*Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that

this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except

under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

____________________

No. 98-40203

Summary Calendar

____________________

K U, a minor by and through his father as next friend, 

Michael U,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ALVIN INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT; VIRGIL TIEMANN,

Defendants-Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

(G-97-CV-56)

_________________________________________________________________

December 18, 1998

Before KING, BARKSDALE, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Plaintiff-appellant K.U. (K.U.), a minor, brought this

action alleging violations of his rights under the Rehabilitation

Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794, the Due Process and Equal

Protection Clauses of the U.S. and Texas Constitutions, and the

First Amendment. K.U. appeals the district court’s dismissal of

his claims. We construe the district court’s order as granting

summary judgment and affirm. 
2

I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

K.U. is a student at Alvin High School in defendant-appellee

Alvin Independent School District (AISD). K.U. sustained a

traumatic brain injury in June 1991, causing him to suffer from

frontal lobe syndrome. Despite this disability, K.U. continued

to make passing grades after his accident and has received an

education in regular classrooms. While K.U. does not have a

“learning disability,” he does have reduced self-restraint

capacity and problems with behavior such as impulsivity. AISD

convened meetings to address K.U.’s situation and developed an

accommodation plan for K.U. on February 15, 1995.

 K.U. alleges that AISD failed to fully implement or comply

with the accommodation plan, and K.U.’s parents actively

protested AISD’s purported compliance failures to AISD. These

alleged failures included incidents where, despite a notice

requirement in the plan, his parents were not notified by

teachers subjecting K.U. to discipline. In addition, K.U.’s

parents complained that a band director had made a comment

implying K.U. was brain damaged, requested that his teachers be

trained by a specialist they had consulted regarding K.U.’s

disability, and objected to his removal from an advanced English

class. 

K.U. filed this action in state court in January 1997

alleging that AISD violated the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29

U.S.C. § 794, by failing to fully implement or comply with K.U.’s

accommodation plan, thereby denying him a free appropriate public
 

1 34 C.F.R. § 104.36 provides:

A recipient [of Federal financial assistance] that operates

a public elementary or secondary education program shall

establish and implement, with respect to actions regarding

the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of

persons who, because of handicap, need or are believed to

need special instruction or related services, a system of

procedural safeguards that includes notice, an opportunity

for the parents or guardian of the person to examine

relevant records, an impartial hearing with opportunity for

participation by the person’s parents or guardian and

representation by counsel, and a review procedure. 

Compliance with the procedural safeguards of section 615 of

the Education of the Handicapped Act is one means of meeting

this requirement.

3

education. K.U. further alleged that AISD violated his due

process and equal protection rights under both the United States

and Texas Constitutions by failing to correctly implement the

accommodation plan, and that AISD violated his First Amendment

rights by retaliating against K.U. based on protected speech made

by his parents. AISD removed the action to the United States

District Court for the Southern District of Texas pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1441(b).

In August 1997, a § 504 hearing was held pursuant to 34

C.F.R. §104.361 to determine if AISD had failed to provide K.U. a

free appropriate public education under the Rehabilitation Act. 

The hearing officer found that AISD personnel “exercised good

faith in the implementation” of the accommodation plan, that the

accommodations allowed K.U. to receive a free appropriate

education, and that K.U. had failed to show that AISD acted with

an intent to discriminate or used gross misjudgment in the

development and implementation of the accommodation plan. The
 

2 We agree with the district court that K.U. completely

failed to allege any facts that state a claim against Virgil

Tiemann, and we affirm its dismissal of claims against him on

that ground. See Jacquez v. Procunier, 801 F.2d 789, 793 (5th

Cir. 1986) (“In order to successfully plead a cause of action in

§ 1983 cases, plaintiffs must enunciate a set of facts that

illustrate the defendants’ participation in the wrong alleged.”);

4

hearing officer denied all relief requested by K.U.

AISD filed a motion entitled “motion to dismiss and/or for

summary judgment” on December 1, 1997, attaching the hearing

officer’s report as an appendix. K.U. filed a “response to

defendant’s motion to dismiss and/or for summary judgment” on

December 10, 1997, attaching affidavits by each of K.U.’s

parents. The district court dismissed K.U.’s suit for failure to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted and entered final

judgment on January 6, 1998. See K.U. v. Alvin Indep. Sch.

