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perpetrators would be a useful public health strategy. Alcohol or illicit drugs
were found in approximately two-thirds of New Mexico women who were victims.
of homicide. The high prevalence of history of previous injuries among DV
homicide victims indicates that early identification of DV victims in the
emergency department and other health care settings is an important point of
inter-vention.

Substance Abuse in Rape and Sexual
Assault

The Contribution of Alcohol to the Likelihood of Completion and
Severity of Injury in Rape Incidents

Martin, S.E.; Bachman, R.

Violence Against Women, 4(6): 694-712, 1998

This study examined the effect of the perpetrator's alcohol consumption on the
probability that a rape will be completed and the likelyhood and seriousness of
physical injuries to victims of rape. Using data on 279 rape victims from the
National Crime Victimization Survey of the Bureau of Justice Statistic for 1992-
1994, the authors test three hypotheses regarding the effect of perpetrator
drinking, using multivariate models to control for situational factors and victims’
demographic characteristics. Data suggest that drinking by the perpetrator
decreases the likelihood that a rape will be completed, increases the likelihood
of victim injury, and shows no relationship between perpetrator drinking and the
victim's need for medical care.

Sexual Coercion, Domestic Violence, and Negotiating Condom Use
Among Low-Income African American Women

Kalichman, S.C.; Williams, E.A.; Cherry, C.; Belcher, L.; and Nachimson, D.
Journal of Women's Health, 7(3): 371-378, 1998

Coercion to engage in unwanted sex places women at risk for HIV infection. A
survey of 125 African-American women (ages 18 to 58) living in low-income
housing developments in Fulton County, GA, showed that 53 women (42
percent) had engaged in unwanted sex because a male partner threatened to
use force or used force to obtain sexual access. Women who had been sexually
coerced were more likely to have used marijuana and crack cocaine and to have
abused alcohol. Coerced women were more likely to have been physically
abused by a domestic partner. These women were also more likely to perceive
that requesting male partners to use condoms would create a potentially violent
situation. These results suggest that women experience an interactive
constellation of social problems that create risks for HIV infection, and therefore
that efforts to prevent HIV infection among women will require multifaceted
intervention strategies to reach both men and women at risk.

Alcohol and Dating Risk Factors for Sexual Assault Among College
Women

Abbey, A.; Ross, L.T.; McDuffie, D.; and McAuslan, P.

Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(1): 147-169, 1996

This study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and dating
risk factors for sexual assault with 1,160 undergraduate women. More than half
of the subjects had experienced some form of sexual assault. Ninety-five
percent of these assaults were committed by someone known to the subject,
and almost half involved alcohol consumption by the man, the woman, or both.
Discriminant function analyses indicated that dating, sexual, and misperception
experiences and alcohol consumption during these experiences predicted
assault group status. Alcohol consumption during consensual sex and sexual
misperceptions were positively related to alcohol consumption during the sexual
assault. The predictors of assault group status were similar for black and white
subjects. Suggestions are made for combining alcohol and sexual assault pre-
vention programming.

Through Her Eyes: Factors Affecting Women's Perception of and
Resistance to Acquaintance Sexual Aggression Threat

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Using a consecutive-sample survey study conducted at the scenes of police
calls for domestic assault in Memphis, TN, in 1995, this study evaluates the
characteristics of victims and perpetrators of domestic assault. A total of 136
participants (72 victims and 64 assailants) involved in 62 incidents of domestic
violence and 75 adult family members at the scene were interviewed, using a
confidential survey accompanied by a review of police records. Of 62 episodes
of domestic assault, 42 (68 percent) involved weapons, and 11 (15 percent)
resulted in serious injury. Fifty-five (89 percent) of 62 assault victims reported
previous assaults by their current assailants-19 (35 percent) reported being
assaulted daily. Although nearly all assault victims had called the police for help
on previous occasions, only 12 (22 percent) reported having ever sought
medical care, counseling, or shelter because of domestic assault. Sixty (92
percent) of the 64 assailants reportedly used alcohol or other substances on the
day of the assault. Of the assailants, 28 (44 percent) had a history of arrest for
charges related to violence, and 46 (72 percent) had an arrest for substance
abuse. Eleven (15 percent) of the victims were children. Children directly
witnessed 53 (85 percent) of the assaults. Most victims of domestic violence
who had called the police rarely used medical or mental health facilities for
problems related to family violence despite frequent assaults. Victims and
assailants were willing to discuss their histories of family violence and undergo
assessments at the scenes of police calls.

A Silent Minority: Battered American Indian Women

Norton, |.M.; Manson, S.M.

Journal of Family Violence, 10(3): 307-318, 1995

This study compares a mental health needs assessment survey of 198
American Indian women with interviews of 16 American Indian women
requesting counseling for domestic violence at an urban Indian health center,
using standardized measures. The majority of the women requesting services
were not married, a majority had low family incomes, and both the women and
their partners abused substances. All of the women experienced increased
depression and stress as a result of the battering. Women who reported a
history of domestic violence on the needs assessment survey were more likely
to be separated or divorced and reported more problems with alcohol than the
women with no history of domestic violence. The results of the domestic violenc
program interviews are compared to the mental health needs assessment
survey and studies of battered women living in shelters.

Substance Use, Risky Behaviors, and Victi
National Adolescent Sample

Windle, M.

Addiction, 89: 175-182, 1994

ization Among a U.S.

Data from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey were used to study
the interrelations among substance use, risky (dangerous) behaviors, and
victimization among 8th and 10th graders. Pearson correlations indicated
significant associations between substance use and both higher levels of risky
behaviors (e.g., hitchhiking, going on a blind date) and victimization among
adolescents. Regression analyses indicated the po-tency of risky behaviors as a
predictor of victimization for male adolescents, and a significant risky behavior
by illicit drug use interaction for female adolescents. Results are discussed with
regard to potential short-and long-term health consequences of risky behaviors
and violent victimization for psychological development in adolescence and
adulthood.

Battering and Substance Abuse

Childhood Sexual Violence, Partner Violence, and Crack Cocaine
Boyd, C.J.; Holmes, C.
Journal of Addictions Nursing, 10(3): 123-130, 1998

The association between childhood sexual abuse and current partner violence is

examined in this study of a sample of women who smoke crack cocaine. The
study focuses on participants’ descriptive reports of childhood sexual violence

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prenatal visit and in the second and third trimesters. Infant birth weight was
obtained by record review. Abuse during pregnancy was reported by 20.6
percent of teens and 14.2 percent of the adult women (P < .01). Both abused
teens and adults were more likely than nonabused women to enter prenatal
care in the third trimester. For the aggregate sample of 1,203 women, abuse
during pregnancy was a significant risk for low birth weight (LBW), as well as
low maternal weight gain, infections, anemia, smoking, and alcohol or drug
use. Using Institute of Medicine risk factors for LBW, abused adults were at
significantly greater risk for poor obstetric history, short inter-pregnancy interval,
infections, anemia, smoking, and alcohol or drug usage. Abused teens had a
significantly greater risk for poor weight gain, first or second trimester bleeding,
smoking, and alcohol or drug use. One in five teens and one in six adult women
experienced abuse during pregnancy. Abuse is related to LBW and late entry
into pre-natal care. Abuse can be documented readily with a short abuse
assessment screen and interventions then initiated.

Barriers to Cooperation Between Domestic-Violence and Substance
Abuse Programs

Bennett, L.; Lawson, M.

Families in Society: Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 75: 277-286,
May 1994

This is a survey of 388 staff and administrators, drawn from a statewide sample
of 74 substance abuse and domestic violence programs, who completed a
questionnaire on linkage, referral, impairments to interagency cooperation, and
beliefs about cross-problem incidence. Subjects estimated that 46 percent of
the male substance abusers currently in their care were batterers, 60 percent of
the female substance abusers were victims, and 42 percent of the women
currently in domestic violence programs were substance abusers. Eighty
percent of the subjects indicated that these clients would benefit from increased
cooperation between substance abuse and domestic violence programs.

Organizations and Internet Sites

Federal Resources

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)
650 Massachusetts Avenue, NW., Room 8290
Washington, DC 20226

202-927-8500

http:/Avww.atf.treas.gov/

Bureau of Justice Statistics

810 Seventh Street, NW.

Washington, DC 20531

202-307-0765

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs

The following titles are available via the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ Web site:
The Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties (NCJ#153256)

The Survey of Adults on Probation (SAP)

The Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF)

The Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ)

Bureau of Primary Health Care
Office of Minority and Women's Health
Bureau of Primary Health Care

4350 East-West Highway, 3rd Floor
Bethesda, MD 20814

301-594-4490

http:/Awww.bphc.hrsa.gov/

Center for Mental Health Services
Knowledge Exchange Network (KEN)
P.O. Box 42490

Washington, DC 20015

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Cost: $89.50

Out of Darkness: Contemporary
Perspectives on Family Violence

This edited volume is a collection of research and review articles covering such
areas as the prevalence of family violence, wife abuse, child abuse, and ethical
and cultural issues surrounding treatment, prevention, and research into family
violence. The article discusses the change in cultural norms approving marital
violence, attitudes and wife abuse, woman battering and race, abusive dating
relationships, social predictors of wife assault, wife abuse in intact couples,
batterer program evaluation, victim resources, and police intervention.

