# Patent

## Title
Apparatus and method for allocating walsh codes to mobile stations in an adaptive antenna array wireless network

## Abstract

An apparatus for allocating orthogonal codes to mobile stations for use in a CDMA base station that transmits using an adaptive antenna array. The apparatus comprises a database for storing R records. Each record is associated with an active mobile station and comprises an active orthogonal code associated with the active mobile station, corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the active mobile station, and mobility information associated with the active mobile station. The apparatus further comprises a controller for comparing estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with a new mobile station to the R records. The controller selects a first active orthogonal code associated with a first active mobile station to communicate with the new mobile station. The selection is based on the degree of correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients, and 2) first mobility information associated with the first active mobile station.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present invention is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/078,277, filed Feb. 19, 2002, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Allocating Walsh Codes to Access Terminals in an Adaptive Antenna Array CDMA Wireless Network”. The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to the filing date of patent application Ser. No. 10/078,277. The subject matter disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 10/078,277 is hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure as if fully set forth herein.


TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates CDMA wireless networks and, more specifically, to a technique for dynamic allocation of Walsh codes in an adaptive antenna array BTS using spatial diversity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a limited commodity. Only a small portion of the spectrum can be assigned to each communications industry. The assigned spectrum, therefore, must be used efficiently in order to allow as many frequency users as possible to have access to the spectrum. Multiple access modulation techniques are some of the most efficient techniques for utilizing the RF spectrum. Examples of such modulation techniques include time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA).
CDMA modulation employs a spread spectrum technique for the transmission of information. The CDMA wireless communications system spreads the transmitted signal over a wide frequency band. This frequency band is typically substantially wider than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the signal. A signal having a bandwidth of only a few kilohertz can be spread over a bandwidth of more than a megahertz.
All of the wireless access terminals, including both mobile stations (e.g., cell phone) and fixed terminals, that communicate in a CDMA system transmit on the same frequency. In order for the base station to identify the wireless access terminals, each wireless access terminal is assigned a unique pseudo-random (PN) long spreading code that identifies that particular wireless access terminal to the wireless network. Typically, each long code is generated using the electronic serial number (ESN) of each mobile station or fixed terminal. The ESN for each wireless access terminal is unique to that wireless access terminal.
Similarly, each sector of a base station uses a unique short code (containing 215 bits) to identify itself to access terminals. Those familiar with the art will recognize that a sector is defined by the coverage provided by the pilot, paging and synch overhead channels transmitted by the BTS for both non-adaptive and adaptive antenna systems.
In a preferred implementation, the user data to be transmitted to a wireless access terminal is first framed, convolutionally encoded, repeated, interleaved, and encoded with the long code to form a baseband signal. The baseband signal is then separated into an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component prior to quadrature modulation of an RF carrier and transmission. The I-component and Q-component are spread with a unique Walsh code of length M=2N uniquely assigned to each access terminal assigned to a traffic channel in the sector. The I-component is modulated by a time-offset short pseudo-random noise (I-PN) binary code sequence derived from the short code of length 215 bits. The Q-component is modulated by a time-offset short pseudo-random noise (Q-PN) binary code sequence derived from the short code of length 215 bits. In an alternate embodiment, the quadrature binary sequence may be offset by one-half of a binary chip time. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the in-phase component and the quadrature component are used for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation of an RF carrier prior to transmission.
The maximum capacity of a base transceiver station in a CDMA wireless network is limited by the number of unique orthogonal codes (Walsh codes) that are available for assignment to traffic channels in each sector. The number of orthogonal codes available for traffic channel assignment is limited to 56-61 for IS-95; to 56-61 for Radio Configuration 1, 2 or 3 of IS-2000; and 119-125 for Radio Configuration 4 or higher in IS-2000, depending on the number of paging channels assigned. The codes allocated to traffic channels may support either voice or packet data services.
