8 Economic Impact of the 

Nation’s Historically 

Black Colleges and 

Universities 

U.S. Department of Education 

NCES 2007-178 Technical Report 

October 2006

Economic Impact of the 

Nation’s Historically 

Black Colleges and 

Universities 

U.S. Department of Education 

NCES 2007-178 Technical Report 

October 2006

Jeffrey Humphreys

University of Georgia 

Roslyn Korb 

Project Officer 

National Center for 

Education Statistics 
U.S. Department of Education 

Margaret Spellings

Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences 

Grover J. Whitehurst 

Director

National Center for Education Statistics 

Mark Schneider 

Commissioner 

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and 

reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to 

collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; 

conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist 

state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education 

activities in foreign countries. 

NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, 

complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data 

to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data 

users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. 

We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of 

audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If 

you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear 

from you. Please direct your comments to 

National Center for Education Statistics 

Institute of Education Sciences 

U.S. Department of Education 

1990 K Street NW 

Washington, DC 20006-5651 

October 2006 

The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is http://nces.ed.gov.

The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.

Suggested Citation 

Humphreys, J. (2005). Economic Impact of the Nation’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (NCES 2007–

178). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office. 

For ordering information on this report, write 

U.S. Department of Education 

ED Pubs 

P.O. Box 1398 

Jessup, MD 20794-1398 

or call toll free 1-877-4ED-Pubs or order online at http://www.edpubs.org.

Content Contact 

Roslyn Korb 

(202) 502-7378 

roslyn.korb@ed.gov
iii 

Executive Summary 

There is widespread recognition within the 

academic community of the need to inform 

various constituencies of the economic value 

that colleges and universities convey to their 

host communities. This report examines data 

from the National Center for Education 

Statistics and U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics to determine the short-term 

economic impact of Historically Black 

Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) on their 

regional economies. The economic impact 

analysis results help to document the 

economic roles that HBCUs play in their 

communities. 

The Higher Education Act of 1965, as 

amended, defines an HBCU as: “...any 

historically black college or university that 

was established prior to 1964, whose 

principal mission was, and is, the education 

of black Americans.” There are 103 HBCUs 

operating in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia, and 101 are Title IV institutions. 

Many HBCUs are located in the South and 

are near areas with relatively low levels of 

economic well-being, where the generation 

of economic activity is particularly 

important. 

The short-term economic impact of an 

HBCU is defined as the change in overall 

economic activity that is associated with 

HBCU-related spending. For each HBCU, 

economic impacts were estimated for four 

important categories of college/universityrelated expenditures: (1) spending by the 

institutions for wages and salaries, 

(2) spending by the institutions for other 

budget categories (e.g., outlays for items 

other than wages and salaries), (3) spending 

by undergraduate students who attended the 

institutions, and (4) spending by the 

graduate and professional students who 

attended the institutions. 

The economic impact estimates are based on 

regional input-output models of each 

HBCU’s regional economy. The IMPLAN 

(Impact Analysis for Planning) Professional 

Version 2.0 modeling system, developed by 

the Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. (2003), 

was applied to the Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS) and 

Consumer Expenditure Survey data to 

calculate the economic impact of HBCUs 

within their region. IMPLAN was used to 

calculate four indicators of impact—total 

output, total value added, total labor income, 

and total employment—for each category of 

initial spending. In addition to providing 

impact results for calendar year 2001, the 

report includes templates that can easily be 

used to provide impact results for 

subsequent years as data are made available. 

Some of the major findings from the 

analysis include: 

• The combined initial spending of all 101 

HBCUs in their host communities 

totaled $6.6 billion. Public HBCUs 

accounted for 62 percent of this total 

amount while not-for-profit HBCUs 

accounted for the remaining 38 percent. 

• The total economic impact of the 

nation’s HBCUs was $10.2 billion in 

2001. The input-output model estimated 

that 65 percent of this total was initial 

spending by the institutions and 

students, while the remaining 35 percent 

was the induced/respending impact, or 

multiplier effect. To put that into 

perspective, it is interesting to note that 

in terms of output (revenues), the 

nation’s HBCUs would rank 232nd on 

the Forbes Fortune 500 list of the United 

States’ largest companies. 
Executive Summary 

iv 

• The 101 HBCUs collectively generated 

a value-added (or gross regional 

product) impact of $6 billion in 2001. 

• Collectively, HBCUs generated a labor 

income impact of $4 billion in 2001, 

including all forms of employment 

income, such as wages, salaries, and 

proprietors’ incomes. The labor income 

received by residents of the 

communities that host one or more 

HBCUs represents 73 percent of the 

value-added impact and 66 percent of 

initial spending. 

• The total employment impact of the 101 

HBCU institutions included 180,142 

total full- and part-time jobs in 2001. To 

put that into perspective, it is interesting 

to note that the rolled-up employment 

impact of the nation’s HBCUs exceeds 

the 177,000 jobs at the Bank of America 

in 2006, which is the nation’s 23rd

largest private employer. 

• Public 4-year HBCUs generated 

105,482 jobs while public 2-year 

institutions generated 9,353 jobs. 

Among private, not-for-profit HBCUs, 

4-year institutions generated 64,785 jobs 

while 2-year institutions generated 522 

jobs. 

• Because most HBCUs are located in 

large- to medium-sized metropolitan 

areas that have very diverse economic 

bases, their economic impacts typically 

constituted a small share of total 

economic activity in their respective 

regional economies. There were some 

exceptions, however. For example, the 

2,147 jobs that owe their existence to 

Tuskegee University accounted for 24 

percent of total employment in its 

regional economy. Similarly, Fort 

Valley State University and Grambling 

State University accounted for 14 

percent and 10 percent of the jobs in 

their regional economies, respectively. 

This overall finding is to be expected. In 

the United States, most regional 

economies no longer depend on a 

handful of large employers, but are 

extremely diversified. 

All of these results quantify the important 

impacts that spending associated with the 

presence of an HBCU has on its host 

community. HBCUs create economic 

impacts in terms of output, value-added, 

labor income, and employment. Future 

research could be conducted to evaluate the 

many long-term impacts of HBCUs on the 

economic development of the host 

communities. For example, a college or 

university improves the skills of its 

graduates, thereby increasing their 

productivity and lifetime earnings. 

Additional research also could be conducted 

to measure short-term expenditures that 

were not estimated in this study, such as 

spending by visitors or retirees of HBCUs. 
v 

Acknowledgments 

The author extends his thanks to all of those who contributed to this report. I am grateful 

for the feedback, comments, and data provided by Roslyn Korb, Cathy Statham, and Samuel 

Barbett at the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). I would particularly like to thank 

Basmat Parsad and Denise Glover at Westat for their support throughout this project. 

I also would like to acknowledge the careful review and thoughtful comments provided by 

the following individuals at various stages of the study: Paula Knepper, Michelle Coon, and 

Dennis Carroll of NCES. Finally, I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their 

insights. 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
vii 

Contents

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... iii 

Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................................v 

List of Tables............................................................................................................................... viii 

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ix 

Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................1 

Chapter 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................7 

2.1 The Concept of the Short-Term Economic Impact of an HBCU ..........................................7 

2.2 Identifying the Nation’s HBCUs.........................................................................................11 

2.3 Analytic Approach ..............................................................................................................11 

2.4 Initial Spending by the Institutions for Wages and Salaries................................................13 

2.5 Initial Spending by the Institutions for Non-Wage and Salary Items .................................14 

2.6 Students’ Personal Expenditures.........................................................................................15 

Chapter 3. Results ........................................................................................................................17 

3.1 Initial Spending ...................................................................................................................17 

3.2 Total Output Impact ............................................................................................................18 

3.3 Total Value-Added Impact..................................................................................................20 

3.4 Labor Income Impact ..........................................................................................................21 

3.5 Employment Impact ............................................................................................................22 

Chapter 4. Summary....................................................................................................................25 

References .....................................................................................................................................27 

Appendix A—Tables ....................................................................................................................31 

Appendix B—A Template for Public HBCUs............................................................................65 

Appendix C—A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs ..............................................................77 

Appendix D—Template Multipliers ...........................................................................................89 

Appendix E—Regional Economies Affected by HBCUs.........................................................105 
viii 

List of Tables 

Table Page 

Table 1. Total economic impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 

2001 ............................................................................................................................18 

Appendix A 

A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities: 2001......................................................................................................33 

A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities: 2001......................................................................................................40 

A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities: 2001......................................................................................................47 

A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities: 2001......................................................................................................54 

A-5. Total employment impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities as 

a share of their regional economies: 2001 .................................................................61 

Appendix D 

D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities ..........91 

D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities .................................................................................................................98
ix 

List of Figures 

Figure Page 

1. Schematic representation of impact relationships............................................................7 

2. How multipliers capture the impact of respending initial impacts if the output 

multiplier equals 2.0.......................................................................................................10 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
1 

1. Introduction 

What is the short-term economic impact of college- or university-related spending on the 

communities that host institutions of higher education? In college and university towns across the 

nation, the economic impact of expenditures associated with institutions of higher education is a 

perennial question. The primary goal of this study is to answer this question for each of the 

nation’s historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). The economic impact analysis 

results will help HBCUs to document the economic roles that they play in their communities. The 

short-term economic impact of an HBCU is defined as the change in overall economic activity 

that is associated with HBCU-related spending. For each HBCU, economic impacts were 

estimated for four important categories of college/university-related expenditures: (1) spending 

by the institutions for wages and salaries, (2) spending by the institutions for other budget 

categories (e.g., outlays for items other than wages and salaries), (3) spending by undergraduate 

students who attended the institutions, and (4) spending by the graduate and professional students 

who attended the institutions. 

The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines an HBCU as “...any historically 

black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and 

is, the education of black Americans.” According to the President’s Board of Advisors on 

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (2005), HBCUs were formed to eliminate the 

adverse residue from slavery, plus a century of legally sanctioned discrimination, against United 

States citizens of African descent. There are 103 HBCUs operating in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia, and 101 are Title IV institutions. Many HBCUs are located in the South, 

and are near areas with relatively low levels of economic well-being, where the generation of 

economic activity is particularly important. 

There has not been a comprehensive study of the economic impact of all of the nation’s 

HBCUs on their host communities. The Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund (TMSF), which 

provides scholarship funds and other types of support to its 45 member public HBCUs, published 

what is probably the most complete overview of the economic impact of public HBCUs 

(Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, 2001). The TMSF study provides estimates of direct 

spending associated with the 42 historically black undergraduate institutions that were members 

of the fund. Direct spending by member institutions and their students is reported, but dollar 

amounts are provided only for the group of 42 HBCUs as a whole rather than for the individual 

institutions. Also, because the focus of the TMSF study was on direct spending by the group, the 

multiplier effects of direct spending and the total economic impacts of each institution on its host 
Introduction 

2 

community were not reported. Nonetheless, the TMSF study concludes that “Through buying 

and spending together the students and the universities are a significant portion of the economic 

activity of the host communities. The impact is greatest felt in the more rural communities. 

However, the greatest spending is in the metropolitan communities.” In addition to the TMSF 

study, some studies of the economic impact of statewide university systems include estimates for 

member HBCUs. Examples include reports issued by the University System of Georgia 

(Humphreys 2000) and the University System of North Carolina (Luger 2001). Finally, HBCUs 

sometimes conduct their own independent economic impact studies, such as a recent study of the 

economic impact of the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta (Fox and Noe 2003). 

There is widespread recognition within the academic community of the need to inform 

various constituencies of the economic value that colleges and universities convey to their host 

communities. For example, in October 2000, the National Association of State Universities and 

Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC) surveyed its members to gather data concerning their impact 

on state and local economies (NASULGC 2001). Within the previous 5 fiscal years (1996-2000), 

10 statewide public university systems and 96 individual NASULGC institutions had conducted 

one or more economic impact studies. The reported impacts varied widely by institution, 

reflecting differences in size, activities, linkages with local businesses, and geographic location. 

Because the studies relied on varying methodologies and definitions, comparisons proved to be 

very difficult. Nonetheless, NASULGC concluded that state-supported institutions were powerful 

engines for economic stability and growth. On average, for every job on campus, another 1.6 jobs 

were generated beyond the campus. 

The ability of colleges and universities to conduct economic impact studies was greatly 

enhanced by Caffrey and Issacs (1971), who, on behalf of the American Council of Education, 

standardized the methods used to estimate the short-term economic impacts of colleges and 

universities on their local economies. The simple linear cash flow formulas developed by Caffrey 

and Issacs are both easy to use and rely on readily available data. Since the publication of the 

Caffrey and Issacs “how-to-do-it” manual, researchers have developed much more elaborate 

economic base and input-output models. Stokes (1998) provides an overview of the various 

methods and practices that are commonly used to estimate the local economic impact of 

institutions of higher education. 

Recognizing the need to document the economic impact that institutions of higher 

education have on their host communities, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 

and the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have 

been working with the executive staff of the HBCUs to determine the short-term economic 

impact of an HBCU on its regional economy. As a part of this work, NCES conducted a training 

session with staff from 45 HBCUs in December 2002 to introduce the staff to the use of the 

NCES Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and to discuss the data elements 
Introduction 

3 

needed for calculating the economic impact of their institutions. The economic impact model that 

was adopted at this session was based on the work done for the University System of Georgia.1

 

The economic impact multipliers used in the University System of Georgia study resulted from 

Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN), an input-output database and modeling system that 

allows users to build economic models to estimate the economic impacts of changes in spending 

on a region’s economy. These collaborative efforts to estimate the short-term economic impact of 

HBCUs were the genesis of this study. 

The primary goal of this study is to estimate the short-term economic impact of each of the 

nation’s HBCUs on its host community. More specifically, the objectives are (1) to apply the 

IMPLAN input-output modeling system to build regional models for each of the HBCUs in the 

50 states and the District of Columbia and to calculate multipliers for estimating the impacts in 

terms of output, value-added, labor income, and employment, (2) to apply these multipliers to the 

appropriate IPEDS data in order to obtain estimates of the short-term economic impact of 

spending associated with each HBCU, and (3) to create a template that provides a relatively easy 

way for the executive staff of the nation’s HBCUs to update the economic impact estimates once 

IPEDS data for 2002, 2003, and 2004 are released. 

The economic impact estimates are based on regional input-output models of each 

HBCU’s regional economy, data for 2001, as well as certain necessary assumptions. Data were 

obtained primarily from the NCES IPEDS, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of 

Economic Analysis, and Minnesota IMPLAN Group (MIG), Inc. It should be noted that the 

IMPLAN model is designed to measure the total economic impact of college- or universityrelated spending on its host community, but if an HBCU were to close or otherwise cease to exist, 

economic activity might not drop as much as the model indicates. The net drop in economic 

activity might be less than indicated by the model because some spending might be directed 

toward other activities within the region. For example, in some communities, a portion of the 

displaced students might transfer to other colleges or universities within the region. Since it is 

extraordinarily difficult to predict such adjustments, the total rather than net economic impacts of 

HBCU-related spending are reported. Thus, the economic impact estimates should be considered 

an upper bound on the true economic impact of college- or university-related spending. This 

approach is consistent with the vast majority of studies of the economic impact of institutions of 

higher education that have been published. 

It should be noted that the economic impact of a college or university on its host 

community can be defined broadly as the change in overall regional economic activity that is 

associated with the presence of the institution. The focus of this study is limited in that it 

estimates only the short-term economic impacts of spending associated with HBCUs. Institutions 

 

1 The University of Georgia model was developed by the author of this report, Jeffrey Humphreys. 
Introduction 

4 

of higher education also convey long-term benefits on their local economies as well as other 

short-term benefits. After all, colleges and universities not only spend money year by year, but 

also have impacts on the labor force, local business and industry formation, local government, the 

productivity of their graduates, and the quality of life of residents of the host community. 

Although most economic impact studies focus on the short-term economic impacts of 

college-related expenditures, methods have been developed to measure some of the long-term 

impacts on the economic development of the region in which colleges and universities are 

situated. Elliot, Levin, and Meisel (1988) provide a good discussion of how the scope of 

economic impact studies has broadened from spending impacts to include measures of the longterm impact of institutions of higher education on regional economic development. Long-term 

impacts include technology transfer programs, business assistance and recruitment programs, 

increased availability of skilled workers, and increased lifetime earnings of graduates. Although 

not within the purview of this study, the estimation of HBCUs’ long-term impacts certainly 

merits further investigation. 

One of the most important long-term economic benefits of higher education is the 

additional work-life earnings that can be associated with degrees granted by colleges and 

universities. In today’s economy, a college degree can play a critical role in opening the door to 

economic prosperity (TMSF, 2001). Over a working lifetime, blacks with bachelor’s degrees will 

earn 70 percent more than blacks with only high school diplomas (U.S. Census Bureau 2003). 

Blacks with an advanced degree will earn 57 percent more than those with bachelor’s degrees. 

The U.S. Census Bureau also notes that the percentage gains in work-life earnings are higher for 

blacks than for whites. The higher lifetime earnings obviously benefit degree holders, but due to 

migration and a host of other factors there is controversy in the academic literature regarding 

whether or not increases in lifetime earnings should be included in estimates of the economic 

impact of a college or university on its host community (Brown and Heaney 1997). 

Although not the focus of this study, cultural and educational programs and facilities often 

are available to the general public and provide intangible benefit to the host community by 

improving the residents’ quality of life. This study does not attempt to evaluate the economic 

value of an HBCU’s role as an amenity that makes its host community a more attractive place to 

live. 

Finally, it should be noted that HBCUs convey substantial economic benefits not only to 

their host communities, but also to the national economy. For example, HBCUs’ contribution to 

the nation’s workforce is substantial. According to the National Science Foundation’s analysis of 

NCES statistics, HBCUs conferred 23.6 percent of bachelor’s degrees earned by blacks in 2001 

(Hill and Johnson 2004). The contribution was even greater in the physical, mathematical, 

biological, and agricultural sciences, where HBCUs accounted for over 40 percent of bachelor’s 
Introduction 

5 

degrees earned by blacks. Moreover, HBCUs conferred 13.1 percent and 10.6 percent of master’s 

and doctoral degrees earned by blacks, respectively. These numbers are impressive given that 

HBCUs account for only 3 percent of the nation’s institutions of higher education. 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
7 

2. Methodology 

2.1 The Concept of the Short-Term Economic Impact of an HBCU 

The total annual economic impact of college- or university-related spending is defined to 

consist of the net changes in regional output, value-added, labor income, and employment that are 

due to initial spending by the institution, its faculty and staff, and its students. The total economic 

impact includes the impact of the initial round of spending and the secondary, or indirect and 

induced, spending—often referred to as the multiplier effect—created as the initial expenditures 

are respent. Figure 1 provides a schematic representation of impact relationships. 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of impact relationships 

SOURCE: Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 

Direct Expenditures

Indirect & Induced 

Impacts

(Multiplier Effects)

Total Direct 

Economic Impact

+

||
Methodology 

8 

There are two types of secondary spending: indirect spending and induced spending. 

Indirect spending refers to the changes in interindustry purchases as a region’s industries respond 

to the additional demands triggered by spending by the HBCU, its faculty and staff, and its 

students. It consists of the ripples of activity that are created when an institution and its 

employees and students purchase goods or services from other industries located in the host 

community. Induced spending is similar to indirect spending except that it refers to the additional 

demand triggered by spending by the region’s households as their income increases because of 

changes in production. Basically, the induced impact captures the ripples of activity that are 

created when households spend more because of the increases in their earnings generated by the 

direct and indirect spending. 

The sum of the direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts is the total economic 

impact, often expressed in terms of output (sales, plus or minus inventory), value-added (gross 

regional product), income, or employment. Total industry output is gross receipts or sales, plus or 

minus inventory, or the value of production by industry (including households) for a given period 

of time. Total output impacts are the most inclusive, largest measures of economic impact. 

Because of their size, output impacts typically are emphasized in economic impact studies and 

receive much media attention. One problem with output as a measure of economic impact, 

however, is that it includes the value of inputs produced by other industries, which means that 

inevitably there is some double counting of economic activity. The other measures of economic 

impact (value-added, labor income, and employment) are free from double counting and provide 

a much more realistic measure of the true economic impact of HBCUs on their regional 

economies. 

Value-added (or gross regional product) consists of employee compensation, proprietor 

income, other property income, and indirect business taxes. Value-added is equivalent to gross 

output (sales or receipts and other operating income, commodity taxes, and inventory change) 

minus intermediate inputs (consumption of goods and services purchased from industries or 

imported). It is often referred to as the state- or regional-level counterpart of the nation’s gross 

domestic product (GDP). 

Income comprises all forms of employment income, including wages, salaries, and 

proprietors’ incomes. It does not include nonwage compensation (e.g., pensions and health 

insurance), transfer payments (e.g., welfare or Social Security benefits), or unearned income (e.g., 

dividends, interest, and rent). Employment includes total wage and salary employees as well as 

self-employed individuals. It includes both full- and part-time jobs and is measured in annual 

average jobs. Employment therefore is expressed as the full- and part-time job count and not as 

full-time equivalents. 
Methodology 

9 

The regional economic areas are the host communities, including the surrounding counties 

from which employees and students commute. The effects of expenditures that go to persons, 

businesses, or governments located outside the regions are not included in the value-added, labor 

income, and employment impact estimates. 

The multiplier concept is common to virtually all economic impact studies. Multipliers 

measure the response of the local economy to a change in demand or production. In essence, 

multipliers capture the impact of the initial round of spending (for final consumption) plus the 

impacts generated by successive rounds of respending of those initial dollars. The magnitude of a 

particular multiplier depends upon what proportion of each dollar spent leaves the region during 

each round of spending. Multipliers therefore are unique to the region and to the industry that 

receives the initial round of spending. 

Figure 2 illustrates the successive rounds of spending that might take place if a person buys 

an item locally. Assume that the amount spent is $100 and that the appropriate regional output 

multiplier is 2.0. The initial injection of spending to the region is $100, which creates a direct 

economic impact of $100 to the regional economy. Of that $100, only $50 is respent locally; the 

rest flows out of the region through nonlocal taxes, nonlocal purchases, and income transfers. 

After the first round of respending, the total economic impact to the region is $150. During the 

second round of respending, $25 is respent locally and $25 leaks out of the region, a 50 percent 

leakage. Now, the total economic impact to the region is $175. After seven rounds of respending, 

less than $1 remains in the local economy, but the total economic impact has reached almost 

$200. The indirect plus induced (multiplier effect) impact to the region ($100) equals the total 

impact ($200) minus the direct impact ($100). 
Methodology 

10 

Figure 2. How multipliers capture the impact of respending initial impacts if the output 

multiplier equals 2.0 

$100

$1.56 $.78 

 $6.25

$25

$50

$3.12 

$12.50 

0

20

40

60

80

100

Initial 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Spending

Dollars

Respent locally

Leakage

 Initial Direct or Indirect Impact: $100.00 

 First Round of Respending: $ 50.00 respent locally, $50.00 leakage* 

 Second Round of Respending: $ 25.00 respent locally, $25.00 leakage 

 Third Round of Respending: $ 12.50 respent locally; $12.50 leakage 

 Fourth Round of Respending: $ 6.25 respent locally; $ 6.25 leakage 

 Fifth Round of Respending: $ 3.12 respent locally; $ 3.12 leakage 

 Sixth Round of Respending: $ 1.56 respent locally; $ 1.56 leakage 

 Seventh Round of Respending: $ .78 respent locally; $ .78 leakage 

 ____ ____ 

 Total Economic Impact: $200.00 Total Leakage: $100.00 

*Leakage indicates amounts spent outside area and not recirculated locally. 

