United States

Department of

Agriculture

Agricultural

(k;y;ztive

ACS Research

Report 107

Agricultural Exports

by Cooperatives, 1990
Abstract

Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1990

Karen J. Spatz

Agricultural Cooperative Service

One hundred and sixteen agricultural cooperatives reported exports of

$4.1 billion in 1990. Cooperative share of U.S. agricultural exports was 6.2 percent. Grains and feeds exports by 18 cooperatives accounted for the largest

dollar value, $1.6 billion or 38.7 percent of total. Forty-one cooperatives exported fruits and fruit products, the largest number of cooperative exporters by commodity group. The largest market for cooperative exports was Southeast and

East Asia with almost 21 percent of cooperative exports.

Key Words: Cooperatives, cooperative exports, agricultural exports.

ACS Research Report 107

July 1992
Preface

This report describes agricultural exports by cooperatives in 1990 in terms

of the number of cooperative exporters, dollar value of cooperative exports by

commodity and destination, method of export sales, and share of US. exports.

This study is conducted every 5 years by Agricultural Cooperative Service,

USDA. Previous reports include Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1980 and

Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1985.

Definitions are consistent with those of the Bureau of the Census. Free on

Board (f.o.b.) value includes all costs of delivering and loading goods on a stated carrier. Reported exports exclude shipments between the 50 States, Puerto

Rico, and island possessions and shipments in-transit from one foreign country

to another when documented as such by the U.S. Customs Service.

Data for this report were gathered from a 1 -page questionnaire. The initial

mailing was followed by a second mailing, and telephone contact for each nonrespondent.

Cooperatives were requested to provide calendar year 1990 f.o.b. dollar

value of exports by commodity and destination, and percent exported by each

method of sale. These methods include: 1) sold directly to foreign buyer by own

export department or sales staff; 2) sold through domestic-based export commission agent (brokerage); 3) sold through foreign-based export commission

agent (brokerage); 4) sold to domestic export management or trading company;

or 5) other.

The questionnaire was mailed to a total of 198 cooperatives, identified

from previous ACS surveys. One hundred seventy-nine cooperatives replied for

a response rate of 90 percent. Of these, 110 reported exports in 1990.
Contents

Cooperative Participation in Exporting ............................................................... 1

Export Intensity .......................................................................................... 2

Method of Export Sale ................................................................................ 2

Export Values ............................................................................................ .2

Cooperative Shares of U.S. Exports.. ....................................................... .2

Destinations .............................................................................................. .3

Commodity Reviews .......................................................................................... 3

Animals and Animal Products .................................................................... 3

Grains and Feeds....................................................................................... 3

Oilseeds and Oilseed Products .................................................................. 3

Fruits and Fruit Products ............................................................................ 4

Vegetables and Vegetable Products .......................................................... 4

Nuts, Cotton, and Other Products .............................................................. 4

References ......................................................................................................... 5

Tables ................................................................................................................. 5

Figures ............................................................................................................. 13

ii
Tables

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Cooperative export concentration, 1990 ................................................. 5

Export intensity by type of cooperative, 1990 ......................................... 5

Method of sale, by commodity group, 1990 ........................................... .6

Value of agricultural exports by cooperatives, 1990.. ............................. .7

Value of exports by cooperatives and cooperative

share of U.S. exports, by commodity group, 1985 and 1990.. ................ .7

Percent change in U.S. and cooperative exports, 1985-90 .................... .8

Cooperative share of U.S. agricultural exports, 1990 .............................. 8

Value of cooperative exports, by destination

and commodity group, 1990 ................................................................... 9

Cooperative exports and percent of total cooperative exports,

by destination, 1990 ............................................................................ .10

10. Animals and animal products, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

11 . Grains and feeds, value of exports by cooperatives, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

12. Oilseeds and oilseed products, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

13. Fruits and fruit products, value of exports by cooperatives, 1990..........11

14. Vegetables and vegetable products, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

15. Nuts, cotton, and other products, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figures

1. Cooperative Exports by Commodity Group, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. Exports by Commodity Group as Percent

of Total Cooperative Exports, 1985 and 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3. Cooperative Share of U.S. Exports, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4. Cooperative Exports by Destination, 1990 . . . . . . . . . ..*................................ 16

5. Percent of Cooperative Exports by Destination, 1985 and 1990 . . . . . . . . ...17

. . . 111
Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1990

Karen J. Spatz

Agricultural Economist

Farmer-owned cooperatives have been significant players in the international marketplace since

the 1970’s. Competition in both domestic and foreign markets has increased over the years. U.S. and

cooperative exports have not fully recovered following the boom years of the early 1980’s, when

U.S. agricultural exports peaked at $43.3 billion in

1981 before dropping to a low of $26.2 billion in

1986.’ Cooperative exports also fluctuated in the

1980’s, totaling $6.4 billion in 1980 and decreasing

to $3.4 billion in 1985.2

Cooperatives export every major commodity

from bulk grains and feeds to high-value branded

products. Marketing cooperatives are the primary

exporters but some supply cooperatives are active

as well. Cooperatives export as part of their overall

business strategy and to remain competitive. This

study reports cooperative exports for 1990.