Those acquainted with the prior art will recognize that the number of simultaneous traffic channels supported over the RF links to wireless access terminals depends on the propagation environment experienced by the access terminals. For a typical good propagation mobile environment (defined in the art as Vehicular B model), the EVRC capacity supported on the forward and reverse RF links is approximately 24 Erlangs per CDMA carrier per sector in a three-sector antenna configuration. A traffic load of 24 Erlangs corresponds to 34 EVRC traffic channels with a 1% blocking probability. With an average soft handoff capacity gain of 40%, this requires 48 Walsh codes per sector on the forward link. A handoff gain of 60%, which may occur in some dense urban or highly congested areas, would require up to 54 Walsh codes.
For a wireless mobile application, the voice traffic capacity for EVRC vocoding may be as high is 65 Erlangs, or 80 traffic channels with a 1% blocking probability. For an adaptive antenna array base transceiver subsystem, a capacity increase of two to four times (i.e., 2× to 4×) translates into a requirement for up to 192 Walsh codes for 40% soft handoff gain and up to 216 Walsh codes for 60% soft handoff gain. In a non-mobile, wireless application, up to 320 Walsh codes are required. Thus, there are numerous scenarios in which the number of channels supported over the air exceeds the limit of 64 available Walsh codes for Radio Configuration 3 (or lower) or 128 available Walsh codes for Radio Configuration 4 (or greater).
Quasi-orthogonal codes have been used for increasing Walsh code availability. However, this technique results in degraded performance and lower-than-expected RF capacity due to requirements for greater Eb/No at the receiver. Another prior art method includes a segmentation of the coverage area into six sectors in non-adaptive antenna systems, which allows greater Walsh code reuse. However, the result is greater handoff transitions and increased probability of dropped calls. Those familiar with the art will recognize that doubling the number of sectors does not allow a doubling of Walsh code reuse due to the number of codes required to support soft handoff and due to added overlap regions of adjacent sector antenna patterns. However, this method is not applicable for an adaptive antenna array (AAA) base transceiver subsystem (BTS) in which multiple antennas and a baseband AAA processor module are employed per sector.
Therefore, there is a need for improved CDMA wireless networks in which the number of users per sector is not limited by the number of available Walsh codes. In particular, there is a need for a wireless CDMA adaptive antenna array base station that can more efficiently use the available Walsh codes by dynamically allocating Walsh codes in the base station sectors so that a single Walsh code may be used to communicate simultaneously with two or more wireless access terminals within the same sector. More particularly, there is a need for a CDMA wireless base station that can dynamically allocate Walsh codes in beams formed by adaptive antenna arrays of the base station so that a single Walsh code may be used to communicate simultaneously with two or more wireless access terminals in the same sector.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an apparatus and method for using the spatial isolation provided by an adaptive antenna array to maximize the reuse of Walsh codes in a base transceiver subsystem of a wireless network base station. The present invention utilizes the spatial diversity of mobile stations to support a traffic channel count greater than Walsh code constraints in conventional air interfaces, such as TIA/EIA IS-95, TIA/EIA IS-2000, WCDMA, and TIA/EIA IS-856 (i.e., 1×EV-DO). It is noted that TIA/EIA IS-2000 includes 1xRTT and 1xEV-DV implementations. The present invention takes into account user mobility, user mobility direction, user location and associated probabilities of status change to determine the assignment (or allocation) of Walsh codes to mobile stations.
To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for allocating orthogonal codes to mobile stations for use in a code division multiple access (CDMA) base station capable of communicating with the mobile stations using an adaptive antenna array. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus comprises a database for storing R records, each of the R records associated with an active mobile station and comprising: 1) an active orthogonal code associated with the active mobile station; 2) corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the active mobile station, and 3) mobility information associated with the active mobile station. The apparatus further comprises a controller for comparing estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with a new mobile station to the R records. In response to the comparison, the controller selects a first active orthogonal code associated with a first active mobile station to communicate with the new mobile station. The selection is based on: 1) an amount of correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the new mobile station and first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the first active mobile station, and 2) first mobility information associated with the first active mobile station.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the controller is capable of determining a probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the new mobile station and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the first active mobile station.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the controller is capable of determining the probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of movement of the first active mobile station.