SOURCE: Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 

The multiplier traces the flows of respending that take place throughout the region until the 

initial dollars have completely leaked to other regions. Obviously, multiplier effects within large, 

self-sufficient areas are likely to be larger than those in small, rural, or specialized areas that are 

less able to capture spending for necessary goods and services. Multiplier effects also vary greatly 

from industry to industry, but in general, the greater the interaction with the local economy, the 

larger the multiplier for that industry. For example, personal services, business services, and 

entertainment industries have intricate relationships with local supporting industries, and 

therefore have relatively high multiplier values. Conversely, electric, gas, and sanitary services 
Methodology 

11 

usually are less intertwined with local supporting industries, and their multipliers are lower. 

Economic multipliers are model-based and depend on the specific spending patterns of the 

industry and applicable regional economies. 

2.2 Identifying the Nation’s HBCUs 

This study considers HBCUs to be accredited institutions of higher education established 

prior to 1964 with the principal mission of educating black Americans. On the basis of this 

definition, NCES provided the author with its current universe list of 105 active HBCUs. Three of 

these institutions—Knoxville College, Selma University, and Shorter College—were not Title IV 

eligible institutions. These institutions were excluded from further analysis because NCES does 

not report or impute the required data for non-Title IV institutions. The University of the Virgin 

Islands was excluded from further analysis because standard economic models and data were not 

available for the Virgin Islands. The remaining 101 HBCUs represent the current NCES universe 

of Title IV HBCUs that are located in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. 

2.3 Analytic Approach 

Estimating the economic impact of the nation’s 101 HBCUs on their regional economies 

involved four basic steps. First, the most recent IPEDS finance and employment data were 

allocated to industrial sectors recognized by the economic impact modeling system. Second, 

spending by undergraduate, graduate, and professional students was estimated and then allocated 

to industrial sectors recognized by the economic modeling system. Third, the IMPLAN 

Professional Version 2.0 Social Accounting and Impact Analysis Software was used to build 

regional economic models specific to each institution. IMPLAN is an economic impact 

assessment modeling system designed to estimate the economic impacts of expenditures on a 

regional economy.2

 Appendix A presents data on the economic impacts of HBCUs in 2001. 

The templates were constructed to provide a relatively easy way to update the 2001 

estimates using IPEDS data for 2002, 2003, and 2004. Appendix B contains the template for 

public HBCUs as well as instructions on its use. Appendix C contains the template for not-forprofit HBCUs as well as instructions on its use. Appendix D contains the template multipliers (as 

opposed to the economic multipliers reported in tables A-3 and A-4). The IPEDS provides all of 

the data that are needed by each institution to complete the template. 

 

2

 A detailed discussion of the IMPLAN modeling system, including its structure, methods, and use, can be found in IMPLAN 

Professional Version 2.0: Users Guide, Analysis Guide, and Data Guide. Once the economic models were generated, total 

economic impacts of all categories of initial spending were estimated. 
Methodology 

12 

The template multipliers in appendix D differ from the economic multipliers generated by 

IMPLAN modeling system (appendix tables A-3 and A-4) because the economic multipliers 

cannot be applied against initial spending as reported by IPEDS for two reasons. First, some of 

the initial spending amounts are reported in purchaser dollars and therefore must be converted by 

IMPLAN to producer dollars. This must be done because in input-output models (including 

IMPLAN), all expenditures must be allocated to industries that actually produce the goods or 

services that are purchased. As a result, any data received in purchaser (retail) prices need to be 

converted or allocated to the producing industries. Second, in some regional economies a local 

producer does not exist. This is especially relevant for the smaller regional economies. Those 

dollar amounts obviously do not have a local economic impact. In order to simplify the use of the 

templates, template multipliers for output, value added, and labor income were developed to 

account for these factors rather than reducing the reported dollar amounts. The template 

multipliers are simply the total economic impacts divided by initial spending. The employment 

multipliers are similar, but were further adjusted for inflation. Employment multipliers are 

expressed as jobs per million dollars of initial spending. Since the employment multipliers depend 

on the purchasing power of the dollar as of a specified base year, the template employment 

multipliers had to be adjusted to account for the decreasing purchasing power of the dollar (i.e., 

inflation) over time. 

The geographic areas corresponding to the regional models that were built for the HBCUs, 

which include the labor forces directly involved in their economic spheres, are reported in 

appendix E. In most cases, these geographic areas are based on the standard metropolitan and 

micropolitan statistical area definitions released by the Executive Office of the President, Office 

of Management and Budget, on June 6, 2003. The geographic area of the regional model for each 

institution therefore takes into consideration population and commuting patterns from the 2000 

Census. 

Type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers from the IMPLAN modeling system 

were used to estimate the economic impacts associated with all categories of spending. Type 

SAM multipliers capture the original expenditures resulting from the impact, the indirect effects 

of industries buying from industries, and the induced effects of household expenditures based on 

information in the social account matrix. The multipliers account for Social Security and income 

tax leakage, institutional savings, commuting, inter-institutional transfers, and people-to-people 

transfers. 

Wherever appropriate, the IMPLAN software applied margins to convert purchaser prices 

to producer prices. In input-output models, all expenditures are in terms of producer prices, which 

allow all spending to be allocated to the industries that actually produce the good or service. The 

margins are derived from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis data. The margins used differed 

depending on the consumer. For example, households pay transportation, wholesale, and the full 
Methodology 

13 

retail margin. In contrast, HBCUs may pay little or no retail margin as they have typically more 

buying power than a household. In addition, some sectors of the model do not have margins. For 

example, because there usually are no wholesalers or retailers involved when someone rents a 

room, hotels and lodging do not have margins. 

The model’s default estimates of the local economy’s regional purchase coefficients were 

used to derive the ratio of locally purchased to imported goods. The regional purchase coefficient 

represents the proportion of the total demands for a given commodity that is supplied by the 

region to itself. The regional purchase coefficients were estimated with an econometric equation 

that predicts local purchases based on each region’s unique characteristics. In addition, the entire 

analysis was conducted using the full range of industrial sectors in order to avoid aggregation 

bias. 

As do all regional models, IMPLAN must make assumptions about economic activity and 

therefore has some limitations. For example, the production function underlying the IMPLAN 

model assumes constant returns to scale and no substitution among inputs in producing each 

industry’s output. Research has shown that this assumption is reasonable for most but not all 

cases. Also, the multipliers are best suited for analyzing the impact of changes in expenditures 

that are small relative to the size of the regional economy. This study defines the relevant region 

for each HBCU as the relevant commuting area rather than a specific county. Estimating the 

economic impact on an MSA or a combination of counties rather than on a single county should 

enhance the reliability of the impact estimates. It also should be noted that IMPLAN is a singleregion model and cannot analyze feedback effects from nearby regions. Once again, calculating 

the impact on a combination of counties rather than a single county tends to internalize feedback 

effects, which increases the reliability of the impact estimates. Finally, the IMPLAN multipliers 

are a snapshot of the region at a specific time and implicitly assume that the infrastructure of the 

community does not change. Thus, the multipliers capture interactions and accounting 

relationships that may not hold in the future. For a more extensive discussion of these and other 

assumptions/limitations involved in input-output analysis see Bendavid-Val (1991), Miller and 

Blair (1985), and Minnesota IMPLAN Group (2003). 

2.4 Initial Spending by the Institutions for Wages and Salaries 

Column 1 of tables A-1 and A-2 contains estimates of each institution’s adjusted initial 

spending for salaries and wages and for all other institutional spending as well as estimates of the 

initial spending that can be attributed to the institution’s undergraduate and graduate/professional 

students. 
Methodology 

14 

The primary data resource for institutional spending was IPEDS. Specifically, the IPEDS 

“Fall Staff” and “Finance” components provided all of the institution-level data regarding staffing 

and spending for wages and salaries. Fall Staff is conducted every other year, and the most recent 

one reported staffing levels for fall 2001. Finance is conducted every year, and the most recent 

data available at the time of this analysis reported expenditures for fiscal year (FY) 2001. 

Reported expenditures for wages and salaries were used as reasonable proxies for spending 

during calendar year 2001. Adjustments were made to take into account the substantial 

differences in accounting methods and reporting standards used by public versus not-for-profit 

institutions. To guard against the double counting of the same dollars, the employment totals from 

Fall Staff were reduced to exclude student employees who were classified as part-time 

instruction/research assistants. The spending (economic impact) associated with these student 

workers is captured by the estimates of students’ personal expenditures. 

The analysis indicated that the IPEDS finance data for three institutions (Coahoma 

Community College, Jarvis Christian College, and Paul Quinn College) were internally 

inconsistent.3

 Since these inconsistencies could not be adequately resolved, initial spending for 

these institutions was imputed on the basis of reported employment levels, which appeared to be 

valid. 

Each institution’s adjusted spending for wages and salaries was allocated to various 

economic sectors recognized by the IMPLAN software on the basis of the typical expenditure 

pattern for households of moderate income. 

2.5 Initial Spending by the Institutions for Non-Wage and Salary Items 

IPEDS “Finance” also provided institution-level expenditure data for all other major 

categories of spending, including instruction, research, public service, academic support, student 

services, institutional support, operation and maintenance of plant, transfers, hospitals (where 

applicable), independent organizations, and other expenditures. 

There are substantial differences in the reporting and accounting methods used by public 

versus not-for-profit institutions, and data were selected taking these considerations into account. 

For example, capital expenditures from current funds are included for all institutions, and not-forprofit (but not public) institutions, capital expenditures other than from current funds are captured 

as an expense for depreciation. Beginning with FY 2002, public institutions were to start 

reporting depreciation. Also, to eliminate the potential for double counting, expenditures for 

auxiliary enterprises, scholarships, fellowships, and net grant aid to students were not included in 

 

3

 One possibility is that these colleges made some errors in entering their data. 
Methodology 

15 

initial spending. Spending associated with these budget items is largely accounted for in the 

spending amounts attributed to faculty, staff, and students. Auxiliary enterprises are essentially 

self-supporting operations of the institution that exist to furnish a service to students, faculty, or 

staff, and that charge a fee that is directly related to, although not necessarily equal to, the cost of 

service. Similarly, scholarships and fellowships transfer income to students, and students’ 

spending of these funds is reflected in the amounts attributed to students’ personal expenditures. 

Since a detailed analysis of spending patterns that prevailed at 101 institutions in 2001 is 

not feasible, budgeted expenditures were allocated to various economic sectors on the basis of a 

typical expenditure (consumption) pattern for U.S. colleges and universities that was developed 

by the IMPLAN 2.0 modelers at MIG, Inc. This specific expenditure pattern was imported into 

the model from the IMPLAN Pro Library. The use of the same expenditure pattern for all 

institutions is a practical assumption that should work well for the average institution, but it does 

represent one limitation of this study. 

2.6 Students’ Personal Expenditures 

 

The students who attend an educational institution spend significant amounts of money in 

the local economy as a part of their living expenses, so the dollar value of this spending also was 

estimated. Since a detailed survey of students' spending habits in 2001 was not practical, typical 

expenditure levels per student and the pattern of spending by industry were estimated on the basis 

of data obtained from several sources: (1) the 2001 Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), (2) a special BLS study that appeared in the July 2001 

issue of the Monthly Labor Review that examined the expenditures of college-age students and 

nonstudents, and (3) a sample of the estimated costs of attendance prepared by individual 

institutions. Although the estimated costs of attendance prepared by individual institutions were 

not detailed enough to be used in the IMPLAN modeling system, they did provide information 

that was used to develop a profile of average expenditures for some of the items typically 

purchased by undergraduates, graduate students, and professional students. No distinctions in 

spending were made between students of the same level who attended not-for-profit, public, 2-

year, or 4-year institutions. This is one limitation of this study. 

The 2001 Consumer Expenditure Survey covers consumer units consisting of one person at 

various income levels, but no recent data are available specifically for college students; therefore, 

to adapt the data for this study, spending estimates for several categories of goods or services 

were increased, decreased, or eliminated. For example, compared to a weighted average of 

consumer units at lower income levels, students’ expenditures for books and food consumed 

away from home were increased substantially, while students’ expenditures for grocery stores, 

cash contributions, insurance and pensions, and health care were reduced. Because expenditures 
Methodology 

16 

for vacation and travel do not take place locally, such expenditures were eliminated entirely. 

After adjustment, the average local expenditure per undergraduate student per calendar year 

(2001) was estimated at $10,165. Similarly, the average local expenditure per graduate or 

professional student was estimated at $11,015. These amounts include spending for some items 

that were purchased locally by others (e.g., parents) who may pay landlords directly for their 

children’s rent. It should be noted that these amounts do not include tuition and fees. The 

economic impact of economic activities supported through tuition and fees is already captured in 

the impact estimates attributed to spending by the institutions. 

Students’ expenditures were distributed to the IMPLAN sectoring scheme on the basis of 

national average expenditure patterns, data provided by the 2001 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 

and estimated costs of attendance prepared by a sampling of institutions. Part-time students were 

assumed to spend one-half the amount of full-time students, or $5,083 per part-time 

undergraduate and $5,508 per part-time graduate or professional student. 

This chapter presented the theoretical framework for estimating the short-term total 

economic impact of 101 postsecondary institutions identified as HBCUs. It discussed the use of 

IMPLAN Professional Version 2.0 Social Accounting and Impact Analysis Software to create 

economic models for each of the HBCUs and it concluded with a description of the data sources 

used in the analysis, including IPEDS 2001 Fall Staff, IPEDS 2001 Finance, the 2001 Consumer 

Expenditure Survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), which appeared in the July 2001 

Monthly Labor Review, and a sample of estimated costs of attendance prepared by individual 

institutions. 
17 

3. Results 

This section describes the economic benefits that the nation’s HBCUs conveyed to their 

host communities in 2001. The estimates represent the economic impact of spending by an 

institution, its faculty and staff, and its students. Based on the methodology and available data 

described earlier, the IMPLAN modeling system was used to calculate four indicators of 

impact—total output, total value-added, total income, and total employment—for each category 

of initial spending. Since the IMPLAN modeling system estimates output as annual calendar year 

production, all estimates are for calendar year 2001, and all dollar amounts are reported in 2001 

dollars. In addition to providing estimates for the total impact of all HBCUs, the data are 

presented by institution control (public and not-for-profit) and level (4-year and 2-year), as well 

as for individual HBCUs. However, the report does not make any explicit comparisons between 

public and not-for-profit HBCUs because each type of institution had different reporting 

categories for expenditures/expenses for the 2001 fiscal year. 

3.1 Initial Spending 

For each HBCU, the initial spending accruing to the institution's regional economy is the 

combination of four types of spending—spending by the institutions for wages and salaries, 

spending by the institutions for other budget categories (e.g., outlays for items other than wages 

and salaries), spending by undergraduate students attending the institutions, and spending by the 

graduate and professional students attending the institutions. Estimates of initial spending for 

2001 are reported in the first column of tables 1, A-1, and A-2. 

In 2001, initial spending associated with the nation’s 101 HBCUs totaled $6.6 billion (table 

1). This amount represents the combined initial spending of all 101 HBCUs in their host 

communities. The public HBCUs accounted for $4.1 billion in initial spending, or 62 percent of 

the total amount. Not-for-profit HBCUs accounted for $2.5 billion in initial spending, or 38 

percent of the total amount. Four-year institutions had higher initial spending than 2-year 

institutions, regardless of institution control; 4-year institutions accounted for $3.7 billion, or 91 

percent of the total initial spending of public HBCUs and almost all ($2.5 billion, or 99.5 percent) 

of the initial spending of not-for-profit HBCUs. 

In order, the top 10 public HBCUs ranked by the amount of their initial spending were 

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ($282 million), North Carolina Agricultural and 
Results 

18 

Table 1. Total economic impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

Institution 

Initial 

spending 

(2001 dollars)

Output impact

(2001 dollars)

Value-added

impact

(2001 dollars)

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact

(jobs)

 

 Total, all HBCUs.................... 6,586,057,262 10,203,483,464 5,985,463,969 4,354,347,146 180,142

Total, public HBCUs ................... 4,081,662,228 6,234,870,707 3,677,396,481 2,651,532,106 114,835

 4-year......................................... 3,728,960,463 5,726,254,106 3,375,986,850 2,446,338,541 105,482

 2-year......................................... 352,701,765 508,616,601 301,409,631 205,193,565 9,353

Total, not-for-profit HBCUs....... 2,504,395,035 3,968,612,757 2,308,067,488 1,702,815,040 65,307

 4-year......................................... 2,492,286,973 3,950,462,785 2,297,452,402 1,695,130,729 64,785

 2-year......................................... 12,108,062 18,149,972 10,615,086 7,684,311 522

NOTE: Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes 

employee compensation, proprietary income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income 

includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are paid by employers and payment received by self-employed 

individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. 

SOURCE: Initial spending estimates: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2001. The impacts of spending on output, value-added, 

labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social Accounting 

Matrices) multipliers, and consumption functions provided by MIG, Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the 

National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 

Technical State University ($187 million), Tennessee State University ($178 million), Southern 

University and A&M College ($176 million), Jackson State University ($163 million), Texas 

Southern University ($158 million), Morgan State University ($148 million), Prairie View A&M 

University ($140 million), Norfolk State University ($125 million), and Alabama A&M 

University ($125 million) (table A-1). 

Ranked according to the amount of their initial spending, the top five not-for-profit 

HBCUs were Howard University ($684 million), Hampton University ($143 million), Tuskegee 

University ($103 million), Clark Atlanta University ($127 million), and Xavier University of 

Louisiana ($97 million) (table A-2). Although they are separate institutions, the Morehouse 

School of Medicine and Morehouse College both impact the same geographic area. The 

combined impact of initial spending for Morehouse School of Medicine and Morehouse College 

was $162 million. 

3.2 Total Output Impact 

 

The output impact was calculated for each category of initial spending, on the basis of the 

impact of the first round of spending and the impacts generated by the respending of these 

amounts—the multiplier effect. Total output impacts are the most inclusive, largest measures of 

economic impact. Conceptualized as the equivalent of business revenue, sales, or gross receipts, 
Results 

19 

total output is the value of production by all industries, including households. Output impacts for 

2001 are reported in the second column of tables 1 and A-1 and A-2. 

Measured in the simplest and broadest possible terms, the total economic impact of the 

nation’s HBCUs was $10.2 billion in 2001 (table 1). This amount represents the combined impact 

of all 101 HBCUs on the output of their host communities. To put this into perspective, it is 

interesting to note that in terms of output (revenues), the collective economic impact of HBCUs 

would rank 232nd on the Forbes Fortune 500 list of the United States’ largest companies (Fortune 

Magazine 2006), just behind Winn-Dixie Stores and just ahead of PPG Industries. It is also worth 

noting that the output impact of the nation’s 101 HBCUs exceeds that of the entire university 

system of Georgia, $8.3 billion in 2001 (Duhart 2002), and Wisconsin in 2002, $9.5 billion 

(Winters et al. 2002). It is smaller than the economic impact of the University of Texas System in 

2004, $12.8 billion (University of Texas at San Antonio 2004). 

Of the 2001 total output impact, $6.6 billion (65 percent) was initial spending by the 

institutions and students, while $3.6 billion (35 percent) was the induced/respending impact or 

multiplier (i.e., the difference between output impact and initial spending). The multiplier 

captures the regional economic repercussions of the flows of respending that take place 

throughout the region until the initial spending has completely leaked to other regions. 

The average output multiplier value for all HBCUs in 2001 was 1.55, obtained by dividing 

the total output impact ($10.2 billion) by initial spending ($6.6 billion). On average, therefore, 

every dollar of initial spending by an HBCU generated an additional 55 cents for the economy of 

the region hosting the institution. Thus, for all HBCUs combined, the output impact was 1.55 

times greater than their initial spending. Tables A-3 and A-4 report the economic multipliers for 

each category of initial spending for public and not-for-profit institutions, respectively. 

To test the reasonableness of the overall multiplier value of 1.55, a review of a number of 

recent studies of the economic impact of colleges and universities was conducted. The output 

multipliers used in the sample of economic impact studies ranged from a low of 1.41 to a high of 

1.81. The average value was 1.61. Since an output multiplier of 1.55 falls close to the middle of 

this range, it was considered to be reasonable. More specifically, the studies reviewed and their 

corresponding overall output multiplier values were the following: The University of South 

Florida used a multiplier value of 1.41 (University of South Florida 2004); the University of 

Texas System used a multiplier value of 1.47 (University of Texas at San Antonio 2004); the 

University of Arizona used a multiplier value of 1.56 (Pavlakovich-Kochi et al. 2005); the 

University of California at Berkeley used a multiplier value of 1.66 (Sedway Group 2001); the 

University of South Carolina System used a multiplier value of 1.74 (University of South 

Carolina 2000); and the University of Notre Dame used a multiplier value of 1.81 (Bay Area 

Economics 2003). 
Results 

20 

Public HBCUs with the 10 largest output impacts in 2001 were Florida Agricultural and 

Mechanical University ($432 million), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State 

University ($298 million), Tennessee State University ($289 million), Southern University and 

A&M College ($267 million), Texas Southern University ($254 million), Morgan State 

University ($252 million), Jackson State University ($249 million), Prairie View A&M 

University ($231 million), Norfolk State University ($194 million), and North Carolina Central 

University ($178 million) (table A-1). 

Among not-for-profit HBCUs, the institutions with the five largest output impacts were 

Howard University ($1.2 billion), Hampton University ($227 million), Clark Atlanta University 

($227 million), Meharry Medical College ($173 million), and Xavier University of Louisiana 

($154 million). Although they are separate institutions, Morehouse School of Medicine and 

Morehouse College impact the same geographic area. Morehouse School of Medicine and 

Morehouse College together accounted for $212 million in total output impact. 

That the estimates for the HBCUs show differing economic impacts is not surprising, given 

the differences in budgets, staffing, enrollment, and regional economies. Institutions that operate 

in the largest metropolitan areas—where multipliers typically are highest, and that have the 

largest budgets, staffs, and enrollments—had the largest economic impacts. Thus, for the most 

part, institutions with large initial spending also tend to rank highly on the various indicators of 

economic impact, including value-added, labor income, and employment impact described in the 

subsections that follow. 

3.3 Total Value-Added Impact 

Because value-added impacts exclude expenditures related to foreign and domestic trade, 

they provide a much more accurate measure of the actual economic benefits flowing to businesses 

and households in a region than the more inclusive output impacts. The value-added impacts for 

2001 are reported in the third column of tables 1 and A-1 and A-2. 