COOPERATIVE PARTICIPATION

IN EXPORTING

In 1990, some 116 cooperatives headquartered

in 32 States reported exports, compared with 87

cooperatives in 29 States in 1985. When evaluating

‘Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States, Calendar Year

2990 Supplement, and Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United

States, Calendar Year 1985 Supplement, United States

Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

ZThe survey methodology for 1980 cooperative export data

differed to the extent that comparison with 1990 data are

not valid. Survey results for 1980 cooperative export data

are documented in Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1980.

cooperative exports by State, it is important to keep

in mind that a State where a cooperative is headquartered is not necessarily the State from which

products originate or are exported. In some cases,

cooperatives are regional with products originated

and processed in more than one State. The top six

States reporting cooperative exports were

California, Washington, Florida, Oregon, Texas,

and Michigan. California had the largest concentration of cooperative exporters, with 34. Washington

was second, with 13 cooperatives, and Florida and

Oregon tied for third, with 8 cooperatives each.

Texas and Michigan each reported five cooperative

exporters.

Cooperative participation in exporting has

changed since 1985, with the number of cooperatives reporting exports in 1990 increasing from 87

to 116. Twenty-seven cooperatives that reported

exports in 1985 did not export in 1990 or did not

respond to the survey. The latter cooperatives may

have gone out of business, changed to a noncooperative business, or merged, or else they simply did

not export. The number of newly identified cooperative exporters in 1990 was 56 for a net gain of 29

exporters. This gain is largely due to an increase in

cooperatives exporting high-value specialty products.

Dollar value of exports by cooperatives

ranged from less than $5,000 to more than $250 million. The majority of cooperative exporters had

sales of less than $5 million each (table 1). Export

sales from these cooperatives accounted for only

2.1 percent of total cooperative exports. More than

60 percent of cooperative exports were concentrated in five cooperatives, each reporting exports

greater than $250 million.
Export Intensity

Exports are an important part of a cooperative’s marketing strategy. In some cases, exports are

part of a long-term marketing plan to increase total

sales and market share. Conversely, some cooperatives export only in years of excess production.

One measure of the importance of exports to coop

erative sales is export intensity or total exports

divided by total sales. Total sales by commodity

were not requested; therefore, total sales for each

cooperative was used to determine export intensity.

In order to evaluate export intensity, sales were

classified by cooperative type as defined by

Agricultural Cooperative Service. Exporting plays

a minor role for some cooperatives such as dairy

with 0.3 percent export intensity and farm supply

with 1.7 percent (table 2). Whereas, exports by nut

cooperatives accounted for more than half of total

sales, 54.1 percent. The export intensity for total

cooperative sales was 14.1 percent.

Method of Export Sale

Cooperatives export by different methods,

including direct sales to foreign buyers by cooperative sales staff, through a domestic-based export

commission agent (broker), a foreign-based export

commission agent (broker), selling to a domestic

export trading company, or other unspecified

methods such as government contract. A cooperative might export by any of these methods depending upon the country and/or product. For example,

timely movement of highly perishable items such

as fresh produce might prove too costly for a small

cooperative or one new to international sales. In

this situation, the best method might be to sell to a

domestic export trading company. Each method

offers varying degrees of tradeoff between cost and

control over the product.

Undifferentiated bulk products were exported

primarily by sales to export trading companies

(ETC). Dairy products, grains, and oilseeds exported by this method accounted for 86.3,56.5, and 40.6

percent, respectively, of each group’s total exports

(table 3). Cotton was sold primarily through a

domestic-based export agent, which in this case is a

cooperative. Fruits and vegetables were primarily

exported by cooperatives’ sales staff and the majority of nut exports were through foreign agents.