Dist., 991 F. Supp. 599 (S.D. Tex. 1998). K.U. timely appealed.

III. DISCUSSION

K.U. argues that the district court erred in dismissing his

claim under the Rehabilitation Act because the defendantsappellees failed to adequately meet K.U.’s individual educational

needs and the accommodation plan completely misunderstood K.U.’s

condition. K.U. contends the district court erred in dismissing

his constitutional claims because he was deprived of a free

appropriate education, was treated differently than other

children at his school, and suffered retaliation for the exercise

of protected speech. K.U. further alleges that the district

court erred in finding that defendant-appellant Virgil Tiemann

had immunity and dismissing K.U.’s claims against him.2 We
Strickland v. Holiday RV Superstores, Inc., 817 F. Supp. 951, 953

(M.D. Fla. 1993), aff’d, 28 F.3d 115 (11th Cir. 1994) (dismissing

claims against certain defendants because complaint “fails to

link” those defendants with the alleged wrongs). 

5

address these arguments in turn.

A. Standard of Review

Where matters outside the pleadings are “presented to and

not excluded by the court” and the district court grants a motion

styled as a motion to dismiss, we review the order as an order

granting summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b); see Baker v.

Putnal, 75 F.3d 190, 197 (5th Cir. 1996); Washington v. Allstate

Ins. Co., 901 F.2d 1281, 1283-84 (5th Cir. 1990). Because the

defendants-appellees included matters outside the pleadings in

their motion, and the district court considered the material in

its order dismissing K.U.’s claims, the district court in fact

converted the motion into a motion for summary judgment under

Rule 56. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Washington, 901 F.2d at 1284.

Before reviewing the district court’s disposition of K.U.’s

claims as a grant of summary judgment, however, we must first

determine whether K.U. has been afforded the procedural

protections of Rule 56. See Washington, 901 F.2d at 1284. 

Under Rule 56(c), after the court accepts matters outside the

pleadings, the nonmovant must have ten days notice to respond and

submit additional evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);

Washington, 901 F.2d at 1284. After reviewing the docket, we

conclude K.U. had proper notice under Rule 56. AISD filed its

motion on December 1, 1997, K.U. filed a response and submitted
6

affidavits on December 10, 1997, and the court did not enter

judgment until January 6, 1998. K.U. therefore had sufficient

notice that the court could treat the motion as a motion for

summary judgment.

 We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. See Tolson

v. Avondale Indus., Inc., 141 F.3d 604, 608 (5th Cir. 1998). We

first consult the applicable law to determine the material fact

issues. See Baker, 75 F.3d at 197-98. “We then review the

evidence bearing on those issues, viewing the facts and

inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party.” Id. at 198. Summary judgment is proper if

the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that

the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

B. The Rehabilitation Act

K.U. alleges that the district court erred in its

interpretation of his claims under § 504 of the Rehabilitation

Act of 1973, as amended, which provides that “[n]o otherwise

qualified individual with a disability . . . shall, solely by

reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the

participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to

discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal

financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794. Regulations promulgated

pursuant to this section provide that recipients operating a
 

3 The district court states in dicta that we have required 

intentional discrimination for recovery under § 504. See K.U. v.

Alvin Indep. Sch. Dist., 991 F. Supp. 599, 603 n.5 (citing Marvin

7

public elementary or secondary education program “shall provide a

free appropriate public education to each qualified handicapped

person” that is “designed to meet individual educational needs of

handicapped persons as adequately as the needs of nonhandicapped

persons are met and [is] based upon adherence to procedures”

satisfying the regulations. 34 C.F.R. § 104.33.

K.U. argues that AISD failed to provide him a free

appropriate public education because the “only ‘504 plan’ used at

all by [AISD] showed a complete misunderstanding of [K.U.’s]

condition . . . . [and AISD’s] counsel has admitted the [p]lan

was never implemented.” K.U. further alleges that a meeting was

convened where his parents were not present and AISD “refused to

consider the expertise” of a specialist his parents had

consulted.