The 101 HBCUs collectively generated a value-added impact of $6 billion in 2001, 

including the multiplier effects (table 1). For all institutions combined, the value-added impact 

represented 91 percent of initial spending and 59 percent of the $10.2 billion output impact (with 

domestic and foreign trade comprising the remaining 41 percent of the output impact) (not shown 

in tables). As with other indicators of economic impact, 4-year HBCUs generated a larger share 

of value-added impact than did 2-year HBCUs, accounting for 92 percent of the $3.4 billion in 

value-added impact for public HBCUs and almost all (99.5 percent) of the $2.3 billion in total 

value-added impact for not-for-profit HBCUs. 
Results 

21 

The top 10 HBCUs ranked by the size of their value-added impacts in 2001 were Florida 

Agricultural and Mechanical University ($259 million), North Carolina Agricultural and 

Technical State University ($179 million), Tennessee State University ($174 million), Southern 

University and A&M College ($160 million), Morgan State University ($158 million), Texas 

Southern University ($156 million), Prairie View A&M University ($142 million), Jackson State 

University ($139 million), Norfolk State University ($114 million), and North Carolina Central 

University ($109 million) (table A-1). 

Among private, not-for-profit HBCUs, the institutions that ranked in the top five according 

to the size of their value-added impact were Howard University ($703 million), Hampton 

University ($130 million), Clark Atlanta University ($127 million), Meharry Medical College 

($103 million), and Xavier University of Louisiana ($90 million) (table A-2). Although they are 

separate institutions, the Morehouse School of Medicine and Morehouse College both impact the 

same geographic area. The combined value-added impact of the Morehouse School of Medicine 

and Morehouse College was $178 million. 

3.4 Labor Income Impact 

The labor income received by residents of the communities that host one or more HBCUs 

includes all forms of employment income, such as wages, salaries, and proprietors’ incomes. It 

does not include nonwage compensation (e.g., pensions and health insurance), transfer payments 

(e.g., welfare or Social Security benefits), or unearned income (e.g., dividends, interest, and rent). 

Labor income impacts for 2001 are reported in the fourth column of tables 1 and A-1 and A-2. 

Collectively, HBCUs generated a labor income impact of $4 billion in 2001, including 

multiplier effects (table 1). The labor income received by residents of the communities that host 

one or more HBCUs represents 73 percent of the value-added impact and 66 percent of initial 

spending. Regardless of institution control, 4-year HBCUs generated more in labor income 

impact than did 2-year HBCUs. Four-year public HBCUs generated $2.4 billion in labor income 

impact while 2-year public HBCUs generated $205 million. Among private, not-for-profit 

HBCUs, 4-year institutions generated $1.7 billion while 2-year private HBCUs generated $8 

million in labor income impact. 

Among public HBCUs, the 10 universities that had the largest labor income impacts were 

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ($190 million), North Carolina Agricultural and 

Technical State University ($131 million), Tennessee State University ($126 million), Morgan 

State University ($116 million), Southern University and A&M College ($115 million), Texas 

Southern University ($106 million), Jackson State University ($101 million), Prairie View A&M 
Results 

22 

University ($100 million), North Carolina Central University ($80 million), and Alabama A&M 

University ($78 million) (table A-1). 

Among not-for-profit HBCUs, the institutions that ranked in the top five according to the 

size of their labor income impact were Howard University ($542 million), Hampton University 

($94 million), Clark Atlanta University ($92 million), Morehouse School of Medicine ($80 

million), and Xavier University of Louisiana ($64 million) (table A-2). Although they are 

separate institutions, Morehouse School of Medicine and Morehouse College both impact the 

same geographic area. The combined labor income impact of Morehouse School of Medicine and 

Morehouse College was $136 million. 

3.5 Employment Impact 

The economic impact of hosting an HBCU probably is most easily understood in terms of 

its effects on employment, including wage and salary employees as well as self-employed 

individuals. Employment impacts for 2001 are reported in the fifth column of tables 1 and A-1 

and A-2. 

Collectively, HBCUs generated an employment impact of 180,142 full- and part-time jobs 

in 2001 (table 1). This collective or rolled-up employment impact of all 101 institutions on their 

host communities includes the jobs that are generated by the multiplier effects. To provide 

perspective, it is worth noting that the rolled-up employment impact of the nation’s 101 HBCUs 

exceeds the 177,000 jobs at the Bank of America, which is the nation’s 23rd largest private 

employer (Fortune Magazine 2006). The collective employment impact of the nation’s 101 

HBCUs on their host communities is nearly half that generated by the massive University of 

California System, which supported about 370,000 jobs in 2002 (ICF Consulting 2003). 

As observed for initial spending and each of the measures of economic impact examined 

thus far, 4-year institutions generated a greater employment impact on their host communities 

than did 2-year institutions, regardless of institution control. Public 4-year HBCUs generated 

105,482 jobs while public 2-year institutions generated 9,353 jobs in 2001. Among not-for-profit 

HBCUs, 4-year institutions generated 64,785 jobs while 2-year institutions generated 522 jobs. 

The 10 public HBCUs with the largest employment impact in 2001 were Florida 

Agricultural and Mechanical University (6,818 jobs), Southern University and A&M College 

(5,607 jobs), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (5,036 jobs), Tennessee 

State University (4,896 jobs), Morgan State University (4,745 jobs), Jackson State University 

(4,509 jobs), Texas Southern University (4,330 jobs), Norfolk State University (3,855 jobs), 
Results 

23 

Prairie View A&M University (3,715 jobs), and Alabama A&M University (3,482 jobs) (table A1). 

Among not-for-profit HBCUs, the five institutions that generated the most jobs in 2001 

were Howard University (14,613 jobs), Hampton University (4,377 jobs), Meharry Medical 

College (2,974 jobs), Clark Atlanta University (2,672 jobs), and Xavier University of Louisiana 

(2,425 jobs) (table A-2). Although they are separate institutions, the Morehouse School of 

Medicine and Morehouse College both impact the same geographic area. The Morehouse School 

of Medicine and Morehouse College together generated 4,511 jobs. 

Table A-5 reports the total employment impacts of HBCUs as a share of total employment 

in their regional economies. Because most HBCUs are located in large- to medium-sized 

metropolitan areas that have very diverse economic bases, their employment impacts typically 

constituted a small share of total employment in their respective regional economies. There were 

some exceptions, however. For example, the 2,147 jobs that owe their existence to Tuskegee 

University accounted for 24 percent of total employment in its regional economy. Similarly, Fort 

Valley State University and Grambling State University accounted for 14 percent and 10 percent 

of the jobs in their regional economies, respectively. This overall finding is to be expected. In the 

United States, most regional economies no longer depend on a handful of large employers, but 

are extremely diversified in terms of their employment bases. 

Chapter 3 summarized the economic impact of HBCUs in the following areas: initial 

spending; total output impact, value-added impact, labor income impact, and employment impact. 

In each of these areas, 4-year HBCUs had a greater impact than 2-year HBCUs, regardless of 

institutional control. Generally, public HBCUs had a greater impact in each of the areas than notfor-profit HBCUs at both the 4-year and 2-year levels. 

 

In 2001, initial spending from HBCUs was $6.6 billion. Public HBCUs accounted for 62 

percent of the initial spending of all HBCUs. The total output impact of HBCUs in 2001 was 

$10.2 billion: $6.6 billion from initial spending by institutions and states and $3.6 billion from 

induced or respending. The average multiplier value for all HBCUs, calculated by dividing the 

total output impact by initial spending, was 1.55. This suggests that for every dollar of initial 

spending by an HBCU, an additional 55 cents entered the region that housed the HBCU. The 

value-added impact of HBCUs in 2001 was $6 billion, while the labor income impact was $4 

billion. Finally, HBCUs generated 180,142 full-time and part-time jobs. All of these results 

demonstrate the important economic impact that HBCUs have on regional economies. 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
25 

4. Summary 

This report examines data from the NCES to determine the short-term economic impact of 

HBCUs on their regional economies. The short-term economic impact of an HBCU is defined as 

the change in overall economic activity that is associated with HBCU-related spending. For each 

HBCU, economic impacts were estimated for four important categories of college/universityrelated expenditures: (1) spending by the institutions for wages and salaries, (2) spending by the 

institutions for other budget categories (e.g., outlays for items other than wages and salaries), (3) 

spending by undergraduate students who attended the institutions, and (4) spending by the 

graduate and professional students who attended the institutions. 

The main finding of this study is that spending associated with the presence of HBCUs 

creates economic impacts in terms of output, value-added, labor income, and employment for 

their host communities. The combined economic impact of the nation’s 101 HBCUs on their host 

communities in 2001 includes 

• $10.2 billion in output (sales), 

• $6.0 billion in value-added (gross regional product), 

• $4.4 billion in labor income, and 

• 180,142 full- and part-time jobs. 

These economic impacts are significant. For example, in terms of output (revenues), the 

nation’s HBCUs would rank 232nd on the Forbes Fortune 500 list of the United States largest 

companies. The total employment impact of the 101 HBCU institutions exceeds the 177,000 jobs 

at the Bank of America, which is the nation’s 23rd largest private employer. Because most 

HBCUs are located in large- to medium-sized metropolitan areas that have very diverse economic 

bases, their economic impacts typically constituted a small share of total economic activity in 

their respective regional economies. This overall finding is to be expected. In the United States, 

most regional economies no longer depend on a handful of large employers, but are extremely 

diversified in terms of their economic bases. There were some exceptions, however. For example, 

the 2,147 jobs that owe their existence to Tuskegee University accounted for 24 percent of total 

employment in its regional economy. Similarly, Fort Valley State University and Grambling State 
Summary 

26 

University accounted for 14 percent and 10 percent of the jobs in their regional economies, 

respectively. 

This study also demonstrates how the NCES Integrated Postsecondary Education Data 

System can be used in conjunction with regional economic models to estimate the economic 

impacts of an HBCU on its regional economy. Templates are provided in the appendices that 

accompany the report and provide a relatively easy way to update the economic impact estimates 

once IPEDS data for 2002, 2003, and 2004 are released. 

Since this study intentionally focused only on the short-term impacts of several types of 

HBCU-related spending, no attempt was made to evaluate the long-term impacts of HBCUs on 

their host communities. After all, HBCUs not only spend money year by year, but also have longterm impacts on the labor force, local business and industry, and local government. A college or 

university improves the skills of its graduates, thereby increasing their productivity and their 

lifetime earnings. Local businesses benefit from easy access to an enlarged pool of part-time and 

full-time workers. The outreach and service units of the college or university provide valuable 

services to local businesses and households. Although not within the purview of this study, the 

estimation of HBCUs’ long-term impacts merits further investigation. 
27 

References 

Bay Area Economics. (2003). Pioneers Together Economic Impact Report: Notre Dame and the 

Local Economy: 2002.

Bendavid-Val, Avrom (1991). Regional and Local Economic Analysis for Practitioners: Fourth 

Edition. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 

Brown, K.H. and Heaney, M.T. (1997). A Note on Measuring the Economic Impact of 

Institutions of Higher Education. Research in Higher Education, Vol. 38, No 2: 229-240. 

Caffrey, J., and Issacs, H.H. (1971). Estimating the Impact of a College or University on the 

Local Economy. Washington, D.C: American Council on Education. 

Duhart, S.R. (2002). The Economic Impact of University System of Georgia Institutions on their 

Regional Economies. The Board of Regents, Office of Economic Development, University 

System of Georgia. 

Elliot, D.S., Levin, S.L., and Meisel, J.B. (1988). Measuring the Economic Impact of Institutions 

of Higher Education. Research in Higher Education, Vol 28, No. 1: 17-33. 

Fortune Magazine. (2006). Fortune 500 2006: Annual Ranking of America’s Largest 

Corporations. List of biggest companies, by employees. April 17, 2006, issue. 

Fox, A., and Noe, G.F. (2003). Economic Impact Study 2003. Office of Planning and Institutional 

Research, Morehouse School of Medicine. 

Hill, S.T., and Johnson, J.M. (2004). Science and Engineering Degrees by Race/Ethnicity of 

Recipients: 1992-2001. Arlington, VA: Division of Science Resource Statistics, NSF 04-

318. 

Humphreys, J.M. (2000). The Economic Impact of University System of Georgia Institutions on 

their Regional Economies. A monograph jointly published by the Board of Regents of the 

University System of Georgia and the Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of 

Business, University of Georgia. 

ICF Consulting. (2003). California’s Future: UC’s Contributions to Economic Growth, Health 

and Culture, An Impact Study for the University of California. 

Luger, M., Koo, J., Perry, J., & Billings, S. (2001). The Economic Impact of the UNC System on 

the State of North Carolina. Office of Economic Development, Kenan Institute, the 

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 

Miller, R.E. and Blair P.D. (1985). Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 
References 

28 

Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. (2003). 2000 IMPLAN National Package Data CD-ROM

(includes Structural Matrices). Available at http://www.IMPLAN.com. 

Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. (2000) IMPLAN Professional Version 2.0 Social Accounting & 

Impact Analysis Software: User’s Guide, Analysis Guide, and Data Guide. Available at 

http://www.IMPLAN.com. 

National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (2001). Shaping the Future: 

The Economic Impact of Public Universities. Office of Public Affairs, National 

Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, 1307 New York Avenue, N.W., 

Suite 400, Washington D.C. 20005-4722. 

Paulin, G.D. (2001). Expenditures of College-Age Students and Nonstudents. Monthly Labor 

Review, 46-50. 

Pavlakovich-Kochi, V., Charney, A.H., Mwaniki-Lyman, L., and Umashankar, S. (2005). The 

University of Arizona Economic and Tax Revenue Impacts FY 2004. Office of Economic 

and Policy Analysis and Economic and Business Research Center, Eller College of 

Management, University of Arizona. 

President’s Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (2005). The 

Mission Continues: Annual Report to the President on the Results of Participation of 

Historically Black Colleges and Universities in Federal Programs, 2002-03. Education 

Publications Center, U.S. Department of Education, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup MD 20794-

1398, September 2005. 

Sedway Group (2001). Building the Bay Area’s Future: A Study of the Economic Impact of the 

University of California, Berkeley. Sedway Group, 505 Montgomery St., Suite 600, San 

Francisco, CA. 

Stokes, K., and Coomes, P. (1998). The Local Economic Impact of Higher Education: An 

Overview of Methods and Practice. AIR Professional File, Number 67, Spring 1998. 

Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund (TMSF). (2001). Economic Impact Snapshot of the 

Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund: Member Colleges and Universities and 

Scholarship Evaluation Report. National Office, 60 East 42nd Street, Suite 833, New York, 

NY 10165. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Population Division. (2003). Metropolitan and 

Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Components, 2003, with Codes. Internet release June 

10, 2003. Last revised July 10, 2003. Based on the definitions published in OMB Bulletin,

No. 03-04 (June 6, 2003). 

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall Enrollment Survey 2001, Spring 2002. 

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall Staff Survey 2001, Spring 2002. 

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary 

Education Data System (IPEDS), Finance Survey, Fiscal Year 2001, Spring 2002. 
References

29 

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Expenditure Surveys (2004). 

Table 35. Consumer units of one person by income before taxes; average annual 

expenditures and characteristics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2001-2002. Available at 

http://www.bls.gov/CEX. 

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004). Online data extraction of the 

consumer price index, all urban consumers, all city average, all items, Series ID: 

Cuur0000SA0. Available at http:/www.bls.gov/. 

University of South Carolina (2000). The Economic Impact of the University of South Carolina 

System. Division of Research, the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South 

Carolina. 

University of South Florida. (2003). Economic Impact Report. University of South Florida. 

University of Texas at San Antonio. (2004). Economic Impact Study: A Study of the Economic 

Impact of the University of Texas System. Institute for Economic Development, University 

of Texas at San Antonio. 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK. 
31 

Appendix A 

Tables 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
Appendix A. Tables 

33 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

 Total, public HBCUs .................... 4,081,662,228 6,234,870,707 3,677,396,481 2,651,532,106 114,835 

 

 Total, 4-year...................................... 3,728,960,463 5,726,254,106 3,375,986,850 2,446,338,541 105,482 

 

Alabama A & M University................... 125,018,796 182,827,868 104,868,303 77,504,519 3,482 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 41,140,382 89,558,827 59,159,670 50,894,751 2,297 

 Other institutional spending ................. 28,799,834 34,018,239 10,137,076 7,104,063 220 

 Undergraduate students........................ 45,666,263 48,903,147 29,347,467 16,042,470 798 

 Graduate/professional students............. 9,412,318 10,347,655 6,224,090 3,463,235 167 

 

Alabama State University...................... 106,766,164 161,178,906 94,538,313 67,976,579 3,366 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 33,349,263 74,635,428 50,056,828 42,725,477 2,202 

 Other institutional spending ................. 22,591,618 27,148,664 8,518,850 5,700,179 186 

 Undergraduate students........................ 44,959,795 52,401,420 31,723,581 17,209,945 864 

 Graduate/professional students............. 5,865,488 6,993,394 4,239,054 2,340,978 114 

 

Albany State University ......................... 65,778,590 96,317,312 55,483,872 39,876,722 2,031 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 19,841,099 43,850,149 29,188,972 25,045,244 1,342 

 Other institutional spending ................. 15,059,223 17,582,468 4,994,434 3,315,026 110 

 Undergraduate students........................ 27,821,605 31,361,070 19,147,218 10,333,061 521 

 Graduate/professional students............. 3,056,663 3,523,625 2,153,248 1,183,391 58 

 

Alcorn State University............................. 73,984,968 99,234,501 51,088,678 35,836,196 2,347 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 17,910,839 37,882,924 24,308,751 21,167,480 1,657 

 Other institutional spending .................... 27,712,321 31,359,236 8,522,498 5,066,530 187 

 Undergraduate students........................... 24,456,990 25,789,923 15,695,314 8,230,898 433 

 Graduate/professional students................ 3,904,818 4,202,418 2,562,115 1,371,288 70 

 

Bluefield State College .............................. 39,891,908 56,535,628 32,751,375 22,419,878 1,197 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 9,721,717 21,505,759 14,257,366 12,249,850 679 

 Other institutional spending .................... 6,958,413 8,370,806 2,612,084 1,658,135 60 

 Undergraduate students........................... 23,211,778 26,659,063 15,881,925 8,511,893 458 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Bowie State University........................... 86,518,276 137,485,530 86,697,333 62,255,480 2,228 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 26,924,519 62,315,677 43,247,441 36,549,950 1,437 

 Other institutional spending ................. 17,520,112 23,121,093 10,129,981 6,888,921 144 

 Undergraduate students........................ 31,394,603 38,605,179 24,699,809 13,886,046 481 

 Graduate/professional students............. 10,679,043 13,443,581 8,620,102 4,930,563 166 

 

Central State University ........................... 47,695,754 72,683,106 40,165,755 30,277,780 1,332 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 15,022,242 33,782,059 22,752,382 19,502,098 941 

 Other institutional spending .................... 19,376,294 23,714,635 8,068,413 5,624,475 159 

 Undergraduate students........................... 12,818,065 14,625,516 8,999,430 4,957,338 223 

 Graduate/professional students................ 479,153 560,896 345,530 193,869 9 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

34 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Cheyney University of PA......................... 40,023,931 69,225,568 42,524,185 30,904,375 1,045 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 12,945,970 31,572,280 22,077,505 18,412,615 694 

 Other institutional spending .................... 13,656,253 19,920,990 9,262,311 6,151,040 134 

 Undergraduate students........................... 11,461,038 15,085,665 9,514,545 5,381,229 185 

 Graduate/professional students................ 1,960,670 2,646,633 1,669,824 959,491 32 

 

Coppin State College.............................. 66,565,369 104,644,218 63,858,111 44,590,243 1,913 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 16,283,933 38,666,756 26,879,191 22,603,383 1,165 

 Other institutional spending ................. 17,316,868 23,781,049 10,387,022 7,007,700 173 

 Undergraduate students........................ 28,558,568 36,438,726 22,958,116 12,902,468 497 

 Graduate/professional students............. 4,406,000 5,757,687 3,633,782 2,076,692 78 

 

Delaware State University ..................... 78,806,716 119,687,673 68,808,551 52,547,102 2,110 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 31,716,645 68,134,973 44,432,114 38,669,353 1,493 

 Other institutional spending ................. 17,247,231 19,541,253 4,849,164 3,445,723 116 

 Undergraduate students........................ 27,887,678 29,870,708 18,225,262 9,725,274 468 

 Graduate/professional students............. 1,955,163 2,140,739 1,302,011 706,752 33 

 

Elizabeth City State University ................ 48,778,580 72,812,280 41,844,906 31,231,151 1,419 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 18,351,801 39,539,290 25,648,310 22,245,810 998 

 Other institutional spending .................... 11,299,596 12,897,823 3,713,740 2,312,155 78 

 Undergraduate students........................... 18,972,973 20,206,791 12,379,540 6,616,886 340 

 Graduate/professional students................ 154,210 168,376 103,316 56,300 3 

 

Fayetteville State University..................... 86,170,907 121,531,899 68,322,752 48,476,299 2,372 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 23,594,652 51,216,312 33,392,637 28,829,376 1,459 

 Other institutional spending .................... 19,714,807 22,821,670 6,095,731 4,218,558 147 

 Undergraduate students........................... 36,924,363 40,789,337 24,759,972 13,212,715 658 

 Graduate/professional students................ 5,937,085 6,704,580 4,074,412 2,215,650 108 

 

Florida Agricultural & Mechanical ...... 281,514,526 431,890,891 258,731,192 190,071,535 6,818 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 96,677,042 214,837,680 145,689,666 124,170,412 4,464 

 Other institutional spending ................. 67,316,209 82,613,297 28,777,522 20,005,259 573 

 Undergraduate students........................ 103,510,195 118,079,665 73,998,786 40,212,858 1,565 

 Graduate/professional students............. 14,011,080 16,360,249 10,265,218 5,683,006 216 

 

Fort Valley State University .................. 62,818,113 89,465,420 49,503,218 38,938,290 1,470 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 27,831,688 57,081,136 34,834,137 30,974,193 1,071 

 Other institutional spending ................. 12,045,602 12,699,797 2,114,463 1,533,773 53 

 Undergraduate students........................ 20,919,570 17,893,161 11,423,445 5,839,614 315 

 Graduate/professional students............. 2,021,253 1,791,326 1,131,173 590,710 31 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

35 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Grambling State University................... 90,856,646 131,164,567 73,652,066 54,681,442 3,047 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 31,840,605 67,923,913 42,972,240 37,800,049 2,093 

 Other institutional spending ................. 15,575,731 17,742,724 3,710,299 2,543,595 97 

 Undergraduate students........................ 39,552,015 41,337,241 24,507,618 13,005,756 779 

 Graduate/professional students............. 3,888,295 4,160,689 2,461,909 1,332,042 78 

 

Harris-Stowe State College....................... 29,143,530 49,745,617 30,546,161 21,866,666 869 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 9,427,989 23,012,843 15,940,336 13,282,629 571 

 Other institutional spending .................... 6,389,226 9,189,223 3,791,640 2,533,213 65 

 Undergraduate students........................... 13,326,315 17,543,551 10,814,185 6,050,824 233 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Jackson State University........................... 163,332,085 248,978,658 139,180,044 101,498,047 4,509 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 51,213,595 114,777,134 76,307,149 65,297,293 2,990 

 Other institutional spending .................... 47,385,005 59,096,663 17,313,248 11,588,257 377 

 Undergraduate students........................... 54,291,265 62,757,926 38,059,793 20,496,930 956 