Export Values

Some 116 cooperatives reported export sales

totaling $4.1 billion in 1990 (table 4, fig. 1). Grains

and feeds exports from 18 cooperatives accounted

for the largest share, $1.6 billion or 38.7 percent,

followed by 5 cooperatives with exports of cotton

valued at $676 million and fruits and fruit products

valued at $634.7 million exported by 41 cooperatives. The fourth largest commodity export was

animals and animal products, worth $571 million.

The value of cooperative exports increased

from $3.4 billion in 1985 to $4.1 billion in 1990 or

21.8 percent (tables 5-6). Similarly, U.S. agricultural

exports increased from $29.1 billion in 1985 to $39.3

billion in 1990. Cooperative oilseeds and oilseed

products exports declined by 41.9 percent from 5

years ago resulting from share of cooperative

exports decreasing from 11.7 percent in 1985 to 5.6

percent in 1990 (fig. 2). The drop was less severe for

grains and feeds and for nuts at 7.8 percent and 2.5

percent, respectively. In contrast, vegetables and

vegetable products increased by 94 percent, fruits

and fruit products increased by 68 percent, and cotton increased 63.7 percent.

Exports are reported for only two distinct time

periods, 1985 and 1990. Therefore, it is not valid to

assume trends for this analysis. A one-time large

export shipment reflected in any commodity group

in one of the chosen years could misrepresent

export activity as a trend over the 5-year interval.

Cooperative Shares of U.S. Exports

Cooperatives accounted for 6.2 percent of total

U.S. agricultural exports in 1990 (table 7, fig. 3).

The largest cooperative share was for nuts, at 27

percent of U.S. nuts exported. Cooperative exports

of fruits and fruit products amounted to 26 percent

of U.S. fruits and fruit products, followed by cotton

with 24 percent of U.S. exports. Cooperatives

accounted for only 4.5 percent of U.S. grains and

feeds exported. Export share did not include com2
modi ties cooperatives sold to an export management or trading company-one reason cooperative

share of grains and feeds was low.

Though total value of cooperative exports

increased, cooperative share of total U.S. exports

declined from 11.7 percent to 6.2 percent from 1985

to 1990. However, because cooperative shares of

U.S. exports for 1990 were calculated by a different

methodology than for 1985, comparison between

1985 and 1990 export shares is not valid.

Destinations

Cooperative exports went to 105 countries in

1990. The primary destination was Southeast and

East Asia, receiving $863.6 million worth of cooperative exports (table 8, fig. 4). The primary products

to this region were fruits and fruit products, at

$425.6 million, and grains and feeds, at $217 million. Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union

were the next largest destination, with imports of

$631.2 million, followed by exports to Western

Europe totaling $499.7 million.

Southeast and East Asia remained the largest

area destination, taking 22.8 percent of cooperative

exports in 1985, then declining to 20.9 percent in

1990 (table 9, fig. 5). Western Europe was the second largest destination in 1985, receiving 13.8 percent of total exports, but decreasing to 12.1 percent

in 1990. Eastern Europe was the second largest destination, accounting for 15.3 percent in 1990, up

from 5.9 percent in 1985. Export share to Latin

America declined from 8.7 percent to 3.1 percent.

This was due largely to a decline in the Mexican

share of cooperative exports, from 4.2 percent to 1.2

percent.

Destinations for almost 40 percent of cooperative exports were reported as unknown. This is

largely due to the sale of bulk commodities such as

grains and feeds, cotton, and oilseeds and oilseed

products to export management companies or

through agents.

COMMODITY REVIEWS

Animals and Animal Products

Cooperative exports of animals and animal

products represent a small share of U.S. exports, 1.3

percent. Exports of meat, poultry, and products by

four cooperatives, worth $529 million, were the

major portion of this group (table 10). This category includes fresh and processed pork, pork products such as ham, poultry and products, and egg

products.

Live animals, frozen bovine semen, and hides

from seven cooperatives accounted for $29.5 million in exports. Eight cooperatives exported $12.4

million worth of dairy products, including dry

whey, lactose, nonfat dry milk, and all other dairy

products.

Grains and Feeds

Grains and feeds were the largest commodity

group for cooperative exporters in 1990, with 38.7

percent of total exports, or a total value of $1.6 billion. The subgroup “other grains,” which includes

barley, sorghum, and grain products, was the

largest component of this group, with exports of

$772.8 million (table 11).

Wheat exports were second largest at $390.8

million by five cooperatives. Four cooperatives

exported $228 million worth of rice and accounted

for 17 percent of U.S. rice exports, the largest share

in any U.S. grains and feeds subgroup. Corn

exports represented the smallest share of U.S.

exports in this subgroup, with exports of $154 million from six cooperatives. Feeds and fodder

exports, which includes alfalfa cubes, sugar beet

pulp and pellets, prepared animal feed, and feed

ingredients, were valued at $55.7 million and

accounted for 2.8 percent of U.S. exports of these

products.

