4.1.1.4 April 

 

 

Figure 4-4: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of April. 
 

4.1.1.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-5: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of May. 
 

4.1.1.6 June 

 

Figure 4-6: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of June. 
 

4.1.1.7 July 

 

 

Figure 4-7: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of July. 
 

4.1.1.8 August 

 

 

Figure 4-8: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of August. 
 

4.1.1.9 September 

 

 Figure 4-9: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites collectively 

(top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site (21-111-0048) 

(middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington STN site (21-117-

0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the month of 

September. 
 

4.1.1.10 October 

 

 

Figure 4-10: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of October. 
 

4.1.1.11 November 

 

 

 Figure 4-11: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of November. 
 

4.1.1.12 December 

 

 

 Figure 4-12: Scatter Plot of Observed Sulfate from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of December. 
 

4.1.2 Nitrates 

4.1.2.1 January 

 

 

Figure 4-13: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (middle right), and the Ashland 

STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom left) for the month of January. 
 

4.1.2.2 February 

 

 

 Figure 4-14: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of February. 
 

4.1.2.3 March 

 

 Figure 4-15: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of March. 
 

4.1.2.4 April 

 

 

 Figure 4-16: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of April. 
 

4.1.2.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-17: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of May. 
 

4.1.2.6 June 

 

 

 Figure 4-18: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of June. 
 

4.1.2.7 July 

 

 

 Figure 4-19: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of July. 
 

4.1.2.8 August 

 

 

 Figure 4-20: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of August. 
 

4.1.2.9 September 

 

 

 Figure 4-21: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of September. 
 

4.1.2.10 October 

 

 Figure 4-22: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of October. 
 

4.1.2.11 November 

 

 

 

Figure 4-23: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of November. 
 

4.1.2.12 December 

 

 

Figure 4-24: Scatter Plot of Observed Nitrates from the STN network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of December. 
 

4.1.3 Ammonium 

4.1.3.1 January 

 

 

Figure 4-25: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (middle right), and the Ashland 

STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom left) for the month of January. 
 

4.1.3.2 February 

 

 

 Figure 4-26: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of February. 
 

4.1.3.3 March 

 

 

 Figure 4-27: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of March. 
 

4.1.3.4 April 

 

 

 Figure 4-28: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of April. 
 

4.1.3.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-29: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of May. 
 

4.1.3.6 June 

 

 

 Figure 4-30: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of June. 
 

4.1.3.7 July 

 

 

 Figure 4-31: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of July. 
 

4.1.3.8 August 

 

 

 Figure 4-32: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of August. 
 

4.1.3.9 September 

 

 

 Figure 4-33: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of September. 
 

4.1.3.10 October 

 

 

 Figure 4-34: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of October. 
 

4.1.3.11 November 

 

 

 Figure 4-35: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of November. 
 

4.1.3.12 December 

 

 

 Figure 4-36: Scatter Plot of Observed Ammonium from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of December. 
 

4.1.4 Organic Carbon 

4.1.4.1 January 

 

 

Figure 4-37: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Covington STN site (21-11-0007) (middle right), and the Ashland 

STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom left) for the month of January. 
 

4.1.4.2 February 

 

 

 Figure 4-38: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of February. 
 

4.1.4.3 March 

 

 

 Figure 4-39: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of March. 
 

4.1.4.4 April 

 

 

 

Figure 4-40: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of April. 
 

4.1.4.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-41: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of May. 
 

4.1.4.6 June 

 

 

 Figure 4-42: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of June. 
 

4.1.4.7 July 

 

 

 Figure 4-43: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of July. 
 

4.1.4.8 August 

 

 

 Figure 4-44: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of August. 
 

4.1.4.9 September 

 

 

 Figure 4-44: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of September. 
 

4.1.4.10 October 

 

 

 Figure 4-44: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of October. 
 

4.1.4.11 November 

 

 

 Figure 4-47: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of November. 
 

4.1.4.12 December 

 

 

 Figure 4-48: Scatter Plot of Observed Organic Carbon from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of December. 
 

4.1.5 Elemental Carbon 

4.1.5.1 January 

 

 

Figure 4-49: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048)(middle left), the Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (middle right), and the 

Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom left) for the month of January. 
 

4.1.5.2 February 

 

 

 Figure 4-50: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of February. 
 

