean gilts had the greatest magnitude of response to increased dietary lysine.   98                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Effects of treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene on the susceptibility of boar spermatozoa to cold stress and dilution. Bamba, K.; Cran, D.G. Colchester : The Journal; 1992 May. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 95 (1): p. 69-77; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cold shock; Cold resistance; Semen diluents; Semen diluent additives; Egg yolk; Semen preservation; Motility; Acrosome   99                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Electrical wiring for swine buildings. Collins, E.R. Jr; Bodman, G.R.; Stetson, L.E. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1994 Jun. Pork industry handbook. --. p. 1-8; 1994 Jun.  Herd health, (PIH-110), revised, June 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Electrical safety; Electric power; Electric circuits; Materials; Moisture   100                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Electrocardiagram parameters of piglets during housing, handling and transport. Ville, H.; Bertels, S.; Geers, R.; Janssens, S.; Goedseels, V.; Parduyns, G.; Bael, J. van; Goossens, K.; Bosschaerts, L.; Ley, J. de East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 211-216; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Line differences; Stress; Susceptibility; Electrocardiograms; Heart rate; Arrhythmia; Pig housing; Handling; Transport   101                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Electronic animal identification for controlling feed delivery and detecting estrus in gilts and sows in outside pens. Blair, R.M.; Nichols, D.A.; Davis, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 891-898; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Sow feeding; Estrus; Detection; Body weight; Backfat; Automatic feed dispensers; Boars; Identification; Proestrus  Abstract:  The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of delivering feed and detecting estrous behavior by computer-controlled equipment in a nonconfinement environment. In Exp. 1, gilts were assigned to treatment when detected pregnant by ultrasound at 30 to 35 d after artificial insemination. They were assigned to be fed individually in stalls once/day (0830) with a scoop (controls, n = 20) or with an electronic sow feeding station (ESF, n = 20). The ESF gilts received their feed in 98.6-g aliquots at 80-s intervals as they visited the feeding station. Control vs ESF gilts did not differ (P > .8) for backfat (2.2 vs 2.1 cm) or weight (170 vs 172 kg) before farrowing, total and live pigs/litter (9.3 and 8.7 vs 9.1 and 8.8), or litter birth weight (12.7 vs 12.1). In Exp. 2, proceptive behavior, as measured by visits to a boar's pen, were recorded electronically, and observed estrus was evaluated in two groups of sows during their first (n = 11) and second and third (n = 19) estrous cycles and in one group of gilts (n = 14). A partition prevented visual and physical contact between the boar and the visiting females except where the electronic estrus detection (EED) station was installed. Feed delivery software was used to monitor boar visitation even though no feed delivery equipment was present at the boar pen. Results indicated a close relationship between electronically detected boar visitation and observed estrus as well as high correlations (r > .5; P < .05) for boar visitation by individual sows during consecutive periods of estrus. We concluded that electronic identification coupled with feed delivery and a monitor of boar visitation may be useful tools for managing gilts and sows in outside pens.   102                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings. Fehr, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991. Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1991.  In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-92), revised December 1991.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Energy conservation; Ventilation; Heating costs; Temperature; Fans   103                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings. Fehr, R.L.; Huhnke, R.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 5 p.; 1992 Jun.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Insulation; Energy conservation   104                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Energy metabolism of growing pigs after transportation, regrouping, and exposure to new housing conditions as affected by feeding level. Barrio, A.S. del; Schrama, J.W.; Hel, W. van der; Beltman, H.M.; Verstegen, M.W.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 71 (7): p. 1754-1760; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate; Heat production; Energy metabolism; Energy retention; Adaptation  Abstract:  An experiment was performed to evaluate alterations of energy metabolism with time in 10 groups of 16 barrows just after transportation. Ten-week-old pigs were fed at once (four groups; LF) or twice (three groups; MF) maintenance level (35 and 75 g.kg-.75.d-1, respectively), or allowed ad libitum access to feed (three groups; HF). The 13.5-d experimental period was divided into two balance periods. Heat production (HP) decreased with time. The changes in HP with time were different among feeding level groups (P < .001); the LF group had the greatest decrease. Metabolizable energy intake remained constant with time for the LF and MF groups and decreased for the HF group. Requirements for maintenance energy and efficiency of ME for growth decreased with time. Feeding level influenced (P < .001) energy retention (ER) during the total experimental period. The LF group had a negative ER -65 kJ.kg-.75.d-1), whereas in the MF and HF groups positive values for ER were obtained (346 and 757 kJ.kg-.75.d-1, respectively). At all feeding levels, animals had a positive protein gain. The level differed between feeding levels (P < .001). Differences among groups (P <.001) were observed in energy retained as fat. Data from the present experiment show that young pigs are not in a steady state of energy metabolism during the 2 wk after transportation. During this period, the relationship between metabolic rate and feed intake alters with time.   105                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 Environment enrichment for the laboratory pig. Batchelor, G.R. Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Dec. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technology v. 42 (3): p. 185-189; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry  Abstract:  This brief paper attempts to illustrate the simple ideas that can he used to enhance the environment of the laboratory pig. ideas that have been part of the husbandry routine at Stanmore for over five years. It does not describe the behaviour of the pig in any detail but suggests that with a little time and effort, and in our case at no cost, the environment of the laboratory pig can be made more stimulating, resulting in animals that have an increased behavioural repertoire, are largely stress-free and are a constant pleasure to work with (Figure 1).   106                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Environmental evaluation of an outdoor shelter for swine. Zhang, Q.; Britton, M.G.; Connor, M.L.; Parker, R.J.; Elliot, J.I. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934520): 13 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Temperature; Relative humidity; Litter   107                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Environmental factors affecting the severity of pneumonia in pigs. Done, S.H. London : The Association; 1991 Jun22. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (25): p. 582-586; 1991 Jun22.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Disease course; Environmental factors; Meteorological factors; Populations; Social environment; Animal husbandry; Air pollutants   108                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Environmental monitoring in pig housing. Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D.; Foster, M.P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4029): 10 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Environment; Monitoring   109                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Environmental requirements of pigs measured by behavioural demand functions. Matthews, L.R.; Ladewig, J. London : Academic Press; 1994 Mar. Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.3): p. 713-719; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Environmental factors; Animal welfare; Measurement; Stimuli  Abstract:  Individual domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, were given the opportunity in daily test sessions to work on fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement for access to one of three different commodities (food, contact with a partner animal, and a stimulus change called 'door opening'). The amount of work required for access to each reinforcer was varied systematically by changing the size of the FR schedule (FR 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30). Demand curves, analogous to those used in economics, were derived for each commodity. The slopes of these curves were shallowest (inelastic demand) for food, an apparently essential item, and were steepest (more elastic demand) for door opening, an apparently less essential item. Demand functions could be generated for a range of different stimuli and demand elasticity appeared to provide a useful quantitative index of the relative importance of different environmental features to pigs.   110                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Environmental temperature control by the pig's comfort behavior through image analysis. Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Goedseels, V.; Houkes, M.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.; Van Bael, J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2583-2586; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Body temperature regulation; Pig housing; Environmental temperature; Heat regulation  Abstract:  During four experiments with six female piglets, the thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets was quantified by visual observation and by automated image analysis. The collection number of images representing pigs sleeping side by side and touching each other, as well as the occupation ratio of piglets being calculated on pixel values within predefined windows, may serve as set-point values for environmental temperature controllers. But this observational procedure has to be linked to the engineering of a gradient of an effective environmental temperature within a pen.   111                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Enzootic mortality among piglets between birth and weaning. Vaillancourt, J.P.; Dial, G.D.; Tubbs, R.C. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (10): p. 1642-1645, 1648-1650; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Preweaning period; Perinatal mortality; Trauma; Diarrhea; Infection; Deformities; Record keeping; Validity; Environmental temperature; Litter size; Birth weight; Animal nutrition; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Floors; Litter; Animal husbandry; Farrowing; Sex differences; Genetics; Seasonal fluctuations; Medical treatment   112                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Establishing an in-house diagnostic laboratory in your swine practice. Dee, S.A.; Corey, M.M.; Gibbons, R. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Jun. Veterinary medicine v. 87 (6): p. 607-620; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Veterinary practice; Laboratory diagnosis; Laboratory equipment; Laboratory tests; Laboratory methods   113                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Evaluating porcine reproductive failure by the use of slaughterchecks. Almond, G.W.; Richards, R.G. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Apr. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (4): p. 542-547; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive disorders; Slaughter; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Postmortem examinations; Morphology; Zearalenone; Toxicity; Cystitis; Ovaries; Uterus; Pathology   114                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Evaluation of a pig nursery annex ventilation system operating under summer conditions. Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Tambouratzis, D.; Papadopoulos, G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (3): p. 353-357; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Field tests; Evaluation  Abstract:  Two field trials, lasting five weeks each, were conducted during the summer of 1989 to evaluate the effectiveness of an annex ventilation system used to supply summer ventilation rates in a swine nursery building. Assessment was based both on climatic environment data and growth response of 96 early weaned crossbred pigs, three to four weeks old when weaned. Under mild summer conditions the ventilation system provided sufficient control of the environment and resulted in animal heat stress of short duration and intensity. During periods of very hot weather the system failed to provide a thermal microenvironment within acceptable limits and pigs were subjected to longer intervals of heat stress. Heat stress degree-hours during Trial II were more than two times those of Trial I, but this did not seem to have a negative effect on the animals' growth performance.   115                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Evaluation of crates and girth tethers for sows: reproductive performance, immunity, behavior and ergonomic measures. McGlone, J.J.; Salak-Johnson, J.L.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hicks, T. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 297-311; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig housing; Reproductive performance; Immunity; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Litter size; Stress; Animal welfare; Capture of animals; Piglets   116                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Evaluation of housing systems for sows. Hartog, L.A. den; Backus, G.B.C.; Vermeer, H.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1339-1344; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Sows; Animal welfare; Sow feeding; Feed intake; Body weight; Reproductive performance; Animal behavior; Groups  Abstract:  Housing systems of sows have to meet the requirements of the sow and the requirements of the producer. Criteria that have to be taken into account are productivity, labor input and management , welfare and health, and economy. Different housing systems for sows are described with respect to these criteria.   117                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Evaluation of rapid gross visual appraisal of swine lungs at slaughter as a diagnostic screen for enzootic pneumonia. Hurnik, D.; Hanna, P.E.; Dohoo, I.R. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jan. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 57 (1): p. 37-41; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Lungs; Visual grading; Screening; Pneumonia; Lesions; Histology; Postmortem examinations; Accuracy   118                               NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652 Extending the snake image processing algorithm for outlining pigs in scenes. Marchant, J.A.; Schofield, C.P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun. Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 261-275; 1993 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Algorithms; Image processors; Pens   119                                NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8 Facility design and practices of a low-input housing system for a feeder-pig operation. Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D. Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1993. Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 3 (3/4): p. 49-61; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Design   120                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Factors affecting excretory behavior of pigs. Hacker, R.R.; Ogilvie, J.R.; Morrison, W.D.; Kains, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 72 (6): p. 1455-1460; 1994 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Excretion; Stocking density; Pig housing; Partitions; Environmental temperature; Feces; Hygiene; Liveweight gain; Animal behavior; Structural design  Abstract:  A 24 factorial experiment with six pens per treatment was conducted to examine the factors affecting the excretory behavior of growing-finishing pigs. The factors investigated were partition type (open or closed), pig density (9 or 14 pigs/pen, size: 2 m X 4.5 m), position of nipple drinker in the pen (back wall of the pen or side in front of slatted area), and prior experience of pigs (training or no training). A total of 1,104 pigs at a weight interval of 28.4 +/- .2 to 91.4 +/- .4 kg were used in this study. Pen cleanliness was assessed by a dung scoring system, and growth rate was determined over the growing-finishing period. Partition type, nipple drinker position, or prior training of pigs had no effect on growth rate. Stocking pigs at 14 pigs/pen reduced growth rate (P < .05) compared with 9 pigs/pen (.80 vs .83 kg/d). Significant differences for pen dirtiness were found for partition type. Pens with closed partitions were cleaner than those with open partitions (P = .0001) and pens became significantly dirtier as pigs grew older or heavier (P < .01). There was a significant interaction effect between pen partition and pig density as well as an interaction among pen partition, pig density, and water position (P < .05).   121                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Factors affecting the choice of farrowing site in sows. Haskell, M.J.; Hutson, G.D. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 259-268; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Farrowing pens; Reproductive behavior; Feed dispensers; Drinkers; Restricted feeding; Access   122                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Factors associated with spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds. Duffy, S.J.; Morrion, R.B.; Thawley, D.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199 (1): p. 66-70; 1991 Jul01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Spread; Herds; Quarantine; Incidence; Risk; Pig farming; Pig housing   123                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Factors influencing the welfare and carcass and meat quality of pigs: the use of water sprays in lairage. Weeding, C.M.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Jun. Animal production v. 56 (3): p. 393-397; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Sprays; Abattoirs; Water; Water intake; Animal welfare; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Carcass quality; Animal behavior; Physical activity; Longissimus dorsi; Intermittent spraying   124                         NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-1 Farm animal welfare crisis or opportunity for agriculture?. Halverson, Marlene University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics St. Paul, Minn. : Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota,; 1991. 68 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P 91-1).  January 1991.  Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-59).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animal health; Livestock; Swine   125                               NAL Call. No.: SF91.F38 1992 Farm animals and the environment. Phillips, Clive; Piggins, David Wallingford : C.A.B. International,; 1992. xii, 430 p. ; 25 cm.  "... international conference on Farm Animals and the Environment held on 4-5 September 1991 at the University College of North Wales, Bangor"--P. xi.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Animal welfare; Domestic animals   126                                  NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Fate of biological and chemical contaminants from on-site disposal of liquid piggery wastes: results from a soil column study. Lam, K.C.; Ng, S.L.; Neller, R.J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 63-75; 1993.  In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hong kong; Pig housing; Waste disposal sites; Liquid wastes; Application to land   127                               NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX Feed intake patterns on Midwest hog farms. Brumm, M.C.; Gourley, G.G.; Fraser, D.K.; Greenley, W.M. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1991. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219): p. 26-27; 1991.  In the series analytic: 1991 Nebraska Swine report / compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Iowa; Minnesota; Pigs; Feed intake; Pig housing; Seasonal fluctuations; Crowding; Liveweight   128                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Feeding and managing growing-finishing hogs. Auburn Ala. : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,; 1992 May. Circular ANR (672): 8 p.; 1992 May.  In subseries: Animal Science.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Environmental factors; Disease control; Marketing   129                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Feeding order of sows at an individual electronic feed station in a dynamic group-housing system. Bressers, H.P.M.