Oilseeds and Oilseed Products

Oilseeds and oilseed products from 10 coopera tives represented 5.6 percent of cooperative

exports in 1990. Soybeans were the largest sub3
group, with exports valued at $158 million (table

12). Exports of other oilseeds, including sunflowerseed, cottonseed, and peanuts, by four cooperatives accounted for 8.3 percent of U.S. exports of

these commodities. Oilseed products such as

oilseed cake, meal, and oils were exported by four

cooperatives and valued at $58.9 million.

Fruits and Fruit Products

The largest number of cooperatives, 41,

exported fruits and fruit products valued at $634.7

million in 1990. More than half exported fresh

deciduous fruit valued at $82.7 million (table 13).

This subgroup includes pears, blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, mangos, avocados, passion fruit, sugar apples, plums, cherries,

persimmons, kiwifruit, grapes, peaches, and nectarines.

Exports of fresh citrus by six cooperatives

were the largest in export dollar value at $288.9

million, or 51 percent of U.S. total fresh citrus

exports. Four cooperatives exported dried fruit valued at $82.9 million, accounting for 26 percent of

U.S. exports of dried fruit. Fruit juice exports valued at $98.2 million by seven cooperatives resulted

in a cooperative export share of 27.2 percent.

Canned and frozen fruit and other processed fruit

exports classified in the “other” subgroup were

valued at $81.9 million.

Vegetables and Vegetable Products

Vegetables and vegetable products was one of

the smallest groups of cooperative exports in 1990,

representing 1.8 percent of cooperative total

exports. The value of exports was $73.3 million, or

2.4 percent of U.S. exports (table 14).

The largest vegetable subgroup was pulses,

which included dried beans, peas, and lentils.

Exports of these products amounted to $47.1 million, an 11.1 percent share of U.S. exports of pulses.

Fresh and processed vegetables exports by 12 coop

eratives were valued at $26.1 million, less than 1

percent of the U.S. total for similar products.

Nuts, Cotton, and Other Products

Table 15 summarizes three commodity

groups: nuts, cotton, and other products. Nut

exports from four cooperatives were valued at

$271.9 million, a 34 percent share of U.S. exports of

tree nuts. Cotton was the second largest dollar volume of cooperative export groups, at 16.4 percent

of the total. Five cooperatives exported $676.3 million worth of cotton, a 23.9 percent share of U.S.

cotton exports.

The “other” group was made up of two

groups, agricultural and agricultural supply products. Seventeen cooperatives exported other agricultural products valued at $28.2 million. This category included field and garden seed, wild rice,

lecithin, ornamental greens, flowers, molasses,

honey, catfish, wine, coffee, and miscellaneous grocery products. Agricultural supply products

exported by seven cooperatives were valued at

$46.5 million. These were mostly farm supplies

such as fertilizers, ash, nitrate, potash, agricultural

chemicals, and agricultural machinery and parts.

Because these subgroups contained such a wide

spectrum of products, valid shares of U.S. exports

are difficult to estimate.

4
References

Kennedy, Tracey L. and Arvin R. Bunker.

Agricultural Exports by Cooperatives, 1985.

Agricultural Cooperative Service, USDA. ACS

Research Report 66.1987.

Reynolds, Bruce J. and Karen J. Spatz. International

Business Arrangements Used by Cooperatives.

Agricultural Cooperative Service, USDA. ACS

Research Report 100.1991.

United States Department of Agriculture,

Economic Research Service. Foreign

Agricultural Trade of the United States, Calendar

Year 1985 Supplement, 1986.

. Foreign Agricultural Trade of the

United States, Calendar Year 1990 Supplement,

1991.

. Foreign Agricultural Trade of the

United States, January/February 1991.

United States Department of Agriculture, World

Agriculture Situation and Outlook Report, WAS60, September 1990.