Editors: Kantor, G._
Year: 1997
Format: Book (paperback)
Length: 332 pages

Topic: Family violence

Target Audience: General public

Jasinski, J.L.

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $34.95

When Women Are Under the Influence:
Does Drinking or Drug Abuse by Women
Provoke Beatings by Men?

Featured in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 13: Alcoholism and
Violence, this chapter considers the relevance and adequacy of an existing
theory for explaining intoxicant-victimization effects, as well as the empirical
basis for the hypothesized relationships. It addresses the following questions:
(1) What are the hypothesized dimensions and mechanisms of intoxication-
victimization effects? (2) Does the empirical literature show that women who
drink heavily or use drugs are at greater risk for abuse by spouses? (3) Does the
importance of female drinking to victimization vary by the event (type of
victimization) or by the population sample studied? (4) Is this a "spurious"
relationship-for example, a relationship that simply reflects substance use by
the husband or reflects other confounding variables such as a history of abuse
in the family of origin? What are the theoretical mechanisms? How common is
drinking by both parties? The chapter also discusses empirical studies of wife
assault and intoxication by female victims.

Authors: Kaufman Kantor, G.; Asdigian, N.
Year: 1997

Format: Book

Length: 456 pages

Topic: Alcoholism and domestic violence
Target Audience: General public

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $89.50

Alcohol, Misperception, and Sexual

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Norris, J.; Nurius, P.S.; and Dimeff, L.A.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(1): 123-145, 1996

This study investigated the effect of social contexts on 66 college sorority
women's perceptions of and responses to sexual aggression threat by fraternity
acquaintances. Questionnaire and focus group findings indicate that greater
psychological barriers to response were associated with indirect resistance
strategies. Alcohol consumption was a barrier to effective resistance, possibly
by increasing embarrassment and involving a belief that the abuse was
deserved. Subjects held a high sense of invulnerability to victimization and an
optimistic belief in their ability to resist sexual aggression. Previously victimized
subjects indicated greater psychological barriers to resistance.

Adverse Factors Associated With Forced Sex Among Southern
Adolescent Girls

Nagy, S.; DiClemente, R.; and Adcock, A.G.

Pediatrics, 96(5): 944-946, 1995

This study examines adverse behavioral and psychological factors associated
with forced sex experiences of adolescent girls compared with their sexually
active counterparts. The study used an anonymous self-report survey examining
an array of psychosocial items, to which 3,124 8th- and 10th-grade female
students responded. Sexually-abused girls were more likely to have been
pregnant, to have initiated sexual intercourse at a younger age, to indicate
illegal drug use, to have feelings of expression, to express more frequent
suicidal ideation, and to have been physically abused. Behaviors such as
gateway drug use, tru-ancy, binge drinking of alcohol, and participation in
violent episodes that were previously identified as indicators of sexual abuse did
not distinguish between sexually active adolescents and those who had been
sexually abused. Physicians should consider carefully a struc-tured series of
questions relating to be-haviors as one approach in determining the risk of
sexual abuse. Positive re-sponses to young sexual initiation, preg-nancy, illegal
drug use, negative mental health states, and evi-dence of physical abuse are
potential markers of sexual abuse in adolescent female clients.

A Prospective Analysis of the Relationships Among Sexual Assault
Experiences

Gidycz, C.A.; Hanson, K.; and Layman, M.J.

Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(1): 5-19, 1995

This article is an extension of earlier work; it examines the link among sexual
victimization experiences for 178 college women. Respondents were evaluated
for child and adolescent sexual victimization, family adjustment, alcohol use,
psychological adjustment, interpersonal functioning, and sexual behavior. They
were reevaluated at 3, 5-6, and 9 months for adult victimization, psychological
adjustment, interpersonal functioning, and sexual behavior. Log linear analysis
indicated that chances of being victimized in one time period increased with
greater severity of victimization in the preceding time period. The path analysis
assessing the mediating effects of these variables on victimization experiences
was partially supported.

Self-Reported Alcohol Expectancies and Post-Drinking Sexual Inferences
About Women

George, W.H.; Cue, K.L.; Lopez, P.A.; et al.

Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(2): 164-186, 1995

This study examined whether perceivers' alcohol expectancies would influence
their post-drinking sexual inferences about women. Two hundred thirty-five
undergraduates completed a brief expectancy measure, read a vignette
depicting a beer- or cola-drinking woman, and evaluated the woman. Subjects
rated the beer-drinking woman as more sexual than her cola-drinking
counterpart. Male but not female subjects exhibited the predicted expectancy
by drink interaction. High expectancy men but not low expectancy men rated
the beer-drinking woman as more likely to engage in sexual behaviors than the
cola-drinking woman. This finding was evident on behaviorally specific
measures, but not on trait-like measures. It seems that post-drinking sexual
inferences originate in stereotype and at least for men are modified by personal
expectancies drawn from actual and vicarious experiences.

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5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
301-443-6315
http:/Avww.samhsa.gov

The Uniform Crime Report
http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/crime/

U.S. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20530-0001
http://www.usdoj.gov

Other Resources

American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence
750 N. Lake Shore Drive

Chicago, IL 60611
http://www.abanet.org/domviol

American Council for Drug Education
164 West 74th Street

New York, NY 10023

800-488-DRUG

212-595-5810, x7860

hitp:/www.acde.org

American Medical Association
515 North State Street

Chicago, IL 60610
312-464-5000
hitp:/www.ama-assn.org

AMA Women's Health Information Center
http:/Avww.ama-assn.org/special/womh/

American Medical Women's Association
801 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 400
Alexandria, VA 22314

703-838-0500

http:/Avww.amwa-doc.org/

American Psychiatric Association
1400 K Street, NW.

Washington, DC 20005
202-682-6000

http:/Avww.psych.org

American Psychological Association
750 First Street, NE.

Washington, DC 20002-4242
202-336-5500

http://www.apa.org

APA PsycNETa
http:/Avww.apa.org

Ayuda (information about the rights of battered immigrant women)
http://www.ayudaenaccion.com/

Center of Alcohol Studies
Rutgers University

607 Allison Road
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001
732-445-3568,
http:/Avww.rci.rutgers.edu/~cas2/

Family Research Laboratory
126 Horton Social Science Center

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interviewed 2,322 women seeking public-funded addiction services from
September 1992 to January 1996 to examine whether a history of victimization
among substance-abusing women is associated with more medical problems or
emergency department visits. The study used bivariate and multivariate
analyses to compare women with a lifetime history of physical or sexual abuse
with those without such a history. Variables included episodic medical disease,
chronic medical disease, recent emergency department visits, substance abuse
characteristics, and demographic data. The prevalence of victimization was 42
percent. In bivariate analyses, the following variables had significant association
with victimization histories: episodic medical disease, recent emergency
department visit, chronic medical disease, primary care physician's awareness.
of substance abuse history, ethnicity, and lower income. Alcohol and crack
cocaine users had higher prevalence of victimization compared with heroin or
non-users of crack cocaine (P=.001). In the logistic regression, the following
variables remained independently and significantly associated with
victimization: episodic medical disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.15; 95 percent
confidence interval [Cl], 1.70- 2.73), physician awareness of substance abuse
(OR, 1.78; 95 percent Cl, 1.42-2.23), emergency department visit (OR, 1.57;
95 percent Cl, 1.22-2.03), chronic medical disease (OR, 1.51; 95 percent Cl,
1.19-1.92), and lower income. Victimization in urban, poor, substance-abusing
women is associated with more medical disease and health care utilization.
Interventions that focus on the interconnected problems these women face may
more effectively affect this challenging population.

Violence and Substance Use Among North Carolina Pregnant Women
Martin, S.; English, K.T.; Clark, K.A.; Cilenti, D.; et al.
American Journal of Public Health, 86(7): 991-998, 1996

Prenatal patients were studied to examine the proportion of women who had
been violence victims, women's patterns of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol,
and illicit drugs) before and during preg-nancy, and relationships between
violence and substance use. More than 2,000 prenatal patients in North
Carolina were screened for violence and substance use. Relationships between
violence and patterns of substance use before and during pregnancy were
examined, as well as women's continuation of substance use during pregnancy
as a func tion of violence and sociodemographic factors. Twenty-six percent of
the women had been violence victims during their lives. Before pregnancy, 62
percent of the women had used one or more substances; during pregnancy, 31
percent had used one or more substances. Both before and during pregnancy,
violence victims were significantly more likely than non-victims to use multiple
substances. Continuation of substance use during pregnancy was significantly
more likely among violence victims than non-victims. Care providers should
screen women for violence as well as for substance use and should ensure that
women are provided with appropriate interventions.