According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the controller is capable of determining the probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in direction of the first active mobile station with respect to the base station.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the controller is capable of determining the probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in distance of the first active mobile station from the base station.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the base station uses up to K orthogonal codes for downlink transmissions and the controller compares the each of the R records to the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients in response to a determination that all of the K orthogonal codes are in use.
According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, the controller determines a first plurality of active mobile stations having corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients that have the least correlation with the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and further determines from the first plurality of active mobile station a least-used active orthogonal code used for downlink transmissions to a least number of the plurality of active mobile stations.
According to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, the controller assigns the least-used active orthogonal code to be used in downlink transmissions to the new mobile station.
Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts:
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless network according to the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates selected portions of the base transceiver subsystem (BTS) of an exemplary base station according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates various exemplary transmit beams transmitted by an exemplary base station into different sectors of a cell site according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of an exemplary base station according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of an exemplary base station according to another embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1 through 5, discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present invention in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention may be implemented in any suitably arranged wireless network.
FIG. 1 illustrates exemplary wireless network 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Wireless network 100 comprises a plurality of cell sites 121-123, each containing one of the base stations, BS 101, BS 102, or BS 103. Base stations 101-103 communicate with a plurality of mobile stations (MS) 111-114 over, for example, code division multiple access (CDMA) channels. Mobile stations 111-114 may be any suitable wireless access terminals, including conventional cellular phones, PCS handset devices, personal digital assistants, portable computers, or metering devices.
The present invention is not limited to communicating with mobile devices. The present invention also encompasses other types of wireless access terminals, including fixed wireless terminals. For the sake of simplicity, only mobile stations are shown and discussed hereafter. However, it should be understood that the use of the term “mobile station” in the claims and in the description below is intended to encompass both truly mobile devices (e.g., cell phones, wireless laptops) and stationary wireless terminals (e.g., a machine monitor with wireless capability).
Dotted lines show the approximate boundaries of the cell sites 121-123 in which base stations 101-103 are located. The cell sites are shown approximately circular for the purposes of illustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood that the cell sites may have other irregular shapes, depending on the cell configuration selected and natural and man-made obstructions.
As is well known in the art, cell sites 121-123 are comprised of a plurality of sectors, each sector being illuminated by a directional antenna coupled to the base station. Those acquainted with the art will recognize that the coverage provided by the overhead signals (pilot, paging and synch channel) transmitted by each sector directional antenna determines the sector geometry and coverage. Each sector of a base station uses a unique short code (containing 215 bits) as a modulation or spreading code to identify itself to access terminals. The embodiment of FIG. 1 illustrates the base station in the center of the cell. Alternate embodiments position the directional antennas in corners of the sectors. The system of the present invention is not limited to any one cell site configuration.
In one embodiment of the present invention, BS 101, BS 102, and BS 103 comprise a base station controller (BSC) and one or more base transceiver subsystem(s) (BTS). Base station controllers and base transceiver subsystems are well known to those skilled in the art. A base station controller is a device that manages wireless communications resources, including the base transceiver stations, for specified cells within a wireless communications network. A base transceiver subsystem comprises the RF transceivers, antennas, and other electrical equipment located in each cell site. This equipment may include air conditioning units, heating units, electrical supplies, telephone line interfaces, and RF transmitters and RF receivers. For the purpose of simplicity and clarity in explaining the operation of the present invention, the base transceiver subsystem in each of cells 121, 122, and 123 and the base station controller associated with each base transceiver subsystem are collectively represented by BS 101, BS 102 and BS 103, respectively.
BS 101, BS 102 and BS 103 transfer voice and data signals between each other and the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (not shown) via communications line 131 and mobile switching center MSC 140. Line 131 also provides the connection path to transfers control signals between MSC 140 and BS 101, BS 102 and BS 103 used to establish connections for voice and data circuits between MSC 140 and BS 101, BS 102 and BS 103.