K.U. and AISD both assert that a plaintiff seeking recovery

under § 504 must not only demonstrate that there was a failure to

provide an appropriate education, but also must show bad faith or

gross misjudgment by the defendant. See Monahan v. Nebraska, 687

F.2d 1164, 1170-71 (8th Cir. 1982). The district court correctly

noted that this circuit has not adopted this requirement in § 504

cases. Nevertheless, we will apply the standard without adopting

it because the arguments of both parties are explicitly

predicated on it and no party has argued that it is not the

correct standard.3 See Melton v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Assoc.,
H. v. Austin Indep. Sch. Dist., 714 F.2d 1348, 1357 (5th Cir.

1983)). In Marvin H., we only considered the recovery of damages

under § 504. See Marvin H., 714 F.2d at 1356 (stating that “the

issue before the court is whether [plaintiffs] are entitled to

damages” under § 504). As stated above, we need not adopt a

standard for plaintiffs seeking injunctive or declaratory relief

under § 504. 

8

114 F.3d 557, 561 (5th Cir. 1997) (“[I]ssues not raised or argued

in the brief are considered waived and thus will not be noticed

or entertained by this Court on appeal.”). The district court

carefully considered each of the factual allegations contained in

K.U.’s voluminous complaint and found that the facts presented

failed to demonstrate either bad faith or gross misjudgment. We

agree.

K.U. offers no evidence that the accommodation plan that

AISD adopted was not implemented. See Eason v. Thaler, 73 F.3d

1322, 1325 (5th Cir. 1996) (“[M]ere conclusory allegations are

not competent summary judgment evidence, and such allegations are

insufficient, therefore, to defeat a motion for summary

judgment.”). Furthermore, K.U.’s complaint alleges that the

accommodation plan that AISD adopted in February 1995 was

implemented but that his teachers were working from an incomplete

plan or did not fully comply with the plan. K.U.’s complaint and

the affidavits of his parents set forth a number of alleged

incidents where K.U.’s teachers did not fully comply with the

plan, but none of these suggest AISD acted in bad faith or with

gross misjudgment. See Monahan, 687 F.2d at 1170 (“We do not

read § 504 as creating general tort liability for educational

malpractice.”); Brantley v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 625, 936 F.
9

Supp. 649, 657 (D. Minn. 1996) (finding that without evidence of

bad faith or gross misjudgment, alleged failures to implement

student’s individualized education program “were, at most, errors

in professional judgment” and not actionable under § 504). We

agree with the district court that K.U. fails to raise a genuine

issue of material fact indicating bad faith or gross misjudgment

by AISD in implementing his accommodation plan.

K.U.’s contentions that AISD discussed his situation at a

meeting outside his parents’ presence and that AISD refused to

use an expert selected by K.U. to instruct his teachers on his

disability also fail to raise genuine issues of material fact. 

It is true that the procedural safeguards set forth in the

regulations include the right to an impartial hearing with the

opportunity for parental participation. See 34 C.F.R. § 104.36. 

However, K.U.’s parents requested and participated in such a

hearing in August 1997. K.U. offers no factual or legal support

suggesting that his parents’ attendance was required at other

meetings where K.U. may have been discussed, or that AISD was

required to use his suggestion in choosing an instructor on his

disability. We therefore agree with the district court that

neither of these allegations suggests bad faith or gross

misjudgment.

C. Due Process Claims

K.U. alleges that the district court erred in dismissing his

due process claims because he was denied his property interest in

an adequate and free public education, he was denied an adequate
 

4 The Texas Constitution similarly protects both property

and liberty interests. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 19 (“No citizen

of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, property,

privileges or immunities . . . except by the due course of the

law of the land.”). While K.U. alleges that he derived protected

interests from AISD policies and state law, he fails to describe

or assert these rights except as they exist under the

Rehabilitation Act. We therefore need not consider K.U.’s

alleged deprivation of due process under the Texas Constitution

separately because he has the same interests under the U.S.

Constitution and its procedural due process protections “are

congruent” with those in the Texas Constitution. Price v. City

of Junction, 711 F.2d 582, 590 (5th Cir. 1983).