Table l-Cooperative export concentration, 1990

No. Dollar Percent

coops value of value

Less than $1 million 37 11,033,026 0.3

$1 mil - $4.9 million 31 75,378,457 1.8

$5 mil - $9.9 million 15 103,968,477 2.5

$10 mil - $19.9 million 9 120,709,635 2.9

$20 mil - $49.9 million 14 492,617,988 11.9

$50 mil - $249.9 million 5 809,181,076 19.6

$250 million or more 5 2,522,286,200 61 .O

Totals 116 4,135,174,859 100.0

Table P-Export intensity by type

of cooperative, 1990

Type of cooperative Export intensity’

Cotton 45.3

Dairy 0.3

Fruit and vegetable 11.0

Grain and soybean 23.5

Nuts 54.1

Poultry 36.2

Dry beans 41 .o

Rice 22.4

Misc. 10.3

Farm supply 1.7

Service 23.0

Totals

Percent

14.1

* Cooperative exports divided by cooperative sales.

5
Table 3-Method of 8816, by commodity group, 1990

Commodity group

Sold directly to

foreign buyer by

sales staff

Sold through

domestic-based

export agent

Sold through

foreign-based

commission agent

Sold to domestic

export trading

company

Other

Animals & products1 11.5 2.0 0.2 86.3 0.0

Grains and feeds* 23.6 1.8 15.2 56.5 3.0

Oilseeds & products3 18.7 5.1 6.2 40.6 29.5

Cotton4 3.3 87.1 8.5 1.2 0.0

Fruits & products 66.4 11.3 19.7 2.6 0.0

Vegetables 8 products 53.8 9.1 11.4 24.5 1.5

Nuts 4.2 0.0 91.7 4.1 0.0

Other products5 62.2 13.8 21.8 2.2 0.0

Totals 24.8

Percent

17.6 17.3 37.4 2.8

1 Excluding furskins, fats, oils, and greases.

2 lndudes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice, feed and

fodder, gram preparation, grain not specified. Exdudes oilcake.

3 lndudes peanuts.

4 lndudes cotton linters.

Slndudes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet molasses,

miscellaneous grocery products, agricultural machinery and

equipment, nursery products, and fertilizer and chemicals.
Table 4-Value of agricultural exports by cooperatives, 1990

Commodity group No. co-ops Dollar value Percent of total

Animals & products’ 19 571,022,248 13.8

Grains 81 feeds2 18 1,601,682,021 38.7

Oilseeds & products3 IO 231,565,363 5.6

Cotton’ 5 676,346,708 16.4

Fruits & products 41 634,673,655 15.3

Vegetables & products 17 73,262,230 1.8

Nuts 4 271,947,420 6.6

Other products5 21 74,675,214 1.8

Totals 6116 4,135,174,859 100.0

1 Excluding furskins, fats, oils, and greases,

21ncfudes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice, feed and fodder, grain preparation,

grain not specified. Excludes oilcake.

3 Includes peanuts.

41ncfudes cotton linters.

Sln~udes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet molasses, miscellaneous grocery

products, agricultural machinery and equipment, nursery products, and fertilizer and chemicals

6Does not add because some cooperatives exported more than one commodity group.

Table 5-Value of exports by cooperatives and cooperative share of U.S. exports,

by commodity group, 1985 and 1990

co-ops Value

1985 1990 1985 1990

Percent of U.S. exports’

1985 1990

_____ Number _____ ._._____________ $1,000 . ..-....___.____

Animals & products2 14 19 27,934 571,022

Grains & feeds3 15 18 1,736,860 1,601,682

Oilseeds & products’ 10 10 398.861 231,565

Cottons 5 5 413,172 676,347

Fruits & products 29 41 377,602 634,674

Vegetables 6 products 7 17 37,688 73,262

Nuts 3 4 279,011 271,947

Other productss 14 21 124,820 74,675

-

Totals 787 7116 3,395,948 4,135,175

- = not able to calculate.

1 Percentage differs for 1985 and 1990. For 1990, cooperative

exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S. exports. In 1985, dollar values reported as total

and method of sale is not distinguished.

2 Exduding furskins, fats, oils, and greases,

3 Includes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice, feed and fodder, grain preparation,

grain not specified. Excludes oilcake.

4 Includes peanuts,

5 Includes cotton linters.

g Includes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet molasses, miscellaneous grocery

products, agricultural machinery and equipment, nursery products, and fertilizer, chemicals,

tobacco (1985 only).

7 Does not add because some cooperatives exported more than one commodity group.

B Percentage based on U.S. agricultural exports for 1990 and 1985.