4.1.5.3 March 

 

 

 Figure 4-51: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of March. 
 

4.1.5.4 April 

 

 

 Figure 4-52: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of April. 
 

4.1.5.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-53: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of May. 
 

4.1.5.6 June 

 

 

 Figure 4-54: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of June. 
 

4.1.5.7 July 

 

 

 Figure 4-55: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of July.
 

4.1.5.8 August 

 

 

 Figure 4-56: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of August. 
 

4.1.5.9 September 

 

 

 Figure 4-57: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of September. 
 

4.1.5.10 October 

 

 

 Figure 4-58: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of October. 
 

4.1.5.11 November 

 

 

 Figure 4-59: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the 

Covington STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom 

right) for the month of November. 
 

4.1.5.12 December 

 

 

 Figure 4-60: Scatter Plot of Observed Elemental Carbon from the STN network versus the 

Modeled Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS 

STN sites collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett 

STN site (21-111-0048)(middle left), and the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right) for 

the month of December. 
 

4.1.6 Total PM2.5

4.1.6.1 January 

 

 

 Figure 4-61: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of January. 
 

4.1.6.2 February 

 

 

 Figure 4-62: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of February. 
 

4.1.6.3 March 

 

 

 Figure 4-63: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of March. 
 

4.1.6.4 April 

 

 

 Figure 4-64: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of April. 
 

4.1.6.5 May 

 

 

 Figure 4-65: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of May. 
 

4.1.6.6 June 

 

 

 Figure 4-66: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of June. 
 

4.1.6.7 July 

 

 

 Figure 4-67: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of July. 
 

4.1.6.8 August 

 

 

 Figure 4-68: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of August. 
 

4.1.6.9 September 

 

 

 Figure 4-69: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of September. 
 

4.1.6.10 October 

 

 

 Figure 4-70: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of October. 
 

4.1.6.11 November 

 

 

 Figure 4-71: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of November. 
 

4.1.6.12 December 

 

 

 Figure 4-72: Scatter Plot of Reconstructed PM2.5 from the STN network versus the Modeled 

Sulfate for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS STN sites 

collectively (top left), all Kentucky STN sites collectively (top right), the APCD Barrett STN site 

(21-111-0048) (middle left), the Southwick STN site (21-111-0043) (middle right), the Covington 

STN site (21-117-0007) (bottom left), and the Ashland STN site (21-019-0017) (bottom right) for the 

month of December. 
 

4.2 FRM Scatter plots 

4.2.1 January 

Figure 4-73: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of January. 
 

 Figure 4-74: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of 

January. 
 

Figure 4-75: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of January. 
 

4.2.2 February 

 Figure 4-76: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of February. 
 

 Figure 4-77: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of 

February. 
 

Figure 4-78: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of February. 
 

4.2.3 March 

Figure 4-79: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of March. 
 

 Figure 4-80: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of March. 
 

Figure 4-81: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of March. 
 

4.2.4 April 

Figure 4-82: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of April. 
 

 Figure 4-83: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of April. 
 

Figure 4-84: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of April. 
 

4.2.5 May 

Figure 4-85: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of May. 
 

 Figure 4-86: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of May. 
 

Figure 4-87: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of May. 
 

4.2.6 June 

Figure 4-88: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of June. 
 

 Figure 4-89: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of June. 
 

Figure 4-90: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of June. 
 

4.2.7 July 

Figure 4-91: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of July. 
 

 Figure 4-92: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of July. 
 

Figure 4-93: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of July. 
 

4.2.8 August 

Figure 4-94: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of August. 
 

 Figure 4-95: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of August. 
 

Figure 4-96: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of August. 
 

4.2.9 September 

Figure 4-97: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 12km 

domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), all 

Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of September. 
 

 Figure 4-98: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of 

September. 
 

Figure 4-99: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for 

the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site (21-

111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-117-

0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of 

September. 
 

4.2.10 October 

Figure 4-100: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 

12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), 

all Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of October. 
 

 Figure 4-101: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of October. 
 

Figure 4-102: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site 

(21-111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-

117-0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of 

October. 
 

4.2.11 November 

 Figure 4-103: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 

12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), 

all Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of November. 
 

 Figure 4-104: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of 

November. 
 