 Graduate/professional students................ 10,442,220 12,346,935 7,499,854 4,115,567 186 

 

Kentucky State University..................... 63,758,721 88,364,521 45,659,006 35,778,700 1,857 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 23,475,901 48,274,620 30,225,109 26,883,923 1,413 

 Other institutional spending ................. 19,671,285 20,608,806 3,524,516 2,651,229 90 

 Undergraduate students........................ 19,465,975 18,374,444 11,232,110 5,880,919 334 

 Graduate/professional students............. 1,145,560 1,106,651 677,271 362,629 20 

 

Langston University .................................. 46,552,179 71,744,763 42,667,782 28,882,265 1,659 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 10,810,732 25,418,196 17,330,031 14,548,975 1,029 

 Other institutional spending .................... 9,464,747 13,146,212 5,278,408 3,362,630 112 

 Undergraduate students........................... 25,615,800 32,327,707 19,542,739 10,683,299 505 

 Graduate/professional students................ 660,900 852,648 516,604 287,361 13 

 

Lincoln University (MO) .......................... 61,639,178 85,909,195 48,625,389 34,643,990 1,630 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 17,465,822 37,969,362 25,254,505 21,733,995 1,042 

 Other institutional spending .................... 16,435,271 18,581,985 5,270,294 3,276,463 101 

 Undergraduate students........................... 26,449,330 27,962,305 17,239,891 9,166,601 464 

 Graduate/professional students................ 1,288,755 1,395,543 860,699 466,931 23 

 

Lincoln University (PA)............................ 47,010,258 80,814,466 50,171,181 36,193,995 1,459 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 15,015,704 36,619,892 25,607,142 21,356,329 1,029 

 Other institutional spending .................... 13,692,714 19,974,178 9,287,041 6,167,462 134 

 Undergraduate students........................... 14,419,053 18,979,171 11,970,184 6,770,088 232 

 Graduate/professional students................ 3,882,788 5,241,225 3,306,814 1,900,116 64 

 

Mississippi Valley State University.......... 56,638,747 75,378,161 40,118,541 28,655,973 1,666 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 15,126,198 31,691,308 19,898,332 17,528,872 1,091 

 Other institutional spending .................... 14,691,106 16,221,697 3,653,182 2,465,937 93 

 Undergraduate students........................... 24,304,515 24,891,146 15,004,362 7,834,088 437 

 Graduate/professional students................ 2,516,928 2,574,010 1,562,665 827,076 45 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

36 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Morgan State University........................... 148,369,922 251,761,699 157,984,640 115,840,395 4,745 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 53,733,928 127,593,046 88,696,294 74,586,926 3,348 

 Other institutional spending .................... 33,720,634 46,308,145 20,226,346 13,645,891 337 

 Undergraduate students........................... 56,481,823 72,066,836 45,405,507 25,517,907 982 

 Graduate/professional students................ 4,433,538 5,793,672 3,656,493 2,089,671 78 

 

NC Agricultural & Technical St Univ ..... 186,740,046 297,741,472 179,465,761 131,365,999 5,036 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 65,687,320 150,983,314 103,587,097 87,398,660 3,316 

 Other institutional spending .................... 42,195,213 52,556,572 17,739,052 12,097,402 347 

 Undergraduate students........................... 70,921,205 84,523,137 52,152,204 28,534,242 1,233 

 Graduate/professional students................ 7,936,308 9,678,449 5,987,408 3,335,695 140 

 

Norfolk State University ........................... 124,967,530 194,201,271 113,663,653 79,842,525 3,855 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 33,532,747 78,082,336 52,914,446 44,674,654 2,390 

 Other institutional spending .................... 31,313,678 41,216,504 15,425,586 10,191,327 317 

 Undergraduate students........................... 54,519,978 67,770,353 41,007,674 22,561,993 1,039 

 Graduate/professional students................ 5,601,128 7,132,078 4,315,947 2,414,551 109 

 

North Carolina Central University.......... 115,381,235 177,746,267 108,689,587 80,482,945 3,128 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 44,403,430 97,894,378 66,359,107 56,639,796 2,160 

 Other institutional spending .................... 20,035,645 23,380,005 7,325,379 4,881,175 134 

 Undergraduate students........................... 38,754,063 42,725,268 26,469,417 14,268,522 633 

 Graduate/professional students................ 12,188,098 13,746,616 8,535,684 4,693,452 201 

 

Prairie View A & M University................ 139,578,745 230,614,578 142,395,288 99,511,924 3,715 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 40,654,361 95,554,315 65,662,042 54,825,340 2,358 

 Other institutional spending .................... 36,761,509 55,244,606 26,047,602 16,550,820 364 

 Undergraduate students........................... 52,232,853 66,810,880 42,423,108 23,483,785 832 

 Graduate/professional students................ 9,930,023 13,004,777 8,262,536 4,651,979 161 

 

Savannah State University..................... 54,496,281 90,081,697 55,111,954 41,507,090 1,548 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 23,605,826 53,154,158 36,010,097 30,589,804 1,109 

 Other institutional spending ................. 11,015,527 13,531,628 4,520,645 2,959,833 88 

 Undergraduate students........................ 18,988,220 22,329,397 13,913,701 7,586,494 335 

 Graduate/professional students............. 886,708 1,066,514 667,511 370,959 16 

 

South Carolina State University............... 102,356,462 144,312,444 78,204,021 58,742,192 2,575 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 34,462,302 72,735,577 46,074,753 40,731,879 1,679 

 Other institutional spending .................... 27,464,062 30,784,728 7,389,700 4,828,151 187 

 Undergraduate students........................... 33,727,470 33,886,744 20,553,603 10,912,345 590 

 Graduate/professional students................ 6,702,628 6,905,395 4,185,965 2,269,817 119 

 

Southern Univ. and A & M College...... 176,114,297 267,368,939 159,999,371 114,663,797 5,607 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 57,011,717 126,924,650 85,023,643 72,641,633 3,845 

 Other institutional spending ................. 34,034,215 42,710,122 15,398,774 9,779,591 297 

 Undergraduate students........................ 72,191,830 82,647,294 50,390,631 27,196,567 1,239 

 Graduate/professional students............. 12,876,535 15,086,873 9,186,323 5,046,006 226 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

37 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Southern University New Orleans ........ 58,312,245 90,513,045 55,660,525 38,535,841 1,794 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 16,836,415 38,733,014 26,373,011 22,240,294 1,147 

 Other institutional spending ................. 8,423,392 11,377,510 4,321,710 2,667,833 78 

 Undergraduate students........................ 27,902,925 33,984,422 21,000,911 11,432,503 479 

 Graduate/professional students............. 5,149,513 6,418,099 3,964,893 2,195,211 90 

 

Tennessee State University ....................... 178,142,689 289,290,460 173,962,704 125,660,068 4,896 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 54,003,669 127,884,553 88,480,381 74,468,631 3,150 

 Other institutional spending .................... 46,085,705 62,025,641 23,407,413 16,406,822 432 

 Undergraduate students........................... 66,509,595 84,389,369 52,694,973 29,454,101 1,117 

 Graduate/professional students................ 11,543,720 14,990,897 9,379,937 5,330,514 197 

 

Texas Southern University ....................... 157,543,237 254,074,982 155,567,596 106,747,031 4,330 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 39,628,319 93,142,704 64,004,854 53,441,651 2,709 

 Other institutional spending .................... 43,276,395 65,035,075 30,663,767 19,483,963 429 

 Undergraduate students........................... 60,649,473 77,576,552 49,259,019 27,267,880 966 

 Graduate/professional students................ 13,989,050 18,320,651 11,639,956 6,553,537 226 

 

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff .... 73,578,259 102,887,360 56,160,779 40,499,522 2,133 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 21,873,386 46,752,064 30,471,140 26,444,761 1,440 

 Other institutional spending ................. 21,739,145 24,250,628 6,383,456 3,895,423 139 

 Undergraduate students........................ 29,381,933 31,250,178 18,921,593 9,952,990 543 

 Graduate/professional students............. 583,795 634,490 384,590 206,348 11 

 

University of the District of Columbia.. 118,534,105 204,173,628 129,063,244 97,938,103 3,038 

 Wages and salaries ............................... 51,296,000 118,722,451 82,394,069 69,634,155 2,220 

 Other institutional spending ................. 30,083,195 39,700,453 17,393,850 11,828,735 248 

 Undergraduate students........................ 35,023,508 43,067,554 27,554,861 15,491,135 537 

 Graduate/professional students............. 2,131,403 2,683,170 1,720,464 984,078 33 

 

University of DC Clarke School of Law .. 5,856,600 10,629,231 6,811,194 5,301,033 159 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 3,005,152 6,955,299 4,827,018 4,079,484 125 

 Other institutional spending .................... 1,386,453 1,829,686 801,635 545,154 11 

 Undergraduate students........................... † † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students................ 1,464,995 1,844,246 1,182,541 676,395 23 

 

University of Maryland-Eastern Shore ... 75,834,683 118,598,634 69,786,119 50,840,089 2,392 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 26,270,146 59,366,971 40,085,802 34,131,454 1,667 

 Other institutional spending .................... 18,847,757 22,988,584 7,602,966 4,774,051 152 

 Undergraduate students........................... 28,106,225 33,098,817 20,182,621 10,884,057 524 

 Graduate/professional students................ 2,610,555 3,144,262 1,914,730 1,050,527 49 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

38 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Virginia State University .......................... 96,896,534 145,998,379 85,556,762 60,203,273 2,754 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 24,802,269 56,840,622 38,978,719 32,841,401 1,767 

 Other institutional spending .................... 30,017,147 38,435,375 14,973,992 10,001,930 265 

 Undergraduate students........................... 37,478,355 45,061,129 28,072,003 15,389,014 642 

 Graduate/professional students................ 4,598,763 5,661,253 3,532,048 1,970,928 80 

 

West Virginia State College...................... 81,054,718 107,733,257 57,926,595 39,166,056 2,028 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 15,122,825 32,984,007 21,871,856 18,932,513 1,078 

 Other institutional spending .................... 25,622,585 30,557,442 9,301,250 5,945,157 191 

 Undergraduate students........................... 40,309,308 44,191,808 26,753,489 14,288,386 759 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Winston-Salem State University 65,938,943 100,906,015 60,170,343 44,383,431 1,923 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 23,436,503 52,162,834 35,529,687 30,318,296 1,332 

 Other institutional spending .................... 14,870,092 17,483,113 5,228,675 3,550,021 105 

 Undergraduate students........................... 27,384,510 30,973,234 19,233,857 10,416,932 482 

 Graduate/professional students................ 247,838 286,834 178,124 98,182 4 

 

 Total, 2-year......................................... 352,701,765 508,616,601 301,409,631 205,193,565 9,353 

 

Bishop State Community College............. 58,314,799 84,437,451 49,861,659 33,311,978 1,651 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 12,992,871 29,409,847 19,789,359 16,759,101 900 

 Other institutional spending .................... 10,074,790 13,088,054 4,638,742 2,877,936 89 

 Undergraduate students........................... 35,247,138 41,939,550 25,433,558 13,674,941 662 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Coahoma Community College ................. 23,225,698 31,509,881 17,802,555 12,566,454 623 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 6,364,218 13,542,760 8,771,315 7,662,564 367 

 Other institutional spending .................... 4,343,282 4,860,495 1,131,078 741,654 27 

 Undergraduate students........................... 12,518,198 13,106,626 7,900,162 4,162,236 229 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Denmark Technical College ..................... 19,284,228 22,775,653 12,296,989 8,316,051 478 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 4,011,180 8,212,258 5,034,390 4,502,741 223 

 Other institutional spending .................... 3,654,453 3,883,149 818,783 501,348 21 

 Undergraduate students........................... 11,618,595 10,680,246 6,443,816 3,311,962 234 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Gadsden State Community College ......... 76,749,447 101,780,712 59,471,678 39,309,395 2,042 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 14,781,885 32,324,160 21,249,854 18,364,208 985 

 Other institutional spending .................... 10,542,827 12,257,433 3,518,413 2,317,614 77 

 Undergraduate students........................... 51,424,735 57,199,119 34,703,411 18,627,573 980 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

39 

Table A-1. Total economic impact of public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

J F Drake State Technical College........... 9,974,961 13,973,178 8,139,709 5,863,827 262 

Wages and salaries .................................. 2,923,178 6,363,489 4,203,516 3,616,262 156 

Other institutional spending .................... 1,760,900 2,079,967 619,808 434,362 14 

Undergraduate students........................... 5,290,883 5,529,722 3,316,385 1,813,203 92 

Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Lawson State Community College........... 27,806,990 40,860,071 24,783,749 17,013,737 795 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 7,061,955 16,015,813 10,920,113 9,231,892 480 

 Other institutional spending .................... 5,045,192 6,269,860 2,282,494 1,473,745 42 

 Undergraduate students........................... 15,699,843 18,574,398 11,581,142 6,308,100 273 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Shelton St Comm College-C A Fredd...... 4,062,904 5,662,643 3,002,950 2,109,506 111 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 1,043,543 2,259,339 1,465,327 1,264,130 70 

 Other institutional spending .................... 1,301,476 1,559,127 433,736 261,607 9 

 Undergraduate students........................... 1,717,885 1,844,177 1,103,887 583,769 32 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Southern University at Shreveport .......... 20,939,799 31,218,384 18,392,503 12,542,615 679 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 5,198,253 11,824,764 7,898,568 6,723,300 425 

 Other institutional spending .................... 3,441,896 4,613,444 1,574,381 983,438 33 

 Undergraduate students........................... 12,299,650 14,780,176 8,919,554 4,835,877 221 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

St Philips College....................................... 99,011,243 155,312,276 95,368,635 64,967,042 2,301 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 25,533,291 60,056,138 40,847,353 34,214,769 1,138 

 Other institutional spending .................... 14,353,229 20,196,866 7,935,448 5,212,865 149 

 Undergraduate students........................... 59,124,723 75,059,272 46,585,834 25,539,408 1,014 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

 

Trenholm St Technical College ................ 13,331,698 21,086,352 12,289,204 9,192,960 411 

 Wages and salaries .................................. 5,056,068 11,315,446 7,589,095 6,477,592 290 

 Other institutional spending .................... 3,467,585 4,167,046 1,307,558 874,920 29 

 Undergraduate students........................... 4,808,045 5,603,860 3,392,551 1,840,448 92 

 Graduate/professional students................ † † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, 

proprietary income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are 

paid by employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. 

SOURCE: Initial spending estimates: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education 

Data System (IPEDS), 2001. The impacts of spending on output, value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN 

system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers, and consumption functions provided by MIG, Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey 

Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
Appendix A. Tables 

40 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

 Total, not-for-profit HBCUs ............. 2,504,395,035 3,968,612,757 2,308,067,488 1,702,815,040 65,307 

 

 Total, 4-year ........................................... 2,492,286,973 3,950,462,785 2,297,452,402 1,695,130,729 64,785 

 

Allen University ............................................ 13,128,550 16,022,672 9,679,275 5,685,089 349 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 947,330 2,113,822 1,423,672 1,211,007 152 

 Other institutional spending....................... 872,657 1,039,809 339,459 215,969 7 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 11,308,563 12,869,041 7,916,144 4,258,113 190 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Arkansas Baptist College ............................ 3,670,619 4,979,532 2,705,496 1,758,580 146 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 500,899 1,138,156 766,590 651,289 97 

 Other institutional spending....................... 1,197,710 1,497,259 513,013 333,714 11 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 1,972,010 2,344,117 1,425,893 773,577 38 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Barber-Scotia College................................... 12,905,304 18,688,963 10,708,476 7,324,086 347 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 2,694,467 6,159,639 4,235,633 3,559,471 220 

 Other institutional spending....................... 4,467,612 5,646,071 2,163,454 1,403,034 36 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,743,225 6,883,253 4,309,389 2,361,581 91 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Benedict College............................................ 67,194,101 95,492,971 53,477,399 37,271,177 1,665 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 16,349,344 36,481,059 24,570,211 20,899,963 1,013 

 Other institutional spending....................... 21,493,319 25,610,242 8,360,793 5,319,257 160 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 29,351,438 33,401,670 20,546,395 11,051,957 492 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Bennett College ............................................. 19,615,140 30,686,561 17,082,060 12,712,020 667 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 6,208,550 14,270,448 9,790,713 8,260,635 509 

 Other institutional spending....................... 8,151,285 10,152,896 3,426,836 2,336,980 67 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,255,305 6,263,217 3,864,511 2,114,405 91 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Bethune Cookman College.......................... 60,356,973 91,496,063 53,460,028 37,718,275 2,053 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 16,264,223 37,186,755 25,355,484 21,445,870 1,426 

 Other institutional spending....................... 17,394,377 21,829,614 7,848,613 5,134,213 159 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 26,698,373 32,479,694 20,255,931 11,138,192 468 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Claflin University.......................................... 35,663,617 46,981,584 23,806,651 17,189,016 812 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 8,755,669 18,479,573 11,705,987 10,348,549 476 

 Other institutional spending....................... 12,626,123 14,152,742 3,397,285 2,219,658 86 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 14,281,825 14,349,269 8,703,379 4,620,809 250 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

41 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

—Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Clark Atlanta University............................. 127,084,913 208,061,732 127,192,184 91,737,201 2,672 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 39,381,486 93,046,041 65,007,415 54,262,542 1,560 

 Other institutional spending....................... 40,468,787 55,033,925 24,050,998 16,103,540 366 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 39,226,735 49,609,957 31,529,904 17,618,760 618 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 8,007,905 10,371,809 6,603,867 3,752,359 128 

 

Concordia College........................................ 10,417,886 12,039,888 6,387,973 4,004,912 312 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 1,277,255 2,696,480 1,724,309 1,517,672 168 

 Other institutional spending....................... 2,030,213 2,169,837 375,535 231,727 9 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 7,110,418 7,173,571 4,288,129 2,255,513 135 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Dillard University ......................................... 54,246,224 84,321,145 48,134,979 33,719,904 1,449 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 14,542,173 33,454,994 22,779,248 19,209,682 918 

 Other institutional spending....................... 18,896,296 25,523,304 9,694,943 5,984,782 174 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 20,807,755 25,342,847 15,660,788 8,525,440 357 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Edward Waters College............................... 23,826,531 32,974,931 17,476,794 11,183,023 787 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 2,000,464 4,687,623 3,176,309 2,685,547 390 

 Other institutional spending....................... 8,591,237 11,650,162 4,327,553 2,966,479 111 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 13,234,830 16,637,146 9,972,932 5,530,997 286 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Fisk University .............................................. 26,740,150 42,798,421 24,215,440 17,709,473 667 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 7,288,715 17,260,199 11,941,934 10,050,810 421 

 Other institutional spending....................... 11,048,735 14,870,226 5,611,768 3,933,424 104 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 8,187,908 10,389,062 6,487,207 3,626,055 138 

 Graduate/professional students .................. 214,793 278,934 174,531 99,184 4 

 

Florida Memorial College ........................... 47,206,118 73,730,366 43,902,771 30,953,098 1,320 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 11,497,804 27,186,050 18,903,277 15,860,863 848 

 Other institutional spending....................... 15,210,591 20,570,020 8,593,248 5,903,028 145 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 20,497,723 25,974,296 16,406,246 9,189,207 327 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Hampton University ..................................... 143,361,666 226,946,776 130,212,556 93,517,953 4,377 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 41,579,950 96,820,573 65,612,881 55,395,699 2,851 

 Other institutional spending....................... 46,536,573 61,253,577 22,924,611 15,145,759 471 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 48,614,113 60,429,143 36,565,526 20,117,971 926 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 6,631,030 8,443,483 5,109,538 2,858,524 129 

 

Howard University....................................... 683,650,435 1,169,359,285 702,885,546 541,861,032 14,613 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 277,025,055 641,162,911 444,970,777 376,060,618 10,505 

 Other institutional spending....................... 300,932,945 397,137,820 173,996,906 118,327,070 2,480 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 68,324,048 84,016,417 53,754,173 30,220,189 1,048 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 37,368,388 47,042,137 30,163,690 17,253,155 580 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

42 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Huston-Tillotson College.............................. 17,230,036 24,738,451 13,348,887 9,456,354 444 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 3,243,188 7,273,755 4,919,675 4,185,647 290 

 Other institutional spending....................... 8,446,923 10,942,696 4,308,438 3,011,159 71 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,539,925 6,522,000 4,120,774 2,259,548 83 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Interdenominational Theolog Ctr............... 11,805,746 18,905,760 11,259,446 8,039,927 296 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 3,111,107 7,350,565 5,135,536 4,286,699 189 

 Other institutional spending....................... 4,541,984 6,176,691 2,699,346 1,807,369 41 

 Undergraduate students.............................. † † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 4,152,655 5,378,504 3,424,564 1,945,859 66 

 

Jarvis Christian College ............................... 17,469,734 27,390,044 15,456,023 10,937,985 529 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,118,829 11,666,235 7,899,519 6,646,829 374 

 Other institutional spending....................... 6,582,267 8,775,950 3,267,398 1,982,433 58 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,768,638 6,947,859 4,289,106 2,308,723 97 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Johnson C Smith University ........................ 41,246,765 61,540,595 35,256,942 24,760,525 1,080 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 10,211,123 23,342,958 16,051,622 13,489,196 708 

 Other institutional spending....................... 15,340,882 19,387,474 7,428,867 4,817,735 122 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 15,694,760 18,810,163 11,776,453 6,453,594 250 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Lane College.................................................. 14,495,404 19,353,640 10,551,608 7,431,701 585 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 3,408,963 7,399,718 4,929,881 4,240,250 445 

 Other institutional spending....................... 4,331,798 4,907,658 1,228,238 841,586 26 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 6,754,643 7,046,264 4,393,489 2,349,865 114 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Le Moyne-Owen College .............................. 20,337,476 31,770,781 17,844,102 12,834,296 485 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,284,457 12,373,164 8,514,986 7,165,660 298 

 Other institutional spending....................... 8,156,066 10,888,283 4,016,645 2,728,929 75 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 6,896,953 8,509,334 5,312,471 2,939,707 112 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Livingstone College....................................... 17,430,585 25,419,037 13,198,531 10,256,942 592 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 6,205,866 13,130,043 8,362,548 7,375,842 477 

 Other institutional spending....................... 6,853,419 7,687,166 2,023,279 1,363,246 43 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 3,049,500 3,188,720 1,951,662 1,047,652 50 

 Graduate/professional students .................. 1,321,800 1,413,108 861,042 470,202 22 

 

Meharry Medical College............................. 93,984,045 173,837,231 103,549,144 82,329,008 2,974 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 46,811,103 110,852,044 76,695,980 64,550,407 2,459 

 Other institutional spending....................... 37,564,067 50,556,577 19,079,185 13,373,063 352 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 1,667,060 2,115,216 1,320,797 738,266 28 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 7,941,815 10,313,394 6,453,182 3,667,272 135 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

43 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Miles College ................................................ 32,052,746 43,824,439 24,296,018 15,992,811 860 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 4,816,456 10,923,245 7,447,831 6,296,416 490 