__________ Percent __________

0.9 1.3

14.9 4.5

6.7 1.2

25.0 23.9

31.8 26.2

6.4 2.4

40.8 26.7

-

11.7 86.2

7
Table 6-Percent change in U.S. and cooperative Table 7-Cooperative share of U.S. agricultural

exports, 1985-90 exports, 1990

Commodity group

Change in value

US. co-op

Percent

Animals 8 products’

Grains & feeds*

Oilseeds & products3

Cotton4

Fruits & products

Vegetables & products

Nuts

Other products5

+98.0

+23.5

+23.7

+69.4

+99.0

+288.9

+42.8

+19.4

-7.8

-41.9

+63.7

+68.1

+94.4

-2.5

-40.2

Total agricultural products +35.6 +21.8

-= not able to calculate.

1 Excluding furskins, fats, oils, and greases.

2 Includes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice, feed

and fodder, grain preparation, grain not specified. Excludes

oiloake.

3 Includes peanuts.

4 Includes cotton linters.

5 Includes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet

molasses, miscellaneous grocery products, agricultural

machinery and equipment, nursery products, fertilizer, and

agricultural chemicals.

Commodity group U.S. coop

coop

share2

_____________ $j,om _____________ Percent

Animals 8 products3 6,124,034 78,406 1.3

Grains & feeds4 14,403,158 649,353 4.5

Oilseeds & products5 5,682,428 69,245 1.2

Cotton6 2,798,495 668,584 23.9

Fruits & products7 2,360,104 618,118 26.2

Vegetables & products 2,302,199 54,436 2.4

Nuts 975,777 260,688 26.7

Other products8 73,004 -

-

Totals9 39,347,012 2,425,570 6.2

- = not able to calculate.

1 Cooperative exports do not include sales to domestic export

management companies.

*Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by

U.S. exports.

3Excluding furskins, fats, oils, and greases.

41ncludes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice,

feed and fodder, grain preparation, grain not specified.

Excludes oilcake.

slncludes peanuts.

81ncludes cotton linters.

71ncIudes fresh 8 processed citrus and deciduous fruit and

fruit juices.

Blncludes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet

molasses, miscellaneous grocery products, agricultural

machinery and equipment, nursery products, and fertilizer

9 U.S. totals include agricultural exports only. Cooperative

total exports are agricultural exports only and are used to

calculate total export share.
Table B-Value of cooperatlve exports, by destination and commodity group, 1990

Destination Animals & Grains & Oilseeds &

products’ feeds2 products’ Cotton’ Fruits & Vegetablesproducts & products Nuts Othep Total

20,201,673 14,266,797 0 27,266,381 3,780,282 na 3,930,196 84,821,585

13,691,742 14,677,322 na 7,881,324 308,856 3,916,171 3,991,727 47,625,404

na na 0 2,342,518 na na 1,992,488 13,377,611

3,418,777 0 0 7,996,628 377,885 na na 17,166,054

19,100,433 0 na 17,094,117 4,810,628 2,030,052 2,929,665 48,330,307

118,431,290 47,902,861 42,426,186 94,510,216 8,121,663 152,264,773 33,196,127 499,660,777

na na na na na na 0 631,196,614

Canada 3,678,864

Mexico 2,451,170

Central Americas 503,219

Caribbean7 5‘052,792

South Americas 1,750,196

Western Europe9 2,809,461

Eastern Europe & na

USSR’O

South Asia” 0

Southeast

& East Asia’2 i 9,731,385

na 0 0 na na na 0 17,712,909

217,095,281 na 44,475,295 425,674,568 14,547,790 na 26,299,210 863,604,122

West Asia13

Af rical4

Oceania’s

Unknown,

unreported

4,958,996

5,100,625

310,978

50,922,694

103,928,803 na na 7,807,103 na na 624,164 130,372,280

137,853,635 na na na na na na 146,140,732

na na 0 7,596,533 1,785,309 5,641,934 539,371 17,709,152

815,346,918 90,687,767 583,459,880 36,191,585 37,295,040 na 1,061,428 1,617,457,312

Totals 571,022,248 1,601,682,021 231,565,363 676,346,708 634,673,655 73,262,230 271,947,420 74,675,214 4,135,174,859

na = fewer than three cooperatives.

1 Excluding furskins, fats, oils, and greases.

* Includes wheat and products, sorghum, barley, corn, rice, feed and fodder, grain preparation, grain not specified. Excludes oilcake.

3 Includes peanuts.

l Includes cotton linters.

s Includes honey, wine, seed, coffee, wild rice, sugar beet molasses, miscellaneous grocery

products, agricultural machinery and equipment, nursery products, and fertilizer.

6 Includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

7 Includes Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Dominican Republic, French West Indies, Haiti,

Jamaica, Leeward & Wrndward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, n.e.c.

8 Includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

0 Includes Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,

United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Malta, n.e.c.

10 Includes Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Soviet Union.

I1 Includes Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

I* Includes Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and n.e.c.

‘3 Includes Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and n.e.c.

I4 Includes Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Togo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and n.e.c.

\D

15 Includes Australia, New Zealand, South Pacific Islands, French Pacific Islands, Trust Territory Pacific Islands, and n.e.c.
Table 9-Cooperative exports and percent of total cooperative exports, by destination, 1985 and 1990

Destination 1995 1990

s1.m Percent $l,ooo Percent

Canada 61,052 1.8 84,822 2.1

Latin America 296,636 8.7 126,499 3.1

Mexico 143,389 4.2 47,625 1.2

Central America’ 16,561 0.5 13,378 0.3

Caribbean* 10,317 0.3 17,166 0.4

South America3

126,372 3.7 48,330 1.2

Europe 670,696 19.8 1 ,130,857 27.4

Western Europe4 468,844 13.8 499,661 12.1

Eastern Europe & USSR5 201,852 5.9 631,197 15.3

Asia 916,242 27.0 1 ,011,689 24.5

South Asia6 19,320 0.6 17,713 0.4

South East & East Asia7 775,256 22.8 863,604 20.9

West Asia6 141,666 4.2 130,372 3.2

Africa9 167,788 4.9 146,141 3.5

Ckeania10 10,577 0.3 17,709 0.4

Unknown/unreported 1,252,955 36.9 1,617,457 39.1

Total 3,395.948 4,135,175

1 lndudes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

z Includes Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Dominican Republic, French West Indies, Haiti, Jamaica,

Leeward & Windward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, n.e.c.

3 Includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and

Venezuela.

4 lndudes Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,

United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Malta, n.e.c.

s lndudes Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Soviet Union. .,

6 lndudes Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

7 lndudes Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, China, Taiwan,

Korea, and n.e.c.

a lndudes Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq. Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria,

Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and n.e.c.

Dlndudes Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, Togo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and n.e.c.

lo Includes Australia, New Zealand, South Pacific Islands, French Pacific Islands, Trust Territory Pacific

Islands, and n.e.c.

10
Table lO-Animals and animal products, value Table 124llseeds and ollseed products, value

of exports by cooperatives, 1990 of exports by cooperatives, 1990

Commodity No.

co-ops

Dollar

value

Percent of

U.S. exports’ Commodity No.

-ps

Dollar

value

Percent of

U.S. exports’

Meats, pouftry Soybeans 4 156058,561 0.6

and products 4 529,077,560 1.3 Other oilseeds 4 14,603,144 0.3

Dairy products 8 12,432,112 3.5 Other3 4 58,903,658

Other2 7 29,512,576 - -

-

- Totals ‘10 231,565,363 1.2

Totals 319 571,022,248 1.3

- = not able to calculate.

1 Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

exports.

2 Includes live animals, frozen bovine semen, wool, and hides.

3 Does not add because some cooperatives export from more than

one commodity subgroup.

- = not able to calculate.

i Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

exports.

*Includes sunflowerseed, cottonseeds, and peanuts.

30ilseed products including oilseed cake, oilseed meal, and oil.

‘Does not add because some cooperatives had exports from more

than one commodity subgroup.

Table l&Grains and feeds, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990

Table 13-Fruits and fruit products, value of exports

by cooperatives, 1990

Commodity No.

coops

Dollar

value

Percent of

U.S. exports1 Commodity No.co-ops

Dollar

value

Percent of

U.S. exports’

Wheat and products 5 390,769,973 Fresh citrus* 6 288,941,729 51.0

Rice 4 228,094,401 17.0 Fresh deciduous3 22 82,739,740 7.9

Corn 6 154,371,024 0.6 Dried fruir 4 82,893,168 26.0

Other grains* 5 772,772,712 Fruit juice5 7 98,169,242 27.2

Others 10 81,929,776

Feeds and fodder3 7 55,673,911 2.8 -

-

-

Totals 741 634,673,655 26.2

Totals ‘18 1,601,682,021 4.5

- = not able to calculate.

- = not able to calculate. 1 Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

r Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

exports.

2 Includes barley, sorghum, grain products, and grain products not

specified.

3 Excludes oilcake. Includes alfalfa cubes, sugar beet pulp and

pellets, prepared animal feed, and feed ingredients.

4 Does not add because some cooperatives had exports from more

than one commodity subgroup.

exports.

21ncludes oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and tangerines.

3lncIudes pears, blueberries, strawberries, raspberries,

blackberries, mangos. avocados, passion fruit, sugar apples,

plums, cherries, persimmons, kiwifruit, grapes, peaches and

nectarines.