10

hearing at which witnesses could be cross-examined, and his band

instructor’s reference to brain damage “rises to a level meriting

Constitutional protection.” We agree with the district court

that K.U. fails to demonstrate any genuine issue of material fact

suggesting he was denied due process under either the United

States or Texas Constitutions.

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides

that “[n]o State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty,

or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend.

XIV, § 1. In an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 asserting a due

process violation, a plaintiff must prove that he was deprived of

a constitutionally protected life, liberty, or property interest,

and then identify a state action that resulted in a deprivation

of that interest.4 See Blackburn v. City of Marshall, 42 F.3d

925, 935 (5th Cir. 1995). 

K.U.’s due process argument is simply another iteration of

his Rehabilitation Act claim and it fails for the same reason:

there is no evidence that AISD violated the Rehabilitation Act by

denying K.U. a free appropriate public education or that he was
11

denied an adequate hearing at which witnesses could be crossexamined. Additionally, K.U.’s allegation that his band director

deprived him of due process rights by remarking on brain damage

fails to support K.U.’s due process claim even if the remark did

refer to K.U. because (assuming, without deciding, that one

remark can amount to a stigma) “the infliction of a stigma . . .

without more, does not infringe upon a protected liberty

interest.” Id. (citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 710-11

(1976)). We therefore find that K.U. failed to raise a genuine

issue of material fact suggesting he was denied due process under

the United States or Texas Constitutions.

D. Equal Protection

K.U. argues that the district court improperly dismissed his

claims under the equal protection provisions of the United States

and Texas Constitutions because K.U. was a child in a public

school and was treated differently from other children at his

school. While the Equal Protection Clause of the United States

Constitution requires similar treatment of all persons similarly

situated, it is well-established that it is violated only by

intentional discrimination that classifies or distinguishes

between two or more relevant persons or groups. See U.S. Const.

amend. XIV, § 1; Vera v. Tue, 73 F.3d 604, 609 (5th Cir. 1996).

K.U. fails to suggest any factual basis for his equal

protection claim. K.U.’s appellate brief merely alleges that he

was treated differently from other children at AISD, suggesting

no basis for this conclusion and providing no indication that
 

5 K.U.’s claim fares no better under the equal protection

clause of the Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 3

(“All free men . . . have equal rights, and no man, or set of

men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments, or

privileges, but in consideration of public services.”); Reid v.

Rolling Fork Pub. Util. Dist., 979 F.2d 1084, 1089 (5th Cir.

1992) (finding that “the same requirements are applied to equal

protection challenges under the Texas Constitution as to those

under the United States Constitution”).

12

such treatment was the result of intentional discrimination. 

While a generous reading of his complaint and affidavits

indicates that K.U. believes he was mistreated in retaliation for

his parents’ assertive speech, K.U. does not allege this as the

basis for his equal protection claim and provides no evidence and

makes no allegations as to how other children at his school were

treated. We therefore agree with the district court that K.U.

fails to raise a genuine issue of material fact supporting his

equal protection claim and summary judgment for AISD on this

claim was proper.5

E. First Amendment

K.U. alleges that the district court erred in evaluating his

claims under the First Amendment because he is not asserting the

rights of his parents, but rather is asserting is own right to be

free from retaliation for speech about matters of public concern. 

K.U.’s argument fails, however, because there is no evidence (and

K.U. has not alleged) that K.U. was retaliated against for his

own speech on matters of public concern, and thus there is no

evidence that his own First Amendment rights were chilled by

AISD’s conduct. See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975)

(“[T]he plaintiff generally must assert his own legal rights and
13

interests, and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal

rights or interests of third parties.”); Penney v. Town of

Middleton, 888 F. Supp. 332, 337 (D.N.H. 1994) (citing Dohaish v.

Tooley, 670 F.2d 934, 936-37 (10th Cir. 1982)) (dismissing

students’ § 1983 claim alleging school district retaliated

against them for their parents’ speech and conduct). K.U.

therefore fails to raise a genuine issue of material fact that

his own First Amendment rights were infringed and summary

judgment was properly awarded.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the district court

was correct to grant summary judgment in favor of defendantsappellees. The judgment is AFFIRMED.