Substance-Abusing Women: False Stereotypes and Real Needs
Goldberg, M.E.
Social Work, 40(6): 789-798, 1995

This article reviews and interprets recent literature on substance abuse
problems and treatments among women. Data show that alcohol and drug
abuse among women occurs at similar rates among poor and nonpoor people
and among whites and minorities. Major risk factors include childhood sexual or
physical abuse, adult victimization by domestic violence, and having a spouse
or partner who is a substance abuser. It is argued that standard treatment
programs are based on male processes of recovery, and women with children
face enormous problems of access to treatment. Although most studies have
found that white women and minority women use substances during pregnancy
at similar rates, minority women are disproportionately tested for drug use and
receive more child protective services interventions. Findings indicate that
prevention of substance abuse-related problems among women requires more
than simply education.

Abuse During Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal Complications and Birth
Weight in Adult and Teenage Women

Parker, B.; McFarlane, J.; and Soeken, K.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 84(3): 323-338, 1994

This study examines the incidence of physical and sexual abuse in a sample of
adult and teen pregnant women based upon 1,203 African-American, Hispanic,
and white urban female residents who were screened for abuse on their first

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fatal part-is the silence among its victims. Very few of the women in this study
reported discussing their domestic violence histories with their physicians;
evidence from other research shows that physicians are not likely to broach this
topic either.

Substance Abuse and the Domestic Assaul of Women
Bennett, L.W.
Social Work, 40(6): 760-772, 1995

This article reviews research on the relationship between alcohol and drug use
and domestic violence against women and discusses issues of assessment and
intervention, including patterns of substance abuse. Ways in which substance
abuse are likely to increase the chance of woman abuse are discussed,
including the effects of disinhibition, cognitive disruption, and individual power
concerns. While no single, coherent model of the substance abuse-woman
abuse relationship exists, several factors that have empirical support as
antecedents or mediators of this relationship are presented, including
witnessing abuse as a child, income or socioeconomic status, general violence
outside the family, age, and personality characteristics.

Attributions for Episodes of Marital Aggression: The Effects of
Aggression Severity and Alcohol Use

Senchak, M.; Leonard, K.E.

Journal of Family Violence, 9(4): 371-381, 1994

This study examined attributions for husband-to-wife marital aggression as a
function of aggression severity and husbands' alcohol use. Subjects were a
sample of 117 wives (mean age 23.89) and 109 husbands (mean age 24.72)
who reported an episode of serious physical aggression during a structured
interview, conducted at 1 year after marriage. Results show sober husbands
tended to blame their wives for severe aggression, but, unexpectedly, drinking
husbands tended to assume responsibility for severe aggression. In contrast,
wives' attributions were influenced mainly by severity. Wives held husbands’
behavior more responsible for severe aggression than their own behavior and
held husbands’ character much more responsible than their own character.

Stalking and Femicide

Alcohol and Illicit Drug Abuse and the Risk of Violent Death in the Home
Rivara, F.P.; Mueller, B.A.; Somes, G.; Mendoza, C.T.; et al.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(7): 569-575, 1997

This study analyzed data from a case-control study of risk factors for homicide
and suicide in three large metropolitan counties including 388 homicide cases,
438 suicide cases, and equal numbers of control matched for age, sex, race,
and neighborhood and county. Structured interviews were conducted with proxy
respondents close to the decedents to ob-tain information about use of alcohol
or illicit drugs, and history of alcohol-related hospitalization or trouble at work
resulting from drinking by the subject. Data about alcohol use by others living in
the same house as the subject were also obtained. The risks of homicide and
suicide associated with substance use were elevated, as were the risks violent
death associated with several indicators of chronic alcohol abuse. In addition,
nondrinkers living in a home with alcohol users were at increased risk of
homicide, and non-drug-using individuals residing in homes with illicit drug
users were at greatly increased risk of homicide. The concept of the individual
at risk of homicide should be broadened to include not only the abuser but also
those who may be at risk because of their exposure to others.

Murder-Suicide of the Jealous Paranoia Type: A Multicenter Statistical
Pilot Study

Palermo, G.B.; Smith, M.B.; Jenzten, J.M.; Henry, T.E.; et al.

American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 18(4): 374-383, 1997

The authors present a pilot statistical study of murder-suicide comprising 32
cases from the years 1990-1992, collected from the offices of the medical ex-

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significant association between battering incidents and alcohol abuse. In a
study of 472 women, 87 percent of alcoholic women had been physically or
sexually abused as children, compared to 59 percent of the non-alcoholic
women surveyed. The percentage of batterers who are under the influence of
alcohol when they assault their partners ranges from 48 percent to 87 percent.
In Marion County, Indiana, 60 percent of battered women who filed charges
indi-cated that the abuser was under the influence of alcohol during the inci-
dent. Sixty-four percent of all reported child abuse and neglect cases in New
York City in 1987 were asso-ciated with parental alcohol and drug abuse.

Organization: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

Year: 1994

Format: Fact sheet

Length: 1 page

Topic: Domestic violence and substance abuse

Target Audience: General public, high-risk youth, young adults, women, and
community service groups

Availability: SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Iformation, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345; 800-729-6686
Cost: Free

Report of the American Psychological
Association Presidential Task Force on
Violence and the Family

This report brings psychological research and clinical experience to bear on the

troubling problem of violence in the family and makes recommendations for
solutions. Its purpose is to attempt to unify the fields of child abuse, partner
abuse, dating violence, elder abuse, and adult survivors of childhood abuse as

a unified field of study with important crosscurrents and linkages. The task force

defined family violence and abuse as including a range of physical, sexual, and

emotional maltreatment by one family member against another. According to
this definition, the term family includes a variety of relationships beyond those

of blood or marriage, in recognition that similar dynamics of abuse may occur in

these relationships. The report covers a wide variety of issues surrounding
prevention, how abusive behavior is learned, and legal and ethical issues.

Organization: American Psychological Association
Year: 1990

Format: Booklet

Length: 142 pages

Topic: Violence in families

Target Audience: Families and general public

Availability: American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE.,
Washington, DC 20002-4242; 202-336-5500
Cost: $5

Magazines and Newsletters

Prevention Pipeline

The CSAP/NCADI award-winning bi-monthly magazine features an array of
articles, statistics, abstracts, descriptions of new materials in the NCADI
catalog, updates on new research in the substance abuse field, funding
resources, public service ads, and reprinted materials. Subscribers are
encouraged to "lift" articles and artwork for their own newsletters.

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405 Lexington Avenue, 16th Floor
New York, NY 10174
212-922-1560
http:/Avw.drugfreeamerica.org

Physicians for Social Responsibility
Violence Prevention Program

1101 14th Street, NW., Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005

202-898-0150, x236

htp://www.psr.org,

PubMed (National Library of Mes
http:/vww.nebi.nim.nih.gov/entrez/query.fegi

RAINN: Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network
(800-656-HOPE )
http:/www.rainn.org

e, National Institutes of Health)

The Renfrew Center (women's mental health center)
(various locations)
http:/Avww.renfrew.org

VAWA (information about the Violence Against Women Act of 1999, the
VAWA Reauthorization Bill, and national and local groups supporting
the legislation)

http:/www.ojp.usdoj .gov/vawo/laws/vawa/vawa.aspx

Violence Policy Center

1140 19th Street, NW., Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036
http:/Avww.vpe.org

Web Resources for Asian-American Victims of Domestic Violence (a
comprehensive list compiled by the Domestic Violence Project of Santa Clara
County, CA)

http://www.growing.com/nonviolent/research/dvlinks.aspx

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Year: 1999

Format: Book

Length: Not listed

Topic: Criminal justice

Target Audience: General public

Availability: National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, ICPSR, Institute for
Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106; 800-732-3277, 313-
763-5011; Document No. NCJ-176353

Cost: Free

Violence and Abuse: Implications for
Women's Health

With the exception of spouse abuse, there are no nationally representative
studies of the prevalence of acts of violence against women and children.
However, this chapter found in Women's Health: The Commonwealth Fund
Survey, edited by Marilyn Falik and Karen Collins, provides an analysis of data
from The Commonwealth Fund survey, the first nationally representative survey
to ask questions about child abuse and rape, which is one of the few national
surveys to ask questions about violent crime and spouse abuse. The chapter
examines the prevalence of violent experiences among women ages 18 to 64.
More important, it provides information necessary to explore the relationship of
experiencing violence to health status and to the use of health services. Finally,
it examines the quality of physician-patient communication among women who
have experienced violence.

Author: Plichta, S.B.

Year: 1996

Format: Book (paperback)

Length: 408 pages

Topic: Abuse of women

Target Audience: Women and general public

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $18.95

Booklets, Brochures, Fact Sheets, and
Reports

More Than a Few Good Men: Strategies for
Inspiring Boys and Young Men to Be Allies
in Anti-Sexist Education

Five key strategies are outlined to inspire boys and young men to be allies with
girls and women in gender violence prevention education. Many of the ideas
presented here were developed and refined during the course of hundreds of
single-sex workshops and classes conducted over the past decade with boys’
and men's athletic teams, college fraternities, groups of enlisted men and
officers in the United States Marine Corps and Army. Also, there were mixed-
gender workshops and classes in middle schools, high schools, and colleges.
The six strategies discussed are: introducing violence against women as a
men's issue; framing gender violence prevention as a leadership issue for boys
and men; personalizing gender violence issues through "remedial empathy"
exercises; focusing on the role of bystanders and discussing concrete options
for intervention; making the connection between homophobia and men's
reluctance to challenge sexism; and preempting predictable criticisms and
objections from boys and men.