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 123-134; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Feeding behavior; Pig housing   130                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Findings from slaughterchecks of swine during a four-year period. Straw, B.E.; Dewey, C.E.; Marrero, C.E. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Feb. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 16 (2): p. 245-251; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Slaughter; Disease prevalence; Incidence; Pneumonia; Pleurisy; Atrophic rhinitis; Ascarididae; Animal parasitic nematodes; Infestation; Animal health; Disease surveys   131                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Flat bottom gravity drain gutters for swine manure. Meyer, V.M. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service; 1992 Aug. PM v.): 4 p.; 1992 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig manure; Pig housing; Piggery effluent; Drainage systems; Design   132                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 The floor pen for laboratory animals--a mixed blessing?. Davys, J.S. Sussex : The Institute; 1994 Aug. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians v. 45 (2): p. 95-100; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Guinea pigs; Floor pens; Animal welfare; Laboratory rearing   133                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Flooring for swine. Harmon, J.D.; Muehling, A.J. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-6; 1993 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Floors; Floor type; Defecation; Pig housing; Feet; Lesions; Sanitation; Pig manure   134                                     NAL Call. No.: S37.F72 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers. Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R. Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr. FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect control; Insecticides   135                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 The food intake, performance and carcass charace teristics of two pig genotypes grown to 120 kg live w eight. Chadd, S.A.; Cole, D.J.A.; Walters, J.R. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Dec. Animal production v. 57 (pt.3): p. 473-481; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Crossbreds; Genotypes; Pig feeding; Backfat; Fat thickness; Feed intake; Sex differences; Slaughter weight; Fattening performance   136                          NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.194 Gipsskivor i lantbruksbyggnader, konstruktioner for stallmiljoer = Plaster boards in farm buildings, constructions for livestock building enviornments. Sloth-Andersen, Ulrik Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen fhor lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1992. 85, [1] : ill. ; 30 cm. (Specialmeddelands ; 194.).  In Swedish, with English summary.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  Swedish   137                             NAL Call. No.: SF757.R36 no.31 Group-housing of lactating sows studies on health, behaviour and nest temperature. Ebner, Jakob Skara : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Animal Hygiene,; 1993. 108 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rappart (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for husdjurshygien ; 31.).  Abstract inserted.  Includes bibliographical references (p.101-108).  Language:  English   138                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Growth characteristics and carcass composition of pigs with known genotypes for stress susceptibility over a weight range of 70 to 120 kg. Aalhus, J.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Robertson, W.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; Sather, A.P. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Apr. Animal production v. 52 (pt.2): p. 347-353; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Growth; Genetic differences; Carcass composition; Tissues; Halothane; Genes   139                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Growth, development, and carcass composition in five genotypes of swine. Gu, Y.; Schinckel, A.P.; Martin, T.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1719-1729; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig breeds; Crossbred progeny; Genotypes; Unrestricted feeding; Meat cuts; Slaughter weight; Carcass composition; Lean; Backfat; Skin; Bone weight; Body fat; Carcass weight  Abstract:  An experiment with 127 barrows representing five genotypes, 1) H X HD, 2) SYN, 3) HD X L[YD], 4) L X YD, and 5) Y X L (H = Hampshire, D = Duroc, SYN = synthetic terminal sire line, L = Landrace, and Y = Yorkshire), was conducted to evaluate growth and development of swine from 59 to 127 kg live weight. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to a pelleted finishing diet containing 18.5% CP, .95% lysine, and 10.5% fat, with an energy density of 3,594 kcal of ME/kg. Pigs were serially slaughtered at either 59, 100, 114, or 127 kg live BW. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled and backfat was measured at four locations. The right side of each carcass was fabricated into primal cuts of ham, loin, Boston Butt, picnic, and belly. Composition of each primal cut was determined by physical dissection into lean, fat, bone, and skin. Estimated allometric growth coefficients for carcass length, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area relative to BW; carcass lean, fat, bone, and skin relative to both BW and carcass weight; and lean in each of the primal cuts relative to total carcass lean did not differ (P > .05) among genotypes. Relative to BW, the pooled growth coefficient(s) for carcass weight was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity, whereas those for carcass length, longissimus muscle area, and backfat at first rib were smaller (P < .001) than unity. Those for other backfat measurements were close to 1.00. Relative to either BW or carcass weight, the pooled coefficient(s) for fat was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity, whereas those for lean, bone, and skin were smaller (P < .001) than unity. Growth of lean, backfat, bone, and skin in the carcass were nearly linearly associated with increases in BW. The increase in fat weight was curvilinear as the pig grew and was accelerated in later growth stages, indicating that carcass fat percentage increased with increased BW.   140                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Growth, feed conversion, blood composition and carcass evaluation in Hampshire and Yorkshire gilts slaughtered at three ages and fed at two planes of nutrition. Flipot, P.M. \u Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada; Fahmy, M.H.; Dufour, J.J. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1992 Jan. World review of animal production v. 27 (1): p. 41-48; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Hampshire; Large white; Breed differences; Plane of nutrition; Growth; Slaughter; Age differences; Blood chemistry; Feed conversion; Dressing percentage; Fat percentage; Lean; Carcass quality; Color   141                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Growth rate and growth composition of artificially reared piglets from specific pathogen free sows. Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hel, W. van der; Pijls, F.J.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 217-223; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Energy metabolism; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Fat percentage; Protein content; Deposition; Slaughter; Nitrogen balance; Diet; Chemical composition; Artificial rearing   142                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs housed individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or minimal handling during rearing. Paterson, A.M.; Pearce, G.P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 315-328; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Male animals; Growth rate; Handling; Pig housing; Man; Interactions; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Animal behavior   143                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Haematological and clinico-chemical profiles of barrows at the farm and at slaugther. Odink, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Smeets, J.F.M.; Visser, I.J.R.; Alsemgeest, P.; Wijngaards, G. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 307-310; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stress response; Slaughter; Blood chemistry   144                               NAL Call. No.: SF89.H85 1991 Handling and loading of livestock. Humane Slaughter Association (1986-); Agricultural Training Board Potters Bar, Herts. : Humane Slaughter Association,; 1991. 35 p. : ill. ; 15 x 21 cm.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animals   145                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Hazards in confinement housing--gases and dusts in confined animal houses for swine, poultry, horses and humans. Pickrell, J. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1991 Feb. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 33 (1): p. 32-39; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Air pollutants   146                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Health security: an increasing role for swine practitioners. Friendship, R.M. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Mar. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (3): p. 425-427; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North America; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Swine diseases; Disease prevention; Disease control; Control programs; Veterinary services; Roles; Veterinarians   147                           NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.H43  1993 Heat stress in pigs solving the problem. Great Britain, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food London : MAFF,; 1993. 12 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm.  Cover title.  Action on animal welfare.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine; Heat   148                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Helping your clients raise healthy potbellied pigs. Braun, W. Jr Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 414, 418-419, 422-423, 426, 428; 1993 May05.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal health; Piglets; Animal husbandry; Pig feeding; Vaccination; Parasites; Zoonoses   149                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Hog industry grappling with PSS-gene problem. Marbery, S. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1992 Dec21. Feedstuffs v. 64 (52): p. 14-17; 1992 Dec21.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Meat and livestock industry; Porcine stress syndrome; Leanness   150                                    NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Hormonal changes following an acute stress in control and somatostatin-immunized pigs. Farmer, C.; Dubreuil, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.; Petitclerc, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 527-536; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Immunization; Somatostatin; Stress; Hormone secretion   151                                   NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine: January 1991-January 1994. Allen, T. Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library; 1994 Mar. Quick bibliography series - National Agricultural Library (94-14): 75 p.; 1994 Mar.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare; Bibliographies   152                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and meat quality in stressed pigs offered excess dietary tryptophan and tyrosine. Adeola, O.; Ball, R.O. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1888-1894; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Feed supplements; Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Serotonin; Catecholamines; Exudative meat; Pigmeat; Hypothalamus; Pig feeding; Stress  Abstract:  Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork occurs, for the most part, from environmental stress on the pig. Amino acid intake may be related to stress susceptibility through hormone and neurotransmitter induction. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether supplementation of 5 g of tryptophan (TRP) or 10 g of tyrosine (TYR) per kilogram of a 14% CP diet would alter the response of pigs to stress as measured by hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and incidence of PSE. Twenty-four (Exp. 1) and 36 (Exp. 2) 92-kg pigs were offered one of three diets: control, TRP-, or TYR-supplemented for 5 d before slaughter. Dietary TRP or TYR supplementation in Exp. 1. doubled (P < .05) plasma TRP and TYR concentrations, respectively, and increased (P < .05) 5- hydroxytryptamine, dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations in the hypothalamus. Pigs that exhibited stress at slaughter had lower (P < .05) hypothalamic concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. In Exp. 2, pigs were trucked 55 km to a commercial meat packing facility and slaughtered without a rest period. This handling procedure was designed to invoke a high incidence of PSE pork and thus be a strong test of treatments. Supplemental dietary amino acids seemed to alter the frequency distribution of the severity of PSE pork. These data indicate that dietary manipulation of amino acid precursors of neurotransmitters may offer a practical means of reducing stress response in swine.   153                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The identification of behavioural indicators of 'stress' in early weaned piglets. Dybkjaer, L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 135-147; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Stress; Stress factors; Stocking density; Pig housing; Overcrowding; Abnormal behavior; Indicators   154                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Immune response and persistence of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected pigs and farm units. Albina, E.; Madec, F.; Cariolet, R.; Torrison, J. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 May28. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (22): p. 567-573; 1994 May28.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Arterivirus; Swine diseases; Persistence; Antibody formation; Kinetics; Experimental infections; Infections; Stress   155                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J82 Immunopathology in Aujeszky's disease virus-infected pigs exposed to fluctuating temperatures. Narita, M.; Nanba, K.; Haritani, M.; Kawashima, K. London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug. Journal of comparative pathology v. 107 (2): p. 221-229; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Environmental temperature; Cyclic fluctuations; Stress; Disease resistance; Susceptibility; Pathology   156                              NAL Call. No.: 275.29 ID13IDC Improve pork quality reduce PSE and other defects. Boggess, M.V. Moscow, Idaho : The Service; 1992 Feb. Current information series - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Idaho (918): 4 p.; 1992 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Meat quality; Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Slaughter   157                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Incidence and economics of tuberculosis in swine slaughtered from 1976 to 1988. Dey, B.P.; Parham, G.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Aug15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (4): p. 516-519; 1993 Aug15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Mycobacterium; Tuberculosis; Incidence; Carcass condemnation; Regulations; Losses   158                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Incorporating some aspects of room air flow into performance standards. Ogilvie, J.R.; Barrington, S.F. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4046): 12 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Standards; Pigs   159                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Increased cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone in chronically stressed pigs: influence of housing conditions. Janssens, C.J.J.G.; Helmond, F.A.; Wiegant, V.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 72 (7): p. 1771-1777; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Tethered housing; Stress; Corticotropin; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Social interaction; Animal welfare  Abstract:  In a longitudinal experiment, the influence of tethered housing (a condition of chronic stress) on the reactivity of the adrenal cortex to exogenous ACTH was investigated in gilts. To that end, the plasma cortisol response to synthetic ACTH (1-24; 10 micrograms/kg of BW; i.v. bolus injection via a permanent catheter) was determined before and after prolonged tethered housing. Two systems for tethered housing were used, one more restrictive than the other with regard to possibilities for visual and tactile contacts with conspecifics and visual control over the environment. The ACTH treatment induced a marked, transient plasma cortisol response in all gilts studied, irrespective of their housing conditions. Long-term tethered housing increased the ACTH-induced cortisol response. Possible effects of the experimental procedure or age-related effects could be excluded, because in control gilts, which were housed loose during the entire experimental period, the cortisol response to ACTH remained unaltered. The chronic stress-induced increase in the ACTH-induced cortisol response was considerably more pronounced and persistent in gilts that were deprived of possibilities for social contacts with conspecifics and visual control over the environment than in gilts with such possibilities. These data indicate that in tethered gilts adaptational changes occur at the level of the adrenal cortex that affect the ACTH-induced adrenocortical response. In addition, not only physical restraint but also restriction of social contact and visual control play an important role in the development of these changes.   160                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Individual differences in behavioural responses of pigs exposed to non-social and social challenges. Lawrence, A.B.; Terlouw, E.M.C.; Illius, A.W. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 73-86; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Temperament; Animal behavior; Individual characteristics   161                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Individual mating facilities for swine. Singleton, W.; Levis, D. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1992.  In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-69), revised June 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Mating; Boars; Sows; Temperature; Building construction   162                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Individual mating facilities for swine. Singleton, W.; Bodman, G.R.; Levis, D. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 7 p.; 1992 Nov.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Mating; Breeding programs; Design   163                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets. Waran, N.K.; Broom, D.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Feb. Animal production v. 56 (pt.1): p. 115-119; 1993 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Pens; Space requirements; Barriers; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry   164                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influence of parity and time since parturition on responsiveness of sows to a piglet distress call. Hutson, G.D.; Argent, M.F.; Dickenson, L.G.; Luxford, B.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 303-313; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization; Parous rates; Postpartum interval; Time; Responses; Maternal behavior   165                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs. Apple, J.K.; Craig, J.V. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 149-155; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Pens; Stocking density; Toys; Play; Stress; Abnormal behavior   166                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The influence of the mineral level in drinking water and the thermal environment on the performance and intestinal fluid flux of newly-weaned pigs. Maenz, D.D.; Patience, J.F.; Wolynetz, M.S. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 300-308; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Drinking water; Mineral content; Sulfate; Cold stress; Environmental temperature; Synergism; Feed intake; Water intake; Performance; Dosage effects; Diarrhea; Body temperature; Blood chemistry; Blood picture; Growth rate; Small intestine; Fluids; Intestinal absorption  Abstract:  The effects of drinking water containing high levels of dissolved minerals including sulphate (HMW) and a chilled environment on the performance of newly-weaned pigs were evaluated in three replicate 10-d trials. In each trial, 12, 28-d-old pigs were taken from the sow and allocated by weight and litter to treatment groups following a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of HMW vs low-mineral drinking water (LMW) and normal (heat lamp) vs chilled (21 degrees C) pen temperature. No interactive effects of water mineral level and pen temperature on any of the measurements of health and productivity were found. Pigs given the HMW consumed more water on d 7 to 10 and 1 to 10 (P < .05) and more feed from d 4 to 6, 7 to 10, and 1 to 10 (P < .05), had greater weight gains from d 7 to 10 and 1 to 10 (P < .05), and had higher scour scores on d 4 and 7 (P < .05). Pigs maintained in a chilled environment had lower body weights on d 3, 6, and 10 (P < .05), lower feed conversion efficiency from d 7 to 10 (P < .05) and 1 to 10 (P < .01), and lower water intake from d 4 to 6 (P < .05) and 7 to 10 (P < .0.1). Pen temperature had no effect on feed intake and scour scores. There was a correlation (P < .05) between feed intake and growth rates throughout the trial, between feed intake and water intake on d 4 to 6, 7 to 10, and 1 to 10, and between water intake and growth rate on d 7 to 10. This study suggests that drinking water containing high levels of dissolved minerals may promote increased water and feed intake during the immediate postweaning period.   