Communications line 131 may be any suitable connection means, including a T1 line, a T3 line, a fiber optic link, a network packet data backbone connection, or any other type of data connection. Line 131 links each vocoder in the BSC with switch elements in MSC 140. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the connections on line 131 may provide a transmission path for transmission of analog voice band signals, a digital path for transmission of voice signals in the pulse code modulated (PCM) format, a digital path for transmission of voice signals in an Internet Protocol (IP) format, a digital path for transmission of voice signals in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) format, or other suitable connection transmission protocol. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the connections on line 131 may a provide a transmission path for transmission of analog or digital control signals in a suitable signaling protocol.
MSC 140 is a switching device that provides services and coordination between the subscribers in a wireless network and external networks, such as the PSTN or Internet. MSC 140 is well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments of the present invention, communications line 131 may be several different data links where each data link couples one of BS 101, BS 102, or BS 103 to MSC 140.
In the exemplary wireless network 100, MS 111 is located in cell site 121 and is in communication with BS 101. MS 113 is located in cell site 122 and is in communication with BS 102. MS 114 is located in cell site 123 and is in communication with BS 103. MS 112 is also located close to the edge of cell site 123 and is moving in the direction of cell site 123, as indicated by the direction arrow proximate MS 112. At some point, as MS 112 moves into cell site 123 and out of cell site 121, a hand-off will occur.
As is well known, the hand-off procedure transfers control of a call from a first cell site to a second cell site. As MS 112 moves from cell 121 to cell 123, MS 112 detects the pilot signal from BS 103 and sends a Pilot Strength Measurement Message to BS 101. When the strength of the pilot transmitted by BS 103 and received and reported by MS 112 exceeds a threshold, BS 101 initiates a soft hand-off process by signaling the target BS 103 that a handoff is required as described in TIA/EIA IS-95 or TIA/EIA IS-2000.
BS 103 and MS 112 proceed to negotiate establishment of a communications link in the CDMA channel. Following establishment of the communications link between BS 103 and MS 112, MS 112 communicates with both BS 101 and BS 103 in a soft handoff mode. Those acquainted with the art will recognize that soft hand-off improves the performance on both forward (BS to MS) channel and reverse (MS to BS) channel links. When the signal from BS 101 falls below a predetermined signal strength threshold, MS 112 may then drop the link with BS 101 and only receive signals from BS 103.The call is thereby seamlessly transferred from BS 101 to BS 103.
The above-described soft hand-off assumes the mobile station is in a voice or data call. An idle hand-off is a hand-off of a mobile station, between cells sites, that is communicating in the control or paging channel.
FIG. 2 illustrates selected portions of the base transceiver subsystem (BTS) of exemplary base station 101. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, base station 101 is divided into three sectors, referred to arbitrarily as Sector A, Sector B, and Sector C. Each sector is covered by an adaptive antenna array that uses up to M antennas to form transmit beams that directionally transmit voice and data from the base station to one or more mobile stations in the forward channel (i.e., downlink traffic). Base station 101 comprises Sector A transceiver unit 210A, Sector B transceiver unit 210B, and Sector C transceiver unit 210C, N channel element and CDMA units 254, N adaptive antenna array (AAA) and beamforming (BF) controllers 252, resource management controller and database 260 and call processing manager 270.
Sector A transceiver unit 210A, Sector B transceiver unit 210B, and Sector C transceiver unit 210C, N channel element and CDMA units 254, N adaptive antenna array (AAA) and beamforming (BF) controllers 252 operate like a conventional three sector, adaptive antenna array BTS with respect to communicating with wireless access terminals (i.e., mobile stations) in the forward channel using transmit beams. However, resource management controller and database 260 provides base station 101 with unique and novel capabilities for using the same Walsh code (or other orthogonal code) to communicate simultaneously with two or more wireless access terminals within the same sector and in different sectors of base station 101. Resource management controller and database 260 comprises a processor and memory that execute an algorithm that performs resource management in the adaptive antenna array BTS of base station 101. As will be explained below in greater detail, the algorithm is based on spatial isolation of mobile users which fall into different downlink beams in the same sector or in adjacent sectors of the same BTS.
Since Sector B transceiver unit 210B and Sector C transceiver unit 210C are substantially similar to Sector A transceiver unit 210A, only Sector A transceiver unit 210A is illustrated and discussed in detail hereafter. Sector A transceiver unit 210A comprises M transceivers, including exemplary transceivers 215A, 215B, and 215C, which are arbitrarily labeled Transceiver M, Transceiver 2, and Transceiver 1, respectively. Since transceivers 215B and transceiver 215C are substantially similar to transceiver 215A, only transceiver 215A is illustrated and discussed in detail hereafter.