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Assault: How and Why Are They Linked?

Included in Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives,
edited by D.M. Buss, N.M. Malamuth; et al., the authors of this chapter
conclude that alcohol facilitates males’ aggression, that alcohol enhances
misperception of sexual intent, that alcohol makes it harder for women to resist
an attack, and that alcohol tends to make men feel less responsible and
women feel more responsible for what happened. They provide a sexual
explanation for how and why alcohol consumption and sexual assault are
linked.

Authors: Abbey, A; Ross, L. T.; McDuffie, d.; and McAustin, P.
Year: 1996

Format: Book (paperback)

Length: 352 pages

Topic: Alcohol and sexual assault

Target Audience: General public

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $35

A Survey of Factors Contributing to Gay
and Lesbian Domestic Violence

Found in Violence in Gay and Lesbian Domestic Partnerships, Journal of Gay
and Lesbian Social Services Series #4, edited by C.M. Renzetti, C.H. Miley, et
al., this study reports on work with 288 gay male and lesbian perpetrators of
domestic violence over a 6-year period. It explores intergenerational histories of
abuse and violence, as well as current involvement in abuse and violence in
domestic relationships. It considers connections between addictive/self-abusive
behaviors (including drug, alcohol, food, and sex addictions)-that is, secondary
abuse behavior-and domestic violence.

Author: Farley, N.

Year: 1996

Format: Book

Length: 121 pages

Topic: Domestic violence in gay and lesbian partnerships

Target Audience: Gay and lesbian community and general public

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $12.95

National Crime Victimization Survey,
1998: Changes 1997-98 with Trends 1993-
98

According to a press release of the 1998 National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS) findings, the nation's violent crime rate fell 7 percent in 1998. This is
27 percent lower than in 1993. Violent crimes (rape, sexual assault, robbery
and assault) and (property crimes (burglary, theft and motor vehicle theft) were
at their lowest since the Bureau of Justice Statistics began publishing the
survey in 1973. The report notes almost half of all violent crimes and one-third
of all property crimes were reported to the police between 1993 and 1998.
Women and blacks were more likely to report violent crimes than men and
whites.

Organization: Bureau of Justice Statistics

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aminers of seven counties in five States. The study includes brief reviews of
previ-ous statistical surveys of murder, murder-suicide, and suicide. This study's
conclusions parallel the findings of previous research on the demographic
characteristics of the perpetrators of murder-suicide, the relationship between
killers and victims, the types of weapons used, locations of the incidents, and
the time intervals between the murder and suicide. It also highlights the
similarities between the characteristics of the perpetrator of murder-suicide and
those of persons who commit only suicide, supporting the thesis that murder-
suicide is an extended suicide. Suggestions for prevention of such a crime are
offered.

Risk Factors for Violent Death of Women in the Home
Bailey, J.E.; Kellermann, A.L.; Somes, G.W.; Banton, J.G.; et al.
Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(7): 777-782, 1997

This study identified risk factors for violent death of women in the home using a
subgroup analysis of a large population-based case-control study database.
Cases were defined as all homicides and suicides occurring in the homes of
female victims in three metropolitan counties (Shelby County, TN; King County,
WA; and Cuyahoga County, OH) over a 5-year period. The study identified 266
cases, including 143 homicides and 123 suicides. Randomly selected control
subjects were matched to the victims by neighborhood, sex, race, and age
range. Exposures to potential risk factors were ascertained by interviewing a
proxy for the victim 3 to 6 weeks after the violent death occurred. These
answers were compared with those obtained from controls using matched-pairs
methods. The study found that household use of illicit drugs, domestic violence,
and readily available firearms place women at particularly high risk of homicide
at the hands of a spouse, an intimate acquaintance, or a close relative.

Stalking Behaviors Within Domestic Violence
Burgess, A.W.; Baker, T.; Greening, D.; Hartman, C.R.; et al.
Journal of Family Violence, 12(4): 389-403, 1997

The authors examined data from 120 male and female batterers of varied age
and marital, educational, and economic status, who attended group treatment
for batterers or who were charged with domestic violence from January to
February 1996 in a district court setting. The study produced the following
findings: stalkers tended to live alone, were less likely to be married, were not
living with children, and used more alcohol than non-stalkers. They also tended
to have had a history of stalking offenses and of being abused themselves.
Factor analysis found three stalking groupings: one in which discrediting was
the key, a second revolving around love turning to hate, and a third factor
included violent confrontation with the expartner.

Safe at Home? Domestic Violence and Other Homicides Among Women
in New Mexico

Arbuckle, J.; Olson, L.; Howard, M.; Brillman, J.; et al.

Annals of Emergency Medicine, 27(2): 210-215, 1996

This study is designed to define the contribution of domestic violence (DV) to
homicides in women in New Mexico and to examine differences in ethnicity,
mechanism, previous documented injuries, incidence of sexual assault, and al-
cohol or illicit drug use between DV- and non-DV-related homicides. The
authors conducted a retrospective analysis of reports of the State office of the
medical investigator (OMI) for all female homicides from 1990 to 1993 in New
Mexico. A homicide was defined as being related to DV if the perpetrator was a
current or former male intimate partner. The [chi]2 and Mann-Whitney tests
were used to analyze data. The OMI investigated 134 homicides in women, for
an overall fatality rate of 4.3 per 100,000. A male intimate partner was the
perpetrator in 62 cases (46 percent). The rate of DV homicide among American
Indians (4.9 per 100,000) was significantly higher than that among Hispanics
(1.7) and non-Hispanic whites (1.8) (RR = 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval
[Cl], 1.5 to 5.1). Firearms were almost two times as likely to be used in DV
homicides as in non-DV homicides (RR = 1.8; 95 percent Cl, 1.2 to 2.6).
Evidence of old injuries was found more often in DV homicide cases (35.5
percent) than in non-DV cases (8.3 percent) (RR = 4.3; 95 percent Cl, 1.8 to
9.8). The presence of alcohol or other drugs was higher among non-DV
homicide victims (69 percent) than DV homicide victims (54.3 percent)(P=.03).
The authors concluded that American Indian women are at particularly high risk
of homicide, including DV homicide. Firearms were overrepresented in DV
homicides, suggesting that removing firearms from the homes of previous DV

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Violence Against Women: Estimates from
the Redesigned Survey

After an extensive 10-year redesign project, the National Crime Victimization
project revised the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to improve
reporting of violence against women. This report provides the first release of
the 1992-1993 estimates of violence resulting from the new questions, and
includes side-by-side comparisons of the new and old screening questions.
Using the redesigned survey, women (ages 12 and older) reported about
500,000 rapes and sexual assaults, almost 500,000 robberies, and about 3.8
million assaults to NCVS interviewers each year. Women were six times more
likely than men to experience violence committed by an intimate, and female
victims of violence by an intimate were more often injured by the violence than
females victimized by a stranger. Women of all races and both Hispanic and
non-Hispanic women were equally vulnerable to violence by an intimate.

Authors: Bachman, R.; Saltzman, L.E.
Year: 1995

Format: Booklet

Length: 8 pages

Topic: Violence against women

Target Audience: Women and general public

Availability. NCJRS 154348, National Criminal Justice Resource Service, P.O.
Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000; 800-851-3420
Cost: Free

Alcohol and Crime: An Analysis of National
Data on the Prevalence of Alcohol
Involvement in Crime

This study is a comprehensive review of the relationship of alcohol to crime in a
wide variety of areas, including family and partner violence. It includes original
analyses and tables drawn from a wide variety of Federal and public data sets.
The report points out that violence between current and former spouses,
boyfriends, and girlfriends is especially likely to involve alcohol abuse.

Author: Greenfield, L.

Year: 1994

Format: Booklet

Length: 47 pages

Topic: Alcohol and violence
Target Audience: General public

Availability: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Report NCJ #168632, National Criminal Justice Research
Service, P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000; 800-851-3420

Cost: Free

Making the Link: Domestic Violence and
Alcohol and Other Drugs

Research into domestic violence frequently documents high rates of alcohol and
other drug involvement, and alcohol and drug abuse use is known to impair
judgment, reduce inhibition, and increase aggression. Alcoholism and child
abuse, including incest, seem closely related as well. Alcohol consistently
emerges as a significant predictor of marital violence. Studies have shown a

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800-789-2647
http:/www.mentalhealth.org/

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services

Administration (SAMHSA)

5600 Fishers Lane, Suite 900

Rockwall II Bldg.

Rockville, MD 20857

301-443-0365

800-729-6686 (SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug

Information)
http:/www.samhsa.gov/csap

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)

5600 Fishers Lane, Room 618

Rockwall || Bldg.