167                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influences of intermittent daily draught on the behaviour of weaned pigs. Scheepens, C.J.M.; Hessing, M.J.C.; Laarakker, E.; Schouten, W.G.P.; Tielen, M.J.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 69-82; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Cold stress; Climatic factors   168                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Ingestion of food facilitates the performance of stereotypies in sows. Terlouw, E.M.C.; Wiersma, A.; Lawrence, A.B.; MacLeod, H.A. London : Academic Press; 1993 Nov. Animal behaviour v. 46 (pt.5): p. 939-950; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Vices; Eating  Abstract:  Previous work has shown that chain manipulation and excessive drinking develop in sows, Sus scrofa, only when the sows are food restricted and confined, and that their occurrence is concentrated mainly in the post-feeding period. The present study investigated whether ingestion of food stimulates the performance of these stereotypies. In experiment 1, sows had been exposed to 7 months of restrictive housing and feeding conditions (2.5 kg of food/day; normal feeding time 0900 hours), during which they had developed stereotypies, mainly stereotyped chain manipulation and excessive drinking. Treatments, applied at 1350 hours, were the introduction of a novel sound (duration 10 min) and delivery of an extra meal (ingestion time approximately 10 min). Each treatment was applied to all sows simultaneously on two separate occasions. Levels of stereotypies measured over 2 h after the novel sound did not differ from preceding control days. In contrast, levels of stereotypies measured over the 2 h following ingestion of the meals were significantly higher relative to controls. In experiment 2, subjects were sows normally fed a meal of 2.5 kg of concentrated food at 0900 hours, which had already developed chain manipulation and excessive drinking. On treatment days, at 0900 hours, they received 0, 0.5, 1.25 or 5 kg of the same food. Non-delivery of food was followed by reduced levels of both chain manipulation and drinking. Ingestion of a smaller or larger meal than usual had little effect on levels of post-feeding stereotypies. The results of both experiments suggest that ingestion of food stimulates the performance of established stereotypies. The effect cannot be explained simply by differences in nutritional status, and it is suggested that it reflects changes in motivational state and behavioural activation.   169                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Interactive effects of thermal environment and dietary amino acid and fat levels on rate and efficiency of growth of pigs housed in a conventional nursery. Schenck, B.C.; Stahly, T.S.; Cromwell, G.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3803-3811; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Environmental temperature; Lysine; Dietary fat; Growth rate; Amino acids; Diet; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency  Abstract:  In four trials, 480 weanling pigs were housed in a conventional nursery maintained at 20 or 30 degrees C, which represented a cool and hot thermal environment, respectively. They were allowed ad libitum access to corn-soybean meal-dried whey diets containing .7, 1.0, or 1.3% lysine and 0 or 5% added fat (choice white grease). The pigs were weaned between 27 and 33 d of age (7.27 +/- .90 kg) and penned in groups of five for the duration of the 42-d trials. Pigs housed in the cool environment consumed more feed (P < .01), gained more weight (P < .01), and utilized feed more efficiently (P < .01) than those in the hot environment. As dietary lysine levels were increased in the 20 and 30 degrees C environments, daily weight gains and gain:feed ratios increased linearly (P < .01) from d 0 to 21 and quadratically (P < .01) from d 21 to 42. However, the magnitudes of the increases were less in the cool environment, resulting in temperature X lysine interactions (P < .05). As the pig's feed intake, body weight, and heat production increased over time, the 20 and 30 degrees C environments became progressively warmer relative to the animal's zone of thermoneutrality. The associated reductions over time in energy and lysine intakes relative to the pigs' maintenance needs resulted in an increase in the concentration of dietary lysine needed to maximize rate and efficiency of gain in the 30 degrees C environment but not in the 20 degrees C environment (temperature X lysine X period interaction, P < .10). The addition of fat to the low-lysine diet further decreased (P < .05) daily energy and lysine intakes, causing a reduction in growth rate of pigs in the 30 degrees C environment but not in that of pigs in the 20 degrees C environment, which resulted in a temperature X lysine X fat interaction (P < .05). Based on these results, the optimal dietary amino acid regimen for weaning pigs is dependent on the thermal environment in which the pigs are housed.   170                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Intestinal amino acid and monosaccharide transport in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with different sources of carbohydrate. Vega, Y.M.; Puchal, A.A.; Buddington, R.K. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (12): p. 2430-2439; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Sucklings; Diet; Glucose; Galactose; Fructose; Nutrient transport; Intestines; Amino acids; Monosaccharides  Abstract:  Omnivorous mammals are able to adaptively modulate rates of intestinal nutrient transport to match changes in diet. Because adaptive responses during suckling, when dietary composition is relatively constant, have not been adequately determined, we measured in vitro sugar and amino acid uptake [nmol/(mg tissue.min)] in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with either lactose (LAC) or a 60:40 mixture of maltodextrin and sucrose (MDS). The MDS-fed pigs initially grew slower, but had intestinal dimensions similar to those of LAC-fed siblings when normalized to body weight. Carrier-mediated uptake for three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) did not differ between LAC- and MDS-fed pigs at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d of age. Interdiet differences in rates of leucine and proline uptake, despite identical types and concentration of protein in both milk replacers, are indicative of nonspecific responses to diet during suckling. Uptake capacities (grams of monosaccharide absorbed per 24 h) never exceeded estimates of monosaccharide intake by more than fourfold and were less than aldohexose intake during early suckling. Our results indicate 1) age-related changes in rates of nutrient uptake are genetically programmed and little influenced by diet; 2) any responses to diet are nonspecific and likely involve a shift in the timing of the genetic program; and 3) at birth and throughout suckling, pigs are capable of absorbing limited quantities of alternative nutrients.   171                                   NAL Call. No.: SF774.J68 An investigation of bacterial causes of arthritis in slaughter hogs. Hariharan, H.; MacDonald, J.; Carnat, B.; Bryenton, J.; Heaney, S. Lawrence, Kan. : AAVLD; 1992 Jan. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v. 4 (1): p. 28-30; 1992 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Joints (animal); Bacteria; Arthritis; Joint diseases   172                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 An investigation of enzootic Glasser's disease in a specific- pathogen-free grower-finisher facility using restriction endonuclease analysis. Smart, N.L.; Hurnik, D.; MacInnes, J.I. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Aug. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 34 (8): p. 487-490; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Haemophilus   173                                   NAL Call. No.: SF774.J68 Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava and hardjo from swine at slaughter. Bolin, C.A.; Cassells, J.A. Lawrence, Kan. : AAVLD; 1992 Jan. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v. 4 (1): p. 87-89; 1992 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Reproductive disorders; Leptospira interrogans; Isolation   174                                  NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 It is morally permissible to manipulate the genome of domestic hogs. Blatz, C.V. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 166-176; 1991. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics; Biotechnology; Transgenics   175                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 Laboratory swine--principles of husbandry and research techniques. Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London Sussex : The Institute; 1993 Dec. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians v. 44 (3): p. 175-200; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Laboratory animals; Animal husbandry; Pig housing; Handling; Anesthesia; Miniature pigs; Strain differences; Veterinary medicine; Animal models  Abstract:  Pigs are anatomically and physiologically similar to man in many ways. A fact which is supported by many and diverse scientific studies. However, they may be overlooked as research models for reasons of the presumed difficulties to be encountered in maintaining and handling animals of potentially great size. In fact, the type of pig available in the United Kingdom ranges from the Large White or Yorkshire pig which may weigh > 200 kg to the Yucatan Miniature Pig which is considerably smaller and lighter at < 70 kg. There are a number of possible advantages to using pigs over other species in the laboratory and some selected points will be considered in this paper. The requirements for routine care and techniques for minor regulated procedures are also described. Emphasis is also placed on current perspectives in cardio- respiratory research for which the pig is a particularly suitable animal model.   176                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Lean growth modeling has potential in swine production. Easter, R.A. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1993 Mar22. Feedstuffs v. 65 (12): p. 14, 16; 1993 Mar22.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Growth models; Animal production   177                              NAL Call. No.: SF89.G73  1992 Livestock trucking guide livestock management practices that reduce injuries to livestock during transport. Grandin, Temple Livestock Conservation Institute Madison, WI : Livestock Conservation Institute,; 1992. 16 p. : ill. ; 23 x 10 cm.  Cover title.  "By Temple Grandin"- -P. 3.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 16).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Swine; Cattle; Sheep   178                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Long-term effects of food allowance and housing on developmet of stereotypies in pigs. Terlouw, E.M.C.; Lawrence, A.B. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (2): p. 103-126; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Vices   179                             NAL Call. No.: SF395.W463 1992 Lord Emsworth's annotated Whiffle The care of the pig..  Care of the pig Whiffle, Augustus; Hogg, James New York : Heineman,; 1992. xi, 128 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Swine; Swine   180                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P A low energy swine farrowing facility: a field study. Harmon, J.D.; Christenbury, G.D.; Albrecht, J.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4028): 18 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Carolina; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Energy; Economics; Environmental control   181                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P A low energy swine nursery facility: a field study. Christenbury, G.D.; Harmon, J.D.; Albrecht, J.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4027): 17 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Carolina; Cabt; Pig housing; Design; Energy; Economics; Environmental control   182                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Lymphocyte proliferative responses in neonatal pigs with high or low plasma cortisol concentration after stress induced by restraint. Brown-Borg, H.M.; Klemcke, H.G.; Blecha, F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12): p. 2015-2020; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Lymphocyte transformation; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Restraint of animals; Interleukin 2; Age differences  Abstract:  High plasma cortisol concentration is associated with perception of stress and reduced immune function in pigs. Neonatal pigs (12, 19, or 26 days old) were tested to determine maximal cortisol response to a mild restraint stressor. Pigs were fitted with indwelling jugular cannulas 4 days prior to restraint. One day before restraint, 10 ml of blood was removed for lymphocyte isolation and subsequent in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) assays. On the day of restraint, blood samples were drawn 10 minutes before and 3, 10, and 20 minutes after holding each pig in a supine position for 1 minute. Plasma cortisol concentration was determined by use of radioimmunoassay. Pigs with maximal cortisol response greater than the mean value for that age group were classified in the high-responder (HIRES) group. Conversely, those with values lower than the mean maximal response were assigned to the low-responder (LORES) group. The HIRES pigs had larger relative adrenal gland weights and higher baseline and maximal cortisol responses, compared with LORES pigs (P = 0.0170, P = 0.0002, P = 0.0001, respectively). Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses (to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen) were 60% lower (P = 0.0037, P = 0.0432, P = 0.0103, respectively) in HIRES vs LORES pigs. In vitro IL-2 production did not differ between HIRES and LORES pigs. Lymphocyte proliferation induced by the B-cell mitogen, pokeweed mitogen, decreased 56% with age (P = 0.0151). Production of IL-2 was numerically decreased (P = 0.06) by 50% in 26-day-old pigs, compared with earlier ages. These results indicate that neonatal pigs with low cortisol response to stress may have an advantage, from an immunologic standpoint, over pigs prone to stress.   183                           NAL Call. No.: TS1966.I8G85 1991 La macellazione del suino aspetti sanitari, tecnici e legislativi [Slaughtering of swine]., 1. ed.. Guizzardi, Franco; Nigrelli, Arrigo D.; Gatti, Renzo; Signorini, F. Bologna : Edagricole,; 1991. x, 295 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. (Pratica veterinaria).  Language:  Italian  Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Swine   184                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Management and nutrition of the bred gilt and sow. Luce, W.G.; Maxwell, C.V. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Nov. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig farming; Breeding; Heat stress; Nutrition; Supplementary feeding; Feed additives; Feed dispensers; Disease control   185                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Management and nutrition of the newly weaned pig. Aherne, F.; Hogberg, M.G.; Kornegay, E.T.; Shurson, G.C. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1992.  In the subseries: Management. (PIH-111), revised December 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Piglets; Nutrient requirements; Piglet feeding; Piglet fattening; Creep feeding; Weaning; Medicated feeds; Fat consumption; Feed additives; Pig housing   186                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Management of growing-finishing swine. Luce, W.G.; Huhnke, R.L. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Aug. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (3654): 6 p.; 1991 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Disease control; Parasites; Insecticides; Dry lot feeding; Pastures   187                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Management of internal parasitism in confined swine. Moncol, D.J. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1993 May. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 15 (5): p. 753-755, 767; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Intensive livestock farming; Floors; Disease transmission; Ascaris; Early weaning; Anthelmintics; Drug therapy; Helminth ova; Strongyloides; Oesophagostomum; Disease control; Pig housing; Parasitism; Incidence; Pest control   188                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Management of the boar. Singleton, W.L.; Flowers, W.L.; Reeves, D.E.; Thompson, L.H. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-5; 1993 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Boars; Disease prevention; Boar feeding; Animal breeding; Heat stress; Respiration rate   189                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Management of the boar. Singleton, W.L. \u Purdue University; Flowers, W.L.; Reeves, D.E.; Thompson, L.H. East Lansing : Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service,; 1994 Apr. Extension bulletin (1040): 6 p.; 1994 Apr.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook: Reproduction.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Boars; Pig farming; Boar progeny testing; Swine diseases; Transport of animals; Quarantine; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Breeding; Culling   190                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B Management of young pigs. Jones, R. Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1991 Dec. Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of Agriculture v.): 14 p. ill; 1991 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Piglet production   191                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Managing and feeding sows for optimum productivity. Tubbs, R.C. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Oct. Veterinary medicine v. 87 (10): p. 1048-1056; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Sows; Sow feeding; Animal husbandry; Productivity; Nutrient intake; Plane of nutrition   192                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Managing purchased feeder pigs. VanDyke, N.J.; Owsley, W.F.; Blaylock, R.E.; Floyd, J.G. Jr Auburn Ala. : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,; 1993 May. Circular ANR (815): 4 p.; 1993 May.  In subseries: Animal Science.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Purchasing; Transport; Disease prevention; Pig feeding; Pig housing   193                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Managing the herd boar. Luce, W.G. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Sep. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Sep.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Boars; Mating ability; Mating behavior; Semen production; Boar feeding; Pig housing; Breeding methods   194                                   NAL Call. No.: QL750.J68 Maternal behaviour of free-ranging sows during the first 8 days after farrowing. Csermely, D. Kyoto, Japan : Japan Ethological Society,; 1994. Journal of ethology v. 12 (1): p. 53-62; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Maternal behavior; Free range husbandry; Intensive livestock farming; Farrowing; Abnormal behavior   195                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Maternal behaviour of lactating sows in a loose-housing system. Boe, K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (4): p. 327-338; 1993 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Sow lactation; Loose housing; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Liveweight gain; Age at weaning   196                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Meat quality in pigs reared in groups kept as a unit during the fattening period and slaughter. Karlsson, A.; Lundstrom, K. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Jun. Animal production v. 54 (pt.3): p. 421-426; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Meat quality; Group effect   197                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental controllers. Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 491-497; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Environmental control; Controllers; Pig housing; Poultry housing  Abstract:  A series of mechanical backup systems for electronic environmental controllers is presented for a typical finishing swine barn and a typical tunnel ventilated broiler house. The systems consist of mechanical thermostats and timers used in parallel with the electronic controller, designed to ensure animal survival in the event of controller or related hardware failure. For swine housing, three distinct mechanical backup functions are identified; for broiler housing, four distinct mechanical backup functions are identified. Schematic diagrams of the mechanical backup functions are provided and their implementation is described.   