The transmit path of transceiver 215A comprises in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) combiner block 222, Sector A I/Q modulator 224, up-converter and filter block 226, radio frequency (RF) amplifier 228, duplexer 230, and antenna 235. The receive path of transceiver 215A comprises antenna 235, duplexer 230, low-noise amplifier (LNA) 240, down-converter and filter block 242, and Sector A demodulator 244. Compared to a prior art, non-adaptive BTS, the adaptive antenna array of the BTS of base station 101 employs multiple antennas 235 and multiple (up to M) transceiver units 210 and adaptive antenna array (AAA) and beamforming (BF) controllers 252 to transmit directed beams in the forward channel (i.e., downlink).
In the reverse channel (uplink) from a mobile station (MS), the signals received by the multiple antennas (antenna array) 235 are amplified by LNA 240, filtered and down-converted by down-converter and filter block 242, and demodulated into digital in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) streams by Sector A demodulator 244. Duplexer (DUP) 230 provides isolation of transmitted and received signals. The digital I and Q streams are fed to a CDMA modem for despreading and M-ary symbol detection. Beamforming controller 252 determines the beamforming coefficients of the beamforming vector that describes the angle of arrival and beam characteristics of the signal received from each mobile terminal.
During the uplink, adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 estimates over several symbol periods the phase (i.e., time offset) and signal strength of the received uplink signals at each antenna element from each mobile station and determines uplink and downlink beamforming (BF) weight vector coefficients for each mobile station. Adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 passes the beamforming coefficient information to resource management controller and database 260, which stores them in a database table. Reception of an access signal by the uplink on a specific sector and receiver and detection circuit path is also identified to resource management controller and database 260. Resource management controller and database 260 uses this information to assign the corresponding sector path for the downlink.
Resource management controller and database 260 communicates with call processing manager 270 in order to assign a channel element, a Walsh code and a sector for each traffic channel established between the BTS and a mobile station. Resource management controller and database 260 maintains a database in memory for the beamforming coefficients, idle/active state of each Walsh code, and the assignment of that Walsh code to an active channel. Each channel element and CDMA modem 254 is capable of supporting the signal processing for N users.
For the downlink to the wireless access terminal (i.e., mobile station), the incoming I and Q data streams to the channel element are first processed in the CDMA modem, which selects the Walsh code (WC) according to the algorithm described in FIG. 4. The channel element and CDMA modem provides Walsh code modulation and PN code spreading on the downlink. Next, the modem output is multiplied by a M×1 downlink beamforming weight vector for the mobile station in adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 and is distributed to M antenna 235 for transmission in a given sector.
Adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 performs amplitude weighting and phase shifting of the digital I and Q data for each mobile station and conversion into M×1 vector form. I and Q combiner 222 combines digital I and Q streams from N channel element and CDMA modem units 254. The combined I and Q signals from I and Q combiner 222 are applied to Sector A I/Q modulator 224, which modulates a carrier signal. The modulated carrier signal is up-converted and filtered by up-converter and filter block 226, amplified by RF amplifier 228, and sent to each antenna element 235 via duplexer 230. Finally, the signals at the antenna array are transmitted to the mobile station.
FIG. 3 illustrates various exemplary transmit beams transmitted by exemplary base station 101 into different sectors of cell site 121 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Mobile stations are represented by black dots in FIG. 3. Sector A contains three existing transmits beams, B1, B2, and B3. A new mobile station (NEW MS) that is accessing base station 101 is shown disposed within a new beam, B(New), to be formed by base station 101, as explained below in greater detail.
FIG. 4 depicts flow diagram 400, which illustrates the operation of exemplary base station 101 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Initially, resource management controller and database 260 is in an idle state, in which execution of the Walsh code (WC) allocation algorithm is not required for resource assignment (process step 405). At some point, call processing manager 270 signals resource management controller and database 260 to allocate resources for a traffic channel (process step 410). Next, resource management controller and database 260 executes a hashing function or some other selection algorithm in order to assign a physical channel element (CE) to the new mobile station from the set of idle channel elements stored in resource management controller and database 260 (process 415).
Adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 then estimates the beamforming coefficients of the new mobile station from the reverse channel (i.e., uplink) signals for the new mobile station (process step 420). Resource management controller and database 260 then searches the active Walsh codes and corresponding BF coefficients for the sector and selects the Walsh code(s) whose BF weight vector(s) has the least correlation with the estimated BF weight vector of the new mobile station. Thus:

i=arg{min[|b*MSb(i)|]}, for i=1, 2, 3, . . . , Q; 

WCMS=WC(i);

where Q is the number of active users. If the search determines that a group of Walsh codes share the same BF coefficient, then resource management controller and database 260 selects the Walsh code which is less assigned among currently active resources (process step 425). Resource management controller and database 260 then executes a hashing function or other selection algorithm to assign a Walsh code from the set of Walsh codes identified by resource management controller and database 260 (process step 430).

Thereafter, base station 101 and resource management controller and database 260 enter a Call Active state in which the channel element, the Walsh code, the BF weight vector, and the sector are all assigned (process step 435). A call softer handoff (i.e., a sector-to-sector handoff) causes resource management controller and database 260 to test if the Walsh code is active in an adjacent sector of base station 101 (process step 445). If the mobile station enters a softer handoff process, resource management controller and database 260 obtains the downlink BF weight vector of the mobile station in the handoff sensed by the antenna array of the adjacent candidate sector (process step 450). The algorithm then loops back and executes the Walsh Code and BF weight search described for process step 425 using with the new BF weight vector.
Assuming no handoff occurs, base station 101 and the mobile station continue communicating using the assigned Walsh code until a call release signal is received. If a call release signal is received, resource management controller and database 260 is notified to release and mark as idle the channel element (CE), the Walsh code (if not used by another CE), and other sector resources for use by another call (process steps 455 and 460).
Returning now to FIG. 3, two different scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, the new (or candidate) mobile station (NEW MS) is not in the softer handoff region and there are currently three (3) different beams (B1, B2, and B3) occupied by a number of active mobile stations. It is assumed that sector A of base station 101 is operating with all Walsh codes used to support traffic channels.
The new mobile station (NEW MS) requests service in Sector A. The downlink beamforming coefficients BNEW are estimated by adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 and algorithm described in FIG. 4 is executed in base station 101. Resource management controller and database 260 determines that BNEW of NEW MS has the minimum correlation with the beamforming coefficients of beam B1. By way of example, assume that Walsh Codes (W20-W31, W33-W44) are used in beam B1. Starting from the first Walsh code in that group (i.e., WC20), resource management controller and database 260 searches for the Walsh code that is least used and, when it finds a Walsh code that is used only once, that Walsh Code is assigned to NEW MS.
In the second scenario, NEW MS is located in the softer handoff region between Sector A and Sector B. In this scenario, the new beamforming weight vector of the candidate user (NEW MS) seen by Sector B is loaded and resource management controller and database 260 is notified to execute a search algorithm within the new table for Sector B. In other words, for whichever sector to which the mobile station is handed off, resource management controller and database 260 executes the WC allocation algorithm using the table for that sector.
The algorithm provided by the present invention relies on the minimum correlation criteria between downlink beams. This is because signal maximization is considered when constructing downlink beams. Therefore, multiple users may fall into the same beams. However, if interference nulling is considered instead of signal maximization, the algorithm of the present invention needs modification such as using carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) or some other measures as the criteria when assigning Walsh Codes.
The above-described algorithms used by the present invention perform only a static analysis of the beamforming weight vectors of the Walsh codes in wireless network. This has certain disadvantages. Due to the relative movements of mobile stations, it is possible that the Walsh code assigned to NEW MS may soon interfere with the already active mobile station using the same Walsh code. Thus, if NEW MS is moving in the direction of transmit beam B1, or if the mobile station using the same Walsh code in transmit beam B1 moves towards transmit beam B(new), then interference will increase and either or both calls may be dropped.
It is preferable to avoid this by taking into consideration the movements of mobile station and using this information to predict potential conflicts. Thus, if NEW MS is moving towards transmit beam B1 (and thus away from transmit beam B3), it may be preferable to assign to NEW MS a Walsh code currently being used by a mobile station in transmit beam B3, even though the beamforming weight vectors associated with transmit beam B3 may have a greater degree of correlation at the present time to transmit beam B(new) than does transmit beam B1.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, resource management controller and database 260 executes an algorithm that performs Walsh code (WC) assignment for new calls based on the following factors: 1) estimations of adaptive antenna array (AAA) uplink and downlink beamforming weight vector coefficients; 2) time of arrival (TOA) of access signaling for a new call; 3) mobility status (i.e., speed and direction of movement) of existing mobile subscribers; iv) handoff status of existing mobile stations; and 5) probability of Walsh code collisions (i.e., interference) based on estimates of mobile station mobility.
The algorithm executed by resource management controller and database 260 analyzes the active Walsh codes in a sector and the corresponding beamforming (BF) coefficient table to determine (or identify) the following: 1) the BF weight vector that has the least correlation with the estimated BF weight vector of the new mobile station; 2) a probability estimate of increase in the BF weight vector correlation of existing mobile stations based on direction-of-arrival (DOA) change or average BF vector rotation with respect to the estimated BF weight vector of the new mobile station; and 3) a probability estimate of increase in BF weight vector correlation based on time-of-arrival (TOA) with respect to the estimated BF weight vector for distance of the new mobile station. The algorithm is based on spatial isolation of mobile users which fall into different downlink beams.
The digital streams are fed to adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 for each channel element (CE) prior to CDMA modem for despreading and M-ary symbol detection. During the uplink, adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 estimates the uplink and downlink beamforming (BF) weight vector coefficients, time-of-arrival (TOA), and direction of arrival (DOA) over several symbol periods of the received signal for each mobile station. Adaptive antenna array and beamforming controller 252 processor passes the beamforming coefficient information to resource management controller and database 260, which stores the data in a database table.
Resource management controller and database 260 processes signals received from call processing manager 270 in order to assign channel element, Walsh code and sector for each traffic channel established between the BTS and the mobile stations. As note above, resource management controller and database 260 maintains a database in memory for the beamforming coefficients, time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) of uplink signals, idle/active status of each Walsh code, and the assignment of that Walsh code to an active channel. Resource management controller and database 260 also calculates the average motion of each mobile station from the rotation rate of the beamforming weight vectors measured over multiple symbol intervals.
FIG. 5 depicts flow diagram 500, which illustrates the operation of exemplary base station 101 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Initially, resource management controller and database 260 is in an idle state in which execution of the Walsh code (WC) allocation algorithm is not required for resource assignment (process step 505). At some point, call processing manager 270 signals resource management controller and database 260 to allocate resources for a traffic channel (process step 510).
Next, resource management controller and database 260 examines its internal database to determine is any unused Walsh codes are available (process step 515). If unused Walsh codes are available, resource management controller and database 260 assigns an unused Walsh code to the new mobile station (process step 530).
If no unused Walsh codes are available, resource management controller and database 260 executes a Walsh code weighted search algorithm according to the principles of the present invention (process step 520). To do this, resource management controller and database 260 searches the active Walsh code table for the current sector to determine the estimated BF coefficients of active mobile stations, and corresponding TOA and DOA information, and the changes in the TOA and DOA information due to movement of the mobile stations. Resource management controller and database 260 calculates the correlation between the BF weight vectors of the new mobile station and the existing mobile stations according to the formula:

ρnew,i=|b*MS{circle around (×)}b(i)|, i=1, 2, . . . , Q, 

where Q is the number of active users.

Next, resource management controller and database 260 determines the probability estimate of increase in the BF weight vector correlation of the existing mobile stations based on direction-of-arrival (DOA) change or average BF vector rotation with respect to the estimated BF weight vector of the new mobile station. This probability estimate is represented as ρθ.
Next, resource management controller and database 260 determines the probability estimate of increase in BF weight vector correlation of the existing mobile stations based on time-of-arrival (TOA) change with respect to the estimated BF weight vector for distance of the new mobile station. This probability estimate is represented as ρτ.
Finally, resource management controller and database 260 calculates a cost function, Cnew,i, that takes into account user mobility information using the formula:

Cnew,i=ρnew,i+ρθ+ρτ

If no Walsh code is available based on the weighted correlation search (process step 525), resource management controller and database 260 denies the new call (process step 540).
Otherwise, resource management controller and database 260 assigns the same active Walsh code of the mobile station that minimizes the cost function to the new mobile station (process step 530). If the search identifies a group of active Walsh codes having the same cost function, resource management controller and database 260 assigns the Walsh code that is least assigned among active mobile stations.
Next, resource management controller and database 260 determines if a channel element (CE) is available in BS 101 (process step 535). If no channel element is available, resource management controller and database 260 denies the new call (process step 540). If a channel element is available, resource management controller and database 260 executes a hashing function or other selection algorithm to assign a physical channel element to the call from the set of idle channel elements (process step 545).
Thereafter, resource management controller and database 260 enters a Call Active state in which the channel element, Walsh code, BF weight vector and sector are all assigned (process step 550). A softer handoff causes the algorithm to test if the Walsh code is still active in an adjacent sector on the BTS. Resource management controller and database 260 monitors to determine if a Call Release message is received (process step 560). If no Call Release message is received, resource management controller and database 260 remains in the Call Active state. If a Call Release message is received, resource management controller and database 260 causes the release of the channel element, the Walsh code and other sector resources for use by another call (process step 570).
It should be noted that mobility information about the mobile stations may determined using information other than TOA and DOA data. In particular, mobility information may be determined directly from changes in position information reported by mobile stations equipped with position location equipment, such as GPS receivers. However, the use of TOA and DOA data in the embodiments described above has the advantage of relying only on passive information and does not require special mobile station equipment or capabilities.
Although the present invention has been described with an exemplary embodiment, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. For use in a code division multiple access (CDMA) base station capable of communicating with mobile stations using an adaptive antenna array, an apparatus for allocating orthogonal codes to said mobile stations comprising:
a database for storing R records, each of said R records associated with an active mobile station and comprising: 1) an active orthogonal code associated with said active mobile station; 2) corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said active mobile station, and 3) mobility information associated with said active mobile station; and
a controller for comparing estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with a new mobile station to said R records and, in response to said comparison, selecting a first active orthogonal code associated with a first active mobile station to communicate with said new mobile station, wherein said selection is based on: 1) an amount of correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said new mobile station and first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said first active mobile station, and 2) said mobility information associated with said first active mobile station.

2. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein said controller is capable of determining a probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said new mobile station and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said first active mobile station.

3. The apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of movement of said first active mobile station.

4. The apparatus as set forth in claim 3, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in direction of said first active mobile station with respect to said base station.

5. The apparatus as set forth in claim 3, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in distance of said first active mobile station from said base station.

6. The apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein said base station uses up to K orthogonal codes for downlink transmissions and said controller compares said each of said R records to said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients in response to a determination that all of said K orthogonal codes are in use.

7. The apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein said controller determines a first plurality of active mobile stations having corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients that have the least correlation with said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and further determines from said first plurality of active mobile station a least-used active orthogonal code used for downlink transmissions to a least number of said plurality of active mobile stations.

8. The apparatus as set forth in claim 7, wherein said controller assigns said least-used active orthogonal code to be used in downlink transmissions to said new mobile station.

9. A code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless network comprising a plurality of base stations, each of said base stations communicating with a plurality of active mobile stations using transmit beams formed by an adaptive antenna array, wherein said each base station comprises an apparatus for allocating orthogonal codes to said active mobile stations comprising:
a database for storing R records, each of said R records associated with an active mobile station and comprising: 1) an active orthogonal code associated with said active mobile station; 2) corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said active mobile station, and 3) mobility information associated with said active mobile station; and
a controller for comparing estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with a new mobile station to said R records and, in response to said comparison, selecting a first active orthogonal code associated with a first active mobile station to communicate with said new mobile station, wherein said selection is based on: 1) an amount of correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said new mobile station and first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said first active mobile station, and 2) said mobility information associated with said first active mobile station.

10. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 9, wherein said controller is capable of determining a probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said new mobile station and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with said first active mobile station.

11. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 10, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of movement of said first active mobile station.

12. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 11, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in direction of said first active mobile station with respect to said base station.

13. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 12, wherein said controller is capable of determining said probability of increase in correlation between said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and said first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of a change in distance of said first active mobile station from said base station.

14. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 10, wherein said base station uses up to K orthogonal codes for downlink transmissions and said controller compares said each of said R records to said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients in response to a determination that all of said K orthogonal codes are in use.

15. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 10, wherein said controller determines a first plurality of active mobile stations having corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients that have the least correlation with said estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and further determines from said first plurality of active mobile station a least-used active orthogonal code used for downlink transmissions to a least number of said plurality of active mobile stations.

16. The CDMA wireless network as set forth in claim 15, wherein said controller assigns said least-used active orthogonal code to be used in downlink transmissions to said new mobile station.

17. For use in a code division multiple access (CDMA) base station capable of communicating with mobile stations using an adaptive antenna array, a method of allocating orthogonal codes to the mobile stations comprising:
storing R records in a database, each of the R records associated with an active mobile station and comprising: 1) an active orthogonal code associated with the active mobile station; 2) corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the active mobile station, and 3) mobility information associated with the active mobile station;
comparing estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with a new mobile station to the R records; and
in response to the comparison, selecting a first active orthogonal code associated with a first active mobile station to communicate with the new mobile station, wherein the step of selecting is based on: 1) an amount of correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the new mobile station and first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the first active mobile station, and 2) said mobility information associated with the first active mobile station.

18. The method as set forth in claim 17, further comprising the step of determining a probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the new mobile station and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the first active mobile station.

19. The method as set forth in claim 17, further comprising the step of determining a probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the new mobile station and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients associated with the first active mobile station as a result of movement of the first active mobile station.

20. The method as set forth in claim 18, further comprising the step of determining a probability of increase in correlation between the estimated downlink beamforming coefficients and the first corresponding downlink beamforming coefficients as a result of at least one of: 1) a change in direction of the first active mobile station with respect to the base station; and 2) a change in distance of the first active mobile station from the base station.