Rockville, MD 20857

301-443-5052

800-729-6686 (SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information)

http:/www.samhsa.govicsat

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Office on Smoking and Health

Public Information Branch

4770 Buford Highway, NE.

Atlanta, GA 30341-3724

770-488-5708

http:/Avww.cdc.gov/tobacco

Decision Support System for Prevention of Substance Abuse
http:/Avww.preventiondss.org

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20535

202-737-3759

http://www. fbi. gov

Girl Power! (special prevention programs for girls under 15)
http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/gpower

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Parklawn Building

5600 Fishers Lane

Rockville, MD 20857

http://www. hrsa.dhhs.gov

Health Topics A-Z
http:/www.cdc.gov/health/diseases.aspx

Indian Health Service

Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Program
Room 6A-20

5600 Fishers Lane

Rockville, MD 20857

301-443-4644,

http:/www.ihs.gov

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)
Mailstop K65

4770 Buford Highway, NE.

Atlanta, GA 30341-3724

770-488-1506

http:/www.cdc.gov/ncipe/

National Health Information Center (NHIC)
P.O. Box 1133

Washington, DC 20013-1133

301-565-4167

800-336-4797

http://www. health.gov/nhic

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Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration

Violence Against Women

The study of family violence and violence against women is relatively new, yet
we already know that the link between such violence and alcohol and substance
abuse remains one of the strongest findings in the literature.

Before 1975, research was based primarily on small groups and special
populations (e.g., people in shelters, schools, or local communities). No
national-level studies were available. The first wave of nationwide research
focused on developing measures of incidence and prevalence of violence
against women. The next wave of research focused on examining risk factors
for victimization and perpetration of domestic violence. The most recent
research--much of it still in progress--focuses on mitigating factors concerning
violence against women. This research views family violence as the final result
of a variety of individual and interpersonal dysfunctions and disorders.

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Studies and Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors for
Victimization

Alcohol Availability and Domestic Violence
Gorman, D.M.; Labouvie, E.W.; Speer, P.W.; and Subaiya, A.P.
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(4): 661-673, 1998

The relationship among sociodemographic variables, alcohol outlet density, and
tate of domestic violence in New Jersey are examined in this study. Data were
analyzed for the 223 largest municipalities in the State. Three
sociodemographic factors explained 58 percent of the variance among
municipalities in the rate of domestic violence. One factor-termed social
disadvantage-explained the greatest amount of unique variance (42 percent).
The findings show that, in New Jersey, higher levels of alcohol outlet density
are not geographically associated with higher rates of domestic violence.

Domestic Violence Among Patients at Two Rural Health Care Clinics:
Prevalence and Social Correlates

Van Hightower, N.R.; Gorton, J.

Public Health Nursing, 15(5): 355-362, 1998

Despite a growing body of knowledge about family abuse, there is little
research focusing on domestic violence in rural settings. Likewise, there is a
paucity of research on family abuse among Hispanics. This study examined the
prevalence of spousal abuse among predominantly low-income Hispanic
patients of two ru- ral health care clinics. The correlation of certain social
factors to domestic violence also was examined. Survey data were collected
from 155 adult female patients. Findings revealed a 19 percent prevalence rate.
This rate corresponds to recent measures of domestic abuse nationwide. A
bivariate analysis showed a significant positive relationship between spousal
abuse and drug/alcohol use by victims’ intimate partners. Abuse also was
significantly related to the community location of the health care clinics. The
article concludes by discussing implications of the study for rural domestic
violence intervention, treatment, and research.

Emergency Department-Based Study of Risk Factors for Acute Injury
from Domestic Violence Against Women

Kyriacou, D.N.; McCabe, F.; Anglin, D.; et al.

Annals of Emergency Medicine, 31(4): 502-506, 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between selected
socioeconomic risk factors and acute injury from domestic violence against
women. The authors conducted a preliminary matched case-control study to
measure the association of selected predictor variables with acute injury from
domestic violence against women. Patients identified as cases were Hispanic or
white female emergency department patients, ages 16 to 65, with acute injury
sustained from physical assault by an intimate male partner. Cases were
selected for inclusion in the study if they reported or admitted acute physical
assault by their male partners. Controls were selected from non-case female
emergency department (ED) patients so as to represent the base population of
the cases and enhance comparability. Two controls were matched to each
case. The socioeconomic predictor vari-ables examined were the education
level, employment status, history of alcohol abuse, and history of drug abuse of
the male partner and the education level and cohabitation status of the female
partner. Forty-six cases were identified and included in the study. The age
range was 16 to 51 years (mean, 33 years). There were 26 (57 percent)
Hispanic and 20 (43 percent) white cases. The strongest predictor for acute
injury from domestic violence in these patients was a history of alcohol abuse
by the male partner, as reported by the female partner (odds ratio, 12.9). The
remaining predictor variables were weakly associated or not associated with
domestic violence. One-half of the cases stated that their male partners were
intoxicated with alcohol at the time of assault. Of the socioeconomic variables
examined in this preliminary study, a history of alcohol abuse by the male
partner, as reported by the female partner, was the strongest predictor for acute
injury from domestic violence. A large-scale, multicenter, ED-based study is
needed to clarify the relation among alcohol abuse, other socioeconomic

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NCADI: NCADI: CSAP Resource Guide: Violence In Schools

Publisher: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)

Year: Published bimonthly

Format: Magazine

Length: 60 pages

Topic: Alcohol and substance abuse

Target Audience: Substance abuse prevention professionals, educators,
parents, teens, and adults

Availability: SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345; 800-729-6686
Internet: http://ncadi.samhsa.gov

Cost: Annual subscriptions are $28 for domestic orders, $32 for international
orders

Videos, Posters, and Other Items

Family Violence in America-Conspiracy of
Silence

In Conspiracy of Silence, all elements of a community (law enforcement, the
legal system, social and volunteer agencies) come together to ensure that the
silent victories of such people as "Marilyn" become the norm rather than the
exception. It also links substance abuse to domestic violence and explains the
"cycles of violence," a predictable pattern of repetitious and destructive
behavior.

Organization: FMS Productions, Inc.

Year: No date

Format: Videotape

Length: 28 minutes

Topic: Substance abuse and domestic violence
Target Audience: General public

Availability: FMS Productions, Inc., 5320D Carpinteria Avenue, P.O. Box 5016,
Carpinteria, CA 93014; 800-421-4609
Cost: $195

Lift It Up

This film tackles the issue of alcohol and violence, and focuses specifically on
assault, murder, child abuse, rape, emotional trauma, and other forms of
physical violence. A discussion guide is included.

Organization: FACE-Truth and Clarity on Alcohol
Year: No date

Format: Videotape

Length: 7 minutes

Topic: Violence and alcohol

Target Audience: General public

Availability: FACE-Truth and Clarity on Alcohol, 105 West Fourth Street, Clare,
MI 48617; 888-822-3223
Cost: $185

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Author: Katz, J.

Year: 1998

Format: Booklet

Length: 16 pages

Topic: Prevention of violence against women

Target Audience: Women, men, boys, girls, and general public

Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central
Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
Cost: $10

Violence by Intimates: Analysis of Data on
Crimes by Current or Former Spouses,
Boyfriends, and Girlfriends

This report is a compilation of statistical data maintained by the Bureau of
Justice Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation on violence between
people who have an intimate relationship-spouses, ex-spouses, boyfriends,
girlfriends, and former boyfriends and girlfriends. The violent acts included
murder, rape, assault, and robbery. Women were typically the victims in
violence by intimates. The report examines the characteristics of intimate
offenders and what types of injuries the victims sustained. The data also show
that more than half of these offenders had been drinking or using drugs when
they committed the crime.

Authors: Greenfeld, L.A.; Rand, M.R.; Craven, D.; et al.
Year: 1998

Format: Booklet

Length: 46 pages

Topic: Violence by nonmarried partners

Target Audience: General public

Availability: Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, Box 179, Annapolis
Junction, MD 20701-0179; 800-732-3277 Full report available online at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/

Cost: Free

About Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Family
Violence

Facts about alcohol, drugs, and family violence are provided in this booklet.
About Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Family Violence encourages readers to
protect themselves and their loved ones by asking for help.

Year: 1996

Format: Booklet

Length: 15 pages

Topic: Alcohol, drugs and violence in families Target Audience: Prevention
professionals, high-risk families, and young adults

Availability: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc., 200 State Rd., South Deerfield, MA

01373; 800-628-7733 (order #20248)
Cost: $1.05 each for 1-99 booklets

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The Vicious Cycle: Substance Abuse as a
Consequence of Intimate-Partner Violence

The Interrelationships Between Abuse, Substance Use, and Psychosocial
Stress During Pregnancy

Curry, M.A.

American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 24(4): 211, 1999

Using a prospective study of 1,937 predominantly low-income, ethnically diverse
pregnant women in urban prenatal clinics, the study seeks to describe the
association among abuse during preg-nancy, substance use, and psychosocial
stress. Three questions from the Abuse Assessment Screen were used to
measure abuse. For the total sample, 25.7 percent reported physical abuse in
the past year, 10.5 percent physical abuse since pregnancy, and 4.5 percent
sexual abuse in the past year. Ado lescents were significantly more likely to
report any abuse (37.6 percent) than were adults (22.6 percent) (chi-square =
44.94; df = 1; p < 0.001). White abused women were significantly more likely to
report tobacco use and alcohol. Abused Asian women were more likely to
smoke as were women ethnically described as "other." The authors found a
higher, but not statistically significant, rate of substance use among abused and
non-abused African-American, Native American, and Hispanic women. Abused
women of all races reported higher stress, less support from partners, less
support from others, and lower self-esteem. Abuse during pregnancy is
associated with an increased incidence of substance use and psychosocial
stress. These relationships must be incorporated into the clinical care of abused
pregnant women.