198                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Mechanical ventilation of swine buildings. Murphy, J.P.; Jones, D.D.; Christianson, L.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1991 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 8 p.; 1991 Jun.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Artificial ventilation; Air flow; Fans; Humidity   199                           NAL Call. No.: SF393.P74C66 1990 Mini pet pigs home veterinary & care., 2nd ed.. Connelly, John; Jennings, Patricia Portland, Or. : C.J. Enterprises, 1992; 1992. 96 leaves : ill. ; 22 cm.  Cover title.  Two tables in pocket.  Includes bibliographical references (leaf 93).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Potbellied pig; Swine   200                           NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55S76 1992 Miniature pigs everything about purchase, care, nutrition, breeding, behavior, and training. Storer, Pat; Storer, Kristin New York : Barron's,; 1992. 88 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm.  Includes index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature swine as pets   201                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33 Miniature swine in biomedical research: applications and husbandry considerations. Fisher, T.F. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 May. Lab animal v. 22 (5): p. 47-50; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Applications   202                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Modelling newborn piglet thermal interactions with a surface energy balance model. Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 151-159; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Body heat loss; Farrowing houses; Interactions; Mathematical models; Relative humidity; Temperature  Abstract:  A mathematical model was developed to describe the radiative and convective thermal interactions between a newborn piglet and it's surroundings. The model incorporates surface energy balances for each surface in the enclosure. The model was verified with results from a simulated creep area and from published calorimetric studies on newborn pigs. Mathematical results were all within 5.5% of the measured results from a simulated creep-area. Compared with published studies, the mathematical model over-predicts heat loss in high-demand environments and under predicts heat loss in low- demand environments.   203                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 Moderate indoor exercise: effect on production and carcass traits, muscle enzyme activities and meat quality in pigs. Enfalt, A.C.; Lundstrom, K.; Hansson, I.; Karlsson, A.; Essen- Gustavsson, B.; Hakansson, J. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Aug. Animal production v. 57 (pt.1): p. 127-135; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Exercise; Pig housing; Fattening performance; Lactic acid; Muscle tissue; Ph; Enzymes; Enzyme activity; Carcass composition; Meat quality   204                           NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 64 Moglichkeiten der Schlachtkorperbewertung am lebenden Schwein mit Hilfe von Ultraschallmessungen  [Possibilities of slaughter value evaluation of living swine with use of ultrasound measurements]. Busemann, Eiso, Kiel : Selbstverlag des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat,; 1991. 104 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 64).  English summary.  Vita.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-96).  Language:  German   205                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note of hunger in the pig: sows on restricted rations will sustain an energy deficit to gain additional food. Hutson, G.D. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb. Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 233-235; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Restricted feeding; Hunger; Conditioning; Animal welfare   206                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55 A note on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs provided with straw in a novel housing system. Arey, D.S.; Bruce, J.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr. Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 269-272; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal behavior; Straw; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry   207                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 A note on the effect of deep-litter housing on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Matte, J.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 73 (3): p. 643-647; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Deep litter housing; Growth rate; Manures; Enzymes; Ventilation; Temperature   208                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on the effects of environmental temperature on live- weight gain during fattening of pigs. Sakai, T.; Nishino, M.; Hamakawa, M.; Yoon, C.S.; Thirapatsakun, T. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 147-149; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Environmental temperature; Liveweight gain; Pig housing   209                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on the IVOG-station: a feeding station to record the individual food intake of group-housed growing pigs. Haer, L.C.M. de; Merks, J.W.M.; Kooper, H.G.; Buiting, G.A.J.; Hattum, J.A. van East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb. Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 160-162; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Recording; Equipment; Feed dispensers   210                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Oestrus detection in group-housed sows by analysis of data on visits to the boar. Bressers, H.P.M.; Te Brake, J.H.A.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 183-193; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Boars; Estrus; Detection; Groups; Pig housing; Prediction; Standing reflex   211                               NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652 An open information system for the swine production and marketing industry: its scope, topology and telecommunication strategy. Groeneveld, E.; Lacher, P. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 163-185; 1992 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Meat and livestock industry; Animal production; Information needs; Information systems; Computer software; Marketing; Record keeping; Classification; Telecommunications; Animal husbandry   212                                    NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6 Optimal hog slaughter weights under alternative pricing systems. Boland, M.A.; Preckel, P.V.; Schinckel, A.P. Lexington, Ky. : Southern Agricultural Economics Association, 1993-; 1993 Dec. Journal of agricultural and applied economics v. 25 (2): p. 148-163; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter weight; Profits; Liveweight; Price policy; Growth; Carcass weight; Pigmeat  Abstract:  Three hog genotypes are simulated to determine how producer profits, economically optimal slaughter weights, and carcass component weights change under three pricing models. Live weight pricing pays more for the fatter barrows whereas a three component (separate payments for fat, lean, and byproducts) and six component (separate payments for major primal cuts, other lean, fat, and byproducts) pricing system pay more for the leaner gilts. Implications for selection of genetic stock and pricing system are presented.   213                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T An optimal misting method for cooling livestock housing. Gates, R.S.; Usry, J.L.; Nienaber, J.A.; Turner, L.W.; Bridges, T.C. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (5): p. 2199-2206; 1991 Sep.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Cooling; Evaporative cooling; Mists; Literature reviews; Mathematical models  Abstract:  A method to analyze the operation of misting systems to cool livestock housing by minimizing interior Temperature-humidity Index (THI) is presented. The procedure is shown to be similar to the analysis for evaporative pad cooling, except that interior maximum relative humidity is specified instead of pad efficiency. The minimization of THI is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of interior dry- bulb temperature. If interior heat and moisture loads are neglected, the interior state point can be found at an intersection of outside wet-bulb temperature and inside maximum relative humidity; implications of neglecting these loads are quantified. Comparisons between no cooling, pad cooling, and misting are made to the resultant interior dry- bulb temperature, and to the Gain Reduction Factor (Morrison et al., 1968), for the simplified assumptions of no internal heat loads. The misting system is shown to compare favorably with evaporative pad cooling.   214                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Oral transmission of transmissible gastroenteritis virus by muscle and lymph node from slaughtered pigs. Cook, D.R.; Hill, H.T.; Taylor, J.D. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Feb. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (2): p. 68-70; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Iowa; Australia; Pigs; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Gastroenteritis; Carcasses; Disease transmission; Pigmeat; Disease prevalence; Carrier state; Importation   215                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32T Orienting livestock shelters to optimize natural summer ventilation. Barrington, S.; Zemanchik, N.; Choiniere, Y. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1958-; 1994 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 37 (1): p. 251-255; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ontario; Cabt; Animal housing; Pig housing; Ventilation; Wind; Orientation  Abstract:  Using the meteorological data of 10 Ontario weather stations, natural ventilation rates were computed for a typical gable roofed swine shelter, oriented at 6 different angles from the north. A nonparametric statistical procedure was used to identify that orientation giving the least period of ventilation under the required rate, throughout the summer, for temperature ranges above 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C. For all 10 stations, 1 or 2 building orientations gave slightly but significantly better ventilation rates than all other orientations. Ventilation was improved by further extending the period during which minimum summer rates were respected Nevertheless, growers using properly oriented buildings and natural ventilation can expect low summer ventilation rates 12% to 27% of the time. These low ventilation conditions can persist over more than 24 consecutive hours in some locations.   216                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Parametric design with associated costs and production data of swine nurseries. Helmink, K.J.; Christianson, L.L.; Riskowski, G.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 237-247; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Design; Costs; Parametric programming; Computer software  Abstract:  The Illinois Nursery Improvement Software (INIS) is a computerized, parametric design aid for swine nurseries and prenurseries. INIS prepares plan and elevation drawings, specifies equipment and materials and compares ventilation options. Costs of alternative ventilation systems are calculated. Users can estimate productivity improvements (feed efficiency, health costs, gain rates, and mortality rates) that will result from improved ventilation to compare with ventilation system costs.   217                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Patterns associated with season and facilities for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in slaughter swine. Cowart, R.P.; Boessen, C.R.; Kliebenstein, J.B. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jan15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (2): p. 190-193; 1992 Jan15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Atrophic rhinitis; Pneumonia; Lesions; Seasonal variation; Pig housing; Disease course   218                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Pen shape and size: effects on pig behavior and performance. Wiegand, R.M.; Gonyou, H.W.; Curtis, S.E. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 49-61; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pens; Shape; Size; Stocking density; Space utilization; Social behavior; Performance; Time; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Aggressive behavior   219                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Performance, carcass composition, and blood hormones and metabolites of finishing pigs treated with porcine somatotropin in hot and cold environments. Becker, B.A.; Knight, C.D.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Jesse, G.W.; Hedrick, H.B.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 71 (9): p. 2375-2387; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Diets; Cold stress; Feed intake; Heat stress; Hormones; Metabolites; Performance testing; Somatotropin; Blood analysis; Carcass composition; Fat; Protein content  Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted to assess the ability for recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)-treated pigs to perform and cope with the demands of hot and cold environments. In the first experiment, finishing pigs were exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C) or a hot environment (H; 27 to 35 degrees C) for 35 d. In the second experiment, pigs were exposed to a TN or cold environment (C; 5 to 15 degrees C). The rpST delivered by a 6- wk prolonged-release system had no effect on ADG, whereas both H and C reduced ADG by 29.4 and 11.8%, respectively. In the first experiment, rpST-treated pigs consumed 17.6% less feed than control pigs, whereas rpST-treated pigs in H consumed 24.4% less feed than rpST-treated pigs in TN. Overall feed/ gain ratios through the first 4 wk of both studies were improved by 21.8 and 14%, respectively, by rpST (P < .05) and were 24.3% poorer in C (P <.05) than in H. The changes in blood concentrations of pST, IGF-I, and IGF-II associated with rpST were not influenced by the different environments. Total body composition of rpST-treated pigs had increased amounts of protein (P < .05) and decreased amounts of fat (P < .05); H further reduced fat (P < .05). The C resulted in reduced protein content (P < .05). No evidence of thermal imbalance due to rpST was found as assessed by rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heat production estimated by indirect calorimetry and chemical analysis.   220                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Performance measured in pigs with pneumonia and housed in different environments. Straw, B.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Feb15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (4): p. 627-630; 1991 Feb15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pneumonia; Growth rate; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion efficiency; Lesions; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae   221                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The performance of gilts in a new group housing system: endocrinological and immunological functions. Von Borell, E.; Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Mallard, B.A.; Buhr, M.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2714-2721; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Pig housing; Group size; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Adrenal glands; Diagnostic techniques; Immune response; Reproductive performance; Body weight; Backfat; Litter weight; Hydrocortisone  Abstract:  The effect of a new group housing system on performance (132 gilts and litters) and endocrinological (35 gilts) and immunological functions (28 gilts) was studied. Animals were randomly assigned to a conventional system control, involving > 2 mo in individual stalls, or to the Hurnik-Morris (H-M) housing system, involving continuous housing in small groups, for breeding-gestating swine. The gilts were reared throughout gestation in their respective housing systems and moved 3 to 5 d prefarrowing to a common farrowing facility. Various production data were collected, including sow weight and backfat measurements, number of pigs born, number born alive, number weaned, litter birth weight, and litter weaning weight. An adrenal function test using dexamethasone pretreatment and ACTH1-24 challenge was imposed on gilts 5 d prebreeding and once between d 81 to 87 of gestation. Plasma progesterone was measured at the same time. Immune function was measured by serum antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin. Gilts reared in the H-M housing system exhibited a number of pigs weaned per litter and litter weaning weights comparable to the number and weights in the control system (7.3 +/-.33 vs 6.9 +/- .38, P = .421 and 56.9 +/- 2.42 kg vs 51.3 +/- 2.76 kg, P = .132, respectively). Prefarrowing and weaning backfat measurements were significantly reduced in group-housed gilts (15.8 +/- .45 mm vs 17.8 +/- .55 mm, P = .005 and 14.6 +/- .4 mm vs 16.2 +/- .42 mm, P = .008, respectively). Adrenocortical function and plasma progesterone were not different between gilts in different housing systems. Antibody response to HEWL and inflammatory response was numerically but not significantly greater for gilts reared in the H-M housing system than for those in the control system. The results of this study provided encouragement for the development of group housing without compromising production or endocrinological and immunolo   222                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The peri-parturient behaviour of sows housed in pairs. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 49-59; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Group behavior; Farrowing; Reproductive behavior; Aggressive behavior; Social dominance; Nesting; Maternal behavior   223                           NAL Call. No.: SF459.S9W35  1992 Pet pigs advice on management, training and health care. Walton, J. R.,; Carr, John; Duran, Oliver Liverpool : Liverpool University Press,; 1992. viii, 30 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 27) and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine; Pets   224                                  NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pig. Vieuille-Thomas, C.; Signoret, J.P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1551-1557; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Alarm pheromones; Stress; Urine; Animal behavior; Conditioning; Learning  Abstract:  The process of spontaneous learning in an automatic food dispenser by a group of domestic female pigs was studied when one of the animals of the group had an aversive experience. Restraining a gilt in the dispenser without access to food resulted in later avoidance of the system by other gilts, especially when the reactions of the restrained animal had been especially violent and associated with urination. The hypothesis of a delayed transmission of an unpleasant experience was tested. The food dispenser was sprayed with urine collected from either a control gilt or from an animal undergoing stress. In half of the cases, the presence of urine of a stressed animal resulted in a long-lasting avoidance of the food dispenser, suggesting the existence of some kind of alarm pheromone produced in the urine of a sow during an unpleasant experience.   225                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Pig slaughtering procedures: head-to-back stunning. Wotton, S.B.; Anil, M.H.; Whittington, P.E.; McKinstry, J.L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 245-255; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Food quality   226                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Porcine stress syndrome. Judge, M.D.; Eikelenboom, G.; Marple, D.N. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 3 p.; 1992 Nov.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Pork and Pork Quality.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Porcine stress syndrome; Swine diseases; Stress; Genetic factors; Tests; Meat quality; Disease prevention   227                                    NAL Call. No.: TP368.L4 Pork quality affected by different slaughter conditions and post mortem treatment of the carcass. Garrido, M.D.; Pedauye, J.; Banon, S.; Marques, F.; Laencina, J. London : Academic Press; 1994. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft+Technologie. Food science+technology v. 27 (2): p. 173-176; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Postmortem examinations; Meat quality; Slaughter   228                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Portable housing for poultry and hogs. Klober, K. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun. Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range husbandry   229                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Positioning of identification transponders in the auricle of pigs. Lambooij, E. London : The Association; 1992 Oct31. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (18): p. 419-420; 1992 Oct31.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transponders; Identification; Slaughter   230                                     NAL Call. No.: SF5.B74 Postnatal care in pigs. Hughes, P.E. Midlothian, Scotland : The Society; 1992. BSAP occasional publication : an occasional publication of the British Society of Animal Production (15): p. 149-161; 1992.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Mortality; Literature reviews   231                                   NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3 Postnatal development of monosaccharide transport in pig intestine. Puchal, A.A.; Buddington, R.K. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 May. American journal of physiology v. 262 (5,pt.1): p. G895-G902; 1992 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Glucose; Galactose; Fructose; Nutrient transport; Intestinal absorption; Intestinal mucosa; Puerperium; Postnatal development; Ontogeny  Abstract:  In vitro brush-border transport of three monosaccharides by pig intestine was studied as a function of postnatal age from immediately after birth before suckling to after weaning. Rates of transport normalized to tissue weight or surface area for glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and fructose (Fru) were highest at birth, with a steep decline after the onset of suckling, probably caused by any combination of three or more factors: reduced transporter site density, shifts in relative abundances of different monosaccharide transporters, and/or changes in activities of individual transporters. Whereas highest rates of Glc and Fru transport shifted from proximal to midintestine after weaning, Gal transport remained highest in proximal intestine. Postnatal increases in Km values for Gal, but not Glc, indicate there are multiple aldohexose transporters that undergo separate developmental trajectories. The presence of Fru transport in neonatal pigs may reflect a more advanced state of development than neonatal rats and rabbits, or may be an adaptation for early weaning. Changes in Fru-to-Glc and Gal-to-Glc transport ratios before weaning suggest transporter development is partly genetically hard-wired, apparently to prepare pigs for weaning. Curiously, Fru-to-Glc transport ratios were lower than those of rat and rabbit, but closely paralleled those of the carnivorous cat.   232                                  NAL Call. No.: HV4701.A35 Potbellied pigs: Perfect pets or simply swine?. Prince, M. Englewood, Colo. : American Humane Association, Animal Protection Division; 1992. Advocate v. 10 (2): p. 10-14; 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care   233                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Prediction of carcass characteristics by real-time ultrasound in barrows and gilts slaughtered at three weights. Smith, B.S.; Jones, W.R.; Hough, J.D.; Huffman, D.L.; Mikel, W.B.; Mulvaney, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 70 (8): p. 2304-2308; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter weight; Fat thickness; Ultrasonic fat meters; Liveweight; Longissimus dorsi; Area; Carcass composition; Prediction  Abstract:  The carcass characteristics of 27 market barrows and 27 market gilts were evaluated at various times (n = 8) with real-time ultrasound (Aloka 210 DX) from approximately 20 kg until slaughter at three end points. The pigs were randomly assigned to slaughter weight groups of 91, 104.5, and 118 kg at weaning time. Correlations were determined over slaughter weight group and sex, and the accuracies of ultrasound measurements were also evaluated. The regressions of ultrasound 10th-rib fat and ultrasound longissimus muscle area on live weight were also developed. Correlations between actual and ultrasound-measured last-rib fat, 10th-rib fat, and longissimus muscle area were high (r = .91, .63, and.53, respectively; P < .01). The accuracy of ultrasound longissimus muscle area prediction was lower for 118-kg pigs than for the two lighter groups, whereas the accuracy for prediction of last-rib fat was lower for 91-kg pigs than for the two heavier groups, as indicated by higher absolute differences (P < .05). Last-rib fat and longissimus muscle area tended to be overestimated and 10th-rib fat tended to be underestimated by real-time ultrasound. Prediction of last-rib fat by ultrasound was more accurate for gilts than for barrows, as indicated by a lower absolute difference (P < .05).   234                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Prediction of meat quality in live pigs using stress- susceptible and stress-resistant animals. Cheah, K.S.; Cheah, A.M.; Lahucky, R.; Mojto, J.; Kovac, L. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1993. Meat science v. 34 (2): p. 179-189; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Meat quality; Stress   235                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Preference by sows for a partially enclosed farrowing crate. Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 35-43; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Age differences; Acceptability; Design   236                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The preparturient behaviour of sows in enriched pens and the effect of pre-formed nests. Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 61-68; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive behavior; Prepartum period; Farrowing pens; Nests; Nesting; Sand; Straw   237                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Productivity, time budgets and social aspects of eating in pigs penned in groups of five or individually. Gonyou, H.W.; Chapple, R.P.; Frank, G.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 291-301; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Group behavior; Pens; Feeding behavior; Aggressive behavior; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Sex differences; Time; Pig housing; Productivity   238                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.9 IN7 Putting pigs in the picture. Schofield, C.P. Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1991. The Agricultural engineer v. 46 (1): p. 9-10; 1991.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig farming; Pigs; Weight; Pig housing; Video recordings   239                          NAL Call. No.: 7  C16Pu no.1898/E Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals pigs.. Pigs Connor, M. L. Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ont. : Communications Branch Agriculture Canada,; 1993. 55 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (Publication (Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) ; 1898/E.).  This publication replaces Agric. Can. Publ. 1771/E Recommended code of practice for care and handling of pigs.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 49).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine   240                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Relationship between behaviour and adrenocortrical response pattern in domestic pigs. Borell, E. von; Ladewig, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 195-206; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Locomotion; Vocalization; Animal behavior; Adrenal cortex; Corticotropin; Age differences; Pens; Litters; Hydrocortisone   241                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Relationship to growth performance of pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis lesions detected in pigs at slaughter among four seasons. Scheidt, A.B.; Mayrose, V.B.; Hill, M.A.; Clark, L.K.; Einstein, M.E.; Frantz, S.F.; Runnels, L.J.; Knox, K.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 May15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (10): p. 1492-1496; 1992 May15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Atrophic rhinitis; Lungs; Nose; Lesions; Incidence; Seasonal variation; Growth rate   242                                 NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.S63 Relationships between pig husbandry practices and violative drug residues. McCaughey, W.J.; McEvoy, J.D.G.; Campbell, J.N.; Kennedy, D.G.; Lynas, L.; McCartan, B.M. Great Britain : The Society, 1983-; 1994. Proceedings of a meeting held at the ... on the ... /. p. 33-41; 1994.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Northern ireland; Cabt; Pigs; Drug residues; Pigmeat; Meat inspection; Testing; Feeds; Chlortetracycline; Swine diseases   243                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 Relationships between subjective and objective assessments of stress at slaughter and meat quality in pigs. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N.; Adams, S.J.M.; Corlett, I.K. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 38 (2): p. 329-340; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Meat quality; Slaughter; Stress response   244                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Remodeling ideas for farrowing facilities. Jacobson, L.D.; Murphy, J.P.; Pohl, S.H. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec. Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-8; 1993 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Farrowing houses; Design; Farrowing pens; Pig manure; Insulation; Artificial ventilation; Heating   245                                    NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6 Responses of the porcine pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic intermittent stressor. Klemcke, H.G. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994 Jan. Domestic animal endocrinology v. 11 (1): p. 133-149; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Males; Castration; Pituitary; Corticotropin; Adrenal glands; Receptors; Binding site; Stress conditions   246                                 NAL Call. No.: RA771.A1J68 Results of an educational intervention to improve the health knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors of swine confinement workers. Gjerde, C.; Ferguson, K.; Mutel, C.; Donham, K.; Merchant, J. Kansas City, Mo. : National Rural Health Association; 1991. The Journal of rural health v. 7 (3): p. 278-286; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Safety at work; Educational programs; Health; Knowledge; Attitudes; Behavior; Respiratory diseases; Health promotion; Risk  Abstract:  Swine confinement workers participated in an educational intervention designed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to respiratory disease. The desired changes were (1) improvement in knowledge about recommended gas and dust levels in buildings and benefits of using properly fitted masks; (2) improvement of attitudes about wearing dust masks, taking safety precautions, and inspecting the ventilation and heating systems; and (3) improvement in behaviors such as regular inspection of buildings and wearing an appropriate dust mask or respirator. The health risks of failing to practice these behaviors include chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, organic dust toxic syndrome, chronic sinusitis, and even death from acute toxicity related to hydrogen sulfide. An intervention group and a nonintervention group of swine confinement workers were assessed at the beginning of the project and one year later to determine changes brought about by an educational intervention. During that year, swine producers in the intervention group were mailed a series of six educational home study modules and reference materials on confinement topics. Analysis of covariance and categorical repeated measures analysis were used to determine changes over time in the percentage of people who answered correctly in each group. Significant changes in knowledge scores, attitude scores, and reported behavior scores all favored the intervention group. The 14 statistically significant changes in knowledge items were related to dust mask use, manure pit safety, liquid manure agitation, building gas and dust norms, and recommended gas levels. The four attitudinal items that improved significantly concerned the importance of regular cleaning and upkeep, improving health and safety, knowing ways to keep buildings safer, and recognizing the benefits of wearing a dust mask. The four items about self-reported behavior changes included inspecting and servicing of building heaters, measuring   247                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 A review of behavioral factors involved in the development oand continued performance of stereotypic behaviors in pigs. Lawrence, A.B.; Terlouw, E.M.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Oct. Journal of animal science v. 71 (10): p. 2815-2825; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Stress factors; Feeding behavior; Feedback; Hunger; Restricted feeding; Motivation; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Environmentally induced stereotypies, commonly observed in farm and zoo animals, are behaviors that are relatively invariant, that are regularly repeated, and that serve no obvious function. However, there is as yet no accepted means of discriminating between normal and abnormal behavior, and the assumption that stereotypies are abnormal may mask the fact that they arise in part through processes that "normally" control behavior. There is growing evidence that stereotypies in sows and broiler breeders are strongly related to feeding motivation. For example, sows only develop oral stereotypies if their feed intake is restricted, and operant conditioning experiments have shown commercial levels of feed restriction to give rise to high levels of feeding motivation. Stereotypies in animals whose feed intake is restricted largely occur in the postprandial period, and ingestion of food has specifically been shown to elicit stereotypies in sows. These observations suggest that positive feedback from feeding produces a short-term increase in feeding motivation that at the end of the meal is directed toward available, alternative stimuli such as chains, the choice of stimuli reflecting the sensory feedback from the activity. Drinking behavior may also become an expression of feeding behavior after metabolic water requirements are met. In addition to these processes specific to feeding motivation, it seems likely that nonspecific processes, which operate more generally across motivational systems, contribute to the persistence of the behavior. Behavioral arousal may facilitate performance of active behaviors, and sensitization of the underlying neural elements may lead to the behavior being more easily elicited and maintained. A crucial factor in the sensitization process would seem to be the channeling of complex behavior by the environment into a few and very often repeated sequences of behavior. This approach suggests that stereotypies can be prevented by either reducing the level of motivation underlying the stereotypy, or by allowing for the expression of more complex behavior and thereby preventing the processes of channeling and sensitization from occurring.   248                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Risk factors associated with transmissible gastroenteritis in swine. Siegel, J.P.; Hungerford, L.L.; Hall, W.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Dec01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199 (11): p. 1579-1583; 1991 Dec01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Illinois; Pigs; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Risk; Animal husbandry; Databases   249                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Salmonellosis in swine. Schwartz, K.J. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (1): p. 139-147. ill; 1991 Jan.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Salmonellosis; Salmonella choleraesuis; Pigmeat; Serotypes; Septicemia; Enterocolitis; Differential diagnosis; Stress factors; Physiopathology; Disease control; Antibacterial agents   250                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Sarcoptic mite hypersensitivity and skin lesions in slaughtered pigs. Davies, P.R.; Moore, M.J.; Pointon, A.M. London : The Association; 1991 Jun01. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (22): p. 516-518; 1991 Jun01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Sarcoptes scabiei; Mange; Hypersensitivity; Lesions; Monitoring   251                           NAL Call. No.: SF391.3.S28  1991 Sauenhaltung Informationsveranstaltung der ALB und der ARL am 5. Marz 1991 in Lollar  [Sow husbandry]. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen Kassel : Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen, [1991?]; 1991. 97 p. : ill., maps ; 30 cm. (Bericht / Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen, Nr. 53; Bericht (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen) ; Nr. 53.).  Cover title.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Sows   252                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Shade-seeking and lying behaviour in pigs of mixed sex and age, with access to outside pens. Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 249-257; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Boars; Sows; Animal behavior; Shade; Pens; Environmental temperature; Yards; Diurnal variation   253                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Shipping stress and social status effects on pig performance, plasma cortisol, natural killer cell activity, and leukocyte numbers. McGlone, J.J.; Salak, J.L.; Lumpkin, E.A.; Nicholson, R.I.; Gibson, M.; Norman, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 888-896; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Natural killer cells; Stress; Blood picture; Body weight; Feed intake; Social dominance  Abstract:  Crossbred pigs were used to evaluate the effects of shipping stress on natural killer (NK) cell activity, leukocyte numbers, plasma cortisol, and BW changes. In the first study, pigs were bled at a commercial farm and, after shipping, resident and shipped pigs were bled again. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different (P > .10) because of large variation in cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, NK cytotoxicity was nondetectable among all pigs. A second study showed that plasma cortisol concentration rose by approximately 2.6 ng/mL (P = .018) for each minute after pigs were aroused. In the third, more controlled study, pigs were housed in pens of three pigs each. Video recordings were made during the first 24 h pigs were grouped to identify socially dominant, intermediate, and submissive pigs. At time zero (before shipping), resident pigs and those to be shipped had similar plasma cortisol concentrations. However, after the 4-h shipping experience, shipped pigs had elevated (P < .05) plasma cortisol compared with resident control pigs. Shipped pigs lost 5.1% of their BW (P < .05) compared with resident pigs, which gained .02% of their BW. Body weight change during shipping and plasma cortisol were negatively correlated (r = - .34, P = .04), indicating pigs that had greater adrenal response to shipping also lost more weight during shipping. Shipping reduced (P < .05) NK cytotoxicity among pigs of intermediate and submissive social status compared with shipped, dominant pigs. At the end of shipping or control treatments, the correlation between NK cytotoxicity and plasma cortisol was positive (r = .35, P = .036), indicating that pigs with greater cortisol response had greater NK cytotoxicity. In both shipping studies, numbers of blood neutrophils increased (P < .01), lymphocytes decreased (P < .01), and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio increased (P < .01) after shipping. These data suggest that 1) social status and shipping stress interact in NK cytotoxicity respo   254                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Simulated thermal performance of a solar-heated floor. Kocher, M.F.; DeShazer, J.A.; Bodman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (2): p. 559-567; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Floors; Pig housing; Solar heating; Simulation models  Abstract:  A low cost, simple solar heating system consisting of an active collector with an In-Floor Heat Distribution and Storage (IFHDS) system was developed in response to the energy crisis of the 1970s. A two-dimensional finite difference model was developed and used to simulate the performance of IFHDS system cross-sections. Simulation runs were conducted with a steady-periodic model for the temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS system cross-section. The steady, periodic simulation results indicated IFHDS system energy efficiency increases with decreasing air temperature in the room above the IFHDS system, peak temperature of the solar-heated air in the IFHDS system cross-section, and required temperature of the IFHDS system floor surface. The results also indicated that energy efficiency increases as thermal storage mass thickness decreases. The thermal storage mass thickness should be the minimum necessary to meet the requirements for maximum permissible daily floor surface temperature fluctuation, or time lag between time of peak, solar-heated air temperature in the IFHDS system cross-section and time of peak floor surface temperature.   255                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Slaughter hog pooling. Ward, C.E.; Peel, D.S. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1992 Feb. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (526): 6 p.; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Abattoirs; Transport; Pig farming; Cooperative marketing   256                                   NAL Call. No.: QR115.I57 Slaughter pigs and pork as a source of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. Boer, E. de; Nouws, J.F.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr. International journal of food microbiology v. 12 (4): p. 375-378; 1991 Apr. Paper presented at at IUMS-ICFMH 14th International Symposium on Gram-Negative Pathogens in Food, August 14-19, 1990, Bolkesjo, Telemark/Norway.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pigmeat; Yersinia enterocolitica; Microbial contamination; Food contamination; Slaughter; Isolation; Isolation techniques  Abstract:  Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains (serogroups 0:3;0:9 and 0:5,27) were isolated from 36 (42%) of 86 porcine tonsils, 8 (20%) of 40 tongues, 17 (17%) of 100 rectal swabs and from 4 (1%) of 400 pork samples. Pathogenic Yersinia strains were not isolated from samples of 210 pig carcasses and from 20 samples of porcine head meat. These results confirm that pigs are an important reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. However, contamination of carcasses during the slaughtering process with Yersinia from either faecal material or from the tonsillary region does not seem to occur frequently and this may also explain the low contamination rate of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica found for pork. For the isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains from foods, enrichment in irgasan-ticarcillin-chlorate broth (ITC) and isolation on SS-deoxycholate-calcium agar (SSDC) is recommended.   257                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively or ad libitum. Brouns, F.; Edwards, S.A. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 225-235; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Sow feeding; Social behavior; Groups; Feeding behavior; Unrestricted feeding; Animal competition; Liveweight gain   258                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Some observations on cardiac failure in sows. Drolet, R.; D'Allaire; Chagnon, M. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (5): p. 325-329; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Heart diseases; Mortality; Predisposition; Stress; Body weight; Heat stress   259                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Sow preference for farrowing-crate width. Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Dec. Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 745-750; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Pens; Design; Space requirements; Width; Animal welfare   260                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Space requirements for finishing pigs in confinement: behavior and performance while group size and space vary. McClone, J.J.; Newby, B.E. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 331-338; 1994 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science / edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Space requirements; Group size; Crowding; Space utilization; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Morbidity   261                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Spatial variability of airborne and settled dust in a piggery. Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.; Nicol, R.A.C. London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 107-127; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Dust; Concentration; Air pollution; Spatial variation; Measurement; Particle size; Analysis; Air temperature; Velocity; Air flow; Pens; Hygiene; Animals; Stocking density   262                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 The specific stress-free system. Tielen, M.; Scheepens, K. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1993 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 15 (1): p. 125-127; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Stress factors   263                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Stereotyped behaviour, social interactions and suckling pattern of pigs housed in groups or in single crates. Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.; Algers, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 157-166; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Stocking density; Abnormal behavior; Piglets; Stress; Pens; Crates   264                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4 Stereotypic behavior, adrenocortical function, and open field behavior of individually confined gestating sows. Von Borell, E.; Hurnik, J.F. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1991 Apr. Physiology & behavior v. 49 (4): p. 709-713; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Pregnancy; Animal behavior; Animal housing; Stress; Physical activity; Hydrocortisone  Abstract:  The adrenocortical response and open field behavior of a random sample of 37 individually confined gestating sows in different parities were tested around day 85 of pregnancy. The sows were classified as stereotyped [S] and nonstereotyped [N) based on 8-h individual behavioral observations during daytime. Behavioral analysis from time-lapse video recordings included percentage of time spent standing and sitting, as well as the duration spent performing elements of stereotyped actions. Blood samples were drawn for cortisol analysis by suborbital sinus puncture before and after adrenocortical stimulation with 200 IU ACTH. Locomotor activity in an open field, isolated visually and auditorily from other sows, was also studied. Seventeen sows exhibited stereotyped behavior for 54.9 +/- 4.8% of the 8-h observation period during daytime. The total time the sows spent standing and sitting was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher for [S] sows than for [N] sows. Sows in the [S] group exhibited a higher adrenocortical response to ACTH stimulation than [N] sows. Mean locomotor scores in the open field were higher for [S] than for N] sows but these did not correlate with the physical activity and adrenocortical function in the home crate, Our results provide no evidence that the performance of stereotypies constitutes a mechanism that helps sows to cope in an environment of low complexity.   265                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Stimulus generalization: the inability of pigs to discriminate between humans on the basis of their previous handling experience. Hemsworth, P.H.; Coleman, G.J.; Cox, M.; Barnett, J.L. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 129-142; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Handling; Stockmen; Discrimination; Stimuli; Differentiation; Fearfulness   266                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Stochastic assessment of evaporative misting for growing- finishing swine in Kentucky. Bridges, T.C.; Gates, R.S.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (5): p. 685-693; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kentucky; Pig housing; Evaporative coolers; Mists; Stochastic models; Simulation models; Performance; Animal production  Abstract:  Pig growth was simulated for a naturally ventilated growing-finishing swine facility with and without an evaporative misting system. Forty-two years of weather data for summertime conditions in central Kentucky were used to determine the simulated environment. Use of evaporative misting was found to reduce the length of a summer growth cycle by an average of 14.1 days and feed consumption by an average of 17.7 kg (39 lb) for the 42-year period. Average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratio were also improved. The economic benefit to the producer, in terms of feed savings, ranged from $800 to $2,964 (coolest year to warmest year) with an average of $1,700/year for the period of record. The results also indicated a high probability that a misting system would return the initial investment within a single average year, based on feed savings alone.   267                             NAL Call. No.: SF71.2.S76 1992 Stockmanship improving the care of the pig and other livestock. English, Peter Ipswich, U.K. : Farming Press,; 1992. xii, 190 p., [12] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-180) and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal culture; Domestic animals; Swine; Human- animal relationships; Livestock workers   268                              NAL Call. No.: SF105.T5 Bd.22 Der Stolba-Familienstall fur Hausschweine ein tiergerechtes Haltungssystem fur Zucht- und Mastschweine  [The Stolba Family Pen system for pig production]. Wechsler, Beat Basel ; Boston : Birkhauser,; 1991. 95 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Tierhaltung ; Bd. 22).  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-90).  Language:  German   269                                    NAL Call. No.: 500 N484 Stress and reproduction in domestic animals. Liptrap, R.M. New York : New York Academy of Sciences, 1877-; 1993. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 697: p. 275-284; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Domestic animals; Cattle; Sheep; Pigs; Horses; Stress; Estrous cycle; Pregnancy; Hormones; Male fertility; Endocrine system; Literature reviews   270                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Stress-induced changes in c-fos immunoreactivity in the porcine brain. Parrott, R.F.; Vellucci, S.V. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1994 Jul. The British veterinary journal v. 150 (4): p. 355-363; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Hypothalamus; Brain stem; Animal proteins; Cold stress; Stress; Capture of animals; Transport of animals; Neurons; Immunocytochemistry  Abstract:  An immunocytochemical method was used to examine expression of c-fos protein in forebrain and brainstem regions of prepubertal pigs (n = 2 per treatment) subjected to various physical stressors (snaring, cold exposure and transport simulation) and of an untreated animal. Each of the stress procedures induced specific nuclear labelling of neurons in the hypothalamus (paraventricular and especially supraoptic nuclei) and small amounts of labelling in some brainstem regions. These results confirm and extend findings obtained in rodents and indicate the potential value of this technique for stress and welfare research in ungulates.   271                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 A study of aggression when group housed sows are mixed. Mount, N.C.; Seabrook, M.F. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 377-383; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Aggressive behavior; Mixing   272                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Suckling behaviour of sows in farrowing crates and straw- bedded pens. Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 175-189; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Sucking; Vocalization; Maternal behavior; Posture; Liveweight gain   273                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Supplement heat for swine. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 5 p.; 1992 Nov.  In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Housing.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Heaters; Heat exchangers; Costs   274                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Supplemental heat for swine. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992. Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1992.  In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-57), revised June 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North central states of U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Heating systems; Heat exchangers; Heat regulation; Heat lamps; Heating costs; Solar collectors   275                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A survey of mortality in slaughter pigs during transport and lairage. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 May14. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (20): p. 513-515; 1994 May14.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: England; Cabt; Pigs; Mortality; Incidence; Transport of animals; Abattoirs; Seasonal variation; Temperature; Heat   276                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.S92 Swine care practices. Farley, James L. California : California Pork Industry Group : University of California, Cooperative Extension, 1991?; 1991. 18 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal care series).  Includes bibliographical references (p. 16).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine   277                            NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S96 1992 Swine facilities & equipment. Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service Clemson, S.C. : Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University,; 1992; C5935Ex 3.A36-3 no.557. 41 p. : ill. ; 22 x 28 cm. (AEnL (Clemson University. Cooperative Extension Service) ; 557.).  Cover title.  July 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Agricultural engineering; Swine   278                            NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.S92 1992 Swine farrowing handbook housing and equipment., 1st ed.. Friday, William H. Midwest Plan Service Ames, IA : Midwest Plan Service, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept., Iowa State University,; 1992. iv, 52 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.  MWPS-40.  Includes index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Swine farrowing facilities   279                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62 Swine growing-finishing units. Meyer, V.M.; Driggers, L.B.; Ernest, K.; Ernest, D. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991 Jun. Pork industry handbook. 7 p.; 1991 Jun.  Housing, (PIH-11), revised, June 1991.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Pig fattening   280                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1I43 Swine in biomedical research management and models. Swindle, M.M.; Smith, A.C.; Laber-Laird, K.; Dungan, L. Washington, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council; 1993. ILAR news v. 36 (1): p. 1-5; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal experiments; Medical research; Animal husbandry; Animal models   281                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 Swine models for cardiovascular research: a low stress transport and restraint system for large swine. Lighty, G.W. Jr; Spear, R.S.; Karatay, M.C.; Hare, C.L.; Carlson, R.J. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr. Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 131-140; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Disease models; Cages; Restraint of animals; Transport of animals; Stress; Safety; Blood specimen collection; Echocardiography   282                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Swine on pasture: a viable production option for the small producer. Klober, K. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Feb. Small Farm Today v. 10 (1): p. 16-19; 1993 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Animal husbandry; Pastures; Grazing; Small farms   283                                 NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.S63 Swine vesicular disease in the Netherlands the use of epidemiology in policy making. Sande, W.J.H. van der; Komijn, R.E. Great Britain : The Society, 1983-; 1994. Proceedings of a meeting held at the ... on the ... /. p. 42-53; 1994. Meeting held on April 13-15, 1994, Belfast.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Netherlands; Cabt; Italy; Cabt; Pigs; Swine vesicular disease virus; Outbreaks; Exports; Epidemiological surveys; Policy; Transport of animals; Disease control; Control programs; Monitoring   284                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Three-dimensional buoyant turbulent flows in a scaled model, slot-ventilated, livestock confinement facility. Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 671-686. ill; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Simulation models; Temperature; Ventilation  Abstract:  A three-dimensional turbulence model was used to determine the effects of animal-generated buoyant forces on the airflow patterns and temperature and airspeed distributions in a ceiling-slot, ventilated, swine grower facility. The model incorporated the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model for low-Reynolds Number airflow typical of slot- ventilated, livestock facilities. The predicted results from the model were compared with experimental results from a scaled-enclosure. The predicted and measured results indicated a rather strong cross-stream recirculation zone in the chamber that resulted in substantial three-dimensional temperature distributions for moderate to highly buoyancy-affected flows. Airflow patterns were adequately predicted for Ar(c) > 40 and J values < 0.00053. For Ar(c) < 40 and J values > 0.00053, the visualized patterns indicated that the jet separated from the ceiling before the opposing end-wall. This discrepancy was attributed to variations in the experimental and numerical inlet flow development assumptions.   285                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Time in lairage needed by pigs to recover from the stress of transport. Warriss, P.D.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E.; Anil, M.H.; Fordham, D.P. London : The Association; 1992 Aug29. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (9): p. 194-196; 1992 Aug29.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Stress; Recovery; Time; Blood; Lactic acid; Creatine kinase; Hydrocortisone; Endorphins   286                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Toward standard methods for swine ventilation equipment. Ford, S.E.; Jacobson, L.D.; Riskowski, G.L.; Christianson, L.L.; Muehling, A.J.; Walter, B.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924044): 10 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation   287                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Traditional pig farming in the South Pacific: problems and opportunities for increasing productivity. Ochetim, S. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-; 1993 Sep. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 6 (3): p. 347-360; 1993 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig farming; Traditional farming; Animal husbandry; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Diet; Animal health; Genetic improvement; Crossbreeding   288                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Transient overvoltage protection of environmental controllers. Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Turner, L.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4035): 34 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Greenhouses; Environmental control; Electric power   289                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Treatment and care of pet pigs. Duran, O.; Walton, J. London : The Association; 1992 Dec19. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (25/26): p. 572-573; 1992 Dec19.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Pet care   290                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Two reduced nocturnal temperature tegimens for early-weaned pigs. Brumm, M.C.; Shelton, D.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1379-1388; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Piglets; Night temperature; Pig housing; Pens; Air temperature; Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Energy consumption; Heating costs; Growth  Abstract:  Two experiments, each consisting of three trials and using 3- to 4-wk-old newly weaned pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effects of two reduced nocturnal temperature regimens on weaned pig and subsequent growing-finishing performance and nursery energy (propane and electricity) use. In Exp. 1, nursery treatments were 1) a control temperature (CT) regimen of 30 degrees C constant air temperature lowered 2 degrees C/wk and 2) a regimen for pigs in pens with hovers (MRNT-H) in which the temperature from 1900 to 0700 beginning 1 wk after weaning was lowered 6 degrees C from the 0700 to 1900 temperature setting, which was 3 degrees C lower than CT. The nursery temperature treatments in Exp. 2 were 1) CT and 2) a 10 degrees C reduction in air temperature (MRNT10) from 1900 to 0700 from CT beginning 1 wk after weaning. In addition, within each temperature, diet sequences of 1.2% lysine for 3 wk followed by 1.0% lysine vs 1.15% lysine offered continuously were evaluated. In Exp. 1, there was no effect (P > .1) of temperature on feed intake but ADG decreased (P < .001) in two of the three trials for MRNT-H vs CT and feed/gain worsened (P < .05) in all trials. In Exp. 2, there was no difference between MRNT1O and CT for ADG and feed/gain. No interaction was observed between nursery diet and temperature regimen for weaned pig performance. There was no effect (P > .1) in either experiment of nursery temperature on subsequent growing-finishing performance. Overall energy savings comparing the MRNT-H and CT treatments were 68 MJ per weaned pig. Energy savings for Exp. 2 were 79 MJ per weaned pig. Application of cyclical temperatures in a controlled manner can result in energy savings of approximately $.50 per pig weaned under the conditions of these experiments.   