 Other institutional spending....................... 11,368,725 14,128,365 5,143,322 3,320,905 94 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 15,867,565 18,772,829 11,704,865 6,375,490 276 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Morehouse College....................................... 79,122,942 128,768,198 77,676,160 56,061,107 1,952 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 23,669,613 55,923,832 39,071,665 32,613,632 1,269 

 Other institutional spending....................... 28,490,666 38,744,752 16,932,282 11,337,146 258 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 26,962,663 34,099,614 21,672,213 12,110,329 425 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Morehouse School of Medicine .................... 83,356,171 160,987,286 100,397,593 80,020,773 2,559 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 47,645,738 112,571,852 78,649,290 65,649,596 2,221 

 Other institutional spending....................... 33,430,328 45,462,250 19,867,972 13,302,761 302 

 Undergraduate students.............................. † † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 2,280,105 2,953,184 1,880,331 1,068,416 36 

 

Morris Brown College .................................. 65,740,496 106,480,108 65,983,379 47,004,541 1,829 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 19,765,974 46,700,764 32,627,889 27,234,928 1,220 

 Other institutional spending....................... 17,177,077 23,359,285 10,208,505 6,835,187 155 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 28,797,445 36,420,059 23,146,985 12,934,426 454 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Morris College............................................... 21,456,294 28,977,269 15,583,179 11,238,571 645 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,680,636 12,169,270 7,858,422 6,910,358 437 

 Other institutional spending....................... 5,895,278 6,526,717 1,460,538 965,479 34 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 9,880,380 10,281,282 6,264,219 3,362,734 174 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Oakwood College ......................................... 39,824,265 57,315,478 32,243,048 23,704,788 1,186 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 12,211,449 26,583,200 17,560,004 15,106,778 807 

 Other institutional spending....................... 10,535,616 12,444,624 3,708,366 2,598,823 81 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 17,077,200 18,287,654 10,974,678 5,999,187 298 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Paine College................................................. 18,812,457 27,908,188 16,081,569 11,266,602 638 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,001,175 11,250,699 7,553,379 6,404,881 437 

 Other institutional spending....................... 5,506,477 6,884,680 2,503,737 1,606,782 50 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 8,304,805 9,772,809 6,024,453 3,254,939 151 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Paul Quinn College....................................... 20,053,231 32,401,228 19,739,572 13,821,501 569 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,279,294 12,476,644 8,663,364 7,216,759 383 

 Other institutional spending....................... 6,789,329 9,675,490 4,555,414 2,974,866 65 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 7,984,608 10,249,094 6,520,794 3,629,876 121 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

44 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Philander Smith College.............................. 15,703,020 23,470,909 13,650,064 9,563,396 502 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 4,220,625 9,590,209 6,459,359 5,487,823 320 

 Other institutional spending....................... 3,772,242 4,715,685 1,615,759 1,051,048 34 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 7,710,153 9,165,015 5,574,946 3,024,525 148 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Rust College................................................... 17,144,380 26,667,966 15,415,040 10,951,878 571 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 4,469,677 10,465,416 7,202,109 6,060,828 404 

 Other institutional spending....................... 5,579,533 7,448,659 2,747,781 1,866,856 52 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 7,095,170 8,753,891 5,465,150 3,024,194 115 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Saint Augustine’s College............................. 33,851,703 50,038,665 28,960,118 20,607,985 856 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 9,592,704 21,406,142 14,533,008 12,300,118 554 

 Other institutional spending....................... 11,069,911 13,478,360 4,901,549 3,153,600 82 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 13,189,088 15,154,163 9,525,561 5,154,267 220 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Saint Paul’s College ...................................... 13,446,486 15,866,324 6,839,063 5,075,957 424 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 2,647,057 5,374,382 3,185,844 2,894,432 303 

 Other institutional spending....................... 5,650,856 5,919,742 907,835 705,659 26 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,148,573 4,572,200 2,745,384 1,475,866 95 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Shaw University ............................................ 50,792,145 70,882,909 40,264,959 27,403,082 1,464 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 10,459,928 23,341,353 15,846,857 13,412,104 949 

 Other institutional spending....................... 16,952,349 20,640,622 7,506,182 4,829,391 126 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 21,991,978 25,268,616 15,883,276 8,594,418 366 

 Graduate/professional students .................. 1,387,890 1,632,318 1,028,644 567,169 23 

 

Southwestern Christian College .................. 4,902,248 7,916,198 4,825,129 3,376,559 183 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 1,287,878 3,043,663 2,113,418 1,760,520 137 

 Other institutional spending....................... 1,647,442 2,347,774 1,105,379 721,856 16 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 1,966,928 2,524,761 1,606,332 894,183 30 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Spelman College............................................ 64,393,781 104,253,335 62,467,796 45,011,726 1,778 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 18,667,138 44,104,562 30,814,030 25,720,876 1,221 

 Other institutional spending....................... 24,349,648 33,113,338 14,471,235 9,689,333 220 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 21,376,995 27,035,435 17,182,531 9,601,517 337 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Stillman College ........................................... 32,163,206 43,650,042 22,986,563 15,612,465 883 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 6,835,572 14,799,464 9,598,406 8,280,495 531 

 Other institutional spending....................... 10,125,876 12,130,481 3,374,597 2,035,380 67 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 15,201,758 16,720,097 10,013,560 5,296,590 285 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

45 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Talladega College......................................... 14,934,372 24,360,277 14,607,702 11,588,622 459 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 8,203,440 17,285,785 10,988,370 9,657,127 355 

 Other institutional spending....................... 1,429,884 1,576,920 352,518 228,343 8 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,301,048 5,497,572 3,266,814 1,703,152 96 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Texas College................................................. 12,546,828 18,479,414 10,240,778 7,074,984 341 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 2,906,400 6,555,192 4,446,108 3,761,909 220 

 Other institutional spending....................... 4,522,350 5,884,089 2,057,359 1,295,688 37 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,118,078 6,040,133 3,737,311 2,017,387 84 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Tougaloo College........................................... 25,462,394 37,455,630 19,791,656 14,230,335 788 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 6,579,066 14,744,647 9,802,666 8,388,304 549 

 Other institutional spending....................... 9,678,920 12,071,159 3,536,426 2,367,032 77 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 9,204,408 10,639,824 6,452,564 3,474,999 162 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Tuskegee University..................................... 102,927,343 133,373,079 58,768,351 46,239,491 2,147 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 32,158,172 65,095,718 38,337,778 34,744,392 1,443 

 Other institutional spending....................... 42,287,543 43,982,836 5,972,521 4,263,625 166 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 24,736,528 21,012,122 12,509,194 6,234,806 467 

 Graduate/professional students .................. 3,745,100 3,282,403 1,948,858 996,668 71 

 

Virginia Union University ............................ 27,249,002 39,462,543 24,081,094 16,149,262 750 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 5,742,252 13,159,812 9,024,402 7,603,482 418 

 Other institutional spending....................... 4,460,852 5,711,886 2,225,287 1,486,388 39 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 13,697,338 16,468,639 10,259,567 5,624,273 235 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 3,348,560 4,122,206 2,571,838 1,435,119 58 

 

Voorhees College........................................... 16,033,022 19,206,456 9,367,328 6,494,015 554 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 3,264,556 6,683,663 4,097,310 3,664,620 375 

 Other institutional spending....................... 5,480,161 5,823,111 1,227,834 751,813 32 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 7,288,305 6,699,682 4,042,184 2,077,582 147 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Wilberforce University................................. 24,642,743 35,776,962 19,800,943 14,350,519 729 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 6,240,704 14,034,113 9,452,044 8,101,775 491 

 Other institutional spending....................... 8,999,414 11,014,378 3,747,414 2,612,315 74 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 9,402,625 10,728,471 6,601,485 3,636,429 164 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Wiley College................................................. 15,672,431 21,234,364 11,216,663 7,681,930 472 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 3,421,926 7,340,854 4,786,188 4,119,873 339 

 Other institutional spending....................... 6,451,372 7,663,490 2,588,475 1,548,324 41 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 5,799,133 6,230,020 3,842,000 2,013,733 92 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

46 

Table A-2. Total economic impact of not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Initial spending 

(2001 dollars) 

Output impact

(2001 dollars) 

Value-added 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Labor income 

impact 

(2001 dollars) 

Employment 

impact 

(jobs) 

 

Xavier University of Louisiana .................... 96,935,260 154,169,089 90,376,326 64,216,252 2,425 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 29,705,811 68,339,699 46,531,975 39,240,298 1,496 

 Other institutional spending....................... 28,584,509 38,609,210 14,665,582 9,053,205 264 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 33,275,128 40,527,509 25,044,255 13,633,625 571 

 Graduate/professional students.................. 5,369,813 6,692,671 4,134,514 2,289,124 94 

 

 

 Total, 2-year ............................................ 12,108,062 18,149,972 10,615,086 7,684,311 522 

 

Clinton Junior College ................................. 1,083,904 1,738,462 1,030,122 758,844 36 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 383,676 877,096 603,129 506,847 28 

 Other institutional spending....................... 369,865 467,427 179,108 116,154 3 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 330,363 393,939 247,885 135,843 5 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Lewis College of Business............................. 4,546,684 7,221,134 4,610,484 3,282,567 157 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 1,496,070 3,444,573 2,357,226 1,996,608 112 

 Other institutional spending....................... 458,539 602,306 247,663 167,919 4 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 2,592,075 3,174,255 2,005,595 1,118,040 41 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

 

Mary Holmes College ................................... 6,477,475 9,190,376 4,974,480 3,642,900 329 

 Wages and salaries..................................... 1,955,683 4,197,045 2,709,705 2,358,915 265 

 Other institutional spending....................... 1,843,314 2,109,503 536,615 363,531 13 

 Undergraduate students.............................. 2,678,478 2,883,828 1,728,160 920,454 51 

 Graduate/professional students .................. † † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, 

proprietary income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are 

paid by employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. 

SOURCE: Initial spending estimates: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education 

Data System (IPEDS), 2001. The impacts of spending on output, value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN 

system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers, and consumption functions provided by MIG, Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey 

Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
Appendix A. Tables 

47 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

 4-year 

 

Alabama A & M University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.199 1.453 1.250 56.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.193 0.356 0.249 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.400 0.840 0.459 22.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.404 0.845 0.470 22.7 

 

Alabama State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.257 1.514 1.292 66.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.213 0.380 0.255 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.467 0.888 0.482 24.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.472 0.892 0.493 24.0 

 

Albany State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.230 1.484 1.274 68.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.179 0.335 0.222 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.419 0.866 0.468 23.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.423 0.869 0.478 23.4 

 

Alcorn State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.139 1.372 1.195 93.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.144 0.311 0.185 6.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.328 0.808 0.424 22.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.328 0.810 0.433 22.1 

 

Bluefield State College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.232 1.480 1.271 70.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.214 0.379 0.240 8.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.446 0.861 0.462 24.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Bowie State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.331 1.618 1.367 53.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.328 0.582 0.396 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.548 0.990 0.557 19.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.554 0.996 0.570 19.2 

 

Central State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.267 1.527 1.309 63.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.234 0.420 0.293 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.464 0.901 0.496 22.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.470 0.905 0.508 23.6 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

48 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Cheyney University of PA 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.454 1.716 1.431 53.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.466 0.681 0.453 9.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.657 1.045 0.591 20.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.666 1.051 0.604 20.1 

 

Coppin State College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.390 1.662 1.397 72.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.381 0.603 0.407 10.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.606 1.012 0.569 21.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.613 1.018 0.582 21.9 

 

Delaware State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.171 1.415 1.232 47.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.145 0.284 0.202 6.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.348 0.823 0.439 21.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.351 0.822 0.446 20.8 

 

Elizabeth City State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.177 1.412 1.225 54.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.153 0.332 0.207 7.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.375 0.842 0.450 23.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.378 0.846 0.461 24.6 

 

Fayetteville State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.192 1.429 1.234 62.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.169 0.312 0.216 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.391 0.844 0.450 22.4 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.394 0.847 0.461 22.5 

 

Florida Agricultural & Mechanical 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.240 1.519 1.295 46.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.237 0.431 0.299 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.436 0.900 0.489 19.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.441 0.904 0.501 19.0 

 

Fort Valley State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.079 1.269 1.128 39.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.068 0.178 0.129 4.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.226 0.783 0.400 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.230 0.776 0.405 21.3 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

49 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Grambling State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.157 1.365 1.200 66.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.152 0.241 0.165 6.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.341 0.795 0.422 25.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.343 0.795 0.430 25.2 

 

Harris-Stowe State College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.456 1.701 1.417 60.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.447 0.597 0.399 10.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.657 1.022 0.572 22.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Jackson State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.261 1.503 1.286 58.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.259 0.369 0.247 8.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.455 0.883 0.475 22.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.459 0.887 0.486 22.0 

 

Kentucky State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.081 1.303 1.159 60.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.061 0.181 0.136 4.6 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.211 0.740 0.388 22.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.213 0.742 0.397 21.9 

 

Langston University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.368 1.614 1.355 95.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.398 0.561 0.358 11.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.589 0.960 0.525 24.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.592 0.965 0.537 24.3 

 

Lincoln University (MO) 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.193 1.459 1.255 60.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.142 0.324 0.201 6.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.365 0.841 0.447 22.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.367 0.843 0.457 22.5 

 

Lincoln University (PA) 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.454 1.716 1.431 68.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.466 0.681 0.453 9.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.657 1.045 0.591 20.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.666 1.051 0.604 20.3 

 

Mississippi Valley State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.121 1.331 1.173 73.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.117 0.251 0.170 6.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.306 0.787 0.411 22.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.306 0.793 0.420 22.8 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

50 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Morgan State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.390 1.662 1.397 62.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.381 0.603 0.407 10.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.606 1.012 0.569 21.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.613 1.018 0.582 21.7 

 

NC Agricultural & Technical State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.315 1.588 1.340 50.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.256 0.424 0.289 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.500 0.926 0.507 21.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.505 0.931 0.519 21.8 

 

Norfolk State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.345 1.589 1.342 71.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.326 0.496 0.328 10.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.565 0.947 0.521 24.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.572 0.951 0.532 24.0 

 

North Carolina Central University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.223 1.507 1.286 49.1 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.178 0.369 0.246 6.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.388 0.860 0.464 20.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.392 0.864 0.475 20.4 

 

Prairie View A & M University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.369 1.628 1.359 58.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.510 0.712 0.452 10.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.610 1.023 0.566 20.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.616 1.027 0.578 20.0 

 

Savannah State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.271 1.538 1.307 47.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.239 0.414 0.271 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.480 0.923 0.503 22.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.485 0.929 0.516 22.3 

 

South Carolina State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.136 1.353 1.196 49.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.133 0.272 0.178 6.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.314 0.797 0.423 22.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.316 0.798 0.433 22.7 

 

Southern Univ. and A & M College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.245 1.504 1.285 68.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.264 0.456 0.289 8.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.441 0.879 0.474 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.446 0.881 0.484 21.7 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

51 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Southern University New Orleans 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.318 1.578 1.331 68.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.360 0.517 0.319 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.533 0.948 0.516 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.538 0.950 0.526 21.6 

 

Tennessee State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.385 1.650 1.389 58.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.357 0.512 0.359 9.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.597 0.997 0.558 21.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.603 1.003 0.570 21.1 

 

Texas Southern University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.369 1.628 1.359 68.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.510 0.712 0.452 10.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.610 1.023 0.566 20.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.616 1.027 0.578 19.9 

 

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.159 1.407 1.221 66.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.127 0.297 0.181 6.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.339 0.811 0.426 23.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.341 0.813 0.436 23.3 

 

University of the District of Columbia 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.331 1.618 1.367 43.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.328 0.582 0.396 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.548 0.990 0.557 19.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.554 0.996 0.570 19.1 

 

University of DC Clarke School of Law 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.331 1.618 1.367 41.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.328 0.582 0.396 8.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.554 0.996 0.570 19.4 

 

University of Maryland-Eastern Shore 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.279 1.539 1.310 64.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.230 0.407 0.255 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.483 0.904 0.488 23.5 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.487 0.905 0.497 23.2 

 (See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

52 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Virginia State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.309 1.583 1.334 71.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.290 0.502 0.336 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.514 0.943 0.517 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.519 0.948 0.529 21.5 

 

West Virginia State College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.201 1.460 1.263 71.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.203 0.366 0.234 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.380 0.836 0.446 23.7 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Winston-Salem State University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.244 1.528 1.304 57.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.187 0.355 0.241 7.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.424 0.884 0.479 22.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.429 0.887 0.489 19.9 

 

 2-year 

Bishop State Community College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.282 1.536 1.301 69.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.309 0.464 0.288 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.498 0.908 0.488 23.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Coahoma Community College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.157 1.397 1.220 58.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.133 0.264 0.173 6.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.335 0.804 0.424 23.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Denmark Technical College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.075 1.272 1.138 56.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.075 0.227 0.139 5.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.228 0.741 0.381 26.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Gadsden State Community College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.208 1.451 1.254 67.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.174 0.337 0.222 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.400 0.850 0.456 24.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

53 

Table A-3. Economic multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

J F Drake State Technical College 

Wages and salaries ........................................................... 2.199 1.453 1.250 53.9 

Other institutional spending ............................................. 1.193 0.356 0.249 8.0 

Undergraduate students.................................................... 1.401 0.840 0.459 23.3 

Graduate/professional students......................................... † † † † 

 

Lawson State Community College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.286 1.559 1.318 68.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.253 0.456 0.294 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.489 0.929 0.506 21.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Shelton State Comm College-C A Fredd 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.187 1.419 1.224 67.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.210 0.337 0.203 7.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.385 0.829 0.438 24.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Southern University at Shreveport 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.294 1.532 1.304 82.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.351 0.461 0.288 9.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.513 0.913 0.495 22.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

St. Philip’s College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.369 1.612 1.350 44.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.417 0.557 0.366 10.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.598 0.992 0.544 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Trenholm State Technical College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.257 1.514 1.292 57.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.213 0.380 0.255 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.467 0.888 0.482 24.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Economic multipliers for output, value-added, and labor income are expressed in dollar amounts to the nearest third decimal whereas 

multipliers for employment are reported to the first decimal. This reflects fundamental differences in how multipliers are used and what they 

represent. The output, value-added, and labor income multipliers are applied against dollar amounts and generate impact estimates in terms of dollar 

amounts. The employment multipliers are applied against $1,000,000 amounts and generate economic impact estimates that are measured in terms of 

jobs. Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, proprietary 

income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are paid by 

employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. 

SOURCE: The multipliers for output, value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type 

SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers, and production functions provided by MIG. Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National 

Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
Appendix A. Tables 

54 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

 4-year 

 

Allen University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.250 1.516 1.289 161.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.202 0.392 0.250 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.433 0.881 0.474 21.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Arkansas Baptist College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.291 1.543 1.311 195.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.260 0.432 0.281 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.497 0.910 0.494 24.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Barber-Scotia College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.304 1.584 1.331 82.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.273 0.488 0.316 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.509 0.945 0.518 19.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Benedict College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.250 1.516 1.289 62.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.202 0.392 0.250 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.433 0.881 0.474 21.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Bennett College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.315 1.588 1.340 82.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.256 0.424 0.289 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.500 0.926 0.507 21.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Bethune Cookman College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.304 1.571 1.329 88.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.265 0.455 0.297 9.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.532 0.955 0.525 22.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Claflin University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.136 1.353 1.196 55.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.133 0.272 0.178 6.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.314 0.797 0.423 22.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

55 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Clark Atlanta University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 39.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.592 1.012 0.565 19.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.599 1.018 0.578 19.7 

 

Concordia College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.134 1.365 1.201 133.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.083 0.187 0.116 4.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.302 0.778 0.409 24.5 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Dillard University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.318 1.578 1.331 63.6 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.360 0.517 0.319 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.533 0.948 0.516 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Edward Waters College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.360 1.599 1.352 196.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.365 0.507 0.347 13.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.583 0.949 0.526 27.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Fisk University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.385 1.650 1.389 58.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.357 0.512 0.359 9.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.597 0.997 0.558 21.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.603 1.003 0.570 23.0 

 

Florida Memorial College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.380 1.655 1.389 74.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.361 0.568 0.391 9.6 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.595 1.008 0.564 20.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Hampton University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.345 1.589 1.342 69.1 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.326 0.496 0.328 10.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.565 0.947 0.521 24.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.572 0.951 0.532 24.0 

 

Howard University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.331 1.618 1.367 38.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.328 0.582 0.396 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.548 0.990 0.557 19.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.554 0.996 0.570 19.2 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

56 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Huston-Tillotson College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.263 1.531 1.302 90.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.305 0.514 0.359 8.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.482 0.936 0.513 18.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Interdenominational Theolog Ctr 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 61.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.599 1.018 0.578 19.6 

 

Jarvis Christian College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.298 1.556 1.309 73.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.343 0.500 0.303 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.516 0.936 0.504 21.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Johnson C. Smith University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.304 1.584 1.331 69.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.273 0.488 0.316 8.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.509 0.945 0.518 20.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Lane College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.190 1.459 1.255 131.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.145 0.287 0.196 6.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.373 0.856 0.458 22.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Le Moyne-Owen College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.358 1.623 1.366 56.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.345 0.496 0.337 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.553 0.970 0.537 20.4 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Livingstone College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.140 1.363 1.202 77.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.133 0.298 0.201 6.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.316 0.806 0.433 20.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.320 0.804 0.439 20.5 

 

Meharry Medical College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.385 1.650 1.389 52.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.357 0.512 0.359 9.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.597 0.997 0.558 21.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.603 1.003 0.570 21.0 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

57 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 —Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Miles College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.286 1.559 1.318 102.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.253 0.456 0.294 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.489 0.929 0.506 21.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Morehouse College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 54.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.592 1.012 0.565 19.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Morehouse School of Medicine 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 46.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.599 1.018 0.578 19.5 

 

Morris Brown College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 62.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.592 1.012 0.565 19.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Morris College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.165 1.398 1.229 77.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.120 0.251 0.166 5.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.343 0.818 0.439 22.7 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Oakwood College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.199 1.453 1.250 66.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.193 0.356 0.249 7.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.400 0.840 0.459 22.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Paine College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.269 1.523 1.292 88.1 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.259 0.458 0.294 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.482 0.913 0.493 22.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Paul Quinn College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.381 1.653 1.377 73.1 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.433 0.675 0.440 9.6 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.616 1.028 0.572 19.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

58 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Philander Smith College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.291 1.543 1.311 76.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.260 0.432 0.281 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.497 0.910 0.494 24.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Rust College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.358 1.623 1.366 91.0 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.345 0.496 0.337 9.4 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.553 0.970 0.537 20.4 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Saint Augustine’s College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.251 1.528 1.293 58.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.227 0.446 0.287 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.447 0.909 0.492 21.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Saint Paul’s College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.061 1.222 1.110 116.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.061 0.163 0.126 4.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.216 0.730 0.392 25.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Shaw University 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.251 1.528 1.293 91.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.227 0.446 0.287 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.447 0.909 0.492 21.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.452 0.915 0.504 20.5 

 

Southwestern Christian College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.381 1.653 1.377 107.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.433 0.675 0.440 9.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.616 1.028 0.572 19.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Spelman College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.379 1.662 1.388 65.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.368 0.598 0.400 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.592 1.012 0.565 19.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Stillman College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.187 1.419 1.224 78.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.210 0.337 0.203 6.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.385 0.829 0.439 23.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

59 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

 — Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Talladega College 

 Wages and salaries ....................................................... 2.131 1.354 1.190 43.8 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.115 0.249 0.162 5.7 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.306 0.776 0.404 22.8 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Texas College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.274 1.543 1.305 76.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.312 0.459 0.289 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.486 0.919 0.496 20.7 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Tougaloo College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.261 1.503 1.286 84.2 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.259 0.369 0.247 8.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.455 0.883 0.475 22.2 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Tuskegee University 

 Wages and salaries ....................................................... 2.054 1.210 1.096 45.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.054 0.143 0.102 4.0 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.181 0.703 0.350 26.3 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.183 0.702 0.359 25.6 

 

Virginia Union University 

 Wages and salaries ....................................................... 2.309 1.583 1.334 73.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.290 0.502 0.336 8.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.514 0.943 0.517 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.519 0.948 0.529 21.4 

 

Voorhees College 

 Wages and salaries ....................................................... 2.075 1.272 1.138 116.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.075 0.227 0.139 5.9 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.228 0.741 0.381 26.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Wilberforce University 

 Wages and salaries ....................................................... 2.267 1.527 1.309 79.3 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.234 0.420 0.293 8.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.464 0.901 0.496 22.4 

 Graduate/professional students † † † † 

 

Wiley College 

Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.167 1.413 1.216 100.1 

 Other institutional spending ........................................ 1.198 0.405 0.242 6.4 

 Undergraduate students............................................... 1.369 0.845 0.443 20.2 

 Graduate/professional students.................................... † † † † 

 (See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

60 

Table A-4. Economic multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 2001 

—Continued 

Institution Economic 

output multiplier 

Economic

value-added

multiplier 

Economic 

labor income 

multiplier 

Economic

employment

multiplier 

 

Xavier University of Louisiana 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.318 1.578 1.331 50.7 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.360 0.517 0.319 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.533 0.948 0.516 21.6 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... 1.538 0.950 0.526 21.6 

 

 2-year 

 

Clinton Junior College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.304 1.584 1.331 73.5 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.273 0.488 0.316 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.501 0.945 0.518 19.1 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Lewis College of Business 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.320 1.588 1.345 75.4 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.322 0.544 0.369 8.8 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.542 0.974 0.543 19.9 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

 

Mary Holmes College 

 Wages and salaries....................................................... 2.169 1.400 1.219 136.9 

 Other institutional spending ......................................... 1.157 0.294 0.199 7.1 

 Undergraduate students................................................ 1.355 0.812 0.433 24.0 

 Graduate/professional students..................................... † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Economic multipliers for output, value-added, and labor income are expressed in dollar amounts to the nearest third decimal whereas 

multipliers for employment are reported to the first decimal. This reflects fundamental differences in how multipliers are used and what they 

represent. The output, value-added, and labor income multipliers are applied against dollar amounts and generate impact estimates in terms of dollar 

amounts. The employment multipliers are applied against $1,000,000 amounts and generate economic impact estimates that are measured in terms of 

jobs. Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, proprietary 

income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are paid by 

employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. 