A2-Year Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationships Between Violent
Assault and Substance Abuse in Women

Kilpatrick, D.G.; Acierno, R.; Resnick, H.S.; Best, C.L.; and Saunders, B.E.
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5): 834-847, 1998

Women's victimization by physical and sexual assault may lead to escalation of
substance use, and reciprocally their substance use may increase risk of
assault. The directionality of this relationship is addressed in a 3-wave
longitudinal study involving a U.S. national probability sample of 3,006 women
followed for 2 years. Wave 1 use of drugs, but not abuse of alcohol, increased
the odds of new assault in the subsequent 2 years. Reciprocally, after a new
assault, the odds of both alcohol abuse and drug use increased signifi-cantly,
even among women with no pervious use of assault history. Find-ings support a
vicious-cycle relationship in which substance use increasees the risk of future
assault and assault increasees the risk of subsequent substance use.

Unmet Needs of Older Women in a Clinic Population: The Discovery of
Possible Long- Term Sequelae of Domestic Violence

Wolkenstein, B.H.; Sterman, L.

Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 29(4): 341-348, 1998

The effects of prior domestic violence may significantly affect older women who
seek mental health services. In two community mental health centers, older
women frequently presented with depressive and anxious symptoms, poor
family relationships, multiple health problems, alcohol dependence (in
themselves, their former spouses, and their children), and economic difficulties.
Increased media attention to domestic violence often preceded first-time
disclosure of abuse within their marriages, which often had occurred years ago.
Peers and family members rarely provided adequate support. Practitioners
should assess for prior abuse, and treatment must address the full spectrum of
these clients' needs.

Victimization Among Substance-Abusing Women: Worse Health
Outcomes

Liebschutz, J.M.; Mulvey, K.P.; and Samet, J.H.

Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(10): 1093-1097, 1997

Although women with a history of victimization are known to have increased
somatic symptoms, health care utilization, and substance abuse, the health
effects of victimization on substance-abusing women are uncertain. This study

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University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH 03824-3586
603-862-1888
http:/www.unh.edu/frl

Family Violence Prevention Fund
383 Rhode Island Street, Suite 304
San Francisco, CA 94103-5133
415-252-8900

http://www. fvpf.org/

Join Together (Gun Violence Project)
http:/Avww jointogether.org/gv/

Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research
678 Windsor Street

Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3

Canada

506-453-4788

http:/Avww.unb.ca/web/arts/CFVR/

Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse
School of Social Work

University of Minnesota

105 Peters Hall

1404 Gortner Avenue

St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6142

612-624-0721

800-646-2282 (For Minnesota residents only)
http:/Avww.mincava.umn.edul

Minnesota Indian Women's Resource Center
2300 15th Avenue South

Minneapolis, MN

55404

612-728-2000 http:/miwre.org/

Muslims Against Family Violence
http://www.mpac.org/matv/

National Alliance for Hispanic Health
1501 16th Street, NW.

Washington, DC 20036-1401
202-387-5000
http:/www.hispanichealth.org

National Asian Pacific American Families Against
Substance Abuse, Inc.

340 East Second Street

Suite 409

Los Angeles, CA 90012

213-625-5795

http:/Avww.napafasa.org

National Black Alcoholism and Addictions Council
1000 16th Street, NW., Suite 702

Washington, DC 20036

202-296-2696

http:/Avww.borg.com\~nbac/

National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia
University

633 Third Avenue, 19th Floor

New York, NY 10017-6706

212-841-5200

http:/www.casacolumbia.org/

National Center on Women and Aging
Heller Graduate School

MS 035

Brandeis University

Waltham, MA 02454-9110

800-929-1995

781-736-3866

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Topic: Influence of alcohol and drug abuse on domestic violence
Target Audience: General public and women

Availability: SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345; 800-729-6686
Cost: Free

Alcohol and Spouse Abuse: Ethnic
Differences

This chapter found in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 13: Alcohol and
Violence: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Psychology, Family Issues; edited by
M.M. Galanter, et al., examines theoretical and empirical evidence on the
interplay among ethnicity, structural and cultural factors, and alcohol-related
assaults against wives. The authors consider whether there is a differential
vulnerability to such assaults among varying ethnic groups. The questions
considered are: (1) Do Hispanic and African-American husbands who drink
heavily have a higher probability of wife-beating than Anglo-American husbands
who drink heavily? (2) Does taking into account the effects of other variables
such as poverty, acculturation, and gender role attitudes alter the relationships
between ethnicity, drinking, and wife-beating? (3) Are such linkages between
drinking and wife-beating found primarily among poor ethnic minorities?

Author: Kantor, G.K.

Year: 1997

Format: Book

Length: 456 pages

Topic: Alcohol and domestic violence

Target Audience: General public and women

Availability: Bookstores
Cost: $89.50

How Far Have We Come? A Critical Review
of the Research on Men Who Batter

This chapter is found in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 13, edited by
Marc Galanter. Although the effects of domestic violence and partner abuse
have been known throughout history, the topic has recently begun to receive
attention in the research literature. Indeed, it was not until 1986 that two
interdisciplinary journals were dedicated exclusively to the study of family
violence. Popular lore has frequently cited a connection between substance use
(particularly alcohol) and domestic violence. However, this interaction has now
begun to be formally recognized and addressed in research and treatment
paradigms. This chapter presents some of the research findings regarding the
multidimensional relationship between family violence and alcohol or drug
abuse. Theories and data about the causes of family violence and
characteristics of the male batterer and of the substance-abusing men who
batter are offered. The final section examines several current models of
treatment and their outcomes.

Authors: Lee, W.V.; Weinstein, S.P.

Year: 1997

Format: Book

Length: 456 pages

Topic: Domestic violence and substance abuse
Target Audience: General public

Availability: Bookstores

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and partner violence. Consistent with previous research, women were more
likely to report being slapped, kicked, bitten, or beaten than they reported
perpertrating the violence. A small percentage of women (12 percent) reported
being in mutually violent relationships. No association was found among a
previous history of childhood sexual trauma and current partner violence.
Screening Men for Partner Violence in a Primary Care Setting: A New
Strategy for Detecting Domestic Violence

Oriel, K.A.; Fleming, M.F.

Journal of Family Practice, 46(6): 493-498, 1998

Health care domestic violence initiatives have given little attention to screening
men for violent behavior toward their partners. This study assesses whether
men would answer questions about partner violence in a health care setting,
estimates the prevalence of violent behavior in male primary care patients, and
identifies characteristics associated with violent behavior using an anonymous
written survey at three family medicine clinics. The survey instrument included
the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure aggressive and violent behavior and
standard demographic and health behaviors questions. During the study, 375
men were seen. Of these, 317 (85 percent) participated and 237 met inclusion
criteria. Thirty-two men (13.5 percent, 95 percent confidence interval [Cl], 9.1-
17.9) disclosed physical violence toward their partner in the previous 12
months. Ten men (4.2 percent, 95 percent Cl, 3.7-4.8) reported severe
violence. Men with increased alcohol consumption, depression, or history of
abuse as children were more likely to report violent behavior. The presence of
all three variables resulted in a probability of violence of 41 percent, compared
with a baseline probability of 7 percent if no risk factors were present.

Sociodemographic Predictors and Cultural Barriers to Help-Seeking
Behavior by Latina and Anglo American Battered Women

West, C.M.; Kantor, G.K.; and Jasinski, J.L.

Violence and Victims, 13(4): 361-375, 1998

Data from a national survey were used to investigate the help-seeking efforts of
1,970 Latinas (Mexican, Mexican-American, Puerto Rican) and Anglo-American
women who experienced battering by intimate partners. The findings revealed
that battered Latinas were significantly younger, less educated, and more
impoverished than Anglo women. In addition, Latinas more often categorized
their marriages as male-dominated and their husbands as heavy drinkers.
Bivariate analyses showed that Latinas who sought help were significantly more
acculturated and more likely to have a heavy-drinking husband than those who
did not seek help. Although battered women were active help-seekers, Latinas
underused both informal and formal resources relative to Anglo women, with
Mexican women least likely to seek assistance. When sociodemographic
predictors of help-seeking were analyzed, being youthful and Anglo significantly
increased the odds of help-seeking efforts. Low acculturation, as measured by
preference for the Spanish language, was the only significant cultural barrier to
help-seeking by Latinas.

Using Social Indicators to Predict Addiction
Mammo, A.; French, J.F.
Substance Use and Misuse, 33(12): 2499-2513, 1998

Because of cost and other constraints, States often find it difficult to estimate
need for treatment of alcohol-related problems from routine surveys. The social
undesirability of illegal drug use makes the assessment of need for treatment of
their use even more difficult. This paper uses independently obtained treatment
need estimates to provide parameters for short-term prediction. The authors
obtained the parameters by regressing the proportions of people addicted to
substances in counties on social-indicator-based relative treatment need
estimates for substances. Substance abuse indicators included domestic
violence and substance-related arrests, substance-related mortality, and
number of alcohol retail outlets. In addition to integrating estimates coming
from independent sources, this approach presents an important tool for
planning and resource allocation.