291                           NAL Call. No.: SF83.G3S3 Heft 70 Untersuchungen zur integrierten Gruppenhaltung von Sauen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Verhalten, Konstitution und Leistung  [Studies on integrated group housing of sows with special regard to behavior, constitution and performance]. Gertken, Georg Kiel : Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel,; 1992. 143, [1] p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Schriftenreihe des Institutes fur Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heft 70).  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-139).  Language:  German   292                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4 The use of a high pressure waterjet combined with electroimmobilization for the stunning of slaughter pigs: some aspects of meat quality. Lambooij, E.; Schatzmann, U. Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994. Meat science v. 37 (3): p. 381-389; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigmeat; Pressure treatment; Water; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Meat quality   293                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Use of body surface area to set minimum space allowances for confined pigs and cattle. Hurnik, J.F.; Lewis, N.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 577-580; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Cattle; Space requirements; Body surface area; Animal welfare   294                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 The use of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to study porcine stress syndrome in young, halothane- susceptible pigs: preliminary results. Janzen, E.G.; Gareau, P.J.; Stewart, W.A.; Towner, R.A. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1994 Mar. Canadian journal of animal science v. 74 (1): p. 37-43; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Determination; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Halothane susceptibility   295                        NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-26 Using nature as both mentor and model animal welfare research and development in sustainable swine production. Halverson, Marlene K. St. Paul, Minn. : University of Minnesota, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics,; 1991. 44 p. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P ; 91-26).  June 1991.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-40).  Language:  English   296                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Validity of the Archimedes number in ventilating commercial livestock buildings. Berckmans, D.; Randall, J.M.; Thielen, D. van; Goedseels, V. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-; 1993 Nov. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (3): p. 239-251; 1993 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Air flow  Abstract:  In previous work it has been stated that the corrected Archimedes number, Arc, can be used to show that air entering a rectangular room through an inlet just beneath the ceiling remains horizontal if Arc is below 30 and will fall if it is above 75. In previous work no measurements were made in a commercial livestock building with living animals. In this work a series of 80 experiments was done in a commercial pig house with a floor surface of 13.5 m by 3 m, with a 30% sloped ceiling of mean height 3.42 m, with the air inlet at one side in the wall and with a single outlet fan in the opposite ceiling-side. The experimental conditions of inlet velocity ranged from 0.3 to 10 m/s, and the temperature of the incoming air from -2.0 to 15.O degrees C. It is shown that the criterion of Arc, as defined by Randall and Battams, is valid in a commercial livestock building with different dimensions and geometry compared to previous work, with a specific air inlet system and with living animals. It is further concluded that the Arc criterion does not only apply to the direction of the air on entry, but that it is also related to the final path of the air trajectory further from the inlet.   297                               NAL Call. No.: DISS F1992051 Vergleich der gegebenen Bedingungen der Schweinemast in Sudoldenburg mit den Bestimmungen der "Verordnung zum Schutz von Schweinen bei Stallhaltung" vom 30. Mai 1988 unter Berucksichtigung klinischer Symptome bei den Masttieren [Comparison of given conditions for fattening pigs in South Oldenburg and regulations of the 'order for the protection of pigs held in pens' from 30. May 1988 with particular regard of clinical symptoms in fattening animals]. Wubbelmann, Heinrich Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992. 122 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-122).  Language:  German   298                             NAL Call. No.: SF971.B54  1993 Veterinary care of pot-bellied pet pigs..  Pot-bellied pet pigs, 1st ed.. Boldrick, Lorrie Orange, Calif. : All Pub. Co.,; 1993. viii, 142 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137) and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Potbellied pig   299                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4 Vice, mutilations and welfare of pigs. Oldham, J. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov. In practice v. 14 (6): p. 305-306, 308; 1992 Nov.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Pigs; Animal welfare; Tail biting; Vices; Pig housing; Docking; Teeth; Castration   300                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5 Wanted: a humane manufacturer to produce the Edinburgh foodball. Harrison, R. Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1993. The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 42 (1): p. 17; 1993.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Toys; Animal welfare   301                                  NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 We should not manipulate the genome of domestic hogs. Sapontzis, S.F. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 177-185; 1991. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Genetic engineering; Animal welfare; Ethics   302                                  NAL Call. No.: 280.8 J822 Welfare effects of the national pseudorabies eradication program. Ebel, E.D.; Hornbaker, R.H.; Nelson, C.H. Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1992 Aug. American journal of agricultural economics v. 74 (3): p. 638-645; 1992 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Aujeszky virus; Pigs; Livestock numbers; Disease control; Consumer surplus; Market prices; Demand; Production costs; Returns; Supply elasticities; Mathematical models; Programs; Welfare economics  Abstract:  A welfare methodology is adapted to evaluate market and distributional effects of a completed pseudorabies eradication effort in the U.S. The model predicts small market effects from pseudorabies eradication. Welfare analysis suggests that, in states generating relatively large hog numbers, producers will experience a net gain from eradication in all scenarios considered, yet in smaller hog producing areas individual hog operations may lose producer surplus. Consumer surplus changes vary by scenario but are always positive. In general, the national pseudorabies eradication program is to be economically efficient.   303                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The welfare of pigs in two farrowing/lactation environments: cortisol responses of sows. Cronin, G.M.; Barnett, J.L.; Hodge, F.M.; Smith, J.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Nov. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (2/3): p. 117-127; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Animal welfare; Farrowing; Pens; Sow lactation; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Corticotropin; Piglets; Mortality; Liveweight gain   304                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Western United States experience, livestock performance, and environmental control. DeShazer, J.A.; Heber, A.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924041): 12 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Temperature; Humidity; Pigs   305                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.N32 Whole-hog housing: Swedish system lowers stress, disease. Halverson, M. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Feb. The New farm v. 16 (2): p. 51-54, 62; 1994 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig farming; Farming systems; Pig housing   306                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Winter swine ventilation evaluation using air quality criteria. Jacobson, L.D.; Janni, K.A.; Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924039): 5 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Air quality; Pigs **Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Author Index Aalhus, J.L. 65, 138  Adams, S.J.M. 243  Adeola, O. 152  Agricultural Training Board 144  Aherne, F. 185  Ainscow, J. 20  Albina, E. 154  Albrecht, J.E. 180, 181  Algers, B. 263  Allee, G.L. 88  Allen, O.B. 18  Allen, T. 151  Almond, G.W. 113  Alsemgeest, P. 143  American Association of Swine Practitioners 25  Amerongen, G. van 90  Anil, M.H. 225, 285  Apple, J.K. 165  Arbeitsgemeinschaft Landtechnik und Bauwesen Hessen 251  Arellano, P.E. 119, 263, 306  Arey, D.S. 74, 206, 222, 236  Argent, M.F. 164  Armstrong, C.H. 55  Axaopoulos, P. 37  Babinszky, L. 79  Backus, G.B.C. 116  Bael, J. van 100  Baile, C.A. 80, 219  Bakker, G.C.M. 61  Ball, R.O. 152  Bamba, K. 98  Banon, S. 227  Barber, E.M. 9, 261  Barnett, J.L. 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 265, 303  Barrington, S. 215  Barrington, S.F. 158  Barrio, A.S. del 104  Batchelor, G.R. 105  Battams, V.A. 9, 261  Becker, B.A. 80, 88, 219  Becker, H. Neil 25  Beltman, H.M. 104  Berckmans, D. 296  Bertels, S. 100  Bertin-Mahieux, J. 85  Bessette, L. 23  Bevis, E.A. 77  Biro, H. 58  Blackshaw, A.W. 34, 252  Blackshaw, J.K. 20, 34, 39, 252  Blair, R.M. 101  Blatz, C.V. 174  Blaylock, R.E. 192  Blecha, F. 182  Bodman, G.R. 99, 162, 254  Boe, K. 195  Boehncke, Engelhard 8  Boer, E. de 256  Boessen, C.R. 217  Boggess, M.V. 156  Boland, M.A. 212  Boldrick, Lorrie 298  Boles, J.A. 1, 65, 70  Bolin, C.A. 173  Borell, E. von 240  Borg, K.E. 11, 43  Bosschaerts, L. 100  Boulet, L.P. 23  Bowman, G. 33  Bradford, J.R. 26  Brake, J.H.A. te 129  Braun, W. Jr 148  Brazeau, P. 150  Bressers, H.P.M. 129, 210  Bridges, T.C. 213, 266  Britton, M.G. 106  Broom, D.M. 163  Brouns, F. 56, 257  Brown, S.N. 77, 243, 275, 285  Brown-Borg, H.M. 11, 182  Bruce, J.M. 206  Brumm, M.C. 127, 290  Bruning, J. 21  Bryenton, J. 171  Buddington, R.K. 170, 231  Buhr, M.M. 18, 221  Buiting, G.A.J. 209  Busemann, Eiso, 204  Butera, M. 38  Butler, K.L. 95  Campbell, J.N. 242  Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 239  Cariolet, R. 154  Carlson, A.R. 64  Carlson, R.J. 281  Carnat, B. 171  Carr, John 223  Carruthers, J. 54  Casey, K.D. 44, 108  Cassells, J.A. 173  Chadd, S.A. 135  Chagnon, M. 258  Chapple, R.P. 237  Cheah, A.M. 234  Cheah, K.S. 234  Chi, Hsien-Chung, 13  Chirnside, J. 57  Choiniere, Y. 215  Choo, P.Y. 7  Christenbury, G.D. 180, 181  Christenson, R.K. 11  Christian, L.L. 70  Christianson, L.L. 198, 216, 286  Clark, L.K. 10, 55, 241  Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service 277  Clutton, E. 57  Cole, D.J.A. 135  Coleman, G.J. 265  Collins, E.R. Jr 31, 32, 99  Connelly, John 199  Connor, J.F. 50  Connor, M. L. 239  Connor, M.L. 106  Cook, D.R. 214  Corey, M.M. 64, 112  Corlett, I.K. 243  Cormier, Y. 23  Corrigan, R.M. 41, 49  Couture, Y. 150  Cowart, R.P. 217  Cox, M. 265  Craig, J.V. 165  Cramer, C. 24  Cran, D.G. 98  Cromwell, G.L. 169  Cronin, G.M. 19, 67, 82, 86, 90, 92, 93, 95, 272, 303  Crooks, S.R.H. 96  Cropley, J.A. 67  Csermely, D. 194  Curtis, S.E. 218  D'Allaire 258  Danielson, M. 63  Davies, P.R. 250  Davis, D.L. 101  Davys, J.S. 132  Dawson, J.R. 9, 261  Deans, L.A. 57  Dee, S. 40  Dee, S.A. 64, 112  Dellmeier, G.R. 17  DeShazer, J.A. 47, 254, 304  Dewey, C.E. 130  Dey, B.P. 157  Dial, G.D. 22, 111  Dickenson, L.G. 68, 164  Dohoo, I.R. 117  Done, S.H. 107  Donham, K. 246  Donham, K.J. 12, 35  Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London 175  Driggers, L.B. 42, 279  Drolet, R. 258  Dubreuil, P. 150  Duffy, S.J. 122  Dufour, J.J. 140  Dungan, L. 280  Duran, O. 289  Duran, Oliver 223  Dybkjaer, L. 153  Easter, R.A. 176  Ebel, E.D. 302  Ebner, Jakob 137  Edwards, J.E. 77, 285  Edwards, S.A. 56, 257  Eikelenboom, G. 226  Einstein, M.E. 241  Elbers, A.R.W. 143  Elliot, J.I. 106  Elliott, C.T. 96  Enfalt, A.C. 203  Engel, B. 129  English, P.R. 56  English, Peter 267  Ernest, D. 279  Ernest, K. 279  Esbenshade, K.L. 43  Essen-Gustavsson, B. 203  Fahmy, M.H. 140  Farley, James L. 276  Farmer, C. 150  Feddes, J.J.R. 47  Fehr, R.L. 42, 102, 103  Ferguson, K. 246  Fernandez, X. 59, 78  Fisher, T.F. 201  Flipot, P.M. \u Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada 140  Flowers, W.L. 188, 189  Floyd, J.G. Jr 192  Ford, S.E. 286  Fordham, D.P. 285  Forslid, A. 78  Fossum, C. 83  Foster, M.P. 44, 108  Fowler, V.R. 74, 222, 236  Frank, G.R. 237  Frantz, S.F. 241  Fraser, D. 75, 235, 259  Fraser, D.K. 127  Friday, William H. 278  Friend, T.H. 17  Friendship, R.M. 18, 146  Friesen, K.G. 97  Gareau, P.J. 294  Garrido, M.D. 227  Gates, R.S. 197, 213, 266, 288  Gatti, Renzo 183  Geers, R. 45, 100, 110  Gerber, D.B. 4  Gertken, Georg 291  Gibbons, R. 112  Gibson, M. 253  Gillespie, J.R. 29  Gjerde, C. 246  Gleumes, Thomas 16  Goedseels, V. 45, 100, 110, 296  Gonyou, H.W. 60, 218, 237  Goodband, R.D. 88, 97  Goossens, K. 45, 100, 110  Goransson, L. 59  Gotz, M. 28  Gourley, G.G. 127  Grandin, T. 21  Grandin, Temple 177  Great Britain, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 147  Greenley, W.M. 127  Groeneveld, E. 211  Gu, Y. 139  Guise, H.J. 81, 123  Guizzardi, Franco 183  Hacker, R.R. 38, 120  Haer, L.C.M. de 209  Hakansson, J. 203  Hall, R.F. 76  Hall, W.F. 248  Halverson, M. 305  Halverson, Marlene 124  Halverson, Marlene K. 295  Hamakawa, M. 208  Hampson, D.J. 2  Hanna, P.E. 117  Hansson, I. 203  Hare, C.L. 281  Hariharan, H. 171  Haritani, M. 155  Harmon, J.D. 133, 180, 181  Harp, S.L. 51, 273, 274  Harrison, R. 300  Hartog, L.A. den 79, 116  Haskell, M.J. 121  Hata, M. 30  Hattum, J.A. van 209  Heaney, S. 171  Heber, A.J. 29, 304  Hedrick, H.B. 219  Heitlager, B.P. 46  Hel, W. van der 104, 141  Hellman, J.M. 48  Helmink, K.J. 216  Helmond, F.A. 159  Hemsworth, P.H. 19, 84, 86, 89, 92, 265  Henry, S.C. 29  Herzog, D.N. 48  Hessing, M.J.C. 167  Hicks, T. 115  Hill, H.T. 214  Hill, M.A. 10, 241  Hitchcock, J.P. 76  Hodge, F.M. 19, 303  Hodgson, J. 15  Hoff, S.J. 202, 284  Hogberg, M.G. 185  Hogg, James 179  Holscher, K. 41  Hornbaker, R.H. 302  Horning, Bernhard 8  Horrell, I. 15  Hough, J.D. 233  Houkes, M. 110  Huffman, D.L. 233  Hughes, P.E. 230  Huhnke, R.L. 51, 103, 186, 273, 274  Humane Slaughter Association (1986-) 144  Hungerford, L.L. 248  Hunter, E.J. 81  Hurnik, D. 117, 172  Hurnik, J.F. 18, 221, 264, 293  Hutson, G.D. 36, 68, 121, 164, 205  Illius, A.W. 160  Jacobson, L.D. 119, 202, 244, 263, 284, 286, 306  Janni, K.A. 202, 284, 306  Janssens, C.J.J.G. 159  Janssens, S. 45, 100  Janzen, E.G. 294  Jennings, Patricia 199  Jesse, G.W. 88, 219  Jin, Y. 3  Johnson, B.H. 43  Johnson, D.R. 134  Joling, P. 79  Jones, B.F. 134  Jones, D.D. 42, 198  Jones, R. 190  Jones, S.D.M. 138  Jones, W.R. 233  Jongbloed, A.W. 61  Joo, H.S. 40  Jordan, M. 10  Judge, M.D. 226  Kains, F. 120  Kains, F.A. 38  Kaneda, Y. 30  Karatay, M.C. 281  Karlsson, A. 196, 203  Kasser, T.R. 94  Kawashima, K. 155  Kennedy, D.G. 242  Kiekhaeffer, M.S. 35  Klemcke, H.G. 11, 182, 245  Kliebenstein, J.B. 217  Klober, K. 228, 282  Klont, R.E. 72  Klooster, C.E. van't 46  Knight, C.D. 80, 219  Knowles, T.G. 77  Knox, K. 55  Knox, K.E. 10, 241  Kocher, M.F. 254  Komijn, R.E. 283  Kooper, H.G. 209  Korkeala, H. 71  Kornegay, E.T. 87, 185  Kovac, L. 234  Kovacs, F. 58  Kyritsis, S. 37, 114  Laarakker, E. 167  Laber-Laird, K. 280  Lacher, P. 211  Ladewig, J. 109, 240  Laencina, J. 227  Lahucky, R. 234  Lam, K.C. 126  Lambooij, E. 229, 292  Lambooy, E. 72  Lan, Y.H. 94  Langhout, D.J. 79  Lawrence, A.B. 54, 57, 160, 168, 178, 247  Ledoux, D.R. 80  Lemin, C.D. 44, 108  Lennoxville, Quebec 85  Levis, D. 161, 162  Lewis, N.J. 293  Ley, J. de 100  Lighty, G.W. Jr 281  Lindemann, M.D. 87  Liptrap, R.M. 269  Livestock Conservation Institute 177  Logtestijn, J.G. van 72  Lopez, J. 88  Luce, W.G. 184, 186, 193  Lumpkin, E.A. 253  Lundstrom, K. 196, 203  Lunstra, D.D. 11  Luxford, B.G. 164  Lynas, L. 242  MacDonald, J. 171  MacInnes, J.I. 172  MacLeod, H.A. 168  Madec, F. 154  Maenz, D.D. 166  Magard, M. 59, 78  Mahan, D.C. 62, 66  Mallard, B.A. 221  Marberry, S. 53  Marbery, S. 149  Marchant, J.A. 118  Marple, D.N. 226  Marques, F. 227  Marrero, C.E. 130  Marsh, R.E. 41  Marsh, W.E. 22  Martin, T.G. 139  Martineau, G.P. 85  Masse, D.I. 52  Matsubara, T. 30  Matte, J.J. 85, 207  Matthews, L.R. 109  Maxwell, C.V. 184  May, M.M. 29  Mayrose, V.B. 55, 241  McCallum, T.H. 86, 92, 93, 95, 303  McCartan, B.M. 242  McCaughey, W.J. 96, 242  McClone, J.J. 260  McCurdy, A.R. 1  McEvoy, J.D.G. 96, 242  McGlone, J.J. 48, 115, 253  McKeith, F.K. 94  McKinstry, J.L. 225  McLaren, D.G. 60, 94  McLean, K.A. 57  Merchant, J. 246  Merks, J.W.M. 209  Meyer, V.M. 131, 279  Mhoma, J.R.L. 2  Midwest Plan Service 278  Mikel, W.B. 233  Miyake, Y.I. 30  Mohling, K. 31, 32  Mohling, S. 31  Mojto, J. 234  Moller, B.M. 78  Moncol, D.J. 187  Moore, A.S. 60  Moore, M.J. 250  Morrion, R.B. 122  Morris, J.R. 18, 221  Morrison, W.D. 38, 120  Mount, N.C. 271  Muehling, A.J. 31, 32, 133, 286  Mulvaney, D.R. 233  Munroe, J.A. 52  Murphy, J.P. 29, 198, 244  Mutel, C. 246  Mutetikka, D.B. 66  Nanba, K. 155  Narita, M. 155  Neller, R.J. 126  Nelson, C.H. 302  Nelssen, J.L. 88, 97  Newby, B.E. 260  Newman, E.A. 86, 92, 93  Newman, F.W. 34  Newton, E.A. 62  Ng, S.L. 126  Nichols, D.A. 101  Nicholson, R.I. 48, 115, 253  Nicol, R.A.C. 261  Nienaber, J.A. 213  Nieuwland, M. 79  Nigrelli, Arrigo D. 183  Nishino, M. 208  Nolan, D. 29  Noonan, G.J. 20  Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. 129, 210  Norman, R.L. 253  Nouws, J.F.M. 256  Novakofski, J. 94  Noyes, Elizabeth Pearsall 69  Ochetim, S. 287  Odink, J. 143  Oehme, F.W. 29  Ogilvie, J.R. 3, 38, 120, 158  Oldham, J. 299  Ong, H.K. 7  Ott, S.L. 33  Overhults, D.G. 197, 288  Owsley, W.F. 192  Panagakis, P. 37, 114  Papadopoulos, G. 114  Parduyns, G. 100, 110  Parham, G.L. 157  Parker, R.J. 106  Parrish, F.C. Jr 70  Parrott, R.F. 270  Paterson, A.M. 73, 142  Patience, J.F. 1, 65, 166  Pearce, G.P. 73, 142  Pedauye, J. 227  Peel, D.S. 255  Peltonen, M. 71  Penny, R.H.C. 81, 123  Petchey, A.M. 74, 222, 236  Petherick, J.C. 57  Petitclerc, D. 150  Phillips, Clive 125  Phillips, P.A. 52, 75, 235, 259  Pickrell, J. 145  Pickrell, J.A. 29  Pig Veterinary Society 27  Piggins, David 125  Pijls, F.J.M. 141  Pijoan, C. 40, 119, 263  Pijoan, C.J. 306  Pohl, S.H. 244  Pointon, A.M. 250  Polson, D.D. 22  Preckel, P.V. 212  Price, E.O. 68  Priest, J. 20  Prince, M. 232  Puchal, A.A. 170, 231  Rafai, P. 58  Rahkio, M. 71  Rand, J.S. 20  Randall, J.M. 296  Rantzer, Dan 14  Raskopf, Sabine 8  Ravindran, V. 87  Reeves, D.E. 188, 189  Reeves, David E. 25  Richards, R.G. 113  Riskowski, G.L. 216, 286  Robert, S. 85  Robertson, I.D. 2  Robertson, W.M. 138  Rohrbach, B.W. 76  Ruen, P.D. 22  Runnels, L.J. 241  Rushen J. 91  Sakai, T. 208  Salak, J.L. 253  Salak-Johnson, J.L. 115  Sande, W.J.H. van der 283  Saner, R. 63  Sapontzis, S.F. 301  Sather, A.P. 138  Schaefer, A.L. 1, 65  Schatzmann, U. 292  Scheepens, C.J.M. 167  Scheepens, K. 262  Scheidt, A.B. 10, 55, 241  Schenck, B.C. 169  Schinckel, A.P. 139, 212  Schirmer, B.N. 95  Schneider, Manuel 8  Schofield, C.P. 118, 238  Schoneweis, D. 29  Schouten, W. 91  Schouten, W.G.P. 167  Schrama, J.W. 104  Schwartz, K.J. 249  Seabrook, M.F. 271  Shand, P.J. 1  Shelton, D.P. 290  Shurson, G.C. 4, 185  Siegel, J.P. 248  Signoret, J.P. 224  Signorini, F. 183  Simantke, Christel 8  Singleton, W. 161, 162  Singleton, W.L. 188  Singleton, W.L. \u Purdue University 189  Sippola, I. 71  Skaggs, C.L. 70  Sloth-Andersen, Ulrik 136  Smart, N.L. 172  Smeets, J.F.M. 143  Smith, A.C. 280  Smith, B.S. 233  Smith, C.P. 6  Smith, J.A. 19, 82, 95, 272, 303  Smith, J.H. 38  Soo, S.P. 7  Spear, R.S. 281  Spiers, D. 88  Stahly, T.S. 169  Stetson, L.E. 99  Stewart, W.A. 294  Stookey, J.M. 60  Storer, Kristin 200  Storer, Pat 200  Straw, B.E. 130, 220  Swindle, M.M. 280  Tambouratzis, D. 114  Taylor, J.D. 214  Te Brake, J.H.A. 210  Teclaw, R.F. 10  Tennessen, T. 75  Terlouw, E.M.C. 57, 160, 168, 178, 247  Thawley, D.G. 122  Thielen, D. van 296  Thirapatsakun, T. 208  Thomas, F.J. 34  Thompson, B.K. 75, 235, 259  Thompson, L.H. 188, 189  Thorne, P.S. 35  Tielen, M. 262  Tielen, M.J.M. 167  Timm, R.M. 41  Tokach, M.D. 88, 97  Tong, A.K.W. 138  Tornberg, E. 59, 78  Torrison, J. 154  Towell, C.A. 49  Towner, R.A. 294  Tremblay, G. 23  Truyen, B. 45  Tubbs, R.C. 111, 191  Tuboly, S. 58  Turner, L.W. 197, 213, 266, 288  University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics 124  Unruh, J.A. 97  Usry, J.L. 213  Vaillancourt, J.P. 111  Van Bael, J. 110  VanDyke, N.J. 192  Vaughan, A. 57  Veenhuizen, J.J. 219  Veenhuizen, M.A. 4  Vega, Y.M. 170  Vellucci, S.V. 270  Vermeer, H.M. 116  Verstegen, M.W.A. 79, 104, 141  Vieuille-Thomas, C. 224  Ville, H. 45, 100, 110  Visser, I.J.R. 143  Von Borell, E. 221, 264  Waern, M.J. 83  Walter, B.G. 286  Walter, Jurgen,_1950- 8  Walters, J.R. 135  Walton, J. 289  Walton, J. R., 223  Waran, N.K. 163  Ward, C.E. 255  Warriss, P.D. 77, 243, 275, 285  Webster, J. 5  Wechsler, Beat 268  Weeding, C.M. 81, 123  Wenninghoff, J. 63  Wheeler, M.B. 94  Whiffle, Augustus 179  White, B.R. 94  Whitten, P. 35  Whittington, P.E. 225  Wiegand, R.M. 218  Wiegant, V.M. 159  Wiersma, A. 168  Wijngaards, G. 143  Williams, R.E. 49  Winkelman, N.L. 64  Wiseman, S. 63  Wolynetz, M.S. 166  Wotton, S.B. 225  Wouters, P. 45  Wubbelmann, Heinrich 297  Yoon, C.S. 208  Young, R.J. 54  Zemanchik, N. 215  Zhang, Q. 106  