Figure 4-105: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site 

(21-111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-

117-0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of 

November. 
 

4.2.12 December 

Figure 4-106: Scatter Plot of PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate for the 

12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for all VISTAS FRM sites collectively (top), 

all Kentucky FRM sites collectively (bottom) for the month of December. 
 

 Figure 4-107: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the Bullitt FRM site (21-029-

0006)(top left), the Barret FRM site (21-111-0048) (top right), the Beecher FRM site (21-111-

0044)(bottom left), and the Watson FRM site (21-111-0051)(bottom right) for the month of 

December. 
 

Figure 4-108: Scatter Plot of Observed PM2.5 from the FRM network versus the Modeled Sulfate 

for the 12km domain (blue x’s) and the 36km domain (red +’s) for the 37th & Southern FRM site 

(21-111-0043)(top left), the Campbell FRM site (21-037-0003)(top right), the Kenton FRM site (21-

117-0007)(bottom left), and the Boyd FRM site (21-019-0017)(bottom right) for the month of 

December. 
 

5. Time Series 

The time series plots that display model predicted particulate matter component concentrations 

for the 12km grid resolution (purple line), the 36 km grid resolution (blue line), and observed 

concentrations (red line) are presented in this section. Observations are reported per the polling 

frequency of the site presented, and have been paired with their corresponding model predicted 

value. Time series for five of component species of particulate matter (sulfates, nitrates, 

ammonium, organic carbon, and elemental carbon) are presented by species, for the 

APCD/Barret, Southwick, Covington, and Ashland STN monitoring sites, for each month of the 

year in Section 5.1. 

Time series for the total reconstructed fine particulate mass for the STN monitors follows the 

species plots in Section 5.1.6. 

Additionally, the total observed PM2.5 mass form FRM sites are plotted with the 12km and 36 

km grid resolution modeled values in Section 5.2. The annual fractional bias and fractional error 

for the site for both 12km and 36km grid resolution is presented in top right corner of all the 

graphs for reference. 

Overall, the model captures the cycle of pollutant build-up and clean-out very well across the 

major constituents of PM2.5. Nitrates performance is the weakest, but the general pattern of 

increase and decreases is still reasonably captured, with most of the poor performance occurring 

in the later half of the year. The ammonium cycle is actually captured quite well, especially in 

the April to May timeframe. The general good performance of the components translates to 

good performance in the total reconstructed PM2.5 mass from the STN sites. The FRM data also 

shows the model responds appropriately to shift in weather patterns and pollutant patterns, as the 

FRM modeled response mirrors the observed response quite well. 

The negative bias in the model is still apparent in the times series; however, the plots show that 

the model is doing a good job of capturing the pattern of increases and decreases in PM2.5 and 

it’s constituents. This is encouraging because it shows the model chemistry is reacting 

appropriately to meteorology and is performing well. 
 

5.1 STN Time Series 

5.1.1 Sulfates 

5.1.1.1 January 

Figure 5-1: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

NOTE: DATA FOR THE SOUTHWICK STN MONITOR (21-111-0043) IS NOT 

AVAILABLE FOR THIS MONTH 
 

Figure 5-2: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-3: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.2 February 

Figure 5-4: February 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-5: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-6: February 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-7: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.3 March 

Figure 5-8: March 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-9: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-10: March 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-11: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.4 April 

Figure 5-12: April 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-13: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-14: April 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-15: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.5 May 

Figure 5-16: May 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-17: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN monitor 

(21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-18: May 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-19: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN monitor (21-

019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.6 June 

Figure 5-20: June 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-21: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-22: June 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-23: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.7 July 

Figure 5-24: July 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-25: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN monitor 

(21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-26: July 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-27: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN monitor (21-

019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.8 August 

Figure 5-28: August 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-29: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-30: August 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-31: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.9 September 

Figure 5-32: September 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-33: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-34: September 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-35: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.10 October 

Figure 5-36: October 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-37: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-38: October 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-39: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.11 November 

Figure 5-40: November 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-41: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-42: November 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-43: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.1.12 December 

Figure 5-44: December 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-45: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-46: December 2002Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-47: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Sulfate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2 Nitrates 