Alcohol Dependence and Domestic Violence: Incidence and Treatment
Implications

Maiden, R.P.

Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 15(2): 31-50, 1997

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This study examines the effect of an employee assistance program (EAP) on
domestic violence with 80 clients referred for alcoholism treatment. Subjects
completed the Conflict Tactics Scale. Ninety-four percent of subjects had
engaged in behavior ranging from verbal intimidation to severe physical
aggression before intervention. Moderate physical aggression and verbal
intimidation continued to be reported after intervention. Regular at-tendance at
Alcoholics Anonymous and frequent sponsor contact were significant in
reducing domestic violence. Postintervention domestic violence suggests a
continued pattern of violence but with less frequency and severity. Implications
for EAP practitioners are considered.

Prospective Prediction of Husband Marital Aggression Within Newlywed
Couples

Leonard, K.E.; Senchak, M.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(3): 369-380, 1996

This study prospectively examined a social interactional model of husband
marital aggression. Young couples were assessed at the time of their first
marriage with respect to marital conflict styles, al-cohol consumption, hostility,
gender identity, perceived power inequity, and history of family violence.
Couples were reassessed at their 1-year anniversary, and information
concerning marital aggression was collected. Most of the constructs were
prospectively related to husband aggression, but these relationships were
largely mediated through marital conflict styles and husband's alcohol
consumption, whichin turn were influenced by the husband's hostility, gender
identity, and perceived power identity.

Alcohol Abuse, Wife Assault, and Power Needs
Gondolf, E.W.
Social Service Review, 69(2): 274-284, 1995

This study examines wife assault through the use of power theory, which
suggests that alcohol abuse and wife assault are manifestations of an
underlying need for power and control related to gender-based distortions and
insecurities. This theory implies that alcohol abuse and wife assault should be
treated conjointly as weapons of power assertion and control.

The “Battering Syndrome”: Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of
Domestic Violence in Primary Care Internal Medicine Practices
McCauley, J.; Kern, D.E.; Kolodner, K.; Dill, L.; et al.

Annals of Internal Medicine, 123: 737-746, 1995

Domestic violence is, unarguably, a leading women's health issue and research
is ongoing to estimate its prevalence, severity, causes, and clinical correlates.
The most recent nationally representative data bearing on these issues are now
more than a decade old, so there is definitive value in more locally focused
studies. Issues of measurement and definition are only the most obvious
among a host of methodologic difficulties that plague research on this topic.
The authors report results for a sample of 1,952 female patients of varied age
and social background who presented for care at any of four primary care
internal medicine clinics in Baltimore (all of them as-sociated with the Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine). Using previously validated measures, the results
suggest that 1 in 20 women have experienced domestic violence at least once
in the previous year, 1 in 5 at some point in the adult lifetime, 1 in 3 at some
point since birth. Although these numbers seem high, they are in fact
somewhat lower than other estimates of current abuse, estimates that range
upward to as high as 14 percent in at least some studies in pri-mary care
settings. It is likely, although not certain, that varying definitions and methods
of data collection account for the disparities across studies (versus, for
example, true differences from city to city or sample to sample in the actual
rates of abuse). Concerning demographic and clinical correlates, rates of
domestic violence were elevated among younger women; single, divorced, or
separated women; poor women; women who abused alcohol and drugs; and
women living with men who abused alcohol and drugs. Abused women also
scored higher than non-abused women on measures of anxiety, depression,
and somatization and lower on measures of self-esteem. Suicide attempts and
emergency room visits were also significantly higher among currently abused
women than others. The correlations between abuse and these various social,
demographic, psychological, and clinical factors are sufficiently strong to allow
us to speak of a "battering syndrome." Part of the syndrome-perhaps the truly

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Found in Partner Violence: A Comprehensive Review of 20 Years of Research,
edited by Jasinski and L.M. Williams, the authors focus on prevalence rates of
partner violence, dynamics of abusive relationships including typologies of
batterers, documented risk markers, and the importance of assessing violence
in different life stages. A comprehensive understanding of these risk factors and
their different impact at various life stages is essential because they are the
heart of successful prevention and intervention models. The chapter concludes
with a discussion of implications for practice and policy.

Authors: Kantor, G.K.; Jasinski, J.L.
Year: 1998

Format: Book (paperback)

Length: 314 pages

Topic: Domestic violence

Target Audience: General public

Availability: Bookstores.
Cost: $25.95

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics,
1998

This volume brings together data about all aspects of criminal justice in the
United States presented in more than 600 tables from more than 100 sources.
The Sourcebook can be accessed via the Internet at

http:/Aww.albany .edu/sourcebook/.

Organization: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice
Year: 1998

Format: Book (paperback)

Leng! 140 pages

Topic: Criminal justice

Target Audience: General public

Availability: National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, ICPSR, Institute for
Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106; 800-732-3277, 313-
763-5011; Internet:http://www. puborder@n¢jrs.org

Cost: Free

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Domestic
Violence Survivors and Batterers

This chapter is found in Problems of Drug Dependence 1996: Proceedings of
the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting: The College on Problems of Drug
Dependence, Inc., NIDA Research Monograph Series 174. A structured
interview was used to assess demographic information and patterns of alcohol
and drug abuse for 80 female residents at an urban domestic violence shelter
and their families, their batterers, and their batterers’ families. The residents
were primarily young African-American and Latina women with children. Only a
relative few of the residents reported having drug or alcohol problems; however,
66.3 percent had a family member with a drinking problem and 63.8 percent
had a family member with a drug problem. More than 43 percent of batterers
were said to have, or to have had, a problem with alcohol, and 52.5 percent of
batterers reported having a problem with both alcohol and drugs. Half of the
batterers had family members with alcohol or drug problems.

Authors: Martin, A.; Chu, M.; Sage, R.; et al.

Year: 1997
Format: Book

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NCADI: NCADI: CSAP Resource Guide: Violence In Schools

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/nibrs.aspx

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
6000 Executive Blvd., Suite 505

Wilco Building

Bethesda, MD 20892-7003

301-443-1677

http:/Avww.niaaa.nih.gov

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
6001 Executive Blvd., Room 5213

MSC 9561

Bethesda, MD 20892-9561

301-443-1124

http:/www.drugabuse.gov

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
6001 Executive Blvd., Room 8184

MSC 9663

Bethesda, MD 20892-9663

301-443-4513

http:/www.nimh.nih.gov

National Institutes of Health (NIH)
9000 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20892

301-496-4000

http://www.nih.gov

National Library of Medicine (NLM)
8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

301-594-5983

http://www.nlm.nih.gov

Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research
National Institutes of Health

Building 1, Room 326

1 Center Drive

Bethesda, MD 20892-0183

http://obssr.od.nih.gov/

Office of Minority Health

Bureau of Primary Health Care
4350 East-West Highway, 3rd Floor
Bethesda, MD 20814
301-594-4490

http:/www.omhre.gov/

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
P.O. Box 6000

Rockville, MD 20849-6000

800-666-3332

http:/www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

Partnerships Against Violence Network (Pavnet)
http:/Avww.pavnet.org

(This Federal partnership includes the U.S. Departments of Agriculture,
Defense, Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban
Development, Labor, and Justice.)

SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
(NCADI)

P.O. Box 2345

Rockville, MD 20847-2345

800-729-6686

800-487-4889 TDD

http://ncadi.samhsa.gov

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
http:/Avww.albany .edu/sourcebook/

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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WOrKS

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—

The newest wave of
research promises to identify
more closely the nature of
the link between substance
abuse, alcohol, and family
violence. We know that the
cycle of violence is complex.
For example, alcoholism and
battering share similar
behavioral profiles because
both may be passed from
generation to generation,
both involve denial or
minimization of the problem,
both involve isolation of the
family, and both are
interwined as casual and
mitigation factors.

This resource guide presents
recent research findings and
information on the
relationship of alcohol and
substance abuse to violence against women, including battering, murder,
stalking behaviors, rape, and sexual assualt. We hope this materail will be of
use to women and those who care for them

Nelba Chavez, Ph.D.
Administrator
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Ruth Sanchez-Way, Ph.D.
Acting Director, Substance Abuse and Mental Health services Administration

sey,

ty

ca
i

mena MS715

The listing of materials of programs in this resource guide does not constitute
or imply endorsement by the Center fro Substance Abuse Prevention, the
Public Health Service, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, or the Department of Health and Human Services. The
materials have been reviewed for accuracy, appropriateness, and conformance
with public health principals.

This Substance Abuse Resource Guide was compiled from a variety of
publications and data bases and represents the most current inforamtion to
date. It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic. This guide will be
updated regularly, and your comments or suggestions are welcome. To suggest
information or materails that might be included in future editions, please write
to SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
(NCADI), P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.

Produced by SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information, Denise C. Jones, editor.