SOURCE: The multipliers for output, value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type 

SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) multipliers, and production functions provided by MIG. Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National 

Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
Appendix A. Tables 

61 

Table A-5. Total employment impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities as a share of 

their regional economies: 2001 

Institution 

HBCU’s aggregate 

employment impact 

(jobs) 

HBCU’s share of 

regional employment 

(percent) 

 

 Public HBCUs .................................................................................. 114,835 † 

 

 4-year.................................................................................................... 105,482 † 

 

Alabama A & M University ........................................................................ 3,482 1.5 

Alabama State University............................................................................ 3,366 1.6 

Albany State University .............................................................................. 2,031 2.4 

Alcorn State University ............................................................................... 2,347 9.2 

Bluefield State College................................................................................ 1,197 2.4 

Bowie State University................................................................................ 2,228 0.1 

Central State University .............................................................................. 1,332 0.2 

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania........................................................... 1,045 # 

Coppin State College................................................................................... 1,913 0.1 

Delaware State University........................................................................... 2,110 2.7 

Elizabeth City State University ................................................................... 1,419 5.5 

Fayetteville State University ....................................................................... 2,372 1.2 

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ......................................... 6,818 3.0 

Fort Valley State University........................................................................ 1,470 14.3 

Grambling State University......................................................................... 3,047 10.0 

Harris-Stowe State College ......................................................................... 869 0.1 

Jackson State University.............................................................................. 4,509 1.4 

Kentucky State University........................................................................... 1,857 3.4 

Langston University .................................................................................... 1,659 0.2 

Lincoln University (MO)............................................................................. 1,630 1.5 

Lincoln University (PA).............................................................................. 1,459 # 

Mississippi Valley State University............................................................. 1,666 7.2 

Morgan State University.............................................................................. 4,745 0.3 

NC Agricultural and Technical St Univ ...................................................... 5,036 1.1 

Norfolk State University.............................................................................. 3,855 0.4 

North Carolina Central University............................................................... 3,128 1.0 

Prairie View A & M University .................................................................. 3,715 0.1 

Savannah State University........................................................................... 1,548 0.9 

South Carolina State University .................................................................. 2,575 5.7 

Southern University and A & M College .................................................... 5,607 1.2 

Southern University at New Orleans........................................................... 1,794 0.2 

Tennessee State University.......................................................................... 4,896 0.5 

Texas Southern University .......................................................................... 4,330 0.1 

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff........................................................... 2,133 4.2 

University of the District of Columbia ........................................................ 3,038 0.1 

University of DC Clarke School of Law ..................................................... 159 # 

University of Maryland-Eastern Shore........................................................ 2,392 3.8 

Virginia State University............................................................................. 2,754 0.4 

West Virginia State College ........................................................................ 2,028 1.1 

Winston-Salem State University ................................................................. 1,923 0.7 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

62 

Table A-5. Total employment impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities as a share of 

their regional economies: 2001—Continued 

Institution 

HBCU’s aggregate 

employment impact 

(jobs) 

HBCU’s share of 

regional employment 

(percent) 

 

 2-year.................................................................................................... 9,353 † 

 

Bishop State Community College ............................................................... 1,651 0.7 

Coahoma Community College .................................................................... 623 4.4 

Denmark Technical College ........................................................................ 478 6.4 

Gadsden State Community College............................................................. 2,042 2.6 

J F Drake State Technical College............................................................... 262 0.1 

Lawson State Community College .............................................................. 795 0.1 

Shelton State Community College-C A Fredd............................................. 111 0.1 

Southern University at Shreveport............................................................... 679 0.3 

St Philips College ........................................................................................ 2,301 0.2 

Trenholm State Technical College .............................................................. 411 0.2 

 

 Not-for-profit HBCUs ..................................................................... 65,307 † 

 4-year.................................................................................................... 64,785 † 

 

Allen University .......................................................................................... 349 0.1 

Arkansas Baptist College ............................................................................ 146 # 

Barber-Scotia College ................................................................................. 347 # 

Benedict College ......................................................................................... 1,665 0.4 

Bennett College........................................................................................... 667 0.2 

Bethune Cookman College.......................................................................... 2,053 1.2 

Claflin University........................................................................................ 812 1.8 

Clark Atlanta University.............................................................................. 2,672 0.1 

Concordia College....................................................................................... 312 1.4 

Dillard University........................................................................................ 1,449 0.2 

Edward Waters College............................................................................... 787 0.1 

Fisk University ............................................................................................ 667 0.1 

Florida Memorial College ........................................................................... 1,320 # 

Hampton University .................................................................................... 4,377 0.4 

Howard University ...................................................................................... 14,613 0.4 

Huston-Tillotson College ............................................................................ 444 # 

Interdenominational Theological Center ..................................................... 296 # 

Jarvis Christian College............................................................................... 529 0.4 

Johnson C Smith University........................................................................ 1,080 0.1 

Lane College ............................................................................................... 585 0.8 

Le Moyne-Owen College ............................................................................ 485 0.1 

Livingstone College .................................................................................... 592 1.0 

Meharry Medical College............................................................................ 2,974 0.3 

Miles College .............................................................................................. 860 0.1 

Morehouse College...................................................................................... 1,952 0.1 

Morehouse School of Medicine................................................................... 2,559 0.1 

Morris Brown College................................................................................. 1,829 0.1 

Morris College............................................................................................. 645 1.2 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix A. Tables 

63 

Table A-5. Total employment impact of Historically Black Colleges and Universities as a share of 

their regional economies: 2001—Continued 

Institution 

HBCU’s aggregate 

employment impact 

(jobs) 

HBCU’s share of 

regional employment 

(percent) 

 

Oakwood College........................................................................................ 1,186 0.5 

Paine College............................................................................................... 638 0.2 

Paul Quinn College ..................................................................................... 569 # 

Philander Smith College.............................................................................. 502 0.1 

Rust College ................................................................................................ 571 0.1 

Saint Augustine’s College ........................................................................... 856 0.2 

Saint Paul’s College .................................................................................... 424 6.2 

Shaw University .......................................................................................... 1,464 0.3 

Southwestern Christian College .................................................................. 183 # 

Spelman College ......................................................................................... 1,778 0.1 

Stillman College.......................................................................................... 883 0.8 

Talladega College........................................................................................ 459 1.3 

Texas College.............................................................................................. 341 0.3 

Tougaloo College ........................................................................................ 788 0.2 

Tuskegee University.................................................................................... 2,147 23.6 

Virginia Union University........................................................................... 750 0.1 

Voorhees College ........................................................................................ 554 7.4 

Wilberforce University................................................................................ 729 0.1 

Wiley College.............................................................................................. 472 1.6 

Xavier University of Louisiana ................................................................... 2,425 0.3 

 

 2-year.................................................................................................... 522 † 

 

Clinton Junior College................................................................................. 36 # 

Lewis College of Business .......................................................................... 157 # 

Mary Holmes College ................................................................................. 329 0.5 

# Rounds to zero. 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. HBCU’s share of their regional economy is rounded to the 

nearest full percentage. 

SOURCE: The impacts of spending on employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social 

Accounting Matrices) multipliers, and production functions provided by MIG, Inc. Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the 

National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 

65 

Appendix B 

A Template for Public HBCUs 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

67 

Appendix B provides a template to estimate the economic impact of each public HBCU in 

2002, 2003, and 2004. This template relies on simple multipliers derived from the more precise 

model-based estimates calculated for 2001. The template multipliers for public HBCUs are 

reported in table D-1. Although economic impact estimates based on the template will be less 

accurate than estimates generated by an updated regional input-output model, they provide an 

inexpensive and relatively easy way to update the results reported for 2001. 

The template for public institutions consists of six parts. Part 1 estimates the economic 

impacts of spending by the institutions themselves for wages and salaries paid to employees. Part 

2 estimates the economic impacts of spending by the institutions for everything except wages and 

salaries. Part 3 estimates the economic impacts of spending by undergraduate students who attend 

the institutions. Part 4 estimates the economic impacts of spending by graduate and professional 

students who attend the institutions. Part 5 provides an aggregation of the economic impacts for 

all categories of spending in terms of output, value-added, labor income, and employment. 

Finally, detailed instructions for using the template are provided in Part 6. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

68 

Economic Impact Template for Public HBCUs 

NOTE: Terminology and line references may vary for 2002, 2003, and 2004. 

Part 1: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Wages & 

Salaries 

 1. Initial Spending. Total Salaries and Wages, Expenditures 1. 

 2. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-1 2. 

 3. Output Impact. Multiply line 1 by line 2 3. 

 4. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-1 4. 

 5. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 1 by line 4 5. 

 6. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-1 6. 

 7. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 1 by line 6 7. 

 8. Employment multiplier: 

 If finance data are for FY 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-1 

 If finance data are for FY 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-1 

 If finance data are for FY 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-1 8. 

 9. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 1 by 1,000,000 9. 

 10. Employment Impact: Multiply line 9 by line 8 10. 

Part 2: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Other 

Items (e.g., not Wages and Salaries) 

 11. Total Current Funds Expenditures & Transfers 11. 

 12. Auxiliary Enterprises, Expenditures 12. 

 13. Scholarships & Fellowships, Expenditures 13. 

 14. Line 1 14. 

 15. Initial Spending for Other. 

 Subtract lines 12, 13, and 14 from line 11 15. 

 16. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-1 16. 

 17. Output Impact. Multiply line 15 by line 16 17. 

 18. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-1 18. 

 19. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 15 by line 18 19. 

 20. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-1 20. 

 21. Labor Income Impact: Multiply line 15 by line 20 21. 

 22. Employment multiplier. 

 If finance data are for FY 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-1 

 If finance data are for FY 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-1 

 If finance data are for FY 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-1 22. 

 23. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 15 by 1,000,000 23. 

 24. Employment Impact. Multiply line 23 by line 22 24. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

69 

Part 3: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Undergraduate Students 

 25. Full-time Undergraduate Fall Enrollment 25. 

 26. Part-time Undergraduate Fall Enrollment 26. 

 27. Multiply line 26 by 0.5 27. 

 28. Adjusted Enrollment. Add line 25 and line 27 28. 

 29. Annual Spending per Student 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 then enter $10,348 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 then enter $10,576 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 then enter $10,893 29. 

 30. Initial Spending by Undergraduate Students. 

 Multiply line 28 by line 29 30. 

 31. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-1 31. 

 32. Output Impact. Multiply line 30 by line 31 32. 

 33. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-1 33. 

 34. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 30 by line 33 34. 

 35. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-1 35. 

 36. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 30 by line 35 36. 

 37. Employment Multiplier 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-1 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-1 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-1 37. 

 38. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 30 by 1,000,000 38. 

 39. Employment Impact. Multiply line 38 by line 37 39. 

Part 4: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Graduate and 

Professional Students 

 40. Full-time Graduate enrollment 40. 

 41. Part-time Graduate enrollment 41. 

 42. Full-time First Professional Enrollment 42. 

 43. Part-time First Professional Enrollment 43. 

 44. Multiply line 41 by 0.5 44. 

 45. Multiply line 43 by 0.5 45. 

 46. Adjusted Graduate & Professional Enrollment. 

 Add lines 40, 42, 44, and 45 46. 

 47. Annual Spending per Student 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 enter $11,213 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 enter $11,460 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 enter $11,804 47. 

 48. Initial Spending by Graduate & Professional Students. 

 Multiply line 46 by line 47 48. 

 49. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-1 49. 

 50. Output Impact. Multiply line 48 by line 49 50. 

 51. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-1 51. 

 52. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 48 by line 51 52. 

 53. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-1 53. 

 54. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 48 by line 53 54. 

 55. Employment Multiplier 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

70 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 see Column 4 of Table D-1 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 see Column 5 of Table D-1 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 see Column 6 of Table D-1 55. 

 56. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 48 by 1,000,000 56. 

 57. Employment Impact. Multiply line 56 by line 55 57. 

Part 5: Estimating the Total Regional Economic Impact of All Spending 

 58. Initial Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 1 58. 

 59. Initial Spending for Other. Line 15 59. 

 60. Initial Spending by Undergraduates. Line 30 60. 

 61. Initial Spending by Graduate and Professional Students. Line 48 61. 

 62. Total Initial Spending. Add lines 58, 59, 60, and 61 62. 

 63. Output Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 3 63. 

 64. Output Impact of Spending for Other. Line 17 64. 

 65. Output Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 32 65. 

 66. Output Impact of Spending by Graduate & Professional 

 Students. Line 50 66. 

 67. Total Output Impact. Add lines 63, 64, 65, and 66 67. 

 68. Value-Added Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 5 68. 

 69. Value-Added Impact of Spending for Other. Line 19 69. 

 70. Value-Added Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 34 70. 

 71. Value-Added Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 52 71. 

 72. Total Value-Added Impact. Add lines 68, 69, 70, and 71 72. 

 73. Labor Income Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 7 73. 

 74. Labor Income Impact of Spending for Other. Line 21 74. 

 75. Labor Income Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 36 75. 

 76. Labor Income Impact of Spending by Graduate & Professional 

 Students. Line 54 76. 

 77. Total Labor Income Impact. Add lines 73, 74, 75, and 76 77. 

 78. Employment Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 10 78. 

 79. Employment Impact of Spending for Other. Line 24 79. 

 80. Employment Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 39 80. 

 81. Employment Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 57 81. 

 82. Total Employment Impact. Add lines 78, 79, 80, and 81 82. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

71 

Part 6: Instructions 

Instructions for Part 1—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Public HBCUs’ Spending for 

Wages and Salaries

Line 1: Total expenditures for salaries and wages for your institution can be obtained either from IPEDS 

Finance on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter this amount on line 1. 

Lines 2 and 3: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for salaries and wages are 

reported in column 1 of table D-1. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 2. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 1 by the multiplier entered on line 2. Enter 

the value on line 3. 

Lines 4 and 5: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and salaries 

are reported in column 2 of table D-1. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 4. To 

estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 1 by the multiplier entered on 

line 4. Enter the value on line 5. 

Lines 6 and 7: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and salaries 

are reported in column 3 of table D-1. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on line 6. To 

estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 1 by the labor income 

multiplier entered on line 6. Enter the value on line 7. 

Line 8: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-1. If the wage & salary expenditures are for FY 

2002, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If the wage and salary 

expenditures are for FY 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If the 

wage and salary expenditures are for FY 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from 

column 6. 

Line 9: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 1 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on line 9. 

Line 10: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 9 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 8. Enter the result on line 10. 

Instructions for Part 2—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Other 

Items (e.g., not Wages and Salaries) 

Line 11: Total expenditures and transfers from current funds for your institution can be obtained from 

either the IPEDS Finance data on the IPEDS web site or institutional records. Enter this amount on line 

11. 

Lines 12, 13, and 14: To avoid double counting economic activity, expenditures by auxiliary enterprises 

and expenditures for scholarships and fellowships must be subtracted from total expenditures and 

transfers. Expenditures by auxiliary enterprises can be obtained from either the IPEDS Finance data on 

the IPEDS web site or institutional records. Enter this amount on line 12. Expenditures for scholarships 

and fellowships can be obtained from either the IPEDS Finance data on the IPEDS web site or 

institutional records. Enter this amount on line 13. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

72 

Line 14: Enter the value on line 1. 

Line 15: To estimate initial spending on other items, subtract the dollar amounts entered on lines 12, 13, 

and 14 from the dollar amount on line 11. Enter the result on line 15. 

Lines 16 and 17: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for other items are 

reported in column 1 of table D-1. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 16. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 15 by the multiplier entered on line 16. 

Enter the result on line 17. 

Lines 18 and 19: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-1. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

18. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 15 by the multiplier 

entered on line 18. Enter the result on line 19. 

Lines 20 and 21: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages & 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-1. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 20. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 15 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 20. Enter the result on line 21. 

Line 22: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages & salaries 

are reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-1. If the wage and salary expenditures are for FY 2002, 

enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If the wage and salary expenditures 

are for FY 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If the wage and 

salary expenditures are for FY 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 6. 

Line 23: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 15 by 1,000,000. Enter this result on Line 23. 

Line 24: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 23 by the 

employment multiplier entered on line 22. Enter the result on line 24. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

73 

Instructions for Part 3—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Undergraduate 

Students 

Lines 25 and 26: Full-time undergraduate enrollment and part-time undergraduate enrollment can be 

obtained from Fall Enrollment on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter full-time 

undergraduate enrollment on line 25 and part-time undergraduate enrollment on line 26. 

Line 27: Multiply the number of students on line 26 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 27. 

Line 28: Add the number of students on line 25 to the number of students on line 27. Enter this result on 

line 28. 

Line 29: Over time, the annual spending while attending school by the average undergraduate student 

increases due to the effects of inflation. Enter the dollar amount corresponding to the appropriate year on 

line 29. 

Line 30: To estimate initial spending by undergraduates, multiply the number of undergraduate students 

on line 28 by the dollar amount entered on line 29. Enter the result on line 30. 

Lines 31 and 32: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by undergraduates are 

reported in column 1 of table D-1. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 31. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 30 by the multiplier entered on line 31. 

Enter the value on line 32. 

Lines 33 and 34: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-1. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

33. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 30 by the multiplier 

entered on line 33. Enter the value on line 34. 

Lines 35 and 36: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages & 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-1. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 35. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 30 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 35. Enter the value on line 36. 

Line 37: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by undergraduates are 

reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-1. If enrollment is for 2002, enter the employment multiplier 

for your institution from column 4. If enrollment is for 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your 

institution from column 5. If enrollment is for FY 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your 

institution from column 6. 

Line 38: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 30 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on line 38. 

Line 39: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 38 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 37. Enter the result on line 39. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

74 

Instructions for Part 4—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Graduate and 

Professional Students 

Lines 40 and 41: Full-time graduate and part-time graduate enrollment can be obtained from the Fall 

Enrollment data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter full-time graduate enrollment 

on line 40. Enter part-time graduate enrollment on line 41. 

Lines 42 and 43: Full-time first professional and part-time first professional enrollment can be obtained 

from the Fall Enrollment data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter full-time first 

professional enrollment on line 42. Enter part-time first professional enrollment on line 43. 

Line 44: Multiply the number of students on line 41 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 44. 

Line 45: Multiply the number of students on line 43 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 45. 

Line 46: Add the number of students on lines 40, 42, 44, and 45. Enter the result on line 46. 

Line 47: Over time, the annual spending while attending school by the average graduate or professional 

student increases due to the effects of inflation. Enter the dollar amount corresponding to the appropriate 

year on line 47. 

Line 48: To estimate initial spending by graduate and first professional students, multiply the number of 

students on line 46 by the dollar amount entered on line 47. Enter the result on line 48. 

Lines 49 and 50: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by graduate and first 

professional students are reported in column 1 of table D-1. Enter the output multiplier for your institution 

on line 49. To estimate the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 48 by the multiplier 

entered on line 49. Enter the result on line 50. 

Lines 51 and 52: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-1. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

51. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 48 by the multiplier 

entered on line 51. Enter the result on line 52. 

Lines 53 and 54: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages & 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-1. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 53. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 48 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 53. Enter the result on line 54. 

Line 55: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures by graduate and 

professional students are reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-1. If enrollment is for 2002, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If enrollment is for 2003, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If enrollment is for 2004, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 6. 

Line 56: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 48 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on Line 56. 

Line 57: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 56 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 55. Enter the result on line 57. 
Appendix B. A Template for Public HBCUs 

75 

Instructions for Part 5—Estimating the Total Regional Economic Impact of All Spending 

Lines 58, 59, 60, 61, and 62: On line 58, enter the dollar amount on line 1. On line 59, enter the dollar 

amount on line 15. On line 60, enter the dollar amount on line 30. On line 61, enter the dollar amount on 

line 48. Add the amounts on lines 58, 59, 60, and 61. Enter the result on line 62. 

Lines 63, 64, 65, 66, and 67: On line 63, enter the dollar amount on line 3. On line 64, enter the dollar 

amount on line 17. On line 65, enter the dollar amount on line 32. On line 66, enter the dollar amount on 

line 50. Add the amounts on lines 63, 64, 65, and 66. Enter the result on line 67. 