5.1.2.1 January 

Figure 5-48: January 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

NOTE: DATA FOR THE SOUTHWICK STN MONITOR (21-111-0043) IS NOT AVAILABLE 

FOR THIS MONTH 
 

Figure 5-49: January 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-50: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.2 February 

Figure 5-51: February 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-52: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-53: February 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-54: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.3 March 

Figure 5-55: March 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-56: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-57: March 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-58: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.4 April 

Figure 5-59: April 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-60: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-61: April 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-62: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.5 May 

Figure 5-63: May 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-64: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN monitor 

(21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-65: May 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-66: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN monitor (21-

019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.6 June 

Figure 5-67: June 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-68: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-69: June 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-70: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.7 July 

Figure 5-71: July 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN monitor 

(21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-72: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN monitor 

(21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-73: July 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN monitor 

(21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-74: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate Levels 

at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN monitor (21-

019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.8 August 

Figure 5-75: August 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-76: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-77: August 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-78: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.9 September 

Figure 5-79: September 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-80: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-81: September 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-82: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.10 October 

Figure 5-83: October 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-84: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-85: October 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-86: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.11 November 

Figure 5-87: November 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-88: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-89: November 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-90: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.2.12 December 

Figure 5-91: December 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-92: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-93: December 2002Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-94: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Nitrate levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3 NH4 

5.1.3.1 January 

Figure 5-95: January 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

NOTE: DATA FOR THE SOUTHWICK STN MONITOR (21-111-0043) IS NOT 

AVAILABLE FOR THIS MONTH
 

Figure 5-96: January 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-97: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.2 February 

Figure 5-98: February 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-99: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-100: February 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-101: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.3 March 

Figure 5-102: March 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-103: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-104: March 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-105: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.4 April 

Figure 5-106: April 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-107: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-108: April 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-109: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.5 May 

Figure 5-110: May 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-111: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-112: May 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-113: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.6 June 

Figure 5-114: June 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-115: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-116: June 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-117: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.7 July 

Figure 5-118: July 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the APCD/Barret STN 

monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-119: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick STN 

monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-120: July 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington STN 

monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-121: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled Sulfate 

Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland STN 

monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.8 August 

Figure 5-122: August 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-123: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-124: August 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-125: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.9 September 

Figure 5-126: September 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-127: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-128: September 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-129: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.10 October 

Figure 5-130: October 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-131: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-132: October 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-133: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.11 November 

Figure 5-134: November 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-135: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-136: November 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-137: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.3.12 December 

Figure 5-138: December 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-139: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-140: December 2002Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-141: December 2002 Time Series of Observed Ammonium levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4 Organic Carbon 

5.1.4.1 January 

Figure 5-142: January 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

NOTE: DATA FOR THE SOUTHWICK STN MONITOR (21-111-0043) IS NOT 

AVAILABLE FOR THIS MONTH 
 

Figure 5-143: January 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-144: January 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.2 February 

Figure 5-145: February 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-146: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Southwick STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-147: February 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Covington STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-148: February 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Ashland STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.3 March 

Figure 5-149: March 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-150: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-151: March 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-152: March 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.4 April 

Figure 5-153: April 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-154: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-155: April 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-156: April 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.5 May 

Figure 5-157: May 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-158: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-159: May 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-160: May 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.6 June 

Figure 5-161: June 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-162: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-163: June 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-164: June 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.7 July 

Figure 5-165: July 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-166: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-167: July 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-168: July 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.8 August 

Figure 5-169: August 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-170: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-171: August 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-172: August 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.9 September 

Figure 5-173: September 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-174: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Southwick STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-175: September 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Covington STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-176: September 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Ashland STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.10 October 

Figure 5-177: October 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-178: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Southwick 

STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-179: October 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Covington 

STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-180: October 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and Modeled 

Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the Ashland 

STN monitor (21-019-0017). 
 

5.1.4.11 November 

Figure 5-181: November 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

APCD/Barret STN monitor (21-111-0048). 

Figure 5-182: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Southwick STN monitor (21-111-0043). 
 

Figure 5-183: November 2002Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Covington STN monitor (21-117-0007). 

Figure 5-184: November 2002 Time Series of Observed Organic Carbon levels (red line) and 

Modeled Sulfate Levels at both 36km (blue line) and 12km (purple line) grind resolution for the 

Ashland STN monitor (21-019-0017).