For further information on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, call 800-729-6686,
301-468-2600, or TDD 800-487-4889. Or visit us on our World Wide Web Site
at http://ncadi.samhsa.gov.

Books

Dynamics and Risk Factors in Partner
Violence

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http://www. heller.brandeis.edu/national/cont.aspx

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
P.O. Box 18749

Denver, CO 80218

303-839-1852

http:/www.ncadv.org/

National Coalition Against Sexual Assault
125 N. Enola Drive

Enola, PA 17025

717-728-9764

http:/Avww.nh.ultranet.com/~sass 1/sasscontact.aspx

National Consortium on Violence Research (NCOVR)
412-268-8311
http:/Avww.ncovr.heinz.cmu.edu

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug
Dependence, Inc. (NCADD)

12 West 21st, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10017

212-206-6770

800-NCA-CALL

http:/Avww.ncadd.org

National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges-Resource Center
on Domestic Violence, Child Protection and Custody

1041 N. Virginia Street

P.O. Box 8970

Reno, NV 89507

775-784-6012

http:/www.nejfej.unr.edu/

National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC)
1000 Connecticut Avenue, NW., 13th Floor
Washington, DC 20036

202-466-6272

http:/Avww.ncpc.org

National Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Resources
http://home.midmaine.com/~ralbee/

National Medical Association
1012 10th Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202-347-1895
http:/Avww.nmanet.org

National Network for Family Resiliency
http:/Avww.nnfr.org/research/py

National Organization for Victim Assistance
1757 Park Road, NW.

Washington, DC 20010

202-232-6682

http:/www.try-nova.org/

National Women's Resource Center
E-mail: nwre@erols.com

The National Women's Study
National Center for Victims of Crime
2111 Wilson Blvd., Suite 300
Arlington, VA 22201

703-276-2880

http:/Avww.nwsa.org/

OnLine Resource Center (NCPC)
http:/www.nepe.org/nepe1.aspx

Pacific Center for Violence Prevention
http:/Avww.pevp.org

Partnership for a Drug Free America

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factors, and acute physical assaults against women by their intimate male
partners.

Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women:
Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey 1998
National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
November 1998

Available from NIJ and CDC Web sites at
http://www.ojp.usdo.gov/nij/vawprog/pubs/htm!

Jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the NVAW Survey is based on a
national telephone survey using random digit dialing on violence against
women, conducted from November 1995 to May 1996. A total of 8,000 women
and 8,005 men ages 18 and older were interviewed and asked to report on
events that spanned the 12 months before their in-terview. The survey provides
comparable data on women's and men's experiences with violent victimization.
It differs from the NCVS in several ways: The NVAW Survey uses more
questions (e.g., five questions compared to only two for NCVS to screen for
rape victimization), with more explicit cuing, it focuses less on narrowly defined
violent crimes by using the Conflict Tactics Scale to query respondents about a
variety of physical assaults, and it counts each victimization as a separate
attack, whereas published NCVS estimates count series victimizations (reports
of six or more crimes within a 6-month period for which the respondent cannot
recall details of each crime) as a single victimiza-tion, and the NVAW measures
crimes such as stalking. NVAW responses revealed that physical assault is
widespread in American society: 52 percent of surveyed women and 66 percent
of surveyed men said they were physically assaulted as a child by an adult
caretaker or as an adult by any type of perpetrator. The NVAW Survey
estimates of annual physical assaults are greater than the NCVS estimates.
The NCVS estimate for 1994 is 4.1 million aggravated and simple assaults of
women ages 12 and older and 5.7 million aggravated and simple assaults of
men ages 12 and older.

Relation of Low-Severity Violence to Women's Health
McCauley, J.; Kern, D.E.; Kolodner, K.; et al.
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 13: 687-691, 1998

This study examines whether women who experience low-severity violence
differ in numbers of physical symptoms, psychological distress, or substance
abuse from women who have never been abused and from women who
experience high-severity violence. The study used a cross-sectional, self-
administered, anonymous survey drawn from four community-based, primary
care, and internal medicine practices. Survey respondents were 1,931 women
ages 18 or older. The survey included questions on violence; a checklist of 22
physical symptoms; the Symptom Checklist-22 (SCL-22) to measure
depression, anxiety, somatization, and self-esteem; CAGE questions for
alcohol use; and questions about past medical history. Low-severity violence
patients had been "pushed or grabbed" or had someone "threaten to hurt them
or someone they love" in the year before presentation. High-severity violence
patients had been hit, slapped, kicked, burned, choked, or threatened or hurt
with a weapon. Of the 1,931 women, 47 met criteria for current low-severity
violence without prior abuse, 79 met criteria for current high-severity violence
without prior abuse, and 1,257 had never experienced violence. The remaining
patients reported either childhood violence or past adult abuse. When adjusted
for socioeconomic characteristics, the number of physical symptoms increased
with increasing severity of violence (4.3 for no violence, 5.3 for low-severity
violence, 6.4 for high-severity violence, p<.0001). Psychological distress also
increased with increasing severity of violence (mean total SCL22 scores 32.6
for no violence, 35.7 for low-severity violence, 39.5 for high-severity violence,
p<.0001). Women with any current violence were more likely to have a history
of substance abuse (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.8 for low-severity, 1.9 for high-
severity violence) and to have a substance-abusing partner (PR 2.4 for both
violence groups). In this study, even low-severity violence was associated with
physical and psychological health problems in women. The data suggest a
dose-response relation between the severity of violence and the degree of
physical and psychological distress.

Characteristics of Participants in Domestic Violence: Assessment at the
Scene of Domestic Assault

Brookoff, D.; O'Brien, K.K.; Cook, C.S.; et al.

Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(17): 1369-1373, 1997

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The study reviewed measured the incidence of domestic violence among
alcoholics and the reduction of violence after completion of treatment and
sought to identify variables that could be attributable to reducing domestic
violence in recovering alcoholics. Data were collected on the alcoholism
treatment, recovery experience, and marital profile of 80 male alcoholics, ages
20 to 65. Subjects also responded to the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results show
that alcoholism treatment substantially contributes to reducing the incidence of
domestic violence but does not eliminate it. Recovering alcoholics may be able
to control physically aggressive behaviors in the absence of alcohol abuse but
continue to experience difficulty in mediating domestic conflicts. Overall
findings support the need to intervene and treat alcohol abuse as a means of
reducing domestic violence.

Double Your Trouble: Dual Arrest in Family Violence
Martin, M.E.
Journal of Family Violence, 12(2): 139-157, 1997

The article describes the incidence and characteristics of dual arrest incidents in
Connecticut following implementation of mandatory arrest legislation. Data
were drawn from 4,138 disposed family violence cases in Connecticut's criminal
court, 448 arrest records, and 90 prosecutor files. Of the 448 cases disposed,
33 percent were dual arrests. Persons subject to dual arrest were primarily
white, young, non-urban, unmarried, employed persons. The incident was likely
to involve alcohol or drug use and physical beating with hands or fists. Forty
percent of the women arrested were previously victimized in a domestic
violence incident. Findings suggest that dual arrests may reflect both the
differential use of violence in domestic relations and the overenforcement of
policy by some police departments.

Ethnic Adaptations to Occupational Strain: Work-Related Stress,
Drinking, and Wife Assault Among Anglo and Hispanic Husbands
Jasinski, J.L.; Asdigian, N.L.; and Kantor, G.K.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(6): 814-831, 1997

Previous research has established that both work stress and drinking are
associated with increased risks for wife assaults. However, prior studies have
not considered whether these relationships vary by ethnicity. This study used
data from the 1992 National Alcohol and Family Violence Survey, a national
household survey of 1,970 families including an oversample of Hispanic
families, to examine relationships among several types of stressors associated
with the workplace, heavy drinking, and wife assaults. The results show that
Anglo and Hispanic husbands each experienced different types of work stress,
and they coped with those stressors differently. Among Hispanic husbands, all
work stressors examined were associated with increased levels of both drinking
and violence. In contrast, those same work stress ors were associated with
elevated levels of drinking, but not violence, among Anglos.

Violence, Trauma and Substance Abuse
Dunnegan, S.W.
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 29(4): 345-351, 1997

A review of the relevant literature concerning posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), violence, and domestic violence suggests that violent behavior,
trauma, and substance abuse have a substantial connection, and that shame is
a powerful agent for rage. Shame permeates many levels of society: the
individual, the family, institutions, and the community. Criminal justice system
policies are directed toward promoting more shame in a population that has
been saturated with shame in many levels of the culture. Attention is focused
on the role of substance abuse in the cycle of violence. Violent behavior, violent
individuals, and victims of violence are deeply affected emotionally, physically,
politically, and spiritually by drug use. This suggests that any pro-gram
designed to promote healing vio-lent behavior, for victims or perpetrators,
should include attention to each of these spheres. The author describes a
program developed in the San Francisco City and County jails that includes a
stress reduction group, a personal writing group, a partner abuse group, and an
anger and conflict management group.

The Incidence of Domestic Violence Among Alcoholic EAP Clients
Before and After Treatment

Maiden, R.P.

Employee Assistance Quarterly, 11(3): 21-46, 1996

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