Lines 68, 69 70, 71, and 72: On line 68, enter the dollar amount on line 5. On line 69, enter the dollar 

amount on line 19. On line 70, enter the dollar amount on line 34. On line 71, enter the dollar amount on 

line 52. Add the amounts on lines 68, 69, 70, and 71. Enter the result on line 72. 

Lines 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77: On line 73, enter the dollar amount on line 7. On line 74, enter the dollar 

amount on line 21. On line 75, enter the dollar amount on line 36. On line 76, enter the dollar amount on 

line 54. Add the amounts on lines 73, 74, 75, and 76. Enter the result on line 77. 

Lines 78, 79, 80, 81, and 82: On line 78, enter the number of jobs from line 10. On line 79, enter the 

number of jobs from line 24. On line 80, enter the number of jobs from line 39. On line 81, enter the 

number of jobs from line 57. Add the amounts on lines 78, 79, 80, and 81. Enter the result on line 82. 
. 
77 

Appendix C 

A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

79 

Appendix C provides a template to estimate the economic impact of each private, not-forprofit HBCU for 2002, 2003, and 2004. This template relies on simple multipliers derived from 

the more precise model-based estimates calculated for 2001. The template multipliers for private, 

not-for-profit HBCUs are reported in table D-2. Although economic impact estimates based on 

the template will be less accurate than estimates generated by an updated regional input-output 

model, they provide an inexpensive and relatively easy way to update the results reported for 

2001. 

The template for private, not-for-profit institutions consists of six parts. Part 1 estimates the 

economic impacts of spending by the institutions themselves for wages and salaries paid to 

employees. Part 2 estimates the economic impacts of spending by the institutions for except 

wages and salaries. Part 3 estimates the economic impacts of spending by undergraduate students 

who attend the institutions. Part 4 estimates the economic impacts of spending by graduate and 

professional students who attend the institutions. Part 5 provides total economic impacts in terms 

of output, value-added, labor income, and employment. Finally, detailed instructions for using the 

template are provided in Part 6. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

80 

Economic Impact Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

NOTE: Terminology and line references may vary for 2002, 2003, and 2004. 

Part 1: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Wages & Salaries 

 1. Total Salaries and Wages 1. 

 2. Auxiliary Enterprises, Salaries and Wages 2. 

 3. Net Grant Aid to Students, Salaries and Wages 3. 

 4. Subtract line 2 from line 1 4. 

 5. Initial Spending for Wages and Salaries. 

 Subtract line 3 from line 4 5. 

 6. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-2 6. 

 7. Output Impact. Multiply line 5 by line 6 7. 

 8. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-2 8. 

 9. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 5 by line 8 9. 

 10. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-2 10. 

 11. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 5 by line 10 11. 

 12. Employment multiplier: 

 If finance data are for FY 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-2 

 If finance data are for FY 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-2 

 If finance data are for FY 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-2 12. 

 13. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 5 by 1,000,000 13. 

 14. Employment Impact: Multiply line 13 by line 12 14. 

Part 2: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Other Items (e.g., 

not Wages & Salaries) 

 15. Total Expenses 15. 

 16. Expenses for Auxiliary Enterprises 16. 

 17. Expenses for Net Grant Aid to Students 17. 

 18. Subtract line 16 from line 15 18. 

 19. Subtract line 17 from line 18 19. 

 20. Initial Spending for Other. Subtract line 5 from line 19 20. 

 21. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-2 21. 

 22. Output Impact. Multiply line 20 by line 21 22. 

 23. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-2 23. 

 24. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 20 by line 23 24. 

 25. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-2 25. 

 26. Labor Income Impact: Multiply line 20 by line 25 26. 

 27. Employment Multiplier. 

 If finance data are for FY 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-2 

 If finance data are for FY 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-2 

 If finance data are for FY 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-2 27. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

81 

 28. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 20 by 1,000,000 28. 

 29. Employment Impact. Multiply line 28 by line 27 29. 

Part 3: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Undergraduate Students 

 30. Full-time Undergraduate Enrollment 30. 

 31. Part-time Undergraduate Enrollment 31. 

 32. Multiply line 31 by 0.5 32. 

 33. Adjusted Enrollment. Add line 30 and line 32 33. 

 34. Annual Spending per Student 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 then enter $10,348 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 then enter $10,576 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 then enter $10,893 34. 

 35. Initial Spending by Undergraduate Students. 

 Multiply line 33 by line 34 35. 

 36. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-2 36. 

 37. Output Impact. Multiply line 35 by line 36 37. 

 38. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-2 38. 

 39. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 35 by line 38 39. 

 40. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-2 40. 

 41. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 35 by line 40 41. 

 42. Employment Multiplier 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 then see Column 4 of Table D-2 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 then see Column 5 of Table D-2 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 then see Column 6 of Table D-2 42. 

 43. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 35 by 1,000,000 43. 

 44. Employment Impact. Multiply line 43 by line 42 44. 

Part 4: Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

Students 

 45. Full-time Graduate Enrollment 45. 

 46. Part-time Graduate Enrollment 46. 

 47. Full-time First Professional Enrollment 47. 

 48. Part-time First Professional Enrollment 48. 

 49. Multiply line 46 by 0.5 49. 

 50. Multiply line 48 by 0.5 50. 

 51. Adjusted Graduate and Professional Enrollment. 

 Add lines 45, 47, 49, and 50 51. 

 52. Annual Spending per Student 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 enter $11,213 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 enter $11,460 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 enter $11,804 52. 

 53. Initial Spending by Graduate and Professional Students. 

 Multiply line 51 by line 52 53. 

 54. Output Multiplier. See Column 1 of Table D-2 54. 

 55. Output Impact. Multiply line 53 by line 54 55. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

82 

 56. Value-Added Multiplier. See Column 2 of Table D-2 56. 

 57. Value-Added Impact. Multiply line 53 by line 56 57. 

 58. Labor Income Multiplier. See Column 3 of Table D-2 58. 

 59. Labor Income Impact. Multiply line 53 by line 58 59. 

 60. Employment Multiplier 

 If enrollment is for fall 2002 see Column 4 of Table D-2 

 If enrollment is for fall 2003 see Column 5 of Table D-2 

 If enrollment is for fall 2004 see Column 6 of Table D-2 60. 

 61. Initial Spending in millions of dollars. 

 Divide line 53 by 1,000,000 61. 

 62. Employment Impact. Multiply line 61 by line 60 62. 

Part 5: Estimating the Total Regional Economic Impact of All Spending 

 63. Initial Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 5 63. 

 64. Initial Spending for Other. Line 20 64. 

 65. Initial Spending by Undergraduates. Line 35 65. 

 66. Initial Spending by Graduate and Professional Students. Line 53 66. 

 67. Total Initial Spending. Add lines 63, 64, 65, and 66 67. 

 68. Output Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 7 68. 

 69. Output Impact of Spending for Other. Line 22 69. 

 70. Output Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 37 70. 

 71. Output Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 55 71. 

 72. Total Output Impact. Add lines 68, 69, 70, and 71. 72. 

 73. Value-Added Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 9 73. 

 74. Value-Added Impact of Spending for Other. Line 24 74. 

 75. Value-Added Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 39 75. 

 76. Value-Added Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 57 76. 

 77. Total Value-Added Impact. Add lines 73, 74, 75, and 76 77. 

 78. Labor Income Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 11 78. 

 79. Labor Income Impact of Spending for Other. Line 26 79. 

 80. Labor Income Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 41 80. 

 81. Labor Income Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 59 81. 

 82. Total Labor Income Impact. Add lines 78, 79, 80, and 81 82. 

 83. Employment Impact of Spending for Wages and Salaries. Line 14 83. 

 84. Employment Impact of Spending for Other. Line 29 84. 

 85. Employment Impact of Spending by Undergraduates. Line 44 85. 

 86. Employment Impact of Spending by Graduate and Professional 

 Students. Line 62 86. 

 87. Total Employment Impact. Add lines 83, 84, 85, and 86 87. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

83 

Part 6: Instructions 

Instructions for Part 1—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Not-for-Profit HBCUs’ 

Spending for Wages and Salaries

Line 1: Total expenditures for salaries and wages for your institution can be obtained either from the 

IPEDS Finance data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter this dollar amount on line 

1. 

Line 2: Expenditures for salaries and wages paid by auxiliary enterprises can be obtained either from the 

IPEDS Finance data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter this dollar amount on line 

2. 

Line 3: Expenditures for net grant aid to students can be obtained either from the IPEDS Finance data on 

the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter this dollar amount on line 3. 

Line 4: Subtract line 2 from line 1. Enter this result on line 4. 

Line 5: Subtract line 3 from line 4. Enter this result on line 5. 

Lines 6 and 7: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for salaries and wages are 

reported in column 1 of table D-2. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 6. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 5 by the multiplier entered on line 6. Enter 

the result on line 7. 

Lines 8 and 9: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and salaries 

are reported in column 2 of table D-2. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 8. To 

estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 5 by the multiplier entered on 

line 8. Enter the result on line 9. 

Lines 10 and 11: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-2. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 10. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 5 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 10. Enter the result on line 11. 

Line 12: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages & salaries 

are reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-2. If the wage and salary expenditures are for FY 2002, 

enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If the wage and salary expenditures 

are for FY 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If the wage and 

salary expenditures are for FY 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 6. 

Line 13: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 5 by 1,000,000. Enter the result on Line 13. 

Line 14: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 13 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 12. Enter the result on line 14. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

84 

Instructions for Part 2—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of HBCUs’ Spending for Other 

Items (e.g., not Wages and Salaries) 

Line 15: Total expenses for your institution can be obtained from either the IPEDS Finance data on the 

IPEDS web site or institutional records. Enter this amount on line 15. 

Lines 16 and 17: To avoid double counting economic activity, expenditures by auxiliary enterprises and 

net grant aid to students will be subtracted from total expenses. Expenditures by auxiliary enterprises can 

be obtained from either the IPEDS Finance data on the IPEDS web site or institutional records. Enter this 

amount on line 16. Expenditures for net grant aid to students can be obtained from either the IPEDS 

Finance data on the IPEDS web site or institutional records. Enter this amount on line 17. 

Line 18: Subtract the dollar amount on line 16 from the dollar amount on line 15. Enter the result on line 

18. 

Line 19: Subtract the dollar amount on line 17 from the dollar amount on line 18. Enter the result on line 

19. 

Line 20: Subtract the dollar amount on line 5 from the dollar amount on line 19. Enter the result on line 

20. 

Lines 21 and 22: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for other items are 

reported in column 1 of table D-2. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 21. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 20 by the multiplier entered on line 21. 

Enter the result on line 22. 

Lines 23 and 24: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-2. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

23. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 20 by the multiplier 

entered on line 23. Enter the result on line 24. 

Lines 25 and 26: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-2. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 25. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 20 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 25. Enter the result on line 26. 

Line 27: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in columns 4,5, and 6 of table D-2. If the wage and salary expenditures are for FY 

2002, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If the wage and salary 

expenditures are for FY 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If the 

wage and salary expenditures are for FY 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your institution from 

column 6. 

Line 28: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 20 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on line 28. 

Line 29: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 28 by the 

employment multiplier entered on line 27. Enter the result on line 29. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

85 

Instructions for Part 3—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Undergraduate 

Students 

Lines 30 and 31: Full-time undergraduate enrollment and part-time undergraduate enrollment can be 

obtained from the Fall Enrollment data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter fulltime undergraduate enrollment on line 30 and part-time undergraduate enrollment on line 31. 

Line 32: Multiply the number of students on line 31 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 32. 

Line 33: Add the number of students on line 30 to the number of students on line 32. Enter this result on 

line 33. 

Line 34: Over time, the annual spending while attending school by the average undergraduate student 

increases due to the effects of inflation. Enter the dollar amount corresponding to the appropriate year on 

line 34. 

Line 35: To estimate initial spending by undergraduates, multiply the number of undergraduate students 

on line 33 by the dollar amount entered on line 34. Enter the result on line 35. 

Lines 36 and 37: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by undergraduates are 

reported in column 1 of table D-2. Enter the output multiplier for your institution on line 36. To estimate 

the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 35 by the multiplier entered on line 36. 

Enter the result on line 37. 

Lines 38 and 39: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-2. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

38. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 35 by the multiplier 

entered on line 38. Enter the result on line 39. 

Lines 40 and 41: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-2. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 40. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 35 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 40. Enter the result on line 41. 

Line 42: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by undergraduates are 

reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-2. If enrollment is for 2002, enter the employment multiplier 

for your institution from column 4. If enrollment is for FY 2003, enter the employment multiplier for your 

institution from column 5. If enrollment is for 2004, enter the employment multiplier for your institution 

from column 6. 

Line 43: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 35 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on line 43. 

Line 44: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 43 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 42. Enter the result on line 44. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

86 

Instructions for Part 4—Estimating the Regional Economic Impact of Spending by Graduate and 

Professional Students 

Lines 45 and 46: Full-time graduate and part-time graduate enrollment can be obtained from the Fall 

Enrollment data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter full-time graduate enrollment 

on line 45. Enter part-time graduate enrollment on line 46. 

Lines 47 and 48: Full-time first professional and part-time first professional enrollment can be obtained 

from the Fall Enrollment data on the IPEDS web site or from institutional records. Enter full-time first 

professional enrollment on line 47. Enter part-time first professional enrollment on line 48. 

Line 49: Multiply the number of students on line 46 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 49. 

Line 50: Multiply the number of students on line 48 by 0.5 and enter the result on line 50. 

Line 51: Add the number of students on lines 45, 47, 49, and 50. Enter the result on line 51. 

Line 52: Over time, the annual spending while attending school by the average graduate or professional 

student increases due to the effects of inflation. Enter the dollar amount corresponding to the appropriate 

year on line 52. 

Line 53: To estimate initial spending by graduate and first professional students, multiply the number of 

students on line 51 by the dollar amount entered on line 52. Enter the result on line 53. 

Lines 54 and 55: Output multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by graduate and first 

professional students are reported in column 1 of table D-2. Enter the output multiplier for your institution 

on line 54. To estimate the output impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 53 by the multiplier 

entered on line 54. Enter the result on line 55. 

Lines 56 and 57: Value-added multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 2 of table D-2. Enter the value-added multiplier for your institution on line 

56. To estimate the value-added impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 53 by the multiplier 

entered on line 56. Enter the result on line 57. 

Lines 58 and 59: Labor income multipliers specific to each institution’s expenditures for wages and 

salaries are reported in column 3 of table D-2. Enter the labor income multiplier for your institution on 

line 58. To estimate the labor income impact, multiply the dollar amount entered on line 53 by the labor 

income multiplier entered on line 58. Enter the result on line 59. 

Line 60: Due to the effects of inflation, the value of employment multipliers will decline each year. The 

inflation-adjusted employment multipliers specific to each institution’s spending by graduate and 

professional students are reported in columns 4, 5, and 6 of table D-2. If enrollment is for 2002, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 4. If enrollment is for 2003, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 5. If enrollment is for 2004, enter the 

employment multiplier for your institution from column 6. 

Line 61: Because employment multipliers estimate the number of jobs generated per million dollars in 

spending, divide the dollar amount entered on line 53 by 1,000,000. Enter this value on line 61. 

Line 62: To estimate the employment impact, multiply the value entered on line 61 by the employment 

multiplier entered on line 60. Enter the result on line 62. 
Appendix C. A Template for Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

87 

Instructions for Part 5—Estimating the Total Regional Economic Impact of All Spending 

Lines 63, 64, 65, 66, and 67: On line 63, enter the dollar amount on line 5. On line 64, enter the dollar 

amount on line 20. On line 65, enter the dollar amount on line 35. On line 66, enter the dollar amount on 

line 53. Add the amounts on lines 63, 64, 65, and 66. Enter the result on line 67. 

Lines 68, 69, 70, 71, and 72: On line 68, enter the dollar amount on line 7. On line 69, enter the dollar 

amount on line 22. On line 70, enter the dollar amount on line 37. On line 71, enter the dollar amount on 

line 55. Add the amounts on lines 68, 69, 70, and 71. Enter the result on line 72. 

Lines 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77: On line 73, enter the dollar amount on line 9. On line 74, enter the dollar 

amount on line 24. On line 75, enter the dollar amount on line 39. On line 76, enter the dollar amount on 

line 57. Add the amounts on lines 73, 74, 75, and 76. Enter the result on line 77. 

Lines 78, 79, 80, 81, and 82: On line 78, enter the dollar amount on line 11. On line 79, enter the dollar 

amount on line 26. On line 80, enter the dollar amount on line 41. On line 81, enter the dollar amount on 

line 59. Add the amounts on lines 78, 79, 80, and 81. Enter the result on line 82. 

Lines 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87: On line 83, enter the number of jobs from line 14. On line 84, enter the 

number of jobs from line 29. On line 85, enter the number of jobs from line 44. On line 86, enter the 

number of jobs from line 62. Add the amounts on lines 83, 84, 85, and 86. Enter the result on line 87. 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
89 

Appendix D 

Template Multipliers 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

91 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

 4-year 

Alabama A &M University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.177 1.438 1.237 54.8 53.7 52.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.181 0.352 0.247 7.5 7.3 7.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.071 0.643 0.351 17.2 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.099 0.661 0.368 17.4 17.1 16.6 

Alabama State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.238 1.501 1.281 64.9 63.5 61.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.202 0.377 0.252 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.166 0.706 0.383 18.9 18.5 17.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.192 0.723 0.399 19.1 18.7 18.1 

Albany State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.210 1.471 1.262 66.4 65.0 63.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.168 0.332 0.220 7.2 7.0 6.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.127 0.688 0.371 18.4 18.0 17.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.153 0.704 0.387 18.6 18.2 17.7 

Alcorn State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.115 1.357 1.182 90.9 88.9 86.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.132 0.308 0.183 6.6 6.5 6.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.055 0.642 0.337 17.4 17.0 16.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.076 0.656 0.351 17.6 17.2 16.7 

Bluefield State College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.212 1.467 1.260 68.6 67.1 65.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.203 0.375 0.238 8.5 8.3 8.0 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.149 0.684 0.367 19.4 19.0 18.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

Bowie State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.314 1.606 1.357 52.4 51.3 49.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.320 0.578 0.393 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.230 0.787 0.442 15.1 14.7 14.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.259 0.807 0.462 15.3 14.9 14.5 

Central State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.249 1.515 1.298 61.5 60.2 58.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.224 0.416 0.290 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.141 0.702 0.387 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.171 0.721 0.405 18.5 18.1 17.5 

Cheyney University of PA 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.439 1.705 1.422 52.7 51.5 50.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.459 0.678 0.450 9.6 9.4 9.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.316 0.830 0.470 15.9 15.5 15.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.350 0.852 0.489 16.0 15.7 15.2 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

92 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

Coppin State College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.375 1.651 1.388 70.3 68.8 66.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.373 0.600 0.405 9.8 9.6 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.276 0.804 0.452 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.307 0.825 0.471 17.4 17.0 16.5 

Delaware State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.148 1.401 1.219 46.2 45.2 43.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.133 0.281 0.200 6.6 6.5 6.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.071 0.654 0.349 16.5 16.1 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.095 0.666 0.361 16.6 16.2 15.8 

Elizabeth City State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.155 1.398 1.212 53.4 52.3 50.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.141 0.329 0.205 6.8 6.6 6.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.065 0.652 0.349 17.6 17.2 16.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.092 0.670 0.365 19.1 18.7 18.2 

Fayetteville State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.171 1.415 1.222 60.7 59.4 57.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.158 0.309 0.214 7.3 7.2 7.0 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.105 0.671 0.358 17.5 17.1 16.6 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.129 0.686 0.373 17.9 17.5 17.0 

FL Agricultural and Mechanical Univ 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.222 1.507 1.284 45.4 44.4 43.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.227 0.427 0.297 8.4 8.2 7.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.141 0.715 0.388 14.9 14.5 14.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.168 0.733 0.406 15.1 14.8 14.4 

Fort Valley State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.051 1.252 1.113 37.8 37.0 35.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.054 0.176 0.127 4.3 4.2 4.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.855 0.546 0.279 14.8 14.5 14.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 0.886 0.560 0.292 15.1 14.7 14.3 

Grambling State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.133 1.350 1.187 64.6 63.2 61.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.139 0.238 0.163 6.1 6.0 5.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.045 0.620 0.329 19.3 18.9 18.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.070 0.633 0.343 19.7 19.3 18.7 

Harris-Stowe State College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.441 1.691 1.409 59.5 58.2 56.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.438 0.593 0.396 10.0 9.8 9.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.316 0.811 0.454 17.2 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

93 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

Jackson State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.241 1.490 1.275 57.4 56.1 54.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.247 0.365 0.245 7.8 7.6 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.156 0.701 0.378 17.3 16.9 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.182 0.718 0.394 17.5 17.1 16.6 

Kentucky State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.056 1.287 1.145 59.1 57.9 56.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.048 0.179 0.135 4.5 4.4 4.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.944 0.577 0.302 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 0.966 0.591 0.317 17.2 16.8 16.3 

Langston University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.351 1.603 1.346 93.5 91.5 88.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.389 0.558 0.355 11.6 11.4 11.0 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.262 0.763 0.417 19.4 18.9 18.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.290 0.782 0.435 19.3 18.9 18.4 

 

Lincoln University (MO) 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.174 1.446 1.244 58.6 57.3 55.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.131 0.321 0.199 6.0 5.9 5.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.057 0.652 0.347 17.2 16.9 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.083 0.668 0.362 17.5 17.2 16.7 

Lincoln University (PA) 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.439 1.705 1.422 67.3 65.9 63.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.459 0.678 0.450 9.6 9.4 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.316 0.830 0.470 15.8 15.5 15.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.350 0.852 0.489 16.2 15.8 15.4 

Mississippi Valley State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.095 1.315 1.159 70.9 69.3 67.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.104 0.249 0.168 6.2 6.1 5.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.024 0.617 0.322 17.7 17.3 16.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.023 0.621 0.329 17.6 17.2 16.7 

Morgan State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.375 1.651 1.388 61.2 59.9 58.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.373 0.600 0.405 9.8 9.6 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.276 0.804 0.452 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.307 0.825 0.471 17.3 16.9 16.4 

NC Agricultural & Technical St Univ 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.299 1.577 1.331 49.6 48.5 47.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.246 0.420 0.287 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.192 0.735 0.402 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.220 0.754 0.420 17.3 17.0 16.5 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

94 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

Norfolk State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.329 1.578 1.332 70.0 68.5 66.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.316 0.493 0.325 9.9 9.7 9.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.243 0.752 0.414 18.7 18.3 17.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.273 0.771 0.431 19.1 18.7 18.2 

North Carolina Central University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.205 1.494 1.276 47.8 46.8 45.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.167 0.366 0.244 6.6 6.4 6.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.102 0.683 0.368 16.0 15.7 15.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.128 0.700 0.385 16.2 15.9 15.4 

Prairie View A & M University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.350 1.615 1.349 57.0 55.7 54.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.503 0.709 0.450 9.7 9.5 9.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.279 0.812 0.450 15.6 15.3 14.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.310 0.832 0.468 15.9 15.6 15.1 