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index |  Top of Document

Subject Index Abattoirs 123, 255, 275  Abnormal behavior 56, 91, 115, 153, 165, 194, 263  Acceptability 235  Access 121  Accuracy 9, 117  Acid base equilibrium 1, 65  Acids 61  Acrosome 98  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 76, 220  Adaptation 104  Adrenal cortex 11, 240  Adrenal glands 221, 245  Aerobic treatment 7  Aerosols 35, 38  Age 76  Age at weaning 195  Age differences 48, 75, 94, 140, 182, 235, 240  Aggressive behavior 60, 86, 92, 93, 218, 222, 237, 271  Agonistic behavior 75  Agricultural engineering 277  Agricultural research 39  Air 38  Air flow 3, 4, 198, 261, 284, 296  Air microbiology 12  Air pollutants 4, 12, 107, 145  Air pollution 9, 261  Air quality 12, 38, 306  Air temperature 261, 290  Alarm pheromones 224  Alfalfa 66  Algorithms 118  Alpha-tocopherol 79  Amino acids 88, 97, 169, 170  Ammonia 4, 29  Analgesics 48  Analysis 261  Anesthesia 175  Animal behavior 17, 19, 20, 28, 34, 39, 48, 57, 73, 74, 75, 84, 86, 91, 110, 115, 116, 120, 123, 142, 160, 163, 167, 206, 224, 240, 247, 252, 264  Animal breeding 22, 188  Animal competition 257  Animal culture 267  Animal experiments 280  Animal health 26, 124, 130, 146, 148, 287  Animal housing 134, 145, 158, 215, 264, 286, 304, 306  Animal husbandry 2, 6, 17, 26, 39, 55, 64, 105, 107, 111, 146, 148, 151, 163, 175, 176, 190, 191, 201, 206, 211, 248, 280, 282, 287  Animal models 6, 175, 280  Animal nutrition 111  Animal parasitic nematodes 130  Animal production 39, 176, 211, 266  Animal proteins 270  Animal tissues 80  Animal welfare 5, 6, 18, 20, 36, 39, 48, 54, 60, 74, 85, 86, 92, 105, 109, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 132, 144, 151, 159, 163, 174, 205, 206, 247, 259, 293, 299, 300, 301, 303  Animals 144, 261  Anthelmintics 187  Antibacterial agents 249  Antibiotics 50  Antibody formation 79, 87, 154  Application to land 126  Applications 201  Area 233  Arrhythmia 100  Arterivirus 40, 154  Arthritis 171  Artificial rearing 141  Artificial ventilation 198, 244  Ascarididae 130  Ascaris 187  Ash 61  Atrophic rhinitis 130, 217, 241  Attitudes 246  Aujeszky virus 122, 155, 302  Aujeszky's disease 122, 155  Australia 44, 108, 214  Automatic control 45  Automatic feed dispensers 101  B lymphocytes 79  Backfat 101, 135, 139, 221  Bacteria 38, 171  Bacterial count 71  Bacterial products 7  Baiting 49  Barriers 163  Behavior 246  Behavior change 28  Behavior patterns 34, 56  Bibliographies 6, 151  Binding site 245  Biotechnology 5, 174  Birth weight 11, 111  Blood 285  Blood analysis 219  Blood chemistry 72, 85, 140, 143, 166  Blood picture 166, 253  Blood plasma 11, 58, 83, 142, 159, 182, 221, 253, 303  Blood pressure 47  Blood serum 43, 66, 79  Blood specimen collection 281  Boar feeding 188, 193  Boar progeny testing 189  Boars 21, 43, 98, 101, 161, 188, 189, 193, 210, 252  Body composition 141  Body fat 139  Body heat loss 202  Body surface area 293  Body temperature 45, 47, 88, 166  Body temperature regulation 110  Body weight 45, 60, 62, 101, 116, 221, 253, 258  Bone weight 139  Brain stem 270  Breed differences 94, 140  Breeding 184, 189  Breeding methods 193  Breeding programs 162  Bronchi 23  Brushes 71  Building construction 31, 161  Buildings 37  Bulls 43  Butylated hydroxytoluene 98  Cabt 44, 108, 180, 181, 215, 242, 275, 283, 283  Cages 281  Campylobacter 50  Capture of animals 115, 270  Carbon dioxide 4, 46  Carbon monoxide 4  Carcass composition 80, 88, 94, 97, 138, 139, 203, 219, 233  Carcass condemnation 157  Carcass quality 7, 94, 123, 140  Carcass weight 94, 139, 212  Carcasses 71, 214  Cardiovascular system 6  Carrier state 64, 214  Castration 48, 245, 299  Catecholamines 152  Cattle 177, 269, 293  Cell cultures 11  Cell mediated immunity 58, 60  Cellulose 61  Change 67  Chemical composition 141  Chlortetracycline 242  Chromic oxide 61  Chromosome analysis 30  Chromosomes 30  Chutes 77  Classification 211  Climatic factors 167  Clipping 20  Cold resistance 98  Cold shock 98  Cold stress 80, 166, 167, 219, 270  Collection 9  Collectors 9  Color 72, 140  Colorado 64  Colostrum 66, 79  Comparisons 35, 51  Computer simulation 37  Computer software 211, 216  Computers 45, 47  Concentration 261  Conditioned reflexes 36  Conditioning 205, 224  Consumer surplus 302  Contamination 71  Control programs 146, 283  Controllers 197  Cooling 213  Cooling systems 42, 51  Cooperative marketing 255  Corticoids 84  Corticotropin 58, 159, 240, 245, 303  Costs 44, 216, 273  Crates 62, 82, 263, 272  Creatine kinase 285  Creep feeding 185  Creosote 52  Crossbred progeny 139  Crossbreds 135  Crossbreeding 287  Crowding 73, 87, 127, 260  Culling 62, 189  Cyclic fluctuations 155  Cystitis 113  Cytotoxicity 58  Dams (mothers) 15  Data collection 45  Databases 248  Decay 52  Deep litter housing 207  Defecation 133  Deformities 111  Demand 302  Deposition 9, 141  Dermatology 6  Design 3, 24, 44, 47, 86, 108, 119, 131, 162, 180, 181, 216, 235, 244, 259  Detection 101, 210  Determination 294  Diagnosis 113  Diagnostic techniques 221  Diarrhea 111, 166  Diet 56, 59, 61, 88, 97, 141, 169, 170, 287  Diet studies 80  Dietary fat 79, 169  Dietary minerals 66  Diets 219  Differential diagnosis 50, 249  Differentiation 265  Digestibility 61  Digestive system 6  Discrimination 265  Disease control 40, 41, 55, 128, 146, 184, 186, 187, 249, 283, 302  Disease course 55, 107, 217  Disease models 281  Disease prevalence 55, 130, 214  Disease prevention 146, 188, 192, 226  Disease resistance 155  Disease surveys 130  Disease transmission 187, 214  Diseases 41  Diurnal activity 75  Diurnal variation 252  Docking 20, 299  Domestic animals 125, 267, 269  Dosage effects 166  Drainage 31  Drainage systems 131  Dressing percentage 140  Drinkers 121  Drinking behavior 85  Drinking water 166  Drug residues 96, 242  Drug therapy 187  Dry lot feeding 186  Durability 52  Dust 9, 29, 38, 261  Early weaning 153, 163, 187  Eating 168  Echocardiography 281  Ecological balance 46  Economics 180, 181  Educational programs 246  Efficiency 9  Egg yolk 98  Electric circuits 99  Electric power 99, 288  Electrical safety 99  Electrical treatment 225, 292  Electrocardiograms 100  Electronics 45  Endocrine system 269  Endorphins 285  Endotoxins 29  Energy 180, 181  Energy conservation 102, 103  Energy consumption 290  Energy metabolism 104, 141  Energy retention 104  England 275  Enrichment 54, 105  Enteritis 50  Enterocolitis 249  Environment 105, 108  Environmental control 44, 180, 181, 197, 288  Environmental factors 107, 109, 128  Environmental temperature 37, 38, 58, 88, 110, 111, 120, 155, 166, 169, 208, 252, 290  Enzyme activity 72, 203  Enzymes 203, 207  Epidemiological surveys 283  Epidemiology 113  Epinephrine 78  Equipment 209  Estrous cycle 269  Estrus 101, 210  Ethics 174, 301  Euthanasia 27  Evaluation 114  Evaporative coolers 266  Evaporative cooling 213  Excretion 120  Exercise 83, 203  Experimental infections 154  Exports 283  Exposure 96  Exudative meat 1, 65, 70, 152, 156  Eyes 6  Fans 102, 198  Farm planning 32  Farm surveys 2  Farm workers 23  Farming systems 305  Farrowing 24, 53, 74, 82, 90, 95, 111, 121, 194, 222, 259, 303  Farrowing houses 31, 33, 51, 202, 244  Farrowing pens 15, 19, 28, 34, 36, 57, 62, 67, 82, 90, 121, 235, 236, 244, 272  Fat 219  Fat consumption 185  Fat percentage 70, 140, 141  Fat thickness 135, 233  Fats 61, 79  Fattening performance 88, 97, 135, 203  Fearfulness 89, 265  Feces 15, 120  Feed additives 58, 63, 184, 185  Feed conversion 140, 290  Feed conversion efficiency 76, 87, 169, 206, 218, 220, 237, 260  Feed dispensers 54, 121, 184, 209  Feed intake 45, 62, 63, 85, 87, 116, 127, 135, 166, 169, 209, 218, 219, 237, 253, 260, 290  Feed supplements 80, 88, 152  Feedback 247  Feeding behavior 18, 56, 129, 209, 237, 247, 257  Feeding frequency 85  Feeds 36, 242  Feet 133  Female fertility 66  Fetal growth 11  Fiber content 56  Field tests 114  Fighting 21  Fire prevention 31  Floor area 3  Floor pens 132  Floor space 87  Floor type 133  Floors 111, 133, 187, 254  Fluids 166  Food acceptability 1  Food contamination 256  Food quality 1, 225  Foraging 54  Fostering 11  Free range husbandry 194, 228  Fructose 170, 231  Fumigants 41  Galactose 170, 231  Gastroenteritis 214  Genes 138  Genetic differences 138  Genetic engineering 174, 301  Genetic factors 226  Genetic improvement 287  Genetics 111  Genotype nutrition interaction 97  Genotypes 70, 72, 97, 135, 139  Gestation period 57  Gilts 21, 56, 62, 66, 84, 88, 92, 115, 140, 160, 165, 184, 191, 221  Glucose 170, 231  Glycolysis 59  Grasses 66  Grazing 282  Greece 37  Greenhouses 288  Group behavior 222, 237  Group effect 196  Group size 221, 260  Groups 45, 60, 84, 116, 210, 257  Growth 10, 82, 84, 138, 140, 212, 290  Growth models 176  Growth rate 76, 88, 90, 94, 104, 142, 166, 169, 206, 207, 220, 241  Guidelines 12  Guinea pigs 132  Haemophilus 172  Halothane 1, 72, 138  Halothane susceptibility 294  Hampshire 140  Handling 84, 100, 142, 160, 175, 265  Health 246  Health promotion 246  Heart diseases 258  Heart rate 100  Heat 147, 275  Heat exchangers 273, 274  Heat lamps 274  Heat production 104  Heat regulation 110, 274  Heat stress 37, 80, 88, 184, 188, 219, 258  Heaters 273  Heating 244  Heating costs 102, 274, 290  Heating systems 274  Helminth ova 187  Hematology 6  Hemodynamics 6  Hemorrhagic enteritis 50  Herds 122  Histology 117  Histopathology 50  Hong kong 126  Hormone secretion 43, 150  Hormones 219, 269  Horses 269  Hulls 61  Human-animal relationships 267  Humidity 198, 304  Humoral immunity 58  Hungary 58  Hunger 205, 247  Hydrocortisone 11, 43, 57, 58, 83, 86, 92, 142, 159, 182, 221, 240, 253, 264, 285, 303  Hygiene 120, 261  Hypersensitivity 250  Hypothalamus 152, 270  Hypoxanthines 83  Identification 15, 45, 101, 229  Igg 79  Ileum 50  Illinois 248  Image processors 118  Immune competence 83  Immune response 58, 60, 221  Immunity 115  Immunization 150  Immunocytochemistry 270  Immunofluorescence 40  Immunological deficiency 92  Immunology 6  Implantation 80  Importation 214  Incidence 21, 64, 65, 122, 130, 157, 187, 241, 275  Indicators 153  Individual characteristics 160  Individuals 84  Infection 111  Infections 154  Infestation 130  Information needs 211  Information storage 45  Information systems 211  Injection 78  Injuries 92  Insect control 134  Insecticides 134, 186  Insulation 42, 103, 244  Intensive farming 29  Intensive husbandry 29  Intensive livestock farming 66, 187, 194  Interactions 142, 202  Interferon 83  Interleukin 2 83, 182  Intermittent spraying 123  Intestinal absorption 166, 231  Intestinal mucosa 231  Intestines 170  Iowa 127, 214  Isolation 173, 256  Isolation techniques 256  Italy 283  Joint diseases 171  Joints (animal) 171  Joints (timber) 52  Kentucky 64, 266  Kinetics 154  Knowledge 246  Laboratory animals 175  Laboratory diagnosis 112  Laboratory equipment 112  Laboratory methods 6, 61, 112  Laboratory rearing 132  Laboratory tests 112  Lactates 83  Lactation 79  Lactation number 62  Lactic acid 203, 285  Landscaping 31  Large white 140  Latent infections 76  Lean 139, 140  Leanness 149  Learning 224  Leptospira interrogans 173  Lesions 117, 133, 217, 220, 241, 250  Line differences 100  Liquid wastes 126  Literature reviews 213, 230, 247, 269  Litter 7, 15, 19, 57, 75, 82, 106, 111, 272  Litter size 33, 57, 62, 82, 111, 115  Litter weight 57, 221  Litters 34, 240  Livestock 124, 125, 177  Livestock numbers 302  Livestock workers 267  Liveweight 127, 212, 233  Liveweight gain 48, 55, 58, 60, 63, 87, 120, 141, 163, 169, 195, 208, 218, 220, 237, 257, 260, 272, 290, 303  Loads 52  Locomotion 240  Loins 1  Longissimus dorsi 123, 233  Loose housing 91, 195  Losses 157  Lungs 23, 117, 241  Lymphocyte transformation 83, 182  Lysine 87, 88, 97, 169  Lysozyme 79  Maize 66  Maize starch 61  Malaysia 7  Male animals 142  Male fertility 269  Males 245  Man 89, 142  Mange 250  Manures 207  Market prices 302  Marketing 128, 211  Marking 20  Materials 36, 99  Maternal behavior 19, 67, 82, 90, 164, 194, 195, 222, 272  Maternal nutrition 56  Mathematical models 202, 213, 302  Mating 43, 161, 162  Mating ability 193  Mating behavior 193  Measurement 9, 45, 46, 47, 109, 261  Meat and livestock industry 149, 211  Meat cuts 1, 70, 94, 139  Meat inspection 242  Meat quality 59, 65, 70, 72, 94, 123, 156, 196, 203, 226, 227, 234, 243, 292  Medical research 6, 280  Medical treatment 111  Medicated feeds 185  Metabolism 78  Metabolites 72, 219  Meteorological factors 107  Microbial contamination 38, 256  Microclimate 58  Microenvironments 37  Microprocessors 47  Milk composition 62  Mineral content 80, 166  Mineral supplements 66  Miniature pigs 25, 26, 148, 175, 201, 232, 289  Miniature pigs as pets 25  Miniature swine as pets 200  Minnesota 64, 127  Mists 213, 266  Mixing 21, 60, 271  Models 44, 46  Moisture 99  Molds 38  Monitoring 45, 108, 250, 283  Monosaccharides 170  Montana 64  Morbidity 260  Morphology 113  Mortality 33, 34, 230, 258, 275, 303  Motility 98  Motivation 36, 247  Mouth 6  Movement 47  Mus musculus 49  Musca 134  Muscle physiology 72  Muscle tissue 203  Mycobacterium 157  Mycoplasma 55  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 220  Naloxone 91  Natural killer cells 253  Natural ventilation 52  Nesting 19, 36, 57, 74, 90, 222, 236  Nests 236  Netherlands 283  Neurons 270  Newborn animals 11, 202, 231  Night temperature 290  Nitrogen balance 141  North America 146  North central states of U.S.A. 274  North Dakota 64  Northern ireland 242  Nose 241  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 294  Nutrient intake 191  Nutrient requirements 26, 66, 88, 185  Nutrient transport 170, 231  Nutrition 6, 184  Occupational disorders 23  Odors 15  Oesophagostomum 187  Ohio 4  Oklahoma 51, 255  Ontario 215  Ontogeny 231  Organoleptic traits 1  Organs 88, 97  Orientation 215  Outbreaks 283  Ovaries 113  Overcrowding 153  Pain 48  Parametric programming 216  Parasites 148, 186  Parasitism 187  Parous rates 164  Particle size 29, 38, 261  Partitions 120  Pastures 66, 186, 282  Pathology 113, 155  Pens 60, 92, 118, 163, 165, 218, 237, 240, 252, 259, 261, 263, 290, 303  Performance 87, 166, 218, 266  Performance testing 51, 219  Pericentric inversion 30  Perinatal mortality 111  Persistence 154  Pest control 187  Pet care 232, 289  Pets 223  Ph 203  Pharmacodynamics 6  Physical activity 45, 60, 123, 264  Physiological functions 23  Physiopathology 249  Pig breeds 94, 139  Pig farming 2, 24, 40, 61, 122, 184, 189, 238, 255, 287, 305  Pig fattening 58, 85, 128, 186, 208, 279  Pig feeding 18, 61, 88, 92, 111, 128, 135, 148, 152, 186, 189, 192, 287  Pig housing 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 61, 73, 75, 86, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 142, 151, 153, 159, 161, 165, 175, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 192, 193, 197, 198, 203, 206, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 228, 237, 238, 254, 261, 262, 263, 266, 273, 274, 279, 284, 287, 288, 290, 296, 299, 305  Pig manure 29, 31, 131, 133, 244  Piggery effluent 131  Piglet fattening 185  Piglet feeding 185  Piglet production 33, 190  Piglets 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 28, 67, 68, 79, 82, 87, 90, 100, 111, 115, 141, 148, 153, 154, 163, 164, 166, 182, 185, 195, 202, 230, 231, 263, 272, 290, 303  Pigmeat 59, 65, 70, 72, 96, 123, 152, 156, 212, 214, 227, 234, 242, 243, 249, 256, 292  Pigs 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 186, 187, 190, 192, 196, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 229, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 262, 265, 269, 270, 274, 275, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306 Pituitary 245  Plane of nutrition 104, 140, 191  Play 165  Pleurisy 130  Pneumonia 10, 55, 107, 117, 130, 217, 220, 241  Policy 283  Populations 107  Porcine stress syndrome 30, 70, 72, 149, 156, 226, 294  Postmortem changes 72  Postmortem examinations 113, 117, 227  Postnatal development 231  Postpartum interval 28, 67, 164  Posture 67, 272  Potbellied pig 199, 298  Poultry housing 197, 228, 288  Prediction 210, 233  Predisposition 258  Pregnancy 56, 79, 264, 269  Prepartum period 236  Pressure treatment 292  Prevention 71  Preweaning period 33, 111  Price policy 212  Production costs 302  Productivity 12, 191, 237  Proestrus 101  Profits 212  Progesterone 221  Programs 302  Prolactin 57  Protein content 141, 219  Protein efficiency ratio 88  Protein intake 88  Proximate analysis 70  Puerperium 6, 231  Purchasing 192  Quarantine 122, 189  Rabbits 132  Rattus norvegicus 49  Receptors 245  Record keeping 111, 211  Recording 209  Recovery 285  Regulations 157  Relative humidity 37, 38, 106, 202  Reproduction 6  Reproductive behavior 121, 222, 236  Reproductive disorders 113, 173  Reproductive performance 62, 84, 115, 116, 221  Respiration rate 188  Respiratory diseases 23, 246  Responses 164  Restraint of animals 20, 182, 281  Restricted feeding 56, 121, 205, 247  Returns 302  Risk 122, 246, 248  Rodent control 41, 49  Rodenticides 41, 49  Roles 146  Safety 281  Safety at work 4, 246  Salmonella choleraesuis 249  Salmonellosis 249  Sampling 9, 35  Sand 236  Sanitation 133, 134  Sarcoptes scabiei 250  Sawdust 7, 95  Screening 117  Seasonal fluctuations 111, 127  Seasonal variation 217, 241, 275  Seasons 58  Selenium 58, 66  Semen diluent additives 98  Semen diluents 98  Semen preservation 98  Semen production 193  Senses 15  Sensory evaluation 1, 70  Sentinel animals 40  Septicemia 249  Serology 40  Serotonin 152  Serotypes 249  Sex differences 97, 111, 135, 237  Sexual behavior 43  Shade 42, 252  Shape 218  Sheep 177, 269  Simulation models 3, 37, 254, 266, 284  Site factors 32  Site selection 31  Size 60, 218  Skeletal muscle 78  Skeletomuscular system 6  Skin 139  Slaughter 71, 76, 78, 81, 113, 130, 140, 141, 143, 156, 225, 227, 229, 243, 256  Slaughter weight 11, 94, 97, 135, 139, 212, 233  Slaughterhouse waste 79  Slaughtering and slaughter-houses 27, 183  Slopes 77  Small farms 282  Small intestine 166  Social behavior 218, 257  Social dominance 222, 253  Social environment 107  Social interaction 159  Solar collectors 274  Solar heating 254  Solubility 61  Somatostatin 150  Somatotropin 43, 70, 80, 94, 219  Sounds 67  South Carolina 180, 181  South Dakota 64  Sow feeding 101, 116, 191, 257  Sow lactation 62, 66, 82, 195, 303  Sow milk 62, 79  Sow pregnancy 18  Sows 15, 18, 19, 28, 34, 36, 57, 62, 67, 68, 74, 79, 82, 86, 90, 91, 95, 101, 113, 115, 116, 121, 129, 161, 164, 168, 184, 191, 194, 195, 205, 210, 222, 235, 236, 251, 252, 257, 258, 259, 263, 264, 271, 272, 303 Soybean oilmeal 66  Soybeans 61  Space requirements 92, 163, 259, 260, 293  Space utilization 218, 260  Spacing 77  Spatial variation 29, 261  Spermatozoa 98  Sprays 123  Spread 122  Spring 29  Stalls 92  Standards 158  Standing reflex 210  Stimulation 67  Stimuli 109, 265  Stochastic models 266  Stocking density 12, 73, 87, 120, 153, 165, 218, 261, 263  Stockmen 265  Strain differences 40, 175  Straw 19, 36, 74, 75, 82, 206, 236, 272  Stray voltage 85  Streptococcus suis 64  Stress 1, 6, 20, 47, 57, 58, 70, 73, 81, 84, 86, 92, 100, 115, 142, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 165, 182, 224, 226, 234, 240, 253, 258, 263, 264, 269, 270, 281, 285, 303  Stress conditions 245  Stress factors 50, 63, 153, 247, 249, 262  Stress response 43, 143, 243  Strongyloides 187  Structural design 120  Stunning 225, 292  Sucking 272  Suckling 28, 272  Sucklings 170  Sugar 59  Sulfadimidine 96  Sulfate 166  Summer 29, 37  Sunflower oil 79  Supplementary feeding 184  Supply elasticities 302  Surgery 6  Survival 19, 48, 62, 82, 90  Susceptibility 1, 70, 100, 155  Sweden 12  Swine 8, 8, 13, 27, 124, 147, 177, 179, 179, 183, 199, 223, 239, 267, 276, 277  Swine diseases 12, 40, 130, 146, 154, 189, 226, 242  Swine farrowing facilities 278  Swine vesicular disease virus 283  Synergism 166  Systems 45  Tail 20  Tail biting 299  Teeth 6, 20, 299  Telecommunications 211  Temperament 160  Temperature 70, 80, 102, 106, 161, 202, 207, 275, 284, 304  Tenderness 70  Testing 242  Testosterone 43  Tests 226  Tethered housing 91, 159  Time 78, 164, 218, 237, 285  Tissue proliferation 50  Tissues 66, 138  Toasting 61  Touch 67  Toxic gases 4  Toxicity 113  Toxicology 6  Toys 73, 165, 300  Traditional farming 287  Transgenics 5, 174  Transmissible gastroenteritis virus 214, 248  Transponders 229  Transport 100, 192, 255  Transport of animals 77, 104, 189, 253, 270, 275, 281, 283, 285  Trapping 41  Trauma 60, 111  Treatment 84, 160  Trends 53  Trusses 52  Tryptophan 152  Tuberculosis 157  Tyrosine 152  U.S.A. 31, 42, 102, 157, 161, 185, 302  Udders 15  Uk 299  Ultrasonic fat meters 233  Unrestricted feeding 56, 139, 257  Urinary tract 6  Urine 15, 224  Uterus 113  Vaccination 148  Validity 111  Variation 87  Velocity 261  Ventilation 3, 4, 29, 38, 42, 46, 102, 103, 114, 158, 207, 215, 216, 284, 286, 296, 306  Veterinarians 146  Veterinary medicine 175  Veterinary practice 112  Veterinary services 146  Vices 168, 178, 299  Video recordings 238  Viral diseases 40  Visual grading 117  Vitamin e 58, 66  Vitamin supplements 66  Vocalization 15, 68, 82, 164, 240, 272  Waste disposal sites 126  Waste treatment 7  Water 123, 292  Water intake 123, 166  Weaning 111, 166, 185  Weaning weight 82  Weather data 37  Weighing systems, Electronic 13  Weight 88, 94, 97, 238  Weight losses 62  Welfare economics 302  Western australia 2  Width 259  Wind 215  Winter 29  Wood strength 52  Wounds 21  Yards 252  Yersinia enterocolitica 256  Young animals 75  Zearalenone 113  Zoonoses 148  
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*The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9506.htm, April 17, 1998*