41ncludes raisins, figs, prunes, and dried apples.

Slncludes citrus and noncitrus juices.

eincludes fruit and processed fruit not specified, canned and frozen

fruit, and other processed fruit.

‘Does not add because some cooperatives had exports from more

than one commodity subgroup.

11
Table M-Vegetables and vegetable products,

value of exports by cooperatives, 1990

Commodity No. Dollar

CO-Op value

Percent of

U.S. exports’

Vegetables, fresh

and processed2 12 26,136,717 0.8

Pulses3 7 47,125,513 11.1

-

Totals 417 73,262,230 32.4

I Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

exports. Does not indude hops.

*Fresh vegetables include potatoes, green beans, carambola,

eggplant, blackeye peas, okra, sweet potatoes, rhubarb, radishes,

celery, sweet corn, and other not specified. Processed vegetables

include beets, green beans, sweet corn, rhubarb, tomatoes, peas,

mushrooms, and other not specified.

3lndudes dried beans, peas, and lentils.

4Does not add because some cooperatives had exports from more

than one commodity subgroup.

Table 154Juts, cotton and other products, value

of exports by cooperatives, 1990

Commodity No.

co-ops

Dollar

value

Percent of

U.S. exports’

Nuts2 4

Cotton3 5

Other agricultural

products’ 17

Other products5

7

- = not able to calculate.

271,947,420 34.0

676,346,708 23.9

28,190,505 -

46,484,709 -

1 Cooperative exports sold direct or through agent divided by U.S.

exports.

*Includes almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts. Does not include peanuts.

3 lndudes linters.

l lndudes field and garden seed, wild rice, lecithin, ornamental

greens, flowers, molasses, honey, catfish, wine, coffee,

miscellaneous grocery products.

SIndudes fertilizers, ash, nitrate, potash, agricultural chemicals,

agricultural machinery and parts.

12
Figure 1 - Cooperative Exports by Commodity Group, 1990’

Grains 38.7%

Oilseeds 5.6%

Cotton 16.4%

;.8%

.8%

8.6%

.8%

1 Percent of total co-op exporfs

13
Figure 2 - Exports by Commodity Group as Percent of Total Cooperative Exports, 1995 and 1990

Percent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Animals Grains Oilseeds Cotton FNit Vegetables Nuts Other

14
Figure 3 - Cooperative Share of U.S. Exports, 1990’

Percent

100

75

50

25

0

United States

- Cooperative

Animals Grains Oilseeds Cotton Fruit Vegetables Nuts

Billion dollars

6.1 14.4 5.7 2.8 2.4 2.3 .975

.078 649 .069 .668 .618 .054 .260

Total Ag

39.3 United States

2.42 Cooperative

1 Cooperative exports do not include sales to export management companies

15
Figure 4 - Cooperative Exports by Destination, 1990’

South Asia 0.4%

SE & E Asia 20.9% -

West Asia 3.2% - ~~~ ..:.>%::<

Africa 3.5% -!!

Oceania 0.4%

urol

Western Europe 1

-Latin America

- Canada

pe & IJ.S.S.R 1 5.3%

2.1%

3.1%

2.1%

UnknowtVunr eported 219.1%

l Percent of total co-op exports

16
Figure 5 - Percent of Cooperative Exports by Destination, 1985 and 1990

Percent

40

30

20

10

0

Canada Latin Western Eastern South SE& West Africa Oceania Un

America Europe Europe Asia E Asia Asia reported

& U.S.S.R.

17
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Cooperative Service

P.O. Box 96576

Washington, D.C. 20090-6576

Agricultural Cooperative Service (ACS) provides research, management, and

educational assistance to cooperatives to strengthen the economic position of

farmers and other rural residents. It works directly with cooperative leaders and

Federal and State agencies to improve organization, leadership, and operation

of cooperatives and to give guidance to further development.

The agency (1 ) helps farmers and other rural residents develop cooperatives to

obtain supplies and services at lower cost and to get better prices for products

they sell; (2) advises rural residents on developing existing resources through

cooperative action to enhance rural living; (3) helps cooperatives improve

services and operating efficiency; (4) informs members, directors, employees,

and the public on how cooperatives work and benefit their members and their

communities; and (5) encourages international cooperative programs.

ACS publishes research and educational materials and issues Farmer

Cooperatives magazine. All programs and activities are conducted on a

nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, creed, color, sex, age, marital

status, handicap, or national origin.