Savannah State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.252 1.525 1.296 46.1 45.2 43.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.228 0.410 0.269 7.8 7.7 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.176 0.733 0.400 17.3 17.0 16.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.203 0.753 0.418 17.7 17.3 16.8 

 

South Carolina State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.111 1.337 1.182 47.9 46.8 45.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.121 0.269 0.176 6.7 6.5 6.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.005 0.609 0.324 17.2 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.030 0.625 0.339 17.4 17.1 16.6 

Southern Univ and A&M College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.226 1.491 1.274 66.2 64.8 62.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.255 0.452 0.287 8.6 8.4 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.145 0.698 0.377 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.172 0.713 0.392 17.2 16.9 16.4 

Southern University New Orleans 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.301 1.566 1.321 66.9 65.5 63.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.351 0.513 0.317 9.1 8.9 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.218 0.753 0.410 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.246 0.770 0.426 17.2 16.8 16.3 

Tennessee State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.368 1.638 1.379 57.3 56.1 54.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.346 0.508 0.356 9.2 9.0 8.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.269 0.792 0.443 16.5 16.1 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.299 0.813 0.462 16.8 16.4 15.9 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

95 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

Texas Southern University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.350 1.615 1.349 67.2 65.7 63.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.503 0.709 0.450 9.7 9.5 9.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.279 0.812 0.450 15.6 15.3 14.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.310 0.832 0.468 15.9 15.5 15.1 

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.137 1.393 1.209 64.7 63.3 61.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.116 0.294 0.179 6.3 6.1 6.0 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.064 0.644 0.339 18.2 17.8 17.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.087 0.659 0.353 18.5 18.1 17.6 

University of the District of Columbia 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.314 1.606 1.357 42.5 41.6 40.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.320 0.578 0.393 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.230 0.787 0.442 15.1 14.7 14.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.259 0.807 0.462 15.2 14.9 14.4 

University of DC Clarke School of Law 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.314 1.606 1.357 40.9 40.0 38.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.320 0.578 0.393 7.8 7.6 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. NA NA NA NA NA NA 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.259 0.807 0.462 15.4 15.1 14.7 

University of Maryland-Eastern Shore 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.260 1.526 1.299 62.3 61.0 59.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.220 0.403 0.253 7.9 7.8 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.178 0.718 0.387 18.3 17.9 17.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.204 0.733 0.402 18.4 18.0 17.5 

Virginia State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.292 1.572 1.324 70.0 68.5 66.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.280 0.499 0.333 8.7 8.5 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.202 0.749 0.411 16.8 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.231 0.768 0.429 17.1 16.7 16.2 

West Virginia State College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.181 1.446 1.252 70.0 68.5 66.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.193 0.363 0.232 7.3 7.2 7.0 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.096 0.664 0.354 18.5 18.1 17.6 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

Winston-Salem State University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.226 1.516 1.294 55.8 54.6 53.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.176 0.352 0.239 6.9 6.8 6.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.131 0.702 0.380 17.3 16.9 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.157 0.719 0.396 15.9 15.5 15.1 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

96 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

 2-year 

 

Bishop State Community College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.264 1.523 1.290 68.0 66.6 64.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.299 0.460 0.286 8.7 8.5 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.190 0.722 0.388 18.4 18.1 17.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Coahoma Community College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.128 1.378 1.204 56.6 55.4 53.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.119 0.260 0.171 6.1 6.0 5.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.047 0.631 0.332 18.0 17.6 17.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Denmark Technical College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.047 1.255 1.123 54.6 53.4 51.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.063 0.224 0.137 5.6 5.5 5.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.919 0.555 0.285 19.8 19.4 18.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Gadsden State Community College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.187 1.438 1.242 65.5 64.0 62.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.163 0.334 0.220 7.2 7.0 6.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.112 0.675 0.362 18.7 18.3 17.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

J F Drake State Technical College 

Wages and salaries 2.177 1.438 1.237 52.4 51.3 49.8 

Other institutional spending 1.181 0.352 0.247 7.8 7.6 7.4 

Undergraduate students 1.045 0.627 0.343 17.1 16.7 16.2 

Graduate/professional students † † † † † † 

 

Lawson State Community College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.268 1.546 1.307 66.8 65.3 63.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.243 0.452 0.292 8.2 8.0 7.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.183 0.738 0.402 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Shelton St Comm College-C A Fredd 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.165 1.404 1.211 65.9 64.5 62.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.198 0.333 0.201 6.8 6.6 6.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.074 0.643 0.340 18.3 17.9 17.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

97 

Table D-1. Template multipliers for public Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Southern University at Shreveport 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.275 1.519 1.293 80.3 78.6 76.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.340 0.457 0.286 9.4 9.2 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.202 0.725 0.393 17.7 17.3 16.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

St Philips College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.352 1.600 1.340 43.8 42.8 41.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.407 0.553 0.363 10.2 10.0 9.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.270 0.788 0.432 16.8 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Trenholm St Technical College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.238 1.501 1.281 56.3 55.1 53.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.202 0.377 0.252 8.2 8.0 7.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.166 0.706 0.383 18.8 18.4 17.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Economic multipliers for output, value-added, and labor income are expressed in dollar amounts to the nearest third decimal whereas 

multipliers for employment are reported to the first decimal. This reflects fundamental differences in how multipliers are used and what they 

represent. The output, value-added, and labor income multipliers are applied against dollar amounts and generate impact estimates in terms of dollar 

amounts. The employment multipliers are applied against $1,000,000 amounts and generate economic impact estimates that are measured in terms of 

jobs. Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, proprietary 

income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are paid by 

employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. The multipliers for output, 

value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) 

multipliers, and production functions provided by MIG, Inc. 

SOURCE: Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

98 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

 4-year 

 

Allen University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.231 1.503 1.278 157.6 154.2 149.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.192 0.389 0.247 7.9 7.7 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.138 0.700 0.377 16.5 16.1 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Arkansas Baptist College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.272 1.530 1.300 190.2 186.1 180.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.250 0.428 0.279 9.0 8.8 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.189 0.723 0.392 18.9 18.5 18.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Barber-Scotia College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.286 1.572 1.321 80.2 78.5 76.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.264 0.484 0.314 7.9 7.7 7.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.198 0.750 0.411 15.6 15.2 14.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Benedict College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.231 1.503 1.278 60.9 59.6 57.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.192 0.389 0.247 7.3 7.2 6.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.138 0.700 0.377 16.5 16.1 15.6 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Bennett College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.299 1.577 1.331 80.5 78.8 76.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.246 0.420 0.287 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.192 0.735 0.402 17.0 16.6 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Bethune Cookman College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.286 1.559 1.319 86.1 84.3 81.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.255 0.451 0.295 9.0 8.8 8.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.217 0.759 0.417 17.2 16.8 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Claflin University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.111 1.337 1.182 53.4 52.3 50.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.121 0.269 0.176 6.7 6.5 6.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.005 0.609 0.324 17.2 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

99 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

—Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Clark Atlanta University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 38.9 38.1 37.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.265 0.804 0.449 15.5 15.1 14.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.295 0.825 0.469 15.7 15.4 14.9 

 

Concordia College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.111 1.350 1.188 129.2 126.4 122.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.069 0.185 0.114 4.4 4.3 4.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.009 0.603 0.317 18.7 18.2 17.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Dillard University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.301 1.566 1.321 62.0 60.7 58.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.351 0.513 0.317 9.0 8.9 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.218 0.753 0.410 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Edward Waters College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.343 1.588 1.342 191.5 187.4 181.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.356 0.504 0.345 12.7 12.4 12.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.257 0.754 0.418 21.2 20.8 20.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Fisk University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.368 1.638 1.379 56.7 55.5 53.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.346 0.508 0.356 9.2 9.0 8.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.269 0.792 0.443 16.6 16.2 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.299 0.813 0.462 18.3 17.9 17.4 

 

Florida Memorial College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.364 1.644 1.379 72.4 70.9 68.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.352 0.565 0.388 9.4 9.2 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.267 0.800 0.448 15.7 15.3 14.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Hampton University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.329 1.578 1.332 67.4 65.9 64.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.316 0.493 0.325 9.9 9.7 9.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.243 0.752 0.414 18.7 18.3 17.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.273 0.771 0.431 19.1 18.7 18.2 

 

Howard University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.314 1.606 1.357 37.3 36.4 35.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.320 0.578 0.393 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.230 0.787 0.442 15.1 14.7 14.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.259 0.807 0.462 15.2 14.9 14.5 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

100 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

 —Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Huston-Tillotson College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.243 1.517 1.291 87.8 85.9 83.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.295 0.510 0.356 8.3 8.1 7.8 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.177 0.744 0.408 14.7 14.4 14.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Interdenominational Theolog Ctr 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 59.7 58.4 56.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. † † † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.295 0.825 0.469 15.6 15.3 14.8 

 

Jarvis Christian College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.279 1.543 1.299 71.8 70.2 68.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.333 0.496 0.301 8.7 8.5 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.204 0.744 0.400 16.5 16.2 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Johnson C Smith University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.286 1.572 1.321 68.1 66.6 64.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.264 0.484 0.314 7.8 7.6 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.198 0.750 0.411 15.6 15.3 14.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Lane College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.171 1.446 1.244 128.2 125.5 121.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.133 0.284 0.194 5.9 5.8 5.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.043 0.650 0.348 16.6 16.2 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Le Moyne-Owen College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.341 1.611 1.356 55.4 54.2 52.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.335 0.492 0.335 9.0 8.8 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.234 0.770 0.426 16.0 15.6 15.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Livingstone College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.116 1.348 1.189 75.5 73.9 71.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.122 0.295 0.199 6.2 6.0 5.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.046 0.640 0.344 16.1 15.8 15.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.069 0.651 0.356 16.3 16.0 15.5 

 

Meharry Medical College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.368 1.638 1.379 51.6 50.5 49.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.346 0.508 0.356 9.2 9.0 8.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.269 0.792 0.443 16.5 16.1 15.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.299 0.813 0.462 16.7 16.3 15.9 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

101 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

 —Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Miles College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.268 1.546 1.307 99.9 97.8 94.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.243 0.452 0.292 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.183 0.738 0.402 17.1 16.7 16.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Morehouse College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 52.7 51.5 50.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.265 0.804 0.449 15.5 15.2 14.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Morehouse School of Medicine 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 45.8 44.8 43.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. † † † † † † 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.295 0.825 0.469 15.5 15.2 14.7 

 

Morris Brown College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 60.6 59.3 57.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.265 0.804 0.449 15.5 15.2 14.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Morris College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.142 1.383 1.216 75.6 73.9 71.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.107 0.248 0.164 5.7 5.5 5.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.041 0.634 0.340 17.3 16.9 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Oakwood College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.177 1.438 1.237 64.9 63.5 61.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.181 0.352 0.247 7.6 7.4 7.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.071 0.643 0.351 17.1 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Paine College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.250 1.510 1.281 85.8 84.0 81.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.250 0.455 0.292 8.9 8.7 8.5 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.177 0.725 0.392 17.9 17.5 17.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Paul Quinn College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.641 1.367 71.3 69.7 67.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.425 0.671 0.438 9.4 9.2 8.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.284 0.817 0.455 14.9 14.6 14.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

102 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

 —Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Philander Smith College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.272 1.530 1.300 74.5 72.9 70.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.250 0.428 0.279 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.189 0.723 0.392 18.9 18.5 17.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Rust College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.341 1.611 1.356 88.8 86.9 84.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.335 0.492 0.335 9.2 9.0 8.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.234 0.770 0.426 15.9 15.6 15.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Saint Augustine’s College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.232 1.515 1.282 56.7 55.5 53.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.218 0.443 0.285 7.3 7.1 6.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.149 0.722 0.391 16.4 16.0 15.6 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Saint Paul’s College

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.030 1.204 1.093 112.4 110.0 106.8 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.048 0.161 0.125 4.5 4.4 4.3 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.888 0.533 0.287 18.1 17.7 17.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Shaw University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.232 1.515 1.282 89.1 87.2 84.7 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.218 0.443 0.285 7.3 7.1 6.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.149 0.722 0.391 16.3 16.0 15.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.176 0.741 0.409 16.3 15.9 15.5 

 

Southwestern Christian College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.641 1.367 104.5 102.2 99.3 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.425 0.671 0.438 9.5 9.3 9.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.284 0.817 0.455 15.0 14.7 14.2 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Spelman College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.363 1.651 1.378 64.3 62.9 61.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.360 0.594 0.398 8.9 8.7 8.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.265 0.804 0.449 15.5 15.2 14.7 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Stillman College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.165 1.404 1.211 76.3 74.7 72.5 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.198 0.333 0.201 6.5 6.4 6.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.100 0.659 0.348 18.4 18.0 17.5 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

(See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

103 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

 —Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Talladega College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.107 1.339 1.177 42.5 41.6 40.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.103 0.247 0.160 5.5 5.4 5.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.037 0.616 0.321 17.8 17.4 16.9 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Texas College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.255 1.530 1.294 74.4 72.8 70.6 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.301 0.455 0.287 8.0 7.9 7.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.180 0.730 0.394 16.1 15.8 15.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Tougaloo College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.241 1.490 1.275 82.0 80.2 77.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.247 0.365 0.245 7.8 7.6 7.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.156 0.701 0.378 17.3 16.9 16.4 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Tuskegee University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.024 1.192 1.080 44.1 43.1 41.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.040 0.141 0.101 3.9 3.8 3.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.849 0.506 0.252 18.5 18.1 17.6 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 0.876 0.520 0.266 18.6 18.2 17.7 

 

Virginia Union University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.292 1.572 1.324 71.5 70.0 67.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.280 0.499 0.333 8.6 8.4 8.2 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.202 0.749 0.411 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.231 0.768 0.429 17.0 16.6 16.2 

 

Voorhees College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.047 1.255 1.123 112.8 110.4 107.2 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.063 0.224 0.137 5.7 5.6 5.4 

 Undergraduate students................................. 0.919 0.555 0.285 19.8 19.4 18.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Wilberforce University 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.249 1.515 1.298 77.3 75.6 73.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.224 0.416 0.290 8.1 7.9 7.7 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.141 0.702 0.387 17.1 16.8 16.3 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Wiley College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.145 1.399 1.204 97.3 95.2 92.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.188 0.401 0.240 6.2 6.1 5.9 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.074 0.663 0.347 15.6 15.2 14.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 (See notes at end of table.) 
Appendix D. Template Multipliers 

104 

Table D-2. Template multipliers for not-for-profit Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

 —Continued 

Institution 

Template 

multipliers 

output 

(Column 1) 

Template 

multipliers 

value-added 

(Column 2) 

Template 

multipliers 

labor income 

(Column 3) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2002 

(Column 4) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2003 

(Column 5) 

Employment 

multiplier 

2004 

(Column 6) 

 

Xavier University of Louisiana 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.301 1.566 1.321 49.5 48.4 47.0 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.351 0.513 0.317 9.1 8.9 8.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.218 0.753 0.410 16.9 16.5 16.0 

 Graduate/professional students...................... 1.246 0.770 0.426 17.2 16.8 16.3 

 

 

 2-year 

 

Clinton Junior College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.286 1.572 1.321 71.7 70.1 68.1 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.264 0.484 0.314 8.0 7.8 7.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.192 0.750 0.411 14.9 14.5 14.1 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Lewis College of Business 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.302 1.576 1.335 73.5 72.0 69.9 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.314 0.540 0.366 8.6 8.4 8.1 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.225 0.774 0.431 15.5 15.2 14.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

 

Mary Holmes College 

 Wages and salaries ........................................ 2.146 1.386 1.206 133.1 130.2 126.4 

 Other institutional spending .......................... 1.144 0.291 0.197 6.9 6.8 6.6 

 Undergraduate students................................. 1.077 0.645 0.344 18.7 18.3 17.8 

 Graduate/professional students...................... † † † † † † 

† Not applicable. 

NOTE: Economic multipliers for output, value-added, and labor income are expressed in dollar amounts to the nearest third decimal whereas 

multipliers for employment are reported to the first decimal. This reflects fundamental differences in how multipliers are used and what they 

represent. The output, value-added, and labor income multipliers are applied against dollar amounts and generate impact estimates in terms of dollar 

amounts. The employment multipliers are applied against $1,000,000 amounts and generate economic impact estimates that are measured in terms of 

jobs. Output refers to the value of total production, including domestic and foreign trade. Value-added includes employee compensation, proprietary 

income, other property type income, and indirect business taxes. Labor income includes both the total payroll costs of workers who are paid by 

employers and payment received by self-employed individuals. Employment includes both full-time and part-time jobs. The multipliers for output, 

value-added, labor income, and employment were estimated using the IMPLAN system, version 2.0, Type SAM (Social Accounting Matrices) 

multipliers, and production functions provided by MIG, Inc. 

SOURCE: Prepared by Jeffrey Humphreys for the National Center for Education Statistics, 2004. 
105 

Appendix E 

Regional Economies Affected by HBCUs 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK 
Appendix E. Regional Economies Affected by HBCUs 

107 

Public HBCUs 

4-year 

ALABAMA A & M UNIVERSITY – Huntsville, AL MSA 

ALABAMA STATE UNIVERSITY – Montgomery, AL MSA 

ALBANY STATE UNIVERSITY – Albany, GA MSA 

ALCORN STATE UNIVERSITY – Jefferson, Claiborne, and Adams counties, MS 

BLUEFIELD STATE COLLEGE – Bluefield, WV-VA Micropolitan Statistical Area 

BOWIE STATE UNIVERSITY – Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (part) MSA 

CENTRAL STATE UNIVERSITY – Dayton, OH MSA 

CHEYNEY UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA – Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 

COPPIN STATE COLLEGE – Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA 

DELAWARE STATE UNIVERSITY – Dover, DE MSA 

ELIZABETH CITY STATE UNIVERSITY – Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 

FAYETTEVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY – Fayetteville, NC MSA 

FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL UNIVERSITY – Tallahassee, FL MSA 

FORT VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY – Fort Valley, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area 

GRAMBLING STATE UNIVERSITY – Ruston, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area 

HARRIS-STOWE STATE COLLEGE – St. Louis MO-IL MSA 

JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY – Jackson, MS MSA 

KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY – Frankfort, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area 

LANGSTON UNIVERSITY – Oklahoma City, OK MSA 

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY (MO) – Jefferson City, MO MSA 

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY (PA) – Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY – Greenwood, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area 

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY – Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA 

NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL STATE UNIVERSITY – Greensboro-High Point, 

NC MSA 

NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY – Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA 

NORTH CAROLINA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY – Durham, NC MSA 

PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIVERSITY – Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX MSA 

SAVANNAH STATE UNIVERSITY – Savannah, GA MSA 

SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY – Orangeburg, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area 

SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE – Baton Rouge, LA MSA 

SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AT NEW ORLEANS – New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA MSA 

TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY – Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN MSA 

TEXAS SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY – Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX MSA 

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS AT PINE BLUFF – Pine Bluff, AR MSA 

UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA – Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (part) 

MSA 

UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, CLARK SCHOOL OF LAW – Washington-ArlingtonAlexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (part) MSA 

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND-EASTERN SHORE – Salisbury, MD MSA 

VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY – Richmond, VA MSA 

WEST VIRGINIA STATE COLLEGE – Charleston, WV Micropolitan Statistical Area 

WINSTON-SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY – Winston-Salem, NC MSA 
Appendix E. Regional Economies Affected by HBCUs 

108 

2-year 

 

BISHOP STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE – Mobile and Washington counties, AL 

COAHOMA COMMUNITY COLLEGE – Clarksdale, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area 

DENMARK TECHNICAL COLLEGE – Bamburg County, SC 

GADSDEN STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE – St. Clair, Etowah, and Cherokee counties, AL 

J F DRAKE STATE TECHNICAL COLLEGE – Huntsville, AL MSA 

LAWSON STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE – Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA 

SHELTON STATE COMMUNITY COLLEGE-C A FREDD – Tuscaloosa, AL MSA 

SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AT SHREVEPORT – Shreveport-Bossier City, LA MSA 

ST PHILIPS COLLEGE – San Antonio, TX MSA 

TRENHOLM STATE TECHNICAL COLLEGE – Montgomery, AL MSA 

 

Not-for-Profit HBCUs 

4-year 

 

ALLEN UNIVERSITY – Columbia, SC MSA 

ARKANSAS BAPTIST COLLEGE – Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR MSA 

BARBER-SCOTIA COLLEGE – Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC MSA 

BENEDICT COLLEGE – Columbia, SC MSA 

BENNETT COLLEGE – Greensboro-High Point, NC MSA 

BETHUNE COOKMAN COLLEGE – Deltona-Daytona-Ormond Beach FL, MSA 

CLAFLIN UNIVERSITY – Orangeburg, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area 

CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

CONCORDIA COLLEGE – Selma, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area 

DILLARD UNIVERSITY – New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA MSA 

EDWARD WATERS COLLEGE – Jacksonville, FL MSA 

FISK UNIVERSITY – Nashville, Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN MSA 

FLORIDA MEMORIAL COLLEGE – Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL MSA 

HAMPTON UNIVERSITY – Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA 

HOWARD UNIVERSITY – Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV (part) MSA 

HUSTON-TILLOTSON COLLEGE – Austin-Round Rock, TX MSA 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL THEOLOGICAL CENTER – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

JARVIS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE – Wood, Smith, and Upshur counties, TX 

JOHNSON C SMITH UNIVERSITY – Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC MSA 

LANE COLLEGE – Jackson, TN MSA 

LE MOYNE-OWEN COLLEGE – Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA 

LIVINGSTONE COLLEGE – Salisbury, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area 

MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE – Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN MSA 

MILES COLLEGE – Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA 

MOREHOUSE COLLEGE – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

MORRIS BROWN COLLEGE – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

MORRIS COLLEGE – Sumter, SC MSA 

OAKWOOD COLLEGE – Huntsville, AL MSA 

PAINE COLLEGE – Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC MSA 

PAUL QUINN COLLEGE – Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA 

PHILANDER SMITH COLLEGE – Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR MSA 

RUST COLLEGE – Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA 

SAINT AUGUSTINE’S COLLEGE – Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA 

SAINT PAUL’S COLLEGE – Brunswick County, VA 

SHAW UNIVERSITY – Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA 
Appendix E. Regional Economies Affected by HBCUs 

109 

SOUTHWESTERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE – Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA 

SPELMAN COLLEGE – Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 

STILLMAN COLLEGE – Tuscaloosa, AL MSA 

TALLADEGA COLLEGE – Talladega-Sylacauga, AL MSA 

TEXAS COLLEGE – Tyler, TX MSA 

TOUGALOO COLLEGE – Jackson, MS MSA 

TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY – Tuskegee, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area 

VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY – Richmond, VA MSA 

VOORHEES COLLEGE – Bamburg County, SC 

WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY – Dayton, OH MSA 

WILEY COLLEGE – Marshall, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area 

XAVIER UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA – New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA MSA 

 

2-year

CLINTON JUNIOR COLLEGE – Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC MSA 

LEWIS COLLEGE OF BUSINESS – Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI MSA 

MARY HOLMES COLLEGE – Clay, Lowndes, and Oktibbeha counties, MS 

Notes: Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and Micropolitan Statistical Area designations and definitions are 

 based on census 2000 population and commuting data (Executive Office of the President, Office of 

 Management and Budget, June 6, 2003). 
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK