NASA Technical Memorandum 4569 

Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and Bibliography for FY 1993 

(NA~~-T~-4569' MIC~OGKAVITY N94-2d415 

SCI~~CE AND APPLICATIONS. PROGRAM 

TAS~S AND 3ILlIGGoAPHY FOP Fy 199) 

(~ASA) 5RO P Unclas 

Hl/29 0002411 

March 1994 

NI\S/\ 
NASA Technical Memorandum 4569 

Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and Bibliography for FY 1993 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

NASA Headquarters, Code UG 

Was/Zr"ngron, DC 20546-0001 

NI\SI\ Natlona.1 Aeronautics and Space Administration 

SCientifiC and Technlca' Information Program 

l.vasn'n9~.Jn DC 1994 
MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 1111111.11'111111111111.11'111111111'111111111111111 .. '11111111111111111'"111.1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,"111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111'111"11111111111111111111'1111111111111111111 

I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 

II. MICROGRA VITY SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS PROGRAM TASKS .................... 5 

Flight: Benchmark Science 

Critical Dynamics in Microgravity (Dr. Robert V. Duncan) ................................................................... 7 

Critical Dynamics of Fluids (Prof. Richard A. Ferrell) .......................................................................... 10 

Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (CFLSE) (Prof. Robert W. Gammon) .............................. 11 

Heat Capacity Measurements Near the Lambda Point of Helium (Prof. John A. Lipa) ........................ 13 

Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) (Prof. John A. Lipa) .................................................................. 15 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics (Dr. Dudley A. Saville) .................................................................... 17 

Critical Fluid Thennal Equilibrium Dynamics (Dr. R. Allen Wilkinson) ............................................. 18 

Flight: Biotechnology 

Protein Crystal Growth in a Microgravity Environment (Dr. Charles E. Bugg) .................................. 20 

Protein Crystal Growth Vapor-Diffusion Flight Hardware and Facility (Dr. Daniel C. Carter) .......... 23 

Protein Crystal Growth in Microgravity (Dr. Lawrence J. Delucas) .................................................... 25 

Crystal Observation System (COS) and Advanced 

Crystal Observation System (A/COS) (Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas) ....................................................... 27 

Electrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from 

Rat Pituitary and Rat Spleen (Dr. Wesley C. Hymer) ........................................................................... 29 

An Observable Protein Crystal Growth Flight Apparatus (Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr.) ............... 30 

Enhanced Hybridoma Production Using Electrofusion (Dr. David W. Sammons) .............................. 33 

Electrophoresis Technology (Dr. Robert S. Snyder) ................................................................................ 34 

Flight: Combustion Science 

Scientific Support for an Orbiter Middeck Experiment 

on Solid Surface Combustion (Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch) .................................................................. 36 

Low-Velocity, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a 

Transport-Controlled, Microgravity Environment (Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch) ................................ 38 

Gravitational Effects on Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent 

Gas-Jet Diffusion Flames (Dr. M. Yousef Bahadori) .............................................................................. 41 

Investigation of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in Microgravity: 

A Paradigm for Soot Processes in Turbulent Flames (Prof. Gerard M. Faeth) ...................................... 44 

Fundamental Study of Smoldering 

Combustion in Microgravity (prof. A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello) ......................................................... 46 

Studies of Premixed Laminar and Turbulent 

Flames at Microgravity (Prof. Paul D. Ronney) .................................................................................... 48 

Ignition and Flame Spread of Liquid Fuel Pools (Dr. Howard Ross) ...................................................... 51 

Droplet Combustion Experiment (Prof. Forman A. Williams) .............................................................. 54 

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iii ~ ~AGI BLANK NOT fM..MIO 
MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography - FY1993 Table of Contents 1'.11.11.11.11 •• ' •••••• '111 .......... 11111111111111111111.1111111111111111".1.,1.1.1111.111111111111111111.111,,111,1IIIIII,IIIIIIII.IIIIII.I.llllllIllllllllltlll'"11111I1111111111111111111111111111111"'1111111111111111111111111'1'111111"", 

Flight: Fluid Physics 

Surface Controlled Phenomena (Dr. Robert E. Apfel) ............................................................................. 58 

The Dynamics of Disorder-Order Transitions in 

Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions (Prof. Paul M. Chaikin) .................................................................. 60 

Study of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics and 

Heat Transfer at Reduced Gravity (Prof. A. E. Dukler) .......................................................................... 61 

Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth (Dr. Donald O. Frazier) ........................................................... 63 

Microscale Hydrodynamics Near Moving Contact Lines (Prof. Stephen Garoff) .................................. 65 

Plasma Dust Crystallization (Dr. John A. Goree) ................................................................................... 67 

Evaporation from a Meniscus within a Capillary Tube in Microgravity (Prof. Kevin P. Hallinan) ...... 69 

Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (Dr. John E. Hart) ....................................................................................... 71 

Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems (Prof. Jean N. Koster) ....................................... 73 

Extensional Rheology of Non-Newtonian Materials (Prof. Gareth H. McKinley) ................................. 76 

Pool Boiling Experiment (Prof. Herman Merte, Jr.) ............................................................................... 78 

Surface Tension-Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE-l, STDCE-2) (Prof. Simon Ostrach) ......... 80 

Modeling and New Experiment Definition for the VIBES (Prof. Robert L. Sani) .................................. 83 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics (Dr. Dudley A. Saville) ...................................................................... 85 

Mechanics of Granular Materials (Dr. Stein Sture) ................................................................................. 87 

ThermocapiIlary Migration and Interactions of 

Bubbles and Drops (prof. R. Shankar Subramanian) ............................................................................. 89 

Drop Dynamics Investigation (Dr. Taylor G. Wang) .............................................................................. 91 

Colloid Physics in Microgravity (Dr. David A. Weitz) ........................................................................... 93 

Flight: Materials Science 

In Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO (Prof. G.J. Abbaschian) ............................ 95 

Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics (Dr. J. Barry Andrews) .............................................................. 96 

Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing (Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick) ...................................... 98 

Alloy Undercooting Experiments in 

Microgravity Environment (Prof. Merton C. Flemings) ...................................................................... 100 

Compound Semiconductor Growth in Low-g Environment (Dr. Archibald L. Fripp) ......................... 102 

Melt Stabilization of PbSnTe in a Magnetic Field (Dr. Archibald L. Fripp) ........................................ 104 

Gravitational Role in Liquid-Phase Sintering (Prof. Randall M. German) .......................................... 106 

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (Prof. Martin E. Glicksman) .............................................. 107 

Evaluation of Microstmctural Development in 

Undercooled Alloys (Dr. Richard N. Grugel) ........................................................................................ 111 

Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Glasses and 

Undercooled Alloys (Dr. William L. Johnson) ..................................................................................... 113 

Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium TeIIuride (Dr. David J. Larson) ................................... 115 

Crystal Growth of IJ-W Semiconducting Alloys by 

Directional Solidification (Dr. Sandor L. Lehoczky) ............................................................................ 119 

GaAs Crystal Growth Experiment (Dr. David H. Matthiesen) ............................................................ 121 

Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors (Dr. David H. Matthiesen) ........................................ 122 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 111111111111111111,.1,.111111111111.1"'111,1'111111111.lltlllll.IIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIII.,IIIIIIIIIII'111111111111111111111111111111111111'".11.11111111111 .. 1111.11111111,1111.11.1,",IIII'II.U'I.II'IIIII .. "IIIII'II.II.II.I .. I'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII 

The Study of Dopant Segregaton Behavior 

During the Growth ofGaAs in Microgravity (Dr. David H. Matthiesen) .......................................... 124 

Temperature Dependence of Diffusivities in Liquid Metals (Prof. Franz Rosenberger) ...................... 126 

Double Diffusive Convection during Growth of Lead Bromide Crystals (Dr. N.B. Singh) ................... 128 

Particle Engulfment and Pushing by Solidifying Interfaces (Dr. Doru M. Stefanescu) ...................... 129 

Crystal Growth of ZnSe and Related Ternary Compound 

Semiconductors by Physical Vapor Transport (Dr. Ching-Hua Su) ..................................................... 131 

Measurement of Viscosity and 

Surface Tension of Undercooled Melts (Dr. Julian Szekely) .................................................................. 134 

Test of Magnetic Damping of Convective Flows in Microgravity (Dr. Frank R. Szofran) ................... 137 

Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension (Dr. Michael C. Weinberg) .................................. 139 

Vapor Growth of Alloy-Type Semiconductor Crystals (Dr. Heribert Wiedemeier) ............................ 140 

Ground: Benchmark Science 

Superfluid Transition of4He in the Presence of a Heat Current (Prof. Guenter Ahlers) ..................... 142 

Microgravity Test of Universality and Scaling Predictions 

Near the 3He Critical Point (Dr. Martin B. Barmatz) ........................................................................... 144 

Measurement of the Heat Capacity of Superfluid 

Helium in a Persistent Current State (Dr. Talso C. P. Chui) ................................................................ 145 

Determination of the Correlation Length in 

Helium II in a Microgravity Environment (Prof. Russell Donnelly) ................................................... 147 

Nucleation of Quantized Vortices from Rotating SuperJ1uid Drops (Prof. Russell J. Donnelly) ......... 149 

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Melting-Freezing of 

Helium in Microgravity (Prof. Charles Elbaum) .................................................................................. 151 

Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) (Prof. C.W. Francis Everitt) ................................. 153 

Condensate Fraction in Superj1uid Helium Droplets G. Woods Halley) .............................................. 155 

Dynamic Measurement Near the Lambda-Point in a 

Low-g Simulator on the Ground (Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson) ........................................................................ 158 

Theoretical Studies of the Lambda Transition of Liquid 4He (Efstratios Manousakis) ........................ 160 

Dynamics and Morphology of SuperJ1uid 

Helium Drops in a Microgravity Environment (Prof. Humphrey J. Maris) ........................................ 162 

Critical Transport Phenomena in Fluid Helium Under Low Gravity (Prof. Horst Meyer) ................. 164 

Equilibration in Density and Temperature near the 

Liquid-Vapor Critical Point (Prof. Horst Meyer) .................................................................................. 166 

Ground: Biotechnology 

Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression Geanne L. Becker, Ph.D.) .............. 168 

Biosynthesis of Cellulose under Microgravity Conditions (Prof. R. Malcolm Brown) ........................ 170 

Crystal Growth and Structure (Dr. Daniel C. Carter) .......................................................................... 171 

Microgravity Studies of Cell-Polymer Cartilage Implants (Lisa E. Freed, M.D., Ph.D.) ..................... 173 

Excitable Cells and Growth Factors under Microgravity Conditions (Charles R. Hartzell, Ph.D.) .... 176 

Sensitized Lymphocytes for Tumor Therapy Grown in Microgravity (Marylou Ingram, M.D.) ......... 178 

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Human Colon Tissues a. Milburn Jessup, M.D.} ............................. 181 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 1.11'1'111'1111111.1111'11.11'".11111111111111111111 .. 1111 .. '",111111111111111111111111111111"1"'1111'111111111,,,"11111111111'tllllllllllIlll .. I",IIIIIII.II.II'II .... II'I"IIIIIII.1I11I11I1I11111111.1"" .. 1 .. 1'11111111111111111111111.11. 

Three-Dimensional Tissue Interactions in 

Colorectal Cancer Metastasis (J. Milburn Jessup, M.D.) ...................................................................... 184 

Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy to Investigate 

Mechanisms of Protein Crystal Growth (Dr. John H. Konnert) ............................................................ 188 

Neuro-endocrine Organoid Assembly in Vitro (Peter I. Lelkes, Ph.D.) ................................................ 190 

Crystallization Studies in Microgravity of an Integral Membrane Protein: 

The Photosynthetic Reaction Center (Dr. James R. Norris) .................................................................. 193 

Shear Sensitivities of Human Bone Marrow Cultures (Bernhard O. Palsson, Ph.D.) ......................... 195 

Microgravity Crystallization of Avian Egg White Ovostatin (Dr. Marc L. Pusey) .............................. 197 

Study of Crystallization and Solution Properties of 

Redesigned Protein Surfaces (Prof. David C. Richardson) .................................................................. 199 

Convective Flow Effects on Protein Crystal Growth and 

Diffraction Resolution (Prof. Franz E. Rosenberger) ........................................................................... 201 

Enhancement of Cell Function in Culture by Controlled Aggregation (W. Mark Saltzman) .............. 203 

Culture of Porcine Islet Tissue: Evaluation of 

Microgravity Conditions (David W. Scharp, MD.) ............................................................................. 205 

Role of Solvation Forces in Protein Crystallization in Microgravity (Dr. Frank B. von Swol) ............ 208 

Automation of Protein Crystallization Experiments: 

Crystallization by Dynamic Control of Temperature (Dr. Keith B. Ward) ........................................... 210 

Thermal Optimization of Growth and Quality of Protein Crystals (Dr. John M. Wiencek) ................ 212 

Search for Dilute Solution Property to Predict Protein Crystallization (Dr. W. William Wilson) ...... 214 

Ground: Combustion Science 

Radiative Extinction of DiffuSion Flames (Prof. Arvind Atreya) ......................................................... 216 

Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in Microgravity (Prof. Melvyn C. Branch) ......................... 218 

Modeling of Microgravity Combustion Experiments (Prof. John C. Buckmaster) .............................. 220 

Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames (Dr. Robert K. Cheng) ...................................... 222 

Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in 

a Microgravity Environment (Dr. Daniel Dietrich) .............................................................................. 224 

Combustion of Electrostatic Sprays of LiqUid Fuels in 

Laminar and Turbulent Regimes (Prof. Alessandro Gomez) .............................................................. 226 

Time-Dependent Computational Studies of Pre-Mixed Flames (Dr. K. Kailasanath) .......................... 228 

Radiative Ignition and Transition to Flame Spread in Microgravity (Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi) .......... 230 

Sooting Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames (Prof. Jerry c. Ku) .................................................................. 232 

Studies of Flame Structure in Microgravity (Prof. Chung K. Law) ..................................................... 234 

A Fundamental Study of the Combustion Syntheses of Ceramic-Metal Composite Materials 

Under Microgravity Conditions (Prof. John J. Moore) ......................................................................... 236 

Combustion Research (Dr. Howard Ross) ............................................................................................. 238 

Combustion of Solid Fuel (Kurt R. Sacksteder) ..................................................................................... 244 

Reduced Gravity with 2-Component Miscible Droplets (Prof. Benjamin Shaw) .................................. 246 

Combustion of Solid Fuel in Very Low Speed Oxygen Streams (Prof. James S. T'ien) ........................ 248 

High Pressure Droplet Combustion Studies (Prof. Forman A. Williams) ........................................... 250 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 1111111111111111111111111111111'11.11111111111111111111111111.11.11.11111111111.11.1I11I11I11I1I1.lIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIllIltlllIllIllI,".tlllil111111111 .. 1111 .. 11111111"1111111111 ..... 1111111111111111111111 ... 1111 ......... . 

Ground: Fluid Physics 

Study of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Reduced Gravities (Dr. Davood Abdollahian) ........ 251 

Stability Limits and Dynamics of Non axisymmetric Liquid Bridges (Dr. Iwan D. Alexander) .......... 252 

Electrokinetic Transport of Heterogeneous Particles in Suspensions (Prof. John L. Anderson) .......... 253 

Studies on the Response of Emulsions to Externally-Imposed Electric and Velocity Fields: 

Electrohydrodynamic Deformation and Interaction of a Pair of Drops (Dr. James C. Baygents) ........ 255 

Marangoni Instability Induced Convection in Evaporating Liquid Droplets (Dr. An-Ti Chai) ........... 257 

Rewetting of Monogroove Heat Pipe in Space Station Radiators (Prof. S. H. Chan) ............................ 258 

Marangoni and Double-Diffusive Convection in a 

Fluid Layer under Microgravity (Prof. Chuan F. Chen) ....................................................................... 260 

Transport Phenomena in Stratified Flow in the 

Presence and Absence of Gravity (Dr. Norman Chigier) ...................................................................... 261 

Bubble Dynamics, Two-Phase Flow, and Boiling 

Heat Transfer in Microgravity (Prof. Jacob N. Chung) ........................................................................ 263 

Reactive Fluids Experiment: Chemical Vapor Deposition (Dr. Ivan O. Clark) ..................................... 265 

Microgravity Particle Dynamics (Dr. Ivan O. Clark) ............................................................................ 267 

Global Instability and Pattern Fonnation in Binary Alloy Solidification (Prof. Julian D. Cole) .......... 269 

Fluid Interface Behavior Under Low- and Reduced-Gravity Conditions (Prof. Paul Concus) ............. 270 

Convection and Morphological Stability During Directional Solidification (Prof. Sam R. Coriell) .... 273 

Drop Microphysics (Prof. Robert H. Davis) .......................................................................................... 275 

Phase Segregation Due to Simultaneous Migration and Coalescence (Prof. Robert H. Davis) ............ 277 

Interaction and Aggregation of Colloidal Biological 

Particles and Droplets in Electrically-Driven Flows (Prof. Robert H. Davis) ...................................... 278 

Theory of Solidification (Prof. Stephen H. Davis) ................................................................................. 281 

Studies of Two-Phase Flow Under Microgravity (Prof. A. E. Dukler) .................................................. 283 

Microgravity foam Structure and Rheology (Prof. Douglas J. Durian) ................................................ 284 

Theoretical Influence of Microgravity on Critical Fluid Measurements (Prof. Richard A. Ferrell) .... 286 

Effects of Convection on the Thermocapillary Motion of 

Defonnable Drops (Prof. Hossein Haj-Hariri) ...................................................................................... 289 

Interfacial Transport and Micellar Solubilization Processes (Prof. T. Alan Hatton) ............................ 291 

ThermocapiIlary Instabiilties and g-Jitter Convection (Prof. George M. Homsy) ............................... 293 

Turbidity of a Binary Mixture Very Close to the Critical Point (Prof. Donald T. Jacobs) .................. 294 

Kinetic and Transport Phenomena in a Microgravity Environment (David Jasnow) .......................... 296 

Surfactant Based Critical Phenomena in Microgravity (Dr. Eric W. Kaler) ......................................... 298 

Stabilization of ThermocapiIlary convection by Means of 

Nonplanar Flow Oscillations (Prof. Robert E. Kelly) ............................................................................ 300 

Molecular Dynamics of Fluid-Solid Systems (Dr. Joel Koplik) ............................................................. 301 

Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts (FDSMM) (Prof. Jean N. Koster) ..................... 303 

Thermocapillary Convection in Floating Zones Under 

Simulated Reduced Gravity (Prof. Sindo Kou) ...................................................................................... 305 

Analysis of Phase Distribution Phenomena in 

Microgravity Environments (Prof. Richard T. Lahey) .......................................................................... 307 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 11111111111111111 .. " ........ 1111111111111111111 .............. 111111111111111111111111I1I11I11I11I1111I11I11I11I11I11I11I1111111I11I11I1I111I1111111111111111111111t1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"11111111111111111111111111'"1111 

Nonlinear Drop Dynamics and Chaotic Phenomena (Dr. L. Gary Leal) ............................................... 308 

Absolute and Convective Instability of a Liquid Jet at Microgravity (Prof. Sung P. Lin) ..................... 311 

Cross Effects in Microgravity Flows (Prof. Sudarshan K. Loyalka) .................................................... 313 

Study of Disturbances in Fluid-Fluid Flows in 

Open and Closed Systems (Prof. Mark J. McCready) ........................................................................... 315 

Study of Forced Convection Nucleate Boiling in Microgravity (Prof. Herman Merte, Jr.) ................ 316 

Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement (Dr. Michael R. Moldover) ...................................................... 318 

Control of Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection in Microgravity (Prof. G. Paul Neitzel) ............. 320 

Industrial Processes (Prof. Simon Ostrach) ........................................................................................... 322 

Two-Phase Interfaces in Weak External Fields (Prof. Jerome K. Percus) ............................................. 324 

Containerless Capillary Wave Turbulence (Dr. Seth J. Putterman) ...................................................... 326 

Dynamics of Superfluid Helium in Low Gravity (Graham Ross) ......................................................... 327 

Microscale Modeling of Microgravity Multiphase Flow (Dr. Paul H. Rothe) ...................................... 328 

Ground-Based Studies of Thennocapillary Flows in Levitated Drop (Dr. Satwindar S. Sadhal) ......... 330 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics (Dr. Dudley A. Saville) .................................................................... 333 

Solute Nucleation and Growth in Supercritical Fluid Mixtures (Dr. Gregory T. Smedley) ............... 335 

Behavior of Unsteady Thermocapillary Flows (Prof. Marc K. Smith) ................................................... 336 

Capillary Containment of Liquids in a Microgravity Experiment (Prof. Paul H. Steen) ..................... 338 

Flow-Influenced Shape Stability: Breakup in Low Gravity (Prof. Paul H. Steen) ................................ 339 

Interactions of Bubbles and Drops in a Temperature Gradient (Prof. R. Shankar Subramanian) ...... 341 

Instability in Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection (Prof. Harry L. Swinney) ........................ 342 

Crystal Growth and Fluid Mechanics Problems in 

Directional Solidification (Prof. Saleh Tanveer) .................................................................................... 343 

Oscillatory/Chaotic Thermocapillary Flow Induced by 

Radiant Heating (Dr. Robert L. Thompson) ......................................................................................... 345 

Transport Processes Research (Dr. Robert L. Thompson) .................................................................... 347 

Marangoni-Bernard Instabilities in Liquid Layers with 

Small to Medium Aspect Ratios (Dr. Robert L. Thompson) ................................................................ 349 

Computational Studies of Drop Collision and Coalescence (Prof. Gretar Tryggvason) ....................... 350 

Residual Accelerations in a Microgravity Environment (Prof. Jorge Vinals) ....................................... 351 

Studies of the Dynamics of Charged Free Drops (Dr. Taylor G. Wang) ............................................... 353 

Experimental Study of the Vapor Bubble Thennosyphon (Prof. Peter C. Wayner, Jr.) ........................ 355 

Interactions Between Solidification and Compositional 

Convection in Alloys (Prof. M. Grae Worster) ...................................................................................... 357 

Nucleation and Chiral Symmetry Breaking under Hydrodynamic Flows (Dr. Xiao-Iun Wu) .............. 359 

Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection (Prof. Abdelfattah Zebib) .................................................... 362 

Ground: Materials Science 

Foam Metallic Glasses (Prof. Robert E. Apfel) ...................................................................................... 364 

Memory Effects in the Organometallic Chemical Beam Epitaxy of 

Compound Semiconductors (Dr. Klaus J. Bachmann) .......................................................................... 366 

Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity (Dr. Martin B. Barmatz) ........................................ 367 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents 

Studies of Con tain erless Processing of Selected Alloys (Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick) .............................. 369 

Transport Phenomena During Equiaxed Solidification of Alloys (Prof. Christoph Beckermann) ...... 372 

Gravitational Effects on the Development of Weld-Pool and 

Solidification Microstructures in Metal Alloy Single Crystals (Dr. Lynn A. Boatner) ........................ 375 

Modeling of Convection and Crystal Growth in Directional 

Solidification of Semiconductor and Oxide Materials (Prof. Robert A. Brown) ................................... 377 

Microstructure Fonnation During Directional Solidification of 

Binary Alloys without Convection: Experiment and Computation (Prof. Robert A. Brown) ............ 379 

Optical Properties for High Temperature Materials Research (Dr. Ared Cezairliyan) ........................ 381 

Dynamics of Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions (Prof. Paul M. Chaikin) ........................................... 383 

Modeling Directional Solidification in Furnaces/processes in the 

Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (Dr. Amon Chait) ............................................................ 384 

Fluid Mechanics of Directional Solidification 

at Reduced Gravity (Prof. Chuan F. Chen) ........................................................................................... 385 

Microgravity Chemical Vapor Deposition (Dr. Ivan O. Clark) ............................................................. 388 

Glass Fonnation and Nucleation in Microgravity: Containerless-Processed, 

Inviscid Silicate/Oxide Melts [Ground-Based Studies] (Dr. Reid F. Cooper) ...................................... 390 

Directional Solidification in 3He_4 He Alloys (Arnold Dahm) ............................................................... 393 

Modeling of Coalescence (Prof. Robert H. Davis) ................................................................................. 394 

Advanced Photonic Materials Produced by Containerless Processing (Dr. Delbert E. Day) ................ 396 

Modeling Internal Radiative Transport in Crystal Growth Processes (Dr. Jeffrey J. Derby) ............... 399 

The Effect of Gravity on Natural Convection and 

Crystal Growth (Prof. Graham D. deVahl Davis) ............................................................................... 401 

Reverse Micelle Based Synthesis of Microporous Materials in Microgravity (Prof. P.K. Dutta) .......... 403 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Thin FilmslV apor Processes (Dr. Donald O. Frazier) ........................... 405 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Crystals by Melt and Solution Processes (Dr. Donald O. Frazier) ....... 407 

Electronic Materials (Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow) ................................................................................... 409 

Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow) .............................................. 410 

Combustion Synthesis of Materials in Microgravity (Prof. Dr. Irvin Glassman) ................................ 412 

Noncontact Thennal, Physical Property Measurement of 

Multiphase Systems (Dr. Robert H. Hauge) ......................................................................................... 413 

Fluid Flow in Partly Solidified Systems (Prof. Angus Hellawell) ........................................................ 415 

Non-Equilibrium Phase Transformations (Dr. Kenneth A. Jackson) ................................................... 416 

Combined Heat Transfer Analysis of Crystal Growth (Dr. Mohammad Kassemi) ............................. 419 

Fundamentals of Thermomigration of Liquid Zones through Solids (Prof. Michael J. Kaufman) ....... 421 

Kinetics of Phase Transfonnlltions in Glass Forming (Prof. Kenneth F. Kelton) ................................. 424 

Modeling/Experimental Studies of Droplet Pushing in Miscibility-Gap 

Alloy Solidification Under Low-g Conditions (Prof. Dr. William B. Krantz) ...................................... 426 

Containerless Property Measurement of High-Temperature Liqllids (Dr. Shankar Krishnan) ............ 429 

Chemical Vapor Deposition of High-to-Sllperconducting Films in a 

Microgravity Environment (J) (Prof. Moises Levy) .............................................................................. 432 

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MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography- FY1993 Table of Contents .. 11111111111111111111 ........ 11111111111111111111111 .... '"1111111111111 .. 1111111 .... 111I11I11I11I1I11I11I1I111I11I11I11I1I11I11I11I11I11I11I11I11I1""IIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIi11111111111111111111111111111"'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Microstmctural Development during Directional Solidification of 

Peritectic Alloys (Dr. Thomas A. Lograsso) ......................................................................................... 434 

Numerical Investigation ofThmnal Creep and Thermal Stress Effects in 

Microgravity Physical Vapor Transport (Dr. Daniel W. Mackowski) ................................................ 436 

Polymerizations in Microgravity: Traveling Fronts, Dispersions, 

Diffusion and Copolymerizations (Prof. Lon J. Mathias) ...................................................................... 438 

The Synergistic Effect of Ceramic Materials Synthesis Using 

Vapor-Enhanced Reactive Sintering Under Microgravity Conditions (Prof. John J. Moore) .............. 440 

Diffusion, Viscosity, and Crystal Growth in Microgravity (Prof. Allan S. Myerson) ......................... 441 

An Electrochemical Method to Measure Diffusivity in Liquid Metals (Prof. Ranga Narayanan) ...... 443 

Crystal Growth and Segregation Using the Submerged Heater Method (Prof. A.G. Ostrogorsky) .... 446 

Containerless Processing for ControIIed 

Solidification Microstmctures (Prof. John H. Perepezko) .................................................................... 448 

Thermosolutal Convection and Macrosegregation in Dendritic Alloys: 

The Role of Gravity in Macrosegregation in Alloys (Prof. David R. Poirier) ....................................... 450 

Comparison of the Stmcture and Segregation in Dendritic Alloys Solidified in 

Terrestrial and Low Gravity Environments (Prof. Dr. David R. Poirier) ............................................ 452 

Kinetics of Phase Transfonnation in Glass Fonning Systems (Dr. Chandra S. Ray) ........................... 454 

The Effects of Microgravity on Vapor Phase Sintering (Prof. Dr. Dennis W. Readey) ....................... 457 

Electrostatic Containerless Processing (Dr. Won-Kyu Rhim) .............................................................. 459 

Drop Tube Operation (Dr. Michael B. Robinson) ................................................................................. 461 

Growth Kinetics of Physical Vapor Transport Properties: 

Crystal Growth of MerCllrous Chloride (Dr. N.B. Singh) ...................................................................... 463 

Crystal Nucleation, Hydrostatic Tension, and Diffusion in 

Metal and Semiconductor Melts (Prof. Frans Spaepen) ....................................................................... 464 

Levitation Undercooling and Nucleation Stlldies (Dr. Eugene H. Trinh) ............................................ 466 

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures (Prof. Peter W. Voorhees) ........................................................ 467 

Containerless Liquid Phase Processing of Ceramic Materials (Dr. J. K. Richard Weber) .................... 469 

Glass Fonning Ability and Crystallization of Glass (Dr. Michael C. Weinberg) .................... , ........... 471 

BSO/BTO Identification of Gravity Related Effects on Crystal Growth, 

Segregation, and Defect Formation (Prof. A.F. Witt) ............................................................................. 472 

AID 

Noncontact Temperature Measurement (Ali Abtahi) ............................................................................ 474 

Microwave Furnace Development (Dr. Martin B. Barmatz) ................................................................. 476 

Advanced High Brilliance X-Ray Source (Dr. Daniel C. Carter) ......................................................... 478 

Ultrasonic Monitoring of Interfaces in 

Directional Solidification (Dr. Archibald L. Fripp) .............................................................................. 479 

Microgravity Combustion Diagnostics (Paul S. Greenberg) ................................................................ 480 

SmaIl, Stable, Rugged Microgravity (Frank T. Hartley) ....................................................................... 483 

Stereo Imaging Velocimetry (Mary Jo B. Meyer) ................................................................................... 485 

lAser Light Scattering (William V. Meyer) ........................................................................................... 487 

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x 
MSAD Program Tasks/Bibliography - FY1993 Table of Contents 1111111111111111111111111111.1'111111111111111111111,1"1"1111111111.111111111111111111111'11111111111.111,.1 .. 1111111"1 .. 1 .. 1,1111,111"1"1.,111111111111111.11111111.11111111111111111111111'111"11111111111"11'111111111111.,1 •• 11111111111.1 

Surface Light Scattering Instruments (William V. Meyer) ................................................................... 489 

Multizone Furnace Control Algorithm Development (Bruce N. Rosenthal) ........................................ 491 

Multi-Color Holography (Mr. William K. Witherow) .......................................................................... 493 

III. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 495 

APPENDIX 

Appendix A: Table of Acronyms .................................................................................................................... A-I 

Appendix B: Guest Investigator Index ........................................................................................................... B-1 

Appendix C: Principal Investigator Index ..................................................................................................... C-l 

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xi 
I. MSAD Program Tasks & Bibliography- FY1993 Objectives & Metrics '1111111111"1,1'111111111111111111111111111111'11111111t11111111111111111111111111l11l11 ... IIIIIIIIII.1111111111Itlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllill11111111111111111111'11111111111'1'11111111111111'11111III1III1IIIII11111I1111 

I. 

Introduction 

• Objectives and Focus for FY1993 ....................................... 1-1 

• Program Task Summary Data ............................................ 1-5 

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1-1 
I. MSAD Program Tasks & Bibliography-FY1993 Objectives & Metrics 1111111111111111111111'11,1111111111111111111111111111111111.11.11' .. 11111111'1111111"1111 .. 111111111111111111 .. 11111111111111111"1"'1'11"11111111111111111111111111111111111"11,,1111111111111111111.11.11.11.111111111111111111111111111111111 

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1-2 
I. MSAD Program Tasks & Bibliography - FY1993 Objectives & Metrics '11.11111111111111111.11111111'"1 .. 1111111111111111111 .... ,,1111111111111111'11"111111111111.11'111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 1111111111111111111,,1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111'"'".11111111111111111111 

OBJECTIVES AND FOCUS FOR FY1993 

NASA's Microgravity Science and Applications Division (MSAD) sponsors a program that seeks to 

focus on the use of space as a laboratory by undertaking the study of important physical, chemical, and 

biochemical processes on orbit that cannot easily be studied in the terrestrial gravity environment. 

However, since flight opportunities are rare and flight hardware is very expensive, a strong groundbased research program from which only the best experiments evolve is the keystone of the program. 

The microgravity environment affords unique characteristics that allow the investigation of phenomena 

and processes that are difficult or impossible to study on Earth. Significant reductions in critical 

characteristics, such as buoyancy driven forces, convection, sedimentation, and hydrostatic pressures, 

make it possible to isolate and control gravity-related phenomena and make measurements that have 

significantly greater accuracy than can be achieved in normal gravity. Space flight gives scientists the 

opportunity to study the fundamental states of physical matter-solids, liquids and gasses-and the 

forces that affect those states. Because microgravity tends to allow the treatment of gravity as a variable, 

research in microgravity leads to a greater fundamental understanding of the influence of gravity on the 

world around us. With appropriate emphasis, the results of space experiments lead to both knowledge 

and technological advances that have direct applications on Earth. Microgravity research also provides 

the practical knowledge essential to the development of future space systems. 

The Office of Life Sciences and Microgravity Applications (OLMSA) is responsible for planning and 

executing research stimulated by the Agency's broad scientific goals. OLMSA's Microgravity Science and 

Applications Division (MSAD) is responsible for guiding and focusing a comprehensive program, and 

currently manages its research and development tasks by dividing them into five major scientific 

disciplines: benchmark science, biotechnology, combustion science, fluid physics, and materials science. 

Fiscal year 1993 was an important year for microgravity science in general and for MSAD in particular. 

Not only was the ground research program enhanced, several new investigators and research areas were 

added to the program through maturation of experiments in a flight development phase. The on-orbit 

research carried out in FY 1992 with four microgravity Space Shuttle missions is currently coming to 

fruition as the results from these missions are gathered and evaluated. Scientific data from the first 

International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1), January 1992; the first United States Microgravity 

Laboratory (USML-1), June 1992; the Japanese Spacelab (SL-J) mission, September 1992; and the first 

United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-1), October 1992, provided valuable insight into each of the 

five discipline fields in FY 1993. The processing and evaluation of these results have provided a solid 

basis for the planning of future microgravity missions, such as USMP-2 scheduled in March 1994 and 

IML-2 in July 1994, thus beginning the research cycle anew. 

This document, NASA Technical Memorandum 4569 [1994], The Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and Bibliography for Fiscal Year 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993), includes research 

projects funded by the Office of Life Sciences and Microgravity Applications, Microgravity Science and 

Applications Division during that year. This document is published annually and is sent to scientists in 

the microgravity field, both foreign and domestic. The information provided in the Task Book is used in 

reports to the NASA Associate Administrator, the Office of Management and Budget, and to the United 

States Congress. 

The Microgravity Science and Applications Division wishes to thank The Bionetics Corporation, and in 

particular recognizing Dr. Stephen Davison (MSAD task review process administrator), Ms. Celia Griffin 

(process manager), and Mr. Duke Reiber (data system development and publishing manager) for their 

lead efforts in the development, compilation and publishing of this report, and for data processing 

assistance provided by Mr. Bill Wilcox and Ms. Sandra Freeburn. Gratitude is also expressed for 

significant data processing support at the responsible Centers for MSAD task management, recognizing: 

Angela Belcastro and Karla Miller, JPL; Leanne Ward, JSC; Pam Williams, LaRC; Janet Jedlicka and 

Debbie Sedlak, LeRC; and Jessie Emerson and Mary Wood, MSFC. 

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1-3 

~ PAGf BLANK MOT FM..MJ.D 
I. MSAD Program Tasks &: Bibliography - FY1993 Objectives &: Metrics 1111 .. 11111 .. 1'"111'1111111'1 .. 1.111111111111 .. 1'1'''1''1.11111111.11111'11111111,1111111"'1""1'111111 .. 111"''''111111111111111111111 .. "."111 ................. ' ..... , .... 11.11.11.'1 •• 11111111111111111111111111111.111111111111111.11111.1111 

FY1993 PROGRAM RESEARCH TASK SUMMARY: 

Overview Information and Statistics 

Total Number of Principal Investigators: ........................................................................................................ 196 

Total Number of Co-Investigators: ................................................................................................................... 268 

Total Number of Bibliographic Listings: ........................................................................................................ 767 

• Proceedings Papers: ........................................................................................................................ 111 

• Journal Articles: ................................................................................................................................ 449 

• NASA Tech Brief Articles: .................................................................................................................. 6 

• Science/Technical Presentations: .................................................................................................. 201 

Total Number of Patents Applied for or Awarded: ........................................................................................... 7 

Number of Graduate Students Funded: .......................................................................................................... 329 

N umber of Graduate Degrees Granted 

Based on MSAD-funded Research: .................................................................................................................... 61 

Number of States with Funded Research (including District of Columbia): ............................................. 32 

FY1993 Microgravity Science &: Applications Budget: ............................................................. $170.3 Million 

Microgravity Science & Applications Research Tasks and Types 

- Responsibilities by CenterCenters, Types of Research Ground Flight ATD Center Totals 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 29 7 3 39 

Johnson Space Flight Center 11 1 0 12 

Langley Research Center 5 2 1 8 

Lewis Research Center 87 29 5 121 

Marshall Space Flight Center 36 25 2 63 

Research Task Totals 168 64 11 243 

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1-4 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - FYl993 Research Disciplines 11'11'11.11 ••• ,111 •• 1.1,.11'111111111111111111111'11.11.11.,.III.II.II.IIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIII", •• It,I'I'I'1111111111111111111111111111111.",1'111,,111.11.11'11.11"'.11'11111111111111111111111111111111,1.111,.1111111111111111111,111111111111'11,. 

II. 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

Program Tasks for FY 1993 

• Flight Research Tasks 

Benchmark Science .............................................................. 11-7 

Biotechnology .................................................................... 11-20 

Combustion Science .......................................................... 11-36 

Fluid Physics ...................................................................... II-58 

Materials Science ............................................................... 11-95 

• Ground Research Tasks 

Benchmark Science .......................................................... 11-142 

Biotechnology .................................................................. 11-168 

Combustion Science ........................................................ 11-216 

Fluid Physics .................................................................... 11-251 

Materials Science ............................................................. 11-364 

• ATD 

Advanced Technology Development ........................... 11-474 

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11-5 
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11-6 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11111 ................ 111 ..................... '"11' ...... 11' .......... " ............ 11 ..... 1111111 ... 11111 ...................... 11111111 ...... 11 .... ,11111111111111111111111111111 ... 1.11.11.1111.11 •• 1111111111,.1111111,.1 •• ,.11111111111111111'11 

Critical Dynamics in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert V. Duncan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Talso c.P. Chui 

U.E. Israelsson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the Critical Dynamics in Microgravity Experiment are as follows: 

Sandia National Laboratory 

Jet PropulSion Laboratory (JPL) 

Jet PropulSion Laboratory (JPL) 

1. Measure the dependence of the nonnal state thermal conductivity 0.) on the heat flux Q, and on the proximity 

of the cell endplate: 

- Nonlinear transport very close to T 1..; 

- Q sets distance from criticality, as predicted by DRGT; 

- Explore boundary suppression of fluctuations near criticality; 

- 0.3 nW/cm2 ~ Q ~ 10 Jlw/cm2 with no convection in a 2 em cell. 

2. Measure the temperature profile very near, and through, the HeI-Hell interface: 

- Measure ATA(Q) and explore "supercooled" HeI region as a function of small temperature and pressure changes 

- Determine the boundary conditions on j. and possibly <p; 

- Determine if the interfacial width (w) scales as predicted by DRGT and DS: w = wj-YQ; 

- Measure the superfluid AT, hence Hell vorticity. 

3. Search for hysteresis in the superfluid transition under heat flux: 

- Up/down reproducibility; 

- Latent heat 

DESCRIPTION: 

A high-resolution, all-aluminum thennal conductivity cell containing a sample of ultra-high uarity helium will be 

employed for these measurements. The high resolution thermometers (HRT) developed for and used successfully on 

the Lambda Point Experiment will also be used on DYNAMX to measure temperature gradients when a small heat 

current is applied. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The improvements to the HRT's developed for the CHeX mission will also be applied to the DYNAMX HRTs. 

The all-aluminum construction will reduce the mass of the sample cell to reduce the degradation of the measurement 

resolution caused by ionizing radiation in orbit. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

DYNAMX was funded for flight definition by the Microgravity Science and Applications Department of NASA, 

HQ in February 1993. A strong effort is underway to design a thermal conductivity cell capable of making very 

demanding measurements near the superfluid transition in 4He. This newall-aluminum cell is designed to be as 

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immune as possible to cosmic radiation in low Earth orbit. Two such cells have now been constructed, and 

extensive thermal modeling has been done to verify that this cell design will not substantially perturb the 

measurements. Extensive electron beam welding technique has been developed in order to precisely weld aluminum 

alloys to 99.999% pure aluminum, and to make all niobium welds on small parts of the pressure servo system 

described below. 

In support of this cell development effort, we have been developing a ground-based cryostat, and a four meter tall 

shielded room, at the University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and Astronomy. This cryostat will use 

four high-resolution thermometers (HRT) currently under development at JPL. These thermometers will be 

integrated into the cryostat during the nrst two weeks of January 1994. Following successful testing of these 

thermometers the cryostat shall be used to measure (under gravity) the thermal transport properties of 4He near its 

superfluid transition, using procedures under development for the future micro gravity studies. This will provide a 

direct test of the adequacy of the new cell design to specially resolve very small temperature changes near the 

superfluid transition. Although a full study of these predicted nonlinear thermal transport effects very close to the 

superfluid transition shall require microgravity conditions. These ground-bac;ed measurements shall be used to both 

verify the cell, and to demonstrate that Earth's gravity creates the only remaining experimental limitation. 

Machining of the DYNAMX cryostat is nearly complete and its assembly and wiring has started. The large, 

home-brew shielded room at UNM is complete, and the Dewar and mu-metal shield have been installed in it. The 

next major step shall be the HRT integration in January. All room temperature electronics, including thermometry 

bridges, cabling, and controllers have been assembled and tested. The main data acquisition computer is on order. It 

will be identical to the computer used by JPL during the HRT development. 

An ultra-precise pressure servo system is under development in collaboration with Dr. Martin Barmatz at JPL. This 

pressure servo consists of a 70 J..lIIl thick Nb superconducting membrane with the helium pressure on one side, and 

with magnetic (Meissner Effect) pressure on the other. The helium pressure may be controlled by varying the 

magnetic pressure, and the helium pressure is detected by the variation in the membrane's displacement from 

eqUilibrium, which is read out with a SQUID. The machining of this pressure servo system is nearly complete. It 

shall be installed within Dr. Barmatz's cryostat at JPL, permitting the pressure servo testing to be conducted in 

parallel with the flight definition studies in the DYNAMX cryostat. 

In addition to the technical activities described above, the principal investigator has been involved with staff at JPL 

funded through DYNAMX on activities related to the preparation of the Pre-SCR and the SCR. One unscheduled 

review, namely the Pre-SCR, has been requested by NASA HQ. There has been a minimal amount of work spent 

on project management details and initial flight engineering concerns which must be considered early in the flight 

defmition process. Clearly the DYNAMX project is science driven; however, bac;ic engineering constraints must be 

clearly understood early in the design process. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Duncan, R.Y., Akau, R., Gianoulakis, S., Israelsson, V.E., and Chui, T.C.P. Sidewall thermometry perturbations to 

nonlinear heat transport near the lambda transition in ·He. Physica B, (to be published) . 

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11-8 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 

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Presentations: 

Israelsson, U., and Chui, T.C.P. A new thermal conductivity ceII for critical dynamics measurements near the superfluid 

transition in 4He aboard the Space Shuttle, American Physical Society Meeting, Washington, DC, March, 1993. 

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11-9 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11111111111111 ......................... 1111111 .. 11111111111111.11.11.1111111111111111111.11 ... 11111111111111111111.11111111111111.1.1111111111111111 ... 1 .. 1 .. 11.11.11.11.11.1111,,1"1111,1111.11111.11111111111111111111111.1111111 .. 11111111111111 

Critical Dynamics of Fluids 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Richard A. Ferrell 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. M. Moldover 

Dr. R.A. Wilkinson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Mary land 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

The objective is to advance the understanding of the approach to equilibrium in near critical fluids. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The work involves three critical fluid investigations: 1) ground-based definition of an acoustic attenuation in a pure 

liquid-vapor system space experiment, 2) principal investigator activities for a fast adiabatic thermaUdensity 

relaxation space experiment to fly on IML-2 in 1994, and 3) theoretical work on second sound attenuation near the 

lambda transition of 4He. 

Items 1 and 2 are experimental with lab work occurring at NASA Lewis Research Center. Item 3 is covered 

entirely by the principal investigator with the aide of a post-doc, a graduate student, and a visiting faculty fellow. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

1. Reviewed CFfE IML-l results in the context of the Onuki-Ferrell adiabatic fast equilibration description. It is 

concluded that more data is needed to establish the basis for theoretical investigation. 

2. Submitted to Physics A a paper extending the adiabatic fast equilibration theory to systems experiencing 

temperature and pressure pulses along with the consequences for sound attenuation and dispersion in very 

compressible critical fluids. 

3. Supported cell design for IML-2 AFEQ experiment. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-15 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-10 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science ••• 111 .. 111111111111 ........................ 11 ............. 1 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.111111,,111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 11.11.11.11.111111111111111111111'11111.111111111111111111111 .. 1'1111111111.1"1"1111"'1111111111111111111111111111 

Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (CFLSE) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert W. Gammon University of Maryland 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The goal of the Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (ZENO) is to measure, in a low-gravity environment, 

the decay rate and correlation length of density fluctuations in xenon very near (1 K to 100 11K above) the 

liquid-vapor critical point. 

RESEARCH APPROACH: 

The measurement of decay rates and correlation lengths will be achieved by using laser light scattering (time 

correlation spectroscopy) and turbidity measurements. Light is scattered from a near-critical fluid due to density 

fluctuations, which increase in scale as the critical temperature is approached, and the fluid exhibits a characteristic 

phenomenon known as critical opalescence. The low-gravity environment of USMP-2 and the precision of both 

optical alignment and temperature control will allow measurements to be made much closer to the critical 

temperature than is obtainable on Earth. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Such experiments are severely limited on Earth because gravity causes a large density gradient in the fluid due to the 

divergence of the fluid compressibility as the critical temperature is approached. The data from this experiment will 

provide a test of critical phenomena theories in a temperature realm that has not been adequately tested to date, due 

to the limitations imposed by gravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The engineering development model (EM) was completed by Ball Aerospace and delivered to the University of 

Maryland in January 1992. The procurement and fabrication of flight hardware were completed in FY93. All 

elements had been integrated except the thermostat and sample cell from the University of Maryland. Functional 

checkout of the system electronics showed noise levels are below requirements. 

The thermostat design was modified and verified to allow for STS launch survivability. The design of optical 

mounts was modified and verified to resolve alignment stability problems. Groundbreaking measurements of 

optical heating effects were made by University of Maryland. A concept to allow for dual laser intensities at the 

sample cell was developed and is being implemented. A flight-worthy sample cell was constructed. The hardware 

development schedule is consistent with flight on USMP-2 on February 8, 1994. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 5 Total Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/88 EXPIRATION: 2/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 111111"'111111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111.'1111.1111111111.11111111111111111.,1.,11 ••• 111.1111111'1'1111,11111 .. 11.1111111,.,1"1.,.1'11,.11111111IlIlfllllllllll.IIIIIIIIII1I1 .. ,.IIIIII.1111111111111111111II11I1I1IIIII111111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Briggs, M.E., Gammon, R.W., and Shaumeyer, J.N. Measurement of the temperature coefficient of ratio transformers. 

Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 64, 756-759, 1993. 

Segre, P.W., Gammon, R.W., and Sengers, J.U. Light scattering measurements of nonequilibrium fluctuations in a liquid 

mixture. Phys. Rev. E, vol. 47, 1026-1034, 1993. 

Shaumeyer, J.N., Briggs, M.E., and Gammon, R.W. Statistical fitting accuracy in photon-correlation spectroscopy. 

Appl. Optics, vol. 32, 3871-3879, 1993. 

Zhang, V.c., Briggs, M.E., Gammon, R.W., and Sengcrs, J.M.H. The susceptibility critical exponent for a nonaqueous 

binary mixture near a consolute point. J. Chern. Phys., vol. 97, 8692-8697, 1992. 

11-12 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 1',11,11111111'.111111111111111111111.11.1.11.11111111111.11111.1111111111'11 •• 111111111111111111111 •• 1.1111111111111111111111111111.11.1'1.,11,11111,111111"111111111111111111111.1111111111111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111II1IIIIII 

Heat Capacity Measurements Near the Lambda Point of Helium 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John A. Lipa Stanford University 

CO·INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Central to condensed-matter physics is the phenomenon of second-order phase transitions. These come about when 

a wide class of interactive terms is added to the simple ideal gas picture of matter. To understand condensed matter 

in general, it is necessary to address the phase transition issue, since phase transitions are involved in nearly all 

interesting effects observed. Our goal is to perform the most stringent test currently feasible of the present theory 

of second- order phase transitions in the asymptotic limit as the transition is approached. To do this we will 

measure the heat capacity of helium very close to its lambda transition at 2.177 K. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To perform the heat-capacity measurements, two main requirements must be met: first, we must have sufficient 

temperature resolution to establish the temperature scale, and second, we need to control the energy input to the 

sample to determine its heat capacity. 

To these ends we have been developing a new high-resolution thermometer and an advanced, multilayer thermal 

control system. The thermometer makes use of superconducting technology to achieve a resolution of about 

3xlO-IO K in a I-Hz bandwidth, and the thermal control system can achieve a power resolution approaching 10- 12 W. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These two systems give us the capability to make measurements to the limits imposed by the Space Shuttle 

environment. A third requirement is to achieve an operating temperature near the lambda point. To do this we 

make use of the superfluid helium research facility previously flown on Spacelab-2 by JPL. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Launch occurred on October 22, 1993. The experiment operated flawlessly throughout the mission. All systems, 

including the High Resolution Thermometers (HRTs) were found to operate perfectly after launch. Close to 100 

high resolution heat capacity sweeps across the lambda point were performed which promise to yield outstanding 

science results. The influence of cosmic ray events was found to be slightly worse than expected, resulting in a 

larger than expected thermometer noise, while the impact of passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) 

and the influence of acceleration noise was less than predicted. Heat capacity data was collected from 20 mK below 

the transition to 1 microkelvin above. The data above the transition constitutes a bonus which was not guaranteed 

prior to launch. It will yield important new information about the thermal conductivity in the normal phase in a 

region totally inaccessible on the ground. 

The operation of the experiment was initially in the automatic mode with little commanding from the ground_ 

After the transition region was reached, and the lambda temperature was well characterized, the science team began 

operating the instrument almost entirely in the interactive mode, with commands being sent up from the ground to 

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11-13 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science .1.11.11.11.'1111.11.1111111111111111111111111111111.11'"'"1111111111111 .. 1 •• 111111111111111111111"11.11.11.111111111111111111111111111111.111&111111 ••• 11 ... 11111 ............................ 1111 ........... 111 ........ ' .... 111111111"1111"'11 

optimize data collection and initiate heat capacity data sequences during periods of minimwn disturbance. More than 

5,000 commands were successfully uplinked to the experiment. 

The experiment also quantified the heating effects of passing through the SAA at two different orbiter altitudes. The 

detailed mapping of the radiation environment of the shuttle orbit by the LPE charged particle monitors will serve 

as an important guide for operations planning of future planned low temperature experiments and other 

investigations. 

Experiment data analysis was nearing completion at the end of FY '93. Mter developing models accounting for 

calorimeter and thennometer effects, the lambda-point location was consistently located to within OJ nano-kelvin. 

The data is now being prepared for averaging in order to extract the heat capacity exponent. Thennal conductivity 

data collected above the lambda-point was consistently analysed to within 10 nano-kelvin of the lambda-point. 

These thennal conductivity results represent a significant enhancement in the measurement of dynamic properties 

near a critical point. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 5 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/86 ExPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-05 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Adriaans, M.I., Swanson, D.R., and Lipa, I.A. The velocity of second sound near the lambda transition in superfluid ·He. 

Physica B, (to be published). 

Chui, T.C.P., Swanson, D.R., Adriaans, M.I., Nissen, J.A., and Lipa, I.A. Temperature fluctuations in the canonical 

ensemble. Phys. Rev. Letters, vol. 69, no. 21, 3005, 1992. 

Chui, T.C.P., Swanson, D.R., Adriaans, M.J., Nissen, I.A., and Lipa, I.A. Temperature noise measurements in the 

canonical ensemble. Physic a B, (to be published). 

Lipa, I.A. Advanced studies of cooperative phase transitions in microgravity. Adv. Space Res., vol. 13, no. 7, 61-71, 

1993. 

Lipa, J.A., Swanson, D.R., Nissen, 1.A., and Chui, T.C.P. Heat capacity and thennal relaxation of bulk helium very near 

the lambda point. Physica B, (to be published). 

Swanson, D.R., Nissen, I.A., Chui, T.c.P., Williamsonn, and Lipa, I.A. Optimization and perfonnance of high resolution 

thermometers in low Earth orbit. Physica B, (to be published) . 

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11-14 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1"1 •• 11.11 •• 1111111'11111111'11111111111111111111111111111111111'11111111111.1111111111111111111111.11111111,".".".1111111.11.11'1.11111111111111111111.1111111 ... 1111111111111 .. 1'11 .. 1.,1, 

Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John A. Lipa 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

T.C.P. Chui 

U.E. Israelsson 

F.M. Gasparini 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Stanford University 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

State University of New York, Buffalo 

Of significant current interest in the field of condensed matter is the study of crossover behavior as a bulk system if 

confined more and more tightly in one or more dimensions. Crossover occurs when the effect of the boundaries is 

significant but not dominant. An ideal way to explore this effect is to perform measurements on films of ever 

decreasing thickness until the lower dimensional behavior is dominant. Unfortunately, it is not possible to vary the 

film thickness in most cases without totally changing the sample, making it difficult to keep track of intrinsic 

changes in the parameters. Near the lambda transition of helium the correlation length diverges, magnifying the 

effects of the confinement while simultaneously decreasing the importance of substrates. This situation gives us a 

unique tool to look at a diverse set of conditions in a controlled way, opening a new window on the general 

question of finite size phenomena in condensed matter systems. For example, at 0.1 'C below the transition, the 

correlation length is on the order of a few Angstroms, whereas 1O-9'C below the transition the correlation length is 

about 0.1 mm. If we can access the temperature region very close to the transition, we will have-for the first 

time-a finite size system with a truly macroscopic length scale, allowing exceptional control of the effects of 

boundaries. This situation appears to be absolutely unique in condensed matter systems. The Confined Helium 

Experiment should lead to dramatically improved tests of the theory of finite size effects. 

DESCRIPTION: 

We plan to measure the heat capacity of helium confined between closely spaced parallel plates and compare the 

results with the bulk heat capacity data obtained on the Lambda Point Experiment (LPE). The relationship between 

the two data sets is predicted by theories of confinement. Most of the LPE flight hardware will be reused to 

perform the required measurements. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The Confined Helium Experiment should provide a much improved test of the theory of confinement and may 

provide a firm basis for its extension to other properties of confined materials. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the past year, most of the effort has been centered on rebuilding the Lambda Point Experiment (LPE) flight 

instrument and computer system to meet the needs of the new experiment. All the calorimeter parts have been made 

and are awaiting the completion of plate stack that is used to generate the confinement effect. This stack consists of 

about 250 silicon wafers, each of which is 100 microns thick and 4 cm in diameter, separated by 100 micron 

spacers. Difficulties were encountered getting the required separation uniformity, but these have been overcome. 

The engineering model of the flight computer is now under test and software development is proceeding. The 

lifetime of the liquid helium cryostat has been extended to meet the new launch hold criterion. A new cryopump 

capable of substantially improving the vacuum in the instrument has been build and is under test. 

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11-15 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 1111111 ....................... 11 ... 11.1111 ........ 1111 .. '1 ........... , ........ 1111111111111 .. 111111111111' .... 11.11111111111111111111111111,111'1 .. 11,111111 ....................................... 11111' .... 11111 ..... ' .... ,111111"'"IItIII'"I'1 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/92 ExPIRATION: 12/97 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-16 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science .. 11.11 ••• 1111111111111111111.11.11,1.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ..... 11111 ........ 11111111 .. 11.11.11.1 ..... 1, ....... 11 ... IIIIII"",IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIII111111111.11111,111111111111111111111.,1"1,.1 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Dudley A. Saville Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The purpose of this work is to test and extend models of electrohydrodynamic processes involving fluid interfaces. 

Particular attention is given to the behavior of fluid globules and cylinders in systems with poorly ionized solutes 

at high (applied) field strengths. 

The long-term objective of the research is the development of new ways to manipulate fluids, in particular, fluid 

interfaces. Externally applied electric fields offer a particularly attractive means of doing this because the electric 

stress is applied directly to the interfacial region. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research has involved construction of mathematical models and experiments involving steady or oscillating 

fields with fluid globules and cylinders. The modeling work is intended to take specific account of charge transport 

processes. Experimental work involves use of digital imaging and analysis of steady and transient shapes of fluid 

bodies stressed by steady and transient electric fields. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

A microgravity environment may be necessary to test the theoretical models because experimenL~ on Earth must be 

carried out with isopycnic systems to avoid sedimentation. The necd to use isopycnic systems severely limits the 

range of fluid properties and phenomena that can be studied to test and extend theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The sample cell and high voltage electronics were used to study the behavior of a fluid cylinder stressed by an axial 

field. We had found that an axial field can either stabilize or destabilize the cylinder, depending on the properties of 

the two fluids. For example, using an electric field we were able to stabilize a cylinder whose length is more than 7 

times as large as its radius; recall that the plateau limit is 3.14. An extensive study was carried out with both 

steady and oscillatory fields and a paper describing our work was accepted for publication in the Physics of Fluids 

A. We are currently analyzing our results in the context of G. I. Taylor's leaky dielectric model. 

Our proposal to continue the work and prepare a science requirements document for a flight experiment was 

approved for funding. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 3/92 EXPIRATION: 4/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-25 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-17 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11.11.11.,,1111 .... 111.11.1111111111111111111111111111111111"".11111111.11.11.111111111111111,.11 .. '.,11111111111111111111111111111111111.11 ............................. UIIlIIlIIlIIlIIIIIlIIlI •• ' ...... ,II.,IIIIII •• 111111111111111111111.11.11 

Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibrium Dynamics 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. R. Allen Wilkinson 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. R. Berg 

Dr. M. Moldover 

Prof. R. Gammon 

Prof. J. Straub 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

University of Maryland 

Technical University of Munich, DE 

The objective of this study is to examine the thenna] relaxation and density profile versus time, after a temperature 

perturbation, of SF6 near its liquid-vapor critical point, in a low-gravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The SF 6 sample is to be observed using interferometry, visualization, and transmission. The scientific objectives 

are, first, to observe or determine the following: large-phase domain homogenization with and without stirring of 

the fluid; time evolution of heat and mass transfer after a temperature step is applied; phase evolution and 

configuration after transition from one-phase equilibrium to a two-phase state; and the effects of stirring on a 

two-phase low-gravity configuration; and secondly, to quantify the mass and thermal time constant of a one-phase 

system under logarithmic temperature steps. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Critical-point experiments generally depend on achieving thermal equilibrium to within a specified tolerance and on 

knowing how phases develop or disappear. Data from this experiment will be used to determine the practical time 

scale needed to execute meaningful critical fluid space experiments and to characterize the location and dynamics of 

density or phase domains within the sample. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The fiscal year began with a flurry of mission time lines and mission training. The CITE experiment successfully 

flew on the European Space Agency's Critical Point Facility aboard IML-l in January 1992. The experiment 

logged 60 hours of digital and videotaped interferometric fringes images, which provide a changing density map 

following a heat pulse. 

Following the mission, activity was directed at an analysis of the information contained in these fringe patterns. A 

commercial software package was adapted to automate the location of fringe centers and to characterize the fringe 

patterns. Analytical fitting functions mapped the phase of the fringe patterns. The amplitude of the phase was 

tracked in time and was found to undergo exponential decay. The time constant for this decay provides a simple 

parameter to describe the slowing down of heat diffusion as the critical point is approached to within a few 

milliKelvin. Preliminary results agree with theoretical predictions and the earlier 1-g measurements. The software 

techniques used were proven to be viable for this type of analysis. 

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11-18 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 111111111 .. ' ...... 111 .. 11111111 .... 111 .... 1111111111111111111111111"1 ... 111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'"111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111'111111111111111111111111 

TASK INITIATION: 1/89 EXPIRATION: 9/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-06 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

Wilkinson, R.A. Density relaxation near the critical point of SF. in low gravity. American Physics Society, Division of 

Fluid Dynamics. Invited Presentation, 1993. 

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11-19 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ........ 11.1 •• ,1., •• 1 ............ '" ....... 11 ....... 11 •• ,.,"' ••••• IU' ........ I ........... I.,I •• , ••••••• I.II.'I .... IIII.,111'.".11111,.,11.,1111.'1 .... 1,.1 ••••• , ...... ,.1, •••• 1111111111111111111'11'11111111,'''1'''11''''11111111111111111111 

Protein Crystal Growth in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Charles E. Bugg 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

L.J., DeLucas 

L.c. Cook 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Alabama, Binningham 

University of Alabama, Binningham 

University of Alabama, Binningham 

The objectives of this research are: to produce larger, high quality protein crystals in microgravity; and to 

understand the dynamics and processes of protein crystal growth. The research will utilize the protein crystal 

growth (PCG) vapor diffusion apparatus (VDA) flight hardware that will be capable of detennining protein 

molecular structures for applications in medicine, drug design, agriculture, and the biological sciences. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The flight investigations utilized proteins from a number of co-investigators at universities and pharmaceutical 

companies. These proteins selections were based on a number of criteria, including: availability of extensive 

ground-based, leg visual and x-ray data; crystal growth time; crystal stability; and inherent problems with crystal 

quality that might benefit from exposure to a microgravity environment (e.g., crystal size, internal crystal quality, 

crystal sedimentation, etc.). 

Proteins were selected by a committee composed of co-investigators from academia, industry, and NASA's Marshall 

Space Flight Center (MSFC). Several months of ground-based experiments were perfonned in flight-like hardware 

by each investigator whose protein had been selected for upcoming space shuttle flights. Crystallization conditions 

were optimized in this hardware in an effort to maximize the success rate during the flight experiment. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

During the 1992 time frame, protein crystal growth experiments were flown on IML-l, SL-J, and USML-l. For 

the first United States Microgravity Laboratory mission, new hardware was developed that utilized the Glovebox 

flown in the Spacelab module. The Glovebox hardware allowed, for the first time, optimization of protein crystal 

growth experiments and provided better mixing procedures for viscous protein/precipitant solutions. 

In addition, a micromanipulator system was developed to allow seeding experiments and crystal mounting 

procedures to be undertaken. A special adapter for the Glovebox video system, as well as a binocular microscope, 

allow crystals observed by the crew to be downlinked for analysis by co-investigators in the poce. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Through the series of missions flown in 1992, and in conjunction with the co-investigator group, it has been 

demonstrated that the microgravity environment provided by the space shuttle can enhance the size and/or quality of 

protein crystals in a significant fashion. Resolution enhancements as great as 0.6 A have been observed, and, in 

several instances, crystal volume increased twofold. In addition, it was clearly demonstrated on USML-l that crystal 

optimization can increase the success of these experiments and that crystal mounting via a micromanipulator is 

straightforward, thereby providing a method to collect data on crystals once an x-ray facility is available on Space 

Station Freedom. 

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11-20 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111 .. '"111111 .......... 111 ...... 11111 ......... 1111 ........... '11111 ............. 1I11I11I11I11111'1"'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU'1i11111111.11 ....... 11.11.11 •• 1.111111111111111111 ............ 111'".111.11111111'1.11111111111,1.1111. 

Ground-based work carried out at UAB, MSFC, and MSU has continued to provide a better understanding of the 

fundamental mechanisms involved during crystal nucleation and subsequent growth phases. Using both a hanging 

drop (vapor diffusion) configuration or batch/temperature-induced crystallization system, it has been demonstrated 

that static light scattering can be an effective tool to detect the onset of crystal nucleation so that the growth phase 

can be dynamically controlled. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 3 

MS Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 7/85 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-02 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-366 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Carson, M., and Bugg, C.E. Analysis of the protein backbone. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 12, 

11-13, 1992. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.e., and Pickart, C.M. Structure of a tetra-ubiquitin conjugate shows how multi-ubiquitin conjugates 

can be formed. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.C., Chen, Z., and Pickart, e.M. Structure of a di-ubiquitin conjugate and a model for interaction 

with ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2). J. BioI. Chern. ,vol. 267, 15116-15121, 1992. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.e., Cox, J.A., and Vijay-Kumar, S. Structure of a sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein from 

amphioxus refined at 2.4A resolution. J. Mol. BioI. , vol. 229,461-471, 1993. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.C., Xu, Y., and Chau, V. Tertiary structures of class I ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes are highly 

conserved: Crystal structure of yeast Ubc4. Biochem., (in press) 1993. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth experiments and results from the United States Microgravity 

Laboratory-l mission. 1. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 26, Bl00-103, 1993. 

DeLucas, LJ., Bugg, C.E., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth in 

microgravity. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

EI-Kabbani, 0., DeLucas, L.J., et aI. Three-dimensional structures of human and porcine aldehyde reductase. J. BioI. 

Chern., (in press) 1993. 

EI-Kabbani, 0., Lin, G., Narayana, S.YL, Green N.C., Moore, K.M., Flynn, T.G., and DeLucas, LJ. Crystallization and 

preliminary structure determination of porcine aldehyde reductase from two crystal forms. Acta Cryst. , vol. D49, 

490-496, 1993. 

Erion, M.D., Bugg, C.E., et al. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase: 9-arylmethyl 

derivatives of 9-deazaguanine substituted on the methyl group. J. Med. Chern. , (in press) 1993. 

Janakiraman, M.N., White, C.L., Luo, M., Air, G.M., and Laver, W.G. The structure of a stabilized transition state 

intermediate bound in B/Lee/40 influenza virus neuraminidase at 2.3A resolution. Science, (in press) 1993. 

Logan, J., et al. CFTR Mutations which disrupt nucleotide binding. J. CHn. Invest., (in press) 1993. 

Montgomery, J.A., and Bugg, C.E. Structure-based rational drug design. Sci. Amer., (in press) 1993. 

Journal Montgomery, J.A., Bugg, C.E., et al. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase: 

9-(arylmethyl) derivatives of 9-deazaguanine. 1. Med. Chern., vol. 36, 55-69, 1993. 

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11-21 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology .... 11.11 .......... 111111 ........ ' ..... , ......................... 111111111I111I11111I11111111111111111Itt,U .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"I,,111111111111111111111111,'111111111'111111111111111111111'1',,'tt .... 'IIII.'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ••• 'III.II.'1111111 

Narayana, S.V.L., Bugg, C.E., and DeLucas, L.J. Structure of human factor D, a complement system protein at 2.oA 

resolution. J. BioI. Chern., (in press) 1993. 

Narayana, S.V.L., Yamauichi, Y., Macon, KJ., Moore, D., DeLucas, LJ., and Volanakis, J.E. Preliminary 

crystallographic studies on pro-factor D. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Secrist, J.A., III, Bugg, C.E., et al. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase: 9-alicyclic 

and heteroalicyclic derivatives of 9-deazaguanine. J. Med. Chern., (in press) 1993. 

Walter, M.R., Bugg, C.E., et al. Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4. J. BioI. Chern., vol. 267, 

20371-20376, 1992. 

Zhao, B.O., Carson, W.M., Ealick, S.E., and Bugg, C.E. Structure of scorpion toxin variant-:'1 at 1.2A resolution. J. Mol. 

BioI., vol. 227. 239-252. 1992. 

Proceedings: 

DcLucas. LJ., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32. In 

Proceedings of the COSPAR Meeting in the Hague, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 12. 1992. 

Long. M.M .. DeLucas, L.J., Bugg. C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth in microgravity: Temperature-induced large-scale 

crystallization of insulin. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, 

Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

DeLucas, LJ., and Volanakis, J. "Crystals of Factor D." 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Naumann, R., Witherow, W., Carter, D., Bugg, C.E., and Suddath, F.L. "Closed Loop Control of Supersaturation 

in Growth of Macromolecular Crystals." 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Trotta, P., Nagabhushan, T.L., Bugg, C.E., and DeLucas, L.J. "Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules in 

Microgravity." 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Bugg, C.E., DeLucas, LJ., Rosenblum, W., Wilson, W.W., Chapman, R., and Kennedy, J. "Device to Monitor 

and Control Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity." 

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11-22 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11'''1'11'11'11'1111111'"111111'"'1''1'11'11'"'11,11111'11111111111111'11111"1 .. 11'"'"111111'11111111111.1'11111111'11111 ••• ,.1111111111111'111 .. 1111 .. 11.11'.11," •• 111111111111111111111.1'111111111'11111"1111'111'1111111111111'.111.111' 

Protein Crystal Growth Vapor-Diffusion Flight Hardware and Facility 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel C. Carter 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

X.He 

T. Miller 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

Universities Space Research Association (USRA) 

NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

The major objectives of this research are to provide a user-friendly interface between ground-based and flight protein 

crystal growth hardware, increased (common) availability of flight hardware, elimination of late access requirement, 

and individual loading by the principal investigator. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Initially, these experiments will be conducted with a small hand-held unit using human serum albumin. 

Subsequent tests will involve the growth of Fab 3D6, a human anti-lIlV antibody. When the necessary tests and 

procedures have been completed with the hand-held unit, facility flight hardware will be constructed. The 

microgravity experiments will be conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the hand-held unit will be flown to 

test the overall concept, refine the hardware if necessary, and establish protocols for later scale-ups with multi-user 

hardware. The design would then be configured to accomodate several trays and interface directly with the existing 

refrigerator/incubator module (RlIM) and thermal environment system (TES) temperature control hard wares without 

modification. In addition, a new plastic tray will be developed to provide additional advantages in optical, storage, 

and hardware interfaces with a potential increase in the number of experiments in each tray assembly (VDT). In the 

early periods of the second stage, the facility hardware will utilize cryogenics only for improvements in experiment 

pre-loading efficiency. In order to proceed with the cryogenic aspects of the second stage, a sub-zero freezer will 

have to be developed. When flight freezers are utilized, the hardware is left in the activation configuration, and 

protein crystallization proceeds after the experiments are withdrawn from the freezer and placed in the temperature 

control units. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research is concerned with the development of a protein crystal growth system for microgravity which provides 

for rapid, convenient access to the microgravity environment and a greater number of samples, and eliminates 

numerous problems associated with logistics and handling of the current flight hardware. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Preliminary studies were conducted with plastic vapor diffusion plates available from CrysChem Corporation. 

Several experiments have been conducted which allow the individual vapor-diffusion experiments to approach 

nucleation before flash-freezing to -150°C. Vibration test'> were conducted at the Marshall Space Flight Center test 

lab facility on a tray fully loaded with protein samples under conditions equivalent to those currently experienced by 

the VDA and RIIM in the middeck lockers. 

The crystallization conditions for human serum albumin have been thoroughly investigated over the past six years. 

A complete atomic model is currently in the refinement stage. Optimized experimental conditions for the VDA and 

VDT have been determined in the past, and crystals have been successfully obtained on all occasions. 

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11-23 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111 ........ llIlltlll ........... 'III.IIIII ....... III ............... '11I11I111 •• 11111111111111111"1,1111111111111111111,111111111'.11,.11111111111111111,1.1.1'111111111111111111.,111111.1.1111111111111111'.11111111111111111111.1111"'11111111III 

TASK INITIATION: 05/93 EXPIRATION: 11/97 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-08 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

DeLucas, LJ., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth in microgravity. J. 

Cryst. Growth, (submitted) 1993. 

He, X-M, and Carter, D.C. Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature, vol. 358, 209-215, 

1992. 

Ho, J-X, Holowachuk, E.W., Norton, U., Twig, P.D., and Carter, D.C. X-ray and primary structure of horse 

serum albumin (Equus CabaIlus). Eur. J. Biochem., vol. 215, 205-212, 1993. 

Miller, T.Y., He, X-M, and Carter, D.C. A comparison between protein crystals grown with vapor diffusion 

methods in microgravity and protein crystals using a gel liquid-liquid diffusion method. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 

1993. 

Books: 

Carter, D.C. and Ho, J-X. Structures of serum albumin. Advances in protein chemistry; lipoproteins, 

apolipoproteins, and lipases, ed., V.N. Schumaker (Academic Press), (in press) 1994. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetermined 

Naumann, R., Witherow, W.K., Suddath, F.L., Bugg, C.E., and Carter, D.C. "Closed Loop Control of 

Supersaturation in Growth of Macro-molecular Crystals." 

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11-24 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 .... IIII .. II.II1I ..... IIII ..... 'ftlll .. ' ... II .. IIIIIIIIIIIII .. 111111111111111111'"'""11'"1111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'11'11'11,'1'111111111111111111111'1111'''111111'''1111.111 ....... ' .. 111111.11.".' .. 11.' 

Protein Crystal Growth in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Lawrence J. Delucas University of Alabama, Birmingham 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Noted Guest Investigators See List, Appendix B 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this research are: to develop improved protein crystal growth flight hardware to produce larger, 

high quality protein crystals in microgravity for use in the determination of protein molecular structures for 

applications in medicine, drug design, agriculture, and the biological sciences; and to understand the 

dynamics/process of protein crystal growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A breadboard system will be developed that utilizes light scattering to detect the onset of crystal nucleation. This 

optical monitoring system will be developed for both vapor diffusion and temperature-induced crystallization 

techniques. This hardware will be used to grow crystals with dynamic control of the appropriate crystallization 

parameter (Le., temperature or vapor diffusion). The crystals will be evaluated microscopically and, from this 

evaluation, the best crystals will be used for x-ray data collection using the facilities available within the CMC. 

The data will then be compared with the best data obtained from ground-based crystals, and an evaluation of the 

usefulness of these dynamically-controlled systems will be made. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Larger, high quality protein crystals may be used in molecular structure determinations for applications in medicine, 

drug design, agriculture, and the biological sciences. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the past year, this laboratory has made significant progress in developing a system that utilizes laser light 

scattering to detect the onset of nucleation in both the hanging drop and a batch crystallization configuration. In 

addition, we have developed software to control the vapor equilibration process using dry nitrogen, a single humidity 

sensor that is multiplexed to ten crystallization chambers, an individual TEU temperature control system, and a 

software-driven system that will dynamically control the rate and time for temperature changes based on information 

gathered via the light scattering system. The next step will be to utilize these ground-based systems to grow 

crystals of a variety of different commercially available proteins so that ground-based data can be obtained to verify 

the beneficial effects, if any, of these dynamically-controlled systems. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 MS Degrees: 

PhD Students: 3 

TASK INITIATION: 04/93 EXPIRATION: 03/98 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-06 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-25 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111 ..... 11111 ....... 111 ............ 1111111.111 ...................... 111111.111 ... 1111 •• 11 .. 11.111111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111 •• 11.11' .. , .. , ........... ' ..... 11 .......... 11 .... 11 .... 11.11 •• ,111111111 •• '1111.,III'fI.fllllllllllI'l 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

DeLucas, L.l., Bugg, C.E., et a!. Protein crystal growth experiments and results from the United States Microgravity 

Laboratory-l mission. 1. Phys. D: App!. Phys., vo!. 26. Bl00-103, 1993. 

DeLucas, L.1., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth in microgravity. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1993. 

EI-Kabbani, 0., DeLucas, L.1., et a!. Crystallization and preliminary structure determination of porcine aldehyde reductase 

from two crystal forms. Acta Cryst., vo!. D49, 490-496, 1993. 

EI-Kabbani, 0., DeLucas, L.1., et al. Three-dimensional structures of human and porcine aldehyde reductase. 1. BioI. 

Chern., (in press) 1993. 

Narayana, S.V.L., Bugg, C.E., DeLucas, L.J., et a!. Structure of human factor D, a complement system protein at 2.oA 

resolution. 1. Bio!. Chern., (in press) 1993. 

Narayana, S.V.L., DeLucas, L.J., et a!. Preliminary crystallographic studies on pro-factor D. J. Mol. Bio!., (in press) 

1993. 

Proceedings: 

DeLucas. L.1., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32. In 

Proceedings of the COS PAR Meeting in the Hague, Advances in Space Research, Vo!. 12, 1992. 

Long, M.M., DeLucas, L.1., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth in microgravity: Temperature-induced large scale 

crystallization of insulin. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, 

Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

DeLucas, LJ., and Volanakis, J. "Crystals of Factor D." 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Trotta, P., Nagabhushan, T.L., Bugg, C.E., and DeLucas, LJ. "Crystallizing Biological Macromolecules in 

Microgravity. " 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Bugg, C.E., DeLucas, LJ., Rosenblum, W., Wilson, W.W., Chapman, R., and Kennedy, J. "Device to Monitor 

and Control Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity." 

............ 11111 ........... , ................. 111111111 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"1"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

11-26 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1111"11111111111111111111111111111 •• 11111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111.1111111111111111111111111,,1 .. 11111111111111111111111 .... 1.11111111 ........ 111 ............ 1111111.'111111 .... 111111111 .... 11'11111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Crystal Observation System (COS) and Advanced Crystal Observation System (A/COS) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas University of Alabama, Binningham 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The Crystal Observation System (COS) provides a means for undisturbed visual observation of protein crystals that 

are growing in a smaller version of the Vapor Diffusion Apparatus (VDA), which is currently being flown on space 

shuttle missions. Visual observation of the growing crystals will provide valuable infonnation on the physical 

aspects and the kinetics of protein crystal growth in a microgravity environment. Video will also enable scientists 

to observe the mixing of solutions in micro gravity and design new or improved mixing geometries to provide 

improved mixing of solutions. 

In the Advanced Crystal Observation System (AfCOS), a "traveling microscope" arrangement is planned which will 

allow a large number of crystal growth of cells to be observed without disturbing the growth environment of the 

crystals. This system will utilize technologies proven in the COS, allowing visual observation of numerous 

experimental chambers. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The COS is comprised of the following components: a six-chamber VDA tray, a microscope objective lens and 

miniature charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for each camera, a primary and back-up camera control unit, camera 

head switching unit, two voltage regulation circuits, dual input fiber optic light strip, two miniature halogen 

incandescent lamps, focusing mechanism, a battery pack containing 15 D-cell batteries, and a front panel containing 

appropriate switches and connectors. The COS will be installed inside a Thennal Enclosure System (TES), which 

is an upgraded design of the RefrigerationlIncubation Module (RJIM). The TES will provide more finite 

temperature control and significantly-increased experiment volume. In addition, the TES will be hennetically sealed 

to provide a level of containment which will generally simplify the safety/verification requirements placed on the 

experiment hardware contained within it. 

In the AfCOS, one "traveling microscope" will be "sandwiched" between two VDA-2 or L-LDA trays and will be 

capable of imaging experiments in both trays. It is comprised of the following components: reflective prism, 

microscope objective lens, and miniature color CCD camera and controller. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This system will overcome a limitation of the present VDA hardware and is a necessary step in the development of 

a fully-automated protein crystal growth system. 

The AfCOS offers the advantage of observing many more experiments (up to 80 total) compared with the six 

available in the COS. 

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11-27 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology ..................................... 11 ...................... ,1111111111.,1111 .......................... 111111 ...... 11111111111'111 ..... 11111111111111111' ........ 111 .. 11111111.111111 .. 1111111111111111111111 .......... 1111111111111111111111111111 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The successfully functioning COS system bas been developed as part of an on-going PCG project. 

TASK INITIATION: 05/93 EXPIRATION: 03/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-06 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-28 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology .. 11'1 .. 1 .. 1,1111111111111111111111111.11.1111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 111111111111111111 .. 11111111111111111111111111111'1111'111t111111'I'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIII'1111111111111"1111111111111"1111111111111111111111 

Electrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from Rat Pituitary and Rat Spleen 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Wesley C. Hymer 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A. Mastro 

R. Grindeland 

R. Snyder 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Pennsylvania Slale University 

Pennsylvania State University 

NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

The objectives are to separate pituitary cells as well as pituitary, hormone-containing granules by free-flow 

electrophoresis, using the Japanese Free-flow Electrophoresis Unit (FFEU). 

DESCRIPTION: 

To accomplish these aims it is necessary to: optimize conditions for growing pituitary cells in the Japanese 

cell-cultural kits; remove cells from the growth chamber and fractionate them by electrophoresis; and lyse the cells 

grown in the chamber and fractionate the lysate to obtain the hormone-containing fractions. These procedures must 

be done in such a way as to be executable in flight. It is also necessary to develop the technologies to assay each 

sample and fraction for growth hormone, prolactin, and heat shock protein (HSP). The hormones will be assayed 

by immune and bioassays. A screen to detect the HSP immunocytochemically will be developed. Because of 

limited sample size and because of the buffers required for electrophoresis, procedures used routinely for 

ground-based research must be modified. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This experiment is designed to probe the mechanism by which the biological activity of pituitary hormones 

(growth hormones and prolactin) may be modified by exposure to micro gravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In order to be able to separate pituitary cells and their hormone-containing granules by electrophoresis in 

microgravity, it is necessary to use a specially-developed cell chamber and free-flow electrophoresis unit developed 

by the Japanese Space Agency for this experiment. In 1992 we established that several of the cell procedures could 

be used. We were also able to do a limited number of runs with the FFEU unit, which is in Japan. 

We established that the cells can be lysed in buffer compatible with electrophoresis and thaI lysate can be 

concentrated and separated on the FFEU. Growth hormone and prolactin were each assayable by at least one assay. 

We also established that pituitary cells could be maintained and recovered from a chamber similar to that to be used 

with the FFEU. We also found that the culture medium will have to be modified to be compatible for bioassays 

and electrophoresis as well as for growth. 

TASK INITIATION: 12/89 EXPIRATION: 6/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-01-01 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-953 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-29 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1I11I11I11I11I11I11I111I.1I.1I'"III.II.II."IIIIIIIIIII.II.ltlllllllllllllllllll111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'''1111111111 .. ft.4I,,"," .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II'1I11I11I11I11I11I11I11I1I111I1 

An Observable Protein Crystal Growth Flight Apparatus 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. Koszelak 

A. Malkin 

Y.Kuznetsov 

A. Kathman 

A. Dodds 

M. Garavito 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECDVE: 

University of California, Riverside 

University of California, Riverside 

University of California, Riverside 

University of California, Riverside 

Teledyne Brown Engineering 

University of California, Riverside 

University of Chicago 

The task objective was to initiate research and development efforts in the area of macromolecular crystal growth, and 

specifically focused on the direct observation of the relevant phenomena as they pertain to the design and ultimate 

flight of an observable protein crystal growth apparatus (OPCGA). 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experiment objective included the identification and characterization of candidate biochemical systems that 

included proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses. It further included the construction of an optical platform that would 

be suitable for detailed interferometric analysis of protein crystal growth experiments and the visualization of 

concentration fields, the time lapse microphotography of macromolecular crystals, and the further characterization of 

the mechanisms and fundamental parameters that determine the features of macromolecular crystal growth. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The efforts described have required the solution of a vast number of technical problems. It is anticipated that the 

"spin-off' value of many of the novel approaches that have, and are being developed, will alone be of substantial 

value to the crystallographic community. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the past year, more than sixty macromolecules have been screened as potential flight samples and conditions 

identified for the reproducible crystallization of approximately fifty-five of these. These include three transfer RNA 

molecules, six different viruses, three different peptides, and forty-three proteins. From this set, plus pcrhaps as 

many as a dozen additional candidates, a final ensemble for flight experiment purposes will be defined and their 

crystallization conditions refined in the next year. 

Time lapse video microscopy has been transferred from a tape-based video recorder of low resolution to a computcr 

(PC) controlled system t1lat is capable of recording single frames at a relatively rapid pace with maintenance of 

quality and resolution, and transferring these directly to an SGI computer at high transfer speed. We are now able to 

display successive frames in time lapse video mode on an SGr graphics system and accumulate OlC imagcs in mass 

storage. We are currenOy in the process of developing methods and procedures for the editing and improved display 

of the image stream. 

A vibration-isolated optics table has been installed in a specially-prepared laboratory at UCR and the optical 

componenl" assembled for Mach-Zender interferometry of concentration fields in aqueous fluids. A subsystem for 

Michelson interferometry of crystal surfaces, to be used for the characterization of crystals and Oleir kinetics of 

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11-30 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.UII .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I.III'11'1111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"1111"'11111'11111111111111111"1111IIIIIItlll'II'''III'IIIIIIIIII''IIIIIIIIII'III'III'111I 

growth, is currently being constructed. The construction of this optics system, with the guidance and assistance of 

Teledyne-Brown Engineering (TBE), has only recently been completed, and the first measurements are only now 

being made at UCR. 

An identical optics system to that at UCR was constructed at the beginning of last year in the laboratories of TBE 

in Huntsville, Alabama. This system will be utilized in parallel with the identical system at UCR and experiments 

duplicated at the two facilities. Because of the differences in expertise of the UCR and TBE scientists, both will 

generate ideas, procedures, and results, and each will be cross-checked by the other. The focus in both laboratories 

will be the design and, ultimately, the fabrication of an observable protein crystal growth apparatus (OPCGA). 

Useful measurements providing evidence that the fundamental concepts driving development of OPCGA are 

technically sound have already been obtained at TBE. Interferometry has been used to measure accurately protein 

concentration gradients and refractive index changes in solution, and this data is of a quality that presentation in the 

scientific literature is presently in preparation. The early indications are quite positive in all regards, and we feel 

confident that in the next year we will indeed be able to demonstrate the technical feasibility of OPCGA. 

In addition to the interferometric measurements, a number of inelastic light scattering studies have been carried out 

at UCR relevant to the kinetics and thermodynamics of macromolecular crystal growth and to the identification of 

stable nuclear size and intermediate aggregate character. Several papers have now been published detailing these 

studies, and several more are in press. In particular, we have focused on the larger crystallizable particles, primarily 

T=l icosahedral viruses (17Onm diameter), and are currently extending the studies to T=3 icosahedral viruses of 

significantly greater diameter (28Onm diameter). Coupled with our studies of proteins of smaller size, we hope to 

complete an investigation of the entire size range of macromolecular species from 3nm to 280nm. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 05/93 EXPIRATION: 05/98 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-07 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-396 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Ban, N.H., Escobar, C., Day, J., Greenwood, A., and McPherson, A. Preliminary crystallographic study of a complex 

between a fab of a monoclonal feline peritonitis virus neutralizing antibody and its anti-idiotypic fab. 1. Mol. BioI., (in 

press) 1993. 

DeLucas, L.I., McPherson, A., et aI. Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-3l and STS-32. Adv. 

Space. Res., vol. 12, no. I, 393-400, 1992. 

DeLucas, L.I., McPherson, A., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth in 

microgravity. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Ko, T.P., Ng, J.D., and McPherson, A. The three-dimensional structure of canavalin from jack bean. PI. Physiol.. vol. 

101,729-744, 1993. 

Ko, T.P., Ng, J.D., and McPherson, A. X-ray structure determination of three crystal forms of canavalin by molecular 

replacement. Acta Cryst., (in press) 1993. 

Larson, S.B., Day, J., Cascio, D., Greenwood, A., and McPherson. A. The refined molecular structure of pig pancreatic 

a-amylase at 2.1 A resolution. 1. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

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11-31 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11111111.11.11111111111111111111 ... 11.11.11.11111.111111111"'''.111 ..... 11 .. 1111 ..... " ...... 1111.111111.1,.11111 •• ' ... 111' .......... 111 .... 1 .... 11." ...... 111 ..... 1111111111111111111111111111111 ....... '1I"1",'U.II.II'1111111111111111111111 

Larson, S.B., McPherson, A., et al. Double helical RNA in satellite tobacco mosaic virus. Nature, vol. 361, 179-182, 

1993. 

Larson, S.B., McPherson, A., et al. The three-dimensional structure of satellite tobacco mosaic virus at 2.9 A resolution. 

1. Mol. BioI., vol. 231, 375-391, 1993. 

Malkin, A.J., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of pumpkin seed globulin: Growth and dissolution kinetics. 1. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Malkin, A.1., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus II: Postnucleation events. J. Cryst. 

Growth, vol. 126,555-564, 1993. 

Malkin, A.1., and McPherson, A. Light scattering investigations of protein and virus crystal growth: Ferritin, apoferritin 

and satellite tobacco mosaic virus. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 1232-1235, 1993. 

Malkin, A.1., Cheung, J., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus I: Nucleation phenomena. 

1. Cryst. Growth, vol. 126, 544-554, 1993. 

McPherson, A. Effects of a microgravity environment on the crystallization of biological macromolecules. Microgravity 

Sci. and Tech., vol. 6, 101-109, 1993. 

McPherson, A. The role of x-ray crystallography in structure-based rational drug design. Rational Drug Design, (in press) 

1993. 

McPherson, A. Virus and protein crystal growth on Earth and in microgravity. 1. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 26, 

BI04-B1l2, 1993. 

Ng, 1.D., Ko, T.P., and McPherson, A. Cloning, expression and crystallization of jack bean canavalin. PI. Physiol., vol. 

101. 713-728, 1993. 

Patel, S., Cudney, S., and McPherson, A. Crystallographic characterization and molecular symmetry of edestin, a legumin 

from hemp. 1. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

McPherson, A. Virus and protein crystal growth on Earth and in microgravity. In Proceedings of the II International 

Workshop on the Crystal Growth of Organic Materials, Glasgow, Scotland, October, 1993. 

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11-32 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1111111 .. 1111 .. 11 .............................. 11' ...................... 111 ............. 111 .... 11111.11111 .. 11111111 ... 111111 ... 1111111111.11.11.11 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1111111.1'1.11.111111111111'11111.1111111111, •• 111 

Enhanced Hybridoma Production Using Electrofusion 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David W. Sammons University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of the hybridoma flight are to determine the extent to which sustained microgravity environment 

increases electrofusion frequencies and hybridoma yields compared to ground-based controls, and secondly to enhance 

working knowledge of lymphocyte activation and cell culture. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The hardware is being developed by Zimmerman et al., in Germany and furnished to Drs. Sammons and Neil under 

an international agreement. The NASA investigators will furnish B cells for activation and subsequent data 

analysis. Nonactivated, preselected B cells will be activated in flight and through a high-efficiency process fused to 

an SP2 cell line for the production of specific hybridomas. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Typically, electrofusion protocols allow the generation of antigen-specific hybridomas with an efficiency of 1 in 

10,000, using 106 SP2 cells in the profusion chamber. The object of this experiment is to identify the effect of 

microgravity on fusion frequency and specificity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Investigators completed ground-based investigations and critical design review. The experiment is manifested for 

STS-55, which will fly in February 1993. 

TASK INITIATION: 1190 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-01-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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11-33 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 .... 11.11 .. ' .. '.' ..... 11 .... ' .. ' .. 11111111111111111111111.11.11.III,tlll.IIIIIIIIIII.IIIII'''.I' ... IIIIIIIIIIIIII''I,'II'III.111111111111111111'"11111111111" ... '11'11 .. 1,,,,.1'"'".11'".11.11.11.111IIIIIltltl,n' .. '." ... IIII,.II •• 1111111 

Electrophoresis Technology 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert S. Snyder 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P. Rhodes 

T. Miller 

G. Roberts 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Roberts Associates, Inc. 

The task objectives are to study the effects of sample concentration and dielectric constant on sample stream 

distortion and the limits of the electrohydrodynamic stability of the sample stream in the absence of shear flow. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The electrophoresis separation process can be considered to be simple in concept, but flows local to the sample 

filament produced by the applied electric field have not been considered. These electrohydrodynamical flows, 

formulated by G. I. Taylor in 1965 for drops suspended in various liquids, distort the sample stream and limit the 

separation. In addition, electroosmosis and viscous flow, which are inherent in the continuous-flow electrophoresis 

device, combine to disturb further the process. Electroosmosis causes a flow in the chamber cross section which 

directly distorts the sample stream, while viscous flow causes a parabolic profile to develop in the flow plane. 

These flows distort the electrophoretic migration of samples by causing a varying residence time across the 

thickness of the chamber. Thus, sample constituents at the center plane will be in the electric field a different 

length of time and hence move more or less than comparable constituents closer to the chamber wall. 

Both horizontal and vertical laboratory electrophoresis test chambers have been built to test the basic premise of 

continuous-flow electrophoresis that removal of buoyancy-induced thermal convection caused by axial and lateral 

temperature gradients will result in improved performance of these instruments in space. These gravity-dependent 

phenomena disturb the rectilinear flow in the separation chamber when high-voltage gradients and/or thick chambers 

are used, but distortion of the injected sample stream due to electrohydrodynamic effects causes major broadening of 

the separated bands observed in these chambers. 

The initial part of the proposed space experiment will be done in the French electrophoresis hardware (RAMSES) 

on the second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2). This hardware has the capability of applying the 

required voltage at 1,000 Hz, which will permit part of the dielectric dependency to be determined. Two different 

frequencies will be used to vary the dielectric constant of the samples. Samples will not be collected, but the 

cross-section illuminator will be used to show the sample filament cross section, and the observed shapes will be 

recorded photographically. 

The higher frequency can be accommodated on a later RAMSES flight, or available TEXUS electrophoresis 

hardware, with its cross-section illuminator, can be supplied with the required high-frequency power supply. These 

measurements can then be completed during a short-duration rocket flight. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Since the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) built by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics 

Company achieved results in space on seven shuttle missions that were influenced by electrohydrodynamics, these 

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11-34 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11111111111111111.11.11111.' .. ' ..... 111111 ... 11 .. 1111' .. ' ..... '.1'11111'"1111111111111111.11""'"11"11,.11.1111'111111111111111111111111111 ..... ".' ...... , •• ,.'1 .... '1.11.11.,1.1' •• ".11.11.111111111.,1111111111.1111111111111111111111111111 

scientific phenomena are a critical part of electrophoresis in space. The severity of sample distortion due to 

dielectric constant variations is not known in the laboratory to date because of the concurrent sample concentration 

effect. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Most activities during FY92 were directed toward adapting our requirements to the RAMSES design. The borate 

buffer preferred by the European principal investigators (PI's) is not optimum for our polystyrene latex samples. 

The cross-section illuminator will be a laser rather than single-filament lamp, and this also introduces problems of 

resolution. We are building a prototype chamber for conducting critical tests. Laboratory experiments have recently 

showed the dielectric effect on electrohydrodynamics. The separate roles of electrical conductivity and dielectric 

constant require more precision of measurement than previously suspected, and the failure of earlier experiments to 

observe the separate contribution of dielectric constant has now been identified. 

TASK INITIATION: 9/89 EXPIRATION: 9/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-04 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Rhodes. P.H .• and Snyder. R.S. Theoretical and experimental studies in the stabilization of the hydrodynamic flow in free 

flow electrophoresis. Cell E1ectrophor .. (in press) 1994. 

Rhodes. P.B .• Baygents. J.C., Roberts. G.O., and Snyder, R.S. Electrohydrodynamic effects in continuous flow 

electrophoresis. App!. and Theoret. Electrophor .• (in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Snyder, R.S .• and Rhodes, P.H. Electrophoresis in Space: Why is it important? International Council of Electrophoresis 

Societies Conference, Sandefjord. Norway, June 2-4, 1993. 

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11-35 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111'.' .. 1111.111.1 .. 1,.1111111.1111111111111111111111111111111.111"'111111.,111111111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111 •• 11'111111111.11,.1"1"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIItllllll,'I.,I"'II.II.II.IIIII.IIII.I. 

Scientific Support for an Orbiter Middeck Experiment on Solid Surface Combustion 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch Mississippi State University 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this flight experiment is to detennine the controlling mechanisms of flames spreading over solid 

fuels in the absence of buoyant or externally imposed, gas-phase flows. Ground-based testing of flame spreading in 

quiescent microgravity environments identifies the qualitative importance of radiative heat losses in detennining 

flame spread rates, but these tests are too short in duration to establish spreading flames without residual effects of 

the ignition process. 

DESCRJIYfION: 

The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) is to be built and flown to perfonn a minimum of eight 

experiments. The experiments are to consist of five flame spreading tests using a thin fuel, varying the 

atmospheric composition and pressure, then three additional tests using a thick fuel with fewer variations of the 

same parameters. In these tests measurements of the fuel and flame temperature are to be made and recorded and the 

flames are to be photographed using motion picture film. A parallel effort is to be made to develop a complex 

numerical model of the opposed-flow flame spread problem, including the important effects of surface and gas-phase 

radiative losses. Finally a detailed, quantitative comparison of experimental and computed results for flame 

spreading over thin and thick fuels in various oxidizer and pressure environments is to be perfonned including 

comparisons of spread rate, temperature and heat transfer fields and the structure of the flame. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The spreading of flames over solid fuels is a fundamental combustion problem that has practical interest in the 

prevention and control of fires. Flame spreading in nonnal gravity is usually dominated by buoyant airflow which 

introduces a significant complexity into fundamental model of the phenomena. Experiments conducted in the 

microgravity environment nearly eliminate this complexity, providing a more fundamental scenario for the 

development of flame spreading theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The modeling effort in the program has been extensive and productive. A steady state model of flame spreading in 

opposed flow has been developed that includes a complex calculation of gas-phase radiative interactions between the 

flame, fuel surface and the surroundings. The model has been modified creating a separate version that is capable of 

calculating transient behavior, including the effects of a thick fuel. The models provide details of predicted flame 

spread phenomenon including complete two-dimensional temperature fields, heat transfer estimates and flame spread 

rates and structure. 

The Solid Surface Combustion Experiments has flown aboard the Space Shuttle (aboard each of the four orbiters) a 

total of six times. The flight missions included four flights in the Shuttle Middeck (STS-41, STS-43, STS-47 and 

STS-S4) and two flights in the ShuttlelSpacelab module (STS-40, and STS-SO). Test results for all of the thin-fuel 

samples and the single thick-fuel sample have been successfully obtained and reduced, providing detailed images of 

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11-36 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science .' ..... ,11111111111111111 .. 1111 ........... 1111, ... '111 ..... ' .. ' ............. 1 .. 1I.1I111I11I11."I""'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I.n.II.II"I"II.1I1111111.1I11I11I.1I.1I''''".II'"llltI'II'II.I .. I''''"IIIII.II'II'111111111111111' .... ' ... 11111111., 

the spreading flames, time and spatially resolved profiles of flame and fuel temperature, and estimates from the 

temperature data of the heat transfer between the flame, the fuel and the surrounding environment. These data have 

been compared to the numerical calculations with substantial agreement. However, some differences have been 

identified that have motivated further theoretical work. 

Modifications in the numerical model have been made to account for the differences between the computational and 

flight test results including extending the computational domain to include the region beyond the tail of the flame. 

This modification was necessary in order to calculate additional mass diffusion in that region that finally accounted 

for the observed flame shapes. The model has confinned the hypothesis of the importance of radiative heat transfer 

effects to accurate prediction of experimental results. Differences between fuel temperatures calculated for the thick 

fuel and the flight test results have been attributed to uncertainty in either the knowledge of the fuel pyrolysis 

kinetics or the correct interpretation of the flight data. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 MS Degrees: 2 

PhD Degrees: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/84 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Bhattacharjee, S., Altenkirch, R.A., and Sacksteder, K. Implications of spread rate and temperature measurements in flame 

spread over a thin fuel in a quiescent, microgravity, space-based environment. Combust. Sci. Techno!., 91, 225-242, 

1993. 

Journal Bullard, D.B., Tang, L., Altenkirch, R.A., and Bhattacharjee, S. Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels in a 

microgravity environment. Adv. Space Res., 13, 177-184, 1993. 

Journal West, J., Bhattacharjee, S., and Altenkirch, R.A. Surface radiation effects on flame spread over thermally thick 

fuels in an opposing flow. J. Heat Trans., (in press). 

Presentations: 

Bhattacharjee, S., Altenkirch, R.A., and Sacksteder, K. The effect of ambient pressure on flame spread over thin cellulosic 

fuel in a quiescent, microgravity environment: theory and experiment, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA., 

1993. 

Bhattacharjee, S., and Altenkirch, R.A. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results in flame spread over thin 

condensed fuels in a quiescent, microgravity environment, Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 

Pittsburgh, 1992. 

Tang, L., Altenkirch, R.A., Ramachandra, P., and Wolverton, M.K. Unsteady flame spread over thin solid fuels in 

quiescent environments, Central States and Eastern Sections: Combustion Institute, New Orleans, LA, 1993. 

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11-37 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science '111.11.111111111'11.11111,111111111.'"111 •• 11111111111111111111111111'11"111'111'1111111111111'11'111'111111111'1111'1111111111111111 •• 11 .. 1""'".11111'111111111''''"11''''''1,11,,11111111111111t.11I11"IIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIII ....... '11 

Low-Velocity, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a Transport-Controlled, Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. Bhattachanjee 

S.L. Olson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Mississippi State University 

San Diego State University 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

The objective of the work is to uncover the underlying physics of the mechanisms that cause flames to propagate 

over solid fuels against a low velocity of oxidizer flow in a low-gravity environment, where flame and fuel surface 

radiative effects and details of the diffusional processes are important. 

Specifics objectives are: 

1. To analyze experimentally observed steady-flame shapes, measured gas-phase field variables, spread rates, 

radiative characteristics, and solid-phase regression rates for comparison with theoretical prediction capabilities; and 

2. To investigate the transition from ignition to either steady-flame propagation or steady-flame extinction in order 

to determine the characteristics of those environments that lead to flame evolution to steady state. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To meet the objectives of this research program, a sounding rocket experiment package (DARTFire- Diffusive and 

Radiative Transport in Fires) is under development to exercise several of the dimensional, controllable variables 

that affect the flame-spread process in microgravity. Those variables that will be changed from experiment to 

experiment are the opposing flow velocity, the external radiant flux directed to the fuel surface, and the oxygen 

concentration of the environment. A minimum matrix of tests is defined to obtain the information needed to meet 

the scientific objectives. Experimental results will be compared with unsteady, computational modeling results that 

are able to track the flame from ignition onward. Through such comparisons, the physics important to the flame 

spread process may be identified. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Although the work is fundamental in nature, it has clear applications to fire safety in space and on Earth. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the past year, the a Delta-CoDR was successfully completed for the sounding rocket concept for DARTFire. 

The SRD was updated for this review, to address some of the requirements specific to sounding rockets. 

Additionally, a PIC was held with Wallops Flight Facility. Preparations are underway for an RDR. 

At MiSSissippi State University, the unsteady flame spread model has been used to predict results for each 

DARTFire matrix point. Flame spread rate, gas phase temperatures, and vaporization temperatures all increase with 

increasing opposed flow, increasing oxidizer, or increasing radiant heat flux. The computational results have been 

animated for better comparison with experiment. 

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11-38 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science II.II"U'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .... I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1111111111111111111111'1111111111111111111.11.11.1111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111,.11.11111 .. ,.11111111111111111.111II.IIIIIIIIUII.IIIII,I""I.I.IIII.,IIIIIII.III,III 

At San Diego State University, a code has been developed which will take the species and temperature fields 

predicted from the steady flame computations (including fuel vapor) and predict emitted infrared intensity fields for 

direct comparison with the infrared images obtained from the sounding rocket flights. Additionally, the steady code 

has undergone rigorous parametric studies of the 16 non-dimensional parameters. Lewis number is found to have a 

dramatic effect on spread, while radiation parameters were found to have a marginal effect on the baseline case of 10 

cmls flow at 50% oxygen and 1.5 atm pressure. Surface radiant loss is found to be important at all values of flow 

for thick fuels, whereas it was only important at flow velocity for thin fuels. Other parameters (mostly kinetic) 

were found to have expected effects. SDSU also examine the transition from a thermally-thin fuel to a 

thermally-thick fuel, and found that as flow decreases, the depth of penetration of the thermal wave increases due to 

the decreased burning rate, but spread rate is established by gas-phase preheating, not solid-phase forward conduction. 

At Lewis, four Learjet test series were conducted this past year to evaluate hardware configurations and diagnostics 

for the sounding rocket experiment: the xybion intensified array camera, the infrared camera, fuel and radiant heater 

radiometers, sample width and insulation effects, and radiant heater performance. These were all conducted to 

demonstrate feasibility for the RDR coming up in December 1993. A journal article on the results from the 

Learjet testing has been drafted, and the numerical prediction comparison section is currently being added. 

"Color" images were generated by superimposing Red, Green and Blue filtered images of the learjet flames agree 

well with color film images. OlI and CH free radical chemiluminescent images were found to agree qualitatively 

with the visible flame, with OH being present more uniformly over a broader region than Cll. Additionally, 

infrared images of CO, Co 2, H 20, MMA, and soot were obtained that are consistent with each other and with the 

color images of the flames. The extent of the product fields was larger than expected. The images were processed to 

obtain intensity contours for comparison with the model predictions. 

In order to better select filters for the infrared camera, a spectrum analysis wa,<; performed at LeRC on the burning 

pmma sample. Once a visibly blue flame at low pressure was established only the typical combustion product 

emission bands were recorded (CO, Co 2, H20); there were no additional bands or background emissions found, which 

would have corresponded to soot and/or partially-burned hydrocarbons. 

Surface temperatures of pmma were successfully measured using a bead-embedding technique. Heat flux 

calculations with learjet pmma thermocouple data reveal that approximately 1.3 W /cm 2 is imposed by the leading 

edge of the flame (@50% O2), and most of that is initially directed into solid phase conduction. This agrees well 

with the range of the radiant heater (0-2 W/cm2

). Radiative heat loss increases until the in-depth solid conduction 

and radiative heat loss terms are of comparable size. The energy required for fuel vaporization is only a fraction of 

either of these other terms. Thus heat losses dominate the surface energy balance for these conditions. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 MS Degrees: 3 

MS Students: 3 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/91 EXPIRATION: 11/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Bhattacharjee, S. A comparison of numerical and analytical solution of the creeping flame spread over thermally thin 

material. C and F, (submitted). 

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11-39 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Right Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111111111111111111"'''1.11.11.11.11111111.11111111111.''.11 .. 111 ..... 11I111111111I.1I.1I"11I1I111111I111 .. 1I.IIIIIIIII.n .. II.IIIIIIIIIIII'lI"IIIIIIIII"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"llIln."IIII ... IIII'".1111I11111I'1"1111'.1111111'1.".1111 

Presentations: 

Bhattacharjee, S., Bhaskaran, K.K., and Altenkirch, R.A. Effect of pyrolysis kinetics on opposed-flow flame spread 

modeling. CST, (submitted). 

Bhattacharjee, S., Charles, T.L. and Altenkirch, R.A. Modeling gas-phase radiation from laminar flame spreading over 

solids, Submitted to the ASME 1993 Winter Annual Meeting. 

Bhattacberjee, S., Seaton, D., and Altenkirch, R.A. The role of kinetic, transport, and thermodynamic properties on flame 

spread over a thin solid fuel in an opposed-flow environment, Presented at the W.S.S. Technical Meeting of the 

Combustion Institute, Oct 12-13, 1992 V.C. Berkeley. 

West, J .. Bhattacbarjee. S., and Altenkircb. R.A. Investigation of controlling parameters in transition between 

tbermally-thin and thermally-thick flame spread over solid fuels in an opposing flow, Presented at the W.S.S. Technical 

Meeting of the Combustion Institute. Oct 12-13. 1992. V.c. Berkeley. 

West, J., Bhattacbarjee, S., and Altenkirch, R.A. Surface radiative effects on flame spread over thermally thick fuels in an 

opposing flow. Presented at the ASME Summer 1992 Meeting, also accepted for publication in Journal of Heat Transfer. 

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11-40 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science l'III'U'IIIIIIIIIIIII'''.IIIIII.II.IIIIIIIII'"II.11I11I11111111111111111.11111.111111111111111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111.111111.11.11.111111111111111111111111111'111 .. 1'11111111111111111 •• 11111111.11111111111,111 ... '11.11'11. 

Gravitational Effects On Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Flames 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. M. YousefBahadori Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. U.G. Hegde Sverdrup Technology, Inc. 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The overall objective of this program is to improve our fundamental understanding of microgravity gas jet diffusion 

flames in the entire laminar, transitional, and turbulent regimes. Specifically, tests are to be conducted in 

microgravity with the purpose of (i) determining the effects of buoyancy on these flames, (ii) determining the 

relative importance of buoyancy-induced turbulence on flame characteristics, and (iii) revealing phenomena which 

may be masked by buoyant convection. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In order to achieve these objectives, the program pursues two distinct but complementary paths, as follows: 

(a) Investigate the effects of fuel type, flow rate, Reynolds number, nozzle size, and gravity on (i) global flame 

characteristics (such as flame shape, height, radiation and temperature), (ii) the extent of the transition regime, (iii) 

turbulent flame features, and (iv) stand-off characteristics and blow-off conditions. These tests will be conducted in 

normal-gravity and in the ground-based facilities, including the Drop Tower, Zero-Gravity Facility, and/or KC-135 

aircraft. The measurements include temperature, thermal radiation, pressure, species concentration, acceleration, and 

flame imaging. The data will be used to validate detailed analytical and numerical models of these flames. 

(b) Identifying the mechanisms involved in the generation and interaction of observed large-scale structures which 

directly influence the flame characteristics noted under (a). This part involves an investigation to be carried out in 

space, which utilizes a controlled, well-defined set of disturbances to reveal the mechanisms that govern the 

dynamics of large-scale structures interacting with flame fronts under microgravity conditions. This will further our 

understanding of the naturally occurring disturbances that are an inherent part of the transitional and turbulent flames 

of part (a). As in part (a), a combined analytical and numerical modeling effort will be an integral component of this 

phase of the program. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The two parallel studies of parts (a) and (b) will provide a detailed database and associated predictive capabilities to 

not only understand the structure and characteristics of microgravity laminar/transitional/turbulent gas jet diffusion 

flames, but also the fundamental processes that govern the observed classical behavior of their normal-gravity 

counterparts. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Contract NAS3-25982 has been in place since November 1991. It involves a comprehensive study of laminar, 

transitional and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames in microgravity. The following researchers participated in these 

efforts: 1. M.Y. Bahadori, Principal Investigator (SAIC); 2. u.G. Hegde, Co-Investigator (Sverdrup Technology); 

3. L. Zhou, Postdoctoral Fellow CUC Berkeley); 4. D.P. Stocker, Project Scientist (NASA Lewis). 

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11-41 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 111111.11 .. 1111111 ....... " .. , ................... 11111 ....... 11.11 ...... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIII,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIII'"'II.II .. II.II1111 .. 11 ..... 1111 ................. 11 ............. '"' .. 1111111111111.11111I11111111111111111111111111 

During the past year, accomplishments included: 

(a) Following the acceptance of the Glovebox-2 proposal on pulsed laminar flames, it was concluded that the 

experiment could be more appropriately be conducted in a GAS can. Due to this change the investigators were 

requested to prepare for a formal science review. 

(b) This program was selected by NASA as a fast-track space flight project subject to a successful science review, a 

Requirements Design Review (RDR) scheduled for October 1993. 

(c) The Science Requirements Document for the RDR was submitted to NASA Lewis in September 1993. 

(d) Tests on high-momentum laminar, transitional, and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames were conducted in the 

2.2-Second Drop Tower by L. Zhou. These tests were conducted for a variety of fuels, nozzle sizes, and a wide 

range of Reynolds numbers extending well into the turbulent regime. The tests provided significant new findings 

on the effects of buoyancy on laminar-to-turbulent transition of diffusion flames, as well as their turbulent behavior. 

These included: (i) the dominant effect of large-scale structures on flame development: (ii) significant reduction in 

the values of effective transport properties in microgravity compared to normal gravity; (iii) extended 

Reynolds-number range for transitional flames in microgravity; (iv) substantially larger flame lengths (up to twice) 

in microgravity versus normal gravity for the turbulent regime, even for Froude numbers in excess of 400; (v) 

smaller stand-off distances in microgravity transitional/turbulent flames (approximately half that in normal-gravity); 

(vi) significantly higher blow-off Reynolds number in microgravity (approximately 20% higher than that for normal 

gravity). 

(e) The results were presented at the following meetings and generated a lot of interest in the peer community: (i) 

three papers at the Western States Section of The Combustion Institute, B(;rkeley, California, October 1992; (ii) 

one paper at the AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 1993; and (iii) two papers at the 

Joint Central and Eastern States Meeting of The Combustion Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1993. 

(0 In addition to the presentation papers, several articles were submitted to peer-reviewed journals (5), books (1), and 

proceedings (1). At this time, papers have been accepted by the AIAA Journal (1), Pergamon Press (1), and the 

Lunar and Planetary Institute (1). 

(g) The final report of the previous contract (NAS3-22822) was submitted to NASA Lewis, and appeared as NASA 

CR-191109 in April 1993. 

(h)Work continued on the analytical and numerical modeling of laminar, turbulent, and pulsed flames. An improved 

radiation model was incorporated in the laminar-flame framework; the results are currently being compared with the 

measurements of thermal field and radiation data from normal-gravity and microgravity tests, and the preliminary 

comparisons show satisfactory agreement. Extensive new post-processing capabilities for the computed data have 

been developed including contour mapping and 3-D projection plots. An analytical model was developed for the 

pulsed-flames; predictions of flame response and structure characteristics show good qualitative agreement with the 

transitional flame observations. The numerical model of laminar flames is currently being extended to include the 

time-dependent capability needed for the pulsed-flame studies. In addition, a k-e-g model is being developed for the 

study of turbulent diffusion flames under arbitrary gravitational levels. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 11191 ExPIRATION: 11194 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-42 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111111111111111111'"'".11.11.1'11'''.11.11'".11'"'"'11.11.11.11.11.11 .. 11111111""'11111 .. 111111111111,,1 .. 1 ...... 1111111,"'"11111111111111111'.lltiltlllllllllllllllllllll.III'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.11I11I11111111 .. 111.11111111111111111111111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R.B. Combustion of gaseous fuels under reduced-gravity condition. NASA Publication, 

Vol. 2, 653-658, NASA CP-3166. 1992. 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R.B. Effects of buoyancy on gas jet diffusion flames. NASA CR-191109, April, 1993. 

Babadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Edelman, R.B. Observations on tbe effects of pressure on microgravity laminar gas jet 

diffusion flames. submitted to AlAA Journal, 1993. 

Babadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Sotos, R.G. Effects of oxygen concentration and gravitational level on radiative loss 

from laminar bydrocarbon diffusion flames. AIAA J. of Thermopbysics and Heat Transfer, (submitted) 1993. 

Babadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., Vaugban, D.F., Zhou, L., and Edelman, R.B. Effects of buoyancy on laminar, transitional, 

and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames. Modern Developments in Energy, Combustion, and Spectroscopy, 49-66. 1993. 

Hegde, V.G. Heat release effects on the instability of parallel shear layers. AIAA Journal, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Bahadori, M.Y. An analytical solution for transient, cylindrically symmetric laminar diffusion flames in the absence of 

buoyancy. Submitted to Combustion and Flame, 1993. 

Hegde, V.G., Zhou, L., and Bahadori, M.Y. The transition to turbulence of micro gravity gas jet diffusion flames. 

Submitted to Combustion Science and Technology, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Bahadori, M.Y., Edelman, R.B .. and Stocker, D.P. Numerical and experimental investigation of the effects of buoyancy 

on laminar diffusion flames, Paper 92-101 presented at the Fall Western States Meeting of The Combustion Institute, 

Berkeley, California, October 1992. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Hegde, V.G., Zhou, L., and Stocker, D.P. Effects of gravity on the transition to turbulence of gas jet 

diffusion flames, AlAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January, 1993. AlAA-93-071O. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Sotos, R.G. Effects of oxygen concentration on radiation from micro gravity laminar 

propane diffusion flames, Paper presented at the Joint Central and Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, New 

Orleans, Louisiana, March, 1993. 

Hegde, V.G., and Bahadori, M.Y. An analytical model for gravitational effecL~ on burke-schumann flames, Paper 92-102 

presented at The Fall Western States Meeting of the Combution Institute, Berkeley, Calif. October 1992. 

Zbou, L., Hegde, V.G., and Bahadori, M.Y. Experimental observations of turbulent gas jet diffusion flames in 

microgravity, Paper presented at The Joint Central and Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, New Orleans, 

Lousiana, March, 1993. 

Zbou, L., Vaughan, D.F., Stocker, D.P., and Bahadori, M.Y. Reduced-gravity observations on near-transition gas jet 

diffusion flames, Paper 92-100 presented at The Fall Western States Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Berkeley, 

California, October, 1992. 

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IJ-4 J 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science ............. '11 ......... 1' ..... 1111 ..... 111111 ......... '1111111 .............. 1111 ... 11111111.11111111 ...... 11.111111, .... 11 •• ,.111111111111 .. ".1' .. 111111111.11111111 .... 11.11.11" ..... ' •• 1111 .............. 11.11'.111111111111111.1.1111111.111. 

Investigation of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in Microgravity: A Paradigm for Soot Processes in 

Turbulent Flames 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Gerard M. Faeth University of Michigan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The flight project is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of soot formation in laminar 

jet diffusion flames under conditions of low buoyancy. The flight experiment is in the Combustion Experiment 

Module. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Several types of experiments have been conducted. The majority have been in normal gravity, studying the 

influence of gravity by varying the ambient pressure. In addition, experiments have been conducted on NASA's 

low-gravity aircraft, (the KC-135 at JSC). The work has focused on mapping soot volume fraction, temperature, 

soot particle size and gas species in a variety of hydrocarbon flames. The flight experiment will be limited to 

measurement of soot volume fraction, soot particle size, and some temperatures. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The experimental results, combined with theoretical modeling, will confirm or deny the applicability of the 

conserved scalar formalism to soot properties in diffusion flames. These results, when combined with those of 

ground-based low- and normal-gravity experiments, will increase the current fundamental understanding of soot 

formation processes in both laminar and turbulent flames. This will have a significant impact on understanding of 

the spread of unwanted fifes, and on the design of jet engines and large-scale boilers. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Considerable progress has been made in study of soot processes in weakly buoyant flames. The flames that have 

been studied are in air at reduced pressure and include acetylene, propylene, propane, butadiene at 1/8, 3/16 and 114 

atm. Measurements include: thermophoretic sampling, gas sampling, and laser extinction measurement, 

thermocouple measurements, a traversable detector for 4 color soot pyrometry, imaging 4 color soot pyrometry, 

traversable and imaging soot volume fraction measurement. 

The results show competition between soot nucleation and growth processes in these flames. Initially, growth is as 

rapid as nucleation so primary particles sizes are quite large but numbers are small. Further up in the flame, 

nucleation dominates so particle number increases rapidly and particle size decreases slowly. Following this, in the 

soot oxidation region, primary particle sizes decrease rapidly. At 0.25 atm for acetylene for regions near the flame 

center, they see slow growth of soot primary sizes from 13 to 15 nm whereas the number of particles per aggregate 

increases from 120 to 260. The data to date indicate that the effect of pressure on state relationships is small for the 

pressure range of 0.125-1.000 atm. Evaluation of the soot nucleation and growth mechanisms indicates that they are 

roughly frrst and second order, respectively, in acetylene. 

Comparison to model predictions have been successful, with laser velocimetry measurements agreeing with model 

predictions within 10% . 

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11-44 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 11 ............... , ........ , .. , ............. 1111 .......... 1111'.11111.1111111111111111111111111.111111111111 ............ , ........ , ......... 1111 .. 11.11111., ............................... '111 .. '.' ..... 11111 ............... '1.1, ....... , ...... ' •• 111 

To verify the imaging diagnostic systems for flight the P.I. conducted a considerable body of tests to compare the 

imaging soot volume fraction system to a standard, single-point traversable system and to compare imaging 

multicolor soot pyrometry to thermocouple measurements and to a standard, single-point traversable system. 

Use of a flying thermocouple system proved unsatisfactory for regions with large soot concentrations, consequently 

a traversable detector was used for 4 line soot pyrometry in these regions. The results to date are very encouraging 

and it appears that the system is now adequately demonstrated for RDR. Using the video camera and 4 different line 

filters at 632.8, 700, 800 and 900 nm they have deconvoluted the results and calculated the temperature for three 

wavelength pairs. They have found good agreement between all of the measurements. These measurements also 

extrapolate nicely with flying thermocouple measurements in soot free portions of the flame. 

Testing of the imaging soot volume fraction system was very successful. The imaging system provides superior 

results to the traversing system that they had been used previously in their laboratory. 

Preparations for RDR (in October) are complete with a final version of the SRD distributed to the review panels. 

A series of tests on the KC-135 have been conducted to support the flight experiment and to evaluate gas jet smoke 

height behavior in low-gravity. The results have been very interesting. Contrary to predictions by other workers, 

smoke heights have been shown to exist for non-buoyant flames and to be quite different from those for normal 

gravity flames. The tests will continue into the next fiscal year. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/92 ExPIRATION: 2/98 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Sunderland, Mortazavi, Faeth, G.M., and Urban. Laminar smoke points of non buoyant jet diffusion flames. Combus. & 

Flame, (accepted for publication). 

Presentations: 

Faeth, G.M., Sunderland, Koylu, and Urban. Laminar jet diffusion flames in microgravity: A paradigm for soot processes 

in turbulent flames. International Symposium on Aerospace and Fluid Sciences, Scndai, Japan, November, 1993. 

Koylu, et aJ. Soot nucleation and growth in weakly-buoyant laminar jet diffusion flames, AlA A 32nd Aerospace Sciences 

Meeting (accepted). 

Mortazavi, Sunderland, Koylu, and Faeth, G.M. Structure of soot-containing laminar jet diffusion flames, Presented at the 

AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno. January 11-14, 1993. 

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11-45 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science .......... 11 ..... ' ................ 111 ......................... 111111111111 ..... ",1111111111"111111""111111.11.11., .... 1111111111111111''''''11'"1 .......... 11 ...... ,11 ......... ,'.1 .... '.,.11 ..... 111 ... 1111111111111'1111111111111,.11.,111111 

Fundamental Study of Smoldering Combustion in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello University of California, Berkeley 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This project is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of smoldering combustion in 

porous media, specifically in polyurethane foam. The final objective is a set of flight experiments in a GAS Can 

facility in the orbiter cargo bay. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Several types of experiments have been conducted. The majority have been in normal gravity, studying the 

influence of gravity by changing the direction of smolder propagation with respect to gravity. In addition, 

experiments have been conducted on NASA's low-gravity aircraft, (the KC-135 at JSC and the Lear Jet at LeRC). 

To date, the majority of the work has concerned one-dimensional configurations with the smolder front propagation 

tracked using thermocouples. Study of transition to flaming in three-dimensional configurations has recently 

begun. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These experiments, combined with ground-based low and normal gravity experiments, will increase the current 

fundamental understanding of smoldering combustion, and this will have a significant impact on understanding of 

the initiation of unwanted fifes both on the ground and in space. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Considerable progress has been made in both modeling and experiments. The one-dimensional work was largely 

completed in 1992. Papers discussing the influence of gravity in these configurations will be submitted in FY 

1993. The program successfully passed CoDR in December 1991 and was approved to continue to RDR with an 

initial test matrix of four tests. These tests will consist of two quiescent tests at different oxygen concentrations 

and two flow tests at different flow rates. 

Owing to the lack of outstanding science or design issues at the CoDR for the Microgravity Smoldering 

Combustion (MSC) Experiment, a programmatic review was held at Lewis in lieu of RDR. Subsequently, the 

program successfully passed through PDR. 

The final SRD for the MSC experiment has been submitted to and signed by headquarters and the preliminary issue 

of the Experimental Data Management plan was submitted to headquarters for review. 

A graduate student (1. Torero) has completed his Ph.D. dissertation titled "Buoyancy Effects on Smoldering of 

Polyurethane Foam." 

Continued work has been conducted to determine the minimum conditions for smolder ignition and propagation. 

Among the parameters considered are ignitor temperature and power level, sample diameter, gas flow rate and 

direction, and sample insulation. 

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11-46 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Hight Research Discipline: Combustion Science '1111111111 .. 11.1 .. 11111111111111 .. 11.11.11.1.11.11.11'"111111111111111111111 .............. 1111111 ..... 11 .. 11111111111111 .. 1111111111 ... 111 .. 11111 ... 111 .. 1111111111 .. 1111 ................ 111111 .... 111111111111111.111111 .. '111111111 •• ,1111111111 

The conditions for transition to flaming have also been established and work is underway to evaluate the 

mechanisms that control the process. 

The theoretical model has been expanded to consider natural and forced convection smolder and allows correlation of 

data at different flow rates, including buoyant flows. The resulting smolder velocity is proportional to the buoyant 

or forced flow velocity for both downward and upward smolder. 

In support of the Smoldering Combustion in Microgravity (SCM) glovebox investigation, J. Torero conducted 

normal-gravity tests in the flight hardware at NASA LeRC in January 1993. The post-combustion gases from the 

flight and normal-gravity tests were analyzed via GC and GClMS at NASA JSC. They revealed a dramatically larger 

production of combustion products, especially carbon monoxide, in all microgravity tests compared to the 

normal-gravity tests. The polyurethane fuel samples have been cut open and showed significant smolder 

propagation; this was unexpected based on the low temperature measurements in the tests. The fuel samples and 

available temperature data gave similar results in both flight and normal-gravity tests, which is somewhat surprising 

considering the dramatic differences in the gas analyses. The results indicate that the smolder process was primarily 

controlled by heat losses from the reaction to the surrounding environment. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 4 Total Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/92 EXPIRATION: 2/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-05 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Stocker, D.P., Olson, S.L., Torero, 1.L., and Fernandez-Pello, A.C. Microgravity smoldering combustion on the USML-l 

Space Shuttle mission, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Lousiana, ASME Heat Transfer Division Symposium 

Volume, November 28-December 3, 1993. 

Torero, 1.L., Fernandez-Pello, A.C., and Urban. Experimental observation of the effect of gravity changes on smoldering 

combustion, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno, Jan. 11-14 1993, October 1992, Berkeley, CA . 

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11-47 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1 ...... ".,1111, ... '" ..... 11 ... '11111 ............................... 11 .. 1111111111111111111.11 .. ,1111,11,'"11'".11111111.11.11.11 ..... 11111111111,11111111111111'11 •• 11.1111111.11 .... 11.11 •• 1111111111111,11111111'11.11.1".1111111.,1"1,.1111 

Studies of Premixed Laminar and Turbulent Flames at Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul D. Ronney University of Southern California 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this work is to study the effects of gravity-induced buoyancy on the combustion limits of premixed 

gas flames. Four subtasks have been pursued: 

l. Radiation effects on premixed gas flames; 

2. Hame structure and stability at low Lewis number; 

3. Hame propagation and extinction in cylindrical tubes; and 

4. Experimental simulation of combustion processes using autocatalytic chemical reactions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

For task 1, we are studying the effects of the addition of inert, radiant particles to gas mixtures to increase the 

absorption coefficient of the gas. This enables us to study both the optically thin and optically thick radiation 

regimes in a single experiment. Drop towers and the KC-135 aircraft are used to obtain microgravity (Ilg) 

conditions. 

For task 2, we are studying flames in a variety of gas mixtures having low Lewis number (Le) in KC-135 aircraft 

tests. The goal of these studies is to determine under what conditions, if any, the instabilities which occur in 

low-Le mixtures may lead to the development of stable, stationary spherical flames called "flame balls." 

For task 3, we have conducted experiments at Earth gravity on flame propagation in vertical tubes of varying 

diameter, at varying pressures and with mixtures having varying fuels, inerts, and Le, and have measured the flame 

propagation rates just inside the extinction limit (Sb,lim). Since this quantity is predicted by most relevant 

theoretical models, the relative importance of buoyancy, flame stretch, heat loss to the tube wall, radiation loss, 

etc., may be assessed. 

For task 4, we have introduced the use of aqueous autocatalytic propagating chemical fronts (in particular, the 

arsenous acid-iodate system) for the experimental simulation of premixed combustion in nonuniform and unsteady 

flows. These fronts more nearly match the assumptions made by most relevant theoretical models that do gaseous 

flames; for example, constant density, constant thermodynamic and transport processes, and no heat losses. We 

have studied propagation in a Taylor-Couette (TC) flow, that h, in the annulus between two rotating concentric 

cylinders, and in capillary-wave (CW) flow in a thin layer of fluid in a vibrating dish. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

It is anticipated that the results of these studies will lead to an improved understanding of the flre hazards that may 

exist in orbiting spacecraft and of ways to minimize these hazards. Furthermore, such studies may lead to an 

improved understanding of the mechanisms of combustion limits in Earth-based combustion devices, which in tum 

could lead to the development of cleaner and more efficient engines through the use of lean premixed combustors . 

.............. ,11 ....................... 11.11 .................................... 1111.11 ............................ 11 ....... 1111 •• , •• ,., ••• ,.11.1 ••• ,11 •• ,III.tI ....... I ........ II.II.II.II.II.II.II.IIIII •• IIII.,IIIII.,"1,.11.1 ........ 1 .... ,,., 

11-48 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science ................... 111111 .. 1111 ............. 1111111 .. '"1111111 ............... II .. I .. II.IIIIIII"IIIIIUIIIIIII.II.II .. IIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.11.11.11.11.111111111111111111111111"111.1111111111111111"1111111111.111111111111111.,111 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

For task I, experiments have shown that at small particle loadings, burning rates are reduced, peak pressures in 

constant-volume combustion are lower, and thermal decay rates in the burned gases are increased. These results 

indicate that the significance of radiative loss is enhanced by the addition of particles to the gas. With sufficient 

seeding, the burning rates are practically the same as those found in particle-free mixtures, the peak pressures are 

comparable, and the thermal decay rate is smaller than in particle-free mixtures. All of these observations are 

consistent with the hypothesis that at sufficiently high particle loadings, radiation is reabsorbed within the 

combustible medium, and thus may not constitute a fundarnentallimit in very large systems. Tests on the KC-135 

did not produce as dramatic an effect, possibly due to the lower quality of reduced gravity on the aircraft. 

A model of the effects of reabsorption of emitted radiation on propagating flames and flame balls (described below) 

was developed. It demonstrates that there are no flammability limits because there is no loss mechanism in the 

problem. 

For task 2, we have observed flame balls in all mixtures with sufficiently low Le and near flammability limits, 

independent of the chemical mechanism, which are stable for at least the 20 seconds of low-g available. The lean J.1g 

flammability limits are leaner than any which can be observed at Earth gravity. By comparison with analytical 

models, it has been concluded that radiation from the combustion products, along with diffusive-thermal effects in 

low-Le mixtures, is probably the stabilization mechanism which allows flame balls to exist at J.1g. The drift 

velocity which results from the finite g-levels in the KC-135 aircraft leads to the formation of two types of 

quasi-cylindrical flame structures. Another type of flame string has been observed in high pressure flames having 

sulfur hexafluoride as the diluent gas. These strings are uncorrelated with buoyancy effects and seem to form much 

faster than any conventional diffusional or hydrodynamic timescales would allow. Their formation is conjectured to 

be a result of reabsorption of emitted radiation, which is most likely to occur in these mixtures because of their 

short Planck mean absorption length. 

A flight experiment is under development to determine if the apparent stability of flame balls can be con finned in 

experiments where both the duration of J.1g is long (unlike drop-tower experiments) and the quality is significantly 

better than that in aircraft tests. 

For task 3, we have found that the characteristics of the limits can be described in terms of the effect of the Grashof 

number Gr "" ftfla20n the limit Peelet number Pe "" Sb,lim (dla), where g is gravity, d the tube diameter and a the 

thermal diffusivity at room temperature. At low-Gr the results are consistent with theoretical predictions for flame 

extinguishment by conduction loss to the tube walls. At higher Gr, results are consistent with buoyancy-induced 

extinction mechanisms, in the upward propagating case Pe - Grl12 and in the downward case Pe - Grll3. 

Because of the difference in extinction mechanisms, we have found that the flammability limit can actually be wider 

for downward propagation than for upward propagation. In the upward case, at Gr > 2.0 x 108 (corresponding to a 

pipe-flow Reynolds number of 2(00) turbulent flow is exhibited; the flame behavior can be either flamelet-like or 

distributed-like depending on Gr and Le. 

For task 4, we have found that in TC flows under conditions where the flow is essentially a linear array of steady 

vortices, the experimental values of the propagation rate agree well with a model we developed to describe the 

interaction of a propagating front with a one-scale flow field. In TC and CW flow characterized by a broad range of 

scales, at low turbulence intensities (u') our results agree with a model developed by Yakhot in 1988. At higher u, 

where the thin front is disrupted, a different type of model we developed, based on turbulent transport models in 

these flows, describes our results well. However, our results at small U = u'ISL are compromised by buoyancy 

effects, since even the very small fractional density change across the aqueous front leads to significant buoyancy 

influences because of the very low SL' The fractal dimensions of the aqueous fronts were measured at values of 

u'ISL at least an order of magnitude higher than any result obtainable in gaseous flames. The linear fractal plots gave 

a fractal dimension close to 713, which agrees with a number of theories and experimental studies in gaseous flames 

11-49 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science .......... 11 ................. ' ...... 111111 ....... '1111.11 .... 1111111 .... 111 ..... 11 ........... 11.1'11111.111' ... '.'1111111111111111111111111111111111 ........... '1 .... 1' •• '11' ............. 1111111 •• 11111 .... 11.11.11.11t111111111'11,,,.II'U,III'I' 

in 3-d turbulence. Numerical studies of propagating fronts at very high U'/S l have begun and are in good agreement 

with the experiments and previous theoretical predictions. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 5 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/91 EXPIRATION: 3/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-06 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Abbud-Madrid. A.. and Ronney. P.D. Premixed flame propagation in an optically-thick gas. AIAA J., vol. 31, 

2179-2181, 1993. 

Haslam. B.D., and Ronney, PD. Fractal properties of propagating fronts in a strongly stirred fluid. Phys. of Fluids, 

(submitted). 

Lozinski. D., Buckmaster, J.D .. and Ronney, P.D. Absolute flammability limits and flame balls in optically thick 

mixtures. Combus. & Flame, (submitted). 

Ronney. P.D. Laser versus conventional ignition of flames. Optical Eng., (accepted). 

Ronney, P.D., and Yakhot, V. Flame broadening effects on premixed turbulent flame speed. Combus. Sci. & Tech., vol. 

86. 31-43, 1992. 

Sloane, T.M., and Ronney. P.D. A comparison of ignition phenomena modeled with detailed and simplified kinetics. 

Combus. Sci. & Tech .• vol. 88, 1-13, 1993. 

Zhu. J.Y .. and Rormey, P.D. Simulation of front propagation at large nondimensional flow disturbance intensities. 

Combus. Sci. & Flame. (accepted). 

Presentations: 

Wang. Q .• and Ronney. P.D. Mechanisms of flame propagation limits in vertical tubes, Spring Technical Meeting. 

Combustion Institute, Eastern/Central States Section. New Orleans, LA. March 15-17. 1993. 

Buckmaster. 1.. Gessman. R .• and Ronney. P.D. The three-dimensional dynamics of flame balls. Twenty-Fourth 

Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute. 53-59. 1992. 

Ronney, P.D. Studies of premixed laminar and turbulent flames at microgravity. Final Report for Grant. NAG3-1252, 

August 31, 1993. 

Shy, S.S., Ronney, P.D., Buckley, S.G., and Yakhot, V. Experimental simulation of premixed turbulent combustion using 

aqueous autocatalytic reactions. Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, 

543-551, 1992. 

Presentations: 

Abbud-Madrid. A., and Ronney, P.D. Effects of particulate radiation on premixed gas flames, AIAA Meeting, Reno, NY. 

AIAA 93-0711, Jan. 11-14, 1993. 

Buckmaster, J.D .• Ronney, P.D., and Smooke, M. Flame balls: Past, present, and future, AIAA Meeting, Reno, NV, AIAA 

93-0711, Jan. 11-14, 1993. 

Haslam, B.D .• and Ronney. P.D. Experimental simulation of premixed turbulent combustion in flows with a broad range of 

temporal and spatial scales, Combustion Institute. Fall Technical Meeting, Western States Section, Berkeley, CA. Oct. 

12-13, 1992. 

Ronney, P.D. Laser versus conventional ignition of flames, SPIE OEILASE 1993. Los Angeles. CA, Jan. 1993. 

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II-50 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science ,.11.11.11.11.11.11.1111111111111111.11.11,11"'11.11.11111111.11.,111111,.11"'1"'1.".111111111111111111111111'11.,1111'"'11.,111111111111111,.,1 ....... 1111 .... 11 .................. 1111111,.".11.,11111111111.1,.,111111111"'11.""1.".,,., 

Ignition and Flame Spread of Liquid Fuel Pools 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Howard Ross 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.A. Sirignano 

F.J. Miller 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

University of California, Irvine 

Case Western Reserve University 

For flame spread over liquid fuel pools, the existing literature suggests three gravitational influences: (a) 

liquid-phase buoyant convection, delaying ignition and assisting flame spread; (b) hydrostatic pressure variation, due 

to variation in the liquid pool height caused by thermocapillary-induced convection; and (c) gas-phase buoyant 

convection in the opposite direction to the liquid-phase motion. No current model accounts for all three influences. 

In fact, prior to this work, there was no ability to determine whether ignition delay times and flame spread rates 

would be greater or lesser in low gravity. 

Flame spread over liquid fuel pools is most commonly characterized by the relationship of the initial pool 

temperature to the fuel's idealized flash point temperature, with four or five separate characteristic regimes having 

been identified. In the uniform spread regime, control has been attributed to (a) gas-phase conduction and radiation, 

(b) gas-phase conduction only, (c) gas-phase convection and liquid conduction, and most recently (d) liquid 

convection ahead of the flame. Suggestions were made that the liquid convection was owed to both buoyancy and 

thermocapillarity. In the pulsating regime, complicated flow structures have been observed in both the gas and 

liquid phases, with circulation around several centers; these flows were attributed to combined thermocapillary and 

buoyant effects. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach we have taken to resolving the importance of buoyancy for these flames is (a) normal gravity 

experiments with advanced diagnostics, (b) microgravity experiments, and (c) numerical modeling at arbitrary 

gravitational level. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Of special interest to this work is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, pulsating spread can and 

will occur in microgravity in the absence of buoyant flows in both phases. One possible mechanism for pulsating 

spread in microgravity is if the "premixed gas diffusive burning" pulsations are due to periodicity between gas-phase 

conductive and liquid-phase convective control. A second possibility, which will be determined by these 

investigations, is whether pulsations may be induced in low gravity by the presence of slow, forced, gas-phase 

flow. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In support of the sounding rocket experiment, several development tests were conducted by the investigator team: (a) 

Fuel tray filling tests conducted aboard the KC-135 in December 1992 determined that the tray inlet port should be a 

2 mm wide slot running the full length of one tray end as the filling port. (b) Several sizes of diamond particles 

were tested as fluid seeding candidates in propanol for the Particle Image Velocimetry system. Particles above 16 

)..lIn settled too quickly for use in normal gravity, but smaller ones were still bright enough to be useful for 

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II-51 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 111 ....... 11 ................................................ 11111111, ....................... 11111, ........... ,1111111111.11.1111111111111111111 ............ 11.11.11.11.".11 •• 1111.11.11.11',11111111,.11.111111111111111111111.,.1,.11111111"'1111 

tracking, and should not suffer the long-term stability problems encountered with pliolite. (c) The SAL breadboard 

schlieren system was completed and was tested qualitatively for a sharp focus and good color rendition using various 

heated objects in the test section. It was also used as a demonstration of diagnostic instrumentation developed here at 

Lewis during a visit by Dr. Sarah Horrigan, Examiner for Science, OMB. Based on breadboard tests, specifications 

for all the other optical components and windows for the sounding rocket experiment were completed. 

F. Miller recorded more liquid-phase flow patterns for I-propanol at two temperatures in the uniform regime using 

the particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. How ahead of the flame was found in most cases, but the length and 

time scales were such that video framing rates (30 f/sec) are not adequate to definitively capture the motion. 

Nevertheless, the data that was obtained agreed well with recent modeling efforts by Dr. David Schiller at UC Irvine 

which predict flow only about 2 mm ahead of the flame. Initial tests with a borrowed Kodak EktaPro EM 

high-speed video system were conducted to determine if it was possible to use it in the PIV system. Good images 

were obtained at 125 f/sec, but problems with data transfer prevented the images from being saved on the computer. 

In general, the high-speed video shows promise for being able to capture the small, rapid liquid movements ahead of 

the uniformly spreading flame and will be pursued further. 

D. Schiller and W. Sirignano of the University of California at Irvine and H. Ross of NASA Lewis reviewed the 

latest computer simulation results of flame spread across liquid pools. These showed excellent quantitative 

agreement with the shallow pool Ig and ug experiments at Lewis, and the literature's value for the transition 

temperature between pulsating and uniform spread. The simulations show conclusively that liquid-phase buoyancy 

plays no role in pulsating or uniform flame spread over propanol; this is opposite the conclusions of a recent article 

in the literature, but consistent with our previously held beliefs and publications. This was accomplished by 

comparing predicted spread and mass burning rates and characteristics in tests in Ig to tests in Og in the liquid phase 

only, the gas phase only, and in both phases. In addition the simulations show how critically important gas-phase 

buoyancy and hot-gas expansion are in the spread process. Finally, they ran a series of tests to assure themselves 

that the convergence criterion used in their code was adequate. Disagreements remain between the UCI model and (a) 

the Lewis deep pool experimental results as well as (b) the predictions of Di Blasi et al on the importance of 

liquid-phase convective flow in the uniform flame spread regime. Upon completion of this set of runs, a journal 

article was prepared. 

A successful Requirements Definition Review (RDR) was held for the SAL project and we gave a presentation 

about our current research on flame spread over liquids and answered panel members' questions about the experiment 

as they arose. The project was well received both on its scientific merits as well as its cost, schedule, and 

engineering attributes. 

We completed a series of flame spread experiments over a pool of I-propanol in a He/02 environment in normal 

gravity. All experiments were carried out with 21 % O2 (thus the He simply replaced the N 2 in normal air), and the 

initial fuel temperature ranged from 10° C to 30° C. In this range the flame spread in air moves from the pulsating 

to the uniform to the superflash regimes, yet with a helium diluent the flame spread is always in the pulsating 

regime. The pulsation frequency is much higher than for this fuel in air and is nominally constant at 15 hz, while 

the spread rate itself only increases from 5 cmls to 11 cm/s. Preliminary rainbow schlieren data revealed no 

appreciable liquid-phase temperature gradients under the flame and no vortical motion as with air. The apparent lack 

of liquid-phase participation, the much higher pulsation frequency, and the fact the flame actually retreats in the case 

of helium leads us to believe that the pulsation mechanisms is different in helium. One scenario is that the flame 

flashes through a premixed region and then extinguishes due to heat-loss or lack of fuel vapor then has to pull back. 

That would imply that the flash and fire points are different in helium ( they are the same in air for I-propanol). 

With a new spark ignitor we continued to try measure the flash point, and did get one flash at 480 C (compare to 250 

C in air) at a stand-off distance of 4 mm (compare to O.3mm in air). The ensuing flame immediately extinguished, 

and other runs resulted in no flash at all. 

1111 ... 11 .................. 11 .... 1111 •• 11 ............ 11 .... 11.11 .............. ",11,11, .. 1111.11 •• 11.11,111111111.,11,11,11 .. ,11.,1.,.11.".,11.1.,1.11 .... 1I.1I'1.1I.1I,".II.tI""""I •• II'''.II"IIIIIII ••••••••••••••• ,.1 •• 1,.1,.1, ... 11,11,11 

II-52 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science ........ 111 ........ 1111111 ........... 11111111111111 .. 1111111111111111 .. 1111 ..... '111111111111.11 .. 111111111.11111111111111,111111111111111111'111111111111111.11 .. 1.11.11.11 .. 1.1111111111111111111'1111111111111.11.11111111, •• 1.11.11.11.1111111'1 

The computer code from VCI was then installed on the Goddard Cray supercomputer and run from NASA Lewis. It 

was used to predict the flame spread over I-propanol in air and He/02 (21 %) environments. The code was modified 

to allow for an atmosphere containing two diluents and an interpolation program was written to display full field 

properties such as temperature and velocity. In the air runs, the temperature distribution indicated a hot cloud of gas 

sitting ahead of and above the flame, which is as yet unexplained. From the results of the helium run the 

temperature map seemed to indicate that the program considered the initial fueVgas mixture above the pool to be 

flammable, which accounts for the high spread rate. This is not observed in the experiments perhaps because we do 

not start with a uniform fueVgas mixture. The flash point (either closed or open) of propanol in this atmosphere is 

currently unknown, and initial attempts to measure it were unsuccessful. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 2 Total Degrees: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

1 

TASK INITIATION: 2/91 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Schiller, D.L., Ross, H.D., and Sirignano, W.A. Computational analysis of flame spread over alcohol pools. Combus. & 

Tech., (submitted). 

Proceedings: 

Schiller, D.L., Ross, H.D., and Sirignano, W.A. Computational predictions of flame spread over alcohol pools. 31 st 

AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, AIAA 93-0825, 1993. 

Presenta tions: 

Miller, F., and Ross, H.D. Further observations of flame spread across laboratory-scale alcohol pools, Twenty-Fourth 

Symposium (International) on Combustion, July 1993. 

Miller, F., and Ross, H.D. Liquid-phase flow and temperature field visualization during flame spread over alcohol pools, 

Combustion Institute, Western States Section, Berkeley, CA, Oct. 1992 . 

.......... 11111111111111 .... 11111' .. 1111111 ........ 111111111.11111111111111t11t11t11l11l11.111111I.1111.11 •• IIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIII.11111111111111111.111 ... 11 .... 11.11.11.11.11.11111111111111111.111111111111111'111111111111111111111'11"11111111111 

II-53 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1I.1I.1I,'IIII.II.II.U.II.u.n''''''11111I11111111111111111111111,.".".,1111111,1111111.,11"11'1111111111,.".,1111111111111.,.11"111111"""""""1"'.1111111111"Illf.,I"I"IIIIII"II"IIIIII"""'I.",,I"I.,IIII.11111.""",1111 

Droplet Combustion Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Fonnan A. Williams University of California, San Diego 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. F.L. Dryer Princeton University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research effort is to provide scientific support, in collaboration with Professor F. Dryer of 

Princeton University, for a droplet burning experiment to be performed on board a space platform. This support 

will include performance of theoretical analyses relevant to the experiments, execution of drop-tower experiments to 

acquire additional data, analysis of experimental data obtained in ground-based experiments, and identification of test 

conditions for experiments in space. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The objectives stated above will be pursued through the use of the 2.2-second drop tower with measurements made 

on heptane and methanol burning in atmospheres of normal air and in diluted atmospheres and through the analysis 

of data from this tower, and also from the S-sccond drop tower with these fuels as well as decane. The data will be 

analyzed for droplet diameter and extinction diameter by use of high-precision analysis systems. Flame diameters 

also will be obtained by suitable digital image analysis procedures. 

The theoretical approach will employ asymptotic methods to relate observed extinction conditions to elementary 

rate parameters. Treatment of the data by use of the theory will help to identify experiments that need to be done in 

space. Additional experimenL" will also be performed to address the effects of relative droplet-gas convection on 

burning rates. In the theoretical part of the project, a spherosymmetric, time dependent, finite element-based 

numerical model with detailed gas phase kinetics, and variable property effects will be extended to study the effects 

of soot formation in droplet burning. Extension of the existing one-dimensional code to two-dimensional 

axisymmetric geometry will be evaluated. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The overall purpose of the research is to achieve fundamental advances in the science of droplets. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Significant progress has been made concerning the extinction of heptane diffusion flames. Extinction diameters of 

heptane droplets were predicted by an asymptotic analysis that systematically reduced the chemistry to two-step, 

three-step, and four-step mechanisms. This reduction is not empirical or semi-empirical modeling, but instead is a 

logical reduction from underlying elementary rates of the multitude of steps involved. This is the first time that 

such a reduction bas been accomplished for a fuel as complicated as heptane. The predicted extinction conditions are 

quite reasonable, but strongly dependent on fuel chemistry, and the magnitudes of uncertainties involved were 

estimated and shown to exceed a factor of ten for the extinction diameter. Necessary steps in improving the 

estimates were identified for future research. There is a possibility of a significant advance in understanding through 

this work. 

A significant portion of the progress involves improvements to the numerical code to include soot shell formation 

due to the influence of thermophoretic effect and Stefan flow in droplet combustion and to include 92-step Wamatz 

........... 1.11111.'1.11 .... 11 .... 11111111.1111111111111111"1"11 •• 1.11'111111111111"1111111111111111.1.'1111111111111111111111111111111111.11.1111 •• 11.1111 •••••••••••••• 11 ••• 11 •••••• 1111111111111.'1.11.'1.1' ••• 111 ..... ' ••••• 1.11III1I1I1IIIII 

II-54 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science .................. ,111 ....................... 11111 ......... , ....................... 1111 ............ 11 .................... ,11111111111111 ........ 11 ........ 11 ... , ............ 11 ........................... ,111 ....... ,111.,111.11.1111111111111111111 

kinetic mechanism for heptane. Some preliminary calculations were also carried out for methanol using a skeletal 

mechanism at different ambient pressures. 

During this reporting period. a successful CoDR for the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) was also 

completed in collaboration with NASA personnel. 

TASK INITIATION: 3/91 ExPIRATION: 3/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

1.11.11 ... " •• 11.11' .. 11 •• 11.,,'11'11.11.,111111111111111111111111111111111111111,.11.11.11 ... 111111111111111111111111,.,111111111111111111111111111111'11111111,,1111111111111111111111,.1,.11.,1'.11.,1111111.11.11"1111111111,.11.,1111111111111 

II-55 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 111 .... 1111 .. 111111111111111111111111 .. 1111 ........ 111' ..... '111111 .. '111111 .. '"1111I1 .. 11I11I ........ '"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. IIIIIII .......... IUIlIIl1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Scientific Support for a Space Shuttle Droplet Burning Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Fonnan A. Williams University of California, San Diego 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. F.L. Dryer Princeton University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research effort is to providc scientific support (in collaboration with Professor F. Dryer of 

Princeton University) for a droplet burning experiment to be perfonned on board a space platfonn. This support 

will include perfonnance of theoretical analyses relevant to the experiments, execution of drop-tower experiments to 

acquire additional data, analysis of experimental data obtained in ground-based experiments, and identification of test 

conditions for experiments in space. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The objectives stated above will be pursued through the use of the 2.2-second drop tower with measurements made 

on heptane and methanol burning in atmospheres of !lonnal air and in diluted atmospheres and through the analysis 

of data from this tower, and also from the S-second drop tower with these fuels a<; well as decane. The data will be 

,malyzed for droplet diameter and extinction diameter by use of high-precision analysis systems. Flame diameters 

also will be obtained by suitable digital image analysis procedures. 

The theoretical approach will employ asymptotic methods to relate observed extinction conditions to elementary 

rate parameters. Treatment of the data by use of the theory will help to identify experiments that need to be done in 

space. Additional experiments will also be performed to address the effects of relative droplet-gas convection on 

burning rates. In the theoretical part of tlle project, a spherosymmetric, time dependent, finite element-based 

numerical model with detailed gas phase kinetics, and variable property effects will be extended to study the effects 

of soot fonnation in droplet burning. Extension of the existing one-dimensional code to two-dimensional 

axisymmetric geometry will be evaluated. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The overall purpose of the research is to achieve fundamental advances in the science of droplets. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

This is a computational complement to the task presented on page II-54 and 55. It is not a separate flight program. 

Numerical and asymptotic analyses of droplet combustion continued during this reporting period. The focus of these 

studies rest primarily on time-dependent droplet-burning characteristics and on extinction phenomenon. Extinction 

diameters were calculated for methanol in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures and helium-oxygen mixtures using a two-step 

reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. In the near future these calculations will be extended to a three step 

mechanism where the current restriction of H-atom steady state will he removed. Also, effort is underway to include 

water dessolution effects in the mte ratio a<;ymptotic model. 

Computational studies were perfonned to model fully transient vaporization process of liquid metllanol fuel droplet 

in dry and humid microgravity environments at runhient temperature. 'Ibese studies were perfonned to detennine the 

instantaneous gas phase composition surrounding the liquid droplet after deployment but prior to ignition so tllat 

111111111'"111111111111111111111111111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1:11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ... 111111111,",1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111lilt 

II-56 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Combustion Science 111 .. 1111111 ..... 111 ....... 1111 ...................... 11 ...................... , ......................... 111111111111 ..... 1111 ....................... 111 .. 111111.1I.IIIUIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.III.'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,I"111 ••• 111.1 ..... 11.11111 

optimal igniter location could be determined. Results for methanol show that the local fuel to oxider ratio of the 

gas phase is within flammability limits at distances less than 1 radius away from the droplet surface for a short 

period of time interval which increases with increasing initial droplet diameter. Following this short period, local 

cooling of the droplet surface due to the high latent heat of vaporization of methanol results in an entire gas phase 

which is outside the lean flammability limit. 

The CRFMID model developed earlier at Princeton for droplet combustion with detailed chemistry was used to 

calculate extinction diameters for methanol in 0iN2 and O/He environments. These results along with the 

asymptotic results are used to develop the test matrix for Droplet Combustion Experiment. 

A successful Delta Conceptual Design Review for the Droplet Combustion Experiment was held during this 

reporting period with participation from UCSD, Princeton, and Lewis Research Center. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

J ournals/Pu blications: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Card, 1. M. Combustion studies of alkane droplets under reduced-gravity conditions. Ph.D. dissertation, University of 

California, San Diego, Dec. 1992. 

Card,I.M. Asymptotic analysis for the burning of n-Heptane droplets using a four-step reduced mechanism. Combus. & 

Flame, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Choi, M.Y., Dryer, F.L., Green, G.J., and Sangiovanni, 1.1. Soot agglomeration in isolated, free-droplet combustion. 

AIAA Meeting, AlAA 93-0823, 1993. 

Dryer, F.L. Computational/experimental studies of isolated, single-component-droplet combustion. NASA CP 10113, 

291-296, 1993. 

Williams. F.A. Studies of droplet burning and extinction. NASA CP L0113, 283-290, 1993. 

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II-57 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .......... 1111 ........... 111111 .................. 11111 ... " ....... 11.11111 .. 11111111 ............... 11111 ........ 11111111111111 ... 111 .... 111 ..................... II ........................ II ... U .................... II ... IIII ... IIIIII .. IIIII ... III 

Surface Controlled Phenomena 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert E. Apfel Yale University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R.C. Holt 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The goals of this research are to investigate the rheological properties of surfactant-bearing liquid drops. By 

comparing experimental results in the ideal environment of the Spacelab to our theory for spherical equilibrium 

drops, we can validate the model. We can then synthesize a generic theory which can handle arbitrary acoustic fields 

and static deformations, in order to have a technique for studying static and dynamic surface properties for 

surfactant-bearing drops which can be successfully applied in I-g experiments. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Single liquid drops are introduced into the center node of an acoustic standing wave in DPM's Near-Ambient 

Chamber. They are allowed to reach quiescent eqUilibrium. Then, shape oscillations about either a spherical or a 

spheroidal equilibrium shape are excited - either by a momentary increase and release of the z-axis acoustic pressure 

or by a periodic modulation of that pressure. The resulting oscillations are recorded on video tape and cin~ mIll for 

later analysis. 

Four sample materials will be investigated: triply distilled water, octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (a nonionic 

surfactant), Triton X-IOO (a nonionic, fast-sorption surfactant), and bovine serum albumin (a nonionic, 

sorption-inhibited surfactant). Five concentrations of each surfactant will be used. A range of drop sizes from 2 cc 

up to 8 cc will be investigated for each concentration. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The flight experimental data will be used to validate the theory which describes drop shape-oscillations as a function 

of various surface parameters. These parameters will be obtained in microgravity from drops oscillating about a 

spherical equilibrium shape as well as about an acoustically induced oblate shape. By comparing the differences in 

the natural frequency and damping constant for these oscillations, the theory and experimental techniques can be 

used to perform measurements of the surface properties on the ground. Theoretical development and ground-based 

experiments to support the microgravity work are also performed. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

Oscillating drops bearing surfactants were investigated in DPM on USML-l. By measuring the diameter of a drop 

as a function of time, the frequency and damping constant of the oscillations can be inferred by 

Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT) and nonlinear-fitting techniques. The frequencies of oscillation for various 

concentrations of surfactants were obtained. Determining the damping constants has been difficult due to an 

unexpected rotation present during all sequences. The shift in the natural-oscillation frequency due to the distortion 

of the equilibrium shape was measured. 

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II-58 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 ........................................ 1111111 ...................... 11 ... '1111 .. 111111111111111111111111.11",," .. 11'"" .. 11.11.11.11.11'"111""'"'""' .. 11.11'11.11 •• 11 ..... 11'11""1111,.11111111111111",,.,1111111111,.,1'1"""'11" 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 

MS Students: 

PhD Students: 

4 

1 

5 

BSDegrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/90 EXPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Yuren, T., Holt, R.G., and Apfel, R.E. Deformation and locaytion of an acoustically levitated liquid drop. 1. Acoust. Soc. 

Am., 93, 3096, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Holt, R.G., Apfel, R.E., Tian, Y., Zheng, X., and Tao, S. Materials characterization of surfaces of water drops with 

surfactants by acoustic means: The need for a microgravity environment, 125th meeting of the Acoustical Society of 

America, Ottawa, Canada, 1993. 

Holt, R.G., Tian, Y., Zheng, X., and Apfel, R.E. Drops in space: Spacelab experiments on surfactant-bearing drops, 

125th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Ottawa, Canada (1993). 

Tian, Y., Zheng, X., Holt, R.G., Apfel. R.E. The radial oscillations of a gas bubble in a surfactant solution, 125th meeting 

of the Acoustical Society of America, Ottawa, Canada, 1993. 

, .................... 11 ................... 1111111.'11111 ............. 11.11111 ...... ' ........ 11., ...... '"111111111, ... 11111'11., •• ,1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.".1,.".111111,.11.111111.11.111111111111111111111111111111111111 

II-59 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111 ................... 11 ........................ "''' ... '111' ........ ' .. 1111' .. 1111 ................. 1111111 ............ '"'.111 ......... 11 .. 1111 ................................................. II ..... II ....... IIII.lttl" ............ II •• ' ..... It 

The Dynamics of Disorder-Order Transitions in Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul M. Chaikin Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. W.B. Russell Princeton University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECfIVE: 

The objective is to understand the fundamental nature of the liquid-solid transitions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach has focused on simulating low-gravity by fluidizing a bed of specially prepared hard spheres (silica 

particles with short polymer coatings) with a counterflow of solvent. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The ideal system for such study is a set of hard spheres that theoretically should order as their density is increased 

past -50%. The problem is that sedimentation prevents setting the density or attaining eqUilibrium. The answer is 

microgravity, but the preflight questions are concerned with how the measurements can be done and determining the 

equilibration times. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have made great process in studying a variety of different colloids suspended against gravity by the counterflow 

of the solvent - i.e., with a fluidized bed. We have found the variation in sedimentation velocity resulting from 

hydrodynamic interactions and its effect on particle dispersion. We have observed crystallization of fluidized 

particles due to their Coulomb repulsion. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/90 ExPIRATION: 7/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-10 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

................................... 11 .... 11 ... 111 ... 1111111 ..... 1111111111111111111111UIIUIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIUIII'II.IIIIIIIIIIIIII'UnIIlIUluru,UIIIIIUU.U.UIUI)U ~fI"'fll"IIiIUtU"':"IU"~'IIJlnIH'!UtCIHlnll'lnlllr"r"lt 

11-69 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1, ...... ' ........ , ............. , ........ "1,.111111111.,11111111111111111111111111.11.111.1111111111111111111111.,111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11,11111111111111'"1.11.11111.,1,.1111'1"1 .. 1111111111.11"1111111111111111".,,11 

Study of Two Phase Flow Dynamics and Heat Transfer at Reduced Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. A. E. Dukler University of Houston 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

J.B. McQuillen NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECfIVE: RESEARCH APPROACH: 

Theoretical models will be developed and experimentally verified to predict two-phase flow characteristics, such as 

flow regime, pressure drop, void fraction, and liquid film thickness. In addition, models for the prediction of heat 

transfer in two-phase flows will also be developed and verified. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Reduced-gravity experiments will be conducted in NASA aircraft to measure the previously listed two-phase flow 

parameters for a range of tube diameters, gas and liquid flow rates, and fluid properties. The gas phase for the 

experiments will be air; the liquids to be employed are water, water-glycerin mixtures, and water-zonyl mixtures. A 

theoretical modeling effort will be integrated with the experimental efforts. 

For larger diameter tubes and for heat-transfer experiments, the transient times become longer than the microgravity 

time available in aircraft trajectories. Thus the long-term microgravity duration of a spaceflight is necessary to 

obtain important two-phase flow data. The spaceflight experiment design will be an extension of the aircraft 

experiments: water mixtures and air will flow together in a tube, with sensible heat transfer to the subcooled liquid 

effected by heating a section of the tube. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding-better prcdictability-of two-phase (gas-liquid) flow 

in pipes. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Learjet tests that were conducted during May, June and August 1993 used water as the test liquid to further 

characterize annular flow in a 1.27 em diameter tube. A new data acquisition and control system was installed on 

the Learjet rig, and software was written and tested for these flights. New probes were installed to measure wall 

shear stress in annular flow. Difficulties with an interaction between two valves masked out most of the differential 

pressure drop data. Valid liquid film thickness data was obtained around the circumference of the test section during 

these tests, however. These flights will be repeated. 

A KC-135 rig will be used for test section diameters ranging from 2.54 to 5.1 cm is being built and is nearing 

completion. Checkout of the various subsystems has been initiated, but testing of the entire rig is dependent on 

completion of the wiring and delivery of a calibrated test section. 

Work is proceeding on the Science Requirements Document although there are several aspects of the report that 

cannot be written until some preliminary low-gravity tests have been completed with the KC-135 rig. 

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11-61 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................................. 11 ... 1111 ........... 1111 ............................ 11.1111 ..... 11 ..... 11 .. 11111 ..... 11 ......................................... '11 ...... 11111 .. 1111111 ..... 111111 .............. , ....... , ..... , ............ , ...... . 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: o 

MS Students: o 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 ExPIRATION: 11195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-11 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Janicot, A., and Dulcler, A.E. A model for gas-Liquid slug flow at reduced gravity conditions. AIChE Journal, 39 No.6, 

110, July 1993. 

Presentations: 

Dulcler, A.E. Interpretation of recent data on micro gravity two phase flow, Institute de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse 

in Toulouse France, January 12, 1993 . 

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11-62 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................. , ..... 11 .... 11 ....... ,111 ..... 1111111111 .... 11111 .... ,111.1.It.llllln .. IIIIIIIIII"'''I.,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,,111111111IIIIIIIIIfl".,I'II.IIIIIIII.II.IIIII'II.,II.,.II"111111111111"".,"1""1111,.11111.11111111111,.11.,1 

Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. M. Glicksman 

Dr. J. Rogers 

Dr. J. Downey 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

The flight objective is to detennine droplet growth rate constants and changes in size distributions using optical 

techniques for recording droplet data with time. 

DESCRWfION: 

A transparent model binary liquid/liquid miscibility-gap type solution is the system of choice for the flight. The 

experimental approach is to deploy a fixed array of droplets of one liquid phase into a cell filled with the conjugate 

phase. This approach will greatly reduce any residual gravity effects (from "g-jitter" or maneuvers) and eliminate 

the possibility of coalescence. Ground-based studies detennine the experimental parameters required to maximize 

the amount of data on "pure" Ostwald ripening obtainable during the flight experiment. Such parameters as volume 

fraction of droplet phase, initial droplet number, droplet spacing and sizes, the time required for the experiment, and 

ideal concentrations for supersaturation and growth must be determined. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

Ostwald ripening is the process by which larger droplets grow at the expense of smaller ones by diffusion of mass 

away from droplets below a critical radius toward ones above this critical size. The phenomenon is important in 

many disciplines. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

Observation of Ostwald ripening in an isopycnic mixture of succinonitrile and water over a period of about four 

months, using holography, revealed a decreasing droplet number and avemge radius increase in excellent agreement 

with theory. The predicted scaling behavior for droplet number decay involving 2-D diffusion fields of 3-D spherical 

caps is t-0 75 . This accurately models the experiment, droplets of succinonitrile-rich phase stuck to the wall of the 

experiment cell, with a droplet number decay of t-O

.

733 • Average droplct radius scales as < t>025, also consistent 

with the model. A manuscript reporting these results in the peer-reviewed literature is in preparation. A proposal 

to extend the ground-based aspect of this work to include eventually long-term quench experiments on carriers 

orbiting for extended periods of time, e.g., retrievable rockets or space station, has been submitted to 

NRA-93-0SSA-12. This approach will differ from the "tethered droplet" approach to a.llow for a large population of 

droplets with time to clarify for holographic applications. 

The tethered droplet approach continues to be under development for furtber ground-based work and potential 

"short-tenn" shuttle flights if opportunities become available. Dr. Rogers is preparing for KC-135 flights, 

commencing in January, 1994, to test syringe tips for microgravity operations. 

We have completed materials property measurements which include interfacial tension, density, and viscosity 

measurements as functions of tcmperature and composition. A separate publication will present some of this date. 

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II-<i3 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 ....... , .......... 111111111 ....................... 1111111111 ••• 11 •• 1111 .............. 11111111 .. 11111.1111111 .... " ... 11111111111111111.11111 .. 11111111 ........................... 11111 ......... 11 ......................... 111111111.11.11.11"1"1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12189 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-01 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Fradlov, V.E., Mani, 5.5., Glicksman, M.E., Roger, J.R., Downey, J,P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, 

D.O. Coarsening of three-dimensional droplets by two-dimensional diffusion Part I: Experiment. J. Colloid & Interf. 

Sci., ( in press) 1994. 

Fradkov, V.E., Mani, 5.5., Glicksman, M.E., Rogers, J.R., Downey, J.P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, 

D.O. Coarsening of three-dimensional droplets by two-dimensional diffusion Part II: Theory. J. Colloid & Interf. Sci., 

(in press) 1994. 

Presentations: 

Fradkov, v., Frazier, D.O., et al. Mixed dimensional coarsening of 3-D droplets by a 2-D diffusion, Fall Meeting of the 

Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3, 1993. 

Rogers, J., Downey, J., Witherow, W., Facemire, B., and Frazier, D.O. A study of diffusional growth in a liquid-liquid 

miscibility-gap system using holographic techniques, Gordon Research Conference, Henniker, NH, July 19-23, 1993. 

Rogers, J., Downey, J., Witherow, W., Facemire, B., and Frazier, D.O. A study of diffusional growth in a liquid-liquid 

miscibility-gap system using holographic techniques, 45th Southeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical 

Society, Johnson City, TN, October 17-20, 1993. 

Rogers, J.R., Downey, J.P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, D.O. Diffusional growth of succinonitrile-rich 

droplets on a 2-D surface in a succinonitrile-water miscibility-gap solution, Seventh Annual Alabama Materials Research 

Conference, Normal, AL, September 21-22, 1993 . 

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11-64 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ........ 1111 ..... 111 ... 111 ............. 1111 .. 1 •• '"1 ........ 1111111 ........... , .................. ' ..... 11111111111111 ........ '1111.' .............. , ............... , ......................... IIIIII .......... UIIlI .... IIIIIIIII.II •• I.1111111111111. 

Microscale Hydrodynamics Near Moving Contact lines 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Stephen Garoff Carnegie Mellon University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M. Weislogel NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this study is to characterize the relationship between macroscopically observed dynamic contact 

angles and the microscopic fluid physics occurring near the contact line. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This task consists primarily of low-gravity experimental studies on moving contact lines. The experiments will 

simultaneously measure flow fields and the fluid/fluid interface very near the moving contact line using video 

microscopy and particle image velocimetry. The experiments will be conducted in low gravity since it is in low 

gravity that interfacial phenomena dictate the fluid/fluid interface shape and location. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The essential points of the investigation are: 

1) Are the viscous stresses near a moving contact line appropriately described by present phenomenological models? 

2) Can predictive models for spreading be developed for complex systems (rough surfaces, non-Newtonian fluids, 

etc.) if the flow fields and interface shapes near a contact line are known? 

3) What is the nature of the unique fluid dynamical processes near a moving contact line? How do these processes 

depend on the properties of the fluids and the solid surface involved? How do these processes determine the true 

dynamic contact angle? 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Static interface calculations have been used to simulate outer scale interface shapes which will be seen during the 

space experiment and to design fluid fill and velocity step cycles for the experiment. In addition, the static interface 

calculations have been used to investigate potential interface instabilities during experiment and to determine the 

optimal radii of the test cell. 

Lighting improvements on image analysis technique have been made which minimize the effects of pixel noise on 

information gained about interface shape. In order to take advantage of this improvement a new dynamic contact 

angle measurement system is being installed. 

Interface images have been taken and analyzed and the preliminary indication is that the present analytical 

expansions worlc to a dimensionless capillary length of 0.5. The first images of the interface in capillary depression 

have been taken and preliminary indications are that the analysis matches the experimental data to Ca=O.1. As a 

side benefit, microscopic bubbles near the contact line provided velocity field information about the moving contact 

line for an interface in depression. 

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11-65 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .. " ...... 11'11""".11.'11,,,"11.11.11.11.11.11111.11 .. ,1111111,,,,,.11.11.11 ....................... ,11 .................................. 111111 .... 11 ................................. 11111 ..... 11 ................ 111111, .......... ,1, •• '1111IIII 

Materials studies of ploydimethylsiloxanes have continued and have shown the sensitivity of inner scale physics to 

polymer end group chemistry. 

Studies of the effect of vibrations on the interface shape and stability have been performed in order to determine the 

transverse size of the test cell. 

Preliminary evidence has been obtained that UV cleaning may produce surfaces which remain clean for weeks under 

inert gas storage. Design of the next phase of testing has begun. 

A postdoctoral fellow has been recruited and will start November 15, 1993. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12192 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Wilson. K.R .• and Garoff. S. Effect of chain termination chemistry and molecular weight on dynamic wetting of polymer 

liquids. Colloids and Surfaces. (submitted). 

Proceedings: 

Garoff. S. Dynamic contact angles and hydrodynamics near a moving contact line. American Physical Society meeting. 

Washington D.C. April 1993. (in press). 

Garoff. S. Dynamic contact angles of non-newtonian fluids. American Chemical Society meeting. Toronto. June 1993 . 

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11-66 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .,11111111 .... , ........................ 1111, ............ 11 .......... 11 ... 111' ... 111 ....... 111111111111111111, .... 1 .............................. 11 ..... 11 .................... '" .................. ,111 ..... ,1111111111,.11.,1111111"' ••• 11.,11"". 

Plasma Dust Crystallization 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. John A. Goree University of Iowa 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The objective of this research is to demonstrate that a crystal can be grown in a charge neutral plasma environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The investigator will assemble and test apparatus for radio-frequency (RF) plasma generation/particulate 

confinement. This will include working with German scientists in designing microgravity experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This investigation will begin a new genre of microgravity research that will provide a much needed test of the dusty 

plasma theories used in space physics and astronomy. Regardless of the results, this investigation will open the 

doors to new areas of research with strongly-coupled plasmas and non-quantum lattices. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The scientists developed a theory of fluctuations of the charge of a particulate in a plasma and found that these 

fluctuations could inhibit the formation of a crystal if the particulates are too small or the neutral gas pressure in the 

plasma is too low. These results will help define the parameter space needed for experiments. 

Collaboration with German scientists has yielded the most convincing laboratory evidence to date of the feasibility 

of forming a crystalline lattice of charged grains suspended in a plasma. The lattice structure is "" 1 {)() layers 

horizontal and "" 5 to 10 layers vertical. Earth's gravity is thought to account for the limited vertical extent of this 

lattice. An image of the lattice is formed by illuminating the particulate cloud with a horizontal sheet of laser light, 

photographing the cloud, and digitizing the image. 

A laboratory platform designed expecially for conducting further laboratory definition experiments is now under 

construction at the University of Iowa. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 04/93 EXPIRATION: 04/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-02 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-292 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Goeckner, M.J., Goree, J., and Sheridan, T.E. Measurements of ion velocity and density in the plasma sheath. Physics of 

Fluids B, vol. 4, 277-280, 1992. 

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11-67 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .. IIIIII'III.IIIII ............. II.IU ............ IIIII •• IIIIII .. IIII ...................................... 11 ............ 11 ... 11 ................. 111 ...... ' .......... 11 ... ,.11'""1.11.11.11'"11111111111111111""1 .. 1111 .. 1'".11.11'".11.11 .. 11 

Goeckner, M.J., Goree J., and Sheridan, T.E. Saturation broadening of laser-induced fluorescence from plasma ions. Rev. 

Sci. Instr., vol. 64, 996-1000, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by a charged dust grain in a plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, 277-280, 1992. 

Journal Goree, J., and Cbiu, Y.T. Dust contamination of the spacecraft environment by exposure to plasma. 1. Spacecraft 

and Rockets, (in press) 1993. 

Goree, J., and Sheridan, T.E. Particulate release from surfaces exposed to a plasma. J. Vacuum Sci. Tech. A, vol. 10, 

3540-3544, 1992. 

Sheridan, T.E., Goree, J., et al. Observation of dust shedding from material bodies in a plasma. J. Geophys. Res.: Space 

Phys., vol. 97, 2935-2942, 1992. 

Presentations: 

Goree, J. The plasma-crystal project, Fifth Dusty Plasma Workshop, Huntsville, AL, March, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by a charged dust grain in a plasma, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Fonnation, Transport, 

and Consequence of Particles in Plasma Processing, France, September, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by charged dust grains in a plasma, Gaseous Electronics Conference, Boston, MA, October, 1992. 

Goree, J. Dusty plasmas, American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics Meeting, Seattle, WA, November, 1992. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by charged dust grains in a plasma, IEEE Conference on Plasma Science, Vancouver, Canada, June, 

1993 . 

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11-68 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111 .. 111111111 .. 1111 .. ' .. ' ....... ' .. 'IIIIII.ltlllIl .. ' ....... ' .. II ....... '111 ..... 111 ....... 111111111 .... 11 .. 111111 •• 11.11111111111111 .... 111111111 ......... ' ............................... 111111 .......... 111 ........ 11'111111111111 .. 111.11111.11 

Evaporation from a Meniscus within a Capillary Tube in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Kevin P. Hallinan University of Dayton 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. J. Ervin University of Dayton 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The primary objective of this study is to improve our understanding of evaporation from a porous or grooved media, 

such as that found in phase change heat transfer devices such as heat pipes and thermosyphons. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In order to effectively study the thin film region of a capillary interface, experiments will be conducted in a large 

evaporation/condensation loop in a low-gravity environment. The experiments will include simultaneous particle 

image velocimetry (PIV) and interferometry in order to measure the fluid velocities and interface shape in the thin 

film region. Non-intrusive temperature measurements of the surface will be correlated to PIV data for determination 

of thermocapillary flows. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

The essential points of the investigation are: 

1. Determine the effect of surface curvature on the local evaporation rate; 

2. Determine the effect of solid-liquid intermolecular forces on the evaporation rate and the fluid flow in the thin 

film region; 

3. Quantitatively examine the interface instability mechanisms of an evaporating capillary interface; specifically, 

thermocapillarity and vapor recoil. 

From this study we should gain an improved understanding of the fundamentals of evaporation from a capillary 

interface. This improved understanding will not only be used to refine failure criteria for phase change heat transfer 

devices, but may be applied to other phase change processes such as nucleate boiling and spreading of thin films. In 

addition, a PIV technique for thin film fluid flows will be developed which may have use in future research. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The efforts this year have focused upon the following specific tasks: 

• Application of a 3-D scattering particle image velocimetry technique to thin film velocity field measurement. 

A great deal of effort has been directed toward the application of the 3-D scattering particle image velocimetry 

technique, being developed by B. Overyn at LeRC, toward the measurement of the velocity field within the 

evaporating thin film of liquid adjoining the bulk meniscus. Efforts have focused on i) optimization of the light 

source, ii) determination of the sensitivity of the technique to particle size, shape, and velocities, and iii) selection 

of suitable particles. A calibration rig is under development for the PIV technique. 

• Modeling the thermo-fluid behavior of the evaporating meniscus. 

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11-69 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .1I1I11I11I11I11I1 .......... IIII ..... IIIII .... tll ........... IIIIIII .. 1111 ... 1111111 ..... " .. 11111111 .. 11111 ..... 11111111 ............. 1 .................................... 111 ....... 11111.111111111111 .. 111111 .. 111111111111111 ............ 111111111 

A model of the thermo-fluid behavior of the evaporating thin film adjoining the bulk capillary meniscus has 

developed for large tube diameters in O-g. This model has been developed to obtain an estimate of the heating 

conditions which can be tolerated in O-g before the onset of thermocapillary flows on the liquid-vapor interface. 

Also, a model has been developed to gauge the required accuracies for measurement of the thin film velocity field, 

film tnickness, power input, and temperature measurements. The model development is now complete and it has 

been solved for the idealized case of a uniform wall temperature. 

• Designing the evaporator/condenser configuration. 

This task is primarily aimed at providing passive control of the evaporating meniscus position in the test cell 

during low-gravity testing. Several test cell configurations have been constructed and are being evaluated. 

• Low-gravity experimentation to study evaporation from a capillary interface. 

Low-gravity testing of an evaporating capillary interface was conducted at the 2.2 Second Drop Tower at LeRC in 

order to examine the relative effects of buoyancy and thermocapillary driven convection on evaporation. 

Unfortunately, before acceptable data could be gathered the 2.2 Second Drop Tower facility was shut down for 

upgrading. The facility should be on-line this spring and testing will resume. 

• Investigation of the effect of vibrations on the stability of the meniscus. 

The final task has aimed at quantifying the effect of vibrations on the meniscus stability for both evaporating and 

non-evaporating conditions within both single tubes and the evaporator/condenser configuration. After completion 

of the 1-g tests, similar experiments are planned for low-g. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 3 

MS Students: 0 

PhD Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/93 EXPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Chebaro, H.C., and Hallinan, KP. Boundary conditions for an evaporating thin film for isothermal interfacial conditions. 

J. Heat Transfer, 115,816-819,1993. 

Proceedings: 

Chebaro, H.C., Hallinan, KP., Kim, S.1., and Chang, W.S. Evaporation from a porous wick heat pipe for non-isothermal 

conditions. National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, Georgia Aug. 8-11, 1993 . 

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11-70 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............................. , ................. 111111 ........ ' ... 11 .... 11111111111111'.11.1111,1'11,,1111111111111111111111111.1,.,11111111111II'II.III1II1II',II.II.IIIII.II.II.I .... n""""I"I"1I111111111111111111111,.11111.11111"111""1 

Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. John E. Hart 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

F. Leslie 

T. Miller 

J. Toornro 

D. Ohlsen 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

University of Colorado 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

The Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment (GFFCE) takes advantage of the unique environment of the 

microgravity laboratory, which permits forces that would otherwise be swamped by normal terrestrial gravity to 

become dominant The geophysical fluid flow cell uses electrostatic fields to warp gravity into a radial vector field, 

centrally directed towards the center of the cell. This allows us to perform visualizations of thermal convection in a 

spherical shell of liquid subject to imposed differential heating and rotation, where the resulting buoyancy forces arc 

radially directed, as in planetary atmospheres and stars. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research has two components: hardware development, and basic theoretical and numerical study of spherical 

convection in preparation for USML-2. A significant modification to the original GFFC experiment that flew 

previously on Spacelab-I1I is the addition of real-time video visualizations of the fluid turbulence that can be 

downlinked from the shuttle. This permits interactive experiments that can identify and focus on important flow 

regimes. 

Theoretical and computational simulations of the expected flows arc carried out in advance of the flight in order to 

suggest particular experiments that can critically advance our basic understanding. Such models usually involve 

various approximations or assumptions that must be checked experimentally. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This fundamental configuration is significant because large-scale motions of the atmospheres of planets and many 

stars are strongly constrained by rotation, under the action of Coriolis forces, and by gravity, which is manifest in 

the buoyancy forces that drive thermal circulations. The GFFC experiments will provide fundamental laboratory 

data that can be applied to problems of jet streams on the giant planets, differential rotation on the sun, and motions 

in the Earth's core and mantle. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The most exciting results are from a fully nonlinear computational model of thennal convection in the presence of 

strong basic rotation which varies with latitude. The resulting flows are composed of banana cells, as observed on 

the Spacelab-III flight of the GFFC, but the computation is simplified by using an approximation to the full 

sphere, the "equatorial annulus" geometry. The turbulence at high heating rates is found to be associated with 

extremely strong, even dominating, mean zonal jets. 

A scaling of the model results with the observed heat flux of Jupiter; for example, loads to zonal jets with velocities 

of order 100 meters per second. This number is similar to Voyager observations. The turbulence can have isolated 

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11-71 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ..... 11 ..... 111 ................ , ........... 1111111 ................................. 111 .... '111 .. 11111.111111111 .. 11111 ..... 111' .. " ............. 1111" .. 11111111111111 ................. 111111111111111111111.11111.11 ....... ' ..... 111111111111111111 

spots inbedded in the self-induced zonal jets. When the basic rotation is sufficiently large the whole system 

pulsates. The resulting differential rotation and the turbulent convection pulses in almost periodic bursts. If an 

effective eddy viscosity appropriate to solar convection is used, the pulsation period is about 13 years-nearly the 

observed period of the solar cycle. These model results suggest a new and potentially very important regime of 

convection that will be investigated by the GFFC on USML-2. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/88 EXPIRATION: 3/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-04 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS6-319 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Brununell, N.H., and Hart, J.E. High raleigh number 6 convection. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 68, 85-114, 

1993. 

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11-72 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11.11 ..... '.1111 ••• ' •• ' •• 1.111 • .,1 .. 111111 ....... 11.11 •• 1 .... 11111.11111 .... 11.11 ........... '111111.1 .... 111111.11111111111111111'1,11111111111'11111"11111111.11111111.1 .. 1.11.111111111111111.",",1111111'1.11,1111111.1.1.,1.11111111111111111 

Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jean N. Koster University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. S. Biringen University of Colorado, Boulder 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The main objective of the research is to design a three-liquid-layer fligbt experiment that will study the interaction 

of two interfacial tension forces of different magnitude, and their effects on thermocapillary fluid flow induced in 

adjacent liquid layers. The thermocapillary flow is induced by temperature gradients parallel to the fluid interfaces. 

In addition, the mechanical coupling between the immiscible layers and the suppression of convective flow will be 

investigated. Tbe conditions for the existence for oscillatory flow, and the effects of g-jitter will also be studied. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The general approach is to conduct ground-based normal-gravity testing and develop theoretical models of the 

combined buoyant and thermocapillary convection phenomena. The instrumentation and diagnostics are centered 

around the pbysics of interest; namely, flow fields, temperature fields, and interfacial shapes. The theories and 

numerical models developed and verified with the 1-g data will be used to design and predict the results of the fligbt 

experiment on the IML-2 mission. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results are expected to significantly advance our knowledge in the area of surface-tens ion-driven and in 

multilayered fluid systems and are, in addition, relevant to applications related to encapsulated float zone processing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An analytical model bas been developed to study multiple immiscible liquid layers. The thermocapillary flow of the 

triple layer configuration of FC40 2cst. silicone Oil FC75, selected for the space flight experiment, has been 

predicted for zero-gravity environment using asymptotic theories. Interfacial tension gradients of the cbosen 

fluorinerts and silicone oil have been measured and could be included in the models for prediction. 

Numerical simulations of the single and double layers of fluorinerts and silicone oils bave been done and compared 

to experiments. Numerical efforts are also planned to estimate the effects of g-jitter on the interfacial layers. 

In ground-based experiments, the combination of fluorinerts and silicone oils have been proven to be immiscible 

fluids that exhibit mecbanical coupling and generate interfacial roll cells. Both FC75 and FC40 have been tested 

with a variety of silicone oils. The flight triple layer configuration, however, could not be tested on the ground due 

to the relatively large density of the FC fluids (with a specific gravity of about 2). A replacement for the upper 

fluor inert, with a lower density than the middle layer, although not yet defined, remains a goal for the one-g 

experiments. 

There were also some activities relative to the flight experiment preparation. There were numerous discussions 

conducted and various documents prepared for ESA regarding the flight design of the cell. Issues discussed include: 

materials relative to the cell design (knife edge and seal); concerns regarding the cleaning procedures for the cell; and 

concerns regarding the design and placement of the thermocouples in the cell. Discussions were also initiated on the 

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11-73 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............ "1,.1 .................... 111111 .... 111 .............. ' .. '1111.11 ..... ' .. 111111,.1111.11.11.' •• 111111 .. ".11 ..... 11.1111111' ....... 11.,11111111.11,".11111111.11111111111111111111111111111 ... 1.11'"111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 

subjects of application software and the man-machine interface. The Functional Objectives (FO's) documents were 

revised several times during this period. 

A videotape was prepared describing the flight experiments. This was done for the benefit of the crew and copies 

can be made available to those interested. In addition, the Principal Investigator and Project Scientist personally 

briefed the crew regarding the conduct of the experiments and crew involvement. This was done in various meetings 

in Houston, Torino (Italy), and Boulder. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 4 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 11/89 EXPIRATION: 11/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-05 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Burkersroda, c.v., Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Interfacial tension measurements of f1uorinerts and silicone oils. 

submitted to Microgravity Quarterly, 1993. 

Doi, T., and Koster, J.N. Thermocapillary convection in two immiscible liquid layers with free surface. Physics of Fluids 

A, 5 (8), 1914-1927, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Natural and thermocapillary convection in three layers. European J. Mechanics BlFluids, 

1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in multiple layers of immiscible liquids in a shallow cavity - Part 1: Steady 

natural convection. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in multiple layers of immiscible liquids in a shallow cavity - Part 2: Steady 

thermocapillary convection. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Thermocapillary convection in three immiscible liquid layers. Microgravity Quarterly, 

1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in a liquid BP3 encapsulated GaAs melt. J. Crystal Growth, (submitted). 

Prakash, A., Fujita, D., and Koster, J.N. Surface tension and buoyancy effects on a free-free layer. European J. Mechanics 

BlFluids. 12 (1). 15-29, 1993. 

Schmitt, T .• Koster, J.N., and Hamacher. H. Particle design for displacement tracking velocimetry. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 

(submitted) 1993. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J.N. Coupling of natural convection flow across a vertical density inversion interface. Warme- und 

Stoffubertragung. 28. 1-9. 1993. 

Tong. W., and Koster. J.N. Penetrative convection in sublayer of water including density inversion. Warme- und 

Stoffubertragung, 1993. 

Tong, W .• and Koster. J.N. Natural convection of water in a rectangular cavity including density inversion. Int. J. Heat 

Fluid Flow, 1993. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J.N. Density inversion effect on transient natural convection in a rectangular enclosure. Int. J. 

Heat Mass Transfer. 1993. 

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11-74 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............... 11111111 ................. '1111111 ........................................................... 11111111.11 ...................................... '11'11.111111111111111"11.11,1111,11.,.11'".,1111111111111111".,.,1.,1111111111111111 

Proceedings: 

Koster, J.N., Prakash, A., Campbell, T.A., and Pline, A. Analysis of convection in immiscible liquid layers with novel 

particle tracking velocimetry. 95-103, ASME AMD-Vol. 154. 1992. 

Koster, J.N., Prakash, A., Fujita, D., and Doi, T. Benard and marangoni convection in multiple liquid layers. 221-226, 

ESA SP 333. 1992. 

Koster, J.N., Prakash, A., Fujita, D., and Doi, T. Benard and marangoni convection in immiscible liquid layers. 99-104, 

ASME HID Vol. 198. 1992. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Interfacial and gravitational convection in immiscible liquid layers. IAF-92-0907. 1992. 

Prakash, A., Koster, J.N., and Hill, M. Natural and tbermocapillary convection in multiple liquid layers. AIAA 93-0469. 

1993 . 

........ '11 ....................................... 1111 ....... 11 .................................... 11111111 .................. 11 ..................................... 1111111 ........ 111111111 ........... ,'111 ........ ,11, ............ ,1111111111 .... . 

11-75 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ......... 11 .. 1111 ............................ 1111111111 ..... 111' .. '11 ....... ,11 .... 11 .. 1.11 .. 1 .. 11.111,".11.111111111'111,,1111111111 .. 1111.,11111111111111111111111.".,11111111111"111111111111.11'1.1111111.1,,1".,111111'11111111,'111""'1' 

Extensional Rheology of Non-Newtonian Materials 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Gareth H. McKinley Harvard University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this work is to determine the extensional viscosity of fluid systems such as dilute polymer 

solutions. emulsions. and suspensions. in steady uniaxial elongation. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This effort will require an initial ground-based experimental design. and ultimate payload implementation, of a 

novel experimental apparatus to measure accurately the rheological response of non-Newtonian fluids under 

shear-free conditions that are characteristic of those experienced in the containerless processing of materials. 

The proposed instrument generates an homogeneous uniaxial elongation through an exponential stretching of the 

test sample. and the spatial uniformity of the deformation rate experienced by the fluid is verified by digital particle 

image velocimetry. Direct measurements of the tensile force exerted by the material then allow calculation of the 

extensional viscosity of the fluid. 

The design of the apparatus utilizes several of the existing or planned fluid diagnostic modules being considered by 

NASA. and in addition, provides a completely new fluid-science flight capability. which can be used repeatedly to 

support multi-user rheological measurements for a wide range of non-Newtonian fluids. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The extensional viscosity is a fundamental physical property of all non-Newtonian materials, and cannot be 

determined from simple viscometric shear flow experiments. Constitutive equations for viscoelastic fluids such as 

dilute polymer solutions predict large changes in the extensional viscosity as the elongation rate is increased; 

however. the validity of these theories cannot be confirmed due to the lack of experimental data obtained in 

extensional flows. To date. quantitative rheological measurements in shear-free flows have only been possible for 

highly elastic or "stiff' materials such as polymer melts which can easily be elongated without sagging under a 

gravitational body force. By performing similar experiments in an extended microgravity environment it will be 

possible for the first time to obtain accurate measurements of the extensional viscosity for more 'mobile' fluids 

such as polymer solutions. suspensions and liquid crystalline materials. This rheological data will allow designers 

of both space- and ground-based material processes to use improved constitutive models in numerical simulations of 

complex two- and three-dimensional fluid flows. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The flfSt draft of the Science Requirements Document has been submitted. The ground-based experimental apparatus 

is now being constructed; interlocking aluminum tubes for use in it are being fabricated at NASA Lewis Research 

Center and will be completed soon. The particle image velocimetry apparatus has been built and is being tested . 

............................. 11 ............ 11 ...................................... 11 .................. 111 .. 1 ..... 11 ... 11 .... 1111111 ........... 111111.1 ••••• '111111111111111111"111111.111111.11.111".,11111111111111.111"1"11'11'1"11111111111 

11-76 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ........... 1111 ......................... 111 ... 11 ...... 1111 ............. 1111 .. 111 ...... 11111111111111 .... 1111111111111111 ... '111111111 ... 111 ..... 1111 ................. , .............. 111111111111 .... 1111111111' •• 1'.111111 ....... 11.111111111111111' 

Future plans include further development and construction of the experimental apparatus and submission of the 

second draft of the Science Requirements Document. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-12 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-77 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............. IIIIII ...... U •• III ................... IIIII ............................... 11111111 ..... 11 .... 1111111111111111.11111.11 ..... ""' ................................... 1111111 .. '1111111' ............ 111.1111 .. 11.111111' ... 11111111.11111. 

Pool Boiling Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Hennan Merte, Jr. University of Michigan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The program described here seeks to improve the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that constitute 

nucleate pool boiling. The vehicle for accomplishing this is an investigation, including experiments to be 

conducted in microgravity and coupled with appropriate analyses, of the heat transfer and vapor bubble dynamics 

associated with nucleation, bubble growth or colIapse, and subsequent motion. Certain effects that can be neglected 

at normal Earth gravity, such as surface tension and vapor momentum, can become quite significant in 

microgravity. Momentum imparted to the liquid by the vapor bubble during growth tends to draw the vapor bubble 

away from the surface, depending on the rate of growth, which in turn is governed by the temperature distribution in 

the liquid. Thermophoretic forces, arising from the variation of the liquid-vapor surface tension with temperature, 

on the other hand, tend to move the vapor bubble toward the region of higher temperature. The bubble motion will 

be governed by which of these two effects prevail. 

The elements of nucleate boiling, for which research conducted under micro gravity would advance the basic 

understanding, are: 

1. Nucleation or onset of boiling. Indications are that both heater surface temperature and temperature distribution 

in the liquid are necessary to describe nucleation. 

2. The dynamic growth of a vapor bubble in the vicinity of the heater surface. This includes the shape as welI as 

motion of the liquid-vapor interface as growth is taking place. These are influenced by the liquid temperature 

distribution at the initiation of growth. 

3. The subsequent behavior of the vapor bubble. This includes the motion, whether departure takes place or not, 

and the associated heat transfer. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the proposed experiment, a pool of liquid-initially at a precisely defined pressure and temperature-will be 

subjected to a step-imposed heat flux from a semitransparent thin-film heater forming part of one wall of the 

container, such that boiling is initiated and maintained for a defined period of time at a constant pressure level. 

Transient measurements of the heater surface and fluids temperatures near the surface will be made, noting especially 

the conditions at the boiling process in two simultaneous views, from beneath the heating surface and from the 

side. The conduct of the experiment and the data acquisition will be completely automated and self-contained. For 

the initial flight, a total of nine tests are proposed, with three levels of heat flux and three levels of subcooling. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The outcome of the experiment is expected to include the folIowing: 

1. Observation of the liquid-vapor behavior, including bubble growth and motion as functions of heat flux, initial 

subcooling and time, and correlation with observed heater surface temperature variation; 

....................................... 1 ................. 1 ................. 111111 •• 11111 ......... 1111111111 ..... 111 ............ 111 .... 11111111111.11 ..... 1111 ..... 1111111111111 .. 1111111111111 .. 1111111 .... 1 ........ 1 ..... 1 .. 11111111.11111111111111 

11-78 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics II ...... IIIU ..... ' .. , .. , .............................. ' ........ II.'IIIIII ............... 1111111111 ..... 11' .. 1111111111111 ..... 111111111.111111111' ... 11 .. 1"1.11.1111111111111'".11,".1.11.1111111.1'"'"'"1111,.1111,11111111111111111'1111111 

2. Use of initial liquid temperature distribution at nucleation to compute vapor bubble growth rate for comparison 

with observation; 

3. Measurement of delay time to nucleation for correlation with nucleation theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The prototype bardware for the Pool Boiling Experiment was flown aboard the SL-J mission on September 12-20, 

1992. Performance of the bardware was "near perfect." The data clearly reveal that pool boiling in reduced gravity 

(10·3g) is a transient process and not a steady periodic one. At the bigber-beat flux tests (8 w/cm 2), the temperature, 

as well as the vapor content continued to increase. Tests conducted at the lower-heat flux levels resulted in a rapid 

spreading of the vapor across the heater as compared to the higb-heat flux levels. In low gravity, the vapor bubbles 

adhered to the heater surface and were 1 em to 5 cm in diameter. In normal gravity, the vapor bubbles lift off the 

heater surface due to buoyancy and are approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. 

Tbe flight hardware was also flown on STS-57 mission in June 1993. Eight of nine test points were successful. 

Tbe Pool Boiling Experiment will be flown again on the STS-60 mission, scheduled for February 1994. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/90 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-37 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Merte, H., Lee, H.S., and Ervin, 1.S. Transient nucleate pool boiling in microgravity - some initial results. 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Application, Beijing, China, May 1993. 

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11-79 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 .... 111.1111 .. 1.11""11111111.11' .. "1111 .. 1,,,".11111111 .... 1111111111 ..... 1 .................. ' .. 11111 .. 11 .... 11" ............. 11.11111111111111111111 ... 11'111 •• 111'11111'11111.11111'111111111'l'I •• ,lltlllllllll.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I""II. 

Surface Tension-Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE-l, STDCE-2) 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Simon Ostrach Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. Y. Kamotani Case Western Reserve University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to further the understanding of the physical mechanisms associated with 

non-oscillatory (STDCE-l) and oscillatory (STDCE-2) thermocapillary flow by (a) developing an accurate 

description of the physical mechanisms, (b) developing an accurate numerical model, and (c) obtaining ground-based 

and flight experimental data to verify the physical mechanisms and the numerical model. The thermocapillary flows 

result from the fluid motions generated by the surface-tractive force that is caused by surface-tension variation due to 

the temperature gradient along the free surface. 

DESCRIPTION: 

STDCE-l: The basis of Surface-Tension-Driven Convection Experiment 1 (STDCE-l) flight experiment is a 

copper test cell 10 cm in diameter and 5 em deep, filled with silicone oil, able to provide both flat and curved free 

surfaces in a microgravity environment. The outer wall of the test cell is water cooled. The silicone oil can be 

centrally heated either externally by a carbon dioxide laser (constant heat flux, CF) or internally by an immersion 

heater (constant temperature, CT). The cross section is illuminated by a I-mm-thick sheet of light, which scatters 

from small aluminum oxide particles mixed into the oil, allowing observation and measurement, using a 

particle-tracking technique, of the axisymmetric flow velocity. An infrared imager is used to measure surface 

temperature, and thermistors are used to measure fluid and wall temperature. The velocity and temperature 

measurements are compared with the numerical predictions. 

STDCE-2: The center of Surface-Tension-Driven Convection Experiment 2 (STDCE-2) is an interchangeable 

module containing a test cell and fluid reservoir. Six modules containing copper test cells of 1.2, 2.0 and 3.0 cm 

diameter, each with the depth equal to the radius, will be filled with 2 centistoke silicone oil, to provide both flat 

and curved free surfaces in a microgravity environment. In three of the modules, one of each size, the fluid will be 

heated by a carbon dioxide laser, imposing a Gaussian heat flux on the free surface, and in the remaining three the 

fluid will be heated internally by an axially located heater which is ten percent of the chamber diameter. The outer 

walls of the test chambers will be cooled. This modular approach was taken to accommodate the large test matrix. 

During the experiment, the surface temperature-which is the driving force in the flow-is measured 

non-intrusively by an infrared imager. The free-surface deformation, felt to playa critical role in the oscillation 

phenomenon, is measured quantitatively using a Ronchi deflectometer. The flow field is observed by illuminating 

the entire test chamber volume with laser light which is scattered from 20 micron aluminum oxide particles mixed 

in the fluid, allowing for three-dimensional qualitative visualization. Thermistors are used to measure bulk fluid, 

wall and heater temperatures. 

At the start of each test the heater power will be slowly increased until the flow transitions from steady and 

axisymmetric to periodic and three dimensional. This will be performed for 39 combinations of test chamber size, 

heating mode and free surface shape. The temperature difference at the transition point will be used to calculate 

non-dimensional parameters which are used to characterize the onset of oscillations. The flow field, surface and 

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11-80 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11,11111'11.11.11.11.111111111111 ... 11 .. 11111111111111111111,11.11'"111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .... 11111111111111 .... 1111 .. 1111111111 ..... 111111111111111111111111'11111111111111'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111'" 

bulk temperature distributions, and the free surface deformations will be correlated to support the proposed physical 

mechanism for the oscillatory phenomenon. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

STDCE-l: The significant milestone was achieved with the successful completion of the STDCE-l during the 

USML-l mission in July 1992. Thirty-eight tests of STDCE-l, operated for the first time in-orbit in Spacelab, 

were conducted in 12 112 hours to obtain thermocapillary flow data. The flight hardware provided better video flow 

data than expected, as well as infrared images, some of which were downlinked for observation and analysis by the 

PIs. Preliminary evaluation corroborates the Principal Investigator's theory that oscillatory flows require lower 

viscosity liquids and smaller test chambers. Operations were controlled by a team of NASA Lewis Research Center 

engineers located in the Payload Operations Control Center at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. 

The STDCE-l data analysis is in progress. Because the volume of data is large the plan for analysis and 

presentation of the results calls for reducing, analyzing and publishing specific areas of the data separately. After 

these parts are complete more global conclusions will be drawn in additional publications. 

The temperature fields in the one-hour CF and CT tests have been analyzed and compared with the results of the 

numerical computions. Good agreement was shown. The work will be presented at the ASME Winter Annual 

Meeting in New Orleans in December 1993 and has been submitted to the Journal of Heat Transfer. 

The flow fields from the one-hour CF and CT tests are being analyzed. Preliminary comparison with numerical 

predictions also show good agreement. This data was presented at the 1993 Gordon Conference on Gravitation 

Effects on Physio-Chemical Systems. 

The down linked video and the SAMS data have been analyzed to study the effects of g-jitter on the STDCE. The 

effect on the fluid motion was very small but g-jitter continuously caused small free surface disturbances which 

could affect the free surface measurement in the STDCE-2. The result of the analysis was presented at the First 

International Workshop on G-jitter at Clarkson University, Postsdarn, New York in June 1993. 

STDCE-2: The STDCE-2 is scheduled to fly on USML-2 in September 1995. The MHRR was held in Decemher 

1992; Sub-system design reviews were held between April and June 1993 and a Critical Design Review was held in 

September 1993. 

Ground-based Work: The oscillatory thermocapillary flow experiment with CO 2 laser heating, used to determine the 

critical heat fluxes at the transition from steady to oscillatory flow, ha'i been completed. These data were used to 

confirm the STDCE-2 design parameters and will compared with the space data. This work was reported a<; a Ph.D. 

thesis. Some results from this work were presented at the International Symposium on Microgravity Science and 

Application which was held in Beijing, China in May 1993. An M.S. thesis reported the results of CT tests using 

1.2, 2 and 3 cm diameter cylindrical containers. The main objective was to study the effect of buoyancy on 

oscillatory thermocapillary flow. The experiment to analyze the free surface hehavior has been completed. The 

observed free surface behavior supported earlier conjecture regarding the free surface motion during oscillations. 

And. a surface deformation parameter appropriate for the CF configuration has been derived and has been shown to 

correlate well the above experimental data. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 2 

PhD Students: 2 

MS Degrees: 2 

PhD Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 3/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LcRC 

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11-81 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 111111111111'11.11.,1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'"111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Kamotani, Y., and Platt, J. Effect of free surface shape on combined thermocapillary and natural convection. Journal of 

Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 6, No.2, 1992. 

Kamotani, Y., Lee, J.H., Ostrach, S., and Pline, A. An experimental study of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in 

cylindrical containers. Physics of Fluids A, Vol 4, 1992. 

Kamotani, Y., Ostrach, S., and Lee, K.J. Oscillatory thermocapiIJary flow in cylindrical columns of high Pr fluids. J. 

Fluid Mech, (submitted) 1993. 

Kamotani, Y., Ostrach, S., and Pline, A. A thcrmocapillary convection experiment in microgravity. 1. Heat Transfer, 

(submitted) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Kamotani. Y., and Ostrach, S. Effect of g-jitter on liquid free surfaces in microgravity. Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, 

IUTAM Symposium, Bremen, 1991 (also Springer-Verlag, 1992). 

Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Recent developments in oscillatory thermocapillary flows. Proc. AIAAlIKl, Microgravity 

Science Symposium, AIAA Pub!.. 1991. (publishing data not given). 

Pline, A., Jacobson, T., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach, S. Surface tension driven convection experiment. AIAA Space 

Programs and Technology Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AI, September, 1993, AIAA 93-4312. 1993. 

Presentations: 

Kamotani, Y. Effects of g-jitter on the surface tension driven convection experiment aboard USML-l, International 

Workshop on G-jitter, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY. June, 1993. 

Kamotani, Y. Results from the surface tension driven convection experiment, Gordon Research Conferences, July, 1993. 

Kamotani, Y., Lee, J.H., and Ostrach, S. Oscillatory thermocapillary flow in cylindrical containers with laser heating, 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Surface tension driven convection experiment, Joint "L+I" Science Revicw for lISML-1 and 

USMP-l with the Microgravity Measurement Group, Huntsville, AI, September, 1993. 

Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Oscillatory thermocapillary flow experiment, Joint "L+ I" Science Review for USML-I and 

USMP-l With the Microgravity Measurement Group, Huntsville, AI. September, 1993. 

Ostrach, S., Kamotani, Y., and Pline, A. USML-I surface tension driven convection experiment: Preliminary analysis of 

the data, International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing, China. May, 1993. 

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11-82 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1111 ......................... ,,, .. , ........................................... 111 .......... '" ....... 11 ................ 111 .. 11111 •• 11111111.11 ....... 111 .................................... '1111 ......... 11111111111 .... 111 ........ , .......... 11111 

Modeling and New Experiment Definition for the VIBES 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert L. Sani 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. H. Azuma 

Dr. T. Doi 

Dr. S. Kamei 

Dr. M. Ohnish 

Dr. T. Kida 

Dr. K. Yamamoto 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Colorado 

Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) 

NSDA - Japanese Space Agency 

Mitsubishi Research Institute 

Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) 

Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) 

Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) 

The Vibration Isolation Box Experiment System (VIBES) is an IML-2 flight experiment being designed by the 

Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory. Its primary goal is to evaluate the performance of a vibration isolation 

device in conjunction with typical fluids experiments. The IML-2 flight experiment will contain two experimental 

units: the Convection Diffusion Unit (CDU) and the Thermal-Driven Flow Unit. The purposes of the CDU 

experiment (the one of interest herein) are to observe natural convection and diffusive transport in a micro-g 

environment and to observe the effect of g-jitter with and without the vibration isolation due to the vibration 

isolation box. The objective of this project is to provide numerical modeling for the COU experiment for aiding in 

design refinements and evaluation of terrestrial benchmark experiments as well as post-flight evaluation of the 

experimental data. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The numerical modeling will utilize a Galerkin finite element algorithm for the linear momentum, energy and 

species balance equations using the Boussinesq approximation. This project will make comparisons of two codes 

(pI's research code and a commercial code, FIDAP) in a transient, 3-D calculation to determine their efficiency and 

accuracy. Timing comparisons will also be made between FIDAP and the research code. The numerical 

experiments will include example cases with and without the test cell being subjected to g variation; both single 

and multiple frequency variations will be considered. The numerical experiment will also consist of simulating the 

g-environment (to be provided by the Japanese research team) both inside and outside the isolation box. 

Comparison of these results should allow a quantitative assessment of the isolation capability of the apparatus. 

SIGNIFlCANCE: 

The microgravity environment available for space experiments is not quiescent but is subjected to significant 

background vibrations generated by aerodynamic and machinery vibrations, crew motion, etc. Such g-jitter can be 

relatively random in orientation and can attain significant magnitudes. There is a growing list of observations and 

data analyses that demonstrate the existence of significant g-jitter episodes and their potential for having very 

deleterious effects on many proposed flight experiments. A potential solution to this problem in the micro-g 

environment is the use of vibration isolation for the experiments which require it. The assessment of such an 

apparatus is one of the main thrusts of the research proposed in this project. 

11 ................................................................ 11 ........................... 11 .................... 11.111 ....... 11.11 ....... 11 .......... 11 .... 11 ......... ' ..... 11.1 •••• , .............. , ........ 11 .............. 11 ...... 1I.II.tI.1I 

11-83 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................... 1111 ..... 11111 ............... 11111 .. 1111111' ••• 1111111'11111.11,111111111111111111111111111111111111111"1 .. 11,1'.111111111111,,,'"111111'11'"'" .. 1.11111"1 .. 1111.11111111111.11111111"111111II'IIIItltlll'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII' 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During this reporting period, the following have been accomplished: 

1. A semi-consistent mass finite element projection algorithm for 2D and 3D Boussinesq flows has been 

implemented on Sun, HP and Cray platforms. The algorithm has better phase speed accuracy than similar finite 

difference or lumped mass finite element algorithms, an attribute which is essential for addressing realistic g-jitter 

effects as well as convectively-dominated transient systems. 

2. The projection algorithm has been benchmarked against solutions generated via the commercial code FIDAP. 

The algoritlun appears to be accurate as well as computationally efficient. 

3. Optimization and potential parallelization studies are underway. PI's implementation to date has focused on 

execution of the base algorithm with a concern for vectorization. 

4. The initial time-varying gravity Boussinesq flow simulation is being set-up. The mesh is being designed and the 

input file is being generated. Some preliminary small mesh cases will be attempted on the PI's HP90001735 while 

the request from the PI to MSAD for supercomputing resources is being addressed. 

5. The Japanese research team for VIBES was visited by the PI. The current set-up and status of the physical 

experiment obtained and an ongoing E-mail communication link was established. 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-14 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-84 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .... " .. ' ... 1."11 ....... 111111111 .. 1111 .... 11.11.11.11111.1111 ...... 111111111111111 ...... 111111111111 .... 11111111 ... 111111111111111111111.1t.1I,11"11'11.1I.1I11I11I11I.1I111I.1I1.1I1111111I1111111111111I1111111111111111111111111.111111.111111 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Dudley A. Saville Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Experiments are proposed to strengthen the experimental foundation of electrohydrodynamics theory through 

extension studies of the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders in strong electric fields. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The proposed study consists of experimental and (a limited amount of) theoretical work necessary to prepare a 

science requirements document (SRD) for microgravity experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Strong static or quasi-static electric fields can be used to manipulate fluids and fluid interfaces in unique ways since 

they provide a means to apply stress at places where there are gradations in electrical properties. 

Electrohydrodynamics is the body of knowledge dealing with the behavior of fluids in electric fields. The leaky 

dielectric model, used currently to explain electrohydrodynamic phenomena, is largely untested. This work provides 

a stringent test of the leaky dielectric theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

At present we are studying the behavior of almost neutrally bouyant fluid bridges to aid the design of a "breadboard" 

experiment for a KC-135 platform. The stability of castor-oil (doped with eugenol) in silicon oil or vice versa has 

been examined in axial fields of different strengths. We found that bridges with aspect ratios (length/circumference) 

larger than 1t (the plateau limit for neutrally bouyant bridges in the absence of a field) can be stabilized with a 

suitably large field. However, the size of the steady field is smaller than that required when the field is oscillatory. 

We interpret this as evidence that the fluids behave as leaky dielectrics and that conduction processes are important 

in establishing the dynamics of the column. Moreover, we found that the critical field is extremely sensitive to the 

mismatch in the density, illustrating the desirability of a microgravity environment. Present efforts are focused on 

finding ionic compounds that can be used to control the conductivity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 EXPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-03 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-969 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Saville, D.A. Electrohydrodynamic deformation of a particulate stream by a transverse electric field. Phys. Rev. Letters, 

vol. 71, 2907-2911, 1993. 

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11-85 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................. II ................ H ................................... II ........ '".11.11 .. 11.11.111111,,,," .. 111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 11.11.111111111111.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11'"'"1111111111111111111111111'1111,,",1111111""1"11111111111 

Presentations: 

Saville, D.A., and Sankaran, S. The stability of a fluid cylinder in an axial electric field, AlChE Annual Meeting, Miami, 

FL, November, 1992 . 

................................... 11 ................................................... 1 ................... 11111 .. 11111 .............. 1 ......................... 1 ....................... 1 .... 11 ....... 1111111 ....... 1111111111 .......... " ......... . 

11-86 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111I1 .. 11I11I1 ............. III .............. IIII ................... , ...... u .......................... 11111111111111111 •• 111111111111111111111.1111 ..... 11 ......... 11 ........... ' ..... 11 .... 111111111111.111111111111 .... 1111 .. 111'111111"111111111 

Mechanics of Granular Materials 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Stein Sture University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

N. Costes NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to examine the use of microgravity to gain a quantitative understanding of the 

mechanical behavior of cohesionless granular materials under very low confining pressures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Ground-based displacement-controlled triaxial experiments are conducted on a cohensionless granular material at the 

lowest effective confining pressures possible, that do not result in material instability, to assess constitutive 

properties, stability phenomena, and control parameters that will be applied to in-space experiments on 75 mm 

(diameter) and 150 mm (length) right cylindrical specimens. The ground-based tests on similar-sized specimens are 

conducted in the range 3.5-69 kPa, while the microgravity tests will be conducted at effective confinement levels in 

the range 0.05-1.30 kPa. 

The displacement-controlled mode of loading confined specimens was chosen mainly to maintain overall 

specimen-apparatus stability while strain-softening resulting from continuous or discontinuous bifurcation and 

discontinuous deformation fields are allowed to take place. Optical and other noncontacting displacement-sensing 

techniques are used to measure specimen response during experimentation. Prescribed displacements are transmitted 

in terms of loading, unloading, and reloading historics, while volume change is measured in "drained" tests, and 

pore fluid pressure is measured in "undrained" isochoric tests. Confinement pressure is transmitted to the granular 

material assembly through a thin flexible latex membrane surrounding the specimen. A subangular and uniform 

Ottawa quartz sand constitutes the specimen. 

Specimens tested both in space and on ground will be subjected to nondestructive and destructive (thin-slicing) 

testing to assess degrees of material uniformity and isotropy before and after experimentation. It appears that 

instability phenomenon associated with specimens of certain configurations result in curved internal surfaces of 

localized deformation and high rates of dilatancy, whose structure depends on bifurcation mode. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Specifically, the purpose is to study the influence of particle interlocking and other fabric properties on the strength 

criterion near the effective stress space origin, i.e., can it be represented by a straight-line envelope passing through 

the origin or does it have a curved shape with shear (cohesion or interlocking) or tensile strength intercepts. The 

experiment will determine whether conhesionless granular materials under very low effective confining 

pressures/effective stresses tend to dilate or contract regardless of their initial state of compaction, and whether their 

mechanical behavior under relatively large displacement or quasi-static cyclic loading is according to conventional 

constitutive theory. In addition, bifurcation and material instability phenomena resulting in formation of shear 

bands, before and after peak strengths have been reached, will be studied. Based on terrestrial experiments and 

theory, it has been found that critical hardening, strain-softening behavior, and shear band orientation are dependent 

on confining stress . 

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11-87 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ...................................... 1111 ........ 1111"."11 ................................ 111111111.11111111111.1111111 .................................. ' .. 1111 ...... 11 .................... 1111 ................... 111 ........ " ........ 11""111 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The Science Requirements Document (completed in 1991), experiment design, management issues, and schedules 

were discussed in several meetings held during the year between HQ, Sandia National Laboratories (which is 

fabricating the MGM apparatus), and University of Colorado personnel. The specimen and test configurations have 

been changed to accomodate physical requirements, and additional sets of experiments have been conducted to verify 

feasibility and to verify that the science is not compromised. Ground-based experiments are about to begin on the 

latest specimen configuration. Techniques for specimens preparation, handling, and dissection have been refined. 

Analysis and modeling procedures, especially in the area of evaluating material instability, have also been refined. 

Techniques for optically measuring displacements on the specimen's surface are also undergoing improvement. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 09/97 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-05 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-387 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Prediction of plastic localization using the MRS-Lade model. J. Geotech. Eng., vol. 

119, no. 4, 639-661, 1993. 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Evaluation of plastic bifurcation for plane strain vs. axisymmetry. J. Eng. Mech., 

vol. 118, no. 3, 512-524, 1992. 

Sture, S., Perkins, S.W., Ko, H.Y., and Dialer, C. Modellierung von Tragwerken aus Regolith (Mondgestein) miltels 

Zentrifugenversuch. Journal Bautechnik, vol. 69, no. II, 644-650, 1992. 

Proceedi n gS: 

Al Gasimi, M.E., and Sture, S. Formulation of endochronic-plasticity equations for isochoric conditions. In Proceedings 

of Joint SES/ASME/ASCE Mechanics Conference, University of Virginia, June, 1993. 

Peric, D., Sture, S., and Runesson, K. Plastic bifurcation under undrained conditions. In Proceedings of Joint 

SES/ASME/ASCE Mechanics Conference, University of Virginia, June, 1993 . 

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11-88 

Q-:2 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............ 111 ................. 111111 .. 111 ...... 11111 •• 1111 ...... 1111 ...... 1111 ............... 111111111111111 .. 11.111111111111111111111111111 ... 111 ..... 1111'"111111.11.1111111111'11 ... 111111.111111111111.11111111111111.1.11 •• II •••• lt ••• II."1 

Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops 

PRINCIPAlINVESTIGA TOR: Prof. R. Shankar Subramanian Clarkson University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. R. Balasubramaniam NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of the research are to experimentally measure the thermocapillary migration velocities and the shapes 

of single and interacting gas bubbles, and liquid drops in a continuous phase under the action of an applied 

temperature gradient. Comparisons between the observed velocities and shapes with those that are predicted from 

theory will be made. 

DESCRIfYfION: 

The general approach has been to conduct ground-based normal-gravity testing and to develop theoretical models of 

the thermocapillary migration phenomena. The instrumentation and diagnostics are centered on the physics of 

interest, namely, flow fields, temperature fields, and bubble/droplet shapes. The theories and numerical models 

developed and verified with the I-g data will be used to design and predict the results of the flight experiment. 

SIGN1FICANCE: 

These results are not only expected to advance our knowledge in the area of surface tension driven moLion, but are, 

in addition, relevant to several applications with respect to space processing of materials. Some examples of the 

latter include solidification, glass processing, and composite preparation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The FY93 activities concentrated on flight experiment preparation. The Principal Investigator and the Project 

Scientist conducted numerous discussions and prepared various documents for ESA regarding the flight design of the 

cell. Issues discussed include: materials for the cells; the actual design of the cell and supporting equipment; 

concerns regarding the filling and cleaning of the reservoirs, lines, and cells; injection and extraction of bubbles and 

drops; low-gravity testing of the performance of the injectors and plans for ground-based tests using the engineering 

model. Also discussed in substantial depth was the application software for performing the flight experiments and 

the man-machine interface. The Functional Objectives (FO's) documents were revised several times, and the 

question of the impact of disturbances from vernier thruster firings on the experiments was addressed briefly. 

A videotape was prepared describing the flight experiments. This was done for the benefit of the crew and copies 

can be made available to those interested. In addition, the Principal Investigator and Project Scientist personally 

briefed the crew regarding the conduct of the experiments and crew involvement. This was done in various meetings 

in Houston, Torino (Italy), Cleveland, and Friedrichschafen (Germany). 

Calculations were made regarding the effects of background convection in the cell during the flight experiment. For 

this purpose, idealized two-dimensional models are being used. These calculations will continue in FY94. 

Ground-based research is continuing. Work was performed on identifying a suitable liquid-liquid pair for flight 

experiments and on the interaction of pairs of bubbles in a temperature gradient. 

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II-S9 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................................... " ........................................ " ..... 11 ..... 11111111.11 .. 1111111 ... 11111 .. 11 .. 1111 ............ 111 .................................................... 1 ........... 11.111 ......................... 11111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 4 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1190 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRe 

Merritt. R.M .• Morton. D.S .• and Subramanian. R.S. Flow structures in bubble migration under the combined action of 

buoyancy and thermocapillarity. J. Colloid Interface Sci.. 155. 200-209. 1993. 

Nallani. M .• and Subramanian. R.S. Migration of methanol drops in a vertical temperature gradient in a silicone oil. J. 

Colloid Interface Sci.. 157.24-31. 1993. 

Wei. H .• and Subramanian. R.S. Thermocapillary migration of a small chain of bubbles. Physics of Fluids A. March 1993. 

Presentations: 

Balasubramaniam, R .• and Subramanian, R.S. Thermocapillary bubble migration: The asymptotic problem for large 

Marangoni numbers. AlChE 86th Annual Meeting, St. Louis. Missouri. November. 1993. 

Rampall. I .• and Subramanian, R.S. Flow driven by oscillatory gravitational fields in a vertical channel - side walls 

effects, First International Conference on g-jitter, Potsdam. New York, June 1993. 

Vedha-Nayagam, M., and Balasubramaniam, R. An exact solution for combined thermocapillary. rotation and buoyancy 

induced flow in a semi-infinite liquid layer. 29th National Heat Transfer Conference. Atlanta. Georgia, August 1993. 

Wei. H., and Subramanian, R.S. The migration of a pair of bubbles due to the combined action of gravity and 

thermocapillarity, Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes. Henniker. New 

Hampshire, July 1993 (poster) . 

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11-90 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ...... 1111 ................................... 11 ......................................................... 11 .... 111111111 ...................................................................................... 1 ......... ,., .................. 11 .... 11 

Drop Dynamics Investigation 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Taylor G. Wang 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

c.P. Lee 

A.V. Anilkumar 

E.H. Trinh 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Vanderbilt University 

Vanderbilt University 

Vanderbilt University 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

The objective of this program is to understand the behavior of free drops, primarily by studying them in a 

micro gravity environment. The Drop Physics Module (DPM) operated in the Space Shuttle provides an 

opportunity to address outstanding fluid-dynamics issues of rotating and oscillating simple and compound drops. 

To maximize the return from this short on-orbit opportunity, ground-based experiments will be perfonned to verify 

concepts and experimental techniques, and modeling will be done to select the parameters for the DPM experiments. 

This investigation will use a triple-axis acoustic positioning chamber to study the static behavior and dynamics of 

simple and compound drops as well as of liquid shells. Equilibrium shapes and the stability of rotating and 

nonrotating drops, their associated internal flow patterns, and the centering force associated with shape oscillatory 

dynamics of rotating compound drops-will be the principal scientific areas of interest. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A variety of experiments will be perfonned in space. The most important of these is the study of oscillating 

drops-to verify the established models for small-amplitude behavior and to provide observations at large 

amplitudes to motivate improvements in the theory. Experiments to verify the location of the bifurcation point 

between the axisymmetric and two-lobed shape families for rotating drops will be perfonned and the dynamics of 

fission explored. The oscillation-mode spectrum of rotating drops will be measured for a variety of drop parameters. 

Compound drops and liquid shells will be fonned to study their oscillation modes and their effectiveness between 

the acoustic field and the fluid will be studied: the drops' static shape, the stability of distorted shapes, and the 

generation of any flows in the liquid. 

On USML-2, there are three objectives: 

1. Internal flow study 

Existing calculations have assumed the internal flow in a drop undergoing large-amplitude oscillations or 

defonnation is basically laminar or at best weakly nonlinear. However, our preliminary data suggests otherwise. 

Therefore, on this flight, the internal flow of an oscillating drop will be systematically measured with emphasis on 

its effect on resonant frequency shift and mode coupling. 

2. Dynamics of fission 

USML-I data has shown that the fission process is very sensitive to changes in acoustic pressure and drop 

viscosity. On this flight, the dynamics of the elongated drop, while still an eqUilibrium shape, will be studied as a 

function of surface tension, centrifugal force, acoustic defonnation, and viscosity. A special interest is the internal 

flow in the fissioning drop. Assuming that the internal pressure of the liquid depends on position along the axis, a 

numerical model will be developed to compliment the experiment. 

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11-91 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .............. 111111 ............. 1111111 ............................. 11 ..... 111111111111111111 ..... 11111111 ..... 11 ...... 11.1111 ..... 11 ........ 11111111 ...................................... '11111 ... 1 .... 111' .......... 1111111 .. 11111111111111111" 

3. Compound drop 

As a compound drop undergoes capillary oscillations, the theory predicts core-centering will take place. In the 

USML-1 data, we have observed centering in most of cases but off-centering in some. A detailed study of the 

centering mechanism will be performed as a function of the core-shell volume ratio, viscosity, oscillation amplitude 

and interfacial tension. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

In preparation for the flight of USML-l, ground-based studies of drop stability when the fluid is distorted by intense 

sound pressure were performed; a complimentary theoretical study on bubble shapes was undertaken. Observations 

on the effects of the relative size of two coalescing drops on their subsequent mixing were made and reported. 

The flight of USML-1 provided several interesting results. Several high-quality runs to study the shape of drops in 

solid-body rotation were performed. The data for drops with minimum acoustic distortion agree with theory; drops 

flattened by the acoustic field deviate in the same way as the Spacelab-3 data. The outstanding discrepancy between 

theory and experiment appears to have been resolved; these results are being submitted for publication. An 

unexpected torque caused the drops to rotate throughout the mission; this complicates the analysis of the 

oscillating-drop experiments. However, by extrapolating data obtained for small rotation rates back to zero rotation, 

the forced response of the drops to oscillating acoustic pressure can be compared to existing theory. The ability of 

forced oscillations to center the inner fluid in a compound drop was demonstrated with both shells and two-liquid 

compound drops. 

The anomalous torque is being investigated on the ground; it highlights the complexity of the acoustic-drop 

interactions inside the DPM. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 6 Total Degrees: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 8/92 EXPIRATION: 7/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-92 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Fluid Physics '1." ... 11111111111111111.11.11.1111111 .. 1.1111111111111111111111.111111111111111.11111.11 .. 111111111111,"111,1111.11111111111111111IIIIIIIIIItl'ttlll"IIIIIIIII'IIIIII'I'III'I"I'III'"11111111,.111111111111.11"111111111111111111111111111III 

Colloid Physics in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David A. Weitz EXXON Research and Engineering Co. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. P.N. Pusey The University of Edinburgh 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This experiment entails the study of the physics of colloidal particles in microgravity. It consists of two distinct 

parts. The first deals with ordered structures while the second deals with highly disordered structures. The study of 

ordered structures entails the growth of colloidal superlattices fonned with mixtures of different-sized particles. The 

goal is to develop useful periodic structures using colloidal particles as precursors, through "colloid engineering." 

The study of the highly disordered structures entails the formation of fractal colloidal aggregates of much greater 

extent than has ever been done, and the formation of very weak structures that would collapse under their own 

weight in normal gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The work within this effort will be ground-based research to study the formation of novel materials from colloidal 

dispersions, and to study the physical properties of such materials. As part of the effort space experiments, to be 

carried out in a space shuttle middeck carrier, will be defined. These experiments will utilize the laser light 

scattering apparatus currently being developed at NASA LeRC. 

The focuses of the ground-based experiments will be the study of colloidal superlattices fonned from mixtures of 

different-sized colloidal particles, the in-depth study of the formation of fractal colloidal aggregates, and the study of 

granular particles fluidized in a gas. While considerable knowledge exists about the formation or growth of fractal 

colloidal aggregates, much less is known about the unique properties of these objects and the consequences of their 

scale invariance. A major reason for this is the relatively small scale over which the aggregates exhibit scale 

invariant behavior. By growing structures that are scale invariant over a much greater range of length scales, the 

properties of these object" can be studied much more directly. This will provide the first detailed information about 

the consequences of scale invariant structure on the properties of these materials. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Very little is currently known about the structures of binary colloidal crystals, and these experiments will initially 

be directed at determining the phase diagrams of the superlaUices for mixtures of different sizes of particles. In 

addition, virtually nothing is currently known about the kinetics of the formation of these superlallices, and about 

their dynamics once they are formed. This will also be studied by these experiments. This will represent the first 

in-depth study of the growth and properties of colloidal superlauices. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The necessary contractual arrangements are still being processed to fund this proposed research which was accepted 

under the 1991 NRA on Microgravity Fluids. 

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11-93 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - flight Research Discipline: fluid Physics 11 ..................................................................... 11 ..... 1 .................. '1111111 ..... 11111111 ...................................................................................... 1 ..... 11111111 ............... 1111111111. 

TASK INITIATION: 3/94 EXPIRATION: 3/97 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-13 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-94 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science '11.11.11.11'111111111111111.1"1",,1'1.11.111111111111111111111111111111111111'1 ....... 1,.1"1 •• 1'11'11111,'111111111111111111111111111111111'11.11111'11""11.111.'.11111111111.11.11.1111111,.111111111,,,.1111111111111111111111.1111111111111 

In Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. GJ. (Reza) Abbaschian 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A.B. Gokhale 

S.R. Coriell 

J.J. Favier 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Florida 

University of Florida 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

CENG (France) 

The objective is to detennine the morphology stability of SIL interface and resulting macro and micro segregation 

patterns, and to delennine the attachment kinetics at the freezing interface deduced via measurements of the 

growth-rate/interface-supercooling relationship. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Investigate the solidification behavior and stability of solid/liquid interface during the growth of pure Bi (a facet 

fonning material), and Bi alloyed with small amounts of Sn, in log and Ilg. The experiments arc defined such as to 

subsequently make use of the second flight of MEPHISTO on USMP-2 0/94). 

The experiments make use of the Seebeck technique to measure the interface temperature in-situ and non-invasively 

during crystal growth in both the ground-based and flight experiments. Both log and Ilg experiments make use of 

the measured resistance change across the sample to detennine interfacial velocity and Peltier pulsing for 

demarcation of the interface shape. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The first flight studied morphological stability in Sn alloyed with Bi (non-facet fonning materia!), conducted by 

French scientists as part of this collaborative study. The results of the second flight experiment will therefore 

complement the results and findings of the first flight. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Test and improve many current solidification theories, particular interplay between prophotogical stability and 

kinetics. Develop an analytical model of prophotogical stability and interface kinetics. 

TASK INITIATION: 1/90 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-95 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111111111111111 .. 111.111.11111 ..... 1111 ......... 111 ........ 1111 .. '1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11 .... 11'.11.11.11 .. 11.11.11.11.111111111111.1111111111111111111111111.1"1.n.II .. I.II.II.1I1111111111I11111I111I 

Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. J. Barry Andrews 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A. Sandlin 

S. Coriell 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Alabama, Birmingham 

University of Alabama, Birmingham 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

It is the objective of this investigation to quantify the applicability of the Jackson and Hunt model for eutectic and 

off-eutectic solidification to coupled growth in monotectic and off-monotectic composition alloys. The study will 

entail minor modifications to Jackson and Hunt's analysis to make it more suitable for monotectic systems, and 

then verification of the model through experimentation. In order to make possible the coupled growth process in 

the hypermonotectic composition range, experimentation must be carried out under low-g conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The proposed project includes the major research tasks of theoretical modeling, selection of sample materials, 

selection of ampoule materials, and development of ampoules for processing, experimentation, and data analysis. In 

addition, this project will cover the development of a final draft of a Science Requirements Document, evaluation 

and recommendation of flight hardware, preparation of a project plan, and preparation and presentation of a MSAD 

Requirements Definition Review (RDR). As an option, design and fabrication of a flight type sample ampoule 

assembly for preliminary ground tests in the Ground Control Experiment Laboratory (GCEL) hardware is included. 

The proposed study will involve the development of a more detailed model and the verification of the Jackson and 

Hunt model. Verification will require directional solidification of immiscible alloys (aluminum-indium alloys in 

the current investigation) under low-g conditions in order to avoid convective instability and promote steady-state 

coupled growth. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The significance of this project lies primarily in the scientific gains to be made in truly understanding the coupled 

growth process in immiscible alloys. Many alloys in immiscible systems have great promise for potential 

applications in areas which include superconductors, magnetic materials, catalysts, and electrical contacts. 

However, there are many details of the solidification process that are poorly understood for these alloys. 

The premier work on modeling of eutectic solidification was carried out by Jackson and Hunt in 1966. Jackson and 

Hunt's analysis addressed diffusion-controlled, coupled growth of the two solid phases, a. and ~, from the liquid in 

both eutectic and off-eutectic composition alloys. At least one attempt has been made to modify Jackson and 

Hunt's analysis in order to produce a model for directional solidification in immiscible systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The major task in this project involves experimentation which will investigate coupled growth in 

hypcrmonotectics. One major area associated with this task is the final selection of an ampoule material for the 

flight experiment. There are several candidate materials being considered as well. These materials include graphite 

and pyrolytic boron nitride. It is necessary to investigate both the wetting characteristics of the immiscible alloy 

with these ampoule materials and the chemical compatibility. Wetting characteristics are being determined by 

melting the immiscible alloy to be utilized in this study (aluminum-indium) in small crucibles made of the 

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11-96 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science .............................................. 1111 ............. 1111 ...... 11111111'".11,".11111111111.1111111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 11.1"1 .. 1,,".1 .. 11111111'"'111111111 .. 1111111111 .......... 111111111 .... 111111111.11 ••• '111.11."11111111111111111. 

candidate materials. Processing is carried out so that phase separation between L, and Lz occurs. The contact angle 

between the L,-L2 interface and the crucible wall is then measured to determine the wetting tendencies. The initial 

tests in this area are almost completed. Promising materials will be further investigated using long-term 

compatibility testing. 

Efforts are also currently underway to model the redistribution of constituents at the solidification front during 

processing. This work is being carried out by Dr. Sam Coriell at the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 01/93 EXPIRATION: 01196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-09 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Andrews, J.B., Schmale, A.L., Dwyer, Z.B., Moss, C.B., and Hayes, L.J. Solidification in immiscible systems. Advances 

in Space Research, vol. 13, 229-234, 1993. 

Proceedi n gS: 

Andrews, J.B. Solidification of immiscible alloys. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Systems with a 

Liquid Miscibilty Gap, Bad Honnef, Germany, (in press) 1993. 

Andrews, J.B., Merrick, R.A., and Schmale, A.L. Solidification in immiscible systems: The influence of processing 

conditions on resulting microstructures. In Proceedings of VIIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in 

Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, 475-480, 1992. 

Dwyer, Z.B., and Andrews, J.B. Conditions for steady-state growth in directionally-solidified off-monotectic 

aluminum-indium alloys. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity 

Materials Science Research, San Diego, CA, 71-80, 1992. 

Merrick, R.A., and Andrews, J.B. Direct observation of solidification processes in immiscible systems. In Proceedings of 

the 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Science Research, San Diego, CA, 7-16, 

1992. 

Moss, C.B., and Andrews, J.B. The effect of convection in immiscible systems during directional solidification. In 

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research, 

San Diego, CA, 93-100, 1992. 

Schmale, A.L., and Andrews, J.B. The influence of gravity-level on in situ composite growth in immiscible alloys. In 

Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research, San 

Diego, CA, 141-146, 1992. 

NASA Technical Memorandums: 

Andrews, J.B., Sandlin, A.C., and Curreri, P.A. Influence of gravity level and interfacial energies on dispersion forming 

tendencies in hyperrnonotectic CuPbAI alloys. NASA Technical Memorandum 4456. 1993. 

Andrews, J.B., Sandlin, A.C., and Curreri, P.A. Directional solidification of CuPbAI hypermonotectic alloys under 

alternating gravity levels. NASA Technical Memorandum 4456. 1993 . 

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11-97 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11, ...... ' .. , .. ,." ................ 11.111111111.11111.11 .... 11 .. 1111111 .. 11111 ..... 1111 ..................... 111111., ••• , ............ 1111 .................. 1 ..... '111., ... 1111111111111 .... 11.11.11 .... ,1.1 •• """" •• ,.1111 ••• 111.'1111"1"".1,.1 

Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W. Hofmeister 

M. Robinson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Vanderbilt University 

Vanderbilt University 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

The primary scientific objective is to further the understanding of nucleation of solids from their melts. Within the 

envelope is a concern for the role of melt agitation on nucleation. The practical objective is to determine, in 

qualitative terms, the necessity for containerless processing in low Earth orbit, with regard to nucleation studies. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Comparisons of the data from the ground-based techniques give evidence as to the nature of the nucleation of the 

solid from the liquid. Different processing methods have different environments and other factors that may affect the 

amount of undercooting in bulk samples. Since nucleation is a statistical process, approximately one hundred 

undercooting measurements are recorded for each type of sample. This number of measurements allows for 

statistical assumptions to be made, thereby easing the interpretation of results. In addition, considerable effort on 

contactless temperature measurement techniques is being made. Increasing the precision of temperature 

measurement is an important part of the experiments because of its dramatic effect on the results. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

All possible ground-based methods are being investigated for applicability to containerless processing of bulk 

samples of pure metals. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Nucleation frequency experiments on zirconium were conducted using the Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube 

Facility and the electromagnetic levitation apparatus at Vanderbilt University. Temperature measurement at both 

locations was done by optical pyrometry. Experiments were done on 99.5% pure stock and 99.95% pure stock. 

Over the entire sample set, maximum undercootings ranged from 13% to 15% of the equilibrium freezing 

temperature, but higher-purity samples tended to produce higher undercoolings. Also, a fundamental difference in 

the distribution of undercoolings was seen in the different environments. A low undercooting tail was present in the 

levitator undercooling distribution, whereas a similar tail was not observed in the drop tube. In both cases, 

calculations based on the Skripov approach to the analysis of nucleation experiments yielded values in the 

heterogeneous regime for the exponential and pre-exponential factors in the nucleation rate equation. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: PhD Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 04/90 EXPIRATION: 06/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-06 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-978 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-98 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1'" .. 1 .. 1.11111111.1111111111111111111.1.11.11111111.11111.11.11111111.11".111 .. 11'1111111111111111,1 .. 11.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11.11 .. 1"1.11"1.111111111111111111111,,1,1111111111 ........ 111111 ....... 111 .............. .. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Anderson, C.D., Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R.J. Liquidus temperatures in the Ti-Al system. Met. Trans. A, vol. 

24A, 61-66, 1993. 

Anderson, C.D., Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R.1. Solidification kinetics and metastable phase fonnation in binary 

Ti-Al. Met. Trans. A, vol. 23A, 2699-2713, 1992. 

Bassler, B.T., Hofmeister, W.H., Carro, G., and Bayuzick, R.J. The velocity of solidification of highly undercooled 

nickel. Met. Trans., (in press) 1993. 

Krishnan, S., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Optical properties and spectral emissivities at 632.8 nm in the titanium-aluminum 

system. Met. Trans. A, vol. 24A, 67-72, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.1., et al. Formation of tetragonal YB~CU,076 from an undercooled melt. J. Mater. Res., (in 

press) 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.1., et al. Containerless processing of YBa2Cu,OH oxide superconductors. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 111, 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Qui, N., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.J. Method for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly-solidified metal flakes. Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, vol. 1, 75, 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.J. A novel technique for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly-quenched alloys. Containerless Processing: Techniques and Applications, 41, 1993. 

Qiu, N., Hofmeister, W.H., and Wittig, J.E. Undercool rapid-quench processing of hard magnetic materials. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 45, 1993. 

Robinson, M.B., Bayuzick, R.J., and Hofmeister, W.H. Solidification velocity in an undercooled falling drop. Acta Met., 

(in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.J., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena, Gordon Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, July, 1993. 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.J., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena, NATO Advanced Workshop on Undercooling, Il'Ciocco, Italy, June, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.1., et al. Fonnation of tetragonal YBaZCu,OH from an undercooled melt, Gordon Conference on 

Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, July, 1993. 

11111.11.11.111111111111111111111.11.11111111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

11-99 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111I11I1111.,I.,II ... ,I.,II.II.,lllllllfI.fI.IIIIIIII.II'"111111,.""'111111111 ... ' ......... '.111111111, •• ,.,""'111111111,.1"1111111111111111111 .... 11.1111.11.11.111111111111111111111111.,1.1'.,11.,1".1,11111,",.,11111111111111111111111 

Alloy Undercooling Experiments in Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Merton C. Flemings Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Y.Wu Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJEcnVE: 

The objectives of this task are to perform solidification experiments on undercooling binary alloys, to compare 

results of ground-based and microgravity experiments, and to examine effects of microgravity on solidification 

behavior and microstructure characteristics. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Through experiments applying direct, high speed, high resolution pyrometric and cinematographic measurements 

during melting, undercooling and recalescence of nickel-tin binary alloys of different compositions, both on the 

ground and in microgravity, collect thermal history, nucleation and growth history, and resulting solidification 

microstructures. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

With experiments carried out in microgravity, it is expected to have improved specimen shape and stability and 

reduced convection during cooling, resulting in the possibility of higher undercooling, less microstructure 

alteration, reduced coarsening, and improved specimen observation in order to gain a complete understanding of the 

solidification kinetics of undercooled melts, including: primary dendrite tip velocities; rapid thickening of primary 

and secondary arms during recalescence; ripening, remelting, and solute redistribution; dendrite fragmentation and 

grain refinement; primary phase solidification and ripening; and eutectic solidification with concurrent primary 

phase ripening. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Specimens were prepared for and delivered to DLR and Intersonic for calibration and property measurements. 

Specimens were prepared and delivered for flight experiment and backups. Some of the thermophysical properties of 

alloys were determined using differential thermal analysis, including onset temperatures and heats of phase 

transformations during heating from room temperature to liquid temperatures. The high-vacuum facility was 

installed for further ground-based work on Ni-base alloys to follow (work is in progress). Progress has been made 

in ternary Fe-Ni-Cr alloys to test the feasibility and effectiveness of additional alloys for inclusion in follow-on 

microgravity experiments. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 04/90 EXPIRATION: 06/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-03 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-971 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-100 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ............. 111.'11 ...... , .... ".,11111111111111111111111111.".,1111111111111111111111111111111"111111111'11 .. 1 ..... 11'11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.,11111.11.11'".11.11.11,".11111111111,,,1'11"11,.11,,,",11111111.11111111.11.,1111.11.1,,11 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

Zhao, Q., Brody, H.D., Piccone, TJ., and Flemings, M.C. The columnar-equiaxed grain size transition in 

levitation-melted Ni-25WT% Sn alloy. In Proceedings of the TMS Conference, Containerless Processing: Techniques and 

Applications, Denver, CO, Feb., 1993. 

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11-101 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ..... 11111 .... " ......................................... 1 .... 11111.11.11111 .. '11 ......................... ,111, .................................... '111 .............................. 111111111111111.11 .. ' .... 11.11.11.11 ..... ,111111111.11.,1111111 

Compound Semiconductor Growth in Low-g Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Archibald L. Fripp 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R.K. Crouch 

W.J. Debnam 

1.0. Clark 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

NASA Headquarters, Code UG (MSAD) 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

The objective of the Langley flight program is to detennine the effects of gravity-driven convection on the growth 

conditions and crystal properties of the compound semiconductor alloy, lead tin telluride which is a substitutional 

alloy that is miscible over the entire compositional range. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The electronic properties of this material are dependent on the ratio of the two components and consequently, the 

unifonnity of an array of devices is dependent on good compositional control. Lead tin telluride is amenable to 

study for it is easily compounded; it has a relatively low vapor pressure; and there is existing, though limited, 

literature on its growth and properties. The material was chosen for microgravity research for a number of reasons. 

Lead tin telluride is not only a useful semiconductor material which has been used for construction of infrared 

detectors and tunable diode lasers. It also has a similar phase diagram to other compound semiconductors of interest 

such as mercury cadmium telluride and mercury zinc telluride. 

Two flights are planned in the Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF). The primary 

objective of both flights is to study the effect of gravity reduction, hence convection reduction, on the growth of 

lead tin telluride. In one experiment the growth rate of the crystal will be changed in steps to test the effect of 

varying the relative speed of the interface movement and the fluid velocity. In the other experiment, the Space 

Shuttle will be rotated to vary the relative orientation of the gravity vector and the crystal growth axis. Both sets of 

experiments are expected to affect the compositional homogeneity of the crystal. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Lead tin telluride is interesting from a purely scientific point of view in that it is both solutially and thennally 

unstable. Both the temperature gradients and the compositional changes in the liquid near the melt/solid interface 

produce density gradients that., in tum, produce driving forces for convection when coupled with gravity. 

Earth-based growth of lead tin telluride has only produced inhomogeneous crystals that are a result of strong 

convective forces in the liquid during growth. The temperature gradients are required for growth and the solutal 

changes at the interface are a fundamental property of the material system. However, for convection to occur these 

gradients must be coupled to a gravitational field. Growth in low Earth orbit offers a unique and fascinating 

opportunity to study the effect of convection on this class of materials. The resultant gravitational force is not zero 

in low Earth orbit hence convection is not completely eliminated, but the fluid velocity due to convection will be 

greaUy reduced. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

This year's effort concentrated on finalizing the AADSF furnace configuration and calibration. Lead tin telluride has 

been grown in the flight configuration. The newly designed calibration cartridge has been used for extensive 

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11-102 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111111111111.1 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111.1111"1,,1111 .. 1.,1., ... 11,111.111111111111111111111111111111.11111.111111''1111 .. 1111,11.1'1111111111111111111111111111111'1111".111'11111'11'11111111111111'111111'11111'1""1'111111'I'll 

characterization of the AADSF furnace. Doped gennanium samples, with interface demarcation, have been grown in 

the prototype AADSF for comparison to the calibration data. Numerical modeling of the furnace and samples is 

presently underway for subsequent extrapolation to modeling of lead tin telluride in the furnace. 

A cartridge with a miniature internal pressure gauge was designed and tested in furnaces both at Langley and 

Marshall. These tests not only measured the pressure as a function of set point temperatures (yes, the gas law still 

applies) over the different thennal gradients but also measured the integrity of the cartridge seals and the rigidity of 

the cartridge as a function of temperature and differential pressure. 

We have also continued with compatibility tests between the lead tin telluride and potential cartridge materials. The 

Inconel cartridge does not contain molten lead tin telluride but tests with WC-I03 indicate that this material is 

impervious to the molten charge for at least the length of time of a typical growth run. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 0 BS Degrees: 0 

MS Students: 1 MS Degrees: 1 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 0 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10178 EXPIRATION: 9/88 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-80-07-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

Rosch, W., Debnam, W., Fripp, A, Jesser, W.A., Pendergrass, T.K., and Woodell, G.A. A technique for measuring the 

heat transfer coefficient inside a Bridgman furnace. J. Cryst. Growth. vol. 128, 1187, 1993. 

Rosch, W., Debnam, W., Fripp, A., Simchick, R., and Sorokach, S. Damage of fine diameter platinum sheathed type R 

thennocoup1es at temperatures tetween 950 and 1100°C. Temperature. Its Measurement and Control in Science and 

Industry, vol. 6, 569, Edited by J. F. Schooley, American Institute of Physics, NY, 1992. 

Rosch, W., Debnam, W.J., Fripp, A.L., and Pendergrass, T.K. Heat transfer measurements in the Bridgman configuration. 

J. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 1993. 

Sears, B., Anderson, T.1., Fripp, AL., and Narayanan, R. The detection of solutal convection during electrochemical 

measurement of the oxygen diffusivity in liquid tin. Metallurgical Transactions B, vol. 24B, 91, 1993. 

Sears, B., Anderson, T.1., Fripp, A.L., and Narayanan. R. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system - Part I: Flow 

characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 125, 404, 1992. 

Simchick R.T., Barber, P.G., Berry, R.F., Debnam, W.1., Fripp, A.L.. and Sorokach, S. Gamma ray and X-ray imaging 

studies of the location and shape of the melt-solid interface during Bridgman growth of germanium and lead tin telluride. 

Advances in X-Ray Analysis, vol. 35, 1295, 1992. 

Presentations: 

Hubert, J.A., Fripp, A.L., and Welch, C.S. Comparison of melt-solid interface position by radiography and temperature 

measurement in a vertical Bridgman furnace, 31 st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. 

AIAA 93-0475. 

Knuteson, 0.1., Debnam, W.1., Fripp, AL., and Woodell, G.A. Time dependent convection in a Bridgman system, ACCG, 

Baltimore, MD, August 1-3, 1993 . 

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11-103 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ............. 1'.'1 ............. 111 ................................... 1111 .............. '11.,1111.11 .................... ,11111111 ...... 11111111111111 .... 11'" .... 1.11 .... 11.11 ....... 11.11.11.1111111 ... 1, ••• 111111111111111'1"11'11'11"11'1111111 

Melt Stabilization of PbSnTe in a Magnetic Field 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Archibald L. Fripp 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.J. Debnam 

F.R. Szofran 

A. Chait 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

The objective of this research is to further elucidate the gravity-driven physical phenomena on the growth of the 

alloy compound semiconductor, PbSnTe. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The effect of the gravitational body force on the convective properties of the alloy compound semiconductor, 

PbSnTe, with that body force modified by both reduced gravity and by rnagnetohydrodynamic (rnhd) damping is the 

subject under investigation. PbSnTe is an ideal material for this study in that it was the material of both a past 

flight experiment and a planned 1994 AADSF experiment. Both of these experiments are without magnetic fields. 

Subsequent experiments, both Earth based and in Space, using mhd damping will form a complete set of 

experiments that will further elucidate the gravity dependent physical phenomena on the growth of this class of 

materials. 

The application of a magnetic field to PbSnTe growth will dampen convective flow. The anticipated resulls are that 

even in the MSFC superconductor magnetic furnace the growth will not become diffusion controlled but that the 

combination of magnetic field and low gravity environment will produce diffusion controlled growth. 

Numerical modeling is an integral part of this endeavor. Computer simulation can aid in the design of the space 

experiment by its predictive capacity to optimize conditions for the growth. The key purposes of this portion of 

the study will be to optimize the growth for both the Earth and the space experiments and to obtain an estimate of 

the required magnetic field strength for low gravity growth. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This work, coupled with the past microgravity experiment with the MEA and the existing flight program to grow 

PbSnTe in the AADSF, will form the most comprehensive set of space processing experiments performed to date. 

This work will complete the set. It will compare the effects of convection, as modified by a magnetic field, on the 

growth of this material both on Earth and in the Microgravity environment found in low Earth orbit. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The progress within this first year of the research on the magnetic stabilization of PbSnTe consists primarily of 

preparations for future quantifiable, modelable experiments. 

The ampoule configuration has been design for ground based tests in the five Tesla magnetically stabilized furnace at 

the Marshall Space Flight Center. Ampoules have been fabricated and the starting crystal boules have been cast, 

loaded and one sample directionally solidified in the Marshall furnace. Analysis of this crystal is presently 

underway . 

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11-104 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111''''''''''''''11'1111111111111111111111111111111'"'"111111''1111''11111111111111111111111111111'11111111111111111"111111111'11'11'"'11"'"'1111111'"'"11111111111'''11'''''11'1111111111'111'1111111'''Itlllllllllllll'''I'"IIIIIIIII'111 

One of the key thennophysical parameters that detennine the potential for magnetic stabilization of any material is 

the electrical conductivity of the melt. This value is known for the end materials, PbTe and SnTe, but only 

estimates exist for the ternary compound. Agreements for a joint effort with the Thennophysical Division of the 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have been made to perform these measurements. 

Measurement samples have been cast and delivered to NIST for these measurements. 

Numerical modeling is an essential part of this program. The primary thrust for modeling is within the Materials 

Division at the Lewis Research Center. Modeling, both two and three dimensional, will evaluate both the 

sensitivity of the thermophysical parameters to detennine if better measurements, in addition to electrical resistivity, 

are needed and attempt to detennine the combination of low gravity and magnetic field strength required to attain 

diffusion controlled growth in PbSnTe. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/93 EXPIRATION: 9/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-80-07-05 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

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11-105 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ""I'.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ... IIII'''"'I.n''I.IIII''IIII'111111111"1111111" •• 1 •• 11111111111"11.11.111.111111111111,,,,1,.111111111111'111111.11.11.111.,11111'111111111111111111tllllllll, •• U"II.IIII' •• 'IIIIIIIIII.1111111111111111111IIIIIIII 

Gravitational Role in Liquid-Phase Sintering 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Randall M. Gennan Pennsylvania State University 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The purpose of this research is to establish how gravity influences the macro and microstructural development of 

tungsten heavy alloys during liquid phase sintering (LPS). 

DESCRIPTION: 

The investigation is in the definition phase where science requirements will be established. The investigation may 

then be con finned for the execution phase if it is approved for flight. If flown, the experiment will be conducted in 

the Japanese-developed large Isothennal Furnace (LIF) on the IML-2 mission. 

SIGNIHCANCE: 

Experiments in space will detennine grain growth kinetics without settling and gravity-induced liquid convection. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The P.I. Prof. Gennan, completed a successful Flight Science Readiness Review (FSRR) in June 1992. All of the 

samples sintered in the Large Isothennal Furnace (LIF) engineering model facility at the IIII Mizuho plant in 

Tokyo, Japan, have now been returned to Penn. State. During this reporting interval the analyses of the "I-minute" 

and the "120-minute" samples were finished. 

TASK INITIATION: 1/90 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-05 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-106 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ".'"111111111,,,111111111111,,,,,.1111111111.11'"'"111111111'"1111111111",","'" .. 11.11.1 ••• 11,".11 .. 11.11,11,.1111111111111.11,,11111111111.lIllIllIllIln'II'".IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II'IIIIIIIII.11111'111111""11'11111111111'1""'1' 

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Martin E. Glicksman Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IOOE), developed for two of the United States 

Microgravity Payload (USMP) flights starting with USMP-2, is designed to provide microgravity data on dendritic 

growth for a critical test of theory. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The first IOOE flights, scheduled for the USMP-2 mission in February 1994, will measure dendritic growth events 

in succinonitrile (SeN; CN-(CH2)2-NC), a transparent, body-centered-cubic plastic crystal that freezes with 

characteristics similar to cubic metals, and therefore acts as an analog for metal solidification. Furthermore, SCN's 

thermophysical properties are well characterized; it is transparent to visible light, has a convenient (for 

experimentation purposes) melting temperature, and therefore serves as an excellent test substance for this 

investigation. 

Ground-based measurements have clearly delineated the influences of gravity on the dendritic growth process. 

Specifically, gravity-driven convection (natural or buoyancy-driven convection) starts to affect the growth rate and 

crystal morphology of SCN dendrities when the supercooling is less then about 1.2 K. At large supercoolings ( > 

> 1 K) gravity plays a minor role, because convection provides weak transport relative to thermal diffusion. 

Buoyancy-driven convection arises spontaneously from the interaction of the gravitational body force with the 

microscopic density gradients produced in the fluid phase by the thermal transport field responsible for the flow of 

latent heat from the solid to the supercooled melt. Then buoyancy-driven convection becomes an increasing and 

then an overwhelming kinetic factor as the supercooling decreases. Unfortunately, it is only at small supercoo lings-where gravity effects dominate-that the kinetic conditions are suitable for checking dendritic growth 

theories. 

Thus, the first IOOE flight will perform photographic observations at a variety of supercoolings in the 0.1 K - 1.0 

K range. A novel growth chamber, millikelvin thermostat, and optical system have been developed to accomplish 

this task, for operation in orbital microgravity, under semi-autonomous conditions. In addition, IOOE science and 

engineering teams have developed a photographic analysis system and automated techniques to extract data from the 

IDGE photographs. 

The IDGE growth chamber permits a single sample of SCN (greater than 5-9's purity) to be repeatedly melted, 

supercooled, nucleated, and photographed on orbit. Dendritic growth velocity and tip radii measurements can be 

derived from optical measurements for each of the selected supercoolings. IOOE provides two independent optical 

axes for stereographic correction. Up to 250 35 mm photographs can be taken, which allows up to 37 independent 

dendritic growth sequences at the preselected supercoolings, where 10 photographs (one for each 1.5 mm of growth) 

record each supercooling and each optical axis. 

On-board accelerometry (derived from the SAMS) temperature measurement and control, and data for other relevant 

experimental conditions. including slow-scan video down-link of the dendritic growth events, are all available during 

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11-107 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ........... 111111 .. 1111 ..................................... 1111 ........ 11 ............................... 11111111111 .. 11111 ... 111 .... 11 ............... 11111 ........ 1111 ..... 11 ....... '1111 ..................... ,11111111111111111.111'11111.1.111111 

flight in near real time to the payload operations control center from the IOOE. Up-linking of a restricted set of 

commands for the adjustment of the experimental protocols, including experiment interruption, repeated runs, shift 

of supercooling, etc., are also communication features of the IOOE. 

Future integrated ground-based test using the flight hardware will provide both pre- and post-flight ground-based data 

sets. Any difference between the microgravity and terrestrial data sets, using the same growth chamber, material and 

ancillary apparatus, will demonstrate conclusively the effects of microgravity on dendritic growth and provide a 

critical test of theory. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Dendrite crystallization is common in most industrial casting and welding processes, and it remains a subject of 

interest to both scientists and engineers attempting to understand the factors that control dendritic patterns and 

microstructures and nonlinear dynamic patter formation in general. Current theories of dendritic pattern formation 

are based primarily on diffusive transport, with convection either ignored altogether or added as a separate 

phenomenon. 

In actuality, the simultaneous presence of convection and diffusion during dendritic growth in the presence of 

Earth's acceleration field results in coupled transport that in turn, alters the dendritic "operating state," which is 

often expressed as the speed and size scale of the crystals for a given supercooling or thermal driving force. The 

ability to perform a critical test of dendritic growth theory depends on the availability of a suitable experimental 

system that provides precise, quantitative, thermodynamic driving forces acting on a well-characterized material. 

IOOE is designed to meet these specifications. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In FY 1992 the project has achieved considerable success. The Principal Investigator, his science and engineering 

team, and the NASA LeRC IOOE engineering team have spent considerable efforts on the continued integrated tests 

of the IDGE prototype engineering hardware and the subsequent analysis and data reduction. This work was 

incorporated into the final design and manufacture of the flight hardware and analysis tools. 

The results of this work, both at Rensselaer and LeRC, have contributed to the latest Science Verification Review 

(SVR) results. In these tests, the dendritic velocity data have little scatter, and are consistent with the historical 

(conventional laboratory) data set. 

The radii data exhibit more scatter than do the velocity data. The differences between the IDGE and historical data 

are due, primarily, to the differing chamber sizes supporting different states of natural convection. At present, for 

supercoolings equal to or greater than 0.77 K. we are unable to analyze shadowgraphic photographs for dendritic 

radii and maintain an uncertainty of less than 5%, which is our goal. However, the lack of determinacy in the radii 

data at the larger supercoolings is not an insurmountable problem, because we can use the velocity data to correlate 

the historical, the IDGE ground-based, and the IDGE space-flight data sets. At the lower supercoolings, both the 

radii and velocity data are easily measured, and the differences between space-flight and ground-based data should be 

clearly distinguishable. 

These improved SVR results were achieved in many ways. Extensive numerical modeling showed that the 

differences between the Science Verification Review (SVR) data and the historical data could not be explained by 

gaussian scatter in the photographic edge function. Nor could the gaussian scatter explain the radii in the SVR data 

sets. These tests also indicated how the gaussian scatter in the edge function could contribute to the radii scatter in 

the data. and how to minimize this by analytical methods. Curve-fitting tests yield information on how to compare 

differing data sets . 

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11-108 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111.1111111111111111111'1"1,,1.11111'111.1111111111'11111111111111.11111"1 .. 1 .. 11'"11111111111111111111111111'"111111111111111111111111111111111.111111111.11.'111111111111,,1,1111.1.111111111.1111111111111.1"'1 •••• '111,11111111111111 

Detailed examination of the photographic negative subsequently revealed three sources of scatter: (a) some dendrities 

grow so close to neighboring dendrities that they are no longer isothermal; (b) some dendrities grow so that a 

crystallographic [110] profile is presented to the optic system, rather that a [100] profile, and whereas the [110] 

profile bas a parabolic shape for a much smaller distance from the dendrite tip, the tips can appear to be too small; 

(c) some dendrites bave not achieved steady-state growth by the time they leave the field of view. The problems 

associated with nonisothermal and non-steady-state dendrite tips have hardware fixes that will be described later. For 

the situation of the [110] profiles, they will simply have to be recognized and separated from the rest of the data set. 

We also discovered that the background illumination, attributed to the flasb unit in the engineering unit, provided a 

nonuniform light intensity that was detrimental to the photographic analysis. This too has been fixed through the 

modification of the optic system on the flight unit. 

During FY 1992 we have taken the results for the SVR tests on the engineering hardware, incorporated 

improvements to the flight hardware design, constructed MOD III or flight quality growth chambers, fillcd one 

flight quality chamber with 5-9's pure SCN, completely tested and retested that chamber, and delivered it to LeRC. 

We also filled and partially tested a second flight quality chamber, and are waiting for the delivery of an improved 

and sturdier thermoelectric cooler unit to use in completing the assembly of this second chamber. 

The most critical and obvious hardware design change has been to the stinger. It has been moved highcr into the 

chamber so that a dendrite emerging from the tip has the entire field of view of the photographic frame in which to 

grow. In addition the stinger bas been notched, mucb like the tip of a fountain pen, so as to isolate the dcndritc tips 

better and increase the probability of isothermal growth conditions. Tests at Rensselacr show that this latter changc 

was successful. 

Many less obvious changes bave also been made to the chambers and in the way we handle the manufacturing 

process. The windows bave been polisbed; the thermistors have been aged to reduce their drift. Our laboratories at 

Rensselaer have been changed so as to separate and isolate the laboratory-based growth-chamber work from the data 

analysis operations, thereby reducing the possibility of contaminating the growth chambers. The piece parts to the 

chambers have been, at several intermediate stages, cleaned and bagged in a microelectronic clean room facility at thc 

Center for Industrial Innovation (CII) here at Rensselaer. Finally, all parts of the cleaning, filling, and testing 

procedures were fully documented and followed to insure rigorous reliability and quality assurance. 

At the end of FY 1992 we had fully implemented a computer aided dendrite analysis program (CADAP), version 

1.2, running on a 486-ba<;ed computer. This program evolved from the work at both Rensselaer and LcRC over the 

last several years. CADAP, however, is not stand-alone, but is used best in conjunction with the precision optical 

state (ROI) that we bave used the last few years. The ROI now has a black-and-white camera with variablc gamma 

function and on/off automatic gain control. Furthermore, CADAP is only used for measuring radii. Velocities, 

magnification of the fligbt optic system, dendritic growth angle for the sterographic correction, transmission data for 

the image processing, etc. are measured on the ROI or other instruments, and the results are input to CADAP if 

required. We intend to test and complete the development of CADAP and ancillary apparatus and methods early in 

FY 1993, with the arrival of the first few integrated mission simulations using the flight chamber with the flight 

hardware. 

Finally, we bave continued to make progress for the second and third lOGE flights. We have filled and begun 

testing a pivalic acid (PV A) engineering growth cbamber, and are continuing to seek improvements in the 

day-to-day operation of our laboratories. Our new vacuum distillation system has produced enough SCN for the 

current and future flights, and we are beginning a production run to produce high-purity PV A . 

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11-109 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ...... 111 ............................... '"1 ........... 1111 ........... '111 ............................ 11 •• ' ...... 111111111, •• " •• 1 ... 111111111111111 ......................... '"111 ... 1111111 •• , ..... , ........ ,.11.1111111 ... 11111.11'111' ... 111111. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 5 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/88 EXPIRATION: 12/98 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Glicksman, M.E. Gravity dependent phenomena in fluid and material science. COSPAR Bulletin, no. 127,33-35, 

COSP AR, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Koss, M.B., Hahn, R.C., Rojas, A., Kathikeyan, M., and Wins a, E.A. The isothermal dendritic growth 

experiment: Scientific status of a USMP-2 space flight experiment. Advances in Space Research, 13, No.7, 209-213, 

1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., McFadden, G.B., Murray, B.T., Coriell, S.R., and Selleck, M.E. Effect of a crystal-melt interface on 

Taylor-Vortex flow with buoyancy. Emerging Applications in Free Boundary Problems (J.M. Chadam and H. Rasmussen, 

eds.), Series 280, 105-119, Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics, Longman Scien. & Tech., Harlow, Essex, UK, 1993. 

Proceedi ngs: 

Glicksman, M.E., and Marsh, S.P. The dendrite. Handbook of Crystal Growth (D.J. Hurle, ed.); Elsevier Sci. Pub. B.v., 

Amsterdam, Holland, 1077-1122, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Koss, M., Bushnell, L., LaCombe, J., Smith, R.N., and Winsa, E.A. Effect of buoyancy convection on 

dendritic growth. ASME Heat Transf. Div., Heat Transfer in Microgravity (C.T. Avedisian and V.A. Arapaci, eds.), ASME, 

New York, 7-12, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Wins a, E., Hahn, R., Lograsso, T., Termizi, S., and Selleck, M. Microgravity science and applications 

program. USRA 20th Anniversity Collection (M. Davis and L. Tarleton, eds.), Columbia, MD, 51-61. 1992. 

Presentations: 

Glicksman, M.E. Evolution of dendritic crystal structures, ICI Explosives Group Technical Centre, McMasterville, 

Quebec, Canada, May 7, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E. Isothermal dendritic growth experiment: A fundamental test of theory, Microgravity and Materials 

Symposium, The 3rd IUMRS International Conference on Advanced Materials, USMP-l Briefing, Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 3, 

1993. 

Glicksman, M.E. Ground-based dendritic growth data for the IDGEIUSMP-2 flight experiment, TMS Fall Meeting, 

Symposium on Microgravity Solidification: Theory and Experimental Results, Pittsburgh, PA, October 18, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., and Koss, M.B. How to measure the tip size of a dendritic crystal, Ninth American Conference on 

Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Koss, M., Bushnell, L., LaCombe, J., Smith, R.N., and Winsa, E.A. Effect of buoyancy convection on 

dendritic growth, AS ME Winter Annual Meeting, Symposium on Heat Transfer in Microgravity, New Orleans, LA, Dec. 2, 

1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Koss, M., Hahn, R., and Winsa, E. lOGE - A test of dendritic growth theory using space flight, 31st 

AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NY, Jan. II, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., Sekerka, R.F., Rhome, R.C., Salzman, J., and Ostrach, S. Advantages and disadvantages of 

microgravity processing: Panel discussion, TMS Fall Meeting, Symposium on Microgravity Solidification: Theory and 

Experimental Results, Pittsburgh, PA, October 19, 1993. 

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11-110 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111111111111 ..... 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .... 11111111111111111111,,111.1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I1I .. 1I1I1I11I1I11I1I11I11I11I11I111I11I11I1I1.lIlllIllIllIlltllIllIllI 

Evaluation of Microstructural Development in Undercooled Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Richard N. Grogel Vanderbilt University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.F. Flanagan Vanderbilt University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this study are to be conducted in view of experiment and pertinent theory, and will, upon 

completion, serve to enhance our scientific understanding of solidification processes. These include evaluating the 

microstructural morphology, external and internal to the sample, as functions of undercooling (AT), composition 

(Co), and volume (Vo)' 

DESCRIPTION: 

Nucleation of the undercooled alloy samples will be induced, and the extent of dendritic growth will be evaluated as 

a function of undercooling (Co and V 0 constant), composition (AT and V 0 constant) and volume (T and Co constant). 

Varying the composition will in effect vary the volume fraction of the primary dendrites and, consequently, the 

initial amount of heat released due to recalescence. Varying the sample size will affect the rate of cooling after 

recalescence. Transitions in the microstructure (for example, a change from columnar dendritic to equiaxcd grains) 

are also an important consideration and will be noted as a function of the above parameters. Critical evaluation of 

solute distribution and primary dendrite trunk diameters will provide information with regard to the internal dendrite 

growth velocity and will allow for comparison with those measured on the sample surface. The internal 

solidification history will be further understood through evaluation of the evolution of the structure of interdendritic 

eutectic, and not merely the change in spacing. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Following microstructural evolution from the site of nucleation, this will provide valuable information with regard 

to maintaining the integrity of desired microstructure and the nature of abrupt morphological transitions. Irrefutable 

trends in microstructural development will be evaluated in terms of present theory, which will be amended as 

necessary. Finally, evaluation of the ground-based experiments will ascertain the feasibility of processing 

undercooled bulk melts in microgravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Nucleation was induced in lead-61.9 wt pet Sn (eutectic) alloys which were undercooled from AT=5 to 25K bclow 

the eqUilibrium freezing temperature. Microstructural development was then characterized from the point of 

nucleation with significant variations found. In view of these experimental results and predictions from a model, the 

implications for processing such alloys, particularly in a microgravity environment, are considered. 

A solidification model for undercooled melts which is Newtonian in nature and follows that of Levi and Mehrabian 

has been developed. Assuming the interface to grow radially from the point of nucleation the extra degree of freedom 

introduced by the non-isothermal condition can be accounted for and the equation is solved by iteration using the 

Newton-Raphson technique at each time step, starting with the nucleation temperature and with appropriate 

parameters and material properties from the literature. 

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11-111 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ......... , ... 11' .. '"1 ..................... 111 .... 11111111 ... 1 ... 11111111 ...... 111 ............... 11.1111111111111 .... 1111 ...... '11111 .... ' ........... 1111 ....... 111 ........ 1111 .. 111' .. 1111 .......... 111111111111 ... 11111'11,.11.' ..... 1111111111111 

Results of the model sbow the solid fraction to increase rapidly during the nrst 1-2 seconds after wbich it increases 

at a slower rate. It is also seen that the temperature reaches to just under that of the eutectic (183°C) before the first 

tenth of the solid forms. Subsequently, the calculated velocity of the solidification interface as a function of the 

fraction solid drops off very quickly. 

Experimentally for ATs of 5, 10, 15, and 20K a columnar structure is seen to emanate from the point of nucleation 

in a fan-like manner with the extent of columnar eutectic growth increasing with increased undercooling. Growth of 

the columnar eutectic is interrupted by competing equiaxed grains. In contrast, at AT=25K eutectic growth is not 

apparent as is evidenced by a dendritic structure about the point of nucleation. 

In view of the model and experimental results, it is not obvious that processing of undercooled "bulk" alloys in a 

microgravity environment will be advantageous. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-112 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ............. 111111 ...................... 111 ................ " ..................... 1111111111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11 .. 1111 .. 11.1 .. 1.11.11.11'"1111111111 .. 1 .. 1111111111111111111'1111"1111"1111111111111111 

Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Glasses and Undercooled Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William L. Johnson California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

D. Lee California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives are to study physical properties of undercooled metallic alloy melts that relate to glass formation and 

develop calorimetric methods to investigate the specific heat and thermal conductivity of alloy melts, both in the 

equilibrium and undercooled state. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the experiment, ground-based measurements of the specific heat of glass-forming liquid alloys are made using a 

differential scanning calorimeter and a drop calorimeter. A noncontact AC calorimetry method for high 

melting-point transition metal alloys will be implemented using the TEMPUS facility on the IML-2 mission. 

Samples chosen for study with the TEMPUS hardware and software are Zr7~i24 and Nb4oN~. Dr. Shankar Krishnan 

at Intersonics Corporation in Chicago will examine these samples for spectral emissivity measurements at 633 

mm, and the data will be used to calibrate temperature measurement on TEMPUS> 

In addition, a ground-based blackbody bolometer will measure the total hemispherical emissivity of levitated liquid 

samples that will calibrate the heat flow in the flight experiments. A complete set of software input parameters for 

carrying out the AC, specific heat measurement using the TEMPUS facility will be developed. Liquid Zr-Ni and 

Nb-Ni alloys will undergo specific heat measurements both above and below the thermodynamic melting point of 

the alloys during the IML-2 flight of TEMPUS. This data will be used to calculate the entropy and free-energy 

functions for the eqUilibrium and undercooled liquids, and the Kauzmann isentropic temperature of the undercooled 

liquids will then be determined, comparing it to the observed glass tram,ition temperature of the alloys. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

After data obtained during the flight experiments are analyzed, plans are to assess the results in terms of classical 

nucleation theory, and relate the results to the glass-forming ability of the alloys. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have completed the design and testing of a ground-based bolometer for measuring the total hemispherical 

emissivity of liquid metal samples. We have done extensive finite element analysis modeling of the design and of 

the heat flows in the levitation system. We are currently integrating this device, which was delivered to us in early 

November, 1993, onto an RF levitation system in the laboratory of Dr. Ken Ohsaka at JPL. Measurements of total 

hemispherical emissivity will begin by early 1994. 

We have also carried out ground-based specific heat measurements on Ni-Zr and Ni-Nb alloys using several 

techniques: differential scanning calorimetry on rapidly-quenched samples, drop calorimetry on undercooled liquid 

samples, and cooling curve measurements on electrostatically-levitated samples. We are continuing to analyze these 

results in an effort to determine the optimum experimental parameter set for the TEMPUS software. We are 

working with the group of Professor Fecht in Germany on maturing the AC calorimetry technique and in Knln, 

Germany. The AC calorimetry method has been successfully demonstrated in the development module at DLR. 

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11-113 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science .... ,It ... '''.II.IIIII ............................... 'I ..... ' ... 1111111111'1'1111,111"111111111111111111111111111'1'11'1'''1''11111111111111.11.11111111 .. 11111111.11 ... , ................. 111111111111111'.1'11.1".1111111111111111111.11111111111 

We have carried out AC calorimetry measurements on solid Nb, n, Ni-n, and Ni-Nb (liquids cannot be levitated in 

the lab model of TEMPUS). We are continuing these experiments and are also investigating the total hemispherical 

and spectral emissivities of our flight sample compositions both at DLR and at Intersonics Corporation, where Dr. 

Shankar Krishnan is measuring the spectral emissivity of our samples at 633nm. Finally, we have determined the 

evaporation rates for all the alloys in the TEMPUS IML-2 flight and have delivered flight samples to Domier 

GmbH, which were then integrated into the flight model and delivered to NASA. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 

PhD Students: 

2 

2 

PhD Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 02/92 EXPIRATION: 06/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-07 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-954 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-114 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111111.11111111111111111 .. 11.11111111111111111111.11.11'".11111111111111111111111111111'" .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11'11'''111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'"1",'11'111 

Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Telluride 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David J. Larson 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A. Levy 

DiMarzio 

F. Carlson 

J. Alexander 

D. Gillies 

J. Moosbrugger 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Grumman Corporate Research Center 

Grumman Corporate Research Center 

Grumman Corporate Research Center 

Clarkson University 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Clarkson University 

The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of gravitationally dependent phenomena on the growth 

and quality of cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe). The family of 11-VI compound semiconductors, of which CdZnTe 

is a member, is used in the fabrication of nuclear detectors, gamma ray dectors, laser optics, electro-optic 

modulators, and infrared detectors. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The CdZnTe samples will be grown in microgravity using the seeded Bridgman-Stockbarger method of crystal 

growth. Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth is accomplished by establishing isothermal hot-zone and cold-zone 

temperatures with a uniform temperature gradient between. The thermal gradient spans the melting point of the 

material (1,095 °C). After sample insertion, the furnace's hot-and cold-zones will be ramped to temperature 

establishing a thermal gradient of 25°C/em and melting the bulk of the sample. The furnace will then move farther 

back on the sample, causing the bulk melt to come into contact with the seed crystal, thus "seeding" the melt. The 

seed crystal prescribes the growth orientation of the crystal grown. Having seeded the melt, the furnace translation 

is reversed and the sample is directionally solidified at a uniform velocity by moving the furnace and the thermal 

gradient over the stationary sample. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Orbital processing offers a unique opportunity to advance toward the goal of increased structural perfection within 

the bulk crystals and of more uniform specific lattice parameters within the substrate. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During USML-l, the crew removed processed samples from the Crystal Growth Fumace (CGF) and inserted new 

samples, safely demonstrating sample exchange procedures required for handling potentially toxic materials in a 

closed life support system. This operation served as an effective demonstration for space station, and, a<; a result of 

the crew interaction, two GCRC samples were processed instead of the one planned, significantly increasing 

scientific yield. The samples were processed instead of the one planned, significantly increasing scientific yield. 

The Crystal Growth Furnace performed to expectations in every respect during it'i first mission. 

Significant portions of the samples processed in microgravity grew without contact with the sample containment 

ampoule. In these "dewetted" regions, no twinning defects were recorded, suggesting that much twinning (a 

common crystalline defect in these materials) is surface nucleated, and that ampoule wall contact and stiction, which 

greatly increased local stress, are responsible. Later in the solidification process, portions of the sample experienced 

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11-115 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11""1""",,,,,"1.11'11'"'"'''11111111111111111111111111111111"U"III''''I,lIltlIIIIIIIIIIIII''ttlllll'IIIII'11I111"'111111111"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11.1111111111111111111111111111111111111"111111'11.11111.11.1 

partial contact with the ampoule wall. In the regions of partial wall contact, twinning incidence was frequent, but 

localized, reinforcing the conclusion from the dewetted region. Internal twinning, not surface-generated, was 

invariably found to originate in regions of high mechanical deformation, usually in regions that evidenced 

cross-slip. This suggests the possibility that in regions of cross-slip the interacting partial dislocations form a 

stacking fault that serves to nucleate the twin. Though this is not yet confmned, the concept offers the prospect of 

reducing twin density by reduction in the resolved shear stresses imposed during crystal growth. This concept might 

prove valuable as an approach to twin control (reduction) terrestrially. Twin control is highly significant to 

increasing the producibility of detector crystals. 

Syncbotron wbite beam topography of the various flight sample surface regions clearly showed that slow growth, 

with low-imposed thermal gradients and without wall contact, produced the lowest strain and fewest defects. 

Quantitative comparative analyses of the bulk flight material with identically-processed ground truth samples 

revealed that the flight samples had significantly improved rocking curve widths in the best regions of the samples 

(l0/20-arc-sec fWHM vs. 25/35 arc-sec fWHM), and significantly reduced dislocation defect densities (:s;}03EPD 

vs. 5x104/5x 105 EPD) throughout. These results were quantitatively confirmed from transmission topographs 

imaged using monochromated synchrotron radiation. 

Comparison of the flight results with the ground baseline and high fidelity process models developed for this 

program is underway. These comparisons were complicated by the thermal and gravitational asymmetries 

encountered during the process of the flight specimens. Ground-based results for vertical Bridgman-processed 

crystals have demonstrated for the first time, qualitative and quantitative correlation between the stress distributions 

predicted by the models and morphologies, subgrains and dislocations, imaged within the samples. This result 

suggests that substantive improvement of crystalline quality and yield is possible within tllis class of materials by 

applying these validated models. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 3 MS Degrees: 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 8/90 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-02 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-381 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Alexander, J.I.D. Analysis of experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration. Microgravity Science and Technology, (in 

press) 1994. 

Casagrande, L., DiMarzio, D., Lee, M., Larson, lr .. 0.1., Dudley, M .. and Fanning, T. Vertical Bridgman growth and 

characterization of large-diameter single crystal CdTe. I, Crys!. Growth, vol. 128. 576-581, 1993. 

Casagrande, L.G., Larson, Jr., 0.1., DiMarzio, D., Wu, 1., and Dudley, M. The growth and comparison of large-diameter 

vertical Bridgman CdZnTe and CdTe. 1. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 1994. 

Larroude, P., Ouazzani, 1., and Alexander, 1.I.D. Symmetry breaking flow transitions and oscillatory flows in a 2-D 

directional solidification model. Eur. J. Mech., (in press) 1993. 

Larson, Jr., 0.1., Silberstein, R.P., DiMarzio, D., Carlson, F.M., Gillies, D .. Long, G., Dudley, M .. and Wu. J. 

Compositional, strain contour, and property mapping of CdZnTe boules and wafers. Semicond. Sci. & Techno!., vo!. 8, 

911-915, 1993. 

Moosbrugger, J.e., and Levy, A. Constitutive modeling for CdTe single crystals. Metall. Trans. A, (submitted) 1993 . 

• 11111 ........... 111 .............. 11 .............. 11.11.11.11 .... 11.11.111111'ltI",I.' •• "I"".IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'I,II •••••••• ,"'1.1'11""""11.111111111111111111111111.'1.'1.11.111111111111111111.1,11,.111.11'.111.11.11111111111111IIIIII 

11-116 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science .. 11111111 .......... 1111111111 .. '".11.1111111111111111111 ..... 111111' ........... 11111111111111111111 .. 11111111.1111 ..... 111111111 ... 1111" ....................... 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,"11"111111111 

Pulicani, J.P., Krukowski, S. Alexander, J.I.D., Ouazzani, J., and Rosenberger, F. Convection in an asymmetrically 

heated cylinder. Int. J. Heat & Mass Transf., vol. 35, 2119-2130,1992. 

Rogers, J.B., Matisak, B.P., and Alexander, J.I.D. Venting force contributions: quasi steady state acceleration STS-50. 

Microgr. Sci. & Technol., (in press) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Larson, Jr., OJ. Orbital processing of Zn-alloyed CdTe. In Proceedings of 44th International Astronautical Congress, 

Graz, Austria, October 16-22, 1993, IAF-93-j.1.255. 

Moosbrugger, J.C. Continuum slip constitutive relations for CdTe single crystals. Proceedings of Fourth International 

Seminar in Plasticity and Its Current Applications, Baltimore, MD, July, (in press) 1993. 

Wu, J., Dudley, M., and Larson, Jr., David J. Characterization of micro gravity grown CdZnTe single crystals. National 

Synchrotron Light Source Annual Report, 1992. 

Presentations: 

Alexander. J.I.o. Analysis of experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration, International Symposium on Microgravity 

Science and Application, Beijing, China, May 10-12. 1993. 

Carlson, F.M., Moosbrugger, J.e., Lee. T., Rosen, G., and Larson, OJ. CdZnTe crystal growth: predictive modeling and 

sensor technology, ARPA Intelligent Processing of Materials Workshop, Charlottesville, V A, June 24-25. 1993. 

Casagrande, L.G., Larson, Jr., OJ., DiMarzio, D., Wu, J., and Dudley, M. The growth and comparison of large-diameter 

vertical Bridgman CdZnTe and CdTe, 9th American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Fedoseyev, A., and Alexander, 1.1.0. Modeling of solidification fronts in ampoules under low gravity conditions, 

Alabama Materials Science Conference, Huntsville, AL, September, 1993. 

Larson, OJ., Silberstein, R.P., DiMarzion, D., Carlson, F.M., Gillies, D., Long, G., Dudley. M. and Wu, 1. 

Compositional, strain contour, and property mapping of CdZnTe boules and wafers, HgCdTe Characterization Workshop, 

Danvers, MA, October 15-16, 1992. 

Larson, Jr., OJ. Bulk crystal growth and process modeling of VI semiconductor compounds, University of Alabama at 

Birmingham, February 2, 1933. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. Reduced defect density in microgravity processed CdZnTe, International Symposium on Microgravity 

Science and Application, Beijing, China, May 10- 13, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. CdZnTe process model validation, ARPA/University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Virginia, June 24-25, 

1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. Orbital processing of compound semiconductors, Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects 

in Materials and Processes, New England College, Henniker, NH, June 3D, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., OJ. Microgravity crystal growth of II-Vi and III-V semiconductors, 9th American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., OJ. Orbital processing of high-quality alloyed CdTe compound semiconductors, NASA Joint 'L+ I' Science 

Review of USML-l and USMP-l with the Microgravity Measurement Group. Huntsville, AL, September 22-24, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. CdZnTe bulk crystal growth and process modeling, University of Alabama in Huntsville, September 24, 

1993. 

Larson, Jr., OJ., and Silberstein, R.P. Improved manufacture and characterization of infrared substrate materials, DARPA 

Infrared Focal Plane Array Technology Program Review, McLean. V A, December 11. 1992. (Distribution limited to 

Government agencies and their contractors only; information subject to export control laws). 

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11-117 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 .. 1111111 ............................... 1111 .. 1111 ........... 111 ......... 1t ...... II.nlllllllllllllllllll,II'I.,.,.I"I".III.IIIIIII1,111'11111.,'111.111111111111111111111111,.1"'1111111.1,111"11.1'111111111.111,.1'1111".'1111111111111111 

Moosbrugger, J.C. and Levy, A. Constitutive modeling for CdTe single crystals, TMS Materials Week 93, Session on 

Microgravity Solidification: Theory and Experimental Results, Pittsburgh, PA, October, 1993. 

Moosbrugger, J.C., Larson, Jr., DJ., Carlson, F.M., Lee, T., and Levy, A. Thermal stress in directional solidification of 

CdZnTe, Second International Workshop on Materials Processing in High Gravity, Potsdam, NY, June, 1993 . 

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11-118 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .. 1111 ......................... 111111 ...................... 1111 .. 1111 .......... "'"'11'"11111111111111111111'11''''1'111'1'''''11'111''11111111111111111'1111.111111111111111".111111111111111111.11111111111.1111IIIIIII"tlllll'llIlllllllll 

Crystal Growth of II-IV Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Sandor L. Lehoczky 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

F. Szofran 

C. Su 

R. Andrews 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Universities Space Research Association (USRA) 

University of Alabama, Binningham (UAB) 

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of microgravity during the crystal growth of mercury zinc 

telluride (HgZnTe) on its compositional, metallurgical, electrical, and optical properties. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The HgZnTe alloy for this experiment will be prepared by reacting 99.9999+% pure, elemental constituents in 

evacuated, sealed, fused-silica ampoules. The HgZnTe will be agitated while molten to achieve complete reaction 

and homogenization, and then cast in the tapered end of an ampoule. The ampoule will then be installed in the hot 

zone of the growth furnace. The hot zone will be heated above the liquids temperature of the alloy, and the cold 

zone will be maintained at a temperature low enough to provide a gradient sufficient to prevent constitutional 

supercooling. The directional crystal growth will be accomplished by raising the temperature gradient through the 

ampoule. The crystal nucleates in the bottom tip of the ampoule and grows as the gradient is raised. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The anticipated results of this study are both scientifically and technologically significant. The advancement in 

science will result from the increased understanding of the role of gravity on the fluid dynamic and compositional 

redistribution phenomena during the crystal growth of solid-solution semiconducting alloys having large separation 

between the liquids and solids of the constitutional phase diagrams, and from the more accurate values of materials 

properties that can be measured using the high-quality, bulk crystals grown in space. Any advance in quality of 

these electronic materials has a great technological impact because of the application to infrared detectors for NASA 

and DOD requirements. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

One HgZnTe sample was planned to be processed for approximately 148 hours in the crystal growth furnace (CGF), 

which was flown in the pressurized Spacelab module in the habitable environment of the Space Shuttle Columbia 

during the frrst United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-l) in June of 1992. Unfortunately, because of the 

loss of power to the CGF, the experiment terminated prematurely at about 39 hours into the experiment timeline. 

About a 5.5 mm sample was grown during this time period. The initial microstructural, compositional, and x-ray 

radiographic and diffraction results indicate that preprocessed alloy crystals can be successfully quenched, 

back-melted, and regrown maintaining nearly steady-state compositions. Further analysis of the sample is 

continuing. 

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11-119 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ............... 111111111 ............. , ..... , .. , .. , .. , .. ' .. ' ..... 11.11 .............. 1111 .. 11111 ... 11' ..... 11 .. 11111 .................. 11 ..... ' ..... 11 .. ' ...... 111 .......................... , .... ' ........ 111111111 .. 1111 ....... 11.11.11.1I.lt.' ..... .. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 09/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-04 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-bouse 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Su, C-H, Volz, M.P., Gillies, D.C., Szofran, F.R., Lehoczky, S.L., Dudley, M., Yao, G-D, and Zhou, W. Growth of AnTe 

by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. J. Cry st. Growth, vol. 128, 627-632, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Gillies, D.C., Larson, D.J., Lehoczky, S.L. Szofran, F.R., Sha, Yi-Gao, Su, Ching-Hua, and Alexander, H.A. Bulk growth 

of II-VI crystals in the microgravity environment of USML-l. Proceedings, 1993 SPIE Symposium on Optical 

Instrumentation ad Applied Science, San Diego, CA, July 11-16, (accepted) 1993. 

Zhou, W., Wu, J., Dudley, M, Su, C-H, Volz, M.P., Gillies, D.C., Szofran, F.R., and Lehoczky, S.L. Characterization of 

growth defects in ZnFe single crystals. Proceedings, Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, San Francisco, 

C A April 12-16, (accepted) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Lehoczky, S.L., Szofran, F.R., Gillies, D.C., Cobb, S.D., Su, C-H, Sha, Y.G., and Andrew, R.N. Bulk growth of II-VI 

semiconducting compounds, 3rd IUHRS International Conference on Advanced Materials, Tokyo, Japan, August 

31-September 4, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Szofran, F.R., Gillies, D.C., Cobb, S.D., Su, C-H, Sha, Y.G., and Andrews, R.N. Bulk growth of II-VI 

semiconducting compounds, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD August 1-6, 1993. 

Su, C-H, Sha, Y -G. Volz. M.P. Gillies, D.C. Szofran. F.R .• Lehoczky. S.L. and Wang, J-C. Ground-based research on the 

growth of II-VI semiconductors by physical vapor transport, 32nd AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno. NV, January 

10-13, 1993. Paper No. 94-0564. 

Volz, M.P .• Sha. Y-G, and Lehoczky. S.L. Compositional distributions and electrical properties of Hgl .• Cd.Te grown by 

CVT. Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth. Baltimore, MD. August 1-6. 1993. 

Wang. J-C. Watring. D., Lehoczky, S.L.. and Szofran. F.R. Effects of thermal-solutal convection on temperature and 

solutal fields in unidirectional Bridgman solidified semiconductors, 7th Annual Alabama Materials Research Conference. 

Normal, AL. September 21-22, 1993. 

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11-120 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ......... III .. 'U' ......................... "I1 ................................................ 1111 ........... "'" .. 1111111111111.11.'111' .. 11111 .. 1111 ...... 1I .. I.U.II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII."IIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II"11.11111"'1.,.11'11 

GaAs Crystal Growth Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David H. Matthiesen 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. ].A. Kafalar 

Dr. B.M. Ditchek 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Case Western Reserve University 

GTE Laboratories, Inc. 

GTE Laboratories, Inc. 

The objective is to detennine the magnitude of effects of buoyancy-driven convection on the crystal growth of bulk 

gallium arsenide (GaAs). 

DESCRIPTION: 

Selenium-doped (-10e-17) GaAs crystals are grown in controlled environments at selected environments affecting 

fluid flow as follows: (a) low-gravity (minimal convection), and (b) nonnal gravity in three separate orientations 

(vector stabilizing the temperature gradients, vector destabilizing the thennal gradient, and vector transverse to the 

thennal gradient), and a magnetically damped flow (the three nonnal-gravity orientations with either axial or radial 

magnetic field). The distribution of dopant is measured and compared to numerical predictions. Selected electrical 

and chemical properties are measured and correlated with the dopant distribution. Both macro- and micro-segregation 

are detennined. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The GaAsiGAS payload flew on STS-40 (June 1991) and on STS 45 (March 1992). Dr. Matthiesen presented 

results of characterization and analysis of national meetings at the AIAA, the American Soc. of Crystal Growth, and 

the Gordon Research Conference. Sample characterization continued subsequent to Dr. Matthiesen's move to 

Cleveland, his appointment to CWRU Materials Science and Department of Engineering and the construction of his 

new laboratories at the university. 

Results to date emphasize the complexities of dynamic crystal growth. The shape of the interface has required 

modification of existing theory for analyses and the distribution of dopant near the interface cannot be explained by 

existing theory. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 9/85 EXPIRATION: 4/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Matthiesen, D.H., Bellows, A.H., Yao, M-W, and Chait, A. Crystal growth results from the GTE GaAs-GAS space 

experiment and comparisons with numerical results, 31st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, 1993 . 

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11-121 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11111111111111111111111111111111111.111 .............. ' ....... 11111111111 .. 111 .. 111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.III .. U.IIIIIIIII""IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. IIII"IIIIIIIII .. IIIIII11I.1I1I .. "I .............. IIIIIII .... lIllIllIllIlIlIllIllIllIltllI 

Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David H. Matthiesen 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. W. Arnold 

Dr. A. Chait 

Dr. B. Dunbar 

Prof. D. Stroud 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Case Western Reserve University 

Case Western Reserve University 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

Ohio State University 

One of the primary objectives of the Phase A Definition Plan is to perform experiments that identify any 

dependence of the measured diffusion coefficient on capillary diameter and. thus. the need to perform diffusion 

experiments in space. This influence is predicted to be due to convection with larger capillary diameters and due to 

wall effects when the capillary is small. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research in the Phase A definition consists of four areas of concentration: shear cell experiments. numerical 

modeling. physical modeling. and molecular modeling. The numerical modeling will be used to optimize the 

experiments. to understand the fluid dynamics of the shearing. and to access convective and wall effects. The 

physical modeling will be used to investigate phenomena that cannot be numerically modeled. such as the 

fluid-fluid shear that occurs during shearing. The molecular dynamics techniques will be used to calculate diffusion 

coefficients as functions of temperature and impurity concentrations. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

o Experiments: 

A fast and accurate technique for preparing shear cells charges has been developed. Many shear cell modifications 

have been done. including overfills. The overfills have been designed and tested. The shearing mechanism has been 

implemented in existing furnace hardware. We have demonstrated our capability to melt, shear and remove Ga-doped 

Gc samples from a graphite shear cell. 

o Numeric Modeling: 

The numerical modeling has given us insight into the fluid dynamics of the shearing action. The minimum aspect 

ratio for shear cell segments has been determined. Convective effects have been quantified in regards to the measured 

diffusion coefficient. Wall effects were included in some of the simulations and the effect on the measured diffusion 

coefficient quantified. A first estimate of the error bar size on the measured diffusion coefficient has also been 

determined through numerical modeling. 

o Physical Modeling: 

A physical model has been developed. fabricated. and tested. The physical model will be used during spring 1994. 

o Molecular Modeling: 

A molecular dynamics program has been written and tested for calculating the diffusion coefficients. Potentials for 

liquid Ge and Si have been determined. and empirical Ga-Ga and Ga-Ge potentials have been obtained to treat Ga 

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11-122 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111111111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111," ... 11'"1111111,,"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'11.1111"11'111111111111111'11.11'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

impurities in liquid Ge. Using these potentials, self-diffusion coefficients have been calculated for liquid Gc and Si, 

and for Ga impurities in liquid Ge, both as functions of temperature. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 ExPIRATION: 1/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Wang, Z.Q., and Stroud. D. Molecular dynamics study of diffusion in liquid semiconductors. Need Name of Journal, (in 

preparation ). 

Wang. Z.Q., Dregia, S.A., and Stroud, D. Computer simulation of twist grain boundaries in diamond. Phys. Rev. B., 

(submitted) . 

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11-123 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1, .... ".1111, .... ,111 ... ' ............ "'111111111111111111111111111111I.1t ... II.II.IIIIIIIIIIIII"I.II.IIIIIIIIIIIII,II.II.11IIIIIII.I.U ... IIIIIIIIIIIIII'".II.II'"'IIII'II'II.II,IIIIIIII111111111111'11 •• 111,1.11.11.11,.111111111111111111111 

The Study of Dopant Segregaton Behavior During the Growth of GaAs in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David H. Matthiesen Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J. Kafalas Viable Systems, Inc. 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJEcnVE: 

The objectives of this program are to investigate gravitational and thennaltechniques for obtaining complete axial 

and radial dopant uniformity of the selenium dopant during crystal growth of gallium arsenide (GaAs). These 

techniques include controlling the thennal conditions to obtain a flat interface shape and a steady-state growth rate 

and, most important, growth in the microgravity environment afforded by the Crystal Growth Furnace (CGF) in the 

first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-l). 

DESCRIPTION: 

Crystals of GaAs, 16.5 cm long by 1.5 cm in diameter, were supplied by GTE Laboratories to NASA for growth in 

CGF on USML-l. These crystals were doped with selenium to approximately lxlOl7/cm3

• As supplied to NASA, 

these crystals were hermetically sealed in a specially designed fused quartz ampoule. This ampoule was scaled into 

an experiment cartridge, which on orbit was loaded unto the furnace system for growth. After flight. extensive 

characterization of the electrical and structural properties wa~ done. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The large hot zone length of the CGF (20 em) should allow, for the first time in microgravity, the achievement of 

steady-state growth rates. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Three ampoules containing GaAs have been tested at GTE Laboratories. In addition, two alumina thermal probes 

and three GaAs samples have been tested in the Ground Control Experiment Laboratory (GCEL). The GCEL 

contains a ground-based equivalent of the flight unit, which has been delivered to the Kenncdy Space Center for 

integration into the Unitcd States Microgravity Laboratory. 

The flight samples have been returned to CWRU and analysis is proceeding. Preliminary infrared measurements 

indicate that the flight sample initially began growth in a diffusion controlled regime and then subsequently was 

driven into a complete mixing regime. These measurements are currently being verified with Hall effect 

measurements. In addition, the acceleration data is being investigated, as it is made available. to determine the cause 

of this result. 

TASK INITIATION: 5/92 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-01 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-124 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 .... 1111111 .... 11111 ............... 11 .... ,111111 .... 11'".11 ....... , ....... ,.11 .................... ,11111 .............. 11 .... 11111111111 .... ,11 ............. "" •• 11.11.1111111,.11.,11,.11""1,1111111111,111.1,11111111111111111111111111111111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Korpela, S.A., Chait, A., and Matthiesen, D.H. Lateral segregation in solidification of binary alloy with a curved 

liquid-solid interface. I. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 19993. 

Majewski, 1.A. and Matthiesen, D.H. Quantitative infrared imaging for the measurement of macroscopic dopant 

distribution in GaAs. I. Crust. Growth, (accepted) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Matthiesen, D.H. The total pressure of arsenic over GaAs at 1260°, American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, 

August, 1993. 

Matthiesen, D.H. and Mafewski, 1.A. The study of dopant segregation behavior during the growth of GaAs in 

micro gravity , USML-l L+ 1 meeting, Huntsville, September, 1993. 

Matthiesen, D.H. Crystal growth results from the steady state growth of selenium doped GaAs in microgravity: The 

crystal growth furnace on USML-l, American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, August, 1993. 

"1.11111111111.11'1111111.11.11'1111111111111111111111.11'1,1111,,11111t11111111l11l11l11l.1I.1I11I111,,11I1111111111I111111111111111111111111111.11 •• 11'"11111.111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111'1111111111111'111111111111111111111 

11-125 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science .......................... 111111 •• , ... 111 .... ".11 ............. 11 .... 11 .. , ... 111111111111111111 .. 11111111111111111111111111,".11.11.11 .. 11.11 ... 1.11 ........................ 11 ............. 11.11111111111.11111111111 ..... 11 ...... 1 .. 1"1.1111111., 

Temperature Dependence of Diffusivities in Liquid Metals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Franz Rosenberger University of Alabama, Huntsville 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. M. Banish University of Alabama, Huntsville 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIRCANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

1be technological and scientific objectives of the proposed work are: 

• Development of a technique for dynamic in situ measurements of diffusivities and their temperature dependence in 

melts with much higher efficiency than current approaches permit; 

• Development of a flight-centered hardware package (GAS container) to perform such diffusivity measurements 

automatically, with relative high flight frequency; 

• Establishment of a large definitive data base for the temperature dependence of self-diffusivities in liquid metals 

and alloys in order to further the development of the theory of diffusion in liquids and our understanding of 

numerous diffusion processes underlying materials processing; and 

• Exploration of the possibility of approximating low-gravity diffusion conditions in conducting liquids on Earth 

through the application of magnetic fields. 

DESCRIPTION: 

All earlier liquid diffusion experiments conducted under low-gravity conditions were based on the establishment of 

step-function-like initial concentration distributions and required solidification of the samples for post-flight 

deduction of the diffusivities. Thus, only one data point for the diffusivity at one temperature can be obtained per 

sample. In order to simplify the requirements for the initial conditions, to obtain more insight into the dynamics of 

the diffusion process, and to increase the data yield per sample, we have developed a different approach. Originally, 

this approach was conceived for interferometric determinations of diffusivities in transparent solutions. But, 

utilizing a different physical mechanism for the concentration monitoring, the concept is applicable to liquid metals 

as well. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The diffusion of species in liquids governs many materials preparation processes of great technological importance. 

In particular, a detailed understanding of diffusion in liquid metals and alloys is pivotal for the interpretation of 

numerous phenomena encountered in metallurgical and semiconductor manufacturing processes. In gases and 

crystalline solids, studies of pure diffusion can readily be performed with great accuracy at normal gravity. In 

liquids, such measurements are hampered by difficult-to-control contributions from convection. 

As a consequence of this experimental difficulty and the complex structures of liquids, our fundamental 

understanding of diffusion in melts is very limited. For instance, there are currently various theoretical models for 

the temperature dependence of diffusivities in liquids, ranging from a pure Arrhenius-type behavior (exponential 

increase with temperature) to combinations of Arrhenius laws with power laws and pure power laws. Due to the 

limited accuracy of available liquid diffusion data, the theoretical development is at an impasse. Accurate liquid 

diffusion data are urgently needed to stimulate further development of both fundamental diffusion theory and 

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11-126 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science .... 111111 ..... 11111111111111 .... "111 .. 1111111111111111111111111 .. 111111 .... 111111 .. 1111111111111 .. 11111111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111 .. 1111111111 ...... "1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"".11 

transport models essential for materials processing. Our flight definition/development program will provide a 

broader data base for liquid diffusivities and their temperature dependence. 

Diffusivities will be determined insitu through multi-channel detection of radioactive tracer emission. The 

calculation of the diffusivities from the evolving concentration profiles will be facilitated by a novel algorithm, 

which is not limited to the simple initial conditions traditionally used, but enables data deduction from any 

consecutive smooth concentration distributions. Hence, diffusivity data can be gathered over a range of temperatures 

in a single experiment, which was not possible in earlier diffusivity measurement approaches. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the first six months of this study, the following tasks were accomplished. The steady-state sample 

tempemture nonuniformity in a silica-enclosed sample inside a heated gold cell was estimated using an axisymmetric 

model with conductive heat transfer only. An estimation of the radioactive dose (weight of radioactive material 

deposited by electroplating) required was made based on geometrical, material (including heat transfer/insulation 

estimates), and detector considerations. We began to set up a model to carry out a systematic system performance 

analysis. Detectors, radioactive calibration standards, intenace boards and software, and heater cartridge have been 

specified and ordered. Detectors and their electronics were checked for statistical noise fluctuations at different bias 

voltages, threshold discriminator levels, source energies, counting times, and temperatures. A heater cartridge which 

consists of a graphite heater enclosed in a pyrolytic boron nitride support wa<; tested with a copper liner. Milestones 

obtained from GSFC have been worked into the schedule of activities. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 8/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-10 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Monaco, L.A., and Rosenberger, F. Growth and etching kinetics of tetragonal lysozyme. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 129, 

1-12, 1993. 

Rosenberger, F., Howard, S.B., Sowers, J.W., and Nyce, T.A. Temperature dependence of protein solubility determination 

and application to crystallization in x-ray capillaries. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 129, 465 -484, 1993. 

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11-127 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111.11.11.11111111.111111111111 .. 1 .. 1,.1.11 .. 1.11,11111.11.11 .. 1 .. 1"'''111111111 .. '1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11'1111 .. 111 .. 11 ........... , .. , ............ , .......... 1111'.' .. 111111111 .. 1111 •• '.111111""".11111111111111 

Double Diffusive Convection during Growth of Lead Bromide Crystals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. N.B. Singh Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Lead bromide is a highly attractive material for acousto-optic devices. Hardening of the crystal by dilute doping has 

been investigated. This is necessary in order to prevent damage caused by post-processing operations. However, 

bulk doping is difficult to achieve due to thermal-solutal convection. This work will test convection effects in 

normal and reduced gravity and relate the results to the growth of device-grade crystals. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To achieve these objectives, crystal growth experiments will be conducted on Earth and in space. Measurements 

involving Rayleigh number as a function of aspect ratio, and the radius of the growth tube to the length of the melt 

column, will be made. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Minutes of the March 1992 Hight Science Readiness Review have been published. Dr. Singh is taking action based 

on the recommendations of the review. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/93 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-128 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111111111 ......................... ,11 ... 111 ... 11 ... '11111111111111111111111,""".11.11111111111111111111111111111,111111111111111''''11''1111111111111",1111"11.11'''''''1.,''1111111''',',11,.'''1111""""1"1111"""1"1"1"1"111 

Particle Engulfment and Pushing by Solidifying Interfaces 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Doru M. Stefanescu University of Alabama 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P. Carreri NASA Marshall Space Hight Center (MSFC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

The scientific objective of the present proposal is twofold: to enhance the fundamental understanding of the physics 

associated with the solidification of liquid metals/ceramic particles mixtures; and to investigate aspects of melt 

processing of particulate metal matrix composites in the unique microgravity environment which will yield some 

vital information for terrestrial applications. 

It is proposed to develop further the present model into a numerical model that takes into account convection 

effects. Anticipated results include development of an enhanced model for particle/interface interaction that will 

address convection in the liquid and interface morphology, as well as further contributions to the experimental data 

base for the understanding of solidification of metals/ceramic particles mixtures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

All these interactions are influenced by gravitational acceleration. The third one is the most complex one and has, 

therefore, been a subject of research over the past two decades. A uniform distribution of particles in the matrix 

cannot be achieved without the control of particle behavior at the liquid-solid interface during solidification. 

Understanding the particle/interface interaction is of great fundamental, as well as practical, importance. 

To understand further the physics associated with the behavior of insoluble particles at the liquid-solid interface, 

directional solidification experiments will be conducted with metal matrix and transparent organic matrix doped with 

ceramic particles. Planar and cellular interfaces will be produced by appropriate selection of the solidification 

variables so that a clear pushing/engulfment of the particles could be achieved. Both ground and microgravity 

experiments will be conducted. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The project will enhance the fundamental understanding of the physics associated with the solidification of liquid 

metals/ceramic particles mixtures. One of the main issues in the fabrication of particulate metal matrix composites 

by melt processing techniques is that of uniform distribution of particles in the solid matrix. The distribution of 

reinforcing particles depends on the interaction between various phases in three different stages of processing: 

during transfer of particles from gas to liquid, during particle-particle interaction in the liquid, and during transfer of 

particles from liquid to solid. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Through combined thermal field and force field calculation, a model for prediction of particle behavior at the 

liquid-solid interface was developed. The model is based on the hypothesis that both thermal eqUilibrium and force 

equilibrium must be achieved at the interface during steady state pushing of the particle when the particle is pushed 

at a distance higher than the atomic distance. If thermal equilibrium cannot be achieved, the particle can still be 

pushed, but the separation distance between the particle and the interface is of the order of the atomic distance. Two 

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11-129 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1 •••••••••••• 11 .......... '11' ..... '1 •••• 11111111111111 •••••••••• 111111111111 •••••• 11.1111111111111.11.'111 ....... '1.1111 ... IIIII •• IIt ...... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .... "'I ....... II.I •• '111111111111111111111111111111",111"'11'111.,111111111.11111. 

basic equations were derived. They were used for the calculation of the thennal and force equilibrium distance as a 

function of the solidification velocity. By coupling these equations, a unique value can be found for the critical 

velocity. 

The thennal field equation derived predicts the formation of bumps and troughs on the melt interface behind the 

particles. However, it demonstrates that the condition Kp/KL <1 is not sufficient for bump fonnation. Limited 

effects of the thermal gradient on the critical velocity are also predicted. The conclusions of earlier researchers are 

thus confmned. The occurrence of the bending of the interface was documented through experiments on transparent 

matrix materials (succinonitrile) containing SiC and on polystyrene particles. 

Model validation through calculation with data from the present experiments as well as from experiments perfonned 

by other researchers on water-tungsten and aluminum-SiC systems showed reasonable agreement. The model 

allows an approximate evaluation of the exponent used in the definition of the repulsive force based on surface 

energy. 

The present model is applicable to particulate metal matrix composites. It can be used to predict particle 

distribution in such composites solidifying with equiaxed structure and inclusion distribution in castings. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-11 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-387 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Nastac, L., and Stefanescu, D.M. An analytical model for solute redistribution during solidification of planar, columnar or 

equiaxed morphology. Met. Trans., vol. 24A, 2107-2118, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Nastac, L., and Stefanescu, D.M. Modeling of growth of equiaxed dendritic grains at the limit of morphological stability. 

In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI, Warrendale, PA, 209-218, 1993. 

Stefanescu, D.M. Critical review of the second generation of solidification models for castings: Macro transport, 

transformation kinetics codes. In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI, Warrendale, PA, 3-20, 1993. 

Tian H., and Stefanescu. D.M. Experimental evaluation of some solidification kinetics-related material parameters required 

in modeling of solidification of FeCSi alloys. In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI, Warrendale, PA, 

639-646, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Stefanescu, D.M., and Dhindaw, B.K. A comprehensive approach to the modeling of solidification of castings, 41st 

Indian Foundry Congress, The Institute of Indian Foundrymen, New Delhi, India, February, 1993. 

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11-130 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1I11I11I11111I11I.1I.lIllltlllI'".II.II.I .. I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II'"'11.11.111111'1.1 .. 1'1111111111111111111111111111111111.11'"'"'" .............. 11 ......... '111 ................. 1111.11 ........ 111111111 ••• 1111111111111111111111.111111 

Crystal Growth of ZnSe and Related Ternary Compound Semiconductors by Physical Vapor Transport 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ching-Hua Su 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Brebrick 

M. Volz 

Y.Sha 

D. Noever 

S. Sanghanitra 

S.Johnson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Universities Space Research Association 

Marquette University 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Universities Space Research Association (USRA) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Santa Barbara Research Center 

Santa Barbara Research Center 

The investigation consists of extensive ground-based experimental and theoretical research efforts and concurrent 

flight experimentation. The objectives of the ground-based studies are to obtain the experimental data and conduct 

the analyses required to define the optimum growth parameters for the flight experiments, perfect various 

characterization techniques to establish the standard procedure for material characterization and quantitatively 

establish the characteristics of the crystals grown on Earth as a basis for subsequent comparative evaluations of the 

crystals grown in a low-gravity environment, and develop theoretical and analytical methods required for such 

evaluations. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The crystal growth experiment will use a novel vapor transport three-thermal-zone heater translating method. The 

Crystal Growth Furnace (CGF) or Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) will be ideal 

for this experiment because they provide two high-temperature end zones and a booster heater at the center of the 

furnace with translation capability. Using this technique, large single crystals of CdS, CdTe, PbSe, and ZnTe have 

been grown successfully in this laboratory. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The materials to be investigated are ZnSe and related ternary semiconducting alloys, e.g., ZnS. Se l . x and Znl .• 

Cd,Se. These materials are useful for opto-electronic applications such as high efficient light emitting diodes and 

low power threshold and high temperature lasers in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum. The recent 

demonstration of its optical bistable properties also makes ZnSe a possible candidate material for digital optical 

computers. Compositional non-uniformity, microstructural crystal defects (e.g., dislocations, small-angle grain 

boundaries, and second phase precipitates), and deviation from stoichiometry can seriously limit state-of-the-art 

device performance and future device applications. The reduction of gravity-driven convective fluid flows in a 

low-gravity environment is expected to be advantageous in minimizing these compositional variations and 

structural defects. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the first six months of this study, the following tasks were accomplished. A zone refiner was set up and a 

zone refming process was performed in order to purify the starting Se materials. Twenty zone passes were made and 

then five slices of the ingot were chemically analyzed in order to study the effectiveness of the zone refining process. 

Heat treatment was performed on a ZnSe ampoule in which the zone-refined Se was utilized. All ZnSe starting 

material used in the first six-month period was heat treated by either baking out the material under dynamic vacuum 

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11-131 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ....... 1111 .............. 111 ................ 11., •• 11 .......... 11 ..... 11111I1 ... III .............. IIIIIIIItII .... II .. IIIIIIII ........ II ..... II ......................... 11 ... 1111111111 .. 1111111111111111111.11.11.11.11 ••• 1.1 ••• I.It.II.II.II.II.II' 

condition or distilling it by subliming it from one end of the ampoule and depositing it on the other end under 

dynamic vacuum condition. A three-zone clam shell furnace was set up to conduct the transport rate measurements. 

Using an optical absorption technique for partial pressure measurements, a Se calibration run, a Zn calibration run, 

and a ZnSe calibration run were completed at Marquette University. Six heat-treated ZnSe ampoules were 

constructed and crystal growth by physical vapor transport was conducted on each of these ampoules. The 

characterization work on the grown crystals was initiated using x-ray (Laue) diffraction, atomic force microscopy 

(AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and synchrotron radiation. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-09 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Biao, Y., Su, C.H., et al. Photoluminescence of vapor- and solution-grown ZnTe single crystals. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in 

press) 1993. 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et aJ. Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the microstructure of directional solidified CdTe. J. 

Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Sha, Y.G., Su, c.H., and Szafran, F.R. Thermodynamic analysis and mass flux of the HgZnTe-Hg12 chemical vapor 

transport system. 1. Cryst. Growth, vol. 131,574-588, 1993. 

Su, C.H., et al. Growth of ZnTe by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 

1993. 

Volz, M.P., Su, C.II., Lchoczky, S.L., and Szafran, F.R. Vibronic spectra of Cu+2 in ZnTe. Phys. Rev. B, vol. 46, 76-82, 

1992. 

Zhou, W., Su, C.II., et aJ. Characterization of growth defects in ZnTe single crystals. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 

Infrared Detectors-Materials, Processing, and Devices, 299, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Biao, Y., Su, C.H., et aJ. Photoluminescence of vapor- and solution-grown ZnTe single crystals, Sixth International 

Conference on II-VI Compounds and Related Optoelectronic Materials, Newport, RI, September, 1993. 

Gillies, D.C., Su, C.H., et aI. Bulk growth of IINI crystals in the microgravity environment of USML-l, SPIE Conference, 

San Diego, CA, July, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Su, C.H., et al. Growth of HgZnTe in mircrogravity by directional solidification: Ground·based research, 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Application, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Su, C.H., et aJ. Growth of HgZnTe in microgravity by directional solidification: Flight experiment, 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Application, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Su, C.H., et aI. Bulk growth of IINI semiconducting compounds, Ninth American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Su, C.H., et a!. Crystal growth of II-VI semiconductors in microgravity, Third International Union of 

Materials Research Society, International Conference on Advanced Materials, Tokyo, Japan, August-September, 1993 . 

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11-132 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111111111111.11.11.1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1.11.11.11.11 .. 1 .... 11111111111111111 .. 11111111 ........... 11.111111111 ............... 1111 ................. '1111 .................................. 1111 .......................... 111 .. 1111 ........... 111111111111111 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et a1. Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the microstructure of directional-solidified CdTe, 

Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et a1. Differential thermal analysis of HgMnTe, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, 

Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Ruggeri, R.T., Su, C.H., et al. The crystals by vapor transport experiment (CVTE): Space processing and preliminary 

results, Forty-fourth International Astronautic Congress of the International Astronautic Federation, Graz, Austria, 

October, 1993. 

Zhou, W., Su, C.H., et a1. Characterization of growth defects in ZnTe single crystals, MRS Spring Meeting, San 

Francisco, CA, April, 1993. 

Zuo, H., Su, C.H., et a1. TEM characterization of II-VI semiconducting compounds, Ninth American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

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11-133 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 •• 11".111111.1.11.11 •• 111111111,.1,.1111111111.,1"111"1"1'1111111111'11111'1111'11111111111111'1111'11111111.1111111111111111111 •• ,11 ••••• 1111.11.11 ....... '1 .... 11.11111.11111.11111111.11111111111111111111111111111111,111111.111111111111' 

Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension of Undercooled Melts 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Julian Szekely 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE:' 

OBJECfIVE: 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIn 

The objective of this investigation is to utilize the electromagnetic levitation unit, TEMPUS, on IML-2 to measure 

the viscosity and surface tension of undercooled metallic melts. To date, little study has been made of the 

thermophysical properties of undercooled melts, and a controversy exists over whether the temperature dependence of 

the viscosity obeys an Arrhenium-type or a power-law relationship. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In this investigation, a "squeezing" force will be applied to a suitably-positioned sample to induce oscillations. The 

rate of decay of the amplitude of these oscillations will be observed in order to measure the viscosity at a number of 

temperatures in the undercooled regime, while the frequencies of the oscillation modes will be used to deduce the 

surface tension at these temperatures. 

Our effort consists largely of a comprehensive program of mathematical modeling designed to give a detailed 

understanding of what can be expected from the flight experiment. To date, the main thrust of the modeling work 

has been to develop the methodology and to perform calculations predicting the behavior of 

levitation-meitedlelectromagneticaIIy-positioned metallic droplets under both Earthbound and microgravily 

conditions. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The main purpose of the work was to be able to predict the electromagnetic forces and heating rates, 

electromagnetically-driven velocity fields within the sample, the transient behavior of the system, and the 

deformation of the sample. The accuracy of the computational models has been checked by comparison with 

available analytical results and the results of ground-based experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have improved our mathematical model of the free surface shape of an electromagnetically-shaped molten metal 

droplet by including the effects of fluid flow; this had previously been neglected. We accomplished this using the 

electromagnetics code we developed with the FIDAP computational fluids package, which has the ability to include 

electromagnetic body forces and surface shapes and affords excellent graphics. Using our FIDAP-based model, we 

have also achieved preliminary success in what was thought to be one of the most difficult aspects of the modeling 

effort: simulation of the oscillations that the electromagnetically-positioned and perturbed samples undergo. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/90 EXPIRATION: 06/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-08 

NASA CONTRACT No.: GN8-970 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-134 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111111111111111"1,"1'111111111111'1111111111'1111111111Iltll •• II'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'II.IIIIIIIIIIIII'111111111111111.,11'11'1,11,,1111,.11111111111111.11111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11111111111111111111111.1.,1111. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Abbot, NL, Whitesides, G.M., Racz, L.M., and Szekely, J. Calculating the shapes of geometrically-confined drips of 

liquid on patterned, self-assembled monolayers, using finite element methods: A new method to estimate small contact 

angles. J. Am. Chern. Soc., (in press) 1993. 

Choo, R.T.C., and Szekely, J. Vaporization kinetics and surface temperature in a mutually-coupled gas tungsten welding 

and weldpool. Welding J., vol. 71, no. 3, 77-97, 1992. 

Chao, R.T.C., Szekely, J., and David, S.A. On the calculation of the free surface temperature of weldpools from first 

principles Part 2: Modeling the weldpool and comparison with experiments. Met. Trans. B, vol. 23B, 371-384, 1992. 

Choo, R.T.C., Szekely, J., and Westhoff, R.C. On the calculation of the free surface temperature of weldpools from first 

principles Part 1: Modeling the welding arc. Met. Trans. B, vol. 23B, 357-369, 1992. 

Ilegbusi, O.J., Szekely, J., Iguchi, M., Takeuchi, H., and Morita, Z. A comparison of experimentally-measured and 

theoretically-calculated velocity fields in a water model of an argon stirred ladle. ISIJ, vol. 33, no. 4, 474-478, 1993. 

Jonsson, P.G., Saluja, N .• Ilegbusi. OJ., and Szekely, J. Fluid flow phenomena in the filling of cylindrical molds using 

Newtonian (turbulent) and non-Newtonian (power law) fluids. American Foundrymen Society Transactions. 291-297. 

1992. 

Jonsson. P.G .• Westhoff. R.C .• and Szekely. 1. Arc characteristics in gas metal arc welding of aluminum using argon as 

shield gas. J. Applied Physics. (in press) 1993. 

Partinen, J., Saluja. N., Szekely, J., Kirtley, J., Jr. Experimental and computational investigation of rotary 

electromagnetic stirring in a woods metal system. ISH. (in press) 1993. 

Racz. L.M .• and Szekely. 1. Determination of equilibrium shapes and optimal volume of solder droplets in the assembly of 

surface-mounted integrated circuits. ISH International. vol. 33. no. 2, 336-342. 1993. 

Racz. L.M., and Szekely, J. An alternative method for determining wetability of components with dissimilar surfaces. 1. 

Electronics Packaging. ASME Transactions, (in press) 1993. 

Racz. L.M .• Szekely. J., and Brakke, K.A. A general statement of the problems and description of a proposed method of 

calculation for some meniscus problems in materials processing. ISIJ International, vol. 33, no. 2, 328-335. 1993. 

Stanek, S .• and Szekely. 1. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part I: Formulation and an algorithm to solve the 

model. American Foundrymen Society Transactions, 425-437, April, 1993. 

Stanek. S., Szekely. 1., Katz, S .• and Landefeld. C. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part II: Computed profiles and 

the discussion of intrinsic parameters. American Foundrymen Society Transactions. 439-445. April. 1993. 

Stanek, S .• Szekely. J .• Katz, S .• and Landefeld, C. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part III: The effect of operating 

conditions on the cupola performance. American Foundrymen Society Transactions, 447-457, April, 1993. 

Stanek. S .• Szekely, J .• Shaajwalla, V .• Pehlke, R., Landefeld, c., and Katz. S. A mathematical model of cupola furnace 

Part IV: Carbon pickup. metal charge oxidation and cupola shell heat losses. American Foundrymen Society Transactions, 

459-466, April, 1993. 

Szekely, J. Fundamental imbalances between the United States and Japan. The Bridge, 11-19, Spring 1993. 

Szekely, J. New paradigms are needed in graduate level engineering education in the materials field. J. Metals, 20, 

September, 1993. 

Szekely, J. Some thoughts on U.S.-Japanese interactions in engineering, industrial competitiveness. research and 

education. The Engineering Academy of Japan, no. 32, 1993. 

Szekely. J. The smart way to make materials. Technology Review. April, 1993. 

Szekely. J., and Trapaga, G. Some perspective on the mathematical modeling of materials processing operations. In 

CAMSE II. Proceedings: Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials II. Yokohama. Japan. 45-51. 1992. 

Trapaga. G., Matthys, E., Valencia, J., and Szekely, J. Fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of molten metal droplets 

impinging on a substrate: Comparison of numerical and experimental resulL<;. Met. Trans. B. vol. 23B, no. 6. 701-718. 

1992. 

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11-135 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ,I""''''",II''I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU.U.1I11I11I11I11I11I111111111111111111111.11111.111111111111111111"1.11111111.11.1111111111111.1111111'11111111111111.111,11111.,11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ••• 11111111111111111111flllllll •• 111 

Westhoff. R .• Trapaga. G .• and Szekely. 1. Plasma-particle interactions in plasma spraying systems. Met. Trans. B. vol. 

23B. no. 6. 683-693. 1992. 

Zong. 1.H .• Li. B.Q .• and Szekely. 1. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magnetically-levitated molten 

droplets Part I: Steady state behavior. Acta Astronautica. vol. 26. no. 6. 1992. 

Zong. 1.H .• Li. B.Q .. and Szekely. 1. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magnetically-levitated molten 

droplets Part II: Transient behavior and heat transfer consideration. Acta Astronautica. vol. 29. no. 4. 1993. 

Zong. 1.H .. Szekely. J .• and Lohofer. G. Calculations and experiments concerning lifting force and power in tempus. Acta 

Astronautics. vol. 29. no. 5. 371-378. 1993. 

Zong. 1.H .. Szekely. 1 .• Schwartz. E. An improved computational technique for calculating electromagnetic forces and 

power absorptions generated in spherical and deformed body in levitation melting devices. IEEE Transactions. vol. 28. 

no. 3. 1833-1842. 1992. 

Proceedings: 

I1egbusi. 0.1 .• and Szekely. 1. The mathematical modeling of two phase flow phenomena in secondary steel processing. 

In Tenth PTD Conference Proceedings. 227-235. 1992. 

Partinen. 1 .. Saluja. N .• Szekely. 1 .. and Kirtley. 1.K.. lr. Modeling of surface deformation in an 

electromagnetically-stirred metallic melt. In TMS Proceedings. San Diego. CA. 1992. 

Schwartz. E .. Sauerland. S., Szekely. 1., and Egry, I. On the shape of liquid metal droplets in electromagnetic levitation 

experiments. In Proceedings on Containerless Processing. TMS Conference, Denver. CO. 1993. 

Szekely. 1 .• and Westhoff. R.C. Recent advances in mathematical modeling of transport phenomena in plasma systems. 

In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Thermal Plasma Applications in Materials and Metallurgical Processes. 

San Diego. 1992. 

Westhoff, R., and Szekely. 1. A model of an argon plasma torch discharging into nitrogen. In Proceedings of the 

International Symposium: Thermal Plasma Applications in Materials and Metallurgical Processes. San Diego. 139-152. 

1992. 

Presentations: 

Beite1man, L.. Mulcahy. 1 .• I1egbusi. 0.1 .• Szekely. 1. A preliminary study of flow control in continuous casting by the 

combined action of electromagnetic stirring and clamping forces. TMS International Conference on MHD in Process 

Metallurgy. San Diego, 1992. 

Racz. L.M., and Szekely. 1. Development of design guidelines for specifying solder volumes in surface mount technology. 

ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim. CA, November 8-13. 1992. 

Schwartz, E., Szekely, J., Ilegbusi, 0.1., Zong, J., and Egry, I. The computation of the electromagnetic force fields and 

transport phenomena in levitated metallic droplets in the micro gravity environment. TMS International Conference on 

MHD in Process Metallurgy, San Diego. March, 1992. 

Westhoff, R., and Szekely, 1. Modeling the behavior of a commercial plasma torch with turbulent. swirling flow, TMS 

Meeting. 1993. 

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11-136 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ,1.,111111111111.,1.11111""11111,.11.111111111111 •••• 1.1.1111111111111111'1'1 •• ,,11111111.11111111 •• 1,.1111'111111111111111111111111.111111111111111111.11"111111111111.,.1111,,11111111111'1.,111.1111111111111.1111,.1.,111'111111111111'11'1" 

Test of Magnetic Damping of Convective Flows in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Frank R. Szofran 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. D.Cobb 

M. B. Robinson 

M. P. Volz 

S. Motakef 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Computer Assisted Process Engineering (CAPE) 

The objectives of this study are: to test experimentally the validity of the modeling predictions applicable to the 

magnetic damping of convective flows in conductive melts as this applies to the directional solidification of 

semiconductor and metallic materials in the reduced gravity levels available in low Earth orbit; and to assess the 

effectiveness of magnetic fields in reducing the fluid flows occurring in these materials during space processing that 

result from density gradients (driven by the residual steady-state acceleration or g-jitter) or surface tension gradients 

(Marangoni flow). To achieve these fundamental objectives, the following specific objectives will be pursued: 

• To determine the relative effectiveness of transverse and axial magnetic fields in suppressing convective flows in 

Ig driven by gravity, vibration, or surface tension gradients; 

• To test the validity of magnetohydrodynamic modeling predictions in characterizing the effectiveness of an axial 

magnetic field for suppressing convective flows in Ig; 

• To test the validity of magnetohydrodynamic modeling predictions in characterizing the effectiveness of reducing 

gravity for suppressing convective flows in a modest (about O.IT) magnetic field; and 

• To characterize as completely as possible any material that is grown in space to determine the effects of reduced 

gravity on the heat and mass transfer processes that occur during growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To achieve the objectives of this investigation, we will carry out a comprehensive ground-based program using a 

carefully chosen set of materials. Some of these materials have been intensely studied in environments that have 

not simultaneously included both low gravity and an applied magnetic field. These include a dilute alloy (Ga-doped 

Ge) in which solutal effects will be negligible and four solid solutions-Ge-Si, InSb-GaSb, Cu-Ni, and 

Ag-Au-with liquid density ratios of 2.18, 1.07, 1.012, and 0.538, respectively. Thus, during 

Bridgman-Stockbarger solidification with the solid on the bottom, Ge-Si has a strongly stabilizing solutal density 

variation, InGaSb is very mildly stabilizing with previous results showing substantial mixing, Cu-Ni is even less 

stabilizing, and Ag-Au is unstable. The Ag-Au system will be solidified in both vertical orientations in the 

ground-based part of this study. All five systems will be processed by the Bridgman-Stockbarger method using two 

diameters. In addition, the Ga-doped Ge and Ge-Si systems will be float-zoned to study the effects of magnetic 

suppression of Marangoni convection. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

During directional solidification of semiconductors, generation of destabilizing temperature gradients in the melt is 

unavoidable, resulting in buoyancy-induced convective mixing of the liquid phase. On Earth this convective 

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11-137 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 111I111,'llfll'II'''IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,III''''II'I,'11111111'111111111111'11'111'1,1111111111111111111111'111"1'111111111111'1111111111111111111,.,,11111111'11111111111111111,.1.,11111111111, •• 11111111111111111,1111111111'1'1,,111111111"111111 

mixing is generally very intensive and interferes with segregation of melt constituents at the growth front. Crystal 

growth in space provides the opportunity to reduce the convective intensity and, for some classes of systems and 

charge sizes, achievc mass transfer diffusion-controlled growth. Magnetic damping of convection in 

electrically-conductive melts, however, can be used to provide a higher degree of control on convection in the melt. 

Thus our understanding of convective influences can be further advanced, and our ability to interpret space 

experimental results may be significantly improved. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Several Oa-doped Oe samples have been grown both in zero field and with a 5 T axial magnetic field. Preliminary 

Oa distribution analysis by electrical resistivity of two samples indicatcs complete mixing in both the sample 

grown with an applied field and in the zero-field sample. Nonetheless, the growth interfaces in both samples is 

virtually flat except near the ends or near bubbles. The infonnal part of the Science Concept Review was held on 

August 3, 1993. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 10/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-10 

NASA CONTRACT No.: in-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-138 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ...... 1111 ..... 111 ........... 11111 ........... 111 .. 1111111111111111 ..... 1111111 ............... 111 .... 1111 ............... 1111 .............. 111111 ...... 1111 .......... 11.11111111.11'""111111.11.1'"'111111 .. 1"111111111.1111.1111111111.111.111.1. 

Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael C. Weinberg 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

C.F. Nelson 

E.H. Trinh 

R.S. Subramanian 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Arizona 

University of Arizona 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

Clarkson University 

The objective of this task is to perform measurements of small liquid-liquid interfacial tension in microgravity. 

'This test will establish the feasibility of using the same technique at high temperatures to determine the interfacial 

tension between to phases of liquid glass and thereby assess the role of gravity in phase separation kinetics. Using 

two slightly miscible organic fluids, the Drop Physics Module creates a drop of one fluid inside a drop of the other. 

This compound drop is rotated and photographed from several angles. From the shapes of the two interfaces at a 

given rotation rate the interfacial tension will be determined. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To prepare for the flight, appropriate sample-fluid pairs were identified and their relevant physical properties 

measured; existing theory was used to select the optimal volumes and rotation rates to provide the most sensitive 

test matrix for determining the interfacial tension. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the USML-l mission, the astronauts and DPM were unable to form the desired compound drops. Images of 

drops containing both fluids are being studied. 

Discolored fluid returned from the mission is being analyzed. The tendency of the organic solutions which are 

saturated at one temperature to become separated as the temperature changes has been studied experimentally. The 

sensitivity of the fluids to absorbing small amounts of water was also examined. Analysis of the discolored 

droplets by IR spectroscopy has not provided conclusive answers. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/90 EXPIRATION: 4/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-04-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Yasumori, A., Neilson, G.F., Weinberg, M.C. Measurement of surface tension of organic liquid pairs. J. Colloid Interface 

Sci, 155, 85-91, 1993. 

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11-139 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science ................ 111 ................................... 11111111 ... ,1111 ..... 11 .............. 11 .... ,11111 ............ 11111 ................... , .......................... 11.11.,1111.11 .... ,1,.1,,1"11 •• 11""".,11111111111, •• 1.11.11, ........ '."., 

Vapor Growth of Alloy-Type Semiconductor Crystals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Heribert Wiedemeier Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this research are: the establishment of experimental trends for the relation between convective 

flow, mass flux, and crystal morphology; and the identification of microgravity effects and crystal properties for the 

ternary semiconductor mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe). 

DESCRIPTION: 

This experiment requires the hot zone to be 625°C and the cold zone to be 455 °C. The total duration of the 

experiment is 16 hours. The ampoule assembly is designed to be 160 mm in length, 18 mm outer diameter, and 

about 31 grams total weight. A cadmium telluride single crystal and a sapphire disc are used for the epitaxial 

crystal growth as substrate and substrate support, respectively. Four time intervals are required for crystal growth, 

namely, heat-up, annealing, growth, and cool-down periods. 

The lateral and axial compositional homogeneity (distribution) of the major and dopant components is expected to 

be more uniform for the space-grown epitaxial layers. The density of dislocations, of strain-induced defects, and 

possibly the number of inclusions are expected to be considerably reduced relative to ground-control specimens. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Two HgCdTe samples were processed in the crystal growth furnace (CGF), which was flown in the pressurized 

Spacelab module in the habitable environment of the Space Shuttle Columbia during the first United States 

Microgravity Laboratory (USML-l) in June of 1992. After return to MSFC, the ampoule/cartridge assemblies were 

examined by x-ray radiation. In both cases, the thermocouples were in the proper locations along the ampoules. 

The mechanical integrity of the fused silica ampoules was confmned after their removal from the cartridge. Based 

upon visual inspection of the flight ampoules, the surfaces of the source materials in both ampoules showed some 

recrystallization, which is typical for these procedures and conditions. The epitaxial layers grown on the substrates 

were nearly mirror smooth and showed a high degree of spectral reflection. This reveals the very high surface 

quality of the layer. Under comparable ground conditions, the surfaces of the epitaxial layers typically show a wavy 

morphology. Based on this qualitative comparison, the surface morphology of the epitaxial layers grown in a 

microgravity environment demonstrates a significant improvement relative to ground specimens. In addition, the 

epitaxial layers grown during the USML-l mission have a very homogeneous appearance with respect to their 

overall surface morphology. Further characterization and further analysis of these flight experiments are proceeding. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/90 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-03 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-381 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-140 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Flight Research Discipline: Materials Science 1IIIIIIIIIIItI.III .. II ............. , ............. 11I11I11I111111111111111111111111111111"''''1,111111'"111'11''111'11'1111111111'"''11111111111111111111111'11.11111111.11.1111111111'1111,11111.1Inllllllllll.I'IIIIIIIIIII.I.IIII'IIII •• I.1111 

Journals: 

Wiedemeier, H. Thermochemical modeling of interfacial reactions in molybdenum disilicide matrix composites. 1. 

Materials Science, vol. 27, 2974, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H., Regel, L.L. and Palosz, W. Vapor transport and crystal growth of GeSe under normal and high 

acceleration. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 119, 79, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Sha, Y.G. Growth by CVT and characterization of Hg, .• Cd. Te epitaxial layers. J. Electronic Materials, 

vol. 21, 563, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Sha, Y.G. Effects of growth conditions on the composition of CVT and PVT grown Hg,.Cd.Te 

epitaxial layers. J. Electronic Materials, vol. 21, 613, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Ge, Y.R. Electrophysical Properties of GeSe.Te, .• single crystals grown by physical vapor transport. 

Z. Anorg. Allg. Chern., vol. 619, 163, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Ge, Y.R. Electrical properties and valence band structure of GeSe.T,. single crystals. Z. Anorg. AUg. 

Chern., vol. 619, 168, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Palosz, W. Physical vapor transport of cadmium telluride in closed ampoules. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 

129, 653, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Huang, X. Phase studies of the Cd-Fe-Se system in the Cd-rich region. J. Electronic Materials, vol. 

22, 695, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Palosz, W. Residual gas pressures in sealed fused silica glass ampoules. J. Crystal Growth, vol. 131, 

193, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Wu, G.H. Fast vapor growth of cadmium telluride single crystals. 1. Electronic Materials, vol. 22, 

1121, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Wu, H.H. Fast growth of Cd,.Zn.Te single crystals by physical vapor transport. J. Electronic 

Materials, vol. 22, 1369, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, II. and hen, K.T. Observation of phase separation in Hg,x Cd.Te/(lOO)CdTe solid solutions by low incident 

angle X-ray diffraction. J. Electronic Materials, (in press) 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Ge, Y.R. Crystal defects and interdiffusion behavior of IIg,.Cd.Te/(I00)CdTe epitaxial layers grown 

by CVT. J. Electronic Materials, (in press) 1993. 

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11-141 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science " ....... 11 ........... 11111.111 ............................. 111 .......... 11111 ............... 11111 ... 111."'1.111111111111111111 ..... 111111111111 ........... , ................. 11111111111 ....... 1111111111, .................. , .... 11 .............. ,. 

Superfluid Transition of 4He in the Presence of a Heat Current 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Guenter Ahlers University of California, Santa Barbara 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this project is to study the superfluid transition in a heat current. One issue which we are 

addressing is whether the superfluid transition remains continuous in the presence of a heat current. A second 

objective is to make measurements of the effective conductivity of the system very close to but slightly above the 

transition temperature TI. as a function of the current. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Theoretical work by Onuki has predicted that the transition will be hysteretic. We are looking for this hysteresis in 

a finite current. Onuki's theory does not take the effect of gravity into consideration, and it is not clear to what 

extent the gravitationally induced inhomogenity will hide the predicted effect. Recent calculations by Haussmann 

and Dobm have indicated that a nonlinear range of parameter space should be accessible where the conductivity will 

depend upon the current. This range will be exceedingly close to TI. where the ultra-high resolution thermometry 

developed previously in our laboratory will be essential, and where gravity effects will play an important role. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

We expect that our earth-bound measurements will yield information about possible advantages to be gained from 

micro-gravity experiments. We will have to determine whether gravity effects completely obscure the nonlinear 

regime, thus neceSSitating microgravity experiments in order to make these nonlinear effects observable, or whether 

useful information can be obtained in an earth-bound laboratory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The major issue to be addressed with support from this grant is whether a heat current renders the superfluid 

transition of 4He frrst-order. We built a special apparatus and search experimentally for hysteresis at the A.-transition 

in a heat current and in the gravitational field, and found none. With the temperature controlled by a thermometer 

with 3 nK (rms) resolution, the transition temperature was crossed from below and above at ramp rates from 1.14 to 

10.42nKls in the presence of heat currents from 1.0 to 37.0JlW/cm2. In all cases, the hysteresis was less than 

O.IJlK. This is an order of magnitude less than the theoretical estimates of 1.6 or 3.1 JlK at the larger currents of 

the experiment. 

In these experiments we found that the temperature difference across the cell was considerably smaller than that 

calculated from the zero-current conductivity of the fluid. We are presently exploring whether this experimental 

observation is a manifestation of the heat current dependence of the conductivity predicted by Haussmann and Dohm. 

To this end, it is necessary to carry out a detailed numerical calculation of the two-dimensional temperature field in 

our cell. We have nearly completed the computer code for this project. 

During the coming year, we expect to arrive at a definitive analysis of our data and a comparison with existing 

theoretical predictions and/or models for the heat current dependent conductivity. We also expecL to obtain 

additional data for an experimental cell of a different thickness . 

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11-142 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science .............................. " ............................ ' ........ 11111 ........ UIIIIIII"II.II'II .. II.IIIIIIIIIII'11I11I11I111111111111111111111111 ........................... 111111.111".11111111 •• ".11.1111 •••• 1.11111.111'1e111111111111111 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-17 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Liu, F-C. Ahlers, G. The A.-transition of 'He in a heat current and under gravity. Physica B, (in press) . 

...... "11 ...................... 111111111 .... 11111111" ..... ".11111111' •• 11111111111111111.,'.".'1 .... 1111111.1111111 ..... 11111 ......... 11111'11111111111111111111111 ••• 11.,1111111.11.,111,,111111111't'tllllllll'III.I'II"'IIIIIII'III''''I'111 

11-143 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science " ......... '11 ....................................................................................... 1111111 ............... 1111 ............... ".1 .............. 11 ...... 11.111 ......................... '11 ........ 1111111111111 .................... . 

Microgravity Test of Universality and Scaling Predictions Near the 3He Critical Point 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin B. Barmatz 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

U .E. Israelsson 

J. Rudnick 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIRCANCE: 

OBJECTIVES: 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

University of California, Los Angeles 

The objective of this task is to test the universality and scaling laws at the liquid-gas critical point of 3He in 

microgravity environment. The task objectives will inciuJe 1) precision measurements of the isothermal 

compressibility along the critical isochore to determine the critical exponent 'Y and 2) precision measurements of the 

constant volume specific heat along the critical isochore to determine the critical exponent n. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Theories describing the behavior of thermophysical properties near critical points were developed using the concept 

of scaling laws. These models led to the definition of universality classes where critical points of the same class are 

predicted to have the same critical exponents. Efforts to validate the scaling law predictions near a liquid-gas critical 

point in ground-blsed laboratories are limited due to the gravity induced vertical density gradient associated with the 

divergence of the isothermal compressibility. This density gradient becomes appreciable as the critical point is 

approached leading to a significant smearing of the transition. Calculations have shown that in a microgravity 

environment (10.(\ g) accurate specific heat and isothermal compressibility measurements could be obtained = two 

orders of magnitude in reduced temperature closer to the critical point. Techniques are being developed for the 

simultaneous measurement of both static (specific heat, sound velocity, and compressibility) and dynamic (sound 

attenuation and dispersion) properties. These studies will require accurate measurements of pressure (Ap/p = 10- 11 ), 

density (Ap/p = 10-9), and temperature (ATIT = 10-9). ). 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The ability to perform these simultaneous measurements in microgravity should provide a very stringent test of the 

universality predictions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During this last year, we have fabricated a new cryostat based on the microgravity Lambda Point platform design 

capable of 10-9 Kelvin temperature stability. This cryostat will be used to evaluate a new pressure transducer with a 

resolution of one part in 10 II . A new low temperature pneumatic valve was also developed and tested for 

microgravity sample transfer. 

TASK INITIATION: 12192 ExPIRATION: 11195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-04-07 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: JPL 

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Measurement of the Heat Capacity of Superjluid Helium in a Persistent-Current State 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Talso C. P. Chui Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the task is to detect any changes in the heat capacity of helium as result of superfluid flow very 

near the superfluid transition temperature. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The flow will be created in a toroidal shaped calorimeter in the form of persistent current. The heat capacity is then 

measured from below to above the transition, where the persistent current will decay to zero. The heat capacity will 

subsequently be remeasured below the transition to detect any difference. If the experiment shows that the heat 

capacity is different with superfluid flow, then a space experiment can be designed to map out the heat capacity 

curves as a function of temperature and superfluid velocity. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results will be compared to the dynamic renormalization group theory, which have recently been applied to 

calculate the expected results. The theory, which involves three adjustable parameters, is remarkably successful in 

explaining the thermal conductivity and the second sound damping near the lambda transition. The proposed 

experiment will give a much more stringent test of the theory because this new experimental situation allows the 

theory to make precise predictions without any additional adjustable parameters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have fabricated a low temperature probe and the internal platform to house the experiment. We tested it at 

helium temperature. We were able to get a Quantum Design RF SQUID to operate at its lowest noise level inside 

the vacuum can using an RF line and a SQUID housing designed by us for vacuum operation. The probe leaked 

initially. After some effort, we have repaired all the leaks. The probe is currently capable of maintaining 

temperatures below 2K. The computer interface to the Germanium resistance thermometer and the SQUID 

controller is completed and is currently under test. Parts for the high resolution thermometer have arrived. The 

growing of the salt pills for the high resolution thermometer has started. Complete assembly and test of the high 

resolution thermometer is scheduled at the ftrst quarter of FY '94. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

BS Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-04-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Chui, T.C.P., and Volz, S.M. Low temperature physics in space. 1995 McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, 

(invited, to be published). 

1111 ................................................................... , ....... tllI'I.,ItIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.,.,I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.,",.".,11.,1.,.".1,.".,111,.11111111111111111111'",.,11111111111.".".,1111"1111",1,,1111111111111 

11-145 
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Chui, T.C.P., Israelsson, V.E., Lysck, M.l. Measurement of the heat capacity of helium under superfluid flow condintion 

near the lambda transition. Physica B, (to be published) . 

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11-146 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11111.11111.11.11.11.11111111.11.1111111.11111111.11.1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11 ...... " ........ 11111111 ....... 111 ........... 1111 ........ 11111111111111 ..... 111111111.1111 •• 11.11111111111.111,.1.1111111 .... 111'1111111111.tlll'IIIIIIII'tlllllllllll 

Determination of the Correlation Length in Helium II in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Russell 1. Donnelly University of Oregon 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to measure finite size effects in the isobaric expansion coefficient near the lambda 

transition in liquid helium. We will measure the thermal expansion coefficient for liquid helium confined between 

parallel plates for a range of temperatures very near the lambda transition temperature (both above and below), a 

range of pressures from SVP to about 25 bar, and a range of plate separation distances. 

DESCRIPTION: 

We will measure the dielectric constant of helium confined between parallel plates as a function of temperature at 

constant pressure. Using the Clausius-Mossotti relation, the density and thus the expansion coefficient of liquid 

helium will be calculated. The experimental method involves two measurements (at a given temperature) of the 

balancing ratio of an audio-frequency ratio-transformer capacitance bridge, one with the sample capacitor empty and 

then one with it filled with liquid helium. Appropriate division of these ratios then yields directly the dielectric 

constant at that temperature. 

The capacitor used to measure the dielectric constant is a parallel-plate design operated as a three-terminal device in a 

I-kHz ratio-transfonner bridge. The spacing between the electrodes is determined by a precision shim which can be 

easily changed. An identical capacitor is also mounted on the experimental platform and is operated empty as a 

reference capacitor. We expect to vary the thickness of the shims between 5 microns and 50 microns. 

Initially germanium thermometry will be used for temperature control and measurement. This will allow us to 

easily cover a wide range of temperature and to gain familiarity with the experiment. At this stage we will want to 

reconcile our results with older, published data. High- resolution measurements will be made after installing a 

paramagnetic salt thermometer identical to that used by John Lipa in his lambda-point heat capacity experiment 

(LPE), which successfully flew on STS-52 in October of 1992. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Finite size effects are manifested as a rounding of the divergence in thermodynamic functions near a critical point as 

the correlation length increases toward the system size. We can thus test renormalization group theory predictions, 

universality assumptions, and boundary conditions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have measured the dielectric constant contained within a 500 micron gap over a wide range of temperatures 

1.1-4.9 Kelvin. To achieve temperatures near the density minimum we installed an external shutoff valve to the 

refrigerator input capillary so that it could be run in a "one-shot" mode. This reduction of heat load allowed us to 

operate the refrigerator near 1.0K for a period of two hours between fills. By comparing the measured dielectric 

constant obtained in the 50 and 500 micron samples we were able to deduce accurately the pressure coefficient of the 

capacitor cell at the temperature of the measurements. This is the first such determination of one of the most 

significant systematic errors in this type of measurement and a necessary step toward being able to accurately deduce 

finite size effects . 

... 11111.11.11 ...... 1111 ......... 1111111" .. 11111111 ......... 111111111111 .. 1111 .. 1111 ....... 111111111111111111 ....... 111111 .... 11111111111111 ..... 111 .. 11111111111111111111111 ..... 111111111111 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11111111111 

11-147 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11 .......................... 111 ............. 111 ............... '11 ................................... 1111111111 ..... 11111 .......... 11 ........... 11 .. 111 .... 11111111.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11 ••• 111111''''''1''1111111,".1111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIt'I'I'" 

At the density minimum our measured dielectric constant values agree to within 2 ppm absolutely with those 

detennined by Harris-Lowe and Smee. This is important since the known systematic errors are negligible at these 

temperatures, except for stray capacity. The temperature dependence of Kierstead's data is in excellent agreement 

with our measurements and indicates that Van Degrifts's use of the older, high temperature data of Onnes to 

complete tabulation of the temperature dependence of the density is most likely incorrect. 

We have used Landau theory to detennine the excess density below 1.1 K, using only calculated helium parameters 

obtained from the tabulated values of Brooks, so that we now have a complete tabulation of the dielectric constant, 

density, and expansion coefficient from OK to near the liquid-gas critical point. 

The capacitor plates have been re-machined and 5 micron spacers have been installed. We are currently readying the 

cryostat for a set of measurements at this plate spacing. 

A manuscript detailing the bulk measurements is being submitted to JL TP. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/89 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

Total Degrees: 4 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-04-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Niemela, 1.1., and Donnelly, R.I. Dielectric constant and density of liquid 4He. 1. Low Temp. Phys., (to be published) . 

... 111 ................. , ........... 11 ............................. , •• 11 ........ 1 .... 1111111111111111111 ..... 11111.'11 •• "11 ... 111 .......... 1111111111.111111"1 .. 1111 ...... 111'11'11111111'11.11111111.11.1111,11111111111111111111,1111111.,11,111. 

11-148 
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Nucleation of Quantized Vortices from Rotating Super fluid Drops 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Russell J. Donnelly 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J. Niemela 

W-K Rhim 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Oregon 

University of Oregon 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

The objective of this research is to study the nucleation of quantized vortices in helium II by investigating the 

behavior of rotating droplets of helium II in a reduced gravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Two methods well-suited for levitating the helium drop in the near vacuum environment are electrostatic and/or 

magnetic levitation. A pure electrostatic scheme requires active feedback control, while a purely magnetic levitation 

requires large fields. A hybrid system is probably the best choice. Rotation can be accomplished by coupling to a 

charge distribution on the drop surface. We will initially use purely electrostatic levitation for studying drops. The 

required charging of the drops can be accomplished by forming the drops around a sharp electrode tip held at a high 

voltage. Film flow of helium II can be utilized to create drops at the bottom of a suitable container which can be 

filled by a fountain pump and situated above a pair of capicitor plates having an appropriate voltage difference 

between them. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Nucleation phenomena, in general, are fundamental to many fields of physics and engineering. In the case of a 

rotating supcrfluid drop it will be possible to produce a state of zero nucleation, analogous to growing a perfect 

defect-free crystal. It should also be possible to add a controlled impurity to cause nucleation of a quantized vortez 

line in the drop. At low enough temperatures, this will be a pure quantum mechanical tunnelling phenomenon. At 

higher temperatures it should be possible to see thermally activated nucleation taking over, for a demonstration of 

nucleation under more familiar classical conditions. In conventional systems it is evident that vortex lines come 

from some preexisting source, probably vortices trapped by pinning sites on the walls. While this kind of source 

of vorticity is undoubtedly important, it is not as fundamental as the "extrinsic nucleation" problem where vortex 

line appears when none was present before. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A cryostat designed to produce drops and levitate them electrostatically has been designed and built. It was first 

cooled down October, 1993. The device consists of two brass capacitor plates, separated by about 1 cm and having 

a potential difference of approximately lkV. Helium II drops are formed at the bottom of a slender vessel situated 

directly above the top plat and which has been filled with helium II via a fountain pump. Film flow of helium II 

causes drops to form and detach at the bottom of the vessel, to which is attached a sharp tungsten tip. 

Approximately 2kV is applied to this tip to produce positive helium ions in the drops before they detach. The top 

plate has a 6mm diameter hole in its center to allow passage of the drop. The cryostat is housed in a glass helium 

dewar with transparent slits for viewing. The surrounding nitrogen dewar also has un silvered slits running 

vertically. A CCD camera connected to a video recorder is used to observe the events. A stroboscope operated at 

25,000 rpm is used for illumination. This allows multiple images of the drop on each frame recorded so that the 

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velocity and charge of the drop can be detennined. To date we have successfully deployed drops and observed them, 

but have not yet produced charge. We are presently working on producing sharper tips so that we don't have to 

operate near the breakdown voltage of the helium vapor. 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-12 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-150 
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Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Melting-Freezing of Helium in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Charles Elbaum Brown University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

T.M. Kosterlitz Brown University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this project is to study. experimentally and theoretically. the effects of gravity on the 

melting-freezing transitions, including kinetic processes and the eqUilibrium shape of solids. The research is carried 

out on helium, whose unique properties render such investigations possible on a time scale consistent with 

experiments in space, under microgravity conditions. Indeed. morphological changes of the solid-liquid interface 

(Le., the "surface" of helium) generally occur fast enough to satisfy the time constraints mentioned above. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Special lighting applied to a liquid helium dewar allows viewing of the liquid-solid interface. Rapid image capture 

equipment allows recording of the response of the interface to pressure or heat pulses. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These studies are addressing a number of fundamental questions, especially as they relate to the effects of gravity. 

These questions include the kinetics of flrst order phase transitions, the critical behavior in the evolution of crystal 

shapes as they approach eqUilibrium, faceting-roughening phenomena on various surfaces, relative and absolute 

values of interfacial free energy for different crystal faces, and the minimization of a system's free energy subject to 

various constraints. Furthermore, many applications should benefit from a deeper understanding of the above 

phenomena, among them crystal growth, surface conflgurations, sintering. and surface reactivity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Our experimental activity is focussed on readying the nearly complete apparatus for data collecting activities. The 

third version of the sample chamber is in design stage and we expect to have it ready in about 10-12 days. 

After a period of final "tuning" of the apparatus, we will conduct experiments. initially on growth of helium-four 

crystals and the evolution of crystal shapes toward equilibrium. Particular attention will be directed to the 

development of faceted interfaces from rough one (and vice-versa), as a function of temperature and pressure, i.e. 

growth-melting conditions. 

Theoretical studies underway are two-fold: (1) A general theoretical investigation of equations of growth of crystal 

faces under both driven conditions and relaxation back to equilibrium. Recently, some interesting predictions have 

emerged, such as the time-dependence of the healing of a rough surface below the roughening temperature. We are 

attempting to estimate if such an effect is observable in our experimental setup. (2) A particular theoretical 

investigation of the growth of helium-four crystals, under the conditions of our experimental setup here. This 

involves a study of the time scales involved for growth by homogeneous nucleation and on rough surfaces 

depending on whether the temperature is above or below the roughening temperature of the particular facet. 

..................................... 1 ...... 1., ...... 11 .................... ,1 .................. I ................. ItIl.' •• "lIltI •• , •• ,III.,I.,I.,I.11""1111"1,.".,"1, •• "'1'1111,,,11111111.11.11111111111,.11.11.,"'11111111.,11.,"111111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11 ........................... 1 ...... 111 ........ 1111 ..... 111111 ... 1111 ... '11 ............... '1111111111 .......... 11111111 ..... 11 .......................... 111 ...................... 111111 ..... 11 ..... 1 ..................................... '.tI.1I1111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-13 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-152 
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Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. C.W. Francis Everitt Stanford University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P. Worden Stanford University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) experiment is to investigate the foundation 

of gravitational theory. the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experiment is one of four candidates for the next European Space Agency (ESA) medium-sized mission, to start 

around 1995. It is at the end a phase-A study being completed jointly by NASA and ESA. The mission, if 

selected. will be carried out jointly by the two agencies with an expected launch in the year 2000. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The STEP experiment may be thought of as a modem version of the experiment attributed to Galileo of dropping 

two weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Any difference in the ratio of gravitational to inertial mass causes a 

corresponding difference in the rate of fall. The detection of a difference would substantially alter present theories of 

relativity and gravitation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) was studied as a joint ESAINASA experiment during 

1992-93. It was one of four medium sized (M2) missions in competition for an ESA new start in 1997. In April 

1993. Integral was selected for the M2 mission. However. STEP received such good scientific support that NASA 

felt it should continue if the basic cost could be reduced to around $100 million. 

Stanford University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory redefined the STEP mission and, indeed, were able to reduce 

the costs sharply. The new mission is informally called Quick STEP. Significant costs savings were achieved by 

adopting the philosophy of using an existing. off-the-shelf "lightsat" space craft and a Taurus class launch vehicle. 

These two major components can be purchased for under $50 million. The payload would be sized to fit their 

capabilities. If the payload could not be made to fit, then it would be descoped until it did fit. 

This philosophy resulted in no compromise in the basic 10-17 Equivalence Principle experiment or the Geodesy 

experiment. The lIR2

, G and axion experiments from the M2 mission were given up. 

The Quick STEP mission is in phase-A in FY '94, has a planned project start in FY '96 and a Fall 1999 launch. A 

European partner is presently being sought for both science and hardware collaboration. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 5 

PhD Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 10/84 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-10 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

.......................................................................... 11.11.".1111 .... 11 .... ,11,., ............ 11 .... ".', ......... ,1111111.,111111III""I.I,.f'" •• ,III ••• IIIIIII.II.II"1I1111111111111"111"'.1""'.,1.""",,111,.".'" 

11-153 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science '11 .. 'U.IIIIIIIII"".I1'''''''I,,, •• II'I .. II'".II.IIIIIIIIIIII., •• , •• 1"IIIIIIII'II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'"'"'II"I1'"'".IIIIU"II' ........ ' .. ' .. '11 ................................... 11 ..... 11 ..... 111 .. 1111 .. '"111,11.1.1.1111'11' 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Mason, P.V., Israelsson, V.E., Pelrac, D., Jackson, H.W., Worden, P., and Parmley, R. Technical challenges of satellite 

test of the equivalence principle mission (Space Cryogenics Workshop, June 1992). Cryogenics, 33, 390, 1993. 

Mason, P.V., Strayer, D., Petrac, D., Gutt, G., Warfield, K. The control of liquid helium in space by electrostatics. 

Advances in Croygenic Engineering, (to be published). 

Proceedings: 

Mason, P.V., Gutt, G., and Strayer, D. Electrostatic control of helium tides in the STEP cryostat. In Proceedings of the 

STEP Symposium, Testing the Equivalence Principle, Pisa, Italy, April 6-8, 1993, (to be published). 

Presentations: 

Atzei, A., Swanson, P., and Anselmi, A. The STEP Mission: Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle, 43rd Congress of 

the Intemation Astronautical Federation, Washington, DC, September 1, 1992. IAF-92-0528. 

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11-154 
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Condensate Fraction in Super fluid Helium Droplets 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: J. Woods Halley 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

C. Giese 

C. Campbell 

K. Goetz 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & S,GN,FICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Minnesota 

University of Minnesota 

University of Minnesota 

University of Minnesota 

The scientific goal of the proposed project is to obtain infonnation about the condensate fraction in superfluid 

helium four by studying elastic scattering of helium atoms from a freely floating macroscopic sphere of the fluid. 

DESCRIPTION: 

During the first year, we are perfonning theoretical calculations to test the feasibility of this idea. During the 

second and third years, an increasing portion of the effort will be devoted to experimental development. The main 

aspects of experimental development are 1) droplet levitation, 2) pulse creation and 3) pulse detection. With respect 

to aspects 2) and 3) a collaboration ha been initiated with I. Silvera of Harvard University to perfonn a preliminary 

ground based experiment using detecting and pulsing bolometers developed by his group. With respect to terrestrial 

levitation, we are exploring the possibility of using facilities at the new Florida State national high magnetic field 

facility. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The condensate fraction of the superfluid helium wavefunction is the microscopic manifestation of bose 

condensation which is universally believed to be the origin of the fluid's superfluid properties (as originally 

proposed by London! more than 50 years ago). If successful, the experiment would be important because direct 

experimental study of the condensate fraction has proved extremely elusive. Only neutron scattering experiments 

give direct information2 and interpretation of these has proved difficult. 

Our basic idea is that in a microgravity environment, it will be possible to do a tunneling experiment (analogous to 

a Josephson tunneling experiment in some respects) in order to study the condensate. We envision sending pulses 

of gaseous helium atoms at one side of a suspended sphere of superfJuid helium four and detecting helium atoms 

emerging in coincidence from the other side of the sphere. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The objective of this project is the completion of a ground based study of the scientific and technical feasibility of 

an experiment in which the presence and nature of the long range quantum coherence (condensate) in superfluid 

helium four is detected. Pulses of gaseous helium will be fired at a suspended droplet of superfluid helium four and 

the resulting emission of helium atoms will be detected. 

Our original theoretical analysis ()f the proposed experiment, based on a simple tunneling Hamiltonian model was 

published in Physical Review Letters on October IS, 1993. A somewhat more sophisticated analysis, still based on 

perturbation theory and a Hartree approximation, will be published in the December, 1993 issue of Journal of Low 

Temperature Physics. In that same issue another paper (by C.E. Campbell) reports relevant new results on the 

nature of quantum coherence in finite systems. A preliminary quantitative calculation with T. Boinske of the 

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II-I SS 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 11111.11.11.11.,111"'11,,",111.11111.11 ...... ,11111111'''11,11111111111111111111111.".11'1111111111.111".,111111.11'11.,11111111IIU'IIII"IIIII.II'IIII ..... II .. ,IIIII.II.II .... IIIII.,I.'"'1I111111I"IIIII.tI •• ,I.,I.,I ......... "II ... ,I.,1 

matrix element appearing in the tunneling Hamiltonian has been performed. The result is so large that it suggests 

that the low order perturbation theory used in the earlier work may be inadequate. This suggests a large effect but 

indicates that nonperturbative approaches may be required. In a cOllaboration with Siu Chin of Texas A & M 

University we are including the center of mass motion of the droplet in our analysis and are making a more 

complete many body analysis. An analysis of expected time delays in the emission process has been undertaken 

with T. Boinske. M. Williams made a calculation of the possibility of producing parallel helium interfaces in a 

terrestrial experiment by coating the sides of small holes in a container of liquid helium with cesium (which is not 

wet by superfluid helium). The result is that substantial hole sizes (of order 1mm) could be used, but a more 

detailed study of pressure fluctuations is required. 

A first ground based experiment has been undertaken in collaboration with I. Silvera of Howard University. In this 

experiment, pulses of helium are fired at the horizontal surface of liquid heliwn at one end of a U-shaped copper tube 

about 3 inches in length and 0.25 inches in diameter. A detector at the horizontal liquid heliwn surface at the other 

end of the tube can detect re-emitted helium atoms. Mark Williams of this group spent a month in Cambridge in 

September working on this experiment and will return there for another month in December. 

Invited talks on this subject have been given at L T20 and a satellite conference, various NASA meetings, a 

many-body meeting in Pakistan and at Kansas State University. Invitations for further invited talks have been 

received from the University of Minnesota, a many-body meeting at Texas A & M University, the Washington 

meeting of the American Physical Society in April, the AIAA meeting in Nevada in January, and a meeting on 

Thermophysics sponsored by NIST in June in Colorado. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PhD Students: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-14 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Campbell, C.E. Remnants of Bose condensation and off-diagonal long range order in finite systems. 1. Low Temp. Phys., 

(in press). 

Campbell C.E., and Halley, 1.W. Theorectical analysis of an experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid 

helium four (·He). Physica B, (in press). 

Halley,l.W. Structure of the condensate and some possible ways to observe it. 1. Low Temp. Phys., (in press). 

Halley, 1.W. A novel approach to the observation of the condensate fraction in superfluid helium four (4He). Physica B, 

(in press). 

Halley, 1.W., Campbell, C.E., Giese, C.F., and Goetz, K. New approach to the observation of the condensate fraction in 

superfluid helium four tHe). Phys. Rev. Letters, (in press). 

Proceedings: 

Boinske, T. Theoretical calculations on the role of the condensate and vorticity in fense Bose systems. Conference on 

the Role of Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems, (poster presentation at conference, to be published in 1. Low 

Temp. Pbys.). 

Halley, J.W .• ed. The role of the condensate and vorticity in dense Bose systems. Proceedings of the Conference on the 

Role of the Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems, Minneapolis, MN, August 1-3, 1993. (to be published in 

1.Low Temp. Phys.). 

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II-I S6 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 111111111.11.11.11.11.111111111111111111111111111.11.11.11.11'".11111111.11.11.111111111111 .. 1 .. 111111111 .. '.11111111'".11.11.11.11'11 .. 1 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.,1111111.1.,,1111111111111111'1111111111111 .... 1 .. 1.,. 

Presentations: 

Giese, C. Experimental aspects of an experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid helium four ('He), 

Conference: LT-20 (poster presentation at LT-20, to be published in Physica B). 

Giese, C. Experimental aspects on the experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid helium four (·He). 

Conference on the Role of the Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems (poster presentation at the conference. to 

be published in I. Low Temp. Phys.). 

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Dynamic Measurement Near the Lambda-Point in a Low-g Simulator on the Ground 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R.V. Duncan Sandia National Laboratory 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this work is to perform dynamic measurements on a short cylindrical sample of helium very near 

the lambda-point in an effective gravity environment of about 0.01 g. Dynamic conditions will be created by 

passing a heat current through the sample. The effective low-gravity environment will be created by applying a 

magnetic field gradient which closely cancels hydrostatic pressure differences in the sample. Specifically, the 

reduced gravity conditions will enable a test of theoretical predictions of the effect of small heat currents on the 

nature of the lambda-transition and will allow probing of the interface region between co-existing normal and 

superfluid portions of the fluid. These measurements are not possible to perform in a regular lab environment on 

the earth due to the influence of hydrostatic pressure effects and the need to apply large heat currents to overcome 

hydrostatic effects, tending to perturb the fluid sufficiently to render the measurements questionable. The 

suppression of the lambda-transition due to heat currents will also be investigated at lower values of the heat current 

than possible in a one-g environment. The magnet will be procured from a magnet winding company and installed 

in a thermal platform under construction at JPL. Melting curve thermometers, which can operate well in strong 

magnetic fields, will be used for high resolution thermometry. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The magnet will be designed and constructed by a magnet winding company. An experimental cell will be 

constructed with attachment points for melting curve thermometers to enable high resolution thermometry to be 

performed in the high field conditions of the experimental cell. The melting curve thermometers will be constructed 

at Sandia under a sub-contract to JPL. A high performance thermal platform will have the experimental cell and the 

magnet installed into it for performing the measurements. A vibration isolated and magnetically shielded helium 

dewar will be used to cool the thermal platform in order to minimize noise generation and improve the fidelity of 

the collected data. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Recent investigations of the influence of an applied heat current on the properties of helium near the superfluid 

transition have revealed many new phenomena. Agreement with theories based on scaled mean field calculations 

and dynamic renormalization group calculations is not good. The disagreement may stem from the fact that theories 

assume zero-gravity conditions, while experiments are performed in a one-g environment. To overcome the 

influence of gravity on properties near the transition in a heat current, large values of heat current are required which 

has detrimental effects on the very properties in need of study. It has also been predicted that imposition of a heat 

current will change the very nature of the lambda-transition from continuous to first order. Investigating these 

phenomena in a simulated low-gravity environment would enable lower heat currents to be used and would enable 

observation of phenomena washed out by gravity effects. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The vibration isolated magnetically shielded dewar has been assembled and verified functional at helium 

temperatures. The thermal platform, less the experimental cell, has been assembled, cooled down, and operated 

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11-158 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 1, ............................... 11 .......... ,111 ....................... 1111 .......... ,.,IIIII." ....... , ..... UII.II .... II.II ... III.llllltlllll.l.1",1.11.11 •• ,.11'.,'1""1 .. '11.11.11"111111111,.11.1111Ittlllllll""I.,I.,I •• ,III •• ,.,I"II.' 

successfully at temperatures below 2 kelvin. A prototype melting curve thermometer has been constructed and 

tested for shorting capacitance at room temperature. Following the successful shorting pressure test which verifies 

the design, the remaining melting curve thermometers were submitted to the machine shop for fabrication. A 

magnet design was successfully developed in collaboration with a magnet winding company and an order for the 

magnet was placed. The design will reduce the effective gravity environment seen in a small size helium cell to 

below 0.01 g, thereby enabling a two orders of magnitude improvement in studies of gravity smeared properties in a 

ground based laboratory. The remainder of the experimental cell layout has been designed and drawings are being 

prepared for submission to machine shops for fabrication. Progress has also been made on modeling the 

experimental geometry of a cylindrical helium cell with a heat current down its axis and with side wall mounted 

thermometers in a reduced gravity environment. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-04-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Israelsson, V.E., Strayer, D.M., Chui, T.C.P., Larson, M., and Duncan. R.V. Dynamic measurements near the 

lambda-point in a low gravity simulator on the ground. Physic a D, (to be published). 

Presentations: 

Israelsson, V.E., and Duncan, R.Y. Design of a low gravity simulaor for performing nonequilibrium investigations near 

the lambda transition of <He, Meeting of the American Physical Society, Seattle. W A, Mar. 1993. 

1111111,.,1.,111111, •• 11.11,,11111""11" .. ,"'111.,,'".",,1 ... 1111.111111111111111111111111111,1111111111111 •• ,.1,,1,11,11,11,11,1111111111111.1,1111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1,111111.11111111111'11,11,.111111111111111'11.11.11.1 

11-159 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 1.11I •• II.II.II"".IIIII'IIII'II.II.ttllll .. 11I11111I11I111111111.11111111t •• I.II" •• 'II.IIIIIIIIIII'II'IIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIII.1111111111I11.111.1 .. 1111 .. 1.1I11t11l11l11l11l.1I.1I.II,.I.II.II,111111111111'1111111'11111111111111111111111111111111. 

Theoretical Studies of the Lambda Transition of Liquid 4He 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Efstratios Manousakis Florida State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

We study the critical properties of liquid helium near the superfluid transition temperature T). using recently 

developed numerical simulation techniques and finite-size scaling. In particular, we are interested in the scaling 

behavior of the superfluid density and the specific heat. We shall study different finite geometrics, namely pure 

two-dimensional, pure three-dimensional and the crossover from two-dimensional to three-dimensional superfluidity 

in order to verify the validity of scaling and to determine the universal functions associated with scaling. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A recently developed updating technique called cluster Monte Carlo, which elliminates the long-standing problem of 

critical-slowing-down will allow us to approach close to the lambda point for large size lattices and, thus, extract 

the critical exponents and scaling properties of the physical quantities of interest. We shall study the temperature 

and the finite-size dependence of the superfluid density and the specific heat. From these studies we can determine 

the critical exponent using finite-size scaling techniques. 

In addition we shall determine the superfluid/normal phase boundary T). (h ) for films of thickness h. We shall 

calculate the superfluid density as a function of the film thickness and we shall examine the validity of the 

finite-size scaling theory. We shall also calculate the specific heat as a function of h and this will be used to 

understand the results of the CHeX experiment. 

Finally, the role of vortices and the Kosterlitz-Thouless scenario will be also examined in the course of this work. 

We shall calculate the renormalization group beta function for two-dimensional superfluids and we shall compare it 

to that predicted by the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory. In addition, we shall study with our simulation technique the 

intimate connection between the superfluid transition and the unbinding of vortices. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results of these studies are relevant and will be compared to the experimental measurements obtained from the 

lambda-point experiment (LPE) and to the confined helium experiment (CHeX). 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Since the beginning of our funding (January of 1993) from NASA's microgravity program, we have made 

significant progress towards understanding the role of finite-size effects in two-dimensional superfluids. 

Using the x - y model and a non-local updating scheme called cluster Monte Carlo, we calculated the superfluid 

density and specific heat of a superfluid on a finite lattice of size L x L x H (where L»H). We are interested in the 

finite-size scaling with respect to H of these two observables in the Limit L ~oo. However, there are very strong 

finite-size effects with respect to finite L which need to be understood and to be taken into account when the critical 

temperature is approached. Thus, first, we have studied these finite-size effects in order to be able to extrapolate to 

the infinite L limit before we consider the role of the finite H. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science 1 ............... , ..................................................... 11111 .. ' .. '".111111111111111 ..... 11.111111111111111111''''"'1,.11.",11.11.11 ........ 11111 ........... 111111111111111111.11 .......... 111111.1,.11.1111111111.11.1., ••• "1111. 

We have completed our studies of pure two dimensional superfluid on large-size square lattices Lx L up to 4OOx400 

using the above mentioned technique. This technique allows us to approach temperatures close to the critical point, 

and by studying a wide range of L values and applying finite-size scaling theory we were able to extract the critical 

properties of the system. We calculated the superfluid density and from that we extracted the renonnalization group 

beta function. We derived finite-size scaling expressions using the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Nelson Renonnalization 

Group equations and showed that they are in very good agreement with our numerical results. This allowed us to 

extrapolate our results to the infinite L limit. We also find that the universal discontinuity of the superfluid density 

at the critical temperature is in very good agreement with the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Nelson calculation and 

experiments. 

These calculations were perfonned on a heterogeneous environment of workstations which include DEC Alpha, 

Sun, and IBM RS/6000 workstations and on the Cray-YMP supercomputer and took several months of CPU time. 

Some of the results of these calculations have been accepted for publication in the proceeding of the L T -20 

conferencel

. A complete paper containing all our results on the finite-size cal sing of two-dimensional helium films 

has been submitted for publications2 in Physical Review B. 

Now we are in the process of completing our calculation on helium films of finite-thickness H and we study the 

finite-size scaling of our results with H. The results of these calculations will be relevant to the planned confined 

helium experiment (CHeX) as well as other earth-bound experiments. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 01193 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-15 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Schultka, N., and Manousakis, E. Finite-size scaling of the superfluid density in two-dimensional superfluids. Physica B, 

(to be published). 

Schultka, N., and Manousakis, E. Finite-size scaling in two-dimensional superfluids. Phys. Rev. B, (to be published) . 

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11-161 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Benchmark Science "11.111111'1111111,1.,1,,,111.11111111111111111111.1,11111111111111111.111111111'".11"1,,".1111111111111111111111111111.111111.,11111111111111111'111"'''1''''''111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 11111111111111111111111111"1.,1.,.111" •• ,111.111." 

Dynamics and Morphology of Superfluid Helium Drops in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Humphrey J. Maris Brown University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

G. Seidel Brown University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The long range goal of our research is the study of the hydrodynamics of drops of superfluid liquid helium by means 

of microgravity experiments conducted in space. At the present time we are developing a series of earth-based 

experiments to levitate superfluid drops so that we can acquire data and experience that will be needed for the design 

of experiments in space. 

DESCRIPTION: 

We are conducting a series of earth-based experiments to study the behavior of superfluid drops. We will develop a 

means to levitate helium drops in earth gravity, primarily by magnetic levitation. We will then investigate 1) how 

to inject and position drops in a microgravity chamber, 2) how to manipulate drops and to give them angular 

momentum, 3) how to observe accurately the vibrations and rotations of the drops, and 4) what drop sizes are best 

suited for the study of a variety of phenomena. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The goal is to achieve data and experience critical for the design of experiments in space. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During this year we have worked on two projects: 

1) Magnetic Levitation: 

Helium is diamagnetic and is consequently repelled from a magnetic field. To magnetically levitate liquid helium in 

earth gravity it is necessary to use a magnetic field which satisfies the condition 

B(dB/dz) > 22 Tesla2 cm-I (1) 

where z indicates the vertical direction. In addition the lateral variation of the magnetic field has to be such that the 

value of B 2 increases in all horizontal directions away from the drop. The only magnet satisfying these conditions 

was a Bitter solenoid at the National Magnet Laboratory at MIT. We were aware when starting this project that this 

magnet had the disadvantage that the field fluctuated with time because of ripple on the power supply. During the 

past year incremental developments in the performance of superconducting magnet wire has made it possible to 

construct superconducting magnets that satisfy condition (1). These magnets have the great advantage that the field 

instability is eliminated. Two companies (Oxford and Cryomagnetics) have proposed specific designs. As a 

consequence of this development we have decided to purchase a magnet of this type and to perform all experiments 

in our laboratory at Brown. We were granted a supplement to our NASA funding to make this purchase possible, 

and Brown University also made a significant contribution to the cost. To work with this magnet we have had to 

substantially change the design of the optical cryostat and other low temperature components of the experiment. 

We hope to place the formal order with Oxford Instruments within the next few days. 

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2) Optical Levitation: 

We have constructed an apparatus in which we will be able to optically levitate small (20 J.UD) drops of helium. 

The light source is a Neodymium Y AG laser operating at 1.06 micron wavelength with a power of approximately 

10 watts. The laser output is divided into two counterpropagating horizontal beams of equal power. Two lenses are 

used to bring each of these beams to a focus at the same point in space. With this apparatuses we have already been 

able to levitate 20 J.UD glass spheres and to observe these spheres with a high power microscope and video camera. 

We are currently trying to achieve helium levitation with this with this optical system. We have been able to 

produce helium droplets through the use of a hemispherical ultrasonic transducer immersed in the liquid at a depth 

such that' the acoustic focus lies at the liquid surface. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-16 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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Critical Transport Phenomena in Fluid Helium Under Low Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Horst Meyer Duke University 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

F.Zhong Duke University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Ground-based experiments will be carried out to study the temperature and density equilibration processes at constant 

average density r in a pure fluid (3He) near its liquid-vapor critical point (T C' rJ. Measurements are to be carried out 

for both the region above Tc (one phase) and below Tc (coexisting phases). 

DESCRIIYTION: 

Two types of cells are used. In the first one, the density stratification in the Earth's gravity field over a fluid layer 

height of 2 mm is measured via two thin horizontal superposed semitransparent capacitors that record the dielectric 

constant. The vertical density gradient is then derived via the Clausius-Mossotti relation. Stratification is recorded 

after a temperature change, and the resulting diffusion coefficient is determined as a function of temperature and 

average density. In a cell of the second type, the temperature equilibration in the middle of a fluid layer in the 

absence of convection will be measured after a rapid change in the cell temperature. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Such studies are very relevant to experiments on fluids under mg conditions, where investigations of static and 

dynamic properties near critical points are to be carried out. It is important to know how long a fluid system takes 

to come into thermodynamic equilibrium, and what are the basic mechanisms that control the equilibrium process. 

Later the measurements are to be extended to binary eHe-4

He) mixtures. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During spring 1992 the existing cryostat for work over a temperature range 1 K-SK (previously used in the 

NASA-sponsored viscosity measurements) was modified to incorporate a temperature-regulated platform supporting 

the density equilibration cell. Electronic circuitry was installed for high-resolution stable temperature and dielectric 

constant measurements. Computer programs for temperature step control and automatic data acquisition and 

reduction were developed. The apparatus was tested over a period of several months, and data-taking routines were 

developed and perfected. Initial density stratification data were obtained in the one-pha. .. e regime along the critical 

isochore and also in the two-phase regime. 

Temperature steps of different sizes and sign were used and the stratification data were analyzed in a preliminary 

fashion. The stratification time was found to diverge as the critical point was approached from both the 

single-phase and the two-phase regimes. At a given temperature, it was found to be the same coming from either 

the colder or the warmer side. We expect to continue with data-taking along other isochores and along isotherms. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 2/92 EXPIRATION: 1/93 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-02-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Howald, c., Qin, X., Nham, H.S., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of liquid 4He and 3He_4He mixtures near the 

tricritical point. J. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 86, I, 1992. 

Qin, X., Howald, c., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of 3He_4

He mixtures above 0.5 K. J. Low Temp. Phys., 

vol. 87, 731, 1992. 

111"1111.11 .... ' .. '"111111111111111 .. ' ..... 11 ............. ' .. '"1111 ..... ' .. , ........... 11111111111111 .. 11111111 .... 11111 .. ' ..... 11 .... 1111111111111111111111111111111 .. '111 ..... '.1111111 .. 111111 ........... 11111111111 .... '1111111.1"1"1,,1111 

11-165 
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Equilibration in Density and Temperature near the Liquid-Vapor Critical Point 

PRINCIPAlINVESTIGA TOR: Prof. Horst Meyer Duke University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

F.Zhong Duke University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Ground-based experiments will be carried out to study the temperature and density equilibration processes at constant 

average density p in a pure fluid CHe) near its liquid-vapor critical point (T c,Pc)' Measurements are to be carried out 

for both the region above Tc (one phase) and below Tc (coexisting phases). 

DESCRIPTION: 

Two types of cells are used. In the first one, the density stratification in the Earth's gravity field over a fluid layer 

height of 2 mm is measured bia two thin horizontal superposed semitransparent capacitors that record the dielectric 

constant. The vertical density gradient is then derived via the Clausius-Mossotti relation. Stratification is recorded 

after a temperature change, and the resulting diffusion coefficient is detennined as a function of temperature and 

average density. In a cell of the second type, the temperature equilibration in the middle of a fluid layer in the 

absence of convection will be measured after a rapid change in the cell temperature. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Such studies are very relevant to experiments on fluids under Jlg conditions, where investigations of static and 

dynamic properties near critical points are to be carried out. It is important to know how long a fluid system takes 

to come into thennodynamic equilibrium, and what are the basic mechanisms that control the equilibrium process. 

Later the measurements are to be extended to binary eHe-4

He) mixtures. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Systematic measurements of the density equilibration in 3He after a change in temperature have been carried out 

along the critical isochore and severdl near-critical isochores and isothenns above and below the critical temperature 

Te. The equilibration process was followed as a function of time t with sensors for the density P near the top and 

the bottom of a flat horizontal cell. The relaxation time of one mode was found to diverge and then tend to a 

constant value as T c is approached from both sides. Below T c' the equilibration in the liquid and the vapor phases 

was found to proceed with different profiles Puq(t) and Pvap(t). While one mode slows down as Te is approached, the 

other one speeds up. 

Starting from the differential entropy transport equation for a fluid at constant average density, numerical 

calculations were carried out of the density equilibration in a fluid layer of height h after a change in temperature of 

the walls. The calculations were for the single phase above Te. A one-dimensional geometry was used for 

simplicity, where the fluid layer is bounded by flat horizontal walls of high thennal conductivity, separated by a 

height h. It was found that the density equilibration is dependent on the vertical position. Only asymptotically is 

there a relaxation time 't of the exponential transient decay that is the same throughout the cell. This relaxation 

time is then the same as that for the temperature equilibration. This asymptotic regime occurs only at very long 

times, when the density transient has decayed to nearly zero, making a measurement of this time 't very difficult. 

Hence only "effective" relaxation times at shorter times t will be recorded. Our measured density equilibration 

curves above Tc have been compared with these numerical calculations without adjustable parameters, and fair 

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11-166 
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agreement was obtained. As Tc is approached, and the gravity effects become important, the calculations are no 

longer sufficient. 

The influence of gravity is very clearly seen in the equilibration curves as the critical point is approached from 

above. A hydrodynamic theory is being developed at present where the velocity for the mass transport due to the 

gravity field is being taken into account. 

A large amount of data along the critical isochore and along isotherms, taken over the past 8 months, needs to be 

analyzed. At present, data along isotherms in the region below Tc are being taken, hopefully to be completed by 

December '93. 

Design studies for the cell of temperature equilibration measurements have been made. It is hoped that this cell will 

be constructed in late fall or early 1994. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-20 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Zhong, F., and Meyer, H. Density equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point in helium-3 eHe). Physica B, (to he 

published). 

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Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Jeanne L. Becker, Ph.D. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

G.F. Spaulding 

R.H. Wideu 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of South Florida 

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

University of South Florida (Tampa Gen. Hospital) 

Optimal growth conditions for ovarian tumor cells in rotating wall vessel. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Develop a model for the growth of ovarian tumor cells under conditions which simulate the growth of these tumors 

in vivo, e.g., the development of complex multicellular three dimensional aggregates. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Currently, there exists no reproducible model for long term culture of ovarian tumors which facilitates complex 

tissue-culture like arrangement in vitro, as occurs in vivo. We have accomplished this goal using the NASA-JSC 

Rotating-Wall Vessel. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Optimal conditions for growth of the LNI ovarian tumor cell line in Rotating Wall Vessels have been 

accomplished. We have successfully evaluated cell cycle kinetics in tumor cells grown three dimensionally under 

these conditions, in which we observe increases in percentages of proliferating cells with time in three dimensional 

culture. We have also noted striking cellular morphological changes in LNI cells during RWV culture. 

The data obtained indicates that LN! cells may differentiate into mulliple cell populations exhibiting different 

phenotypes. This is interesting in view of the fact that the tumor from which LNI was derived was comprised of 

multiple malignant cell populations, therefore suggesting that culture under three dimensional conditions in the 

RWV allows LNI cells to regenerate some of the characteristics which were expressed in vivo. An abstract of the 

LN! model was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American for Cell Biology, and a manuscript on phenotypic 

changes occurring during RWV culture was published this year in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 

For future studies, we plan to evaluate oncogene expression of several relevant oncogenes pertinent to the growth 

and metastasis of ovarian tumors in vivo. Preliminary studies indicate that during three dimensional growth in the 

RWV, LNI exhibits changes in the expression patterns of several of these oncogenes, as a function of the frequency 

of cell feeding. This will be investigated in greater detail in upcoming experiments. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 0 

MS Students: 0 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-15 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-648 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Becker. J.L.. Prewett. T.L.. Spaulding, G.F .• and Goodwin. T.J. Three-dimensional growth and differentiation of ovarian 

tumor cell line in high aspect rotating-wall vessel morphologic and embryonic considerations. J. Cell. Biochem .• 

vol. 51. 283-289. 1993. 

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11-169 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111I ................. U .......... I1 ........ IIII .......... II., •• II .... 111 ...... 11111 ... 111111111 •• , ••• 11.11.,111111 •• 1.11.11 ....... 1111.111 ... 11111111 .. 1111111 .. 111111 ... 111111 ... 1 ........... , ........ 1IIIIIIIIIIftl"'II.I"""I'I"II •• II.111111 

Biosynthesis of Cellulose under Microgravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. R. Malcolm Brown University of Texas, Austin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Cellulose biosynthesis is an enzymatically controlled metabolic process involving two steps: (a) crystallization of 

the glucan chains to form a crystalline microfibril. Because plants contain cellulose walls and respond to gravity, 

and because cellulose biosynthesis involves a biologically-driven biocrystallization, we have been interested to learn 

about the effects of microgravity on this process. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Research Summary - In conjunction with NAG9-397, we have conducted experiments on six separate flight on 

board NASA's KC-135 airplane. Two platforms were constructed for these experiments. (a) shock mounted 

temperature controlled pallet on which were placed plastic Petri dishes containing colonies of bacterial for cellulose 

initiation and termination during flight, and (b) a compound microscope and video camera for observing the motion 

of cellulose-synthesizing bacteria during flight thereby allowing an assessment of possible altered cellulose 

a<;sembly during microgravity pha<>es. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

An ideal system to study cellulose assembly is the gram-negative bacterium, Acetobacter xylinum. This system 

was particularly useful for short term microgravity experiments, in that the cellulose is rapidly synthesized and was 

amenable to microscopic analysis. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The major experimental data resulted in a publication. These studies have paved the way for planning of long-term 

microgravity experiments which hopefully will be conducted on board NASA's shuttle using a middeck locker and 

the BRIe. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 4 

TASK INITIATION: 12/89 EXPIRATION: 10/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-04 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-397 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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Crystal Growth and Structure 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel C. Carter NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

X.He Universities Space Research Association (USRA) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

This research involves the atomic structure determination of several protein structures. Key areas of study involve 

serum albumin structure and chemistry and HIV antibody complexes and structure. Aspects of this research generate 

flight experiment problems and contribute to facilities for the evaluation of flight experiment activities. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The overall goal of this research is to utilize ground-based and microgravity-grown protein crystals to improve our 

understanding in two important areas of structural molecular biology. The first involves the determination of the 

definitive structure of serum albumin together with the chemical basis for the molecules' tremendous ability to bind 

and transport an immense variety of ligands throughout the circulatory system. The second area which is also broad 

in scope involves the structure determination of a series of human monoclonal antibodies expressed against the 

AIDS virus together with their respective antigen complexes. Both of these project areas are in an advanced stage 

where improvements in crystal quality will have significant impact on our understanding of the underlying 

chemistry. 

Research Approach - Screens for optimum crystallization conditions or to determine crystallization conditions for 

new proteins will be conducted by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. A Micromedics robotic crystal growth 

system is available to aid systematic surveys of pH, precipitant type, precipitant concentration, and protein 

concentration. The monoclonal antibodies expressed against the AIDS virus will be supplied by collaborator 

Professor Forian Rucker of The Institute of Applied Microbiology in Vienna, Austria. Cleavage of the antibody 

with papain or pepsin to produce the Fab fragments and subsequent purification will continue to be conducted. 

Antigenic peptides will be provided by Dr. Rucker and/or as a gift from IAF Biochemicals of Canada. X-ray 

diffraction data will be collected from both ground-based and flight crystals using a multi-wire area detector (Nicolet) 

and an imaging plate system (R-Axis) mounted on a Rigaku RU200 rotating anode generator. In favorable cases 

where the logistics can be arranged, diffraction data will be collected at synchrotron sources. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

High quality, single crystals are of tremendous value for a variety of industrial and research applications. Crystals 

of sufficient size and quality also provide invaluable avenues to understanding the detailed atomic structure and 

function of biological macromolecules and other substances. Efforts to produce higher quality protein crystals for 

application in x-ray crystallography have spawned numerous experimental approaches which range from the 

application of automated screening to the growth of protein crystals in microgravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The complete atomic structures of human serum albumin and HIY antibody 3D6 were refined to approximately 

2.8-A resolution and the results were published in Nature and Proceedings o/the Natio1U11 Academy o/Science. 

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TASK INITIATION: 01193 EXPIRATION: 01/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-17 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology •• 11.11.11.11'"'1411,.11.11".11.11,",11.11'11.11.,11,",11'1111111111111111,,, •• 11.11.11'".11"11.11.,11111111.11.11.1111,.11.11.11""" ... 11.11 ... 11,11,11111111.11.11"11111111.11.11'.11.,1111111111'1111,.",,,1.111.11111111111111'11111.1 

Microgravity Studies of Cell-Polymer Cartilage Implants 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Lisa E. Freed, M.D., Ph.D. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Langer 

G.F. Spaulding 

T.J. Goodwin 

D. Ingber 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

Harvard University 

OBJECTIVE: The goals of our work are: (1) to culture chondrocyte cells on biodegradable polymer scaffolds in 

order to create cartilage implants with clinically useful dimensions, and (2) to use this as a model system to study 

the effects of culture conditions, including microgravity, on tissue regeneration. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Cells are isolated from a small cartilage biopsy specimen, seeded throughout a polymer scaffold, and cultured 

invitro. If the environment is favorable, as during normal chondrogenesis (cartilage formation), the cells proliferate 

and generate a dense cartilaginous matrix consisting of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen. The polymer 

(poly glycolic) serves as a temporary scaffold which provides a three dimensional structure for cell seeding and 

biodegrades in parallel to tissue regeneration. Once the cell-polymer construct has achieved sufficient mechanical 

integrity, it can be implanted where needed to repair a cartilage defect in vivo. The proposed therapy represents a 

relatively simple procedure to make cartilage implants with desired characteristics without any limitations in terms 

of availability of donor tissue or final dimensions. 

Our tasks includes: (I) fundamental studies to relate cartilage regeneration to the in vitro tissue culture 

environment, and (2) practical studies to determine optimal conditions to produce clinically sized, functional 

cartilage implants. Tissue culture bioreactors are being used because we have shown that although it is feasible to 

regenerate cartilage from isolated chondrocytes and polymer scaffolds, the size and quality of the final product are 

limited under conventional culture conditions (i.e., static petri dishes). Rotating bioreactors are being used in 

ground-based research because NASA studies have demonstrated enhanced growth and functional differentiation of 

cells cultured under "microgravity" conditions. Actual gravity reduction (i.e., space) would further extend the 

operating limits of the rotating bioreactors; pilot studies will thus be done to evaluate cartilage regeneration on 

board a shuttle flight. These same approached and methods will also be extended to other cell-polymer model 

systems, and are expected to provide new information applicable to basic biological sciences and biomedical 

engineering. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

Each year, about one million Americans undergo attempted surgical repair of cartilage damaged by arthritis or 

trauma. Current therapy relies on the use of artificial joint prostheses, but these are limited by loosening at 

hostJdevice interface, and by inflammation due to inorganic debris. Cartilage transplants are rarely done, due to the 

limited availability of donor tissue, and the inability to carve harvested tissue into the required shapes. Specifically 

designed, functional implants could form the basis of new cartilage repair procedures in reconstructive orthopedic or 

plastic surgery. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1, ... ,,'"111'1111111111111111'11'1111"111111111111111111,111111111111.1I'""U'I.n .. IIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1IIIIIltlllll'III'IIIII'I'III'lllltllll'IIIIIIIIIIIIt11111111111111111.111111111,1.11111111.11111'11'11.11.11'11 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Specific Aim (1): 

Establish methods to culture chondrocytes on biodegradable polymer scaffolds to regenerate cartilage tissue with 

clinically useful dimensions. 

Chondrocytes were cultured on polymer scaffolds using static or mixed petri dishes, stirred-flasked bioreactors, and 

micro gravity bioreactors. Under static conditions, gravity caused the cells to settle to the base of the polymer 

scaffolds, resulting in implants that were not uniformly cartilaginous. The effects of gravity were even more 

detriment when implant thickness was increased. In contrast when cells were seeded and cultured on polymers in 

mixed petri dishes or stirred flasks, a spatially uniform distribution of well differentiated chondrocytes exhibiting 

perivacuolar staining and a hyaline, GAG-rich matrix were observed. 

Implants grown in well-mixed cultures contained more collagen in the form of a fibrous capsule, as compared to 

those grown statically. This finding might be attributed either to a better supply of biochemical factors which 

stimulate cell proliferation and/or collagen gene expression (e.g., ascorbic acid), or to external shear forces which 

could stimulate the secretion of collagen which normally provides cartilage with shear stiffness. Most recently, we 

began to culture cells on polymer scaffolds under low-shear, microgravity conditions using two SlL V's (110 mls) 

modified to permit seeding and sampling of clinically-sized implants (9 per vessel). At the present time, these 

cultures are 2 weeks old, and cartilaginous tissue, 1 em in diameter x 0.5 em thick, can be seen. 

Specific Aim (2): 

Amplify chondrocytes isolated from the original cartilage biopsy specimen to obtain the cell mass required to seed 

clinically sized polymer scaffolds. Cell amplification was achieved by serially passaging cell monolayers in petri 

dishes, and by growing cells on cytodex beads and as cell-spheroids in stirred-flask bioreactors. We recently began 

to study chondrocyte amplification under microgravity conditions using a HARV (50 mI). Assessment of whether 

bioreactors can be effectively used for cell amplification while preventing the redifferentiation of chondrocytes seen 

with serial passage are currently in progress. High implant GAG contents were observed only when polymers were 

seeded at a high cell density at time-zero. 

Specific Aim (3): 

Optimize bioreactor systems to obtain clinically useful cartilage implants. Assessment of whether bioreactors can 

be used to create high quality cartilage with clinically useful dimensions are currently underway. Cell-polymer 

cartilage implants have been grown in microgravity and stirred flask bioreactors for 2 and 6 weeks, respectively. 

Culture medium composition and replacement rate and the effects of factors which stimulate cartilage growth are 

being evaluated. Mixing in the various bioreactor designs is also being studied with respect to the dependence of 

cartilage tissue regeneration on mass-transfer rates and shear stresses at the implant surface. The biochemical, 

biomechanical, and histological characteristics of cell-polymer samples will be compared to those of normal 

cartilage. 

Collaborations: 

1) In July and November 1993 bovine cartilage tissue and protocols to isolate and culture chondrocytes were sent 

from M.LT. to NASAlJSC where the cells were seeded onto cytodex beads in a SlL V. Histological assessment of 

ceIl-bead aggregates showed viable but undifferentiated cells and an extracellular matrix containing co1lagen after 6 

weeks of growth. 

2) At the NASA investigator's meeting at JSC in October 1993, Dr. Mary Pat Moyer and I made a plan to culture 

human chondrocytes on polymer scaffolds, and Dr. Charles Hartzell and I discussed a study to culture muscle cells 

on polymer scaffolds using microgravity bioreactors . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ...... 11111 .............................. 1111 ...... 111111111111 ................. 111111"'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,,"IIIIII"II'IIIIIIIIII"I1"""IIIII.II.IIIIIIIIII"II'"'UIIiI1111"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-11 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-655 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

Freed, L.E., Grande, D.A., Emmanual, J., Kwan, M., Marquis, J.e., Lingbin, Z., Dunkelman, N., and Langer, R. Joint 

resurfacing using allograft chondrocytes and synthetic biodegradable polymer scaffolds. 1. Biomed. Mater. Res, Aug. 

1993. 

Freed, L.E., Marquis, J.C., Nohria, A., Mikos, A.G., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Neocartilage formation in vitro and 

invivo using cells cultured on synthetic biodegradable polymers. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., vol. 27, 11-23, 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Marquis, J.e., Vunjak, G., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Composition of cell-polymer cartilage implants. 

Biotech. & Bioeng., vol. 43, Mar. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak, G., and Langer, R. Cultivation of cell-polymer cartilage implants. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51, 

257-264, 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak, G., Marquis, J.C., and Langer, R. Kinetics of chondrocyte growth in cell-polymer implants. Biotech. 

& Bioeng., vol. 43, Mar. 1993. 

Presentations: 

Freed, L.E., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Cartilage regeneration in vitro and invivo, Swiss Federal Institute of 

Technology, (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., and Langer, R. Bioreactor studies of cell-polymer cartilage implants, American 

Chemical Society, Denver, CO., Mar. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Grande, D.A., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Cell-polymer cartilage implants, 

Keystone Tissue Engineering Conference, Taso, NM, Feb. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Grande, D.A, Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Bioreactor studies of cell-polymer 

cartilage implants, American Society for Microbiology, Cambridge, MA, Nov. 1993. 

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11-175 
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Excitable Cells and Growth Factors under Microgravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Charles R. Hartzell, Ph.D. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

N. Schroedl 

S.Gonda 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Alfred I. duPont Institute 

Alfred I. duPont Institute 

NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

Peptide growth factors are intimately involved in the regulation of normal muscle growth and differentiation. 

Invaluable groundwork has been laid by investigators using numerous muscle cell lines to elucidate the 

contributions made by these growth factors in myogenesis, and significant advances in understanding these 

mechanistic pathways have been achieved. We underscore, however, the importance of confirming these results in 

primary muscle cultures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Using the NASA bioreactor. we will examine the effects of a three-dimensional architecture on the growth and 

differentiation of neonatal cat heart cells and your adult rat muscle satellite cells. The bioreactor allows muscle cells 

to orient and grow within constraints normally determined by the basal lamina in vivo, yet permits experimental 

parameters to be cleanly delineated. Once muscle cultures are established. the role of neuromuscular junction 

formation on myogenesis will be explored by coculture of heart and skeletal muscle cells with cholinergic neurons. 

Alterations in the differentiation program induced by fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I and 

transforming growth factor-b will be evaluated. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The two-dimensional, unit-gravity constraints of conventional cell culture do not optimally model the 

three-dimensional cytoarchitectural design of the in vivo system. Limitations inherent in standard cell culture 

systems encourage us to continue the development of an innovative invitro model system that is not limited by 

gravity-induced constraints and that promotes the formation of three-dimensional, in vivo-like tissue that is critical 

to understanding myogenic regulation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

1. Rat muscle Satellite Cells Cultured in the HARV Bioreactor 

a. Satellite Cell Enrichment: 

We have investigated the enrichment of the satellite cell preparations from the young adult rat. with Percoll 

fractionation, we have enriched the satellite cell population from about 10% to 50%. This effort has permitted us to 

reduce the inoculum of cells from 20 cells per bead to 4 cells per bead in the bioreactor. The real effect of this 

process is that we now have a more pure preparation of satellite cells that will undergo differentiation to myofibers. 

The effects of growth factors on the proliferative and differentiation processes can now be clearly distinguished in the 

satellite cell preparations. Desmin staining procedures have demonstrated that up to 70% of the cells are seen 

attached to the beads in the HARV are in fact myogenic in origin. 

b. Carrier Bead Comparisons: 

We have compared two bead types, Cytodex-3 and Nunclon. The Cytodes-3 bead is a cross-linked dextran bead 

coated with pig-skin collagen and has been the standard bead-type utilized in the bioreactor studies to date. However, 

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11-176 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ........................................... 1 ..... 11 .................. 111' ... 111 ...... 111111 ............. 11111111111111111 ...... 111111 .. '11 ....... 111 ............. II.II.II.II.,II"UIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIII111'1'1111"1'1'1111111 

we bave found that the Nunclon polystyrene bead wben coated with 1 to 200 diluted matri-gel or normally coated 

pig skin collagen serves as a viable surface for cellular attachment and proliferation. Tbe matri-gel surface is an 

identical matrix surface as the polystyrene petri disbes we nonnally use in our cell culture procedures. The overall 

cbaracteristics of these beads in reference to surface area and density compare favorably with the Cytodex-3 beads. 

c. Cellular Attachment. Proliferation, Myotube Formation and Bead Aggregation: 

Plating efficiency is very bigb for either surface-coated bead. for the Matri-gel coated Nunclon bead we find greater 

than 100% efficiency. Since the proliferation process begins almost immediately in our satellite cell preparations, 

it is very difficult to separate the plating efficiency from the proliferative process. Less than 1 % of the cells found 

free in the medium after 24 bours in the HARV bioreactors. Proliferation begins immediately and proceeds through 

144 bours where about 400-300 cells are found per bead wben the initial seeding density was 4 cells per bead. 

during the 5-6tb day in culture the cells begin to fuse into myotubes and continues for about 3 more days where the 

vast majority of all cells on the bead surfaces are incorporated into myotubes. We bave characterized these processes 

by scanning electron microscopy. We have found bead aggregation to be a minor problem where aggregates of 2-3 

beads begin to form within 18 hours after inoculation of cells into the HARV. Aggregation of beads continues 

until we see bead clusters of about 8-10 beads formed after 8-10 days in culture with complete myotube formation. 

2. Expression Patterns of Myogenic Genes from Satellite Cells 

Four myogenic genes in skeletal muscle are MyoD, MRP4, Myf5, and myogenin. These genes are expressed 

during the various phases of myogenic cell proliferation and fusion into myotubes and encode nuclear binding 

proteins wbicb function as transcription factors to control muscle specific genes such as MCK (muscle creatine 

kinase), MLC (myosin light chain), and desmin that are expressed during muscle differentiation. We have developed 

the tecbnology to measure these genes during the entire cell culture process. By using RT-PCR of RNA samples 

collected from cells in the various phases of proliferation and fusion, we have measured the expression of each of 

these genes. 

TASK INITIATION: 11192 EXPIRATION: 10/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-07 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-656 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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11-177 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ....... 1111 ............. 11.1111 .. 1111111'.11.111111 •• 111111111111111111111111111.11.111.1111111111111.111111111111111111.1 •• 'I .. III.IItI'III.II.II ........ 'II.IIIIIIIII .. IIII .... 1I11111111111'111111111'1'1"1111111111111"11111111'111'1'111111II 

Sensitized Lymphocytes for Tumor Therapy Grown in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Marylou Ingram, M.D. Huntington Medical Research Institutes 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The unique capabilities of NASA's High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) are utilized to prepare stimulated immune 

ceUs that are specifically sensitized to a patients own tumor. These are tumor-sensitized lymphocytes (TSL). TSL 

will be used in a small-scale, in-depth clinical trial of local immunotherapy for malignant tumors of the urinary 

bladder. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This is a small scale, in depth pilot study in which non-specifically stimulated autologous lymphocytes (ASL) and 

tumor sensitized (TSL) are administered serially by intralesional injection as local immunotherapy of invasive 

carcinoma of the urinary bladder. This is a modification of cellular immunotherapy that we have applied with 

encouraging results in clinical trials to treat recurrent malignant gliomas. (1) For bladder concern the urological 

surgeon will inject cell intralesionally at intervals of approximately three weeks. Response to therapy will be 

determined by direct observation of the lesions, serial biopsies for histological and cytological studies, clinical 

evaluations and radiological exams. The ability to biopsy lesions at various times after injection of stimulated 

immune cells is an important advantage in understanding response to therapy and in refining the therapy. 

Serial evaluation of lesions by histology, measuring the expression of major oncogenes and tumor suppressor 

genes, assays of cytotoxic effectiveness of ASL and TSL to tumor obtained from individual sites at various stages 

of clinical response can be expected to improve our insight into the basic biology of these tumors. Analysis of 

cells obtained from urine specimens or bladder washings can provide additional information between biopsy 

specimens. The pilot study provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the NASA HARV bioreactor as a method 

for culturing tumors as spheroids as contrasted with conventional monolayer cultures. These characteristics some of 

which will undoubtedly be important in the generation of TSL cells, include the presence of specific tumor markers, 

angiogenesis and growth factors, hiological response modifiers, gap junctions and tumor suppressor gene 

expression. Changes in the level of expression and distribution of intermediate filaments and the extracellular 

matrix elements. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Cancer of the urinary bladder is of special interest in immunotherapy because it has already been shown that 

immunotherapy in the form of BCG treatment is efficacious. It is now widely use in clinical management of 

invasive bladder cancer. Thus there is sound evidence that appropriate mobilization of the patient's own cellular 

immune mechanisms can have therapeutic efficacy. A number of investigators have recognized the possibility that 

TSL may offer significant advantages in adoptive immunotherapy and there has been a recent resurgence of interest 

in this approach.(2) TSL can be expected to show increased tumor cell killing, as do tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes 

(fIL) and they also hold forth the promised of serving as probes for identifying immunogenic gene products in the 

tumor. 

Many elderly patients with multiple tumors of the urinary bladder cannot tolerate extensive surgery or extensive 

chemotherapy and may either have failed to respond to BCG immunotherapy or are too unwell to tolerate side 

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effects of that therapy. These patients present a frustrating therapeutic problem to the urologist. We believe that 

local immunotherapy would be well tolerated by these patients and that it is a rational therapeutic strategy. A 

clinical trial of this therapy will also provide valuable information about how stimulated immune cells select and 

identify their target cells, migrate through tissue, whether or not they continue to proliferate after injection and 

other important considerations that will advance our understanding of cellular immunotherapy and aid in refming it 

for treatment of bladder cancer and ultimately other cancers. 

We initially proposed developing the TSL immunotherapy protocol to treat recurrent malignant guoma and 

obtained as IND from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for such a trial. Because of funding problems and 

other operational considerations that trial has been deferred. We were especially please when the opportunity arose 

to develop a TSL-immunotherapy protocol for bladder cancer because that clinical problem has many advantages as 

a model for refining methodology. It permits serial administration of immunologically stimulated cells into the 

bladder lesions and yields serial biopsy specimens in which the interactions of immune cells and their tumor targets 

can be studied directly. 

1 Ingram, M., Buckwalter, J.G., Jacques, D. B., et al. Neurological Research 12: 265-273 (1990). 

2 Greenberg, P.D., Riddell, S.R., J. Nat. Cancer Insf. 84: 1059-61 (1992). 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A. Interactions with FDA 

It was necessary to apply for a new IND for the bladder cancer immunotherapy phase I trial to demonstrated that the 

proposed clinical trial is justified, that we are qualified to conduct it and that all aspects of the proposed laboratory 

and clinical methods and procedures are in compliance with the FDA Investigational New Drug Antibiotic and 

Biologic Drug product Regulations, CFR parts 312 and 314. Since preparation of the stimulated lymphocytes 

requires Interleukin-2(IL-2) and we plan to use AMGEN recombinant human IL-2, it was also necessary to have the 

proposed protocol reviewed and approved AMGEN's internal review board and to persuade AMGEN to provide the 

FIL-2 for the study. Since AMGEN has discontinued almost all clinical trials of IL-2 for the time being, obtaining 

their approval was by no means a trivial undertaking. It was also necessary to have the clinical protocol and the 

informed consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Huntington Memorial Hospital. The 

NASA bioreactor was described in the application to the FDA. They had a number of questions about it during 

various telephone conversations but so far seen to accept it. (They always have the option of raising additional 

questions and requiring additional information.) We now have permission to conduct the trial under BB IND 5163 

and hope to enter the frrst patient in January 1994. 

B. Laboratory Studies Using the HARV Bioreactor 

During FY93 we have conducted extensive cell culture studies using the HARV bioreactor. Our collaborating 

scientific colleagues at JSC, Dr. Glenn Spaulding, and Thomas Goodwin, have provided invaluable guidance expert 

advice and support in this research. These exploratory studies have been invaluable in that hey have allowed us to 

evaluate some of the major biological and methodological variables that must be considered as we learn how best to 

exploit the new bioreactor technology to achieve improved immunotherapy for malignant disease. 

Cell Cultured - A number of human malignant glioma cell lines established at HMRI were studied in multiple 

cultures. As a rule parallel conventional monolayer cultures were established for comparison. Many of these were 

also cultured encapsulated in alginate. Other HMRI cell lines cultured in parallel bioreactor and monolayer cultures; 

human tumor metastatic to brain, the widely studied prostate cancer cell lines, PC3, LNCap, and DU. Several 

surgical biopsy specimens of known bladder cancer have been obtained so that we might evaluate the special 

problems to be anticipated when establishing primary cultures in the bioreactor. Establishing primary cultures is, 

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of course, a particularly demanding tissue culture task and it is unrealistic to expect that cell lines can be established 

from all tumor biopsy specimens. Whenever possible this will be done but in some cases it will be necessary to 

use tumor mince specimens to sensitize lymphocytes. Since serial biopsies will be obtained from each bladder 

cancer, the chances of establishing a cell line from at least one if substantially greater. 

Other aspects of bioreactor culture methodology that have been evaluated include 1) number of cells required to 

initiate culture, 2) requirement for fetal bovine serum, 3) time to flfst appearance of "spheroids," frequency of media 

change, size of spheroids formed under various conditions, effect of epidermal growth factor and of lfn- on cell 

proliferation and spheroid production. In general, the major variable has been the cell type per se. Cells that grow 

will in monolayer culnrre test to do well in the bioreactor and vice versa. We have not use carrier beads because we 

hope to avoid the effects of anchorage. Human glioma cell lines grow well in the bioreactor and produce spheroids 

within hours in cultures seeded with a minimum of 2x 1 ~ cell/ml. Spheroid size tends to vary from one cell line to 

another and to be reasonably reproducible for a given cell line. Culture have been maintained in bioreactor for 

periods of a few days to more than a month. When large spheroids are formed in older cultures, they are usually 

found to be made up of smaller, merged spheroids. The individual spheroid size still corresponds to the size that is 

characteristic of the cell line. Requirement for fetal bovine serum is usually approximately 10% although some 

lines that have previously been "weaned" do well with only 3% PBS. So far all bladder cancer cultures require 

epidermal growth factor. 

Initially, we attempted to quantitate the yield of cells from hioreactor cultures but this proved to be unrewarding. 

Varying proportions of the cell populations attach to the bioreactor walls and some cells growing in spheroids are 

damaged or destroyed when more aggressive dispersal technique are required. Since our main interest is comparing 

"markers" in spheroid vs. monolayers cells we elected to concentrate on fixed, stained sections of spheroids. a 

number of fixing agents and protocols have been evaluated. The major "markers evaluated in these exploratory 

studies are 1) proliferating cell nuclear antigen, 2) EGFR, 3) P53 tumor suppressor gene and 4) c-erB-2. WE are 

currently preparing spheroid and monolayer cultures that will be evaluated in terms of expression of cell adhesion 

molecules. So far, whatever the "marker of interest, the spheroids show a characteristic gradation of expression that 

is greatest at the surface and least in the center. For this reason, when preparing spheroids as "targets" for 

sensitizing lymphocytes we will attempt to work with relatively small spheroids that have a larger percentage of 

their cells in the high-expression, more superficial area. For bladder cancer immunotherapy, lymphocytes to be 

sensitized will be exposed to tumor mince, monolayer tumor cell cultures, and to tumor spheroids in parallel 

whenever possible so that we may acquire definitive comparative data about the relative "antigenicity" of the three 

tumor presentation methods. Ultimately we hope to use the lymphocytes as probes to identify the important tumor 

antigens and refine the immunotherapy through isolation and cloning of the relevant antigens using the technology 

of modem molecular hiology. 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-14 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-649 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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Three-Dimensional Modeling of Human Colon Tissues 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: J. Milburn Jessup, M.D. New England Deaconess Hospital 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P.Thomas Harvard Medical School, Deaconess Hospital 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this project are to detennine whether 1) microgravity pennits unique, three-dimensional cultures 

of neoplastic human colon tissue and 2) this culture interaction produces novel intestinal growth and differentiation 

factors. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The initial phase of this project will test the feasibility of microgravity for the cultivation and differentiation of 

human colon carcinoma. We propose to do this in rotating wall vessels (RWVs) which provide a low shear stress 

environment in unit gravity. In this environment, early experiments have demonstrated nonnal human colon 

fibroblasts stimulate the differentiation of certain human colon carcinoma cell lines so that they produce 

three-dimensional tissue masses that are similar to neoplasms in patients or in xerografts in athymic nude mice. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The important question is whelJler this differentiation induced by fibroblasts is due to the low shear stress 

environment of the RWV or whether suspension cultures in the RWVs to similar cultures in standard culture 

systems in unit gravity. Should the low shear stress environment of the RWV be superior to that of conventional 

culture systems, then the co-culture experiments should be attempted in an actual microgravity environment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The intent of this grant was to detennine whether nonnal stromal cells cultivated with epithelial cells would fonn 

three-dimensional structure that were similar to tissues that developed in mice or humans. We started with 

adenocarcinomas of the colon because the laboratory had expertise with that and because adenocarcinomas were 

relatively east to cultivate and could ber examined under different culture conditions. In addition, we wanted to study 

nonna! colonic epithelium because the rotating wall vessel (RWV) may provide a unique opportunity for cultivating 

nonnal colonic epithelium. 

To date, we have developed a procedure for isolating colonic epithelium that does not have associated stromal cells. 

As others have found, incubating intact crypts on various gel substrates, such as type IV collagen, laminin and 

Matrigel did not improve the survival of colonic crypt cells. The coloncytes were essentially all dead within 24 

hours with dissolution of the crypt architecture. This occurred even when crypts were embedded in a semisolid 

matrix that supports the weight of the crypts. We then proceeded to dissociate the crypts into single cells to study 

their adhesion. 

We discovered that isolate coloncytes bind best to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-coated surfaces. The second 

most common substrate was type IV collagen which is a constituent of nonnal basement membranes. Normal 

coloncytes did not bind to laminin, a constituent of basement membranes to which essentially all human colorectal 

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carcinomas bind. This is an important observation because it indicates that the development of a colorectal 

carcinoma is associated with the development of the capacity to bind to laminin. Many molecules are involved in 

this and our laboratory has recently shown that CD44 will bind to laminin and that CD44 expression is up-regulated 

in carcinoma cells compared to nonnal coloncytes. 

As a precursor to RWV cultures, we have attempted to cultivate nonnal coloncytes on CEA attached to a solid 

phase. as well as type IV collagen. Although nonnal coloncytes adhere to CEA, they remain rounded and these 

cells in suspension die within 48 hours. In contrast, normal coloncytes cultivated on type IV collagen spread and 

assume a more epithelioid shape. However, these cells also die within 48 hours. We are preparing to do cultures in 

the RWV, but have found that the culture volumes are tool large to incubate either isolated crypts or crypt cell 

suspension that we prepare. We anticipate that we will have access to smaller volume RWVs and will be able to 

examine normal coloncyte growth in the near future. Thus our progress in this application has been to establish the 

conditions for isolating nonnal coloncytes and to evaluate the adhesion requirements to optimize coloncyte 

attachment. 

An interesting recent finding by Kerbel and his colleagues in Toronto is that a mammary adenocarcinoma of 

BALB/c mice that is resistant tot chemotherapy when passages in vivo is also resistant when grown as 

three-dimensional spheroids but not as a monolayer. We attempted to conftnn this, but were not able to do so. An 

investigator at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute established the resistant cell lines by initiating tumors in female 

adult mice and then treating when with selected chemotherapeutic agents. Then, several days after the treatment but 

before the tumors could regress, the tumors were transferred to a naive adult female mouse and allowed to grow and 

then retreated with the same agent. Ultimately sublines of the tumor were developed that were resistant to the 

chemotherapeutic agent. Interestingly, these sublines of EMT-6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells were sensitive 

to the agent when grown in in vitro monolayer cultures. 

Kerbel and colleagues found that the cells that were resistant in vivo were resistant to the appropriate 

chemotherapeutic agent when grown in three-dimensional tumor spheroids. We tried to duplicate this by growing 

EMT -6 cells resistant to isplatin on microcarrier beads in the RWV and found that these cells were just as sensitive 

to the chemotherapeutic agent in the three-dimensional culture system as in monolayer culture. The difference 

between the Kerbel data and ours was that we could not develop culture masses that were thicker than the spheroids 

that Carryable created. This is important because part of the resistance could be due to simple diffusion barriers. 

Another difference between the RWV and Kerbel experiment was that because of the structure of the RWV, the drug 

was left in the system continuously, whereas the Kerbel experiment relied on a short incubation before plating. 

Nonetheless, the studies suggest that continuous exposure may overcome the differences that Kerbel had seen with 

his spheroids. 

Finally, as we prepare for a potential flight experiment, we have investigated the possibility of culturing cells other 

than HT-29KM in actual microgravity. We have cultured MIP-lOl, KM-12c, CCL-188, as well as HT-29KM. We 

have examined cultures for growth as well as CEA production. All three cell lines grow progressively are quite 

similar. We have not identified spontaneous morphologic differentiation. We are examining the possible co-culture 

of these cell lines with murine embryonic fibroblasts. These fibroblasts would be similar to the fibroblasts that 

line the mouse peritoneal cavity that may be important for the MIP-lOl cultures. The difficulty with the 3T3 cells 

is that MIP-lOl cells do not grown well with 3T3 fibroblasts. In fact, the cells go into suspension in the presence 

of 3T3 cells even faster than they did when cultured by themselves. Cultures of KM-12 and CCL-188 with 3T3 

fibroblasts are planned in the near future. 

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 4/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-05 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-520 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

Goodwin, TJ., Jessup, J.M., and Wolf, D.A. Morpbological differentiation of HT-29KM in rotating waH vessels. InVitro 

Cell. & Devel. BioI., vol. 28A(I), 47-60, 1993. 

Isbii, S., Steele, G. Jr., Ford, R., Paliotti, G., Thomas, P., Andrews, C., Hansen, H., Goldenberg, D.M., and Jessup, J.M. 

Normal colonic epithelium adberes to carcinoembryonic antigen and Type IV coHagen. Gastroenterology, (in press) 

1993. 

Jeesup, J.M., Petrick, A.T., Toth, C.A., Ford, R., Meterissian, S., O'Hara, c.J., Steele, G.S. Jr., and Thomas, P. 

Carcinoembryonic antigen: Enbancement of liver colonization tbrougb retention of buman colorectal carcinoma ceUs. 

Brit. J. Cancer., vol. 67, 464-470, 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Brown, K., Isbii, S., Ford, R., Goodwin, TJ., and Spaulding, G.F. Simulated microgravity does not alter 

epitbelial cell adhesion to matrix and otber molecules. Molec. BioI. CeU., vol. 3, 71a, 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Goodwin, TJ., and Spaulding, G.F. Prospects for use of microgravity-based bioreactors to study three 

dimensional bost tumor interactions in human neoplasia. J. Cell. Biocbem., vol. 51, 249-251, 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Kim, J.C., Thomas, P., Isbii, S. Ford, R., Sbively, J.E., Durbin, H., Stanners, c.P., Fuks, A., Zbou, H., 

Hansen, HJ., Goldenberg, D.M., and Steele, G. Jr. Adbesion to carcinoembryonic antigen by buman colorectal carcinoma 

cells involves two epitopes. Int. J. Cancer, vol. 55 (2), 262-268, 1993. 

Spaulding, G.F., Jessup, J.M., and Goodwin, TJ. Advance in celluarl construction. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51, 249-251, 

1993. 

Presentations: 

Jessup, J.M. Microgravity: The next dimension, Annual Scientific Meeting, Surgical Biology Club, San Francisco, CA., 

Oct. 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., and Goodwin, T.J. Simulated microgravity improves production of colonic growth factors, AIAA Space 

Programs and Tecbnologies Conference and Exbibit, Huntsville, AL., Sep. 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Ford, R.D., Goodwin, TJ., Wolf, D.A., and Spaulding, G.F. Growtb of buman colorectal carcinoma cells in 

NASA rotating wall vessel (RWV) produces bigb cell yields with differentiation and reduced glucose consumption, 

Keystone Symposium, Cell Surface and Tissue Engineering Meetings, Taos, NM., Feb. 1994 . 

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Three-Dimensional Tissue Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Metastasis 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: J. Milburn Jessup, M.D. New England Deaconess Hospital 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this project is to test the fidelity with which microgravity models three-dimensional tissues by 

assessing how well microgravity effects the molecular and biological function of MIP-101, a human colorectal 

carcinoma. 

DESCRIPTION: 

MIP-I0l is a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon that was derived from the ascites of a patient who 

had widespread metastases within the abdominal cavity. MIP-101 cells are grown in the rotating wall vessel 

(RWV) with or without normal host cells and assessed for the production of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA - a 

180 kOa glycoprotein that is produced by carcinomas and used clinically as a tumor marker) and for biological 

behavior including adhesion and metastasis. Cells grown in microcarrier bead cultures in the RWV under simulated 

microgravity are compared to similar MIP-lOl cultures grown on microcarrier beads in stationary culture as well as 

in conventional monolayer cultures. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

One of the prime goals of the biotechnology program at NASA/Johnson Space Center is to determine whether 

cultivation of cells in microgravity produces three-dimensional cultures that mimic the morphology and function of 

tissues in living animals or humans. The MIP-101 cells are an excellent test of this because they are poorly 

metastatic in experimental models of metastasis in athymic nude mice and do not produce CEA in conventional 

monolayer culture systems. We have shown that CEA injected into mice enhances production of liver metastases 

by MIP-101 cells and that MIP-lOl cells will metastasize when implanted in the abdominal cavity after producing 

CEA. MIP-IOJ cells placed in the subcutaneous tissue of the mouse do not metastasize and do not produce CEA. 

Further, cells grown on plastic or conventional substrates such as Matrigel or laminin are neither metastatic nor 

induced to produce CEA. 

The conventional interpretation of these results is that the micro-environment (the three-dimensional environment) 

of the abdominal cavity induces MIP-lOl cells first to produce CEA and then to develop blood-born metastases in 

the liver and lungs of nude mice. Early experiments in the RWV question this conventional interpretation of the 

effects of host microenvironment because they demonstrated that CEA production may be induced in MIP-IO 1 cells 

when they are grown in the RWV in the absence of any abdominal cavity stromal cells. This suggests that the 

MIP-lOl cells may produce CEA when they are allowed to grow in three dimensions. Thus, the absence of CEA 

production in subcutaneous tumors is due to an inhibition qf CEA production by the subcutaneous tissue rather 

than promotion ofCEA production and metastatic potential by Ole abdominal cavity. 

This system is an excellent model in which to test the fidelity of the RWV culture system because the first stage in 

metastasis by MIP-101 cells appears to be the induction of CEA production followed by the acquisition of the 

ability to develop experimental metastases after injection into the spleen of nude mice. Assessment of fidelity of 

the RWV culture system is simplified by first testing for the production of CEA, tumor marker, then assessing the 

biological aspects of metastasis . 

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PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

After our initial findings, our progress has been hampered during this first year of the grant by an inability to 

perform long tenn cultures with MIP-lOl cells. We have found that MIP-IOI cells cultured on microcarrier beads 

cover the beads and form aggregates. MIP-IOI cells then will raft the beads together to produce masses that are 3-4 

mm in diameter after 4-5 days. However, the MIP-lOl cells remain at that size for the remainder of the culture, and, 

after about 2 weeks, many of the culture runs have had cells come off the beads and die. The MIP-IOI cells also 

increase in size and CEA production increases as the culture terminally differentiates. Thus, our data suggest that 

the MIP-IOI cell line may be terminally differentiating in the RWV and express CEA because of that terminal 

differentiation. As these cells undergo terminal differentiation, they lose their ability to adhere to the 

collagen-coated microcarrier beads and go into suspension. The cell nuclei increase in size, and fragment as their 

viability in the culture decreases. Since CEA is produced by cells that are terminally differentiating in normal 

colonic epithelium, the RWV may be inducing the gene expression that is appropriate for the culture environment. 

Our immediate goal is to determine why the cells are terminally differentiating or undergoing apoptosis in the 

RWV. 

To understand the loss in cell viability, we have first examined the use of glucose. We have found that the cells are 

extremely metabolically active in the first two weeks and as they begin to differentiate after 2 weeks in culture, the 

cell cycle elongates and glucose utilization decreases when calculated on a per cell basis. CEA production appears to 

increase when the number of cells plateaus at 4 weeks of culture. We are currently investigating whether glucose 

depletion occurs causing irreversible cell damage. We have performed several experiments in which the number of 

cells is decreased so as to prevent total glucose depletion. When we do this, we still find that the MIP-lOl cells 

terminally differentiate and become less viable. An alternative hypothesis is that some other substance is rate 

limiting in the RWV and ultimately inhibits cell growth. We suspect that there may be a low oxygen tension in 

the medium. As a result, we are initiating experiments to measure the rate of consumption of oxygen in our 

system. Oxygen tension measured in millimeters of mercury of dissolved oxygen may be low in actively 

metabolizing cultures. No oxygen carrying protein is present in the medium that would permit the easy diffusion of 

oxygen from the silicone covered spindle. If we find that the oxygen capacity of the culture medium is too low for 

the MIP-IOI cells, then we will increase the oxygen tension in the incubator by making the incubator environment 

hyperoxic and consider adding stroma free hemoglobin or some other oxygen carrier. 

The role of oxygen may be extremely important because the amount of oxygen present may control glucose 

consumption and oxidative phosphorylation. Essentially all RWV cultures of eukaryotic cells decrease glucose 

utilization in the terminal phases of the cultures. It has been thought that this was due to decreased diffusion of 

glucose across and through masses of tissue as the bead aggregates increased in size. However, in the current 

cultures, it is unlikely that diffusion inhibits glucose uptake, because the MIP-lOl cultures are sufficiently loosely 

aggregated that physical diffusion should not be a barrier. Diffusion from the semi-permeable membrane in the 

center of the S11.. V chamber may be a mass transfer problem that will need reconfiguration in the future. The high 

aspect ratio vessel (HARV) may have better oxygen diffusion characteristics. Some cell lines appear to grow better 

in the HARV than they do in the RWV. These are important concerns and should be addressed in a simple system 

such as the MIP-IOI cells because the optimization of oxygen and glucose delivery is important for successful 

cultivation of all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 

The evaluation of CEA production in the MIP-IOI cultures has been extremely interesting. In the RWV, the 

percentage of cells expressing CEA determined by immunoperoxidase of fixed histologic sections of MIP-101 bead 

aggregates demonstrate that as many as 10-15% of the MIP-101 cells may produce CEA. In contrast, only 1 % of 

MIP-101 cells grown in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice produced CEA. Similarly, when sodium butyrate was 

used to stimulate CEA production, the MIP-lOl cells did not release CEA into the medium, but did differentiate and 

produce CEA in nearly 30% of cultured and stimulated cells. This suggests that not only do cells have to be 

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11-185 

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stimulated to produce CEA, but also to induce a second enzyme that releases the CEA from the cell. These 

observations are important because they may help us to understand the process of metastasis better. It may be that 

the CEA-producing MIP-101 cells are actually the metastatic progenitor cells that normally are present in only 

0.2% of cells in conventional monolayer culture and in only 1 in 10,000 cells grown in subcutaneous tissue of nude 

mice. If this is the case, then attempts to selectively grow MIP-101 cells may enrich the population for metastatic 

precursor cells. Thus the RWV may stimulate selective outgrowth of metastatic progenitor cells even at the same 

time as it is inducing another population of MIP-101 cells to terminally differentiate. We are now isolating cells 

by surface expression of CEA to assess their biological characteristics and determine whether their growth in the 

RWV is different from that of the unselected MIP-101 cell population. 

We have shown that cells grown for 5-7 days in the RWV have normal adhesion characteristics. In other work, we 

have demonstrated that CEA is necessary for binding to CEA, i.e. that CEA is a homophilic binding protein that 

mediates homotypic cell adhesion. We have also recently determined that another CEA family member, 

non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA), also participates in adhesion to CEA. We have further identified another 

cell adhesion molecule, CD44. CD44 was originaIly defined as a lymphocyte homing receptor that may be 

involved in adhesion to, not only CEA, but also laminin and type IV collagen and has alternately spliced variants 

that are expressed. 

Using image analysis that was made possible through the NASA research, we not only have performed the 

immunoperoxidase analysis of the RWV cultures, but have also examined the distribution of antigen on the cell 

membrane in MIP-I01 cells as well as in other colorectal carcinoma cells that express both CD44 and CEA. We 

are currently using this technology to map the distribution of antigen to identify what antigens are co-localized and 

whether growth in the RWV alters that co-localization. Cultures of MIP-IOI cells that are longer than 7 days in the 

RWV have lost their adhesion to the collagen coated microcarrier beads. We will analyze the distribution of cell 

surface CD44 and CEA as well as the gene expression of other CEA family members. Finally, in other work, we 

have shown that CEA mediated adhesion is an active process requiring A TP production and an intact microtubule 

system. We are currently evaluating whether the cell surface distribution is altered in the RWV. CEA is a 

glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-linked molecule that may be carried by microtubules since inhibitors of 

microtubule function reversibly block CEA-mediated adhesion. This is important because CEA should be clustered 

in recently identified membrane receptacles called caveolae that concentrate GPI-linked molecules in membrane 

pouches. 

NASA support for the RWV cultures has been important to this effort because the identification of the CEA 

production by MIP-IOI has allowed us insights into both imaging and analyzing the adhesion of cells to CEA. It 

also has lead to hypotheses that the loss of adhesion and terminal differentiation seen in the majority of MIP-101 

cells is due to defects in signal transduction. Work is in progress to determine whether this is merely a mass 

transfer problem that prevents the distribution of nutrients and the elimination of waste or whether this a 

fundamental problem for this particular cell line in a suspension culture system. However, these experiments in 

CEA production, apoptosis, and metastasis progress, the information should be essential to the design of more 

efficient space-based bioreactors in the future. 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 1196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-13 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-650 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

.................................. 111111 ................. 1111 .. 1111 •• 1.11111 ........................... 11111.1111 ......................... 11.111 ..... 1 ..... 1"11 ............. 11 ........... 11 ....... 11 ....... 11 ................ '" •••• 11.11.111 •• 1111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11111111 ......... 1 .............. ' .. ' ..... 111111111 ..... ' .... 11111 .... 11 ........ 1 ........ 1111111' ..... 1111111111111111111.11.11.11.11 ............ ,1111111111t.1I • .,'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIII.IIIIIIII,I'I'.I.,"II'llllltlll"I'"IIIIIIIIIII1III"I' 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Jessup, J.M., Goodwin, T.J., and Spaulding, G.F. Prospects for use of microgravity-based bioreactors to study 

three-dimensional host tumor interactions in human neoplasia. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51, 249-251, 1993. 

Spaulding, G.F., Jessup, J.M., and Goodwin, T.l. Advance in cellular construction. 1. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51. 290-300, 

1993 . 

..... 11111111111111111 ........................ 111.11.11111.11.11.11.111,II.ltlllllll.I"III.IIII,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,I.11111'111111"1'1'1111111111111'11111111111'11'11""111111111111111.111111111111111111'1111111111111"111 ... 111.111'1'1111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1,.1111 ..... 1111111 ....... 1 ....... "111 ................ 11.111111111111111111111111,1111"111111111111'11,1111111111111111""'1'.1 •• '11 ... 11 ............. ,1111111111' .. 11111111.'1 •• , .... '1.1111IIIIIIIItll.I,IIIIIII.,I.,.I'I"III.III',IIIIIIIII.1 

Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy to Investigate Mechanisms of Protein Crystal Growth 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. John H. Konnert 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

K. Ward 

P. D' Antonio 

TASK OBJECTiVe, DeSCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

The research objective is to use Atomic Force Microscopy to study protein crystal growth mechanisms by 

extending the pioneering work of Durbin et al (1992) to include crystals other than lysozyme, and by applying 

image analysis methods not generally available to others to aid in the interpretation of crystal face images observed 

by this technique. Specific objectives include: 

• To modify an AFM liquid sample cell for use as a crystal growth cell for protein crystals. This cell has a 

flow-through system which will allow protein supersaturation to be controlled by varying the temperature of the 

crystallization solution bathing the crystal being observed; 

• To detennine by direct observation of developing crystal faces the mechanism of crystal face growth for a variety 

of growth conditions including solution composition, degree of protein supersaturation, temperature, growth rate, 

and microgravity; 

• To use crystal etch figures methods and direct observation of growing crystal faces observed by AFM to classify 

and detennine the number of crystal imperfections which occur under a variety of crystal growth rates and 

conditions, including the examination of faces of single crystals prepared under microgravity conditions; 

• To demonstrate that the observed diffraction quality of protein crystals prepared under a variety of conditions can 

be correlated with the number and type of crystal defects observed using AFM; and 

• To detennine whether any observed changes in the appearance of the surface of protein crystals can be correlated 

with the growth cessation phenomena of protein crystals. 

DESCRIfYfION: 

Proteins will be prepared for examination by AFM using conventional vapor diffusion, hanging drop methods, and 

in the temperature-controlled crystallization cell described by Ward, Perozzo and Zuk (1992). 

Research Approach - The goal will be to prepare crystals of a given protein using different growth rates by 

carefully controlling the degree of supersaturation and other growth parameters. Single crystals prepared for these 

studies will be characterized by x-ray diffraction analyses using standard data reduction and analysis techniques. The 

diffraction quality will be quantified using the relative Wilson plot analyses described by DeLucas et al (1991). 

In addition to preparing crystals under unit gravity conditions, we also intend to submit these proteins for 

crystallization experiments under microgravity conditions. These experiments will be perfonned by Keith Ward 

either as part of the co-investigator protein crystallization program at the University of Alabama-Binningham or as 

part of his own Flight Investigation Project which has been submitted in response to the recent NRA. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .111111 ......... 111 ..................................... 111 .. 11111111111111111111111 ............... 11 .. 1111 ......... 1111111 ..... 1111111111 ...... 1111 .......... 1 .. 1 .. 11.1 .. 1.11.1111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111IllflllI.IIII.IIIIIIII' 

A number of proteins have been selected for this application of AFM to protein crystal growth studies. Each one is 

readily available, easily crystallized, and exhibits unique crystallization properties. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This project will, for the first time, provide unique infonnation about protein crystal growth processes by direct 

observation of crystal faces in their growth medium. Successful results will provide new evidence for the effect of 

crystal growth conditions, including microgravity, on the defect structures and diffraction qualily of protein crystals. 

Results derived from this project will, therefore, be of direct significance to NASA-funded efforts aimed at preparing 

high-quality protein crystals for structural investigations by effectively utilizing the unique microgravity 

environment of space platfonns. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The major practical problems of protein crystal growth which all studies ultimately wish to address are: 

• What crystallization parameters detennine the diffraction quality (i.e., the limit of resolution of diffraction data) of 

protein crystals? Is the rate of crystal growth important? 

• What parameters affect the ultimate size of crystals of a given protein? What is responsible for the frequent 

observation that, for certain proteins, crystal growth ceases after a certain size? 

It is generally believed that both of these questions are related to the relative number of growth defects introduced 

into the crystalline lattice during the growth process. However, there is scant data to support this idea because, 

until recently, there was no convenient way to study these defects. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 01193 EXPIRATION: 01196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-25 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Konnert, J.H., D' Antonio, P., and Ward, K.B. The observation of growth steps, spiral dislocations, and molecular 

packing on the surface of lysozyme crystals with the atomic force microscope. Acta Cryst. Section D: Biological 

Crystallography, ( in press) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Konnert, J.H., D'Antonio, P., and Ward, K.B. Application of atomic force microscopy to investigate mechanisms of 

protein crystal growth. In Proceedings of Protein Crystal Growth in Microgravity Conference in Panama City Beach, FL 

April, 1993. 

Ward, K.B., Konnert, J.H. and D' Antonio, P. Application of atomic force microscopy to investigate mechanisms of 

protein crystal growth. In Proceedings of VI International Conference on Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, 

San Diego, CA, August, 1993. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .............. 1111 •• ' •• 11111111111 ....... 11111.'1.1111 •• 1111111111 .. 11.111 ...... II ........ ,IIIIIIIItII.II.IIII •• , .... II.II.II •• 11I11111 ... 11 ...... 1111111111111, ......... ,111, .... ,1111111'11 ........ 1,.' •• 111111,'111111'11111'11"1111111111'111'1 

Neuro-endocrine Organoid Assembly in Vitro 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Peter I. Lelkes, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

B.R. Unsworth Marquette University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

1. To assemble adrenal medullary endothelial and parenchymal cells into functional organoids. Progress will be 

monitored by evaluating, a) morphology (light microscopy and ultrastructure), b) intercellular communication 

(immunocytochemistry), c) functional maturation and its hormonal control by corticosteroids, and d) the 

expression of phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular markers. 

2. To compare the usefulness, and efficacy of NASA vessels with conventional co-culture systems (monolayer 

culture, suspension culture and 3-dimensional gel assembly). The time course, and the extent of neuro-endocrine 

cell differentiation, under the different culture conditions will be evaluated (as in 1). 

DESCRIPTION: 

Our longterm research goal is to understand fundamental mechanisms of neuro-endocrine gland assembly and 

differentiation. In our particular model system, the adrenal medulla, neural crest-derived cells of the 

symphathoadrenallineage differentiate into neuro-endocrine chromaffin cells. We are particularly interested in the 

role of the microenvironment in this process. We have previously presented evidence that vascular endothelial cells 

might provide certain organ-specific, differentiative, cues. We hypothesize that during assembly ofneuro-endocrine 

organs, in general parenchymal cells and endothelial cells interact through reciprocal, intercellular signals. Such 

signals may constitute soluble factors, heterotypic cell contacts, or may be derived from organ specific extracellular 

matrix components. These cues comprise part of the epigenetic repertoire, which induces the ordered differentiation 

of both cell types into what is known as the "endocrine structure". In this proposal, we will extend our ongoing 

studies on the mechanisms of organ-specific differentiation, using alternate methods of coculture. We will exploit 

the enhanced potential offered by the NASA vessels, to analyze the temporal assembly of co-cultured 

adrenomedullary endothelial and parenchymal cells into functional, organelle-like structures (organoids). The 

controlled microgravity environment of the NASA vessels will exclude detrimental shear forces during 

organ-assembly invitro, and possibly, accelerate differentiative, heterotypic cell-cell contacts. 

SIGNlFICANCE: 

By using the NASA vessel as a novel, alternate approach to cell culture, we will participate in NASA's assessment 

of low-gravity conditions for organ-specific culture and cellular differentiation. The major advantage of using the 

NASA devices in enhanced cell viability, and tissue differentiation under conditions of microgravity and minimized 

shear stress. The unique conditions in the NASA vessels might differentially accelerate and/or facilitate these 

processes. A critical question to be answered by our studies, is whether the spatial arrangement of a functional 

organ is impaired by gravitational forces/vectors. In other words, if we eliminate gravitational vectors, such as 

those present in static two-dimensional monolayers, or in suspension cultures, will a more realistic representation 

of tissue assembly, as see in vivo, be obtained? The enhanced cellular viability and differentiation, reportedly 

produced by microgravity cell culture environments, may prove to be of general advantage for tissue culture, 

particularly when culturing and/or co-culturing fragile cell types, isolated at early stages of embryonic development. 

The long-term goal of our studies, beyond the scope of the present proposal, is to offer NASA an appropriate 

cellular model system for organogenesis and differentiation, suitable for in-flight (middeck) testing. 

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11-190 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1111 .. 1""'.I'IIII.n'IIIIIIU'IIIIIIII .. III.II.II.II.I .. I.1I1I1111111111111111 .. 1 ... 11.11111111.1111111111111111'''1''''111,1111,111.11.11.1111111111111111'1'111.,.,111111111111111'11.11.11111.111111.11'.1.,1.11111.111111'11.11,.11.11.11.1111 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

I. As outlined in the proposal we have used the first year to assemble the necessary knowledge to carry out the 

proposed experiments. We hired a molecular biologist (Dr. J. Liu), and have synthesized all the necessary molecular 

biological probes to test for differential gene activation during neuroendocrine development of adrenal medullary 

organoids. We have also begun the control experiments co-culturing PC12 cells and endothelial cells in 

conventional spinner cultures, and observed the in vitro formation of organoids (Lelkes et aI., Molec. bioI. Cell, 

Vol. 3, Supp:290a). 

2. All the experimental techniques to be used in our studies, including the above mentioned molecular probes were 

utilized during our investigation of the effects of micro gravity on adrenal medullar in rats that had been flown in 

space during Space Shuttle Mission STS-51. The results of this investigation be presented during then upcoming 

ASCB meeting (Lelkes et al. Molec. BioI. Cell, vol 4 Suppl:109a). A manuscript of a paper per titled "Space 

flight decreases rat adrenal medullary tyrosine hydroxylase expression" is currently under review in the journal 

Science. 

The main experimental results and conclusions from this study are as follows: 

In summary, tyrosine hydroxyla<;e (TH), the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis wa<; specifically affected 

by microgravity. By contrast, phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase (PNMT), the adrenal medullary chromaffin 

cell-specific enzyme with converts norepinephrine to epinephrine was not affected. The specific activity, 

immunoreactivity and gene expression (mRNA level) were all depresses about 301}{, in the space flight adrenals, 

compared with land-based controls. There was also a decrease in total catecholamine contents in the space flight 

adrenal medullae concomitant with a specific decrease in the ratio of tissue epinephrine to norepinephrine in the 

flight samples. We hypothesized that the these observed effects of space flight were not due to stress response 

during reentry, because of the relatively long time course (about 12 hours) of TIl depression and lowered 

catecholamine contents. Furthermore, based on evidence in the literature we speculated that microgravity may be 

exerting its effect on catecholamine synthesis by acting on signal transduction pathways, since intracellular 

signaling pathways appear to be sensitive to the microgravitational forces found aboard the Space Shuttle. 

3. In preparation of using the NASA bioreactors we tested the compatibility of a novel cell culture medium, GTSF, 

recently developed at NASA JSC, with our cells. Our data confinn that this medium, with slight modifications 

will sustain the growth of both PC12 and of adrenal medullary endothelial cells (Lelkes et aI., manuscript in 

preparation) . 

4. Since the beginning of November, the first exploratory growth experimenL'> with our cells in NASA reactors are 

being conducted at JSc. Preliminary data indicate that both cell types and the co-cultures do much better in the 

S1LV than in the HARV. 

Preview of FY94: We will substantiate the initial cell culture studies using lIAR V's. Samples will be removed 

periodically an asses for organ-specific differentiation by microscopic, biochemical, and molecular biological 

techniques. Early next year, a predoctoral student involved in the program will be in serviced at JSC and then we 

will continue with the experiment<; in close collaboration between our lab and JSc. according to the original plans. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 0 

MS Students: 0 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-12 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-651 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111 .. 1 .. 111.11111.111.11111'111111'.11111.11.11.11.11.111111111111111111111111111111' .. 11 .... 1 ... '1111 .. 11." .. 11111111111 ........ '1.111111.111111 .......... 11.'1 .......... 11 ........... 1111 .... 111111111 ... 11.111 ..... 1111 .. 1111111 ............... . 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Lelkes, P.l., and Unsworth, B.R. Heterotypic co-cultures of rat adrenal medually parenchymal and endothelial cells from 

organoids in vitro. Molec. BioI. of Cell - 3, (Supp.):290A, 1993. 

Lelkes, P.I., Ramos, E., Chick, D., Liu, J., and Unsworth, B.L. Space flight alters catecholamine synthesizing enzyme 

expression and activity in the rat adrenal medulla. Molec. BioI. of Cell - 4, (Supp.):l09A, 1993. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .. 11 .............................................. 11 ............. 1.,11111111 ............... 11111.,1111111 ............................................ ,111111, ............ ,.,11,.11111 ............ 111111, ..... 11 ..... ,111, ..... 11.1111111 •• 11.11111., 

Crystallization Studies in Microgravity of an Integral Membrane Protein: The Photosynthetic 

Reaction Cen ter 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. James R. Norris 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J. Deisenhofer 

M. Thumauer 

D. Tiete 

P. Thiyagarajan 

M. Schiffer 

R. Furrer 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Howard Hughes Medical Institute 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Free University Berlin 

The objective of this project is to detennine the effects of microgravity on the crystallization of the integral 

membrane proteins. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Advances in the understanding of membrane protein crystallization are important from both biological and 

phannaceutical viewpoints. Membrane proteins are responsible for many of the major biological processes such as 

vision, nerve conduction, cell differentiation, photosynthesis, and respiration. Previous crystallization experiments 

in microgravity have suggested that the elimination of density-driven convection and sedimentation may generally 

lead to larger, better-ordered crystals for water-soluble proteins. The potential beneficial effects of microgravity on 

the crystallization of integral membrane proteins have not yet been tested. The necessity of maintaining membrane 

proteins in detergent micelles during the crystallization process suggests that the deleterious effects of gravity-driven 

convection may be more significant during the crystallization of membrane proteins than water soluble proteins. 

Research Approacb - The effects of microgravity on crystallization of membrane proteins will be tested using the 

Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides pbotosynthetic reaction centers as test proteins. The two 

reaction centers differ in the proportion of the accessible surface area that is buried in the micelle environment. The 

comparison of Rps. viridis and Rb. sphaeroids crystallization will provide a useful indicator of whether the effects 

of microgravity can be linked to differences in volume fraction of detergent in the detergent-protein complexes. The 

spacefligbt and ground control crystallization experiments will be analyzed by three techniques: optical microscopy, 

x-ray diffraction, and small angle neutron (SANS) and ligbt scattering. The optical microscopy and x-ray 

diffraction of crystals will detennine the effects of microgravity on crystal growth and molecular ordering. SANS 

and ligbt scattering studies on reaction center solutions at various extents of completion of crystallization will be 

used to determine the effects of microgravity on the nucleation events that precede and then continue during the 

crystallization process. Tbe results of reaction center nucleation and crystallization studies in microgravity will be 

relevant to the crystallization of integral membrane proteins in general. 

Since 1988, despite a great deal of worldwide effort, relatively few other membrane proteins have been crystallized 

in a fonn suitable for higb-resolution structural studies. To date, only the reaction center structures have been 

solved. Many other membrane proteins have been crystallized, but the generally small crystal size and poor 

diffraction quality bas prevented structural detennination. A complicating factor is the presence of the detergent 

micelle. Tbe effect of the detergents on the crystallization process is unknown. However, the effects of small 

amphiphiles on crystallization suggest that micelle size or radius may play an important role in detennining 

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11-193 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 1 ... ,II.II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II'I.'"'".II'I •• II,"'IIII.,lIltil .... ,".'.11 ... '"11 •• ,11' ... ,1, ... 11 •• ' .. "1111, ................ "11111 ... '11111' .. " .. ' ........... , .......... 11.,1.,1111.111 ............ "."'1111111111111111"111.1.11. 

whether protein-protein contacts predominate to produce a crystalline structure, or whether non-specific 

micelle-micelle contacts predominate to yield a less ordered array. Crystallization frequently occurs at or near the 

phase separation of the detergent. This correlation between crystallization and detergent phase separation has led to 

the investigation of the micelle-micelle attraction, and the role this will play in the early nucleation process. 

Ultimately, the micelle aggregation must be balanced by protein-protein interactions to result in crystal formation. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Current results on crystallization in microgravity have shown that the minimization of convection and 

sedimentation in space leads to improved size and/or ordering of crystals for many water-soluble proteins. In several 

cases, the resolution of the x-ray diffraction was better than any crystal produced on Earth. In cases where the x-ray 

diffraction quality did not exceed the best obtained on Earth, the space-grown crystals were still better than those in 

the control experiment. These results indicate the need for optimization of space hardware compared to the results 

achieved in the laboratory, but still point to the beneficial effects of microgravity on the crystallization process. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In designed space growth experiments involving doped and undoped BSO and BTO, it is considered possible to 

establish controlled growth perturbations and, through their analysis, to gain insight into cause and effect 

relationships for defect generation during growth on Earth. Space experiments are similarly to be used to obtain for 

these opto-electronic materials small quantities as reference standards for a data base of physical properties. 

Discussions of the design, conduct and analysis of the proposed space growth experiments with members of the 

opto-electronic industrial research community have been productive and indicated broad-based interest as well as the 

desire to contribute actively to the success of the proposed research undertaking. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 EXPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-29 

NASA CONTRACT No.: H-13058D 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-194 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 .................................................................. 11 .......... "11111 ... ,.'.11'1 .... 11111 ... ,11 •••• 1 ••• , ....... 1, ......... 1111 .......... II'IUIIIIIIII.II.III'II.II'IIIII.I'IIII.II •• II.IIIII.IIII"III.II.1111111'1.1 •• 11.1.11111 

Shear Sensitivities of Human Bone Marrow Cultures 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bernhard O. Palsson, Ph.D. University of Michigan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to reconstruct human bone marrow tissue ex vivo using the NASA bioreactor to 

provide the culture environment for three-dimensional growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The specific aims of this program are three: 

1) To find optimal growth conditions for human bone marrow as a function of the supplied growth factors; 

2) To develop a shear stress chamber that measures the shear stress sensitivity of human bone marrow cells; 

3) To use the infonnation gained from 1, and 2, to implement long-tenn continuous bone marrow cultures in the 

RWV. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This study will focus on the elucidating role of three-dimensionality in bone marrow stem cell differentiation. The 

development of a three-dimensional in vitro cell model will pennit investigation into the biochemical signals that 

triggers cell differentiation into various stages and SUbtypes of human blood cells. It also will permit the 

investigation of the role of three-dimensionality in extensive cell to cell contact and exposure to growth factors. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

1) We can now expand human bone marrow cells from whole bone marrow, density separated mono-nuclear cells 

(MNC), or highly enriched progenitor populations over a 2 week period without replating the cells. When we grow 

MNC in the presence of the stem cell factor (SCF), erythropoetin (Epo), granulocyte/macrophage stimulating factor 

(GM-CSF), and interleukin 3 (IL-3), we can expand the population by 10- to IS-fold over a two week period. 

Most of the growth is observed during the second week of culture. Epo and GM-CSF are particularly effective in 

recruiting cells into differentiation (SCP synergises strongly with Epo) while SCF and IL-3 under perfusion 

conditions allow the progenitor cell population not only to be maintained but expanded by a factor of 10-20 over the 

two week period. During the coming year we will look more closely at the role of the specific growth factors and 

their influence on lineage development. 

2) We plan to address this objective during the second year of this program. We are in the process of identifying a 

postdoctoral student to undertake this work. 

3) We have a frozen stock of bone marrow cells from allogeneic donors that is frozen down in 100 million cell 

aliquots. This stock gives the advantage of being able to start experiments from a consistent cell source. Half of 

this stock has been shipped to the Biotechnology groups at Johnson Space Center. They have implemented our 

thawing and growth protocols for bone marrow successfully and have the ability to produce cells over an extended 

period of time. Further they have implemented these conditions in a rotating wall vessel and obtained preliminary 

results. Once the JSC group has identified approximat~ operating conditions, we will received RWV's in Ann 

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11-195 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology , .... " .. 11111111111 ...... 11' ..... 1111 ................... '" ......... '1." .. 1'1111'1'1'"111111"1'11111111"'"""''''111111111''1''''1111111111111111"""""''''11.11111111.11111111111'1''1111' •• 11111'11.11111111111111111111111111'11111111 

Arbor and carry out the proposed studies under goal 3. The post doctoral fellow who is being recruited will be 

responsible for these studies. 

TASK INITIATION: 11192 EXPIRATION: 11195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-09 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-652 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

...................... '"I ......... ttlll ...................... IIII ..... IIIIIIII .. 11I1111111111111111111.1111111111111111111111111111.11 ..... 111111111111.11 .. 1111,111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1'11.111111111111111111111111111111111111'11111 

11-196 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ............................. , ................... ' .. '" ...... '"1111111111 ................................ '"11111.11 ... '11 .......... , .............................. '11 ... '111 ....... ' ........... 1 ........ , ..... 11, ...... '.' .. '" ... '1111''''111111' 

Microgravity Crystallization of Avian Egg White Ovostatin 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Marc L. Pusey NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

D. Carter NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The research objective is designed to study the ovostatin from the standpoints of its suitability as a model protein 

for protein crystal nucleation and growth mechanisms, the bio-mechanical movements which apparently form the 

basis of its inhibitory activity, and using it as a means of studying the Cl2M group of proteins. Further, the 

intention is to develop the crystallization conditions to be tried based upon studies of the physico-chemical 

parameters, such as solubility phase behavior and observed nucleation kinetics. This will be our ftrst demonstration 

protein for the application of what is being learned about the crystal growth of macromolecules. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The study of ovostatin is of interest for several reasons. This protein is attractive as a model for protein crystal 

nucleation and growth studies. Crystals can be easily and rapidly grown in bulk solution. With a minimum step 

height of 25-34 nm, surface features should be readily detectable in real-time using interferometric techniques, 

allowing direct observation of the crystal growth process. The large size would facilitate protein crystal nucleation 

studies using light scattering methods. Practically, ovostatin can be easily purifted in large quantities, requiring 

about 6 dozen hen egg Whites/gram of protein. Material purified has been stable for prolonged periods (over four 

months) during crystallization trials and has been kept for over one year as a lyophilized powder. Finally, there is 

the similarity between it and Cl2M. Currently, the only structural information extant is from electron microscopy 

studies of isolated molecules. 

Research Approach -

Task 1: Preparation of ovostatin to 1/94 for protein to be used in flight experiment(s). Large scale protein 

purification will be continuous for the duration of the project. However, an accumulated supply (~ 10 gm) of 

purified protein will be the sole source of material, starting in October 1993, for the flight and final ground-based 

experiments. This material will be used to establish the reference ground-based crystal quality against which flight 

crystals will be measured. 

Task 2: Screening of crystallization condition to 7/93. The best crystallization conditions determined at this time 

will be used for the flight experiment(s). These conditions will then be used for the final solubility diagram 

determinations to be used in designing the flight experiments. 

Task 3: Establishing baseline crystal quality to flight + 4 months. Multiple data sets will be acquired using the 

x-ray diffractometer. These will be used to establish the baseline ground-grown crystal quality which the flight 

crystal(s) will be measured against. Subsequent runs will be done after the flight, using the same time-lines, 

conditions, and solutions as the flight experiments to further derme this baseline. 

Task 4: Studies of ovostatin. These will last for the duration of this project. These will be done using the 

instrumentation developed in the laboratory for the study of the protein crystal nucleation and growth processes. 

11I ...... 'III.II.II" .. ''' .............. lllllllllllIlllltll .. I .. '111.11 .... " ................. 1 .. 1 .. 11.11 ..... 11111111.11.11.11.1 ..... 111111111111111111111111111111111111' •• 1" ... 11.11111111111.1 ... ".1111111111 ... 111111111111111.11111111111111 

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SIGNIFICANCE: 

Any knowledge gained about ovostatin based on crystal structure analysis would advance the overall knowledge of 

this family of proteins. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Previous microgravity protein crystal growth experiments have used vapor diffusion, free interface diffusion, and 

dialysis techniques with most being done using vapor diffusion. Linke and John, using free interface diffusion, 

reported a 1()3 volume increase for beta-Galactosidase over crystals grown 00 Earth. In vapor diffusion experiments, 

at least three proteins have shown significantly improved diffraction resolution over any of the crystals grown on 

Earth, despite the fact that, because of short flight durations, crystallization conditions have had to be optimized for 

rapid nucleation and growth, i.e., the temporal conditions were more favorable for lower quality crystals. Current 

experiences are that ovostatin crystals nucleate and finish growing within a one- to three-day period. The process 

will have to be slowed down to fit better within the timeframe for a typical microgravity PCG experiment, as 

opposed to the usual case where the crystal growth process must be speeded up. Based on the ovostatin crystal 

currently grown, there is considerable room for improvement in both crystal size and diffraction resolution. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 01193 EXPIRATION: 01/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-26 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M.L. The solubility of the tetragonal form of hen egg white lysozome from pH 4.0 to 5.4. 

J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Forsythe, E., and Pusey, M.L. The effects of acid treatment and calcium ions on the solubility of concanavalin A. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Pusey, M.L. Continuing adventures in lysozome crystal growth. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Sibille, L., and Pusey, M.L. Investigations into the early stages of lysozome nucleation. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 

1992. 

Wilson, L.J., and Pusey, M.L. Determination of monomer concentrations in crystallizing lysozome solutions. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1992 . 

•• 11 .......................................... 1111111 ................. 1111 .. 11111 ......... ,11111 .............. 1111111111111111 .. 11111 ..... 1111111111111111111 .... 11111111,"," .... 111111111111111111 .. 1" •• 11.11.11'11111111111111111111111.1111111 

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Study of Crystallization and Solution Properties of Redesigned Protein Surfaces 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. David C. Richardson 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M. Hecht 

K. Gernert 

J. Richardson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Duke University Medical Center 

Princeton University 

Duke University Medical Center 

Duke University Medical Center 

The objective of this work is to determine what combinations of protein surface features and solution factors best 

promote the growth of highly ordered protein crystals and to seek strategies for improving control over the process. 

The experiment design is to make detailed analysis of crystal contacts in Cytochrome B562, construct a planned 

series of mutations at those crystal contacts study crystal growth and solubility properties of the mutant proteins 

study resultant crystal order and use the results to further refine analyses, hypothesis, and test mutants. 

DESCRIPTION: 

High-resolution x-ray crystal structures of proteins are the backbone of academic and industrial research efforts to 

understand and control the detailed functional properties of these important molecules. Many such studies are 

stymied, either by lack of crystals altogether or by crystals whose degrce of order is inadequate to show details at the 

level of resolution needed. 

Two sets of factors jointly influence the growth of ordered protein crystals: the atomic-level details of the protein 

surface, including flexibility and bound waters; and the solution conditions, including concentration and identity of 

precipitants and other components, pH and ionic strength, temperature, interactions at solid or liquid interfaces, 

vibration, convection currents, etc. Traditionally, the protein surface was not variable except by trying different 

species, and the only strategy for solution conditions was simply trying as many variations as possible. The most 

general conclusion was that what worked for one protein was likely to be different than what worked for another. 

Recently, however, there has been support and encouragement, largely led by NASA, for scientific study of the 

process of crystallization. The most notable single result so far has been the demonstration that growth in 

microgravity can produce significantly better-ordered crystals for many proteins, presumably because of the absence 

of convection currents at the crystal surface. The absence of convective currents, in tum, allows for the increased 

effect of random diffusion of the protein molecules at the crystal surface and for the increased effective binding 

energy of the protein molecule to the growing crystal. Both of these are presumed to lead to more accurate and 

more stable attachment of the protein molecules to the crystal, and thus a better-ordered crystal. 

Research Approach - Three to four mutants will be studied per year. Each study will involve computer-aided 

graphics studies of crystal contacts and design of mutants, genetic engineering of mutants, protein purification, 

crystallization experiments, crystal solubility determinations, face growth rate measurements, calorimeteric 

measurements of crystal growth, and evaluation of crystal diffraction. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The research aims are to contribute to the scientific understanding and the practical improvement of protein crystal 

growth by tying together a series of designed mutations at known crystal contacts with the changes in 

crystallization behavior and parameters. There are several logical levels at which the results of this research should 

be useful. 

.............. 11111111111111111111 .............. 1111 ..... 1111111111111111 .. 111111111111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1111111111111111111111 

11-199 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .11.11 ... , •• 11.11,".1111,,,,",",11., .. , .. ,111,,,,,.11.1111.11.11.11'"'",,1"II'".I1'""'''U'IIIIIIII1I1.I''''IIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.11111111111 ....... 11 .............................. 11.11.11111.,111,.,11 •• 1111111111111111111.11.,1 •• 11.1 •• 1.1 

A research study of the relative strengths of the binding of protein molecules into their crystal is important for 

understanding which factors are improved in microgravity, whether the growth cessation phenomena can be 

alleviated in nonnal gravity, and how changes in crystal contacts can improve the overall order of protein crystals. 

A detailed study of protein crystal contacts and their specific effects may also help in the future to sort our 

influences on nucleation of protein crystals versus later growth. This research is designed to collect two 

overlapping but distinct types of information: what specific side chain changes will strengthen or weaken a contact 

for a particular crystallization media; and what contact strength is optimum, relative both to the other contacts and 

to the diffusion and convection conditions. Such information will surely aid in future rational control of the 

crystallization process. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress on the wild-type protein includes purification of approximately 200 mg, crystallization, and packing of 

solubility columns. Crystals of wild-type B562 have been grown under conditions used for structure determination, 

3.5 M P04, pH 6.8. It was under these conditions that a crystal slurry of wild-type protein was grown and packed 

into four solubility columns which are now being used. These columns will be used to collect solubility data of 

the wild-type crystals under a variety of buffer conditions and additives, and a range of temperatures. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

TASK INITIATION: 08/93 EXPIRATION: 08/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-22 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Bergman, L.D., Richardson, J.S., Richardson, D.C., and Brooks, F.P. VIEW: An exploratory molecular visualization 

system with user-definable interaction sequences. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93, Computer Graphics, 117-126, 1993 . 

................................................... 111.11 ................ 11 ........................... 11,11, ..... 11".11 ..... ,1., •• ,., .. " •• '.".".""""., •• , •• , •• , •• ".".".1,."11".1,11,,,,,,,., •• ,, •• ,." •• "., •• , •• 11.11"''''11'',,11 •• ' 

11-200 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ..... 111 .. 1111111111 ........ , .......... 111111111111 .. 1111111 ......... 111111111111111111111.11111111,,11'"1111111111,11.1111111111111111111111I11I11I11I'"IIIIII'U .. I.llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllnlllli .. 111111111111.1 .. 111111111111'1.1.11 

Convective Flow Effects on Protein Crystal Growth and Diffraction Resolution 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Franz E. Rosenberger University of Alabama, Huntsville 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

L.Monaco University of Alabama, Huntsville 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The overall objective of this research is to establish a correlation between well-defined solution flow and 

supersaturation conditions about protein crystals, their growth kinetics, and resulting X-ray diffraction resolution. 

Towards this end, we will study the morphology and kinetics of selected proteins during growth in a 

temperature-controlled flow-through ceU, with in situ high-resolution microscopy. The proteins used in these 

studies will be carefully purified and characterized by gel electrophoresis and column chromotography. Precipitant 

compositions and concentrations that have been shown to lead to specific molecular aggregation behavior in the 

solutions will be used. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The long term objectives of the proposed research are an advancement in the understanding of the fundamental 

mechanism by which protein crystals grown, and the origin and possible reduction of the limitations of the 

diffraction resolution of protein crystals. Attention will be focused on limitations in crystal homogeneity possibly 

resulting from nonsteady repartitioning kinetics of the precipitant and the couple attachment kinetics of the protein. 

Research Approach - For the reversible control of the supersaturation, we will utilize the temperature dependence 

of the solubility of the proteins, which. in tum. will be determined by a miniaturized optical scintillation technique 

recently developed in our group. In addition, we will monitor the repartitioning of the precipitant and buffer 

components during the crystallization by electrochemical techniques and atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

The characterizations of the flow and concentration distributions will be aided by numerical modeling. In order to 

facilitate realistic modeling. we will measure the protein diffusivities and the solution viscosities at the growth 

conditions utilizing novel interferometric and viscometric techniques, respectively. 

The structural quality of selected crystals, for which variations in transport and supersaturation conditions are found 

to significantly influence growth kinetics, will be characterized through three dimensional x-ray diffraction data set 

determinations. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

In spite of significant progress over the last few years, the growth of single protein crystals with high structural 

quality remains more an art than a science. Most workers have taken a pragmatic approach. Often protein 

crystallization experiments are designed to statistically vary the large number of parameters thought important. 

Relatively little attention has been given to studying the actual nucleation and growth mechanisms. the 

understanding of which could lead to an advantageous choice of crystal growth conditions. It appears that protein 

crystal growers have only recently become aware of the fact that many of the problems encountered in current 

crystallization practices reflect a lack of control in purity and of process parameters, rather than intrinsic features of 

protein crystallization. In particular. none of the current protein crystallization techniques allow for the 

establishment of conditions that are conducive to the growth of a few, large crystals. Most techniques retain the 

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11-201 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ................................... " .. , ............. 11.11.11.11.11.11 •• ''111111111,11111111111111111111111111111 ... 1""'111111111.111111III'"IIIIIIIIII'U.II.II.II.II.II'"'IIIII.II.,IIIIIIIIII.III.1'11 •• 11'1111111111111111111111'.1111111111 

high supersaturations (200-300%) required for protein nucleation for long periods after nucleation has occurred. As 

a consequence, nucleation tends to proceed after the initial nuclei have formed and begun to grow. This leads to the 

typical large number of crystals, which often limits their size and, through mechanical interference, results in poor 

crystal qUality. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Through NASA Grants NAG8-711, 824, and 868 in effect from 1987 through 1992, we have been able to: 

• Thoroughly familiarize ourselves with the key problems in protein purification, characterization, and 

crystallization; 

• Acquire state-of-the-art preparation and research equipment; 

• Develop miniaturized techniques for solubility studies and temperature control of growth processes; and 

• Develop instrumentation for and begin in situ high-resolution microscopic studies of growth and etching 

morphologies. 

The involvement in protein crystallization, made possible by NASA's Microgravity Science and Applications 

Division through the above cited grants, will greatly benefit the work being performed under this task. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-23 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-950 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Monaco, L.A., and Rosenberger, F. Growth and etching kinetics of tetragonal Iysozome. J. Cryst. Growth. vol. 129, 

465-484, 1993. 

Rosenberger, F., Howard, S.B., Sowers, I.W., and Nyce. T.A. Temperature dependence of protein solubility determination 

and application to crystallization in x-ray capillaries. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 129, 1-12, 1993. 

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11-202 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ....... 111 .... ' .. '11 ............ 111 ........... 111111 ........ 11111111 ... 1111111 ....... 11111 ................. 111111111' ... 1111111111 •• 11 ... 11111.11 ..... ' ... 11 .... 11' .. '111111111.11111 ..... 11111111." ....... 111111 •• ,.'11'111.IIIIII •• UIIIIIIIIIIII 

Enhancement of Cell Function in Culture by Controlled Aggregation 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: W. Mark Saltzman Johns Hopkins University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Cell-cell contact within tissues is fundamental to the regulation of cell differentiation and function. Cell 

aggregates, fonned in vitro and maintained in culture, have been shown to maintain many of the functions of the 

native tissue. The main objective of this program are: 1) development of methods for controlling cell aggregation 

using bioactive polymers and polymer microspheres and 2) systematic study of the function and behavior of 

suitably aggregated cells in culture. The discovery of new methods for improving cell growth and function is 

culture is critical to the development of hybrid artificial internal organs and mammalian cell bioreactors. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To achieve the main objective, we have formulated the following specific tasks: 

Objective 1: Synthesis of Water Soluble Polymers for Controlling Cell Aggregation 

We will synthesize water soluble polymers with bioactive groups that are specifically recognized by certain cells 

and use these multifunctional polymers as molecular nuclei to initiate and control cell aggregation. We will use 

these polymers to control aggregation by adding them to gently agitated or quiescent suspensions of single cells; 

this technique wi11 produce small cel1ular aggregates (<10 cells, diameter<100 microgravity). By altering the 

properties of the polymers and the conditions of aggregation, we will identify approaches for obtaining cell 

aggregates of different size, polydispersity, and morphology. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach 

using N-acetyl glucosamine (specify for chicken hepatocytes) attached to vinyl polymers. 

Objective 2: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Carrier-assisted Cel1 Aggregation 

We will fabricate microspheres containing encapsulated, soluble mediators of cell growth and function. We will use 

the microspheres to create larger aggregates with a central polymer core. We have also demonstrated the feasibility 

of this approach using microspheres composed of vinyl polymers and cultured hepatocytes. 

Objective 3: Development of Methods for Culturing Cell Aggregates Under Unit Gravity 

In preliminary studies we have encapsulated hepacytes ad hepatocyte aggregates within gels of type I collagen 

cultured these encapsulated cells, and examined subsequent cell growth, function, and viability. We will test gels of 

collagen under different hydration conditions to find an optimal experimental system for maintaining cells in an 

aggregated and suspended state in the laboratory. The gels wi11 be used to suspend aggregates created with 

water-soluble polymers and microspheres. To develop model culture systems representing both liver and neuronal 

tissues, we will use primary cultures of hepatocytes and the PC12 cell line. 

Objective 4: Measurement of Cell Function Under Different Aggregation Conditions in Gel Culture 

We have already developed methods for monitoring cell growth and metabolism in the culture by measuring cellular 

protein, DNA, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content. We have also developed methods for monitoring cell 

function in culture by following albumin and uric acid secretion (for hepatocytes) and expression of specific 

enzymes and responsiveness to nerve growth factor (for PC12 cells). Using the optimal experimental system, 

dermed in specific objective 3, we will systematically examine the function of cell aggregates in culture . 

........................................................................ 1111 .. 111 ... , .. I'II.II.U.II .. I .. IIIIIIIIII".IIIIIIII .. IIIII,IIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIII.11.11.1111111111111111111.1 .. 1111111111111111 ... 1'11.1111111111.1.11.1111111111111.11 

11-203 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .............................. 111 ........................................................................... 1111 ............................................................................. 1111111 ........ 111 ............. 11 .................... .. 

Objective 5: Preparation of Experiments for Evaluation Under Microgravity Conditions 

In specific objectives 1 through 4, we will have identified the important variables for controlling cell aggregation 

and function in aggregate culture. In the final stages of this project, we will design methods for developing 

physiologically realistic cell aggregates under microgravity conditions and for testing the influence of aggregation 

on cell function in suspension culture under microgravity. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These studies are uniquely suited for study in microgravity. First cell aggregation in zero gravity will be driven by 

migration and diffusion rather than by forced collisions as is necessary on earth. The resulting aggregates may be 

closer to those found in tissues, since tissues are formed by migration and selective adhesion. Second. gentle 

suspension culture techniques can be used to culture the aggregates in microgravity. By the end of the period of 

laboratory study proposed here. we will have developed cell aggregation techniques appropriate for testing under 

microgravity conditions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Objective 1: 

We have synthesizes several water soluble molecules as molecular nuclei for cell adhesion. These molecules are 

based on poly(ethylene glycol) with bioactive peptides grafted to the termini. This work is being prepared for 

publication. 

Objective 2: 

We have synthesized polystyrene polymers modified with carbohydrates at the surface. 

The abstract of a paper that was recently accepted for publication is appended: (Gutsche. A.T., Parsons-Wingerter, 

P., Chand, D .. Saltzman, W.M., and Leong, K.W. N-acetylglucosamine and adenosine derivatized surfaces for cell 

culture: 31'3 fibrocast and chicken hepatocyte response, Biotech. & Bioeng., in press). 

Objectives 3 and 4: 

We have developed methods for culturing and forming aggregates under unit gravity. 

The abstract of a paper that was recently accepted for publication is appended: (Krewson C.E., Chung. S.W., Dai, 

W., and Saltzman, W.M. Cell aggregation and neurite growth in gels of extracellular matrix molecules, Biotech. & 

Bioeng., in press). 

Objective 5: 

Only applicable in the third project year. 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-10 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-654 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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11-204 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ................ 1 ........................... 1111 ........... 111111 ......................... 11111111 ............ 111111 ........................ '111 ......... 1111 ........ ,",".1111111'11 .... 1.11'"1111111111".11111111111.11111111111111111I1tI.1I 

Culture of Porcine Islet Tissue: Evaluation of Microgravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: David W. Scharp, M.D. Washington University School of Medicine 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Porcine islet tissue is receiving new attention as an attractive, potential tissue for application in clinical islet 

transplantation in patients with Type 1, Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (100M). Recent clinical success of 

islet transplantation into patients with renal grafts using human islets and standard immunosuppression 

demonstrated that greater than one year islet graft function can be achieved off insulin therapy. As additional 

patients are being transplanted to establish how many patients can achieve insulin independence and for what 

duration, investigators are anticipating that the 4,000 human organ donors a year will be insufficient for the 

numbers of potential transplants that can be achieved. Thus, adult porcine islet isolations are being developed. We 

have developed an adult porcine islet procedure but realize that the use of neonatal porcine islet tissue is more suited 

for clinical application from a cost production viewpoint as well as from a safety viewpoint since the neonatal 

porcine islet tissue could be obtained from gnotobiotic donors. While this seems ideal, there has not been any 

reliable way to isolate neonatal islet tissue in any quantity nor any method to culture these islet cells. We have 

recently developed a markedly improved method for the isolation and purification of neonatal porcine islet tissue, 

but, have no reliable method to culture islet cells that can not only produce new islets, called pseudioslets, but also 

take advantage of their inherent growth and maturation potential prior to consideration of transplantation. 

Learning of the microgravitational culture system with low shear rate and the proven importance in producing other 

tissue types from single cells developed by Dr. Glenn Spaulding (NASA JSC), he and I have established a new 

collaboration that would combine our islet tissue. 

DESCRIPTION: 

To accomplish these three objectives, we propose the following specific aims for the investigations: 

1. To culture neonatal islet tissue by rotational, microgravitational and static methods to determine optimal ways 

of formation and preservation of functional pseudoislets. 

2. To examine the ability of cultured neonatal porcine islet tissue to develop and maintain differentiated islet 

functional characteristics. 

3. To determine the ability of optimally cultured porcine islet tissue to be successfully transplanted into diabetic 

recipients. 

4. To examine the replication potential of neonatal porcine islet tissue through culture manipulations. These 

proposed studies combine the islet expertise with a method of rotational islet culture that has successfully formed 

neonatal porcine pseudoislets with the microgravitational expertise with a specific low shear culture system that 

seems ideally suited to the fragile neonatal islet cells. Successful completion of these proposed studies should 

provide important results that will have considerable application in the islet field as well as in the field of 

microgravitational studies important to future NASA objectives. 

11 ........ '111 ............................................... 11 ................ , .................................................................. , ....... "11,11,11,.11'.1"""1.11.,111"" •• ,1.,'''1.111'''1.111''''''", •• 111 ••••• 1.11.11111'" 

11-205 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11I,,,.II ... IIIIIIIt,"'IIIIIII''' .. I .. ,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'1111111I11111'1111111111111' .. 11 .... 11.1111111111.11.11.'111111111111.11 ... 111111'11111,".1'''11.111'1'1111111111111.11 •• 111.11'11.,.'111111111.11 ..... 1.1' .... ,1.11111111111111111.11." 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results of these studies will provide new infonnation to three areas. The results will be important to: 1) a 

better understanding of the development of neonatal islet tissue, 2) NASA considerations of islet tissue as a 

potential type of tissue for their microgravitational studies, and 3) islet transplantation for developing an effective 

culture system for this promising new source of islet tissue. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Porcine islet tissue, even with its inherent problems of retrieval, rapidly becoming the species of choice in islet cell 

transplantation and research. Allbough islet numbers and culture survival produce challenges now for the 

investigator, the similarity of porcine insulin to that produced by humans, may alleviate future transplant problem 

for the recipient 

As equipment was being gathered and readied at KRUG Life Sciences for our work, we began preliminary studies 

isolating adult pig islets to use as the first controls in the culturing systems. In acquiring a new potent collagenase 

from Sigma Chemical Company. St.Louis, MO, we established in improved method of pancreas digestion yielding 

an average of 3673 islet equivalents per gram of tissue. Improvements in the purification of lbcse pig islets by 

using hypaque focoi! in a continuous gradient in the Cobe Cell Processor has increased recovery to an average of 

100% and purity to 95% while cutting our expenses by 70% and the time for processing by 75%. 

With the first few shipments we discovered a contamination problem of a budding yea'>t that would manifest itself 

in large quantities after about a week in the MGT devices. Although static controls left in St. Louis did not show 

the yeast growth, assumptions were made that the extraordinary culture conditions and high oxygen content allowed 

a small contamination to take hold. precautions were taken at both facilities to eliminate any possible technical 

problems that may have initiated the contamination as well as the additional of bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents 

to all solutions used in processing and culturing. Because the most likely source of the yeast was the donor pig, 

more stringent measures were taken during procurement. In addition to the usual cleansing of the pancreas with a 

Betadine solution, followed by serial rinses of Hanks Buffered Solution, and EuroCollins, bacteriostatic and 

fungicidal agents were used at each step. Routine monitoring of the preparation at various points in the process for 

fungal and bacterial growth are being done in ST. Louis and samples are also being processed at KRUG on the final 

preparation. At this point, the problem seems to have been solved. 

The initial time has been beneficial to the crew at KRUG Life Sciences also. Never having worked with islets 

before, they were challenged with the problems or working with large cell clusters instead of the usual cell lines 

they were familiar with from past experiences. Methods had to be established to determine proper cell 

concentration, seeding techniques, familiarity with the morphology of the islets. 

These initial studies involved the use of both the STI.. V and HARV culturing systems as well as status T-fJask 

controls. Microcarriers were also utilized to help reduce the rotational sheer to negligible levels. Approximately 

200 collagen microcarriers, with an internal volume of 25 microliters, were initiated into a STI.. V containing 

CMRL 1066 with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, antibiotics, and supplements. Cytodex 3 beads were used in both the 

8TI.. V and HARV systems at 5mg/ml of cell suspension. Cell concentrations have been varied to establish the 

optimum density for each system and each carrier. Daily readings for pH, CO2, O2 and glucose consumption rate 

were taken as well as samples assayed for insulin content. 

Further studies have begun on suspension culture in a status system. Hydrogel matrices of agarose and alginate 

were tested using both CMRL and Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) as base media. Islet viability was 

established with Fluorescein Diacetate staining and glucose challenges in static incubations. Preliminary results 

show promise with both matrices . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology ......... 1111 ... 1111 ...... 1 ............................ 111 .. 11111111111 ... 11111111111.1111111111111111111'11111111'"111111111.11111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllIllI'I"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,II'1"1111111111111111'111'11"1'1 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 1/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-08 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG-653 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC 

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11-207 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 111111111, ... '"11 ........................ ,11, ...... '''' ... 111111111111111II"IIIII,".U.II" ... II,II.,IIIIIII,II.,IIIIII'."IIIII'"""""'.,11""""'11.11.11', ... 11""""""".11.111111111'.,1"1.11.11""'1"1111111".,"111111"'111 

Role of Solvation Forces in Protein Crystallization in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Frank B. von Swol University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

C. F. Zukoski University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECflVE: 

The research study is a comprehensive investigation of fundamental problems in the thermodynamics and growth of 

macromolecular crystals. The research builds on recent theoretical advances in describing the role of solvation 

interactions in ordering processes observed in such diverse systems as lipid bilayers, DNA strands, protein crystals 

and clays. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A comprehensive study of the role of solvation forces in protein crystallization will be undertaken. This program 

combines new approaches for describing the statistical mechanical properties of suspensions containing hydrophilic 

particles with an experimental program where models can be verified and extended. The goals of the efforts are to: 

• Develop a fundamental understanding of how solvent chemical potential modifies protein interactions and phase 

behavior; and 

• Exploit solvation interactions in the development of methods for preparing protein crystals with substantially 

lower degrees of hydration, enhanced crystal strength, and higher degrees of order to increase resolution of x-ray 

structural determinations. 

Research Approach - The ability of solvation forces to influence protein crystallization will be investigated 

through the study of model macromolecular compounds chosen for their availability, crystallizability and degree of 

solvation in the crystalline phase. These materials will be used in an extensive study of the influence of solvent 

chemical potential on crystal structure, nucleation rates and crystal growth kinetics. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The research study is designed to develop further insight on how to control protein crystal nucleation and growth. 

The investigations are expected to shed light on the role of hydrodynamic disturbances on the degree of crystal 

order. New methods of preparing protein crystals with higher packing densities and fewer packing defects will be 

explored. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The von Swol group bas worked on interfacial modeling using statistical mechanics and simulation for a number of 

years. Previous work relevant to this research has focused on development of new simulation techniques for 

interfacial phenomena including constant pressure simulations and grand canonical molecular dynamics. In addition, 

a new ensemble has been developed to describe the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA). The work on the SFA bas 

been crucial in developing our current views on solvation forces. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ........... 11111111111111111 ............................ '"1 ........... 111111111In' .......... IIIIIIIIIII., ........ I' •• ' .... I' •• 'II'"'.II.11111111111111111'"1111111111111111'1.1111111111111111.,1,1 •• 1.1111111'11111111111111'11'1111111'11'1' 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 6193 EXPIRATION: 6195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-27 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-209 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology Illn.U.II.II.II.II.II.U.II .... IIIIIU.I.II",.'I.'II,II'I.,I'1.'.IIIIIIIIIIIIIItIIl •• I'II'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.1111111111111111.11 ..... 11111111111 ....................... 11.11.11.11 ..... 1111'1111111111111111"11,.,'111.111111111'11.1 •• 1111111II 

Automation of Protein Crystallization Experiments: Crystallization by Dynamic Control of 

Temperature 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Keith B. Ward 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.M.Zuk 

M.A. Perozzo 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Geocenters. Inc./Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

The goal of this research program is to develop a dynamically-controlled crystallization cell (DCCS). in which 

protein supersaturation is controlled by varying the temperature while crystallization is monitored by optical means. 

This device is also capable of being controlled telerobotically. The program intends to extend its accomplishments 

in this area by enhancing the capabilities of the DCCS by miniaturizing it more. decreasing the sample volumes 

required for tests. expanding the system to include multiple crystallization chambers. and incorporating more 

efficient and versatile systems for monitoring the progress of nucleation and crystallization. A final goal of this 

project is to ascertain to what extent the technique of temperature-controlled crystallization is applicable for protein 

crystallization. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A study of a representative sample of 50 well-characterized proteins that have been successfully crystallized using 

other methods is proposed. The temperature coefficient of solubility will be measured using the DCCS. and 

attempts to prepare crystals in this apparatus will allow us to judge the general usefulness of this approach. 

Research Approach - The proposed methods of research include modifying the current design to allow the use of 

solutions a small as 100 microliters, to incorporate video monitoring to provide observation of growth volumes. to 

introduce dynamic light scattering, and to expand the system to include multiple crystallization cells, each with 

separate temperature controls. Telerobotic control experiments studies will continue using enhanced control 

software. and the results of the experiments will be aimed at defining the capabilities and limitations of 

remotely-controlled crystallization experiments on space platforms in microgravity. Collection of protein 

temperature solubility data will be enhanced by the development of automated software algorithms. The 

temperature will lowly be changed, step-wise. until the level of the scintillation signal indicates that the 

crystallization phase boundary has been crossed. The temperature will then be recycled, and the point obtained again 

using a finer temperature step size. until the ultimate precision of this method will be determined. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

This research is important in continuing the development of the DCCS at the Naval Research Laboratory as part of 

the current team effort of NASA-funded Principle Investigators to develop a dynamically-contrOlled system for the 

Advanced Protein Crystal Growth apparatus. This system will be used, while it is being developed. to explore 

whether temperature control of supersaturation is a technique that can have wide applicability in protein 

crystallization. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

NASA-supported research in the field of protein crystallization has led to an increased understanding of the important 

variables that control nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms. One outstanding result of these studies is that 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology 11 ............................................ ' ..... 111111111111.111111111 .. 1111111 ............ 111 ... 11 ............ 111111 ...... 1111111 ..... ' ............ 1111 .. 1111 ............ II ...... tllllI .... 'ItIIIIII ....... IIIIII ..... ' .... IIIIII .. '1111'11"1' 

levels of solute supersaturation optimal for nucleation are not the same as those required for optimal crystal growth. 

It has also become clear that the temperature is a convenient variable for controlling protein supersaturation, 

although it is not routinely used by protein crystallographers. The continued development of automation systems 

will make use of these findings. This work will be conducted as part of a continuing collaborative effort of 

currently-funded NASA investigators to develop an improved generation of protein crystallization apparatuses for 

use on space platfonns. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-24 

NASA CONTRACT No.: H-07975D 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Hannick, L.I., Prasher, D.C., Schultz, L.W., Deschamps, 1.R., and Ward, K.B. Preparation and initial characterization of 

crystals of the photoprotein aequorin from Aequorea victoria. Proteins, (in press) 1993. 

Konnert, J.H., D'Antonio, Peter, and Ward, Keith B. The observations of growth steps, spiril dislocations, and molecular 

packing on the surface of lysozyme crystals with the atomic force microscope. Acta Cryst., (accepted) 1994. 

Ward, K.B., Uffen, D.R., Scholaert, H., et al. Dynamic telerobotic control of crystallization experiments. J. Cryst. 

Growth, vol. 122, 235, 1992. 

Proceedings: 

Ward, K.B., Perozzo, M.A., and Zuk, W.M. Automating Crystallization Experiments. In Crystallization of Proteins and 

Nucleic Acids: A Practical Approach, Chapter 13, 291-310, (in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Ward, Keith B., Konnert, J.H., and D' Antonio, P. Applications of AFM to Protein Crystal Growth, Sixth International 

Conference on Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, San Diego, August, 1993 . 

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11-211 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .. 1111 .................................................................................................................... 11111111 .. 1111 ... 11 ................................... 1111111 .. 111111111111111 ............................ 1111 .. 111111 ... . 

Thermal Optimization of Growth and Quality of Protein Crystals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. John M. Wiencek Rutgers University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

E. Arnold Rutgers University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The specific objectives of this research include: 

• Development and utilization of quantitative temperature control strategies that maintain constant growth rates 

during crystal growth, and measure growth rates by time-lapse video microscopy; 

• Utilization of titration calorimetry to determine temperature dependence of protein solubility, and investigation of 

the suitability for measuring crystal growth rates; and 

• Assessment of protein crystal quality under varying rates of growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Three protein systems have been chosen for study: lysozyme, equine serum albumin (ESA), and reverse 

transcriptase (RT). Each of these proteins have unique features that make them interesting. Lysozyme and ESA 

represent fairly inexpensive and readily available proteins (available from Sigma Chemical Company, for example) 

and will be model systems for investigations elucidating the effects of growth rates on crystal qUality. Once 

strategies that are optimal are available, these strategies will be applied to the RT system as a realistic test case. 

All proteins systems will be assessed for purity by isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. If 

necessary, the proteins can be purified by recrystallization as described for lysozyme by Pusey and Genert (1988). 

Our experience to date has shown that lysozyme received from Sigma is sufficiently pure for direct use. 

Research Approach - Experimental evidence exists which indicates that larger and higher quality crystals can be 

attained in the microgravity environment of space. Fundamental studies have attempted to elucidate the effects of 

gravity-induced convection and sedimentation on the crystal growth process. However, the effect of growth rate on 

protein crystal quality is not well documented. If the growth rate is controlled, how much time is required to allow 

for interfacial attachment of the large protein molecule? What is the impact of this "attachment time" on crystal 

quality? This research outlines a ground-based effort to measure protein size and quality as a function of growth 

rate. Growth rates will be maintained at a constant value by controlling the supersaturation via temperature. 

Quality assessment will utilize standard techniques which assess the x-ray diffraction qUality. The results of this 

study will indicate whether crystals grown at slow rates (as may happen in microgravity due to the absence of 

convection) are linked to improved quality. In addition, processing strategies will be developed which x-ray 

crystallographers can use to grow larger, high-quality crystals once an experimental condition producing 

microcrystals is attained. During the course of the investigation, information will be accumulated on the growth 

rates and solubility of lysozyme and equine serum albumin via time-lapse video microscopy and titration 

calorimetry. Once the effects of growth rates on crystal quality are understood, plans are to apply what has been 

learned to an optimization of crystal quality of a protein of current interest, namely, HIV -1 reverse transcriptase . 

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11-212 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .......................................... " ...................... '11111111 ................. '"111 ... ' .......... 111 .... " .......... 11111 ................... '" ......... , .................. ,11' .. ' ....... "111, ....... ' .. "11, ......... ,.11 .... ' .. 'I. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Development of a systematic method of protein crystallization may lead to crystallization of previously 

uncrystallizable proteins and add to the current knowledge of protein structure/function relationships. Knowledge of 

detailed protein structure is absolutely essential for rational approach to protein engineering and has important 

implications for design of improved small molecule pharmaceuticals. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

Interest developed in the possibility of utilizing pressure to control rates of nucleation and growth. In studies of hen 

egg-white lysozyme crystallization under high pressure (1 to 2 kbar), there was no acceleration of crystallization for 

samples exposed to rapid letdown of pressure from 1 or 2 kbar as measured by concentration of lysozyme in 

solution. There was an apparent arrest of the crystallization process in samples held under high pressure for 48 

hours in both seeded and unseeded batches (Brodeck et al., in preparation). Crystallization resumed at a normal rate 

upon restoration of atmospheric conditions. Lack of crystallization at high pressure does not appear to be due to a 

change in the solute/crystal equilibrium at high pressures. Samples containing Iysozome crystals in equilibrium 

with mother liquor were placed under pressure (1.0 kbar) for 48 hours and showed no evidence of dissolution as 

measured by Iysozome concentration in solution. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-28 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-975 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-213 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology .... ,1 ............ 1111 .......................... 1111111 .......... 11111 ... 11111111111"1 ... ,,,.'11111111111'11.11.111111111111111"111.,1 •• 11.IIIIIIIIIIU.IIIIIIIIIII''''IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIII'III.'"1111111111111111111111111111111.,111111 

Search for Dilute Solution Property to Predict Protein Crystallization 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. W. William Wilson Mississippi State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The primary objective of the research is to discover a unique dilute solution parameter that universally and 

unambiguously predicts protein crystallization. 

Since most crystallographers will not have access to sophisticated laser scattering instrumentation, a secondary 

objective of this research is to construct a simple laser scattering device that determines the universal predictor 

values. The device will be miniaturized to work with sub-milliliter volumes and incorporate the latest optical fiber 

technology for beam delivery and signal detection. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Static, dynamic and electrophoretic laser scattering techniques will be used to carefully measure an array of 

thermodynamic and hydrodynamic (not kinetic) solution parameters for each of a group of selected proteins dissolved 

under crystallizing as well as non-crystallizing solvent conditions. The proteins chosen will have a wide variation 

with respect to molecular weight and crystallizing conditions such as temperature, pH and crystallizing agent type 

(inorganic salts. PEGs and other organics). The laser scattering solution parameters will be measured in the dilute 

protein concentration regime. often 10-20 times below protein saturation. 

Research Approach - The research approach is to obtain comprehensive measurements of the SLS. DLS and ELS 

parameters from a set of selected proteins under both crystallizing and precipitating conditions with particular 

attention given to the dilute solution regime. The selection of the proteins is significant, and some collaboration 

with protein crystallographers will be required to totally define the set. Prior verbal agreement for such advisory 

collaboration has been obtained from Marc Pusey and Dan Carter at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville. 

Alabama. Pat Weber at Dupont in Wilmington. Delaware. Alex McPherson at the University of California. 

Riverside, Franz Rosenberger at the University of Alabama, Huntsville. and Charlie Bugg and Larry DeLucas at the 

University of Alabama, Birmingham. Use will also be made of the Biological Macromolecule Crystallization 

Database compiled by Gary Gilliland at the Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology in Rockville, Maryland. 

Based on years of experience in performing laser scattering measurements and on the man-power requested in the 

budget, a target number of twenty proteins is projected for the set, corresponding to roughly one complete set of 

measurements per protein per month. This amount of time accounts for protein purification procedures a'> well as 

repetitions for each of the SLS, DLS, and ELS experiments. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

It is anticipated that a particular solution parameter (or combination of parameters) will be discovered that has 

quantitative values within a reasonable narrow range for crystallizing conditions and values significantly outside that 

range for non-crystallizing or precipitating conditions. If such a universal predictor can be proven, then its use will 

have an immediate impact in the protein crystal growth community in general and microgravity research in 

particular. The solution conditions for protein crystallization in a microgravity environment should be maximized 

during ground testing so that a high probability for crystallization is achieved. Having a universal predictor will 

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11-214 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Biotechnology , ................................. '1111 ... 11111 .......... ,11 ................ 11 ............... ,1111111 ........... 11 ......................... '" ...................... , .................... ".,111111 ..... 11111 .... ,1,.1111,.,111111.111'111"1 •• ,.". 

allow crystallographers to fine tune existing crystallization protocol or discover new conditions to crystallize 

difficult proteins. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Since the task initiation date, the appropriate personnel have been started on the project. There are one postdoctoral, 

Dr. Abraham George, and two graduate students funded by this task. Initial experiments accomplishing the 

objectives have begun. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 7/93 EXPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-21 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-215 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science .... 11111' ......... '1111 ..................... 11 .... 11 ... 1111111111111111 ...... "'"'" .. 11111.11.11111111111 ... 11'111,".11.11 .. 1111111111111111111111111 ................ 111111111 ....... 11 ........ 11 .... 11111111111111111111111.111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1'11111. 

Radiative Extinction of Diffusion Flames 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Arvind Atreya University of Michigan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. 1.5. Wichman Michigan State University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this program is to quantify the conditions under which a stabilized, laminar diffusion flame will 

be extinguished by radiative heat losses from flame-generated particulates (e.g., soot) that drain the chemically 

released energy from the flame. These tests must be conducted in microgravity because radiation-induced extinction 

may not be possible under normal-gravity conditions where buoyancy-generated convection would sweep the 

radiating sources upward and away from the flame. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The program is to have simultaneous experimental and theoretical efforts. Experimentally, normal-gravity tests 

using a quasi-one-dimensional counterflow diffusion flame burner will be studied to understand soot production and 

oxidation rates and their optical properties. These data are needed both for the formulation of the reduced-gravity 

testing and for the development of theoretical models. 

Subsequent reduced-gravity testing is to be pursued in the 2.2 second drop tower at NASA Lewis Research Center, 

where a laminar diffusion flame is to be stabilized about a spherical porous burner. In these tests the local fuel 

concentrations will be varied by the introduction of inerts into the fuel-flow stream. In these tests measurements of 

flame temperatures and radiated flux will be used for comparisons with theory. 

A numerical model will be developed to simulate the reduced-gravity experimental configuration, and will include 

chemical kinetic modeling and modeling for the production and consumption of soot particulates. A model for the 

radiant emissions from the flame associated with the particulates will be developed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The microgravity flames will demonstrate the concept of radiative extinction in stabilized flames, distinct from the 

case of spreading diffusion flames. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Soot volume fractions, species concentrations, and temperature distributions inside a normal-gravity, counterflow 

diffusion flame have been measured. 

A 2.2 second drop tower apparatus has been designed, built and tested. Diffusion flames using both methane and 

ethylene were stabilized upon spherical burners in microgravity; in each case over a range of fuel flowrates. These 

tests were all conducted in air at normal atmospheric pressure. Flames ignited in normal gravity were found to 

approach a microgravity configuration more rapidly than flames ignited in microgravity because of a lengthy 

ignition transient. Extinction of flames was observed during the transition from normal-gravity stabilization to a 

microgravity environment, in which the flames approached a quasi-spherical shape . 

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11-216 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ........................... ,. ....................................... , ........... , ........... 1 .......... 11111111111 ..... 1111 .............. ' .. 1111 ............ , ..... '11'111111111111111111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11"1111.1 

A more complete set of 2.2 second drop tower experiments are planned using the spherical burner, extending the 

experiments to a higher pressure regime where experiments may progress further in the available test time. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-29 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Atreya, A., and Agrawal, S. Effect of radiative beat loss on diffusion flames in quiescent microgravity atmosphere. 

Combus. & Flame, (submitted) 1993. 

Atreya, A., Wichman, I., Guenther, M., Ray, A., and Agrawal, S. An experimental and theoretical study of radiative 

extinction of diffusion flames. 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, 1992, NASA 

CP 10113, Feb. 1993. 

Presentations: 

Atreya, A., and Agrawal, S. Extinction of a moving diffusion flame in a quiescent micro gravity environment due to 

CO/H20/Soot radiative beat losses, 1st ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transefer Conference, Bombay, India, January 1994 . 

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11-217 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1, .... ' .......................... ,", ....... ' .. 1111 ......... 111111111111111111 ............. IIIIII.' .............. III ..... ' ......... , ................... I ..... 'n •• "ltl ..................... III .... IIIIIIIIIII ............. ' ...... II.IIIIII •• ""ll' 

Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Melvyn C. Branch 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.W. Daily 

C. J. Fiechtner 

A. Abbud-Madrid 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Colorado 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

Most structural metals, when exposed to a threshold oxygen partial pressure and a sufficiently high temperature, 

will ignite and burn vigorously. This project is an analytical and experimental investigation of the mechanisms of 

ignition and combustion characteristics of metals in bulk pellet configurations, rather than conventional powders, 

under low-pressure oxygen atmospheres in a range of gravity fields. Other dedicated experimental features are found 

in the diagnostics for determination of fuel mass loss, flame characteristics, surface structure, and temperatures of 

each pbase. 

DESCRWfION: 

The experiments were conducted initially under normal gravity to establish the utility of the continuous 

radiant-energy ignition and to determine reference data on metal-surface morphology, ignition criteria, flame 

characteristics, and heat and mass transfer mechanisms. Experiments followed at elevated gravity, conducted in the 

unique University of Colorado Geotechnical Centrifuge, to establish the sensitivity to convective flows and to 

calibrate systems for mass-loss measurements. The eventual low-gravity experiments are under design for 

installation in the NASA Low-gravity Airplane Laboratory (KC-135). Concurrent numerical modeling calculations 

guide the experimental research. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This study will explore the entire process of metal combustion, starting from the heat-up and ignition phases. The 

microgravity experiments will simplify the isolation of the individual phases of the pbenomena by reducing the 

interactions of convective flows. Metal combustion in microgravity also differs strongly from that in normal 

gravity because the reduced mobility of the liquid phase changes the surface exposure of the burning pellets. The 

study has practical significance in its potential application to fire safety for spacecraft oxygen storage and handling 

systems. An additional benefit of the study is in the development of new experimental capabilities with 

wide-ranging applications. The major innovation is in a high-heat-flux radiant light source for ignition, a method 

that eliminates the contamination of metal fuels associated with the usual promoted igniters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The normal-gravity experimental study has been completed. The novel application of isolating the ignition process 

through use of a non-intrusive radiation source was successful. For this purpose, a 100-W Xe arc lamp was used 

lamp to irradiate cylindrical metal specimens, 5-mm in diameter and 5-mm high. The experimental results provided 

a qualitative visual record of the heat-up, ignition, and combustion processes and corresponding measurements of the 

surface temperature histories. Metal specimens of iron, titanium, zirconium, magnesium, zinc, tin. and copper all 

ignited and sustained combustion under a quiescent, pure-oxygen atmosphere at a pressure of 0.1 MPa. Only 

aluminum, in this set of common structural metals, failed to ignite under these conditions. On the other hand, 

copper, which previous studies had classified as nonflammable, was found to burn readily under the downward 

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11-218 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science •• 11.11.11111111111111"'1 .. 1'".11.11.1111111.11.11111111'11,11111111111'"'IIIIIIIU.II.IIIIIIIIII.IIIIII.,.II'".II,I"I'II.IIIIIIIII'II'I11111111,,1111111"111111111,.111111.11.'1.11111111111111'"'"'1111111111111.11"1111111.11'11.1 ... 11. 

propagation and non-intrusive radiant-flux conditions of tbe experiment. Ignition temperatures for all tbe metals 

were found to be below, above, or in the range of tbe metal melting point. 

Interpretation of the normal-gravity ignition and combustion-test data characterized tbe distinct stages of heat-up, 

ignition, and combustion through well-defined surface structure changes, surface temperature behavior, and 

flame-zone luminosity. The unexpected flammability of copper confmned the strong influence of sample geometry, 

experimental configuration, and ignition source on the ignitability of metals in tbese small-scale tests. 

The experimental apparatus is now being adapted for mounting and testing on tbe University of Colorado 

Geotechnical Centrifuge. Experiments corresponding to those under normal gravity are being conducting at levels 

of 2 to 5 g (g=9.8 m/s 2). The data-acquisition system under development permits tbe transmission of information 

from the spinning apparatus in real time. A high-speed camera setup will monitor the observations of tbe surface 

and flame zones. 

The concurrent analysis has provided a computational model of the experimental conditions of the heat-up, ignition, 

and combustion stages. Application of representative normal-gravity data has verified the accuracy of tbe modeling. 

The complete analysis computes the specimen temperature and phase response for a constant-input heat flux over a 

range of gravity from 0 to 109 for lOO%-oxygen atmosphere witb pressures from 0.01 MPa to 1.0 MPa. Several 

interesting conclusions are provided by the analysis. As expected, convective heat transfer increases with increasing 

gravity, and consequently specimen temperature decrea'>es with gravity. Specimen temperature also decreases witb 

pressure increases. Both tbe gravity and pressure effects are strongest at lower values, i.e., most of tbe gravity 

influence is over the range of microgravity to one g. The analysis implies tbat tbe bulk metals may be easier to 

ignite in the microgravity environment because of the reduced rate of convective heat transfer. 

Preliminary design and test condition selection are now underway for the final phase of the study, the experiments 

under low gravity. The current centrifuge design is adaptable in principle, but it will require refinements for a 

modest reduction in volume to meet tbe restraints of the NASA KC-135 Airplane Laboratory. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 11/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-30 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M.C., Feiereisen, T.1., and Daily, 1.W. A study of ignition phenomena of bulk metals by 

radiant heating. The Combustion Institute, Fall Meeting of the Western States Section, Oct. 12, 1992, WBS/CI 92-84, 

1992. 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M.C., Feiereisen, T.l., and Daily, 1.W. Ignition of bulk metals by a continuous radiation 

source in a pure oxygen atmosphere; flammability and sensitivity of materials in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. ASTM, 

Philadelphia, PA (D.O. lanoff and 1.M. Stolzfus, eds.), ASTM STP 1197, 1993. 

Branch, M.e., Abbud-Madrid, A., Feiereisen, T.l., and Daily, 1.W. A study of ignition phenomena of bulk metals by 

radiant heating. Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA CP 10113, Feb. 1993. 

Feiereisen, 1'.1., Branch, M.C., Abbud-Madrid, A., and Daily, 1.W. Gravity and pressure effects in the steady-state 

temperatures of heated metal specimens in a pure oxygen atmosphere; flammability and sensitivity of materials in an 

oxygen-enriched atmosphere. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, ASTM STP 1197, 1993. 

1111 .............. 111 ..... 1111 .................................. 11111111111111111 ... 1111 .. 111111111111111111111111111,.1.11.'1.'111111111111111"111111.111111.11111111111111111,11111111.111.'1'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ..................................................................................... 11.111111111.11 •• 11 .... 1 .. 111.11.11 .. 11.11," •• 11.11.1111111111111111111111111111111 ......... 1111 ..... 111 ..... 1111 ............. 11111111111111111111111111Ifllll 

Modeling of Microgravity Combustion Experiments 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John C. Buckmaster University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this program is to improve our understanding of basic combustion phenomena through the 

analytical and numerical models developed from first principles for various systems/configurations undergoing 

experimental study in NASA's microgravity combustion program. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Experimental results amenable to modeling are identified and modeling is carried out. This is done in close 

collaboration with the experimentalists when possible. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Modeling provides invaluable physical insights into the experimentally observed behavior. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An analytical/numerical model for flame-balls in hydrogen-air mixtures including radiative heat loss effects is 

completed and the results are published in peer reviewed journals. 

In another study dealing with the "absolute" flammability limits they examine optically thick flame-balls and 

detennine that strong absorption precludes the existence of stable solutions. For sufficiently small ignition sources 

an intrinsic (apparatus independent) flammability limit is defined by the generally multi valued steady solution. 

Beyond the flammability limit a steady solution exists for arbitrarily weak mixtures, but is unrealizable since it is 

unstable to one-dimensional perturbations. An unsteady propagating flame solution is also possible for arbitrarily 

weak mixtures, but can only be generated by a large ignition source. 

Intrinsic and acoustic instabilities in flames fueled by multiphase mixtures (gas and droplets/particles) are described 

for confined or unconfined flames, such as for propagation in a tube with one end open and the other end closed or 

spherical flames. The implications of findings for gas turbine acoustic instabilities, where the condensed phase is 

injected at a fmite point (rather than dispersed throughout the gas phase), are pointed out. 

Another numerical model is developed which accounts for the effects of self-absorbed radiation in gas mixtures with 

varying optical thicknesses. The analysis was successful for partially explaining the experiments of Paul Ronney 

from Princeton where he observed flame-strings in SF6 diluted mixtures. 

A modeling effort on metal burning has recently been initiated. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 4 Total Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 11/91 EXPIRATION: 10/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-31 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-220 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science .................................... 111 .. 11 ............... '11 ... '11111 .......... ,1,.11.11'"'" .. 1 ... 1.11.,11111.11'".11,11111.11.11.1111'.11.11"11,11.11.11'"'"""'1111.11".11.11.11., •• 1111111'"' .. ' •• 11.11'1,".,1, .... 11111." .... 111111. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Buckmaster, J. Modeling of microgravity combustion experiments. Microgravity Combustion Workshop, 165-170, 

NASA CP-10113. 1993. 

Buckmaster, J., Smooke, M., and Giovangigli, V. Analytical and numerical modeling of flame-balls in hydrogen-air 

mixtures. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 94, 113-124, 1993. 

Lee, C.J., Buckmaster, I., and DiCicco, M. Intrinsic and acoustic instabilities in flames fueled by multiphase mixtures. 

submitted to Comb. Sci. Tech .• 1993. 

Lozinski, D., Buckmaster. I., and Ronney. P. Absolute flammability limits and flame-balls. submitted to Comb. and 

Flame, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Buckmaster, 1 .• and Clavin. P. An acoustic-instability theory for particle-cloud flames. The 24th Int. Symp. on 

Combustion. 29-36, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Gessman, R., and Ronney, P. The three-dimensional dynamics of flame-balls. The 24th Int. Symp. on 

Combustion, 53-59, 1992. 

Buckmaster, I., Ronney, P., and Smooke, M. Flame balls- past, present and future. AIAA 31st Aerospace Sci. Mtg .. Reno, 

NV, 1993, AlAA-93-0712. 1993 . 

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11-221 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ................................ u ............ IIIIII .......... IIII .. IIIII ........... 11111111111 ................. 11' .......... 11 ... 11 ............ 111' .. 1111 ..... 11 .... 1111111 ..... 1111111111111 ....... 11 ................. 11.1'11111111111111111111111 

Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert K. Cheng Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the experimental program is to investigate low-Reynolds-number, premixed turbulent flames in 

microgravity to gain a fundamental understanding of the gravitational effects on flame-turbulence interaction 

processes. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experimental work is focused on developing the methodology, experimental apparatus, and laser diagnostics for 

application in the NASA Lewis Research Center 2.2 drop tower. Flow visualization techniques coupled with 

computer-controlled image processing are used to characterize the behavior of the aerodynamic flowfield and mean 

flame properties under micro gravity . 

To provide the necessary scientific background for the microgravity experiments, a parallel study of laminar and 

turbulent flames subjected to +g (upwards) and -g (downward) forces is also conducted. These +g and -g laboratory 

flames are investigated with the use of more sophisticated laser diagnostics such as laser Doppler anemometry to 

obtain statistical data. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This aspect of turbulent flame propagation is not well understood and has yet to be considered in current turbulent 

combustion theories. Our experimental results are expected to provide guidance and validation for the development 

of turbulent combustion models to include the effects of gravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A 2.2-second drop tower rig was constructed and tested. The behavior of laminar and turbulent Bunsen type premixed 

flames under microgravity has been observed by the use of laser schlieren. This is the first successful application of 

the laser schlieren technique in the 2.2-second drop tower. The schlieren images are recorded on videotape and are 

analyzed by computer-controlled image processing. Comparison of the microgravity results with those observed 

under normal gravity shows that gravity affects flame propagation through the coupling of the flame dynamics and 

the surrounding flow field. Under normal gravity, buoyancy-driven flow instabilities are shown to induce flame 

flickering. 

In microgravity, the laminar flames still exhibits some flame instability which is small compared to the normal 

gravity flame flickering. In the turbulent flames, due to the random nature of the wrinkled flame fronts, differences 

are more difficult to identify and quantify. The differences are being investigated using the appropriate image 

analysis and display software for characterizing the flame wrinkle scales and their evolution. A single beam 

deflection method has been tested and applied to measure the flame fluctuation spectra at higher temporal resolution 

than the schlieren images can provide . 

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11-222 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ......................... 1111111111111 ..... 111.1111111111111.111111 .. 111111111111111I1I11 ........ IIIIIIIIIU ...... I ...... 'III.111I11I11IIIIIIIIII.IUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111.1111.111111.11111111111111111111111"" 

Laboratory measurements of the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of the flames chosen for micro gravity 

experiments were made using laser Doppler velocimetry in +g and -g. The results show that buoyancy-driven flow 

instabilities induce turbulence fluctuations in the reactants upstream of the flame zone which have the same 

frequency as the flame flickering observed by the Schlieren. Far-field influences affect the intensity of the 

fluctuations. This discovery suggests that a better understanding of their coupling with the flame front dynamics is 

necessary to isolate the effects of microgravity on flame dynamics. It was also found that the natural acoustic 

frequency of the burner matched the 180 Hz fluctuation frequency of the small flame wrinkles. By filling the burner 

cavity with fiber glass wool the acoustical instability is reduced. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/91 EXPIRATION: 3/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-32 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Kostiuk. L.W .• Zhou. L.. and Cheng. R.K. The effects of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames. Proceedings of the Second 

International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion. Cleveland. OB. September 15-17. 1992. Paper No. 92-\03; Fall 

Meeting of the Western States Section, Combustion Institute, Berkeley, CA. October 12-13. 1992. NASA CP 10113, Feb. 

1993. 

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11-223 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111.1 ... '11 .............. 1111 .. 11 .. 1111111111111111111 ........ 1111 .. '111 .. 1111 .. 11 .. 1111111 .. ".111111111 ....... 11111111111111111 ..... 11111111 .. '"' ...... 111111111.11'".11.11.11.11111111'11111'1111111111111111.11111111.111111111"'''"'11''11 

Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel Dietrich Sverdrup Technology Inc. LeRC Group 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This research program involves the study of one-and two-dimensional arrays of droplets in a buoyant· free 

environment. The purpose of the work is to extend the data base and theories that exist for single droplets into the 

regime wherein droplet interactions are important. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The emphasis of the present investigation is experimental. although comparison will be made to existing 

theoretical and numerical treatments when appropriate. Both normal-gravity and low-gravity testing will be 

employed, and the results compared. 

The normal-gravity testing will utilize the classical suspended droplet technique; single droplets and droplet arrays 

will be supported on 125 JlI1l optical fibers in a combustion chamber where the ambient environment can be 

controlled. The low-gravity testing will employ droplets suspended on 15 JlI1l Si-C fibers. a new technique 

developed during the past year. again in a combustion chamber where the ambient environment can be changed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The eventual goal being to use the results of this work as inputs to models on spray combustion. wherein droplets 

seldom bum individually (the combustion history of a droplet is strongly influenced by the presence of the 

neighboring droplets). 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A normal gravity gravity droplet combustion apparatus was built. The apparatus consists of a 551 combustion 

chamber with optical access from four othogonal windows. A special quartz window was purchased to allow 

imaging. with a CCD intensified array camera. of the OH radiation from the flame. The chamber is mounted on a 

cart with an integrated gas mixing system so that any ambient environment (He-02• N2-02• etc.) with an ambient 

pressure from between 0 and 1 atm can be accommodated. Droplets are suspended from 0.125 mm quartz optical 

fibers with a 0.250 mm bead on the end. The droplets are currently ignited by a hot-wire. 

The apparatus was used to bum single droplets at atmospheric to sub-atmospheric pressures and enriched ambient 

environments. The purpose was to duplicate previous work by other investigators and establish reasonable 

operation of the hardware. The apparatus has also been used to examine the ability of an intensified array camera to 

image the OH emission (310 nm) from a burning droplet. because OH is generally considered a better indicator of 

flame position. Flame images from an intensified array camera with a 310 nm bandpass filter were compared with 

flame images from taken with a standard color CCD camera. The images resulting from the two cameras were 

clearly different. with flame dimensions dependent on the camera used. Finally. the apparatus was modified to bum 

linear arrays of droplets. Work has begun on the testing of two droplets at atmospheric and sub-atmospheric 

pressures. 

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11-224 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ...................................... 11111 ...... 111111 ..... 11111 .......... 11 ............... 1 .. 1111 .. 11111 .. 1111111111 .. '1111111111 ..... 1111111111111 ....... "'".11.11.11.11.111111111111111111111.1.111111111111111111,11111111II'II'I.U.II,IIIII 

In reduced gravity work, droplets were successfully suspended and burned on 15 ~ SiC fibers (Dietrich, 1992). A 

reduced gravity apparatus was designed and built to study the combustion of one- and two-dimensional arrays of 

droplets in atmospheric and sub-atmospheric pressures. The design can accommodate anyone or two dimensional 

geometry with a maximum of nine droplets. The droplets are ignited by hot wires. The data consists of a backlit 

view of the droplets with a cine camera to obtain the droplet size as a function of time and an orthogonal view with 

a black and white CCD camera to obtain the flame dynamics as a function of time. The apparatus is designed to 

support the droplets on 15 ~ SiC fibers, but thus far testing has only been conducted on 0.125 mm quartz optical 

fibers (the same as the normal gravity apparatus). 

This experiment was originally built for the 2.2 second drop tower at the NASA LeRC, and has been modified to be 

used in the 10 second drop tower at the Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC). The first series of experiments were 

conducted at JAMIC while the principal investigator was a visiting scientist for six months at the GIDLH. The 

experiments conducted were of approximately 4 mm n-decane droplets burning in air at 1 atm pressure. 

The results showed unusual burning behavior at these large droplet sizes. Immediately after ignition the droplet 

flame was expected, bright yellow, sooty and spherical (except for a small non-unifonnity due to a small convective 

floW). As the burning progressed, the luminosity of the flame decreased, and the flame standoff ratio (the ratio of 

the flame diameter to the droplet diameter) was much smaller than expected; approximately 5 compared to the 

typical 7-8 for this condition. By the end of the drop, the droplet had not yet burned to completion, and the flame 

was nearly invisible to the CCD camera. Further analysis is required, before any conclusions from this preliminary 

data. It is interesting to note that a much smaller (1-2 mm initial) n-decane droplet burned to completion as 

expected, with a bright yellow, sooty, spherically symmetric flame. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/89 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-33 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Ross, H.D., Dietrich, D.L., and T'ien, lS. Candle flames in microgravity: USML-l results one year later, USML-l L+l 

Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 1993. 

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11-225 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science .......... 1111111 ........................................... ' .... 11 .................................. 11 .. 111 ........... 1111 ........... 11111 .. ' ...................... , ............ 111111111 .... ' •• '1 ....... 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Combustion of Electrostatic Sprays of Liquid Fuels in Laminar and Turbulent Regimes 

PRINCIPAlINVESTIGA TOR: Prof. Alessandro Gomez 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M.B. Long 

M.D.Smooke 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Yale University 

Yale University 

Yale University 

This research is a combination of theoretical and computational work by Professors Alessandro Gomez (PI, 

experimental), Marshall B. Long (Co-I, diagnostics) and Mitchell D. Smooke (Co-I, computational), all from Yale 

University. It involves studying the formation and burning of electrosprays of liquid fuels at both normal and 

reduced gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Normal-gravity testing of electrostatic sprays is conducted with cold-flows (i.e., non-buoyant) and in counterflow 

diffusion flames. Microgravity tests of the counterflow diffusion flame are conducted in the 2.2 -second Drop 

Tower. A numerical model of a gas-phase counterflow diffusion flame is being extended to account for the droplet 

spray, for comparison of predictions with experimental results. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Electrosprays are being studied because they offer several advantages over conventional fuel sprays, such as (a) 

generation of a relatively narrow droplet-size distribution; (b) elimination of droplet coalescence and the production 

of a relatively uniform spray due to the self-dispersion property of the spray; and (c) the possibility of manipulating 

droplet trajectories. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Experimental: Normal Gravity 

The work has been focused on (1) experiments in cold flows to understand electrostatic spray synthesis, i.e., how to 

produce a spray with the desired properties, and (2) combustion experiments with well-controlled spray flames. The 

cold-flow experiments are coming to end, with the completion of two journal articles, one on the Coulombic 

disruption of charged droplets and the other on the structure of the electrostatic sprays. The effect of the Coulombic 

droplet explosion on the flame has been investigated, resulting in another journal paper. The individual effects of the 

initial droplet size, velocity, and the strain rate on the structure of the flame has been investigated. It was concluded 

that similar structural changes can be made by changes in either the initial droplet size or the velocity, whereas the 

strain rate has a weaker influence. 

Work is underway to improve the droplet size measurement from 4% to at least 1 %, via use of scattering 

measurements. Upon accomplishing this, the work will be focused on making the measurements sufficiently 

quickJy that the droplet size distribution can be determined. 

Experimental: Microgravity 

Preliminary tests were conducted in April 1993 in the 2.2-second Drop Tower. the counter-flow, spray, diffusion 

flame burner was adapted to an existing drop rig. The flame was ignited in normal gravity, prior to the drop. The 

video of the flame revealed that the flat normal-gravity flames became curved in microgravity (complicating analysis 

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11-226 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ...................................................................................... 111 .. II ............................................................................................................................ 1111 ...................... . 

and modeling), indicating that the flatness was apparently due to buoyant effects. Subsequent nonnal-gravity testing 

with a seeded flow revealed that the cold-flow stagnation plane was curved, consistent with the microgravity 

observations. The flatness has been considerably improved by changing the spray coflow from nitrogen to carbon 

dioxide, and thus increasing the Reynolds number at a constant strain rate. Further microgravity tests have not been 

conducted due to the Drop Tower shutdown. 

Modeling 

A gas-phase counterflow model is being extended to account for the effects of the electrospray. The overall system 

could be solved with a coupled initial-boundary value problem, if the transport rates between the droplet and gas 

phase are independent of the droplet position. Instead, the gas phase system is solved by Newton's method and these 

results are used to solve the spray equations (in a Runge Kutta approach). Preliminary results have been obtained 

for experimental comparison for a typical spray flame under conditions where there is no direct interaction between 

droplets and the flame; the droplets simply act as a source of fuel vapor which is convected or diffuses toward the 

flame. The sensitivity of the temperature profile to the chemical kinetic mechanism is now under investigation. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-34 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K. Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays. To appear in Phys. Fluids A, 1993. 

Tang, K., and Gomez, A. On the structure of an electrostatic spray of monodisperse droplets. Phys. Fluids, (submitted) 

1993. 

Presenta tions: 

Gomez, A. The electrospray: fundamentals and applications, Invited paper to be presented at the 3rd World Conference on 

Heat Transfer, Fluid Dynamics, and Thennodynamics, Hawaii, November, 1993. 

Gomez, A., and Chen, G. Charge-induced secondary atomization of droplets in diffusion flames of electrostatic sprays, 

Presented at AIAAlSAE/ASMElASEE 29th Joint PropUlsion Conference, Monterey, California, June, 1993. 

AIAA 93-2332. 

Chen, G., and Gomez, A. The individual effect of droplet size and velocity on the structure of counterflow spray diffusion 

flame. Paper No. 40 presented at the 1993 Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of The Combustion Institute, 

Princeton, New Jersey, October 25-27, 1993. (in press) . 

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11-227 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ................................................... " ............................... 111 ..... 1"1"111111111111111 •• "111'11.11.111'"""111.1111111.1111111.11.IIIIIIIU.U.II.IIIII,II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.,I.,I.11.111 .. 11.111111111 

Time-Dependent Computational Studies of Pre-Mixed Flames 

PRINCIPAlINVESTIGA TOR: Dr. K. Kailasanath Naval Research Laboratory 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. G. Patnaik Berkeley Research Associates 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this work is to predict, via numerical modeling, the effects of gravity on specific fundamental 

phenomena (such as propagation, extinction, and stability) in lean-limit combustion of premixed gases. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The structure and dynamics of premixed flames are studied by performing detailed numerical simulations using 

time-dependent, one- and two-dimensional numerical models. These models solve the multispecies coupled partial 

differential reactive-flow equations. 

The models include fluid thermodynamic and transport properties, chemical kinetics, radiative heat transfer, 

buoyancy and boundary heat loss effects. Reduced chemistry models are intended to be incorporated, where 

applicable. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

NRL has successfully modified the multidimensional flame code, FLIC2D, for hydrogen- and methane-air 

chemistries, diffusive transport properties and simple radiative loss mechanisms. They tested the modified code 

against the existing FLAME1D code, where applicable. 

For hydrogen flames, they determine that heat losses to the burner can stabilize flames (i.e. suppress formation of 

cellular structures) with even more than 11 % hydrogen in air for a range of inflow velocities. They conclude for 

multidimensional burner-stabilized hydrogen flames that gravity (at least up to earth gravity) plays a secondary role 

for stabilizing flames compared to heat losses to the burner. 

For methane flames, the results to date indicate that a 6% methane-air mixture exhibit a multidimensional structure 

the details of which appear to be different from those observed in lean hydrogen-air mixtures. 

For most of the hydrogen and methane air flames the contribution of radiation is found to be small. However, in 

very lean (e.g. 4.5%) methane-air flames, inclusion of radiative losses results in extinguishment, whereas neglecting 

radiation gives finite planar flame burning velocities. Likewise, for rich (81 %) hydrogen-air flames, including 

radiative losses leads to oscillations with larger amplitudes and eventual extinguishment, as compared to undamped 

oscillatory flames if radiation is neglected. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/92 EXPIRATION: 2/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-22 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

.................................................................................... 1 .. 11I1 .. '.II .... II.II'" .. IIIIII .... II.II.IIIIIIII .. lIllfllflllllllllllllllllttlttllllllllllllllllllll'''''''"I.II.II •• IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.II'.II,1I1 .. 1"'1', 

11-228 
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Journals: 

Kailasanath, K., and Patnaik, G. Dynamics of flames near the rich flammability limit of hydrogen-air mixtures. Progress 

in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 151, 247-262, 1993. 

Kailasanath, K., and Patnaik, G. On the structure and stability of rich hydrogen flames. submitted to Comb. Sci. and 

Tech., 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Numerical simulations of the extinguishment of downward propagating flames. Proc. 24 

th Int. Symp on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 189-195, 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Structure and dynamics of premixed flames in microgravity. NASA CP -10113, 171-176, 

1993. 

Presentations: 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Multidimensional simulations of burner-stabilized flames, accepted for ASME Winter 

Ann. Mtg., 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Simulations of multidimensional burner-stabilized flames. AlAA 31st Aerospace Sci. 

Mtg., 1993. AIAA-93-0241. 

1111111 ............................... 111111 .. 1111 ................ 11."."." ... 11,",".111111111111111111111111.11 .. 11111111111.11111111111111111111111I11I'"IIIIIIIIIIIIII.n,".I .. I.II.II' .. IIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I'",",1111.11.111111111 

11-229 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ..... 1111 ..... 111' ................ 1111.1111 ...................................................... 1111111 .. 11.111111111111111 ................ 1111 ....... 111111 .. 111111111.11111111111111111.11.11 .... 1.11 •• 1.11.11.1111111111111' •• ' •• , •• 1 •• , •• 1.11.1 

Radiative Ignition and Transition to Flame Spread in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. H. Baum National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This project models and solves numerically, with experimental verifications, the two- and three-dimensional, 

time-dependent relationships of ignition and flame spread for paper ignited by radiant energy in a microgravity 

environment. Processes to be modeled include the endothermic surface pyrolysis, the exothermic surface (char) 

oxidation, and the exothermic gas-phase combustion. Variations to model realistic situations include thermally thin 

and thick fuels and quiescent and air-flow conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Numerical models are developed, with experimentally determined properties and reaction rates, to predict the 

time-dependent radial contours of temperature, density, velocity, and chemical species in the gas phase during the 

steps of ignition, pyrolysis, and subsequent flame spread. Verifying experiments are defined for ground-based and 

flight microgravity facilities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the past year, a parametric study of auto-ignition and subsequent flame spread in a quiescent axisymmetric 

configuration has been completed. The three-dimensional code was streamlined to improve its computational speed 

and accuracy. Some cases have been run which consider the effect of a weak flow on the auto-ignition and 

subsequent flame spread. Additionally, the ability to animate the computed results was developed. 

The computations for three dimensional flame ignition and spread indicate that the ignition process is very sensiti ve 

to both radiant flux level and irradiated area. If either of these is too small, the fuel will be pyrolyzed, but a 

gas-phase ignition process will never occur. If a hot spot is added to the gas phase (similar to an ignitor wire in a 

physical experiment), then ignition occurs. If the levels of irradiation and area are sufficiently large, then gas-phase 

auto-ignition will occur without the need for a "pilot". 

Two types of flame spread are calculated depending on the conditions; one is a result of the rapidly outward 

expansion of excess fuel-rich flow caused by a strong ignition and the flame slides over the sample surface because 

the coupling between flame and sample is weak. The other is the more conventional flame spread in which a 

traveling flame is supported by the supply of fuel gases from the degradation of the sample nearlbeneath the flame 

front. 

Under quiescent conditions, the axisymmetric flame remains symmetric, with the post-ignition, semi-spherical 

flame cap changing to a donut-shaped flame with the central portion extinguishing due to burnout of the fuel. 

However, in the presence of a weak flow, as the flame propagates further, the downstream flame extinguishes due to 

the local relative depletion of oxidizer caused by the upstream flame, and the flame opens into more of a horseshoe 

shape . 

.................. , ....................................................................................... , ............................................. 11""' .. '""""'""'.11.'.11.11""'.11".,11,1""'"""'.11.11 •• 1 ..... ' ..... ".1'.11. 

11-230 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ............ 1111 .. 1111 .. 111 ............. 1111 ..... 111111111 ..... 11111 .. 1111111IIIItIIlIU,II"'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,IIIIII.I.,1111111.,111111111111111111.,.1,11,11 ... 11.11111'1111111111111"1.n,IIIII'I'I .. IIIIIIIII'IIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIII"III 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-35 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Nakabe. K., Baum, H.R., Yamashita, H., Kushida, G., and Kashiwagi, T. Ignition and transition to flame spread over 

thermally thin cellulosic sheet in a qUiescent microgravity environment. Submitted to Combustion and Flame, 1993. 

Yamashita, H., Baum, H.R., Kushida, G., Nakabe, K., and Kashiwagi, T. Heat transfer from radiatively heated material in a 

low reynolds number micro gravity environment. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, lIS, 418-425, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Kashiwagi, T. Ignition and subsequent flame spread over a thin cellulosic material, Second International Microgravity 

Combustion Workshop, NASA Lewis Research Center, Sept. 1992. 

Kashiwagi, T. Transition from localized ignition to flame spread over a thin cellulosic material in microgravity, Presented 

at the 1993 Fall Technical Meeting. Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, October 1993, Princeton University. 

11 ............... 1 ........................... 1111111111111111111111 ••• 111111111111111 ..... 11111.11 .... '1.11.11111 •••••• 11111 ..... 1.11'11''''''111111111 •• 1.11,11.1.1.,.1111111111111111'11.1111' .. 1 •• 11111111111111111.111111111111111.11.111.1111.' 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science , ....................................................... 11 ... 111.,11111111 ...... , ....... 111111111 ...... 11111111111 ... 11111 ... 111111 .............. 11111.111111111111111.11.11"""11111111111111111111111111111.11""'''''''1111 ... ,1,11.,111111111 

Sooting Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jerry C. Ku Wayne State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P .5. Greenberg NASA Lewis Research Center CLeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this study are to model soot formation and radiation for turbulent jet diffusion flames, and to 

determine the modeling coefficients from measured data, under both normal and reduced-gravity conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In regard to experimental measurements, thermophoretic particle sampling and electron microscopy are used for soot 

particle size and aggregate morphology analysis. Laser light absorption imaging provides for the determination of 

soot-volume fractions, and emission imaging and thermocouple measurements will be used for soot thermometry. 

Laser Doppler velocimetry may possibly be employed to measure velocities and turbulence intensities, but is 

beyond the stated deliverables of this effort. 

In the area of modeling, Favre-averaged boundary layer equations with a k-e-g turbulence model and the conserved 

scalar approach with an assumed pdf (probability density function) are used to predict flow field and gaseous species 

mole fraction profiles, respectively. Transport of soot particles is described by equations for volume fraction and 

number density using rate equation models. The energy equation is included to provide coupling between flame 

structure and radiation analyses. The radiative flux is solved from the radiative transfer equation (RTE). 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Microgravity combustion is not only relevant to fire safety on board a spacecraft but also provides a unique 

condition for better understanding of the combustion fundamentals. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Numerical aspects of modeling for soot formation and radiation heat transfer have been completed. Soot transport 

equations, the energy equation, and solutions for the radiative transport equation (RTE) have been incorporated into 

a parabolic solver code for nonpremixed turbulent free-shear layer flows. The RTE can be solved by the YIX 

method of spherical harmonics (P N). The former is considerably more accurate and suitable for inhomogeneous 

media. It is disadvantageous, however, due to the requirement for long computation times. The latter is 

computationally more expedient, but has been observed to exhibit numerical instabilities in the optically thin 

limit Iterations are then required between the energy equation and these solutions. Reasonable agreement has been 

found between predicted and measured soot volume fraction and temperature data. The final part of modeling to be 

completed is an accurate and efficient way for spectrally integrating the spectral radiative fluxes and properties. 

Thermophoretic probe sampling measurements and subsequent TEM analysis for soot particle size and morphology 

have been completed in the laboratory on propane and ethylene diffusion flames. Full-field laser-light extinction 

measurements have also been successfully demonstrated. The tomographic inversion of the data to provide spatially 

resolved mass fractions has also been demonstrated. These results are presently being assembled for publication. A 

package has been constructed to perform both of these measurements in the LeRC 2.2 sec. drop tower. Data 

elucidating primary particle size distributions for both propane and ethylene diffusion flames under both normal and 

.......................................................................................... 11 ..................... 1111.11.1111 ....... ,11 .... 1111.,1."., .......... 11.11,11111.11 .... 11.11"11 •• 11'".11.111111111 •• ,111"""'1.11.".1,'11.".,.11., 

11-232 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ................................................ , ................ , ...................... 11 ......................... 11 ............................................................................ 111.11111 ............. "111 .................. ,1111. 

reduced gravity conditions has been successfully obtained and is being submitted for publication. Reduced gravity 

measurements of soot volume fraction were nolo however, completed before the shut-down of the 2.2 second tower 

and hence will resume pending the availability of this facility. In the interim, other methods are being pursued in 

the laboratory, including interlacing fine, rapid response thermocouples between the probe grids, simultaneous 

absorption/pyrometry measurements, and possibly flow-field mapping via laser doppler velocimetry. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-36 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Hsu, P.F., and Ku, J.C. Radiative heat transfer in finite cylindrical enclosures with nonhomogeneous participating media. 

AlAA J. Thermophys. & Heat Transf., (accepted). 

Hsu, P.F., and Ku, lC. Radiative heat transfer in finite cylindrical enclosures with nongray, nonhomogeneous soot/gas 

mixture. ASME J. Heat Transf., (submitted). 

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Studies of Flame Structure in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Chung K. Law Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this work are to understand and quantify the structure, stabilization mechanisms, soot formation 

in, and extinction of one-dimensional premixed and nonpremixed laminar flames. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This program comprises three main elements: 

1) A numerical simulation of one-dimensional laminar flames is to be developed that, in addition to including the 

usual fluid mechanical and heat transfer mechanisms, will include detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for 

comparison with the unique experimental results; 

2) A drop-tower test apparatus is to be used to observe premixed laminar flames stabilized about a cylindrical and 

then a spherical porous burner to distinguish heat loss and flow divergence influences upon the flame stabilization 

and flame front stability; and 

3) A drop-tower apparatus is to then be used to observe nonpremixed laminar flames stabilized about the cylindrical 

and spherical burners to study soot formation, gas-phase unsteadiness, kinetic extinction, and radiative extinction. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This work takes advantage of the microgravity environment to obtain non planar, one-dimensional flames that are 

stabilized around curved burners in the absence of buoyant or externally imposed flows. This flame configuration is 

a more fundamental flame paradigm than can be established in a normal-gravity environment, providing stabilized 

flames with minimal nonadiabaticities and without aerodynamic straining. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During 1993 a redesigned 2.2 second drop tower apparatus was completed to perfonn stabilized premixed flame tests 

in microgravity around a cylindrical burner. A series of tests in mixtures of methane, oxygen, nitrogen, and helium 

were completed in the drop tower over a small range of fueVair velocities. Helium was included to: (a) reduce the 

flame temperature, thereby suppressing hydrodynamic flamefront instability; (b) increase the Lewis number of the 

flame, thereby suppressing thermo-diffusive flamefront instability, and (c) reduce the laminar flame speed in order to 

stabilize the flame at larger standoff distances from the burner, thereby reducing heat losses to the burner. 

Substantial improvements in flame uniformity were observed compared to the first cylindrical burner used during the 

previous year. The Sandia flame code was modified for use with the cylindrical geometry and was used to compare 

the numerically calculated flame response with the microgravity flames observed experimentally. Although trends 

with flow velocities and mixture ratios are the same, the computed flame location is larger than observed 

experimentally. Separately, an asymptotic analysis of cylindrical flames has been developed . 

.................... 111 ................................................ 11" ............... 1 .................. 11111 ......... 1111 .. 11 ............... 11111111 .............. 111111 ......... 111111 ..................................................... 11 

11-234 
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An extension of the experimental effort into a free-floated experiment aboard the NASA reduced-gravity aircraft is 

being designed and implemented. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 5/90 ExPIRATION: 11/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-37 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Eng, J.A., Zhu, D.L., and Law, C.K. A comprehensive study of the structure and stabilization dynamics of flat-burner 

flames. Combustion and Flame, (submitted) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Eng, J.A., Egolfopoulos, F.N., and Law, C.K. On the dual response and surface recombination in burner-stabilized flames. 

Proceedings of the 27th National Heat Transfer Conference, Minneapolis, MN, ASME-HTD. 1991. 

Presentations: 

Eng, J.A., Zhu, D.L., and Law, C.K. On the structure and stabilization mechanisms of planar and cylindrical premixed 

flames, Presented to the 2nd International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion, 1993 . 

................... 111" ... ' .. 1 ........... 11 .............................................. '" ...... 1111 .................................... 11.1111 ........ '"1111 .. 111.1111111111111'11.1 .. 1.11'1111111 •• 111,".1111111111"111111,11"'".11 .... 1 .. 

11-235 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ............................. 111 ... 11.1111 ......... 111 ....... 111 •• 111 .... 11111 ............... '11111 ....... 11.111111 •• 11.,1111111 •• 1.11 .. 111111111111' .. 1 .. 1"1 .. ,111.,1 •• 1,1.11'111,1111111.11 ... ,.11.11.11111111111.1.111111'1.111.11.111111'.1.1.1 

A Fundamental Study of the Combustion Syntheses of Ceramic-Metal Composite Materials Under 

Microgravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John J. Moore Colorado School of Mines 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research program is get a better scientific understanding of the effect of gravity on the 

combustion synthesis of ceramic matrix-metal infiltrated composites. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Novel and innovative exothennic combustion synthesis reactions are conducted to generate porous ceramic matrices 

in the presence of excess aluminum, which will be available to fill residual pores by capillary action. The effects 

of gas generation during reactions on the porous matrix fonnation are also studied under different levels of gravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The combustion synthesis reactions for five model systems were carried out on the ground with respect to thc effect 

of gravity, i.e. vertically upward and downward propagating and horizontally propagating reactions. NASA-LeRC 

Learjet flight training is completed, and a safety report is prepared and a pennit is obtained. 

In order to further investigate the established effect of gravity on the properties of combustion synthesis produced 

composites they conducted selected experiments under both low and high gravity conditions using the Leatjet. They 

flew ten successful missions (six trajectories each) for the TiC, ZrB2, B4C, systems at various levels of excess Al 

(and also Ti for TiC) including no excess. 

They characterized the microstructure, morphology and chemical composition of the samples, other than the usual 

combustion velocity and temperature profile measurements, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 

X-ray diffraction (XRD). They observed whiskers in Ilg processed materials which were not observed in any of the 

earth gravity processed materials. Two of the cases processed under both low-g and 2-g (flown on the Learjet) 

showed the largest difference from the nonnal-g counterparts. One of these cases involved the generation of gases at 

the combustion front (i.e. B ° type gases in the 2B n 20m3 + C + (4+x)AI = B 4C + Al20 3 + xAl system) and resulted 

in a larger expansion of the porous foaming ceramic matrix structure under low-g. The other case involved the 

creation of a liquid metal at the reaction front (i.e. liquid At in the 3Ti02 + 3C + (4+x)AI = 3TiC + 2Al 20 3 +xAI 

system) and resulted in a much more unifonn infiltration of the metal into the porous ceramic matrix fonning a 

continuous metal network. 

The TiC/Al 20 3/Al system is also being processed by using a high temperature hot press to investigate if the same 

level of densification and unifonnity of the metal network could be attained under nonnal-g conditions. 

One of the two graduate students supported by this NRA has successfully defended his Masters Thesis on July 28th. 

A new graduate student will pursue the more in depth analysis of the B4C/Al20iAI system. 

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11-236 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ' ....... 1111 ... 1 .... 111111111111111 ..... ' .... 11111.' ..... ' .. 1111 ..... 11.' .. 'fI"IIIII'tllll'IIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIII''''IIIIII'I''1111111.1,111111.11111,11111111'1.11111111 •• 1.111111,111111111t •• IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"I'IIII.111111111111111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 8/91 EXPIRATION: 7/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-38 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Moore, J.1., Feng, H.J., and Hunter, K. Construction of combustion synthesis stability diagrams for ceramic and metal 

matrix composites. EPD Congress, 707-720, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Feng, H.J., Hunter, K.R., and Moore, J.J. The application of combustion synthesis in the production of titanium-based 

ceramic and ceramic-metal composites, Eng. Found. Conf. on High Temp. Struc. Mater., Hawaii, 1993. 

Hunter, K.R., Moore, J.1., and Wirth, D.G. Combustion synthesis of TiC-A120,-Ti ceramic-metal composite materials: an 

initial phenomenological examination, 5th Ann. World Conf. on Titanium, (submitted). 

Feng, H.1., Moore, J.J., and Wirth, D.G. The Combustion Synthesis of B,C-Alp,-Al Composite Materials. 529-535, 

1992. 

Feng, H.1., Moore, J.J., and Wirth, D.G. Combustion synthesis of ceramic-metal composite materials: The TiC-AlP,-AI 

system. Metall. Trans. A, 2373-2379, 1992. 

Moore, J.J. Combustion synthesis of advanced composite materials. AlAA 31st Aerospace Sci. Mtg., Reno, NY, 1993, 

AIAA-93-0830. 

Moore, I.J. et a!. Combustion synthesis of ceramic and metal-matrix composites. Proc. 2nd lnt. Microgravity 

Combustion Workshop, 1993, 203-209, NASA CP-IOl13. 1993. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 11.111"''''1''1111111111111111111111111111 ... 11111111111111111111111111111I11t11l.1I'"III"IIII.III.I.III,II."tllllllllllllli'"'I'''lllttllll,IIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIII'''11111111111111111111'111.111.11111111'11111.11"'1111111111 •• 111111111111III 

Combustion Research 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Howard Ross NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The task objective is to advance the understanding of fundamental combustion phenomena and/or processes that are 

affected by the presence or absence of gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research approach is to provide for limited precursor studies by external investigators and for the engineering 

and fabrication of hardware needed to conduct in-house research and assist in the research efforts conducted on-site at 

LeRC in support of Code SN-sponsored principal investigators (PI's) and National Research Council (NRC) 

graduate student researchers. Funds for facility overhead charges are provided through separate Research and 

Technology Operations Plans (RTOP) resources. 

Subtasks are funded in part by this task,or are included for completeness at the request of NASA Headquarters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Dwing FY93, Dr. D. Dietrich went to Hokkeiddo, Japan, to begin a 6 month residency as a visiting scientist at the 

Hokkeiddo IO-sec. drop tower. We completed final assembly of the hardware and shipped the Ig rig and the drop 

tower rig for his droplet arrays study; these international shipments required numerous memos (re technology 

transfer, commercial parts, custom parts, dollar value). Upon arriving, it was learned that the drop rig required 

several, minor mechanical modifications. His Ig rig was working well, after several electrical problems were 

eliminated; in addition new igniters were fabricated in rapid fashion by Lewis Research Center outside fab shop. 

These new igniters showed that the old system may vaporize too much of the droplet prior to ignition. Several 

rolls of 16 mm film were exposed to establish camera settings. There remained some impediments to the rigs being 

completely functional in the Japanese laboratory; small items like English to metric couplings, lower frequency 

electrical service, etc., tended to make life challenging for the researcher. After some startup problems, five of the 

final seven drop tests in the Hokkeido tower were performed successfully. All of the successful drops were of 

n-decane droplets with an initial diameter or about 3 mm supported on a 125 micron optical fiber burning in air at 1 

atm. The last two drops (both successful) were demonstration drops for a major Japanese economic committee. In 

the same drop tests, candle experiments were performed successfully. The data from these tests has not yet been 

analyzed, though it can be reported that they did not bum to completion in the available microgravity time. Testing 

in normal gravity of single and two interacting drops was performed at atmospheric and subatmospheric pressure. 

Dr. Dietrich returned to the U.S. in early August. Plans were made to continue the collaboration with the Japanese 

pending successful renewal via the NRA for the droplet arrays work. 

During FY93 Dr. M. Vedha-Nayagam was involved in a number of in-house and external collaborative research 

efforts. Highlights of some those activities are summarized below . 

.............. 11 .... ,111 .... 11 ..... 11'111 ....... " .... 11 ......... '1111111111111 ....... 11111111111111111'" .. 11111111111111111111111 ... 1111111,.111,,1,.1111'1111.,.111111.11 •• 11'.111111111.1111.1.111111111.,e".IIIII'III.III.III.IIII •• ,.IIIIII,1 

11-238 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111111111111111111111111111111111"11'"11111111111111111111111111I1I'lIllIltllllllllllIlllllllll'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'1111111111'11.111111111111111111111111111111.,1111111111"'111111111111'11'"11111111111111111'1111111'111111111111111. 

1. * Surface Tension Induced Flows: 

Surface tension induced flows playa critical role in a number of areas, including weld pool geometry, flame spread 

over liquid fuels, fluid management devices in low gravity, and materials processing. A theoretical study was carried 

out to investigate the combined effects of buoyancy, rotation, and surface tension forces in a centrally heated liquid 

pool. It is shown that an exact solution to the Navier-Stokes equations is possible when the imposed heat flux 

varies quadratically with the radial co-ordinate. The results of this study were presented at the National Heat Transfer 

Conference (This work was done in collaboration with R. Balasubramaniam, NASAILeRC). Work continues in 

this area to include a shear flow in the gas phase. This configuration models the flow conditions encountered during 

flame spread over liquid pools. 

2. Soot studies: 

Radiative emission from soot particles can constitute a large fraction of total heat release from hydrocarbon fuels. 

Because the soot particles act, through radiative emission, as a 'sink' through which sensible enthalpy is removed 

from the flame gases, the soot concentration field is obviously an important factor in the flame temperature field. 

We theoretically and numerically examined the coupled effects of radiation and thermophoresis on the concentration 

dynamics of emitting particles in a high-temperature gas. The combined effect of radiation and thermophoresis leads 

to a 'compression' of the particle field, in that the particles are transported into regions of increasing particle 

concentration. (This work was carried out in collaboration with Dan Mackowski, Auburn University). 

Recently sooting characteristics of liquid hydrocarbon fuels were measured using fiber supported droplets in normal 

gravity in order to obtain global kinetic parameters for soot formation and oxidation processes. We plan to use this 

information in spherically symmetric droplet combustion with soot shell formation. 

3.* Rotating Disk Combustion 

Flames embedded in the boundary layer generated by a rotating disk provides a excellent opportunity to investigate a 

number of fundamental combustion phenomena with experimental as well as theoretical ease. Earlier, in 

collaboration with Prof. Midkiff (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa) we have developed a model for the boundary 

layer combustion of a rotating solid fuel disk. Experiments were conducted using PMMA fuel disks and shown to 

compare favorably with the theoretical predictions for the burning rate. 

Recently, we have extended the previous analysis using activation energy asymptotics to predict extinction 

conditions. 

A problem of unsteady behavior of opposed-jet diffusion flame also has been analyzed with Dr. U. Hegde. During 

FY93, studies were conducted by Dr. U. Hegde in primarily three areas: 

1. G-jitter effects on combustion phenomena in microgravity 

The effects of g-jitter on microgravity combustion phenomena has not received much attention to date. However, 

effects such as flame oscillations have been observed in combustion experiments conducted during low-gravity 

trajectories on aircraft. These effects can, potentially, interfere with interpretation of results. A presentation on 

g-jitter effects on diffusion flames was made at the International Workshop on G-jitter held in Potsdam, NY. 

2. Heat release effects on shear-layer instabilities 

The effects on unsteady heat addition on instabilities of parallel shear layers in the absence of gravity was analyzed. 

It was shown that, in the linear regime, the influence of heat addition is felt only through the time-averaged velocity 

and temperature fields, that is, the unsteady component of the heat addition plays no active role. The analysis was 

submitted and accepted for publication in AIAA Journal. The analysis has application to both premixed and 

diffusion flames. 

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11-239 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 1111111111 ................. 1111.111111 ... 1111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111111.1111111 .. 11111111""111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'111111111111111111'11 

3. Unsteady behavior of opposed-jet diffusion flames 

In collaboration with Dr. M. Vedha-Nayagam, analysis of the oscillatory behavior of opposed-jet diffusion flames 

was initiated. This is an area where microgravity environment may be of use in studying the effects of turbulence 

on flames. The effects of velocity fluctuations in the oxidizer stream on flame location was investigated. It was 

found, for cases considered, that the velocity oscillations caused a time-averaged shift of the flame toward the fuel 

side. This shift increases the heat transfer from the flame to the fuel stream and could result in increased 

combustion rates in many situations, for example when the fuel stream is formed by a pyrolizing fuel sample. 

Consideration of non-linear second-order terms indicated that the flame shift could be understood in terms of an 

oscillation-enhanced oxidizer diffusivity. It is planned to submit the results to date for presentation and/or 

publication. 

A research program was initiated by Dr. David Urban in FY93 to study the interactions between flames which are 

spreading or established over parallel solid surfaces. Preliminary low gravity testing has been conducted in the 

2.2-second drop tower using a sealed, quiescent chamber, various oxygen/diluent combinations, and parallel fuel 

sheets of KimwipeTM (selected as the fuel due to its very low mass/area) at several different separation distances. As 

expected, as the sheets are moved together from infinite separation, the flames interact and then merge. However, at 

a critical separation, which depends upon the oxidizer gas properties, the internal flame (between the sheets) 

becomes unstable and then extinguishes. 

A proposal was written to the combustion NRA proposing that these tests be continued, and that another series of 

tests be conducted under opposed and concurrent flow conditions using an existing low-gravity rig a.k.a. the 

Spacecraft Fire Safety Facility «SF)2) (designed by the Principal Investigator) on NASA aircraft. The objective of 

this work will be to determine the dependence of flame spread over parallel sheets on geometric parameters such as 

height and width and to use this understanding to select the optimum configuration for more extensive tests. These 

tests will determine the dependence of spread rate for parallel surfaces on fuel thickness, separation distance, oxidizer 

flow direction and rate and gas phase radiation. In addition, the controlling factors in the unstable regime at close 

surface separations will be established. Tests will also be conducted to determine the flame structure and burning 

rate for flames established over parallel thick fuels with forced flow between the plates. Finally, these results will 

be combined with numerical/analytical results to determine the importance of radiative feedback, between interacting 

flames and surfaces, on flammability and spread and burning rates. 

The overall goal of the research by D. Stocker is to determine the effect of buoyancy on the Burke-Schumann 

diffusion flame. The specific objectives are (1) to verify the zero-gravity Burke-Schumann analysis as well as the 

gravity-dependent Hegde-Bahadori extension of that analysis, and (2) investigate the influence of the 

buoyancy-dependent flow-field on the flame, particularly as a function of the coflow. A secondary goal is to 

investigate the effect of buoyancy on the flame-vortex interactions. 

Microgravity tests are conducted in the 2.2-second Drop Tower and compared with normal-gravity tests. The 

experimental results are compared with analytical and numerical predictions to aid in analysis of the phenomena. 

This work is a continuation of that conducted for Stocker's M.S. thesis on "The Effect of Reduced Gravity on the 

Laminar Burke-Schumann Diffusion Flame. 

The significant accomplishments in FY93 include: 

(a) A flow-visualization scheme was demonstrated in the existing Burke-Schumann burner in a cold air flow, 

although additional work is necessary. The flow was visualized by Mie scattering from preformed particles (added to 

the air flow) as they passed through a light sheet generated by a 5-mW laser diode. The goal of the work is to 

perform particle streak velocimetry during the drop tests, using a 35-mm still photography. 

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11-240 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science .. 11.11 •• 11.111111111.11.1111111.11.11111.11'11'1.11111,11111111111111111'1I11 •• II.It.nll'''"IIIIIIIIIIIII,I,IIII,I.'IIIIIIIIIIIII,I.11111.1'1.,111111111111"111111"""'.,111111,1111111111'111111111111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111I 

(b) Approximately fifty drop tests were conducted in the Drop Tower, prior to the facility shutdown. The tests 

were limited to the spring of 1993, since the Burke-Schumann rig was lent to L. Zhou in support of Bahadori's 

project. These tests were focused on non-luminous or weakly luminous flames, to allow for a more direct 

comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical predictions, which are typically do not account for soot. 

The sooting was inhibited by diluting the fuel with an inert; a 50/50 mixture of methane and nitrogen was used in 

most of the tests. A narrow-bandpass filter was also found to be successful in eliminating a weak flame-tip 

luminosity from the photographed image. In general, the flames appear to be in agreement with the theoretical 

predictions and previous results. However, in some cases the fuel dilution led to a lifting of the flame in normal 

gravity, so other fuels will be considered in future testing. 

(c) A few exploratory tests were conducted where the fuel flow was pulsed at a low frequency, e.g., 10 hz, to allow 

for an investigation of the flame-vortex interactions. With appropriate flow control, the flame was found to 

oscillate strongly in height, sometimes with tip cutting. A subharmonic response in flame shape was often 

observed, where the response was a function of both the gravity level and fuel flow. Supporting modeling by L. -D. 

Chen (University of Iowa) and a student, J. C. Sheu, has shown a harmonic response to the flow pulsations, 

including the observed tip cutting, but have not yet predicted the subharmonic response. Based on this work, the 

three researchers will present their "Preliminary Observations of the Effect of Microgravity on a Pulsed Jet 

Diffusion Flame" at the fall meeting of the Western States Section of The Combustion Institute. 

(d) L.-D. Chen (University of Iowa) and D. Stocker submitted a joint NRA proposal in September 1993 for 

support of this project, with Chen as the Principal Investigator and Stocker as the Co-Investigator. 

(e) The drop rig was completely rewired in preparation for the planned tests. The power and DDAC (Droppable 

Data Acquisition and Control) systems were both replaced with upgraded versions. 

(f) Two Worcester Poly tech undergraduate students will be working full-time at Lewis Research Center, from 

October to December (at no cost to NASA), on the design of new Burke-Schumann burners. The burners will be 

designed and fabricated to allow for use of various diagnostics (e.g., thin filament pyrometry, absorption 

spectroscopy, particle seeding, schlieren, etc.) to allow for a through comparison with the theoretical predictions. 

Buoyant Low Stretch Diffusion Flames 

Co-Investigators (Numerical Work) Jennifer Rhattigan (LeRC) and Prof. James S. Tien (CWRU) 

* The purpose of this work is to study the diffusion flame structure and extinction characteristics at very low stretch 

rate which is representative of a reduced gravity environment. This program uses an innovative approach to 

simulate a low gravity (spacecraft) diffusion flame in normal gravity through the application of scaling laws and 

similarity between buoyant and forced flow. 

The flame configuration chosen is that of the forward stagnation-point region of a cylindrical fuel sample. A parallel 

experimental/numerical modeling effort has been underway for two years. 

In modeling, the code was written in the first year, incorporating gas phase as well as solid phase radiation. During 

the second year, parametric studies were conducted to determine the importance of radiant heat transfer from both the 

solid and gas phases. The predictions demonstrate that the interaction of gas-phase radiation with surface properties 

can be important in the burning of condensed fuels. The radiative heat flux from the gas-phase to the solid is larger 

than expected. Absorption and reflection by the surface are both significant factors in the heat balance at the surface. 

The interaction between gas phase radiation and the surface absorption and emission is found to have a very strong 

effect on the flame at low stretch. 

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n. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 11I1I11I111I11I11I11I11I11I11I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUlflllIlllU.II'UIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111111111111111111111111111111111"'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111II 

In the experiments, the lab and burner/cage assembly was developed and a safety permit issued for the lab during the 

first year, and during the second year experiments have been conducted which yielded the lowest burning rates 

obtained on earth to date. The trend with burning rate is consistent with previous buoyant stagnation data at smaller 

scales. Two radii of curvature have been tested to date: 20 cm and 50 cm. Temperature profiles for the two radii 

have been obtained, and arc used to estimate the stretch rates for the two radii. Problems with solid phase response 

times, dripping material, and room exhaust were encountered, which hindered progress in the experiments. Flame 

structure probing is continuing into a tllird year. 

Qualitative comparisons between experiment and tlleory show promise in that appropriate trends are predicted in 

both burning rate and temperature profiles. A third year funding request has been approved to continue the work. 

* The objective of this subtask [Phase I, Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) Core Research Project] is to develop and 

verify chemical reaction models to predict Chemk.al Vapor Deposition (CVD) rates of carbon from methane under 

conditions relevant to the densification processing of carbon/carbon materials by Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI). 

This is a one-year collaborative effort between Dr. SUleyman Gokoglu of NASA, BF Goodrich Aerospace 

Company, Akron University and OAI. The combined modeling and experimental approach involved: a) complete 

characterization of the flow and thennal fields of the BFG experimental reactor by using the computational fluid 

dynamics package FIDAP, b) modification of the BFG reactor and substrate geometry/configuration based on 

FIDAP modeling to obtain simpler flow and thermal fields for a better study of the chemical reaction mechanisms, 

c) running carbon deposition experiments using different flow rates, (i.e. concentrations and reactor residence times) 

of a methane source gas and various diluent ga<;es (Ar, N2, and H 2) under different temperatures (900-1200T) and 

pressures (5-50 torrs), d) initially postulating and developing reduced chemical mechanisms (not to exceed three gas 

phase and surface reactions each) for predicting the experimental deposition rate trends using simpler (well-mixed) 

reactor models, and e) testing the developed reduced chemical mechanism by a full FIDAP model of the real reactor 

for further modification. 

The modifications of the original BFG experimental reactor based on the flow and thermal field analysis done by 

FIDAP modeling are complete. 

We extensively reviewed the literature for the unimolecular dissociation kinetics of methane and the relevant gas and 

surface reactions expected to be present for carbon deposition. Based on our findings, we postulated an initial 

reduced chemical mechanism and tested it first in a simpler well-mixed reactor model. The mechanism accounts for 

the differences in bath gases and low pressure fall-off effecL". After a few iterations of mechanism modifications, the 

model showed the basic deposition rate trends observed in our initial experiments. 

Then, we designed a set of experimenl" to provide a beHer test of our reduced mechanism with respect to relative and 

total gas flow rates, temperatures, pressures, and diluent ga"es. After we incorporated gas phase and surface kinetics 

into FIDAP, along with temperature dependent mixture transport properties, we tested the reduced mechanism with 

FIDAP. Though the initial results look encouraging, they require more experimental confirmations under various 

conditions. 

Further experiments are currently hampered by oxygen leaks and micro-balance stability at low flow rates and 

pressures. However, there is no reason, so far, to suspect the validity of our earlier runs, which the modeling work 

has relied on. 

Funds were also expended on miscellaneous equipment such as film development, personal computers, AID and I/O 

boards, thermocouples, thermistors, tr,msducers, mass flow controllers, video cameras, bottled gases regulators, 

translation stages, optical breadboards, etc, in support of several I-g and drop-tower investigations. 

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11-242 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ,.1 .. 1 .. 11'1111"1.11.11.1111111111111.11.11111'1.11 .. 1.11'".11.11"1111'""1111,".11"1.,111111.11.111111111'11.1 •• 11'1.,111 ••• 1111111.,.11111111111111111111.".11"'111"'11111111,1,",111111"1.,.11'1111111"1'1111111111'1'111111111111111 

Additionally in-house support was provided to other visiting researchers (Premixed Gas Combustion by Princeton, 

High Pressure Drop. Combustion by JapaneselUCSD, Turbulent Premised Gas Studies by R. ChenglLBL; Flame 

Curvature Effects by C. K. Law/Princeton, etc.) and those on no-cost time extensions; this support consists 

typically of purchasing of bottled gases, regulators, portable PC's, fabrication services, etc. Finally, in-house 

support of the Combustion Science Discipline Working Group (DWG) and review committees will be provided. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1191 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Hegde, U. Heat release effects on the instability of parallel shear layers. (accepted) AIAA Journal, August, 1993. 

Vedha-Nayagam, M. The effect of interface curvature on heat and mass transfer during pressurized expUlsion of cryogenic 

liquids in low gravity. J. of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, (in preparation). 

Presentations: 

Stocker, D.P., Chen, L-D, and Sheu, lC. Preliminary observations of the effect of microgravity on a pulsed jet diffusion 

flame, (to be presented at the) Fall 1993 Meeting of the Western States Section of The Combustion Institute, Menlo Park, 

October 18-19, 1993. Paper 93-065. 

Vedba-Nayagam, M., and Mackowski, D.W. Radiation induced thermopboretic effects on particle concentration in a 

laminar tube flow, Western States SectionfIbe Combustion Institute Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, October, 1992. 

Hegde, U. G-jitter effects on diffusion flames. International Workshop on G-Jitter, International Center for Gravity 

Materials Science and Applications and Consortium for Commercial Crystal Growth, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 

June, 1993, (in press). 

Vedha-Nayagam, M., and Balasubramaniam, R. An exact solution for combined thermocapiIlary, rotation, and buoyancy 

induced flow in a semi-infinite liquid layer. Heat Transfer in Microgravity Systems, Vol. 235,25-31, ASME HDD. 1993 . 

•••• 11.1 •• 11.11.1.11.11.11'".11.11.11.111,,".11111.11.11111111111111111111.11 .. 11111.11' ....... 1111111111111.11 ... 11111111111111111111111111111.11 •• I.II"".fI,.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'11111111111111111I111111111111111111111111111111111111 ••• 11 

11-243 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ......................... 111111111111 .... '1111111111111111 ........ ' ..... , ............................ 11 •• 11111 ... 1 ..... 11111111 .. 1111111 .. ' .. 11111 ................ 11111 .... 111111 ........... 111111 .. '111111 .. 1111 .. 1111 ................. 11 .. 1 .. 11.11 

Combustion of Solid Fuel 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Kurt R. Sacksteder NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this program is to obtain experimental experience and data to improve the understanding of the 

mechanisms that control the spreading of flames and the flammability of materials in low-speed oxidizing flows, 

including buoyantly-driven and forced concurrent flows and buoyantly-driven opposed flows. 

DESCRIPTION: 

New and unique experimental apparatus are to be developed to obtain flame spreading observations in partial gravity 

and in forced flows in microgravity. Partial gravity tests are to be conducted aboard NASA research aircraft flying 

parabolic trajectories, altered from the traditional condition of near free fall, to obtain the desired reduced levels of 

acceleration. Low-speed forced flows are to be obtained in microgravity drop towers using mechanical devices to 

establish purely-forced (non-buoyant) flows. In each instance, detailed measurements of flame ignition, spreading, 

and limiting behavior are to be made. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This work attempts to provide a fundamental understanding of the practical flame-spreading environment of low 

speed flows including: purely buoyant flows in partial gravity (between microgravity and normal gravity), and 

purely forced flows only possible in microgravity. In normal gravity buoyancy forces induce flows in spreading 

flames having velocities of no less than 20-30 cm/sec. Interactions between flames and lower speed flows, 

therefore, cannot be observed in normal gravity. In the low-speed flow regime, flow velocities approaching the 

spreading velocity of the flames can be examined. These flames are expected to demonstrate entirely new 

spread-rate limiting mechanisms, different than the normal-gravity counterpart. These tests are also expected to 

demonstrate lower flammability limits of solid fuels than any observed in normal gravity. Additionally, this work 

will attempt to distinguish between influences of buoyantly induced flows and flows of similar intensity that are 

externally imposed. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A second series of 2.2-second drop tower tests have been completed using a combustion tunnel modified for 

concurrent flow testing. Significant improvements in the system photography, for visualizing the growth of 

igniting flames and the progress of the pyrolysis front on the fuel surface, were introduced. Additional 

improvements were made in controls over the atmospheric content of oxidizer and diluent. An improved ignition 

scheme was implemented. Generally, while providing high-fidelity flame growth data, the results show that drop 

tower experiments may be too brief for flame development beyond the ignition transient, in contrast to the opposed 

flow case. Comparisons of the forced flow results with the theoretical calculations show good agreement at the 

point of flame stabilization, which equilibrates quickly. Downstream the observed flame tips are still growing and 

do not reflect the predicted steady shapes. 

A complex automated testing apparatus has been developed for use in the NASA KC-135 aircraft. The apparatus 

includes a color schlieren system, for visualizing near-limit flames and to provide measurements of the density field 

, ................................................ 11 ................ 11 .......... 11.11,"",1111,", •••• 11.11.11 ..... 11" ••• 11.11111'11 ..... 11.11.11., •••••• 11III'UII,IItII.,IIII.,I'II.II"I.II.,.I'I'""IIIII.II.II.11.11.11.11.11 ..... 1.,1 •• 1 •• 1. 

11-244 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ........................................... 11111 ............................. 11 ..... ' ... 1111 ...... ,11 ............. 1111111 ................ 1111111111 ..... 1111 ............ 11.11111111111.111111111 .. 11., .... 11.11111111111 ..... 111111,.11.11 •• 1.11 •• 11 

about the flame, and a duplicate of the SAMS accelerometer system for precise high frequency measurements of 

local accelerations to correlate with the flame spreading observations. Aircraft experiments have been conducted in 

which a complete flammability map was established for downward burning cellulosic fuel over a range of gravity 

levels from 0.02g to 0.6g. A significant increase in flammability compared to both the microgravity and normal 

gravity cases was demonstrated. A detailed comparison between flames spreading in purely buoyant and purely forced 

flows has been completed. An incidental discovery that materials will be more flammable in Lunar and Martian 

habitations than they are on Earth follows from these tests. 

A matrix of upward burning tests in partial gravity has also been completed. In these tests, regions in which the 

flames are stabilized are formed at the bottom of the fuel. The downstream flame and plume become 

hydrodynamically unstable; vortex rollup and shedding are visible in the schlieren images. The limiting oxygen 

concentrations which supports upward spreading are always lower than in the downward spreading case, as has been 

observed in normal gravity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 

PhD Students: 

1 

1 

BS Degrees: 

MS Degrees: 

2 

1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-28 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Journal Sacksteder, K.R., and Tien, J.S. Buoyant downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in partial-gravity 

accelerations. Combus. & Flame, (submitted). 

Presentations: 

Grayson, G.D., Sacksteder, K.R., Ferkul, P.V., and T'ien, I.S. Flame spreading over a thin solid in low-speed concurrent 

flow: Drop tower experimental results and comparison with theory, The International Symposium on Microgravity Science 

and Application, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Sacksteder, K.R., and T'ien, I.S. Downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in variable gravitational fields: Lunar 

and Martian simulations, 31 st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 93-0828, Ian. 1993. 

Tien, I.S., Sacksteder, K.R., and Ferkul, P.V. Combustion of solid fuel in very low speed oxygen streams, 2nd 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September, 1992; NASA CP-10113, Feb. 1993. 

1 .... "11 ........... ".11.1111" ............. 1111.11 .... 11 ....... 111 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1111111111111111 .. 11 .. 1.1111 •• 11.11 ... 1.111111111111111111 

11-245 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science 111 ....................................................................... 11111 .................. '1111 .. 11111 .. 11111111 ....................... 11 ...................... 11 .................. 11111111111 .... 1111 .............. 111 .... 1111111111111IIIII 

Reduced Gravity with 2-Component Miscible Droplets 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Benjamin Shaw University of California, Davis 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this investigation is to study the combustion characteristics of miscible, binary droplets initially 

in the millimeter-size range, in a low-gravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Binary, miscible fuel droplets will be deployed in a low-gravity environment and ignited. High-speed films of both 

the droplet size as well as the flame position will be obtained. These high-speed films will be analyzed frame by 

frame using digital image analysis techniques to obtain droplet burning rates, and flame positions as a function of 

time. Any other pbenomenon, sucb as microexplosion or soot particle transport, will also be recorded for analysis 

and interpretation. All the experiments will be perfonned using an experimental rig similar to the Droplet 

Combustion Experiment rig at NASA Lewis Researcb Center in the 2.2-second drop tower. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The fuel mixture components are selected to provide significant variations in component volatilities (e.g., heptane 

and bexadecane). Specifically, experimental data on transient droplet diameters (including two-stage combustion and 

droplet disruption), transient flame bebavior (including sudden flame contraction and extinction), and transport of 

soot particles will be obtained using ground-based low-gravity facilities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Over the past summer, I-g experiments were performed using the drop rig constructed for reduced-gravity 

experiments in the NASA Lewis 2.2 sec drop tower. The focus of these experiments was to determine the extent and 

strength of droplet internal circulation induced by the droplet formation and deployment processes and subsequent 

ignition and combustion. Experiments consisted of forming, deploying and sometimes igniting droplets in a closed 

cbamber that sealed off ambient air currents. Droplets were deployed onto a support fiber ( -120 ~ in diameter 

with a flared end of -200 ~). Droplet environment conditions were air at 300 K and one atm. Droplets were 

typically composed of 90% n-beptane and 10% n-bexadecane by mass, and were initially about 1 mm in diameter. 

Internal flow patterns were visualized by seeding the droplets with aluminum oxide particles. 

The results show that the internal circulation from formation of 1 mm droplets is quite intense, with characteristics 

internal liquid velocities measured to be as large as 30-40 mm1s. Droplet internal circulation from formation of 

Imm n-beptane/n-hexadecane droplets in air at I-g decays to negligible levels over time scales as long as 30-40 

seconds. Droplet internal circulation is considered negligible wben characteristics liquid circulation times, defined 

by the ratio of the droplet diameter to characteristic droplet internal velocity, are large relative to characteristic 

droplet-burning lifetimes. For 1 mm droplets burning in air, circulation velocities are negligible when they are 

significantly less than about 1 mm1s. The most important aspect of this work is the finding that internal circulation 

resulting from droplet formation has such a long decay times in I-g . 

... , ................................ 11 ..................................................... 11 ......... " .. '11111 .................... 11111 .. 1111 ...................... 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1111"1 .. 1111111111 ... 111111111111111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111. 

11-246 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science .......................................... .,11 ................ 11 ........ 111 ................................................ ' ... 111.1111 ....................................................... 1111 ....... ' ....... 111 ........ 11 ..................... . 

During this reporting period numerical calculations have been performed to predict the effects of thermocapiJlary 

forces on single-component droplet vaporization in a hot environment. Calculations have shown that 

surface-tension gradients can dramatically influence internal circulation behaviors. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 121171 EXPIRATION: 6/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-39 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

Niazmand, H., Shaw, B.D., and Dwyer, H.A. Effects of marangoni convection on transient droplet evaporation in reduced 

gravity, Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Society, August 22-27, 1993 . 

.................................................... " ........................ 1 ........................................... 11 .. 11111111111 .. 111111 ................................ 1111 .. 1111111 ..... 111 .................. '11 .......... 111111111.11.1. 

11-247 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science ........................ IIII ........ III .. II ...... ItIIII ........ IIII ................ 1I.1I.1I111111I.".I1" .. IIII.IIIIIIII.,IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II"I .. II'".U.U' ........... 1111 ................... 111111 ............................. " ......... 1111.1 

Combustion of Solid Fuel in Very Low Speed Oxygen Streams 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. James S. T'ien Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this program is to develop a theoretical model to improve the understanding of the mechanisms 

that control the spreading of flames over solid fuels and the flammability of materials in low-speed oxidizing flows, 

including buoyantly driven concurrent and opposed flows and forced-concurrent flows. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A numerical simulation of the concurrent-flow flame spreading process is to be developed that accounts for both the 

stabilization of the flame at the leading edge facing the flow and the downstream tip of the flame where the flame 

spreading occurs. The required computational domain must therefore be large in comparison to the opposed-flow 

case. A steady solution will be formulated and solved first, followed by a transient version. The model is to 

accommodate first thin and then thick fuels. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The work attempts to provide a fundamental understanding of the practical flame-spreading environment of low 

speed flows including: purely buoyant flows in partial gravity (between microgravity and normal gravity), and 

purely forced flows only possible in microgravity. In normal gravity buoyancy forces induce flows in spreading 

flames having velocities of no less than 20-30 cm/sec. Interactions between flames and lower speed flows, 

therefore, cannot be observed in normal gravity. In the low speed flow regime, flow velocities approaching the 

spreading velocity of the flames can be examined. These flames are expected to demonstrate entirely new spread-rate 

limiting mechanisms, different than the normal-gravity counterpart. These tests are also expected to demonstrate 

lower flammability limits of solid fuels than any observed in normal gravity. Additionally, this work will attempt 

to distinguish between influences of buoyantly induced flows and flow of similar intensity that are externally 

imposed. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The steady numerical model of concurrent-flow flame spreading has been completed and was exercised to study both 

strictly forced-flow cases and mixed-convection (combined forced and buoyant flows) cases. The model includes an 

elliptical formulation of the fluid mechanics model (the full steady Navier Stokes equations) which are required in 

order to accurately describe flame stabilization in the concurrent flow case and also in order to accurately predict 

flame behavior in buoyant flows. 

The model has predicted the existence of a flammability boundary in low speed flows that includes two distinct 

limiting mechanisms: blowoff extinction at the comparatively larger relative velocities and quenching due to 

radiative losses in the lowest velocity range. These complex flammability boundary structure had not been 

anticipated for concurrent flows . 

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In parallel efforts a transient capability and a gas-phase radiative loss mechanism are being added to the computation. 

These elements will be are required for and will be followed by calculations of flame spreading over thick fuels in 

the same low-speed flows. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-25 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Journal Ferkul, P.V., and Tien, J.S. A model of low-speed concurrent flow flame spread over a thin fuel. NIST An. Conf. 

on Fire Researcb, 1992; Combus. Sci. & Tecb., (acccepted), NASA CR-191111, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Ferkul, P.V., and Tien, J.S. Numerical computation of low-speed concurrent flow flame spread in mixed buoyant and 

forced flow, 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting of the AIAA, AlAA 93-0828, 1993. 

Garvinsky, G.P., and T'ien, I.S. Ignition and extinction curves of diffusion flames with radiative losses, The Joint 

Tecbnical Meeting of tbe Central and Eastern States Sections, Combustion Institute, 1993 . 

.................................................. 111111 ............................. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,II""I"I,I.,III'IIIIII.n.IIIII.II,I,.IIIIIIIII.II •• IIIIIIIII.I.,IIII •••• 1",.,1.1111111111111111 •• 1,111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Combustion Science '11'1'11'111""1"1'11'1111111111111111111111111,"111111'1111111UIII.U.It.UIIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIII"IIII.II'111I111IIIIIIIII'IIIIII.'IIIII,",II'.U'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I'IIIIII1111111111111111111111.111.1111111.111.,..11111111111.11 

High Pressure Droplet Combustion Studies 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Fonnan A. Williams 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M.Kono 

T. Niioka 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of California, San Diego 

University of Tokyo, Japan 

Tokoku University, Japan 

The focus of this international cooperative flight is on high-pressure combustion of miscible binary fuel droplets. 

This is a joint research program pursued by investigators at the University of Tokyo, the University of California, 

San Diego, and the NASA Lewis Research Center. It involves construction of an experimental apparatus in Tokyo 

and mating of the apparatus to a NASA-LeRC 2.2-second drop tower in Cleveland. Experimental results are to be 

analyzed jointly by the Tokyo, UCSD, and NASA investigators. The project was initiated in December, 1990, and 

has now involved three periods of drop-tower testing by Mr. Masato Mikami (U. of Tokyo) at LeRC. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research accomplished thus far concerns the combustion of individual fiber-supported droplets of mixtures of 

n-heptane and n-hexsadecane, initially about I mm in diameter, under free-fall microgravity conditions. Ambient 

pressures ranged up to 3.0 MPa, extending above the critical pressures of both pure fuels, in room-temperature 

nitrogen-oxygen aunospheres having oxygen mole fractions, X, of 0.12 and 0.13. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The general purpose is to study near-critical and super-critical combustion of the droplets and to see whether 

three-stage burning, observed at normal gravity, persists at high pressures in microgravily. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The objective of this research is to study near-critical and super-critical combustion of droplets consisting of binary 

fuel mixtures. Experimental results were obtained on the burning of fiber-supported droplets of mixtures of 

n-heptane and n-hexadecane, initially about I mm in diameter, under free-fall microgravity conditions. The ambient 

pressures range up to 3.0 MPa, extending above the critical pressure of both fuels, in room-temperature 

nitrogen-oxygen aunospheres having oxygen mole fractions of 0.12 and 0.13. Three-stage burning of the binary 

fuel droplets is observed, and the onset time of the second stage is compared with the predictions of an existing 

theory. Experimental evidence of thermo-capillary and/or diffuso-capillary convection during the droplet burning is 

obtained. The results contribute to improving understanding of binary-fuel droplet-combustion processes at high 

pressures. This work was published in Combustion Science and Technology (1993, Vol. 90, pp. 111-123). 

Recently, the modification of the apparatus to burn linear arrays of binary fuel droplets at high pressures was 

completed. Preliminary experiments of linear arrays of up to three droplets were started. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/89 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-41 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Study of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Reduced Gravities 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Davood Abdollahian S. Levy Incorporated 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to conduct two-phase flow instability studies in vertical upflow and down flow, in both a nonnal 

gravity environment and in low gravity aboard an aircraft, to ascertain the effect of gravity on instability and boiling 

mechanisms. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach is to design and build a recirculating flow boiling loop which would be used aboard an aircraft to test 

different two phase flow instability phenomena and measure the conditions at which critical heat flux occurs. 

Specifically, the instability phenomena to be examined are the following: nucleation instability, flow pattern 

instability, excursive instability, oscillatory instability, and density wave instability. Testing would consist of 

examining the flow stability and critical heat flux in nonnal-gravity vertical upflow and down flow as well as in low 

gravity aboard an aircraft. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Freon 114 was selected as the test fluid and the test section inner diameter was selected to be 6.0 mm. Design of 

the test section, flow loop, and electrical power, control and data acquisition systems has been initiated. Parts 

selection has also been initiated. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 3 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 0 

TASK INITIATION: 3/93 EXPIRATION: 3/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-50 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Stability Limits and Dynamics of Nonaxisymmetric Liquid Bridges 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Iwan D. Alexander 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. J .M. Perales 

Dr. J. Meseguer 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

The objectives of the proposed work are: 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid 

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid 

1. To determine the stability limits of Nonaxisymmetric liquid bridges held between non-coaxially aligned disks; 

2. To examine the dynamics of Nonaxisymmetric bridge configurations and Nonaxisymmetric oscillations of 

initially axisymmetric bridges; 

3. To experimentally investigate the vibration sensitivity of liquid bridges under terrestrial and low gravity 

conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The program is to have simultaneous experimental and theoretical efforts. Experimentally, normal-gravity tests 

using the Plateau method will be conducted to study the equilibrium shapes and stability limits of various 

orientations of the liquid bridge, and to study the sensitivity of liquid bridges to axial and lateral vibration. 

A numerical model will be developed using Picard iterative procedure to study the dynamics of Nonaxisymmetric 

bridges subject to g-jitter and the vibration sensitivity of liquid bridges. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Liquid bridge stability is an important factor in determining the stability of molten liquid zones associated with 

floating zone crystal growth experiments. Such understanding can aid design of in-space materials processing 

experiments using liquid bridge configurations. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

The experiment apparatus has been designed, built and a<;sembled at UAH. Simple experiments were performed with 

the translation tables and motors to test the control software and to usc indicator gauges to verify the degree of 

motion and the responsiveness of them. 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-60 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Electrokinetic Transport of Heterogeneous Particles in Suspensions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John L. Anderson Carnegie Mellon University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. Garoff Carnegie Mellon University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

This research addresses Earth-bound experiments designed to study the effects of surface heterogeneity on the 

electrophoretic motion of collodial particles. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Theoretical modeling is also necessary to provide a framework for interpreting the results of these experiments and 

for suggesting new experimental strategies. The real payoff will come with experiments on supra-micron particles, 

because the single-particle kinematics, including rotational motion, can be followed by direct optical methods. 

Research Approach - During the first year of this research, the focus will be on two aspects of the project: 

preparation of suspensions of "model" nonuniformly-charged colloids (clays, latex doublets) and experiments with 

the Mark II Microelectrophoresis Apparatus to measure effects of field strength on electrophoretic mobilities of 

these particles; and extend the hydrodymanic model for the motion of nonuniformly-charged spheroids to include the 

effect of thin, double-layer polarization [lCR» I, (l(Ryl exp(~' 12-0(1)]. It is hoped to initiate work on an apparatus 

for determination of nonspherical particles to determine particle alignment. In the second year of this work, the 

development and testing of the light scattering technique associated with the nonspherical particle apparatus will be 

continued. In addition, models for the electrophoretic mobility of suspensions when the distribution of particle 

orientations is biased by hydrodynamic or electrical (ac) fields will be developed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The development of optical tracking methods to follow the kinematics of supra-micron particles in electric fields is 

seen as a long-term goal. There are problems associated with sedimentation of large particles, especially given the 

high density of minerals. It is not possible to make the particles neutrally buoyant by adjusting the density of the 

aqueous solution because additives to increase the density would probably affect the surface chemistry of these 

particles. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Theoretical models have recently been developed to allow for a nonuniform ~ on the surface of an axisymmetric 

particle retaining the eqUilibrium double layer assumption embodied in (l(R)" I exp (~·/2)«1. The translational 

mobility is no longer isotropic; the mobility parallel to the axis of rotation differs from the perpendicular direction. 

The parallel and transverse mobilities depend on the even moments of the distribution of zeta potential along the 

axis of the particle. Unless it is aligned with the electric field, a particle will move in a direction different from that 

of the field. This prediction bas yet to be verified experimentally, primarily because micron-size particles would be 

needed to simultaneously measure orientation and direction of motion; such particles settle too fast in the Earth's 

gravitational field to allow accurate measurements. 

We are currently using techniques of image analysis to compare theory with experimental data, in the form of 

videotapes, for the rotation of colloidal doublets in electric fields. As the direction of the field is reversed, the more 

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11-253 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................................................... 1"1 ......... 11 ......................... 11111 ............................. 111 ...... 11 ............... 11 ..................................................... 111111111111111111 .. 1111 ........ 1111. 

positive end of the doublet rotates toward the field. By "grabbing" frames and measuring projection lengths and 

apparent solid angles versus time for a single doublet, we have obtained experimental results for the rotation 

coefficient. Comparison with theory indicates the theory is lacking. The next course is to take another video and 

repeat the image analysis. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 ExPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-09 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-964 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Anderson, J.L. Electrokinetic transport of colloidal particles with heterogeneous surfaces. J. Electrostatics, (in press) 

1993. 

Anderson, J.L., and Solomentsev, Y. Electrophoresis of nonuniformly charged chains. ACS Symposium Volume, 

"Polyectrolytes", (in press) 1993. 

Fair, M.C., and Anderson, J.L. Electrophoresis of heterogeneous colloids: Doublets of dissimilar particles. Langmuir, 

vol. 8, no. 12, 2850-2854, 1992. 

Pawar, Y., Solomentsev, Y.E., and Anderson, J.L. Polarization effects on diffusiophoresis in electrolyte gradients. J. 

Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 155. 488-498, 1993. 

Solomentsev, Y.E., Pawar, Y .• and Anderson, J.L. Electrophoretic mobility of nonuniformly charged spherical particles 

with polarization of the double layer. J. Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 158, 1-9, 1993 . 

........................................................................................................... 1111111 ........................... 1 ........................... llIlllfllfilfll.I ...... II •• III ............ II ........ IIIIIIIIIIIII .. I .. 11I11 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ........................... 111 ............................ 1111 .............. , ........... 11111.11 .. 1 .. 1""111.11111111111111111111111'111,,11111111111111'11111'111111111111.111111111111111"1'".11111111111111.11.1111111"1,11.11,",11111111111 

Studies on the Response of Emulsions to ExternaIIy-Imposed Electric and Velocity Fields: 

Electrohydrodynamic Deformation and Interaction of a Pair of Drops 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. James C. Baygents University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

H. Stone Harvard University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The investigation consists of a comprehensive numerical and theoretical study of the motion, deformation, and 

interaction of pairs of viscous drops owing to an applied electric field. The objective of this study of multiphase 

electrohydrodynamic flows is to determine the electric field-induced microstructural response of two-phase systems 

as well as to develop an improved understanding of the physicochemical and transport process common to a variety 

of low-gravity flows. The "leaky" dielectric model and the Stokes equations will be employed to describe the 

constitutive behavior of the dielectric media. Solutions for the velocity and electric fields will be obtained by 

boundary integral methods. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research is a comprehensive numerical and theoretical study of several phenomena common to multiphase flows 

where electrical fields are used to manipulate the microstructure in the ahsence of any buoyancy-induced fluid 

motions. This class of problems appears in typical materials handling, physicochemical processes (e.g., emulsion 

breaking and drop coalescence) and bioseparations processes (e.g., aqueous two-pha~e partitioning). 

Research Approach - This investigation is designed to use numerical solutions to develop an improved 

quantitative understanding of the effect of electric fields on typical two-drop (pair) interactions that lead toward 

coalescence. Cases will be studied where the potential distribution is influenced by conduction processes in the 

limit where viscous effects dominate the hydrodynamics. Both the effects of uniform and simple nonuniform 

(imposed) fields will be studied. The first part of the research will use the leaky dielectric for the two phases. The 

numerical calculations will use established integral equation methods for solving this class of time-dependent free 

boundary problems. With these detailed solutions will come an improved understanding of the response of 

multiphase systems to externally-applied electric fields. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The systematic study outline will lead to a quantitative description and understanding of electrically-driven, 

low-gravity fluid motions that are related directly to NASA's research interests and that have been mentioned 

frequently as being important for space-based materials processing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Previous research on the deformation of drops by electric fields has focused, for the most part, on the behavior of 

isolated drops in uniform applied fields. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-13 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-948 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-255 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics •• 1 ......................................................... 11.1111111111111111111'" .. 111111111111.11'"1111111111111111111111111111111111111"1111I1 .. llIlllltlll ..... III.IIIIIIIIII.II.II.II.II •• I' .......... ,11'11111111111111111111111"'111'" 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Rhodes, P.H., Baygents, J.e., Roberts, G.O., and Snyder, R.S. Electrohydrodynamic effects in continuous flow 

electrophoresis. Applied and Theor. Electrophoresis, (in press) 1993 . 

..... 11111.111 .. 1111111 ................................................... 11111111 ................... 1111111111 .................. 11111111.11111 ..... 111" ............................................ 1111111 ........... 1111111 .. 1111111 ...... 11 .. 1 .. 

11-256 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: fluid Physics 11 ...... 111 ................................................................ 111 .................... 111 .. 11 ................................................... 11111111111111111I .............................. III ........ UIIIII ........ IIIIIIIIII.1II 

Marangoni Instability Induced Convection in Evaporating Liquid Droplets 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. An-Ti Chai NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. V.R. Arpaci University of Michigan 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of the proposed effort are: (1) to study and to characterize the Marangoni instability phenomena in 

the near ideal configuration of an evaporating droplet in microgravity, and (2) to establish the effect of the induced 

convection on the droplet evaporation rate. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Specifically, the purpose is to study the Marangoni instability and thennocapillary convections in an evaporating 

liquid drop in the Auids Experiment System (PES) developed for flight on Space Shuttle missions. When a liquid 

drop undergoes evaporation, its surface temperature decreases. If the droplet is free floating in a microgravity 

environment. the heat transfer process inside the droplet is "conduction controlled." As the process continues, a 

radial temperature gradient builds up at the free surface until the critical Marangoni number is exceeded. Then the 

onset of instability induces thennocapillary convective flows that, in tum, speed up the evaporation. The 

convective flow will subside when the interior of the droplet reaches a certain eqUilibrium temperature, and the 

process will return to the "diffusion controlled" mode. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

In view of the continued interest of the fluids research community in the Marangoni instability phenomena and 

associated thermocapillary convections, and the high expectations people hold for space experiments, the 

investigators will undertake the challenge of investigating the phenomena in a near ideal environment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

Most feasibility issues have been demonstrated experimentally. An analytical and numerical scheme has been 

applied to model the quasi-static thin shell configuration. Qualitative agreement has been obtained between this 

model and dimensional analyses. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 ExPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-65 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Rewetting of Monogroove Heat Pipe in Space Station Radiators 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. S. H. Chan University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The general objective of the program is to investigate the physics of rewetting of heated, grooved flat plates in a 

microgravity environment. 

The specific objectives of the program are: to add to the fundamental understanding of the physics of the 

rewetting/dryout front, to better quantify the conditions under which rewetting occurs, and to obtain more accurate 

predictions of the rewetting velocity for a range of parameters. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The program is composed of both experimental and theoretical investigations. For the experimental investigation a 

grooved flat plate apparatus will be designed and constructed. Liquid will be introduced on one side of the plate to 

flow along the grooved surface (the other side of the plate will be electrically heated). This apparatus will be 

operated both on the ground and aboard a microgravity aircraft. 

Data from these experiments will consist of temperature measurements in the liquid film and the heated plate. 

Advancing wetting front (rewetting), receding wetting front (dryout), and stationary wetting front cases will be 

examined. The theoretical analysis will be made by applying experimental data on rewetting velocity and 

temperatures to analytical processes developed for predicting rewetting velocities on overheated nuclear fuel rods. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Understanding the dryout and rewetting characteristics of grooved surfaces is important in predicting the behavior of 

monogroove heat pipe designs proposed for Space Station Freedom. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Preliminary laboratory testing has been undertaken. Several aspects of the apparatus are being changed to improve 

the suitability for short-duration microgravity experiments: 

1. The liquid delivery system is being redesigned to eliminate reliance on gravity to drive the flow. 

2. The heater has been redesigned to reduced the response time. Both constant-flux and constant-temperature heaters 

will be used. 

3. Video is being investigated as a means of tracking movement of the wetting front. Problems of condensation on 

the lens and the difficulty of determining the exact wetting front location need to be overcome. 

Theoretical work has been started on predicting the wetting speed on finite, initially-isothermal plates subject to 

constant heat flux. 

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11-258 
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STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 

MS Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-54 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

11 ......... 11111 ............. , ........... ' .. '11111111111' ........... 111 ................... 1111 .. 11111111 .............................. 111 .... 1111111 ......... .,IIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,III .. IIII'."' •• II.UIIIII.II.I'"'".11 .... 11 .... 111111111111 

11-259 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1' ..................... 11 ..... 1 ... 11 ......... 111 .. 111111 ....... 1111111111111 .................. 11 .. ' .. ' ...... 11111111111 ...... ' .. 11111111111 .. ' ......... 1111 ..... 1111111111111111111111111,,,'11'1111111111111111111111'1111111111I.tlltllllllIllllll 

Marangoni and Double-Diffusive Convection in a Fluid Layer under Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Cbuan F. Cben University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

C. Chan University of Arizona 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

To study the onset and the subsequent convection in a fluid layer subjected to Marangoni and double-diffusive 

instabilities, including the effects of cross diffusion and gravity modulation. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A coordinated researcb effort in ground-based experiments, stability analysis, numerical simulation, and a design 

sensitivity study is to be conducted. Experimentally, the effect of gravity modulation on the onset and subsequent 

convection in singly and doubly diffusive layers will be studied witb improved experimental tecbniques. 

Theoretically, stability analyses of Marangoni double-diffusive instability will be conducted, and a numerical 

simulation using boundary element method will be carried out to examine the interaction of finger convection with 

Marangoni convection, and to test the design sensitivity to optimize the fligbt experiment. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The proposed work not only bas practical implications for materials processing in space, but is a fundamental 

phenomenon in fluid mecbanics that has not been fully explored. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A low-frequency large-amplitude shaker has been designed and constructed. It is capable of performing sinusoidal 

oscillations from 1 to 5 Hz with an amplitude of lOem. It is currently being tested to delineate its operational 

cbaracteristics. A Bernard test cell using air up to 4 atm as the test fluid has been fabricated. Preliminary results 

show that sinusoidal oscillations at 1 Hz with an amplitude of lOem bave no effect on the onset of Bernard 

convection. Tbis result agrees well with the predictions of the linear stability analysis. The stability characteristics 

of a binary fluid layer under the influence of surface tension have been studied. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-51 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Chen, C.P., and Chen. C.C. Effect of surface tension on the stablity of a binary fluid layer under reduced gravity. Physics 

of Fluids A. (submitted) . 

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11-260 
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Transport Phenomena in Stratified Flow in the Presence and Absence of Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Nonnan Chigier Carnegie Mellon University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The strategy of this study is: 

1. To separate the effects of molecular and turbulent diffusion from gravitational forces during the mixing of two 

shear layers; 

2. To identify the relevant and characteristic non-dimensional parameters that govern the physical interaction 

between fluid layers in the range of the proposed experimental conditions; 

3. To examine the interaction between buoyant plumes and stratified shear layers, and to study the rates of 

entertainment into buoyant plumes and stratified shear layers; 

4. To study the effects of injecting solid and liquid particles into fluid streams under stable and unstable stratified 

shear flow conditions; 

5. To identify potential instrumentation that could distinguish between molecular and turbulent diffusion in the 

presence and absence of gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Conduct detailed measurements in turbulent mixing layer with velocity and density gradients; 

2. Conduct a scooping on the interaction of buoyant heated jets and plumes interacting with stable and unstable 

stratified shear layers; 

3. Develop scaling laws and similarity criteria for comparison with measurements made in the "main" and 

"reduced" scale experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

To use the reduced gravity environment to improve the understanding of the fundamental physical processes of 

mixing between layers of fluids of different densities and velocities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The design of the apparatus is in process. The concept of using divergent nozzles to achieve unifonn velocity and 

temperature distributions at the nozzle exit is being examined. Boundary layers will fonn along the length of the 

splitter plate, separating the upper from the lower flows, with separate velocities and temperatures. The splitter 

plate introduces asymmetry into the flows and creates boundary layers that can influence the free shear layer. Also, 

heat transfer across the splitter plate will result in the fonnation of thermal boundary layers, and consequently 

non-unifonn exit velocity and temperature profiles. An alternative approach, suggested by Dr. Nasser Rashidnia of 

LeRC, is to use no contraction and rely on honeycombs and screens to generate and manage turbulence. The 

honeycombs and screens could also be used for heating the flow to generate unifonn temperatures in the upper and 

lower flows. 

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STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-71 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Bubble Dynamics, Two-Phase Flow, and Boiling Heat Transfer in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jacob N. Chung Washington State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The main objective is to study-in microgravity-the effects of external force fields on nucleation, two-phase 

bubble dynamics, and boiling transport. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the experimental portion of the work, visualizations with laser sheet and high-speed photography and heat 

transfer measurements will be performed in a drop tower at Washington State University and on board a Lerujet at 

NASA Lewis Research Center. The visualization photographs will be analyzed by a digital image analysis system. 

Also, boiling curves will be developed based on measurement'> of heat fluxes and surface superheats for various 

system conditions. Special attention will be focused on the critical heat flux and Leidenfrost point. Specifically, 

the effects of bulk convective motion will be determined. Quantitative assessment of the effects of impurities and 

surfactants on the boiling heat transfer rates will also be included. Analytical and numerical modeling will 

compliment the experiments. Perturbation and asymptotic techniques will be applied for low Reynolds number 

bubble dynamics, linearized bubble stability analysis, and small oscillation of bubbles in microgravity to account 

for small disturbances and g-jitter. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The proposed research seeks to: 

I. Increase our understanding of bubble nucleation and growth on the heater surface; 

2. Bubble removal from the heater surface by an electric field, an acoustic field or a velocity shear resulting from 

the relative fluid motion with respect to the surface; 

3. Bubble dynamics and heat and mass transport in boiling liquids. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An old elevator shaft at Washington State University has been transformed into a 2. IS-second drop tower. Seven 

successful drops were conducted in August 1993. This drop tower uses air bags to decelerate the test package. The 

drop tower is now fully operational. 

Both the forced convection microgravity boiling experiment and the electrostatic microgravity boiling experiment 

have been built and tested in the laboratory. Gold film heaters have been successfully built and tested. To reduce 

the cost the substrate material is polycarbonate instead of quartz. The heaters use a 400 Angstrom gold surface with 

a power output of 7W/cm2 • 

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STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-59 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Reactive Fluids Experiment: Chemical Vapor Deposition 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ivan O. Clark 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P.V. Hyer 

E. J. Johnson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co. 

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co. 

The research will develop a series of ground-based experimental investigations of the fluid dynamics of chemical 

vapor deposition (CVD) which will lead to an enhanced understanding of the basic sciences underlying reactive fluid 

interactions. It will form the basis for a proposal to perform a series of flight experiments necessary to more fully 

elucidate these scientific principles. This program will use past experience in chemical vapor deposition, 

non-isothermal flow measurements, numerical modeling of reactive fluid dynamics, and development of 

instrumentation to carry out the research. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A combined numerical and experimental approach is being used to investigate the CVD process. The experimental 

approach combines growth of semiconductor materials, the deposition of a model material, and the measurement of 

the gas flow velocities in the CVD reactor using laser velocimetry. The numerical approach models each of the 

experimental approaches and uses the experimental results for validation. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

CVD is an extremely important industrial process. It is widely used not only for the production of semiconductor 

and insulating materials, but also for optical coatings, wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings, paint pigments, and 

the production of drawing stock for optical fibers. In addition to the economic importance of these application areas 

for terrestrial research and manufacturing, they also represent key manufacturing capabilities for future 

extraterrestrial development. Each of these CVD applications takes place in reactors which have been developed 

through decades of empirical trial and error. Engineering design capabilities have been limited by the extreme 

difficulty, under Earth-gravity (1g), of separating the fluid dynamic effects of externally forced convection, buoyant 

thermal convection, buoyant solutal convection, and internally forced convection due to volume changes arising 

from both thermal and chemical effects. This research seeks to improve the ability to apply engineering design 

techniques to this economically important area. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The numerical modeling of InP has been extended to three spatial dimensions with good results. ModeVexperiment 

agreement is best when the experimental films are thick. InP film porosity has proven to be a problem on the 

large-area amorphous substrates. Additional growths are being performed with GaAs and InP substrates to examine 

the substrate effects on measured growth rates. 

Laser velocimetry (LV) measurements of the flow velocities in a replica CVD reactor, which duplicates the 

geometry used for the InP growths, has begun. Numerical modeling of this reactor geometry has been expanded to 

include the effects of thermal gradients on the trajectories of tracer particles used for the LV measurements. 

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STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 0 BS Degrees: 0 

MS Students: 0 MS Degrees: 0 

PhD Students: 2 PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

TASK INITIATION: 11/90 EXPIRATION: 11/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-06-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

Black, L.R., Clark. 1.0., Culotta, P.W., Hyer, P.V .• and Johnson. E.J. An improved 3-D numerical model of InP MOCVD 

with comparison to growth and laser velocimetry experiments. In proceedings of Fluent Inc. 1993 Users' Group Meeting, 

Burlington, VT, October 5-7, 1993, 

Presentations: 

Black, L.R., Clark, 1.0., Culotta, P.W., Hyer, P.V., Jesser, W.A., and Johnson, E.J. Gravitational and thermal effects on 

fluid flow and InP thin film deposition in a horizontal MOCVD reactor, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, 

Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Black, L.R., Clark, I. 0., Jesser, W.A., and Kui, J. Numerical modeling of InP MOCVD with comparison to experiment. 

Tenth International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-22, 1992. 

Clark, 1.0., Culotta, P.W., Hyer, P.V., and Johnson. E.J. Three-dimensional laser velocimetry of a CVD reactor, Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-22, 1992. 

Hyer, P.V., Clark, 1.0., and Stocker, D.P. Comparison of numerical model results with diffusion flames in microgravity, 

AlAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. AIAA 93-0707 . 

........................................................................................ 11"11'".11""'".,11""".11"".11'" •• 11 .. '.11.11 ... 11.1111'"'".,111111 .... ,11111, .... ,111111111 .......... 1 ........ 1 ... 111111'"'1.' ........... "III 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 ............... 1 ........... . 

Microgravity Particle Dynamics 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ivan O. Clark 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

E.J. Johnson 

J.F. Meyers 

5.0. Kjelgaard 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co. 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

The objective of this research is to develop the apparatus, numerical models, and practices for enhancing the 

knowledge of particle transport in laminar fluid flows. Specifically, an enhanced understanding of the roles of 

thermophoresis (thermal gradient) and Saffman (particle crossing of velocity gradient) effects on particle transport is 

sought. The proposed research also seeks to identify the critical parameters and instrumentation requirements for 

subsequent microgravity experiments. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The technical approach is a coordinated numerical and experimental investigation using geometries selected to 

maximize the scientific return of the research. Gravitational effects in the experimental investigation are addressed 

through the use of multiple orientations, relative to gravity, of the test chambers. The first step in this 

investigation is a parametric study to determine the order of magnitude of the competing effects for candidate test 

chamber geometries. These complex interacting effects include gravity, buoyancy, inertia, viscous drag, particle 

rotation, electrostatic charges, as well as thermal and velocity gradients. The initial parametric study will ensure a 

maximum scientific return from the selected geometry. Experimental studies will use the laser velocimetry (LV) 

and flow visualization systems developed for chemical vapor deposition reactor characterization at Langley Research 

Center (LaRC). Additional LV and other aerodynamic instrumentation systems are available to this research at 

LaRC if needed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The proposed research will result in: (1) definition of the requirements and the potential for follow-on flight 

experiments in transport phenomena, (2) an enhanced understanding of particle transport phenomena in thermal and 

velocity gradients, and (3) fluid dynamiC correction factors for particle-based flow instrumentation for a range of 

thermophoresis and Saffman environments. The results of this research will be immediately applicable in both 

unigravity and microgravity for applications such as validation of particle transport theories; correction of wind 

tunnel research data; and design refinements for chemical vapor deposition reactors, particulate combustors, and 

clean rooms. In addition, experimental size constraints for microgravity experiments dictate that velocity gradients 

will exist in laminar flow flight experiments. Hence, Saffman effects will be present to some extent in all 

microgravity laminar flow experiments with particles. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Steady-state numerical studies of thermophore tic flow patterns have begun. Several shortcomings of the 

thermophore sis algorithm used in FLUENT have been identified and an improved algorithm is being implemented. 

11 .................. 11 ..... 1111111 ......................................... , .. , ..................... 1 ................... , .. , ...... , .............. " .. ,." .. , .. , .. ,1'"'11'11'11'11,11'"'''"'"111'''11'''''111'1'"''''''11111'1111'"'"'''111.1t 

11-267 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............................................................. 111111 .. 11 ... 1111 ............... 11 ...................................... 11111 .... 1111111111 ........................................ 11111111111111111111' •• 1.1'.11.11 ....... 11 ....... 11. 

A database has been established of particle dynamics research and particle-based instrumentation which will ensure 

currency of ground and flight experiments associated with this research as well as provide a valuable reference tool 

for other researchers in this area. 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 ExPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-06-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

111 ........... 1 ............................. 11 ..... 11 .... 1111111111111111111 .......................... '"III .......................................... ".UIIII ............................. IIIIII ................ IIII ........ IIIIII .. ltllll.IItI .. ' 

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Global Instability and Pattern Formation in Binary Alloy Solidification 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Julian D. Cole Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Confmnation of a profound instability mechanism, discovered over the past few years, for free dendrite growth 

systems in terms of the matched asymptotic expansion methods. This instability mechanism is driven by the 

interaction of interfacial traveling waves near a special simple turning point in the complex plan and the tip of 

dendrite. It is now called the "global trapped wave" (GlW) mechanism. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In order to confmn this entirely new mechanism, this work will investigate a simple model equation of 2-D dendrite 

growth and use a numerical approach to resolve it. Numerical results fully confIrm and verify the global instability 

mechanism, and are in good agreement with the results obtained by using asymptotic methods. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

This work investigates the global instability mechanisms in binary alloy solidifIcation in terms of a simpler 

approach. The results obtained in the present project confIrm the interfacial wave theory previously developed for 

dendritic solidillcation from a pure substance. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-52 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Cole, J.D., Xu, U., and Pan, ZX. Numerical investigation of global instability mechanism of dendrite growth. RPI Math 

Report 211,31, August 1993 . 

.................... 11 ... '11 ............................................................ '11 .............................. 111 ............................ , •• , ... 11I .... It ............ IIIIII ••• , ....... I .. I •• I •• II ••• I •••••••• 1.11111.tI.I.,I.I.II.II. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................... u .............. II ........... IIIII ... 'II ............. ""I ....... 11 .... 1111.11 ... 11111.,11111 .............. 11111111111111.11111111111111.1111'"'11'11.11.11.11 •• 1.11 •• 111".111111111111.11.1111111111111111,.1111111 •• 1.11.11. 

Fluid Interface Behavior Under Low- and Reduced-Gravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul Concus University of California, Berkeley 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Finn Stanford University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECl1VE: 

The objective of this study is to develop a more complete understanding of the physical behavior of fluids in 

partially filled containers where surface forces are dominant. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach for this research task is to pursue parallel theoretical, computational, and experiment studies to 

examine the fluid surface shape for a variety of vessel/fluid combinations when capillary forces dominate. The 

theoretical aspects include both formal mathematical analysis and computational studies of individual 

configurations of special interest. Two fluid-container configurations will be examined: (1) marble wedge and (2) 

proboscides vessels. Consultation will be provided for experimentation to be conducted at the Lewis Research 

Center. These experiments will provide verification for the theoretical findings and possibly uncover unforeseen 

phenomena 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Anticipated Results: 

1. Develop a complete understanding of surface phenomena of liquids in containers in a low-gravity environment. 

In particular, to obtain new information on the significance of contact angles as an intrinsic physical property; 

2. To possibly develop new methods of measuring contact angles; 

3. Provide new insight to managing fluids in space. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Efforts in FY93 centered on our mathematical studies of capillary surfaces and on related ground-based and space 

experiments. 

In our study of discontinuous and "nearly-discontinuous" behavior of capillary surfaces, a class of optimally shaped 

containers has been discovered. These containers are cylinders with sections related to the two-circle sections studied 

earlier that have the shape of a larger circle with a portion of a smaller circle protruding from it. The containers 

exhibit a nearly discontinuous transition from existence to non-existence of solution surfaces, in which small 

changes in geometry or contact angle can result in large movement of the fluid bulk that partly fills the container, 

with arbitrarily large rise height over a portion of the base. The optimal shapes for the protrusions (proboscides) 

that have been found have the remarkable property that they can be constructed so that the transition from existence 

to non-existence at any prescribed contact angle occurs with the unbounded rise height over domains that can be 

made relatively as large as desired. From a formal mathematical point of view, the proboscides admit entire 

continua of a particular kind of minimizing externals (and no other minimizing externals) for a subsidiary 

variational problem, and these appear in a discontinuous way at the prescribed contact angle. The proof of these 

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11-270 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11I1 .. ltlIIIIIIIIIIIII ...................... UIl ............... IIII ..... IIII ........ 111111 ... 111 .. 111111 ........................ ", ........... 111111 .............. 11.11'".11.11.11 .. 1"'"'1.111111111111111111111111111111'11111111111111.11111111 

assertions was completed Gointly with a student, T. Leise), and the detailed behavior of solution surfaces has been 

investigated Gointly with a student, F. Zabihi). Along with a movable wedge container, the proboscis containers 

will form part of a planned experiment accepted for the USML-2 Glovebox. These shapes have possible application 

to exploiting microgravity for the accurate determination of contact angle. Under the auspices of ESA, a MAX US 

sounding rocket experiment is planned for next year, as a preliminary to the USML-2 experiment. 

Investigation continued of the problem of the free surface of a liquid partly filling a wedge container in the absence 

of gravity, when the contact angles on the two sides of the wedge are allowed to have different (constant) values. 

Our earlier results for the equal-angle case led to a condition that for a wedge section of opening angle 2 a < 1t if a 

solution surface u(x,y) making constant angle y (0 ~ y ~ 1t/2) within the vertical walls of the wedge exists, then a 

+ y ~ 1t/2. Under some natural restrictions, the condition is also sufficient. If this condition fails, then no 

solution can exist. If differing contact angles are prescribed on the two walls, then the same method of proof for the 

single angle case yields the necessary condition cosy, + COSY2 ~ 2 sinoc:. One can show by example that this 

condition no longer suffices for existence of a surface, however. Thus, the problem must be considered on another 

level. We have now largely characterized the kinds of behavior that can occur, some of which is strikingly different 

from what is possible for the single angle case. In general terms, the new behavior that can occur, over particular 

ranges of contact angle pairs, is one for which the surface normal is necessarily discontinuous at the wedge vertex 

V. Numerical evidence suggests a wide range of varying behavior is possible for these ranges, depending on the 

local boundary curvatures on either side of V. In one explicit example, the existence of a solution with an infinite 

jump discontinuity at the vertex is demonstrated. Under other conditions bounded solutions can exist; further, we 

can show that whenever a bounded solution exists then every solution is bounded. The precise characterization of 

all admissible behavior patterns is a principal question that is currently be addressed. The above results suggest new 

possibilities for experimental determination of contact angle and should lead to development of related experiments 

in microgravity. 

As part of the design of containers for our USML-l experiment, the stability of liquid bridges between parallel 

plates was studied, for the case of equal contact angles on the two plates. In joint work with T. I. Vogel it was 

proved that for any contact angle the greatest lower bound on fluid volumes at which such a bridge can be stable 

always exceeds the value that occurs for a contact angle of 90 degrees. Since in this latter case the critical volume is 

known explicitly, a working estimate is obtained which is valid for any contact angle. In this way containers can 

be designed so as to exclude the occurrence of (unwanted) liquid bridges between top and bottom planar surfaces. In 

work with a student, L.-M. Zhou, the case in which the contact angles on the top and bottom are permitted to differ 

was studied. The method for the equal-angle case then fails, but she obtained again the same result using different 

techniques. She also obtained lower bound estimates for the greatest lower bound on fluid volume in terms of the 

contact angles. In current work she is obtaining results on general stability criteria for liquid bridge configurations, 

some of which demonstrate that the stability set in a nonsingular parametrization of a solution family can be 

disconnected. Possible related microgravity experiments suggest themselves. 

Analysis of the data from our USML-l glovebox experiment continues. This experiment concerned axially 

symmetric "exotic" containers. The containers, which are in the shape of a right circular cylinder with 

mathematically derived toroidal-like bulge, have the property that they admit in zero gravity an entire continuum of 

axially symmetric equilibrium interfaces for the prescribed fluid volume and contact angle. However, it was proved 

that the entire container can admit no symmetric stable interface; thus the energy minimizing interface (which is 

known to exist) must necessarily be asymmetric. This behavior was verified in the USML-l experiment; as the 

fluid enters the bulge in the container, it appears at first as a spherical cap. But in response to a disturbance it 

immediately adopts an asymmetric shape. Most of the video tapes of our experiment taken on board USML-l have 

now been received, and final analysis of the data is underway. 

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11-271 
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STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 3/90 EXPIRATION: 3/95 

MS Students: 2 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-28 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Concus, P., and Finn, R. Capillary wedges revisited. SIAM J. Math. Anal., p. 33553, (submitted) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Concus, P., and Finn. R. Capillary surfaces in a wedge. differing contact angles. Proc. Intl. Symp. Microgravity Science 

and Applications, Beijing. 1993, also, Microgr. Sci. Techn., (to appear) 1991. 

Concus. P .• and Weisloge1. M. An interface configuration experiment on USML-l. AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. 

Reno. NY, 1993. A1AA 93-0253. 1993. 

Finn. R. Gradient and gauss curvature bounds for H-graphs. Univ. Leipzig Forschungs Bericht. 1993. also. Proc. IntI. 

Symp. Comparison Methods and Stability Theory. Waterloo, also Marcel Dekker. (submitted) . 

............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111111111 .......................... 11 

11-272 
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Convection and Morphological Stability During Directional Solidification 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Sam R. Coriell 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

G.B. McFadden 

B.T. Murray 

J.R. Manning 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

During the directional solidification of a binary alloy solute, inhomogeneities can arise from both fluid flow and 

morphological instability. In microgravity, buoyancy-driven fluid flow is reduced, and experiments that study the 

evolution of morphological patterns without the interference of fluid flow may be possible. This research, will be 

carried out by a consortium of NIST, US industry, and NASA. The goal is to develop and transfer to all of the 

consortium members technology that will provide for the rapid design and prototyping of new precision cast parts, 

enhance product quality, and reduce reject rates. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The goal will be accomplished by carrying out four integrated tasks dealing with: (1) macro/micro process 

modeling, (2) sensors for process modeling and on-line process control, (3) thennophysical properties data for three 

model systems (Ni-based superalloy, Ti alloy, and Al alloy), and (4) model validation and systems 

calibration/integration. 

This ground-based research will also provide theoretical interpretation and guidance for a series of space experiments 

to be carried out by J.J. Favier and colleagues on tin-bismuth alloys using the MEPHISTO apparatus and by K. 

Leonartz and colleagues on succinonitrile-acetone alloys. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research will help improve the processing by fostering and utilizing intelligent processing concepts. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have considered the directional solidification of a binary alloy during the initial transient period in which the 

interface velocity, concentration, and temperature gradients are changing with time. We introduce sinusoidal 

perturbations of the planar crystal-melt interface and numerically calculate the time evolution of these perturbations. 

The results for morphological instability are in good agreement with the Mullins and Sekerka analysis of the 

time-independent base state when the instantaneous values of the temperature gradient and solidification velocity are 

used in the analysis; the agreement improves with decreasing degree in instability. Calculations have been carried 

out for a tin (0.5% bismuth) alloy, which was used in the MEPHISTO apparatus during the USMP-l mission. 

In collaboration with A. A. Chernov of the Russian Academy of SCiences, the role of anisotropic interface 

attachment kinetics on morphological stability during solution and melt growth is being treated. This is important 

for bismuth alloys which will be studied during the USMP-2 mission. 

For growth from a supersaturated solution, stability with respect to step bunching of a step train fonning a vicinal 

face is considered taking account of both capillarity and anisotropy of interface kinetics. It is found that the step 

•• 11 ............ 111111 ................... 1111 ............ 111 .. 111111111 ..................... 111111111111111111 ..... '1.11.11.11111 .. 1111111111' .. '"1111IIIII'UIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIII'I"IIIIIIIIIII'IIIII'IIIII1111111.1'1111111111111111111.111 

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motion with respect to a stagnant solution provides stabilization at sufficiently large wavelengths for which the 

typical diffusion rate is comparable to the step rate. Since capillarity can stabilize the interface against short 

wavelength perturbations. the combined action of both kinetic anisotropy and capillarity provides complete stability 

at sufficiently high growth rates. 

For growth of a binary alloy at constant velocity. the effect of anisotropic interface kinetics on morphological 

stability is being calculated. The dependence of the interface kinetic coefficient on crystallographic orientation is 

based on step motion near a singular crystallographic orientation. Antisotropic kinetics give rise to traveling waves 

along the crystal-melt interface. and can lead to a significant enhancement of morphological stability. This 

enhancement increases as the orientation approaches a singular orientation and as the solidification velocity 

increases. Specific calculations are being carried out for germanium-silicon alloys. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-40 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Braun. R.I .• McFadden. G.B .. Murray. B.T., Coriell, S.R., Glicksman. M.E., and Selleck. M.E. Asymptotic behavior of 

modulated taylor-couette flows with a crystalline inner cylinder. Phys. Fluids A5, 1891-1903. 1993. 

Murray. B.T., Coriell, S.R., McFadden, G.B., and Wheeler, A.A. The effect of gravitational modulation on convection in 

vertical Bridgman growth. Microgravity Sci. Techno!., 6, 70-73, 1993. 

Murray. B.T .• Coriell. S.R., McFadden, G.B., Wheeler, A.A., and Saunders, B.V. Gravitational modulation of 

thermosolutal convection during directional solidification. J. Crystal Growth, 129, 70-80, 1993. 

Singh, N.B .• Mazelsky, R., Coriell, S.R., Glicksman, M.E., Santoro. G.1 .• Duval. W.M.B, and Sokolowski, R. Double 

diffusive convection during growth of lead bromide crystals. Adv. Space Res., Vol. 13, No.7, 195-201, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Coriell, S.R. and McFadden, G.B. Morphological stability. Handbook of Crystal Growth, Volume 1: Fundamentals, 

785-857, (publish date not given). 

McFadden, G.B., Braun, RJ., Murray. B.T, Coriell, S.R., and Glicksman. M.E. Effect of modulated Taylor-vortex flows 

on crystal-melt interfaces. Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, 19-21, NATO ASI Series E-219, 

(publish date not given). 

McFadden, G.B., Murray, B.T., Coriell, S.R., Glicksman, M.E., and Selleck, M.E. Effect of a crystal-melt interface on 

Taylor-vortex flow with buoyancy. Emerging Applications in Free Boundary Problems, 105-119, (publish date not 

given). 

Murray. B.T, Coriell, S.R., Murray, B.T .. McFadden, G.B., and Wheeler, A.A. The Effect of gravitational modulation on 

convection in vertical Bridgman growth. Proceedings VIIIth European Symp. on Materials and Fluid Sciences in 

Microgravity, 503-506, ESA SP-333. (publish date not given). 

Saunders, B.V., Murray, B.T., McFadden, G.B., Coriell, S.R., and Wheeler, A.A. The effect of gravity modulation on 

thermosolutal convection. Proceedings VIIIth European Symp. on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, 237-241, 

ESA SP-333. (publish date not given) . 

.............. 111 ............................ 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111'11"1,111111"'.,1111,.11'111.,1",1,,1111"'.11'''.1111111111111111111'11.1.,.111111,.1,."." •• 1111111111111111 ........... " ........ 1.,1111111111.,1.,1 •• 11. 

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Drop Microphysics 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert H. Davis University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The overall objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive theoretical model of the relative motion, film 

drainage, and ftlm rupture leading to coalescence of interacting drops dispersed in an immiscible fluid. Relative 

motion due to gravity, thermocapillary migration, and attractive van der Waals forces is considered. This research is 

concerned with the microphysics of coalescence and focuses on the near-contact interaction of a drop approaching a 

second drop or a surface or interface. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The overall goal of this microphysical research is to predict deformation, film drainage, and collision rates using 

fundamental theoretical analyses. The novel method used couples lubrication theory in the narrow separation gap 

and boundary integral theory for the drop phase. Matched asymptotic expansions are used for small times (small 

drop deformations) and long-times (draining film regions). 

The research program is divided into three components directed at meeting the goal: 

1. Near-contact relative motion for nearly spherical drops: The rate of approach and the onset of deformation and 

film drainage are examined for gravity-driven and thermocapillary-driven motion; 

2. Evolution of drop deformation during ftlm drainage: As the drops move closer, the natural evolution of the 

shape of the thin film separating them is predicted, as is the rate at which this film drains; 

3. Film rupture due to van der Waals forces: When the rate-limiting coalescence step of film drainage causes an 

unstable film to become very thin, then attractive van der Waals forces pull the drop interfaces together and cause 

rupture. The rupture time and the rupture mode are determined as functions of the system parameters. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Drop interactions and coalescence play key roles in a variety of phenomena, including liquid-liquid extraction, 

raindrop growth, multiphase flow, and processing of bimetallic melts within the liquid-phase miscibility gap. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

It has been shown that a spherical drop will come into contact with another spherical drop (or a flat interface) in 

finite time under a constant driving force, such as gravity. This is in contrast to rigid spheres-tbey approach each 

other only asymptotically. However when drop deformations are taken into account, the behavior in the limit is like 

that of rigid spheres and an attractive force is required to bring the drop interfaces into contact in a limited time. 

The evolution of the drop shape has been tracked from an undeformed state until a dimple is formed and long time 

quasi-steady-state pattern is established. A dimple is always formed and for long times, the film thickness is 

proportional to inverse powers of time. When Van der Waals forces dominate over gravity, the film ruptures at the 

nose of the drop prior to the formation of a dimple . 

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The thennocapillary motion of drops nearly in contact has been studied when two drops are non-conducting or when 

a non-conducting drop approaches a contact temperature surface or an interface. These results have been incorporated 

in trajectory analyses of thennocapiUary-induced collision rates. When the drops are bighly conducting. the relative 

velocity reverses sign and coalescence is impossible. 

Experiments have been perfonned on the near-contact interaction of two drops due to gravity. It has been observed 

that (i) deformation retards the drops' motion. more so in the case of approaching drops than receding drops and (ii) 

small drops deform less and coalesce more easily. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

1 

TASK INITIATION: 5/91 EXPIRATION: 5/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-35 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Zhang. X .• Davis, R.H .• and Ruth, M.F. Experimental study of two interacting drops in an immiscible fluid. J. Fluid 

Mech .• Vol. 249. 227-239. 1993 . 

............................................................................................................................................................. 11111111 ... 1111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1"' .... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUII.II,II .. I"I .. I .. I .. 1.1111111 

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Phase Segregation Due to Simultaneous Migration and Coalescence 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert H. Davis University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to understand the interaction and coalescence of bubbles and drops due to 

thennocapiUary and gravitational effects. Modeling is perfonned via population dynamics balances to predict the 

rate of phase segregation under the collective or individual action of the driving forces. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Significant effort is being devoted to the development and performance of ground-based experiments. The 

trajectories of interacting drops and the rate of phase segregation are being measured in a transparent immiscible 

liquid system under isothermal conditions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The population dynamics equations for homogeneous dispersions have been solved for droplet growth due to the 

separate effects of Brownian, gravitational and thermocapillary motion and coalescence, and due to the combined 

effects of thennocapillary and gravitational motion and coalescence. 

A computer code has been developed for nonhomogeneous dispersions undergoing simultaneous phase separation 

and motion and coalescence due to gravity. The rate of phase separation initially increases due to coalescence and 

then decreases due to the larger drops moving out of the suspension. 

Experiments to observe drop coalescence and phase segregation due to gravity have been initiated. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-39 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Wang, H. and Davis, R.H. Droplet growth due to brownian, gravitational. or thermocapillary motion and coalescence in 

dilute dispersions. I. Colloid and Interface Science, 159, 108-118, 1993. 

Zhang, X. and Davis, R.H. The collision rate of small drops undergoing thermocapillary migration. I. Colloid Interf. 

Sci., 152, 548-561, 1992. 

Zhang, X., Wang, H., and Davis. R.H. Collective effects of temperature gradients and gravity on droplet coalescence. 

Phys. Fluids A, 5, 1602-1613, 1993. 

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Interaction and Aggregation of Colloidal Biological Particles and Droplets in Electrically-Driven 

Flows 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert H. Davis 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P. Todd 

M. Loewenberg 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OB.JECI1VE: 

University of Colorado 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

University of Colorado, Boulder 

The aim of this research is to develop a fundamental understanding of aggregation and coalescence processes during 

electrically-driven migration of particles (or cells) and droplets. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This research will be accomplished through the following tasks: 

• Development of a theoretical descliption of electrically-driven particle aggregation by computing the relative 

velocity between two particles in near contact with hydrodynamic, electrokinetic, van der Waals, and electrostatic 

double-layer interactions, and by predicting the rate of pair-wise aggregation in a semi-dilute suspension; 

• Formulation of a description of electrically-driven drop coalescence by developing a simplified electrokinetic 

description of a charged fluid interface under thin double-layer conditions, and performance of initial computations 

for the interactions between a pair of electrically-drlven droplets; and 

• Experiments conducted to observe electrically-driven aggregation and coalescence by conducting terrestrial 

experiments to test the theoretical description of electrically-driven particle aggregation, performing laboratory 

observations of electrically-driven droplet coalescence, and designing a flight-based experiment to gather quantitative 

observations for testing a theoretical description of electrically-driven droplet coalescence. 

Research Approach - The research to be carried out during the frrst year will be to develop the new detection and 

analysis techniques and to test their effectiveness using a range of model solutes under conditions which can be 

studied effectively in a normal gravity environment. The two subsequent years will be devoted to developing an 

important data base on interfacial transport characteristics and to adapting the entire system to be compatible with 

whatever constraints are imposed by NASA on the experimental rig to be sent on a space shuttle mission. 

Concurrent with these developments, the theoretical modeling will be pursued. The research study consists of 

experimental and (a limited amount of) theoretical work necessary to prepare a Science Requirements Document 

(SRD) for microgravity experiments. It appears that the need for a microgravity environment can be justified. 

Nevertheless, the possibility that some of the work can be accomplished in drop towers will be investigated, which 

may be feasible using systems with short relaxation times. For this purpose, less viscous fluids will be essential. 

The study will focus un: 

• The use of ionic surfactants to control the conductivity of low dielectric constant liquids. This will provide a 

means to explore the role of fluid conductivity in the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders. 

• The stability of fluid cylinders in longitudinal fields with isopycnic systems. This will furnish experience with 

this geometry and provide some information to test the leaky dielectric model for the stability of fluid columns. To 

the extent possible. ionic surfactants to control fluid conductivity will be used. 

• The deformation of droplets using fluids whose conductivity has been adjusted using a non-ionic surfactant. 

Nucleation and chiral symmetry breaking of sodium chlorate under different flows will be studied experimentally . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................................................................. " ......................................... 11111111111111 .. 11 ...... 11111 ...... 1111 .................... 11 .......... II ....... III .......... llIlllllltll.II.'IIIIIII ......... '1111111' 

In the first year, the research will concentrate on measurements of chiral symmetry breaking as a function of 

nucleation rate. The central issue here is whether the symmetry breaking transition a continuous or an abrupt one. 

By improving statistics of our measurements, we hope to answer this question quantitatively. In the second year, 

experiments will be performed in Couette cells, and chiral symmetry breaking will be measured in different flow 

regimes, laminar, Taylor vortex flow and turbulence, using these cells. The experiment is not perfect at this stage 

because the nucleation process is still influenced by sedimentation effect. However, one should be able to observe 

qualitatively different features of nucleation and chiral symmetry breaking associated with various flow regimes. On 

the third year, the experimental apparatus, consisting of ten identical Couette cells and a temperature-controlled 

bath, should be ready for the space mission. With gravitational effect greatly reduced, we hope to demonstrate in 

the cleanest way that chiral symmetry breaking is a result of competition between nucleation and convection. This 

research focuses on the electrically-driven aggregation of particles and coalescence of droplets. The coagulation of 

biological or other solid particles migrating in an electric field will be investigated first; a subsequent study of 

droplet coalescence during electrophoresis will be conducted. In each case, this involves the development of a 

detailed mathematical description of two-body interactions, especially for near-contact. These descriptions must 

account for hydrodynamic interactions arising from the relative motion of the particles or drops in the solvent, 

electrokinetic interactions that arise from the convection of fluid near a charged particle surface (or drop interface), 

and any significant, non-hydrodynamic interactions such as van der Waals attraction and electrostatic double-layer 

repulsion. Ultimately, collision rates are sought that provide the link between micro- and macro-physics of 

electrically-driven aggregation. The former is concerned primarily with two-body interactions, while the latter 

includes particle/drop size distributions and overall, macroscopic phase-separation behavior. Ground-based 

experiments will be conducted to make observations of electrically-driven particle aggregation and droplet 

coalescence for comparison with the theory to be developed. It is anticipated that gravitational effects encountered 

in terrestrial experiments will obscure a quantitative comparison with theory for droplet coalescence. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The fundamental study of particle aggregation in electric fields is expected to have practical application to 

electrically-controlled cell flocculation for cell separation and recycle in space-based bioreactors, where gravity 

cannot be employed as previously done. Similarly, research conducted on drop interactions and coalescence is 

expected to provide an understanding of electrically-driven demixing of two liquid phases, such as those encountered 

in bi-phasic aqueous extraction of biological cells and molecules under reduced gravity when buoyancy-driven 

demixing is weak. Finally, the theoretical descriptions of two charged, migrating particles or drops are expected to 

have general scientific and engineering value. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

During the first six months of support, we have made considerable progress on theory and experiments aimed at 

understanding electrically-driven aggregation of particles. Calculations to determine the electrically-driven, 

near-contact motion of two particles are underway. Electrically-driven, relative motion between two spherical 

particles depends only on their size ratio and relative position (center-to-center separation and orientation with 

respect to the applied electric field); it is proportional to their ~-potential difference. Near-contact particle motion is 

important because it has a large effect on electrically-driven, pairwise collision rates, and because it reveals the 

essential physics of the electrically-driven aggregation process. The results that we have obtained have a particularly 

simple, and therefore useful, form: the relative, near-contact velocity depends only on size ratio; it is proportional 

to the ~-potential difference and the gap width separating the particle surfaces. A closed-form, analytical solution 

has been obtained for equisized particles and for the opposite, disparate-sized extreme. Between these complementary 

regimes, a numerically determined function of size ratio is needed, but an algebraic form may accurately approximate 

the numerical calculations. The results obtained thus far show that electrically-driven aggregation is much more 

efficient than its gravity-driven analog . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1 ....... 11111 .................... 11 ...................... 1 ... '"."111111111111t11l11l.1I.1I""""IIIIIIII'II.IIIIII.,IIIIIIIIIIU"II.II.II •• ".1I .................................... 11111111111111111'" ... ' •• , •• ' •• ' ... I"I.U •• I ... II.II ... .. 

Calculations for detennining electrically-driven, pairwise aggregation rates are in progress; the foregoing results for 

near-contact, particle motion will be incorporated. In the absence of nonhydrodynamic forces, pairwise, 

electrically-driven, collision efficiencies depend only on the size ratio of the particles, where the collision efficiency 

is the collision rate nonnalized by the hypothetical rate obtained for noninteracting particles that move rectilinearly 

through a suspension. However, London-van der Waals and electrostatic forces will generally become important as 

the distance between two, electrically-charged, colloidal particles becomes small compared to their size; in fact, 

collision rates would vanish without the help of van der Waals attraction because of the viscous, lubrication 

resistance between suspended particles. Five additional (dimensionless) parameters are thereby introduced: two that 

describe the strength of van der Waals and electrostatic interparticle forces (at a given interparticle separation) 

compared to the electrical force that propels a particle through the suspension against its viscous resistance; and 

three minor parameters that characterize these nonbydrodynamic forces. The minor parameters include the ratios of 

the particle size to the electric double layer thickness and to the London wavelength, and the ~-potential ratio of the 

particles. For non-Brownian systems, the electric double layer thickness (~ 10 om) and London wavelength (- O.l 

J.UD) are usually small compared to the particle size (- 1 J.UD); however, the ~-potential ratio may vary corresponding 

to a variety of heterogeneous systems. Since the London wavelength is small compared to the particle size, the 

retarded van der Waals potential must be incorporated in the calculations. If the double layer is sufficiently thin, van 

der Waals forces will dominate electrostatic repulsion at all separations. If so, we obtain the surprising result that 

electriCally-driven collision efficiencies depend only on the size ratio and the (retarded) van der Waals forces; they are 

independent of ~-potentials. The conditions under which this conjecture holds will be investigated. Generally, the 

focus is on conditions relevant to those which we can achieve experimentally. 

We have obtained and installed a microelectrophoresis device that has 800x magnification capability and built the 

requisite microelectrophoresis chamber. We possess a computer program that interprets raw migration velocity data, 

corrects for the electrosmotic background velocity, and yields electrophoretic mobilities. Fixed red blood cells from 

humans, dogs, and rabbits form approximately spherical particles with electrophoretic mobilities in the ratio - 1 : 2 

: 3; initially, these will be used in particle aggregation experiments. 

We have purchased the image processing equipment described in our proposal, including a 486 personal computer, a 

basic image-processing software package, and a high-quality frame grabber capable of capturing paused images; the 

equipment has been installed and is currently being calibrated. Thus, we shall soon be capable of making 

quantitative comparison between theoretical predictions and observations of electrically-driven, two-particle 

interactions and collisions. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/93 EXPIRATION: 3/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-10 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-945 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: MSFC 

Loewenberg, M., and Davis, R.H. Near contact, electrophoretic particle motion. 1. Fluid Mech., (in press) 1993. 

1111 ..... 111111111.111 .... 1111.11111 ....... " ... '111 ......................... '"'"'111,".11"1,11.,1111111,,111111111 .. 111111111111111,,1 .. 11111'111111111111'"'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11'111."1111 .. 1 .. 1111.11 ..... 1111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1111111 .. 111111111 .. '11111 ....... 11 .................................... , ...... 11.11111111111111.11111 .... ,111111111.,1.1.1.1.11"'111111111.1111.111.11111111"1111111.111111111111111111.'1111111111111111111111111111'111111111111'111111111111111 

Theory of Solidification 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Stephen H. Davis Northwestern University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This work concerns the effort to understand-on a quantitative level-how various factors affect the morphology of 

solidification fronts and, hence, the resulting microstructures of the solidified material. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the approach, nonlinear stability theory, asymptotic, and numerical methods are used to investigate the stability 

of the coupled systems describing the directional solidification of binary systems from the melt. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress has been made in many areas of solidification including the coupling of a freezing front with Soret 

convection, linear and nonlinear stability theories of rapid solidification in which thermodynamic non-equilibrium 

effects at the interface are allowed, the effect of elastic stresses in morphological instability, the dynamics of 

trijunctions during phase transition, and the emergence of islands of instability in epitaxial growth. A survey article 

on the interaction of flow and morphology has appeared in the Handbook of Crystal Growth. Davis was general 

chairman of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification." 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/87 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-16 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Anderson, D.M. and Davis, S.H., Local fluid flow and heat transfer near contact lines. J. Fluid Mech., 1993. 

Anderson, D.M., and Davis, S.H. Two-fluid viscous flow in a comer. J. Fluid Mech., 1993. 

Braun, R.J., and Davis, S.H. Cellular instability in rapid directional solidification: Bifurcation theory. Acta Metall. 

Mater., 40,2617, 1992. 

Braun, R.J., Merchant, G.J., and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile and cellular mode interaction in rapid directional solidification. 

Phys., Rev. 45B, 7002, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Effects of flow on morphological stability. Handbook of Crystal Growth, I, 859, 1993. 

Huntley, D.A., and Davis, S.H. Thermal effects in rapid solidification: Linear theory. Acta Metall. Mater., 4 I. 2025, 

1993 . 

................ '11' .................... 11111111111111111111111111111111111,'11111111111111'11"1'1111111111111111111111'11''111.11.'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111"'1'11111111111111111111111111'11'11111111'11 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111111111111111111111111 .. "'111111111111111.111111111"11'111111111.lltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll.11111111111111"1.,1"111111111,.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'11111111111111'11111111111111111"'1'11"11111"111,111' 

Huntley, D.A., and Davis, S.H. Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: Weakly-nonlinear analysis of 

oscillatory instabilities. J. Crystal Growth, 132, 141, 1993. 

Merchant, G.J., Braun, R.J., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile instability in rapid directional solidification: 

Strongly nonlinear analysis. SIAM 1. App!. Math., 52, 1279, 1992. 

Spencer, B.J., Davis, S.H., and Voorhees, P.W. Morphological instability in expitaxially - strained dislocation - free 

solid films: Nonlinear evolution. Phys. Rev. B, 47, 9760, 1993. 

Spencer, B.J., Voorhees. P.W., and Davis, S.H. Morphological instability in epitaxially-Strained dislocation free solid 

films: Linear stability theory. 1. App!. Phys., 73, 4955. 1993. 

Spencer, BJ., Voorhees, P.W., McFadden, G.B., and Davis, S.H. The effect of compositionally-Generated elastic stresses 

on morphological instability during directional solidification. Acta. Metall. Mater., 40, 1599. 1992. 

Umantsev, A.. and Davis, S.H. Growth from a hypercooled melt near absolute stability. Phys. Rev. 45A, 7195, 

(published). 

Zimmerman, G., Muller. U., and Davis, S.H. Bernard convection in binary mixtures with Soret effects and solidification. 

1. fluid Mech., 238, 657. 1992. 

Presentations: 

Braun, R.I., and Davis, S.H. Nonlinear analysis in rapid directional solidification, 10th International Conference on 

Crystal Growth, San Diego, 1992. 

Braun, R.I., Merchant, GJ., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile instability in rapid directional solidification: 

Strongly-nonlinear analysis, Villth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Science in Microgravity. sponsored by 

The European Space Agency, Brussels 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification of a binary aHoy, University of Akron. Department of Mathematical Sciences, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Microscale coupling of solidification and flow, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chamonix (Plenary 

Lecture) Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification. 

Davis, S.H. Strongly-nonlinear oscillations in rapid directional solidification, Department of Mathematics, University 

of Utah, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Instabilities in rapid solidification, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. Illinois Institute 

of Technology, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification, Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Florida. 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification of binary mixtures. Physics Department, University of Texas, Austin, 1993. 

Davis. S.H., Huppert, H.E., Miller, U., and Worster, M.G. Interactive dynamics of convection and solidification. NATO 

ASI Series E: Chamonix. France, March 8-13, 1992. 

Huntley, D.A., and Davis, S. H. Thennal effects in rapid directional solidification: Linear stability theory, 10th Int'! 

Conf. on Crystal Growth. San Diego, 1993. 

Voorhees, P.W., Spencer, B.l., and Davis, S.H. Morphological instability in epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid 

films. MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, 1992. 

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11-282. I L-~. 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics " ........................................ , ...................... 11111.11111 .. ' .. ' ...... ' ... 11 ....... 11111111 .. 1111 .. ' .. '"' .. 1'.11.11.11 ... 1" ..... ' ...... 111"1'''.111111111111111111111111111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1111 

Studies of Two-Phase Flow Under Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. A. E. Dukler University of Houston 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this study is to develop and experimentally verify theoretical models that predict two-phase flow 

regimes and characteristics in reduced gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach is to conduct reduced gravity experiments on the Learjet and in the 2.2-second drop tower and 

concurrently to develop models that predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gas-liquid flow as a function of 

the system operating conditions. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The significance of the results will have application in space power, fluid and thermal management, and propulsion 

systems. Furthermore, by developing an understanding of the effect of gravity on flow regime characteristics and 

flow directions, it will be possible to have applications in the petroleum and nuclear industries. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

As a result of 39 low-gravity aircraft flights, the flow-regime maps were significantly expanded, especially for the 

water-glycerine, and water-surfactant liquid solutions. These flights recorded data using the new conductivity probe 

electronics, new differential pressure transducers, and in a SAMS accelerometer. As a result of these tests, the 

transition criteria for the flow regimes are being examined. The Learjet rig was rewired to accommodate a new data 

acquisition and control system. Hardware has been procured and fabricated to facilitate using the rig for 1.0 in.-

(2.54 cm.) inner-diameter test sections. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-18 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Microgravity foam Structure and Rheology 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Douglas J. Durian University of California, Los Angeles 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. D.A. Weitz University of California, Los Angeles 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to investigate the origin of the most striking and least understood rheological 

properties of foam by measuring elastic and flow behavior for a sequence of aqueous foams with increasing liquid 

content. The microscopic structure and dynamics of the foams will simultaneously be characterized by recently 

developed multiple light scattering techniques. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Foam structure and dynamics will be measured directly and non-invasively through development and use of novel 

multiple light scattering techniques such as Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS). Foam rheology will be 

measured in a custom rheometer which allows simultaneous optical access for multiple light scattering. 

Microgravity conditions will ultimately be required to eliminate the increasingly rapid gravitational drainage of 

liquid from in between gas bubbles as the liquid:gas volume fraction is increased toward the rigidity-loss transition. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This experiment will constitute the first measurement of how the surprising solid-like elastic quality of foam 

vanishes as the volume fraction of liquid is increased. The simultaneous measurements will also permit the first 

quantitative correlation of macroscopic rheological behavior with the underlying microscopic structure and 

dynamics, thus providing new insight into the origin of the dual solidlliquid nature of foams. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A new optics system has been installed to measure the angular dependence of multiply scattered transmitted light. 

Instead of imaging a small portion of the surface onto a detector, we now place the sample at the focal point of a 

large-diameter lens to collect all light emerging from the sample within a small solid angle. This significantly 

reduces the systematic errors in our measurements. Other systematic errors have been analyzed and, where possible, 

reduced. We now are very close to taking reliable data from which the extrapolation length ratio may be deduced. 

Analysis has begun of DWS data on the short-time dynamics in a commercial shaving foam for which the 

long-time dynamics are known. He is rmding that the liquid-vapor interfacial mean-squared displacement has been 

found to grow proportionally to time raised to the one third power, such that it would take many days for the 

motion to be comparable to the wavelength of light. This may be the first observation of the accumulation of local 

strain in a coarsening foam which leads to the sudden topological changes seen in the long-time dynamics. 

Preliminary measurements on home-made foams show similar behavior . 

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TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-73 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Theoretical Influence of Microgravity on Critical Fluid Measurements 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Richard A. Ferrell University of Maryland 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This endeavor is tailored to provide theoretical support for these current critical fluid microgravity Space Shuttle 

experiments: the Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (CFLS), the LeRC Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration 

Experiment (CFTE), and several other microgravity experiments now in the definition phase. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The science activity will look at six areas; three each for classical fluids and for super-fluid Helium. For classical 

fluids, they are: short and long time scale equilibration driving forces, the anomalous dimension critical exponent 

of the density fluctuation correlation length, and shear viscosity near the liquid-vapor critical point. For 

super-fluids, they are: a better prediction of the thermal conductivity temperature scaling, the frequency dependence 

of the shear viscosity, and theoretical insight into the unexpected temperature dependence of the second-sound 

velocity of 4He near its Lambda transition. This will employ a graduate student. a part-time post-doctoral fellow, 

and a visiting faculty fellow to assist in this work. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results of the proposed study will both aid the interpretation of the data and demonstrate the need for the data 

from the microgravity experiments to confmn science conclusions. The conclusions will greatly improve the cost 

effecti veness of the science from identified flight experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The computation of the effect of fluctuating inertial forces indicates that the level of g-jitter generally observed in 

the space shuttle is not likely to change the rate of relaxation of the density fluctuations, the measurement of which 

is the goal of the Zeno experiment. 

We have found that the adiabatic equilibration of a fluid in a closed container is strongly affected by a "thermal 

bottleneck" resulting from the finite thermal conductivity of the container walls. We expect to be able to put our 

theoretical findings to an experimental test in Adiabatic Fast Equilibration (AFEQ). 

A hitherto unnoticed special feature of the mode coupling theory of critical conductivity in a fluid is the singular 

behavior of the crossover function. 

A study has been carried out of the possibility of measuring the critical viscosity in a very thin layer of fluid, so as 

to avoid the disturbing effect of gravity. We propose the application of electrostriction to portion the layer. This 

increases the fluid density locally. Upon removal of the electric field the fluid density will relax back to its normal 

value at a rate detennined by the viscosity. 

A two-term epsilon expansion calculation has been carried out for the critical viscosity exponent. The computation 

is facilitated by the use of skeleton graphs. 

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As a preliminary theoretical study for our critical ultrasonics project, we have calculated the crossover frequency 

dependence at the critical point. Because of the relatively large non-critical background component of the thennal 

conductivity, as compared to the critical component, crossover is an unavoidable complication in the ultrasonics. 

A. Theoretical 

At the present time the theory of fast adiabatic equilibration requires an extension to the case of coexisting phases, 

at a temperature below the critical temperature. An essential difference for this case compared to that of the single 

phase above the critical point is that, as the fluid changes its temperature, latent heat is released at the interface. 

This tends to counteract the temperature change and thereby influence the time dependence of the approach to 

eqUilibrium. This extension of the theory is greatly needed as a guide for carrying out AFEQ and is receiving 

attention. 

Although we have at our disposal a successful theory for critical ultrasonics along the critical isochore, the other 

isochores bring in some new features which require further study. In addition, much more work needs to be done on 

the crossover problem. Both of these problems will be investigated in collaboration with Prof. J. K. Bhattachrujee 

during his sabbatical leave from the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, India. 

The low temperature flight experiment, CHex (confined Helium), Prof. John Lipa, Principal Investigator requires a 

quantitatively complete theoretical prediction of the rounding of the lambda specific heat, with which the 

experimental data can be compared. This will also receive our attention during Professor Bhattachrujee's visit. 

B. Experimental 

Our collaboration with the laboratory work at NASAlLewis Research Center is limited to some modest 

supplementary assistance in connection with a) software for analyzing the interferograms from TEQB and AFEQ, 

and b) consultation on the fabrication of a low frequency resonator for our ultra<;onics program. We regard the dense 

pattern of interference fringes, modified by the density changes of the fluid in the cell, as analogous to a radio 

frequency carrier wave on which there has been impressed an audio frequency modulation. 

In the latter case, the carrier wave does not furnish any infonnation and it is only the audio signal that is of interest. 

Similarly, we want to process the interferograms so as to discard the high wave number component of the intensity, 

so as to reveal the information contained in the longer wavelength modulation resulting from the density changes. 

This effort is of prime importance and will continue to receive top priority. 

The critical ultrasonics project will proceed in two stages. In order to enter the true critical region, unconfused by 

the crossover to the non-critical background, it is necessary to work with as Iowa frequency as possible, in the 

sonic range of a few hundred Hertz. An additional advantage of this is the possibility of putting to an experimental 

test a cusp-like dependence on the parameters that has been predicted theoretically by the group of Professor Franz 

Schwabl of the Technical University of Munich. 

Low frequencies require long wavelengths, and a large resonator. The first stage of this project consists in 

fabricating an annular resonator of the Garland-Williams type, but of somewhat larger diameter than used by them. 

This will be used for a ground-based study, with the vertical height of the horizontal fluid sample limited to one 

millimeter, so as to minimize the disturbing effect of earth's gravity. The resulting enhanced surface to volume 

ratio has the additional benefit of making possible the exploration of tile impact of fast adiabatic equilibration on the 

attenuation of sound. Having a clear demonstration of this effect will be essential to the second phase of the 

project, designing the flight hardware. Here we will need to choose the parameters for the spherical resonator 

(primarily its radius) so as to avoid the confusing surface contribution coming from fast adiabatic equilibration. In 

this way the in-flight data can be expected to yield true bulk measurements of the attenuation and dispersion. 

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ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 

1. This work is converting to a UPN 694 activity for one flight experiment, one flight experiment definition 

activity, and some low temperature fluids theory development; 

2. Participated in the Critical Auid Viscosity delta-CoDR; 

3. Reviewed CFfE IML-l results in the context of the Onuki-FerreU adiabatic fast equilibration description. He 

concludes that more data is needed to establish the basis for theoretical investigation; 

4. Submitted to Physica A a paper extending the adiabatic fast equilibration theory to systems experiencing 

temperature and pressure pulses along with the consequences for sound attenuation and dispersion in very 

compressible critical fluids. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/91 EXPIRATION: 1/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-32 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Ferrell, R.A. Effect of fluctuating inertial forces on the critical dynamics of a pure fluid. Ann. Physik, Vol. 2, 26, 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A. Singular crossover function for critical diffusion in a fluid. Physica A, (in press). 

Ferrell, R.A. On the limitation imposed by gravity on measurements of the critical viscosity of a pure fluid. Annalen der 

Physik, (submitted). 

Ferrell, R.A. Specific heat of a BCS superconductor. Annalen der Physik, 2, 267, 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A., and Hao, H. Adiabatic temperature changes in a one-component fluid near the liquid-vapor critical point. 

Physica A, Vol. 197, 23, 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A., Hao, H., and Bhattacharjee, 1.K. Critical viscosity exponent. Phys. Rev. A, (in preparation). 

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Effects of Convection on the Thermocapillary Motion of Deformable Drops 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Hossein Haj-Hariri University of Virginia 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. A. Borhan Pennsylvania State University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this theoretical effort is to extend the understanding of thennocapillary motion of drops by 

including drop defonnations. The convective transport of momentum and energy as well as the effects of container 

walls will be accounted for by the work. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The focus of the initial effort is on the following tasks (a) theoretical work on the boundary-integral fonnulation for 

the axi-symmetric motion and defonnation of a drop in a cylindrical container, (b) finite-volume fonnulation of the 

same problem using domain-mapping techniques, and (c) analysis of the transport of a color function to demarcate 

the drop boundary. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This task will enable the development of a more realistic model of the motion of drops driven by interfacial tension 

gradients and is expected to provide an accurate prediction of the migration velocity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

1. The following computational tools have been developed: 

(a) Color function (20, axisym.) - A Navier-Stokes solver using a passively convected color having a constant 

value over each liquid phase and varying abruptly at their interfaces. Uses a solution adapted Cartesian grid. 

Adaption is based on quadtree data structure. A Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) treatment of the convective 

tenns is utilized. There is no need for surface reconstruction. 

(b) Boundary integrals (20, axisym.) - A Stokes equation solver with Gauss-quadrature treatment of the 

nonsingular kernels and an exact treatment of the singular kernels of the integral equations. This is coupled with a 

boundary-integral treatment of the conduction equation for temperature so that the zero Reynolds number and 

Marangoni number thennocapillary motion of a deformable drop can be studied. 

(c) Domain mapping - A second Navier-Stokes solution method using the mapping of the drop or the interface of 

interest onto a known and simple geometry of similar topology. For some simple problems this method is more 

economical than using the color function. 

2. The following problems are being studied: 

(a) Thennocapillary motion of a drop in a cylindrical tube - Using the boundary-integral method the motion of a 

drop in a tube at Re = 0 and Ma = 0 was studied. 

(b) Thennocapillary motion of a drop in unbounded liquid - Using the color-function approach the well-known 

problem of Young, Goldstein, and Block was simulated. Also the qualitative effects of non-zero Re and Ma were 

observed; they cause substantial defonnations, further reiterating the importance of the goals of our proposal . 

............................................................................. 11 .............. 1 .. 1 ..... 1 .. 1 .................................... 111 .. 111 ............... 11.11 ... 111.11 ........ 11111111 .............. 11 ................... 1 ........... .. 

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(c) Surfactant-driven motion in an open cavity - Using domain mapping the time-accurate flow in an open cavity 

subjected to a nonuniform initial distribution of surfactants as well as a surface temperature gradient is simulated. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-45 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

II ................................. , ..................................................... 11 ..... 111 .......... 11111111 ................. '11111.11111111 .. 1111IIIIIIIIItI.II.IIIIIIIIIIIII,IIII.I.,IIIIIII.III'II.tt'I"'"'1.1'11111111111111111111111 

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Interfacial Transport and Micellar Solubilization Processes 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. T. Alan Hatton Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The objective of this research is to refine and implement a new diffusion cell for the fundamental investigation of 

the effects of surfactants on the interfacial transport of solutes between two phases. In the one case, the concern 

will be the retardation effect the surfactant monolayer has on solute transfer at conditions below the critical micelle 

concentrations. This work will assist in determining the effects of interfacial compressibility and solute and 

surfactant structure on the activation barriers to transport. In the other case, the rates of formation of reversed 

micelles at the interface will be investigated. These, too, will be affected by the prevailing solution conditions. To 

date, this type of study has not been possible because the techniques used for measurement of interfacial transport 

processes are prone to artifacts associated with ill-defined hydrodynamic conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A testing program to identify the important parameter ranges over which a space-based experimental study would be 

beneficial would entail the characterization of the solute/solvent/surfactant systems to be studied. This includes 

screening of the potential solutes in terms of their partitioning behavior, absorption characteristics, 

concentration-dependent densities, etc. Surfactants and solvents to be studied will also be determined. Aerosol OT 

and SDS are the two prime anionic surfactant candidates, while cationic quaternary ammonium and the non ionic 

C1EJ surfactants will also be investigated. A detailed ground-based experimental program will be undertaken to 

delineate clearly which solution conditions lead to unstable density gradients. 

Research Approach - The research to be carried out during the fITst year will be to develop the new detection and 

analysis techniques and to test their effectiveness using a range of model solutes under conditions which can be 

studied effectively in a normal gravity environment. The two subsequent years will be devoted to developing an 

important data base on interfacial transport characteristics and to adapting the entire system to be compatible with 

whatever constraints are imposed by NASA on the experimental rig to be sent on a space shuttle mission. 

Concurrent with these developments, the theoretical modeling will be pursued. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results of this study will be used to define space flight experiment requirements. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Experiments have been carried out under conditions where the solute, methyl nicotinate, was concentrated in the 

lower regions of the cell and was increasingly more dilute as it diffused into the upper cell regions. Thus a stable, 

negative density gradient was established. In many cases, however, we would be interested in transport in the 

reverse direction, in which case the density gradient would be adversely positive, and the system would be prone to 

buoyancy-driven convective instabilities. In an important class of experiments associated with the water uptake or 

loss by reversed micelles in response to changes in salt conditions, stable density profiles can never be attained. 

This is because the conditions necessary for water uptake would require an initial positive density gradient with the 

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stronger salt concentration in the water layer above the membrane and the weaker solution in the lower cell. For 

water loss by the reversed micelles, we would be able to establish the desired negative salt gradient readily, but the 

density gradient in the organic reversed micellar phase would be unfavorable. This is because the water content of 

the microemulsion phase would be at its lowest near the interface and higher in the upper regions of the cell. These 

observations point to the need for a microgravity environment for the successful investigation of many important 

phenomena associated with interaggregate interactions of colloidal and biological importance. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 EXPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-11 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-951 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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Thermocapillary Instabilities and g-Jitter Convection 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. George M. Homsy Stanford University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECfIVE: RESEARCH APPROACH: 

The objectives of this study are: 

(1) To study the stability characteristics and to establish the conditions under whicb thermocapillary flows become 

three-dimensional, time-dependent, and/or chaotic. 

(2) To analyze the g-jitter effects on surface-tension driven flow. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Complimentary experimental and computational studies will be conducted to characterize the transport phenomena 

induced by surface tension gradients or transient accelerations. Experimentally, measurements of various flow 

variables will be carried out to elucidate the mechanism of the instability and the dependence of instability on 

various parameters of the problem. The range of Marangoni numbers will be extended to study the transitions to 

time-dependent flows, and perhaps to turbulence. Linear stability analyses, using a combination of inverse iteration 

and Lancozos methods, will be conducted to help elucidate the connection between driven cavity problems and 

thermocapillary convection problems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The Principal Investigator has recently returned from a sabbatical and has started work on this project. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 EXPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-48 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-293 
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Turbidity of a Binary Mixture Very Close to the Critical Point 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Donald T. Jacobs 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

This experimental activity is intended to measure the light transmitted through a near critical fluid consolute point 

of a density matched binary mixture. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Develop a room temperature thermal control system for the sample that enables temperature control inside of ± 

3J.1K; 

2. Assemble and use phase sensitive detection system to detect the small light intensity variations expected close to 

the consolute point; 

3. The turbidity data will be reduced according to the formalism of P. Calmettes et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, m 

(l972)); 

4. Undergraduate students will assist Prof. Jacobs, making the experience a strong educational experience for the 

students. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The resulting data will be used to confirm and quantify a small exponent "TI" in a denominator" (1 +(q~ )2-'1) that 

describes the correlation length dependent distribution of scattered light from near critical fluids. Also, "two-scale 

universality" can be tested from the data set. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A polarized He-Ne laser beam passing through a laser amplitude stabilizer (L.A.S.) will hold the intensity constant 

to ±O.1 % but stray light and temperature can cause the intensity to vary by ± 1 %. To avoid this problem, dual 

beams are used where one beam passes around the fluids while the other beam passes through the fluids. These 

beams are optically chopped with the signal from photodiode detectors (PO) being measured on lock-in amplifiers. 

The optics have been assembled on an optical bench and the lock-in amplifiers have been connected to the optical 

chopper, photodiodes, and computer. 

The interfacing software that accesses these instruments has been written and tested. These programs were 

incorporated into a program that allows the computer to set the lock-in amplifiers and then measure the light 

intensities and room temperature over long periods of time. Early problems with room temperature drift of the light 

intensity have been solved and the stability of the intensity ratio of the two beams is less than 0.1 % over a long 

period of time. This stability and resolution are quite adequate for the turbidity measurement being planned. 

Cell, Thermostat and Temperature Control - The cell holds the critical fluid mixture in a leak-proof environment 

that also allows light to pass through the fluids. Our intention initially was to modify a cell design used by ZENO 

.......... '11 ..................................... 11' ........... , .. , .. , ..... , ..... , ....... II .... IIII .... IIII'If' •• 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ..... IIIIII ..... "I1 .. 1111111 .. 111111111111 .... 1 .............. 1 ........ 11111.11 .......... 111.11111111 

11-294 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1 .................................................. 11111 ..... 11 ....... " .... 11.1I'1I .. 1I.1I11I1.1I.1I .. II'"llIltlIIIIIIIIII,IIIIIIII'"'IIIIIIIIIII,III'11.11'"'"111111111111111,1 .. 111111111111111111'1.111111111111111",,"1111'.II ... ltllllll 

to seal Xenon at its critical pressure and density. Due to the difficulty in producing reliable seals in cells of this 

type, we have decided to redesign the cell for our fluid mixture. The cell will be filled with a critical composition 

and the fluids will be transferred into the cell while still in the one-phase region (at a temperature above 50°C). A 

transfer station has been constructed and tested and should be usable with our cell with few modifications. In 

addition to the metal and glass cell being machined, a commercial, cylindrical, glass cell is also being used in 

preliminary measurements. The thermostat design was modified as the cell design changed and is also ready for 

construction. Since we plan on controlling temperature to 10-7 the cell and thermostat needed to be carefully 

thought out. 

The temperature control instrumentation has been acquired and interfacing software has been developed. A prototype 

program was written that balances the AC Wheatstone bridge using an ESI ratiotransformer as one arm and a lock-in 

amplifier as a detector. The program optimizes the time necessary to reach a balance of the bridge. The temperature 

sensors were chosen to be ultra-stable Thermometrics thermistors, which are factory tested for stability and are now 

here. The fmal element of the bridge is the (Vishay) standard resistor which has also been received. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 4 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-74 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

' ......... 1' ................. 11.' ................ , .. , ................ ' ........ 111I,".tlIII'IIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIII'I'111I111111111111111111I11111.,1.,.11111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111,11,,11,111"1111'1"111111111"111111111111111'11' 

11-295 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics " .......................................................................... 11 ........... IIII ..... ,IIIIII ... ' ...... 'IIIIII ............ "tI.II ....... ' ..... II .. '"'"'11'11'"'""11111111'111"1111"11111111111"111111'''1111''I.U .. I ... II.,IIII 

Kinetic and Transport Phenomena in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAlINVESTIGA TOR: David Jasnow University of Pittsburgh 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Theoretical research will be done in several areas involving kinetic and transport phenomena in a microgravity 

environment. Specifically, attention is paid to the kinetics of phase separation, to coupled diffusing fields including 

the motion of and transport through interfaces separating macroscopic phases, and to kinetics of wetting layers. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Methods proposed include modeling at the coarse grained or semimicroscopic level, and the use of macroscopic 

interface equations. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The methods should allow further elucidation of the crossover region of weak gravity, of transport properties in 

complex situations and an examination of phenomenological boundary conditions from a somewhat more 

microscopic level. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The main focus within this period has been to observe thermocapillarity effects such as thermomigration within a 

coarse grained microscopic description. We have begun our studies systematically, intending first to observe and 

characterize thermomigration effects in diffusive systems during phase separation and in simple droplet 

configurations before introducing any hydrodynamic effects. Hence we began with diffusive dynamics described at 

the coarse grained level by a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equation for a conserved density or 

composition which is coupled to a passive temperature field varying linearly across the system. This corresponds to 

a system with heat diffusion much more rapid than order-parameter diffusion. 

We prepared the codes for forward integration of the appropriate dynamical equation for the diffusive concentration 

field. Within the framework of this model (initially limited to two spatial dimensions), we have observed and 

characterized droplet and slab migration, finding that (in this dissipative system) a droplet's velocity is proportional 

to the temperature gradient, and its mobility is proportional to an inverse power of the droplet radius. These effects 

are entirely due to the temperature variation of the interfacial free energy for a boundary separating the coexisting 

phases and should be present in any such system with mutual diffusion, although possibly masked by hydrodynamic 

effects. Several extensions of this work are being begun. 

Analytically we have analyzed the coarse-grained equation describing the change of the diffuse interfacial profile (or 

"kink") separating the two coexisting phases in the presence of a temperature gradient. We found that the 

temperature gradient couples to the soft, translation mode which may be clamped weakly in a system of finite size. 

To explore thermocapillarity effects from another perspective, we have turned to the microscopic level and have 

adapted microcanonical Monte Carlo techniques for the simulation of phase separation in a temperature gradient. 

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11-296 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................... 111 ................................. ' ... '"11111111, ..................... 1111 ........ 11111 ................... , .............. "1111, ...... '"'II'II,,,.,III.II.II'I.II'II.lIllltI.II.,.II,",,III.II"'II.IIII,II.1I'."I .... n .. 

We developed the codes for the analysis of phase separation and effective transport coefficients far from eqUilibrium 

during coarsening in Ising-like models of binary systems with conserved order-parameter dynamics. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1193 ExPIRATION: 12/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-42 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

, ........ '11 ......... ,., ........................ 1111"' ... "111111111,.1,.,1111, .... 111 ••• 1 .... 1'111111" ....... , ..... ".11111111111111111111'U'"'"IIIIII.II.II,".II'II'"IIIIItIIIII,III.II'''111I11I11'1I.1 .. 1.It,"II.II' •• II.II"III,".,,11 

11-297 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: fluid Physics 111 ................. 111 ............................ 1"111' ................... ".'1111111111111111.11,11111'1'11111 .... 1111"11111111.11"'111111111111111111111 ........... 111 .... 11 ...... 11111111111111.'111'11111Itll.I,I,I'I ... II.II"IIIIIIII ... 1 

surfactant-Based Critical Phenomena in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Eric W. Kaler University of Delaware 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M.E. Paulaitis University of Delaware 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The specific objective is to characterize experimentally and theoretically both the kinetics of phase separation and 

the metastable structures produced during phase separation in a microgravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Locate and characterize ordinary and tricritical points in surfactant/water/SCF mixtures about which two 

coexisting phases will be matched in density; 

2. Examine using scattering methods the non-equilibrium structures inside both the spinodal and binodal regions 

after quenching with either temperature or pressure jumps through or near a critical point; 

3. Examine the kinetics of mixing of two phases "quenched" into one phase; 

4. Carry out polymerization in a non-equilibrium phase. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The purpose of this research is to locate and examine critical points and non-equilibrium structures in mixtures of 

water. surfactants. and supercritical fluids (SCF) as a function of temperature and pressure. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A high-pressure visualization cell has been built to measure multiphase behavior for three-component mixtures of 

water. surfactants (CiEj) and supercritical fluids (SCF). The CiEj surfactants are ethoxylated alcohols. A 

stoichiometric experimental technique is used in which equilibrium phase compositions and densities are obtained at 

a pre-set temperature and pressure from measurements of the individual phase volumes of all co-existing phases. 

The cell allows a maximum pressure of 500 bar and phase compositions are determined with accuracies of +/-0.007 

mole fraction. Calibration of the visualization cell is nearly complete. The resulting experiments will hopefully 

verify and refine previous pressure, temperature and density measurements for the "near-isopycnic" point (isopycnic 

phases are equilibrium phases having equal densities). A computer program has been written to analyze the data and 

compute experimental uncertainties. Substantial effort has also been devoted to purifying the CaE3 sample. 

Cells have also been constructed to contain mixtures during light scattering and small angle neutron scattering 

experiments. The cell designs permits pressure jumps into two-phase regions such that both scattering experiments 

can be carried out during phase separation. A quartz cell for laser light scattering is under construction. The cell has 

been designed to accommodate a range of scattering angles from 1 D· -140·. Provisions have been made to allow 

video imaging of the spinodal ring near D· scattering angle. The cell for small-angle neutron scattering bas been 

constructed. A unique design was conceived in which the cell is machined from a single sapphire crystal to allow 

examination of a wide range of q-vectors (0.005 to 0.5 AI) . 

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11-298 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ..................................... II .............. 'n' .. III'" ...... 'II .............. 1111 ... 11 .... 1111111 ............ '11111 ... 111 ....... 11111111.1111 ........ '111 ........... " .............. 111111111 ....... 111111111111.11.11111111111111111.11. 

A modified Peng-Robinson equation of state has been chosen to model the multicomponent SCF/CjE/H20 phase 

behavior. When a complete set of parameters for the three-component C02/H20/CsE3 system are in hand, 

multicomponent phase equilibrium calculations will assist in locating the near-isopycnic point mentioned above. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-75 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

........................ 1111 .................................. 111111111.1111111111 ... 111 ................... 11.1111 ........................ 11111111111111111, •• ,11.1111111111 .. '111 ....... 11111.111 ....... 11111 ..... 11 ....... 11.111lI'III.lnlllll •• 1 

11-299 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 .............................................. 111 ............ 1111111 .............................. 111 .......... 11 ... 1111 ...................... 111 ................ 1111 ......... 11.".11.11"1111, ... ' .. 1.11111111.11.111111111,.1,.1111111111111I11 

Stabilization of Thermocapillary convection by Means of Nonpianar Flow Oscillations 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert E. Kelly University of California, Los Angeles 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

It has been demonstrated theoretically that small amplitude, nonplanar flow oscillations can stabilize 

Rayleigh-Benard convection. The first goal of this research is to see if similar stabilization can be achieved for the 

thermocapillary (Marangoni) instability by the same means. 

DESCRIPTION: 

An asymptotic expansion based on Reynolds number will be used to perform stability analysis on both 

Rayleigh-Benard and Marangoni-Benard convection. A numerical approach using a Fourier representation in the 

horizontal directions and a spectral approach in the vertical direction will be used to obtain a coupled set of ordinary 

differential equations in time which can be solved by use of Flaquet theory. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

If stabilization is possible, then the effects of finite amplitude oscillations will be determined in order to see how 

much stabilization is possible. And if significant stabilization is predicted, an experiment will be proposed at a 

later time. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An investigation has been completed of the effects of small amplitude forcing, and the results will soon be 

submitted for publication in a journal. It has been established that nonplanar oscillations can indeed stabilize the 

Pearson mode of instability, which typically has wavelengths of the order of the layer thickness and exists even 

when the surface is nondeformable. However, depending upon the operating parameters, another mode of 

instability, namely the long wavelength mode, can either be stabilized or destabilized. 

Formulation of the numerical method for large amplitude forcing is almost complete. It is hoped that preliminary 

results concerning the maximum achievable stabilization should be in hand by the end of 1993. 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-56 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

111 ..... 111111 ................... 111111111111.11 .... 1 •• 11.11.111111 ................. 111 ......... 11 ... 1111 .. 1 .. 1 ... 11 .... 111 •• 11111111111111 ..... 1111111 ...... 111'11111111111111111111111111111111'1.11111111111111.11111111'111111111111111111111111 

11-300 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ... 111 ..... '11 .............. 111 ........ ' ............................................. 1111 .. '1111111.11111111111 .. 11111111111111111111 ..... 11 ................. 11.11.11.11 .. 1,",1111111111111.11.1'".11111111111.11111111111'1.1.III'U'IIIIIIIIIIII 

Molecular Dynamics of Fluid-Solid Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Joel Koplik City College of New York 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.R. Banavar Penn State University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The purpose of this theoretical research is to examine the molecular behavior of fluids in small confinements and 

near boundaries, using molecular dynamics calculations and the statistical mechanics of classical fluids. It looks at 

time and spatial scales where continuum fluid mechanics provides no insight. 

Examples investigated are: (1) static and flowing pure fluids near walls, (2) freezing transition in small pores, (3) 

the breaking and coalescence of droplet interfaces driven by gravity of flows, and (4) droplet spreading on solid 

surfaces. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Develop a transportable and robust fluid Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation code for vector and parallel 

processing main-frame computer (Cray to connection Machine); 

2. Develop realistic molecular model of solid walls, i.e., walls with correct thermal and mechanical behavior, to 

allow for true physics of wall interactions rather than idealized boundary conditions; 

3. Utilize a sub-grant with 1. Banavar at Pennsylvania State University to execute some of the work. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Explore and broaden the science relevance of molecular dynamics to fluid behavior of interest to microgravity 

science. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are being used to study problems involving fluid-solid systems that are not 

straightforwardly addressed either by experiment or continuum fluid mechanics. 

Recent experiments have exhibited apparent cusps in fluid free surfaces driven by a converging subsurface flow. We 

have used MD simulations to examine the fluid behavior in such situations at very small length scales. We find 

that the curvature of the free surface increases with rotation rate, but instead of a high-curvature steady state we 

observe the detachment and subsequent entrainment of drops and bubbles of the fluid above the surface. We see no 

evidence for true cusps or even unusually high stress. 

The dynamics of phase separation of binary liquids in confined geometries has been studied using MD and the 

numerical integration of the exact equation of motion of soft Ising spins undergoing Kawasaki dynamics. We argue 

that, as long as there is a conservation law for the two species and a planar heterogeneity is present in the initial 

conditions, composition waves with a wave vector normal to the heterogeneity should be observed. In a narrow 

channel, systems with one and two fluid layers exhibit distinct behavior. Our results point to the importance of 

conservation laws and hydrodynamics in determining the growth dynamics. 

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11-301 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: fluid Physics 1 ..................................... , .......................................... ,11.11111 ........... ,111111111 ...... '11." .... 1111 .......... 11111 .......... 111111111.11.111111111111111111111",11".11.,111.'.,1.11111'111,.,11111111 ..... 1 ...... . 

Studies are underway of the freezing and flow of a fluid made up of diatomic molecules in a narrow channel. 

Preliminary results indicate the breakdown of no-slip boundary conditions, non-Newtonian flow characteristics and 

striking effects of the solid boundary on the rotational correlation functions both in the liquid and the frozen glassy 

state. 

In collaboration with an experimental group at the MARS Center in Naples, we have been studying the suppression 

of coalescence in flows. In laboratory experiment and MD simulation it is observed that a liquid drop held just 

above a MOVING bath of the same liquid will not coalesce with it, but when the flow stops the coalescence is quite 

rapid. Similar effects occur in the presence of a temperature difference between bath and drop. Presumably this 

behavior is caused by the shear stress transmitted by the background vapor or fluid in the moving case, and by 

Marangoni effects in the other case, but this explanation has not been systematically checked as yet. Further 

simulations and complimentary Stokes equations calculations are in progress. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/90 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-29 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Keblinski, P., Ma, W-I, Maritan, A., Koplik, I., and Banavar, I.R. Molecular dynamics of phase separation in narrow 

channels. Phys. Rev. E, 45, R2265, 1993. 

Koplik, I., and Banavar, I.R. Molecular structure of the coalescence of liquid interfaces. Science, 254, 1664, 1992. 

Koplik, I., and Banavar, I.R. Molecular dynamics of interface rupture. Phys. Fluids A, 5, 521, 1993. 

Ma, W.-l., Banavar, lR., and Koplik, 1. A molecular dynamics study of freezing in confined geometries. 1. Chern. Phys., 

97, 485, 1992. 

Ma, W.-l., Maritan, A., Banavar, I.R., and Koplik, 1. Dynamics of phase separation of binary fluids. Phys Rev. A, 45, 

R5347, 1992. 

Maritan, A., Toigo, F., Koplik, J., and Banaver, 1.R. Dynamics of growing interfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 3193, 1992. 

Sokol, P.E., Ma, W.-l., Snow, W.M., Young, Y., Herwig, K.W., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J.R. Freezing in restricted 

geometries. Appl. Phys. Lett., 61, 777, 1992. 

Yang, J., Koplik. I., and Banavar, J.R. Terraced spreading of simple liquids on solids surfaces. Phys. Rev. A , 46, 7738, 

1992 . 

.......................... 11 ......... 111 ............................................. 111.111 ...... 11 ....... 1111 .. ' ... 111 ......... 11111 .. 11111111111 ... 11 ... '1.111"1 .. 1.11 .. ' .. '.111111111111.1,11111111'1111.1111.1111111111111111111111111111t11l. 

11-302 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 ..................................................................... 1111 ...................... 11111 ...... 11 ...... 1111 ........................................... 111 ..... '11 ... '111 ................. 11 ... 11111.1111 ............ 1111111 .... 111'fI'l 

Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts (FDSMM) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jean N. Koster University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this effort is to investigate surface tension-driven convective flow of low Prandtl number melts, 

e.g., metals, and their effect on the solid-liquid interface. (The Prandtl number is the ratio of the kinematic 

viscosity to the thermal diffusivity.) This will require flow visualization which will be achieved by using tracer 

particles and a real time X-ray system. This research will focus on fluid physics phenomena of 

surface-tension-driven flows in material processing. It is known that liquids for which Pc> 1 have different 

underlying fluid physics than liquids for which Pr«1. The research is focused on gallium melts. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Progress toward achieving radiographic particle image velocimetry (RAPIV) of liquid metal convection has required 

extensive technological development. The RAPIV will be used to obtain system flow velocity vector fields using 

appropriate computational analysis. RAPIV has been used successfully to detect the solid-liquid interface of 

solidifying gallium and to observe tungsten particles in molten gallium. 

Rectangular, two-dimensional test cell geometries for the series of high temperature RAPIV experiments have been 

chosen. Two aspect ratios (length:height) will be used: 4:1 and 1:1 (with unit integration depth). The 4:1 ratio is 

the classical "Hurle" geometry which is used often for comparative numerical studies. 

The Integrated Convection Apparatus and Rotating Undercarriage Support (ICARUS) is a high-temperature (up to 

I,OOO"C) modular furnace capable of establishing any combination of vertical and horizontal gradients in test cells 

of various geometries. This provides the capability to vector the gravity body force from 0 deg. (horizontal) to 

90 deg. (vertical). 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Fluid physics is the foundation of material solidification. The primary purpose of this research is to develop a 

unique research capability for flow visualization of metallic and electronic melts. A significant goal of this effort is 

to design an elevated temperature RAPIV system capable of providing the first flow visualization of the liquid metal 

convection flow behavior. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The advanced research facility for liquid metal (Pr« 1) flow visualization using an X-ray system and high 

temperature furnace (up to lOOO·C) has been built and tested. Gallium has been selected as the test material. 

Visualization of the density field has been achieved with the X-ray system. A density change of 0.1 % can be 

detected and is enhanced using false coloring. A lOoC horizontal temperature gradient was imposed. The mottle is 

obscuring the some of the data; this problem is being addressed. Eventually, flow patterns will be observed using 

tracer particles. The particles must exhibit good wetting characteristics, high X-ray absorption and be neutrally 

buoyant The particles are currently under development 

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11-303 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 ................................ 1""111 .. 1111 ......................................... 11111 ...................... 11111111 ........................................ 111 ... 11 .... 111 ............. 11111 ................... 111 .. 1111 .. '111 ........ 111 •• 

The development of neutrally buoyant, chemically inert tracer particles with high radiographic absorptivity is 

essential to the RAPIV project. A substantial ongoing portion of the development effort has been directed toward 

the design of the appropriate tracer particles; candidate particles are tungsten, coated with SI02 or glass coated with 

gold. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 2 Total Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 2/91 EXPIRATION: 2/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-33 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

............ 111111 .. 1111 ........................................................................... 111 ....... 1 .................... 111'" ......... 111 ... 11111 ................. 111111 ........ 11 .................... " ... 11111111111111111' .. 1111111 .. . 

11-304 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ........................................................................ 111 ......... 11.11'" .. 1 .. 11.11.11.11111.111111111111.1111111 •• 11.11.11.11.11111111,",11.IIUII ... IIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIII'IIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'III11111111'111111111111 

Thermocapillary Convection in Floating Zones under Simulated Reduced Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Sindo Kou University of Wisconsin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The main objective of the research is to enable comparison between calculated and observed patterns of 

thermocapillary cOilvection in floating zones, regardless of whether or not the zones are cylindrical in shape. 

Ground-based flow visualization experiments will be conducted under simulated reduced-gravity conditions, i.e., 

where thermocapillary convection dominates over natural convection just as in microgravity. This will include 

silicone-oil zones and molten zones in NaNO) rods. Computer simulation of thermocapillary convection will be 

conducted and the calculated results will be compared with those observed in flow visualization. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A mathematical formulation will be used to quantitatively describe the optical distortions. This formulation allows 

the calculated flow patterns and solid/liquid interfaces to be converted into distorted ones so that they can be 

compared directly with those observed in flow visualization to verify the validity of computer simulation. 

Conversely, it can also be used to convert the observed flow patterns and solid/liquid interfaces into undistorted 

ones. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Comparisons between calculated and observed patterns of thermocapillary convection in floating zones, though 

significant, have been rare (if performed at all), due to complications from optical distortions caused by the lens 

effect of the floating zones. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The mathematical formulation was derived and was verified experimentally. Flow visualization was conducted on a 

silicone-oil zone held vertically between two 4 mm diameter Cu rods of different temperatures, using a laser 

light-cut technique. Computer simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in the zone was conducted. By using a 

mathematical formulation, the calculated flow patterns were compared with the distorted ones observed in flow 

visualization. Very good agreement was obtained. 

In addition, the computer model was used to calculate heat transfer, fluid flow and mass transfer in floating-zone 

crystal growth of NaNO) under microgravity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-46 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-305 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ..................... 1 .............................................. 11.11.,11111I11I11I111t11l111111111l111l11l1l1l'"IIIIIIIIII.II.II .. 1111I11111111 ........................ , ...................... 1111 ........ 111 .......... 11.111 .. 1.11 .. 1111 .. 111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Lan, C.W., and Kou, S. Radial dopant segregation in zero-gravity floating-zone crystal growth. 1. Crystal Growth, (in 

press). 

Lan, C.W., and Kou, S. Formulation for correcting optical distortions due to a transparent floating zone. 1. Crystal 

Growth, (in press). 

Tao, Y., and Kou, S. Flow visualization in floating zone crystal growth (A Videotape Movie). 1. Crystal Growth, 

(publishing/release data not given). 

11-306 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1, ............. " .... 111111 .... 11 ............... 11111 ...... '11'111 ...... 11 .... 111111.11'"'11111 .. 111111111111,".1111111.11 ... 1111 ..... 1 .. 1111111111'"",nllllfllllllllllllllllllll.,.".IIIIIIIIIIII.II.II.II ••• 1111.11.111111111111111.11 .... 11 

Analysis of Phase Distribution Phenomena in Microgravity Environments 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Richard T. Lahey Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to map the void distribution throughout the tube cross-sectional area in two phase 

flows. The principal flow patterns to be studied are the bubbly and slug-flow regimes. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research approach is to conduct normal gravity testing using equal density simulation experiments. Normal 

gravity experimental data, as well as available microgravity data, will be used to verify computational fluid dynamic 

models that are being developed. Two types of equal density simulations will be used: liquid with solid spheres, 

and a pair of immiscible liquids. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The liquid-solid flow loop has been constructed and testing has begun. Problems with the laser doppler anemometer 

(LOA) not acquiring enough particles have been rectified. The problem was caused by the particles not being 

reflective enough; when the particles were made opaque by treating them in a hot-air popcorn popper, the LOA 

system was able to differentiate between the particles and the liquid. Construction of the immiscible liquids flow 

loop has been completed. with testing to begin soon. Model development for predicting the radial phase 

distribution is proceeding. Some initial comparisons of the model with low gravity gas-liquid flow, obtained from 

Dr. Jean Fabre at the Institute de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse in Toulouse France, have shown good 

agreement 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-72 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-307 
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Nonlinear Drop Dynamics and Chaotic Phenomena 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. L. Gary Leal University ofCalifomia, Santa Barbara (UCSB) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

E.H. Trinh Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JEn 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: \The general objective of the UCSB portion of the research is to apply newly developed knowledge 

about the dynamical behavior of nonlinear systems, and newly developed methods for the numerical solution of 

large deformation free-boundary problems in fluid mechanics, to address a number of unexplained or unexplored 

issues associated with dynamics of levitated drops or bubbles in acoustic and electric fields. 

Specific objectives for the analysis of finite amplitude effects for bubble motion include: 

1. Establishing conditions for existence of steady deformed shapes for both acoustic and electrostatic levitation. 

One point of special significance is the difference between the idealized zero-g environment where the drop shape 

will exhibit fore-aft symmetry along the axis of rotational symmetry, and the shape of a drop in a gravitational field 

where the fore-aft symmetry is lost. 

2. Developing an understanding of modal coupling and instabilities associated with large amplitude deformations. 

In this part of the research, the interest is with time-dependent oscillations, both from an undeformed and a deformed 

equilibrium state, and subject to periodic forcing via either the acoustic or electric fields. Again, the effect of 

asymmetries in the shape associated with levitation in a gravitational field should be considered. 

3. Developing an understanding of the conditions for transition between regular and chaotic oscillations, again 

associated with periodic forcing via either the acoustic or electric fields. The effects of mean deformation are again 

of special interest, including differences between zero-G and gravitational environment due to the mean asymmetries 

associated wit the latter calle. 

It should be noted that these general objectives incorporate most of the anomalous observations from previous 

studies of drop dynamics in the microgravity science program. As indicated in the original proposal, it is the 

existence of these phenomena that largely motivated and suggested the importance of the present study. 

The expected significance of this project is both as a very important contribution to the basic scientific 

understanding of drop dynamics under nonlinear, large-amplitude deformation conditions (where all previous theories 

are deficient and few systematic experimental studies have been done), and as a basis for an enhanced ability to 

manipulate and understand the limits of manipulating levitated materials in containerless process applications. 

DESCRIPTION: 

From the theoretical side, the proposed project has two basic elements: (a) Derivation and study of law dimensional 

model systems to obtain an initial framework for prediction of nonlinear dynamical phenomena and (b) numerical 

study of the full, large deformation fluid mechanics problem using boundary-integral techniques for studying the 

nondissipative limiting behavior, and boundary-fitted coordinate, finite-difference techniques for the general case. In 

both cases, similar studies have either recently been carried out (or are being carried out) for deformable (and 

compressible) gas bubbles in a liquid. Thus, the initial development of methodology for solution of the 

acoustically driven drop dynamics problem is a relatively straightforward adaptation of existing methods. The 

........................................................ '11'11 ............... '"1.1I .. ,.II",".II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.IIIIIII.,.IIIIIIII"II,n' .. '1I11I111111111111111111111"'111111111""""'1"11'11"1111111111"""111"1111111111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ..... 111 .. 111 ... ,11 ............................... , .............. ' .. 1111111 ............. 1111111 ..... 11.111111111111111 ....................... '1111 ..... 1111111111111111111111111.11.' ......... 11111 .. ' ....... 111 .. 1111 ..... ,111111'1"I"'III'UIIiI 

electrostatic levitation problem requires some additional modification to include the electric field calculation, but the 

corresponding governing equations, ets. have already been laid out be previous investigators. Once the problem 

formulation phase is completed, a detailed investigation of the three major objectives will be carried out, beginning 

with the problem of steady shapes in a steady levitation mode with and without gravity. 

The theoretical work, by itself, can contribute in an important way to explaining previous "anomalous" observation 

in microgravity-oriented levitation experiments, and to providing a predictive framework that can be used to 

anticipate additional, as yet undetected phenomena that could be of great significance in material-levitation 

applications. 

However, theory should not be viewed as capable of providing all of the answer. The low-order model systems 

study is expected to provide a global picture of possible nonlinear phenomena, but the models are often derived from 

small amplitude expansion theories, and thus, even if the low-order dynamical system is a faithful representation of 

the full problem in this limiting sense, it cannot be expected to capture all of the possibilities for large-amplitude 

deformations. Numerical solutions faithfully reproduce the complete physics, but provide only a case-by-case 

picture, and also suffer from limitations on resolution that make it difficult to capture any high-mode phenomena, 

or many fully three-dimensional effects. 

Thus, experiments still must play a crucial role, and this project is an excellent example of a case where 

ground-based studies alone cannot be adequate. The ground-based work must always involve an asymmetric 

deformed base state of deformation, and for large amplitude deformation this will have very significant effects on 

both the steady state and time-dependent dynamics that cannot be completely assessed via theoretical studies. Thus, 

flight-based experiments must playa critical role in providing a basis for comparison with the ground-based 

experimental results. The latter can, of course, be much more comprehensive in scope. A limited set of studies for 

comparison purposes is an appropriate and realistic role for flight-base experiments. The flight-based experiments 

can also expand the range of parameters beyond that possible in the ground-based work. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

Numerical codes are being applied to self-excited oscillations of highly distorted drops in acoustic fields. Details of 

the interaction depend on accurate modeling of the time dependent acoustic pressure distribution. Numerical 

modeling is being coordinated with bubble and drop experiments at JPL performed by Eugene Trinh and Glynn 

Holt. They are measuring (1) coupling between radial and shape modes in air bubble oscillations in water and (2) 

finite amplitude effects in water drop oscillations using a hybrid acoustic-electrostatic levitator. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11194 

Total Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-07-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Feng. z.e. and Leal. L.G. On energy transfer in resonant bubble oscillations. Physics of Fluids. vol. 5. no. 4. 826-836. 

1993. 

Feng. Z.e., and Leal. L.G. Bifurcation and chaos in shape and volume oscillations of a periodically driven bubble with 

two-to-one internal resonance. 1. Fluid Mech .• (accepted) 1993. 

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Yang. S.M .. Feng, z.e., and Leal, L.G. Nonlinear effects in the dynamics of shape and volume oscillations for a gas 

bubble in an external flow. J. Fluid Mechanics, vol. 247, 417-454,1993 . 

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Absolute and Convective Instability of a Liquid Jet at Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Sung P. Lin Clarkson University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to definitively establish the roles of capillary, viscous, and inertial forces in the absence of gravity 

by using the fluid dynamics problem of the stability of a liquid jet as a vehicle. The objective will be achieved by 

reexamining the known theories that can be verified completely only in microgravity. A wide range of Weber and 

Reynolds numbers will be studied, and any unexpected phenomena in microgravity that may require new 

interpretation of dynamic capillary force will be examined. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The results of the proposed work will provide some bench mark knowledge in fluid dynamics. When the results 

obtained at microgravity are compared with the known theories for O-g and with the known experimental results 

obtained at 1-g, one will be able to unambiguously assess the significance of gravitational and inertial forces 

relative to the capillary force over a wide range of dynamic flow parameters. The approach will be to design and 

fabricate a rig to conduct liquid jet experiments during the first year. One-g tests with this rig and numerical 

modeling will also take place in the first year. Ground-based low-g experiments will take place during the second 

year in the LeRC 2.2 second drop tower. Data analysis and flight experiment definition is tentatively planned for the 

third year. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

From a practical view point, the knowledge gained on the precise mechanisms of various modes of jet breakup will 

allow one to improve many existing important industrial processes. These processes include film coatings, 

combustion of liquid fuel, and formation of various chemical sprays. Improvements of the efficiency of these 

processes also bring about a drastic reduction in environmental pollution. The knowledge may also be exploited for 

advanced material processing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The progress since the beginning of the grant (January, 1993) includes both theoretical and experimental work. 

The theoretical work includes an analysis of the absolute and convective instability of a viscous jet emanating into a 

viscous gas in a vertical pipe. This analysis was done over a parameter space spanned by the Reynolds, Froude, and 

Weber numbers, and the viscosity, density, and diameter ratios. The numerical results of the analysis demonstrate 

that the reduction in gravity tends to enhance the Rayleigh mode of convective instability (Le., where the liquid jet 

breaks up into drops of diameter comparable with the jet diameter). On the contrary, the Taylor mode of convective 

instability (i.e., where jet atomization occurs) is retarded at reduced gravity. The analysis shows that the Rayleigh 

mode becomes absolutely unstable when the Reynolds number exceeds a critical value, given a set of parameters. 

The domain of absolute instability is Significantly enlarged when the effect of gas viscosity is accounted for. 

The experimental work began by scrutinizing the system described in the original proposal. It was decided that the 

systems would be modified to cover a larger range of parameters. The new system is currently being fabricated . 

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11-311 
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The construction of the one-g test rig is in its final stage. It is expected that these ground experiments will start in 

December. It is anticipated that this one-g can be designed in such a way that its modification for testing in 

ground-based low-g test facilities (e.g., 2.2 sec Drop Tower) will be minimal. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 12195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-47 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Lin, S.P., and Lian, W. Absolute and convective instability of a viscous liquid jet surrounded by a viscous gas in a vertical 

pipe. Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 5, No.3, 771-773, 1993. 

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11-312 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .......... 11111111 ....................................................... '"11 ................ 1111 .. 1111 .. " ..... '111111 .. 111' .. 1111111111111111111111111,11 .. 1" ... 11111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11IIIIIIIItlll .. I .. I.IIIII. 

Cross Effects in Microgravity Flows 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Sudarshan K. Loyalka University of Missouri, Columbia 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. R.V. Tompson University of Missouri, Columbia 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

1be research objectives are to: 

1. Solve the Boltzmann and the Wang Chang Uhlenbeck equations to determine the flow rates (mass and heat) and 

the matrix of the phenomenological coefficients L, for arbitrary Knudsen number (ratio of mean free path to 

characteristic flow dimension), for arbitrary gas (vapor) mixtures, realistic intermolecular and gas-surface interaction 

potentials, and for small (linear), as well as large (non-linear), gradients; 

2. Verify the results by acquiring experimental data in a diffusion cell; 

3. Explore applications of the results above to simulations of flows in the ampoules. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experimental apparatus will be designed to test the theoretical results. The classified diffusion two-bulb setup 

with a connecting capillary will be sued, with the bulbs held at different temperatures. Results from the new 

theoretical and experimental understandings will then be used to study flows in specific microgravity experiments 

through discussions with the NASA scientists and engineers. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Film growth by chemical/physical vapor deposition is a process of considerable interest in microgravity 

experiments. The absence of natural convection should allow better control of the growth processes, but it has been 

pointed out that in the highly nonisothermal ampoules, thermal slip (creep) can become a matter of significant 

concern even for Knudsen numbers as small as 10-3

• Thus, it is important to understand and control the flows that 

arise from the molecular (rather than the mere continuum) nature of the gases and the vapors. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Theoretical Progress: 

A. The Boltzmann equation for a monatomic gas has been solved for rigid sphere molecules and cylindrical 

geometry, under non-condensing conditions. All phenomenological coefficients have been computed. 

B. Initial computations for realistic potentials (monatomic gas), and the velocity and the creep slip, have been 

completed. The creep slip is found to be dependent on the type of gas, and results confirm the accuracy of recently 

reported variational results. 

Experimental Progress: 

A two-bulb apparatus has been designed for the diffusion cell. All necessary components have been purchased. 

Most of the apparatus has been constructed and/or assembled, and it is currently being tested . 

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11-313 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics •• 11111 .................... 111 .................... " ... '111111 .. 1111111111111 ... ' .. 1111 .. 1 ...... '1 ........... '1 ..... 1111 ...... 1111 .... " ... 11111111 ..... 11 ...... 11.11'11'11.11'""1,".11'"'11'" ... 111.1111111111'"''''''''''1 .. 1'''''1 .. 1"1,'1 

Applications Progress: 

Exploration is under way of a computational fluid dynamics program incorporating dummy values for the unknown 

phenomenological coefficients. 

TASK INITIATION: 11-92 ExPIRATION: 11-95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-64 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

, .. , ........ '"1" ...................................................................... " ................... 111 .... 1111 .. ' ......... 1"1 ............................................................ ," .... "'1 .................................... . 

11-314 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics '.11.11.11,"., .... ,,111111111.11.11.1.11.11111111111111111111"''''11111111.1111 ............. 1111111111 ......................... 11 .......... ,1, .... 11111 ... 111 ... 111 ................ , ................... 1111 ........................ ,111111111.1111 

Study of Disturbances in Fluid-Fluid Flows in Open and Closed Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Mark J. McCready 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. H-C Chang 

Prof. D. Leighton 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Notre Dame 

University of Notre Dame 

University of Notre Dame 

The objective of this effort is to examine the different instabilities that can affect a liquid fihn during gas-liquid 

flow. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A generalized approach is being undertaken for gas-liquid flow in an open channel with finite length, with or 

without gravitational stabilization, as well as for the analytically simpler case of liquid-liquid rotating flows. Either 

gas-liquid low-gravity testing or comparison with existing low gravity data is planned. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Experiments have been initiated in the rotating, vertical interface, two fluid device that uses a paddle to influence 

the interfacial disturbances. 

Two types of waves have been recently observed: 

• Slug-like, which starts with a periodic wave train, and as the rotation rate is increased, a single wave grows to fill 

the entire distance between the cylinders. This type of mechanism is analogous to slug formation in gas-liquid pipe 

flows. The controlled nature of the experiment allows for detailed study of the growth of the disturbance that is not 

possible in a pipe flow. It is hoped that this information will provide insight into the slug formation problem. 

• Solitary waves, which start with the formation of first one short-wavelength wave (a solitary wave), then two 

such waves, then more as the rotation rate is increased. These disappear in sequence as the rotation rate is decreased. 

The reason for this behavior is that the formation of a wave locally expels some of the less viscous fluid. This 

makes the average thickness higher elsewhere, which reduces the shear in that phase. To form an additional wave, 

greater shear is needed; the rotation rate must be increased. Once this is done, more fluid is expelled thus quenching 

formation of other waves. This process is repeatable and reversible. The importance of this observation is that it 

may reveal ways of predicting the number/time of non-periodic disturbances in other systems. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 3 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-55 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

............................. 11111 ....................................................... 1 •• 1 .......... 11 ........ , ....... , ............. 1 •• " ........ , ..... , •• , •• , •• 1 ••••••• , •• 1.111 •• 1 ••••• 1, •• , ....... 11111111 ...... 11.1111.,111.1 •• ,1 •• '.11.11'"' 

11-315 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11111111111111111"'"""'11,.11.111111111111111.", ...... 1,.111111 •• I"UIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIII.'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIUII.III ... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111.11.111.'.11.111111111111111111111111111111111 

Study of Forced Convection Nucleate Boiling in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Hennan Merte, Jr. 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

Prof. R.B. Keller 

Dr. J.A. Platt 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Michigan 

University of Michigan 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

This task represents a continuation of previous experimental work examining the effects of buoyancy on forced 

convection nucleate boiling. For boiling in a flowing liquid, an additional mechanism of bubble detachment can 

occur: detachment due to lift and drag on the bubble, induced by the flow field. Understanding when this 

mechanism will dominate, and the effectiveness of boiling in such circumstances, is important in making accurate 

predictions of microgravity boiling behavior. This information will also increase the understanding of boiling in 

cases where gravity is present. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A closed-loop flow boiling system, using R-l13 as the test fluid, has been developed as part of a previous program. 

The temperature and pressure of the subcooled liquid R-I13 are rigorously controlled at the entry to the test section. 

A portion of one wall of the rectangular test section is electrically heated to provide either a constant temperature or 

a constant heat flux. Surface temperature and heat flux measurements are made and the bubble growth/departure 

process is recorded visually. The relative effects of buoyancy are examined by rotating the entire flow loop. Other 

variables in the experiment are the flow velocity, the power input to the heater, and the amount of liquid 

subcooling. A long-range goal of the effort is to adapt the current test loop for testing aboard the KC-135 

microgravity aircraft. 

The project has focused upon two general areas of study: obtaining heat transfer coefficients for nucleate boiling 

over a range of variables, and studying the conditions where dryout (departure from nucleate boiling) occurs. 

Analyses have been performed in both areas of study to develop physical explanations for the observed results. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

In nucleate pool boiling, bubble detachment in normal Earth gravity is usually the result of buoyant forces; in the 

absence of buoyancy, the bubbles have a tendency to remain in the vicinity of the heating surface, eventually 

causing dryout at the heating surface that results in reduced heat transfer. The program seeks to enhance 

understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that constitute convection boiling. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A study of the effects of orientation on forced convection flow boiling has been completed. Forced 

convection-dominated and buoyancy-dominated conditions were observed and a parameter, the two-phase Richardson 

number, was identified as the relevant indicator of the dominant regime. 

Modifications to the test facility, to extend the range of test conditions that can be achieved, are proceeding: 

1. A new pump and flow meter have been ordered that, when installed, will double the liquid flow rate in the loop. 

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2. The temperature and pressure control systems are being changed from analog to digital control; the new system 

will be more precise and easier to operate, and will be better-suited for an aircraft experiment. 

3. A new cooling system, to replace the existing tap water system, will be designed and built. Besides being 

suitable for aircraft operation, the new system will also increase the range of sulx.:oolings that can be achieved. 

A new experimental effort has recently been started, examining the effect of heater length-lo-width ratio on boiling 

heat transfer rates and on the departure from nucleate boiling. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 

PhD Students: 

1 

2 

PhD Degrees: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 11/91 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-68 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Li. L., Schultz, W.W., and Merte. H. The velocity potential and the interacting force for two spheres moving 

perpendicularly to the line joining their centers. Journal for Engineering Mathematics. Vol. 27, 147-160, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Brusstar, M.1., and Merte, H. The effects of buoyancy on the critical heat flux in forced convection. Presented at AIAA 

Annual Winter Meeting, Reno. Nevada, January 1993, (in press). 

Kirk, K.M., Merte, H., and Keller, R.B. A study of low velocity nucleate flow boiling at various orientations. Presented at 

ASME Winter Annual Meeting. Anaheim. California, November 1992 AMD-VoI.l54/FED-Vol. 142, (publish date not 

given. 

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Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael R. Moldover National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. R.F. Berg National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the experiment is to produce archival viscosity data on xenon that is closer to its liquid-vapor fluid 

critical point than is possible in I-g. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Develop a low frequency, low shear rate viscometer with JlK temperature control near room temperature. It will 

be of an electrostatically driven micro-flexure design; 

2. Characterize vibration isolation sufficient to approach the critical temperature to within 300 JlK while measuring 

viscosities to 0.5% precision; 

3. Load xenon sample to within 0.3% of the critical density; 

4. Choose sample geometry and do heat transfer analysis to establish expected thermal gradients and thermal 

equilibration times realistic for a Space Shuttle flight timeline; 

5. Involve critical point dynamics theorists in data analysis before and after flight. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The data will provide complementary results with Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (CFLSE) to test the 

mode-coupling theory of critical phenomena and provide guidance to renormalization group theory development on 

dynamic critical-point fluid behavior. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

Initial preparations for a flight experiment to measure the viscosity of xenon close to its critical point with accuracy 

sufficient to eliminate uncertainties currently associated with the analysis of l-g experiments were made. The 

measurements will provide the first direct observation of the predicted power-law divergence of viscosity in a pure 

fluid. The measurements will also strengthen Zeno's test of mode coupling theory by greatly increasing the 

reliability of the extrapolation of viscosity to low reduced temperatures. 

The low-gravity flight experiment will be the final stage of a program whose completed ground-based stages are: 

(1) theoretical studies by one of the principal investigators (MRM) and coworkers, (2) critical viscosity 

measurements of binary liquid mixtures, (3) critical viscosity measurements of pure fluids in log, and (4) 

development of a suitable vibration-insensitive viscometer. Major accomplishments of the past year are listed 

below. 

The SRD summarized in detail the apparatus, operation, and flight requirements for the oscillating screen 

viscometer. For the first time, several novel technical features. such as nonlinearity and spring softening in the 

electrostatic drive, were described. The crucial issue of sample equilibration by using the constant volume heat 

diffusion equation was quantitatively assessed . 

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11-318 
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The experiment's scientific objectives was described in a report to the director of the Microgravity Science and 

Applications Division at NASA Headquarters. This report combined for the first time the best available xenon light 

scattering data with recent NIST viscosity results to assess the current status of tests of mode coupling theory. 

The use of electrostriction to locate the critical temperature was experimentally investigated. This included 

calculations of the effect's expected amplitude and time constant, design, construction, and loading of an appropriate 

critical point capacitor cell, and optimization of the electronic circuits used to observe the electrostriction. For the 

first time, electrostriction was observed in a pure fluid. 

A calibration procedure for the oscillating screen viscometer which will provide the accuracy needed for the flight 

measurement was developed. The procedure, which makes use of the viscometer's wide bandwidth and a novel 

hydrodynamic similarity argument, allows the viscometer to be self-calibrating. To successfully demonstrate the 

validity of this procedure the oscillator's transfer function with CO2 at temperatures spanning a range of 35 K and 

densities varying by a factor of 165 was measured. Achieving agreement with best available viscosity data required 

understanding a 1 % anelastic effect present in the oscillator's torsion fiber. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/88 EXPIRATION: 1/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 673-24-05-23 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Berg, R.F. Thennal equilibration near the critical point: Effects due to three dimensions and gravity. Phys. Rev. E, vol. 

48, 1799-1805, 1993. 

Schmidt, J.W., and Moldover, M.R. Structure of the vapor-liquid interface near the critical point. J. Chern. Phys., vol. 99, 

582-589, 1993. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .... " ... "1111111111111111111 ... 111111111 .... 1111111111" ..... 11 ....... '"1111111111"' .......... II ... "II .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIUIIlIlIIlIlIlIlIIlIlIlIIlI11111111111111111111111111111,",","""'"111111111111111111111111' 

Control of Oscillatory Thennocapillary Convection in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. G. Paul Neitzel Georgia Institute of Technology 

CO-INVESTIGA TORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to experimentally investigate active control of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in planar 

layers. The investigative strategy is: 1) Establish the appropriate basic state for the "thin" rectangular flow 

geometry described in the subject proposal, 2) Establish and detect the oscillatory thermocapillary convection in the 

form of hydrothermal waves, and 3) Suppression and control of the hydrothermal waves. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The basic state will be investigated using available computer programs to help establish the experimental design 

parameters and boundary conditions. After choosing the relevant design parameters and boundary conditions, the 

dish which will contain the desired basic state will be constructed. The desired basic state is the return flow basic 

state of Smith and Davis. LDV will be used to observe and measure the basic state obtained in the experiment. 

The surface temperature perturbations of the hydrothermal waves will then be characterized either numerically or 

experimentally. Control or suppression of the hydrothermal waves will be attempted using a CO2 laser as the heat 

source. Locations along the free surface that appear to most effectively cancel or suppress the hydrothermal waves 

will be heated with a laser pulse. The duration and time of pulsing will also be compared with the predicted 

estimates. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to date has been related to optimizing the design of a final hardware configuration. A preliminary 

apparatus has been designed and fabricated, ba.,ed on available data and simple model calculations. Results from 

experiments performed with this apparatus are presently being used to remedy shortcomings observed in the 

experiments and improve the hardware design. 

The objective of the initial experiments was to investigate the establishment of a suitable basic state subject to 

oscillatory instability. Silicone oils with viscosities of 1 and 2 centistokes were used as the test fluids. These 

experiments have confirmed, for some layer depths, the appearance of steady, multicellular states observed 

prcviously by other experimenters. For other layer depths, however, a steady, unicellular structure is observed. The 

appearance of the steady, multicellular state is suspected to be due to the influence of buoyancy and is an undesirable 

fcalure from the standpoint of control oscillatory instability. 

The Smith and Davis theory which originally motivated these experiments has been modified to include the 

influence of buoyancy. Preliminary calculations of stability limits using this theory have indicated that there may 

be a range of dynamic Bond number (and hence, layer depth) for which the earliest appearing instability would be 

that of the oscillatory, hydrothermal-wave variety rather than steady, multicellular flow. The results appear to be in 

qualitative agreement with the range of parameters for which multicellular flow was absent in the early experiments. 

Further experimentation is now required to verify this result. 

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The two silicone oils to be used in these experiments have been characterized. in the sense that surface tension has 

been measured over a temperature range which will include temperatures employed in the experiments. These 

measurements were performed by the Microgravity Advanced Research Support (MARS) Center in Naples. Italy as a 

courtesy to the Principal Investigator. 

The design modifications based on the preliminary tests described above. will permit more precise control of the 

depth. among other things. which is necessary due to the profound influence of the dynamic Bond number noted in 

the earlier experiments. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-61 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

1111111111111111111111 .......... 111 ............ 11 ... '11 ... 1111 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ... 1111111111111111111111.11111111111 

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Industrial Processes 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Simon Ostrach Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. Y. Kamotani Case Western Reserve University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTiVE: 

The objectives of this study are to gain an understanding of the role of gravity in various industrial processes and to 

lij~ ,-dol' new applications of microgravity. 

DES( 'RIPTION: 

The cC'lmnefcial processes and related basic processes that have been investigated or are being investigated include 

':nrercrili~'al extraction processes, coating flows, formation of bubbles in liquid flow, dynamics of liquid-gas 

inlerfaces, tramport phenomena in zeolite growth. rotating electrochemical systems, and transport phenomena in 

cryst;\l growth. 

SICiNIFICt,NCE: 

11K [q!cs of gravity in those processes are being studied by using experimental, numerical, and analytical 

:c:{"~'niquf~s, and Ihe potential benefits of microgravity are being assessed. Based on these studies. microgravity 

, f', • ,;, ,!~E t>t: proposed. 

'J; of this effort are: 

I. A l.iJcOl~ uuu m,'Akl f(Ir :..tte pnxcs3 of bubble and drop formation in a flowing liquid, which is applicable for both 

lerrestrial and microgravity environments, has been developed. Two different flow systems were considered, a 

co ,now system and a cross-flow system. A paper based on the co-flow study hac; been accepted for publication. An 

c ~ ncrimcr:t is heing designed for p:uabolic flights to experimentally study the process of bubble generation in 

llicf(l':(;lVilY. 

2. i\ test setup LO ~tdy '.:cCiCUg l1llW;; has heen I'uill. Tests are being conducted to verify our theoretical model 

developed earlier for coating flows and the data taken so far show good agreement with the theory. 

3. Effects of g-jitter on the dynamics of liquid-gas interfaces in open containers in microgravity have been studied 

numerically. A paper describing the results is being prepared. An experiment is being designed to investigate the 

effect of g-jitter on oscillatory thermocapillary flow. 

4. The growth-in-gel mechanism during zeolite growth is being investigated. We have identified that the behavior 

of the gel portion within the reaction mixture during the growth and the mass transfer of the nutrients to the 

growing crystals are very important to obtain large crystals in microgravity. A paper describing the gel behavior in 

one-g has been published. We are analyzing the gel behavior in microgravity. 

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11-322 
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5. A rotating electrochemical cell is being designed to study the mass transfer and the effect of rotation on the 

growth of dentrites on the electrode surface. The apparatus is designed to simulate rotating batteries which have a 

potential for microgravity applications. 

6. Natural convection in circular cylinders filled with a liquid metal is being investigated experimentally. The 

experiment is designed to study the effect of buoyancy during the Bridgman growth of crystals. Oscillatory 

convection in cylinders heated from below has been studied and a paper on the experiment has been accepted for 

publication. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1189 EXPIRATION: 3/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-30 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Kamotani, Y., Weng, F-B., Ostrach. S., and Platt, J. Oscillatory natural convection of a liquid metal in circular cylinders. 

accepted by Journal of Heat Transfer, 1993. 

Kim, I., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach. S. Modelling of buhhle and drop formation in flowing liquids in micro gravity. 

accepted for AlChE Journal, 1993. 

Zhang, H., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach. S. Growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization and transport phenomena. J. Crys. 

Growth, Vol. 128, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Zhang, H., Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Transport phenomena in growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization in microgravity. 

AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January. 1993. (publish data not given) . 

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11-323 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics .................................. ,111 ....................... ' ..... ' .. 11 .... ' .. , ...... ' ... ,1111.' ......... , ...... , ................... '"1 ........ 11111111111'11., •• ,1111.11.11'11'"11111111111111111 •• '1'"1''''11'11''''""111111111111111111111' 

Two-Phase Interfaces in Weak External Fields. 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jerome K. Percus 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This endeavor expects to establish a theoretical framework that describes the interfacial response of fluids that have 

attractive and repulsive contributions, in interparticle interactions, to external fields - particularly a gravitational 

field. The most interesting result will be the elucidation of how gravitational forces at the microscopic level playa 

key role in interface dynamics. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Analytical Statistical Mechanical formalisms will be employed. Classical Hamiltonians of the interfaces of 

interacting fluids will be modified or developed as needed; 

2. Gravitational external fields will be the central emphasis, but the formalism will hopefully be more general; 

3. r:quilibrium followed by non-equilibrium descriptions are to be developed. It is expected customary as well as 

new analytical strategies will be utilized; 

4. One post-doctoral fellow will support this work. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

A description should develop out of this work that provides a mathematical connection with macroscopic 

hydrodynamics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Activity during FY93 focused principally on thermal equilibrium aspects of two-phase interfaces in weak external 

fields. Before digging into the armory of uncontrolled approximation methods, it is crucial to make sure that the 

questions being asked are meaningful in at least some model context. For this purpose, we have reexamined 

analytically and numerically the hydrodynamic limit of a Lennard-Jones-like pure fluid with independent long and 

short range scaling, attending as well to metastable regimes, with their implications for dynamical processes. 

Closely related to underlying two-phase droplet substructure is the behavior of microemulsions in low gravity. 

These are macroscopically controlled mainly by curvature rather than by surface energy; hidden field representations 

of the surfaces have had increasing success, and are being incorporated into our studies. The theory of complex 

internally anisotropic fluids, two-phase or at boundaries, is still quite controversial; here too, curvature terms play 

an important role, and we are examining in detail the construction of physically relevant interfacial Hamiltonians. 

We have started to investigate complex dynamics-e.g., formation and growth of droplets-under low gravity. 

There is also a large literature on stationary current carrying states under strong external fields, and we are trying to 

bridge the physical and conceptual gap between the strong and the weak, initially by examination of a number of 

scaling relations that have been suggested. 

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TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-76 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-325 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............................ 11 ....... ,111111 .... 11 ....... 111111 ...................... 11 ............................... 111 .................... 11 .................................................. ItIIIIIIIIIII .... ,IIIII.II.II ........... 1I.11.11.11 

Containerless Capillary Wave Turbulence 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Seth J. Puttennan University of California, Los Angeles 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M.B. Barmatz Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JEn 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

We are working toward the goal of studying turbulence in a broad-band spectrum of capillary waves that run around 

the surface of a containerlessly positioned drop of liquid. This experiment would constitute the fIrst controlled 

measurement of turbulence in interacting waves. Consequences of this experiment range from the characterization 

of turbulence to the determination of universal properties of nonlinear systems and signal processing. The presence 

of a new propagating mode (second sound) in the capillary turbulence would have important ramiflcations with 

regard to attempts to achieve controlled thennonuclear fusion. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The problem consists of two components. They are (a) the generation of a turbulent distribution of surface ripples 

and (b) the detection and measurement of this state. These issues are being approached in ground-based experiments 

as well as in arrangements that simulate containerless fluids in microgravity. The ground-based experiments are 

being carried out in a fluid which is excited with a shake table. The preflight experiments are being developed with 

a levitated droplet of liquid. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

Seth Putterman has built and put into use a laser scattering apparatus to calibrate the wire probe measurements of 

the turbulent state in his laboratory. A new means of imaging surface deformation has been developed. This 

method avoids the problems presented by caustics. Programs for analyzing and simulating capillary wave 

turbulence have been tested out on non-linear lattices. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

Total Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-07-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Wright,W., Budak, R., and Putterman, SJ. Capillary wave turbulence [2pPA1]. 1. Acoust. Soc. of Am., 94, 1793, 1993. 

Greenfield, A., Putterman, S., and Wright, W. Observation of a localized chaotic structure in a nonlinear oscillatory 

lattice. Physics Letters, (in press) 1994 . 

...................... ' ...... 111 .. " ..... 11 .............................................................................................................. 111 ......... 11 ................................... 111 .. 1111 ..... 11 ........................ .. 

11-326 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ......... , ............. ' ..... '11 ......... ,1, ........ "1111 ...... "' ......... ,11.1I •• U.U.II"""IIIItI"III .... ,.,I,II.,I.II.,I.,I',I,,1.,111,.".".,111.11'".11.,1,.1111,.1,.1111111111"'11111.1,."111.,1,.".".11 •• " ....... ,1.,1." .... ". 

Dynamics of Superj1uid Helium in Low Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Graham Ross Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of thi:> project is to simultaneously record the 3-axis accelcmtion time history and make a video 

recording of the position of superfluid helium SFHe in a test cell while in a low-gravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The first part of the project is to build a SFHe dewar and a support equipment package to allow operation of tile 

dewar and recording of 3-axis accelerations and video images of the fluid motion on the KC-135. The dewar will 

have optical windows in the side to allow viewing of the liquid helium in the inner test cell. The data recording i~ 

intended to be digital data stored on a hard disk. The float package will be self-contained except for power and 

supply of liquid helium. 

The completed dewar float package will be taken on the KC-135 for one or more flight" to observe the motion 01 

the liquid in low gravity. The recorded accelerations will he used a<; an input to a LMSC-develOped crn code that 

incorporates the two-fluid model of SFHe. The simulation output will he compared to the actual fluid motion 

recorded during the KC-135 flight to verify the accuracy of the ('ompule! mod •. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The final product of the project will be to have a CFD code for SFIIe Lhal has hC~n verified in low rravity. This 

WIll allow pfeoietions of SFHe behavior on future Satellites such as SIRTF, GP-n, and ,\]~.\F \\.·W! :!:,~rcaH:j 

confidence in the accuracy of the simulation. 

PAOGRi·';S OW"He; Ft i Sfi:~. 

Contract was awarded Oct. 5, 1993. Preliminary discussions have been held willI Bob Chave and Pdcr Mason of 

JPL, the tedmicu PDnitor for this Projl'Ct, regarding the use of an existing Sf He dewar r'.nd Utllfc,ncnl,; from its 

nC'at [.adage. Thi~ dewar was nnt available at the time of the l'fOl'os:ll. h:J~ may ofkr a s;gpi!iC:lilt E,:.J'i:-'E';:ll {iiL~ 

<']l(1 Sci,LXlllk if (:ompclnell~~ I.~an hi.! used. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/93 EXPIRATION: 10/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-18 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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11-327 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................................... 1111 .. 1111 ................................ 1111 .... 1111111111111111111111111"1'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.,1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111 

Microscale Modeling of Microgravity Multiphase Flow 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Paul H. Rothe Creare, Inc. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. G.B. Wallis Dartmouth College 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The general objective is to investigate the feasibility of modeling adiabatic multiphase flows on earth in facilities of 

microscopic scale. The specific objectives of this contracted effort are to build, instrument, and test a 

microscale-sized test loop containing a muItiphase flow. This loop---designed and operated for appropriate flow 

conditions and geometries---will potentially scale space-based multipha<;e flow systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The principal investigator will identify, via the appropriate scaling arguments, the important non-dimensional 

quantities governing multiphase flow. The principal investigator will demonstrate, by dynamic similitude, how 

closely on-orbit conditions can be simulated with this microscale system. A microscale system that is 

appropriately sized for the proper range of flow conditions will then be· designed and built. A comparison will be 

made between microscale data from this loop and the following: representative data already available from ground 

tests and low-gravity aircraft tests at larger sizes, existing theory, and in-house numerical models. 

SIGNIACANCE: 

A successful effort will demonstrate a method by which on-orbit, low-gravity, multiphase flow experiments can be 

complimented by low cost, Earth-based microscale experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The Principal Investigator and his colleagues have completed a feasibility study of the use of tiny "microscale" 

facilities on the earth to model multiphase flow in microgravity. They have unified existing small tube data as well 

as adding original data from facilities designed specifically to advance microscale modeling concept. One of these 

microscale facilities was at Creare and the other was at Dartmouth College. Data from these small facilities 

compare well with current flow regime prediction methods. Predictions of multi-phase pressure drop were also 

compared to measured values. The tubes of interest had a diameter of the order of 1 mm and are readily available 

from commercial sources. A draft final report is anticipated to be submitted in October 1993. 

These tests complement the available data from microgravity aircraft experiments, which are typically more costly 

to obtain and are subject to modeling difficulties due to the transient nature of the gravity environment. The 

microscale modeling approach offers potentially cheaper testing over a wide range of fluids and fittings. It is the 

intention of this effort to promote that both aircraft and microscale testing should be fully utilized before full-scale 

flight experiments are pursued . 

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11-328 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................ 1111 .. '1111 ............ , .......... 1111111111111111 ..... 1111 ............ 111111111111111.".1 •• 11111 ...... 111111 ..... 1111111111111111111'"'"111.11'".11.11,,,,,,,,.11.11.1.11.11,1111111.1"11111111111111.111111111111'"'11111111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-70 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-329 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11111111111111111 ............ 1111111111111111111111111111111111111 .... 11111111111111111111111111111111""'"'11111'"11111111111111111"''''11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'"11111111111111 •• 11'"111111.11.1111111 

Ground Based Studies of Thermocapillary Flows in Levitated Drop 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Satwindar S. Sadhal University of Southern California 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

E.H. Trinh Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

For the measurement of the thermophysical properties of undercooled liquids, the idea of spot-heating a test 

sample in a levitated state is to be explored and applied to rclevant materials. That is, a liquid drop levitated in an 

acoustic field could be heated on a small fraction of its area by a laser beam. In addition, simple filament heating 

will also carried out, since this can be achieved WiUl considerable ease. The physical interferencc of Ule filament 

with Ule fluid mechanics will of course have to be taken into consideration. By carrying out the measurements of 

the thermocapillary effects of such heating it is possible to derive the Ulennal properties of Ule sample. However, 

this can only be done with the development of a successful predictive model of the system. The effort will therefore 

consist of both experimental and analytical work. 

1.1 Analytical Part 

'lbe purpose of the analytical part of the proposed program is to develop such a model over several phases. The 

major thrust at present is in ground based studies with plans for a future space experiment. In the current studies 

therefore, the experimentation will involve significant interference of the acoustic field. Thus, for most ca-;es for 

ground based studies, the drops will be deformed to a spheroidal shape. In addition, there is general asymmetry of 

the flow field. While it is acknowledged Ulat many of these complexities do not arise in low gravity, !llere is a great 

deal that can be achieved by ground ba<;ed studies provided the interfcrence by the acoustic field is fully accounted for 

in the analysis. For model development in the direction of a zero-g space experiment, analysis will be canied out 

for liquid shells and compound drops. 

Under the scope of the current investigation, the analytical work will consist of several tasks that will encompass 

UtC fonnulation of Ule differential equations pcrtaining to levitated srops, !lleir analytical and numerical solutioll'; 

and the development of results. 

1.2 Experimental Part 

The experimental problem of interest in this proposal is the thennal response of a spot-heated levitated drop in a 

convective gas flow of varying intensity. The ultimatc objective of !lIe tasks proposed is to quantitatively 

determinc the transient and steady-state temperature distribution on !lle drop surface as a function of time, sample 

physical properties, geometry, and of the input radiant energy. Because of Ule coupling of thermocapillary and 

thennoacoustic phenomena, the interpretation of the resulting !llcnnal state must be canied out in conjunction with 

Ule theoretical analysis of tJle problem. The experimental work will Ums be divided into several sub-tasks, each of 

which must provide data that can be directly conelated with Uleoretical predictions. Although the final goal will be 

to carry out an experiment in microgravity, !llis proposal will limit itself to ground-based investigations using 

proven experimental techniques in order to correlatc with and to verify the theoretical work, as well as to develop 

experimental methods for a potential future microgravity investigation. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the usual Earth-based environment, !lIe convective contribution arises due to buoyancy as well as to the effects of 

the levitation mechanism. In this particular case, the sample may be levitated in a gaseous environment by a high 

intensity ultrasonic field, and the convective now field external to the specimen is caused by acoustically-driven 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1111111111111111111111111111"",,,"111111111111'"'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'"111111111111'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'111111111111111111'"" 

streaming flows in addition to the nonnal buoyancy-driven circulation. The heat transfer problem of detennining 

the transient and steady-state temperature distribution at the surface of the sample will also require the solution of 

the flow field inside the drop driven by thennocapillary effects (and perhaps also by acoustic radiation stresses) 

because of the surface tension gradient introduced at the drop surface by the localized heating. Under other 

circumstances, the sample may be levitated in a vacuum or gaseous environment by electrostatic forces which do 

not generate detectable outer convective flows or droplet distortion. This approach requires, however, the pennanent 

non-unifonn charging of the drop surface; the effects of which are still unknown, but might also alter the 

thennally-driven capillary flows. 

Under these conditions, the relevant non-dimensional parameters will thus include the Reynolds numhers of the 

internal thennocapillary-driven flow, of the steady outer acoustic streaming flow, and perhaps of the high frequency 

acoustic particle motion. The Bond number will be of relevance in order to distinguish between low gravity and 

Earth-based conditions. The Nusselt, Grashof and Marangoni numbers will also playa primary role. Because we 

shall be restricted to rather moderate temperature and to conditions far enough from the boiling point of the liquids 

investigated, mass transfer processes will not be taken into consideration in this case. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The proposed research will provide fundamental understanding of the Marangoni flows associated with localized 

heating of drops and bubbles. For ground based studies where there is interference from the acoustic field, a sound 

numerical model will provide significant new infonnation about the behavior of these complex systems. The new 

work on compound drops will playa fundamental role for a zero-g space experiment. Most importantly, the model 

development along with the experimental studies will represent fundamental groundwork for the measurement of 

thermophysical properties of undercooled liquids. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

1.0 Technical Results 

The work, while being in its preliminary stage, has the following main analytical results. 

1.1 Pure Conduction in an Oblate Spheroid 

In the case of the spheroidal drop, for analytical purposes, it is necessary to identify the interface by a single 

coordinate. To this end, the oblate spheroidal coordinate system works out quite well. The very first problem of pure 

conduction in a spheroidal drop with axisymmetric spot heating has been solved analytically. The results are 

included in a preliminary draft of a paper. The main results are the expressions for the temperature field in the drop 

and the exterior gaseous medium. 

1.2 Outer Acoustic Streaming Around a Spheroid 

Some work has been initiated on the study of acoustic streaming around a spheroid. The purpose here is to 

generalize the work of Lee & Wang (2) who treated the problem of streaming around a sphere and around a cylinder 

in the region outside the boundary layer. So far the asymptotic analysis of the pressure field has been carried out. 

The immediate objective is to calculate the tangential component of the acoustic velocity on the surface of the 

spheroid. This is to be applied to the Stokes equations for the velocity field. 

1.3 Thermoacoustic Streaming from a Sphere 

This work consists of a study of the thennal effects of the steady streaming motion induced by a solid sphere. The 

thennal field is generated by an oscillating boundary condition on the surface of the sphere. The interesting feature 

here is that when the thermal frequency is 'in tune' with the acoustic field, the convective heat transfer tenn remains 

nonzero when the energy equation is averaged over time. This leads to a net flow of energy through the equatorial 

plane of the sphere. 

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1.4 Experimental Study 

Ultrasonic and ultrasonic electrostatic hybrid levitators have been used to develop techniques for controlling the 

rotation of suspended free drops and for measuring the internal flow within the sample. Tracer particles have 

allowed the measurement of a slow circulation within isothermal levitated drops. 

A singular perturbation analysis has been carried out for small values of the streaming Reynolds number 

(UO _ RL. - 1) along with M = R $ L _ A ~ 1. There is equal heating and cooling of the regions above and below 

this plane, respectively. A result for the net flow across the equatorial plane of the sphere has been obtained. 

A paper resulting from this work has been submitted for the 1994 International Heat and Mass Transfer Conference 

(Brighton, UK). 

Conference Effort in Microgravity 

The Principal Investigator has taken a role in organizing technical sessions the National Heat Transfer Conference 

under the auspices of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. At the last conference (Atlanta, August 8-11, 

1993), he chaired two sessions and edited the volume for the proceedings. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-19 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Gopinath, G. and Sadhal, S. Thermoacoustic streaming effects from a sphere subject to a time-periodic temperature 

disturbance., Tenth International Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Brighton, UK, August 1994. 

Sadhal, S.S., and Hashmi, A. (ed.) Heat transfer in microgravity systems, Vol. HTD-235. American Society of Mechanical 

Engineers, 1993, 29th National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, August 8-11. 1993 . 

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Studies in Electrohydrodynamics 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Dudley A. Saville Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This research investigation is designed to conduct experiments to strengthen the experimental foundation for the 

theory through furtller studies of the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders in strong electric fields. 

Part of the work consists of developing systems where the conductivity can be controlled using ionic surfactants so 

as to allow exploration of regions as yet unstudied. Another part of the work will focus on developing a scientific 

rationale for microgravity experiments. In addition to their scientific value, the results of the study will have a wide 

range of technological applications since electric fields offer a means to control fluid motions by exerting tractive 

forces directly on an interface. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Theoretical studies will center on adapting the existing leaky dielectric theory for the stability of a fluid cylinder 

(Saville, 1971 and 1972) to account for the pinning of the contact lines at the upper and lower boundaries. Some 

work will need to be done to ascertain the importance of interfacial tension gradients on jet stability. A simple 

model (Vizika and Saville, 1991) which suggests that sucb gradients playa minor role in our experiments on drop 

deformation has already been developed. However, the thrust of our work is experimental. 

Researcb Approacb - Tbe researcb to be carried out during the first year will be to develop the new detection and 

analysis techniques and to test their effectiveness using a range of model solutes under conditions which can be 

studied effectively in a normal gravity environment. The two subsequent years will be devoted to developing an 

important data base on interfacial transport characteristics and to adapting the entire system to be compatible with 

whatever constraints are imposed by NASA on the experimental rig to be sent on a space shuttle mission. 

Concurrent with these developments, the theoretical modeling will be pursued. The research study consists of 

experimental and (a limited amount 00 theoretical work necessary to prepare a Science Requirements Document 

(SRD) for microgravity experiments. It appears that the need for a microgravity environment can be justified. 

Nevertheless, the possibility that some of the work can be accomplished in drop towers will be investigated, which 

may be feasible using systems with short relaxation times. For this purpose, less viscous fluids will be essential. 

The study will focus on: 

• The use of ionic surfactants to control the conductivity of low dielectric constant liquids. This will provide a 

means to explore the role of fluid conductivity in the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders. 

• The stability of fluid cylinders in longitudinal fields with isopycnic systems. This will furnish experience with 

this geometry and provide some information to test the leaky dielectric model for the stability of fluid columns. To 

the extent possible, ionic surfactants to control fluid conductivity will be used. 

• The deformation of droplets using fluids whose conductivity has been adjusted using a non-ionic surfactant. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Despite substantial effort'> over the past two decades, the foundation of electrohydrodynamics is weak. Relatively 

few experiments have been done to test the leaky dielectric theory, the most promising model of behavior, and 

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much of the work has been of limited scope because of the need to use isopycnic systems to avoid sedimentation 

and hydrostatic pressure effects. This restricts the range of fluid properties that can be studied, and consequently 

there are large gaps in our knowledge. Experimental investigations focussed on the effects of fluid conductivity and 

viscosity are almost non-existent. Moreover, in addition to scientific interest, there is a wide range of applications 

where electrooydrodynamic phenomena play important roles. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The experimental foundation of electrohydrodynamics-fluid motions driven by strong electric fields-is weak, and 

the model proposed by G.I. Taylor (the leaky dielectric theory) is relatively untested. Recent work shows some 

promising areas of agreement, but the range of fluid properties covered is small; the fluids are, for the most part, 

quite viscous, and the range of electrical conductivities is limited due to the need to use isopycnic systems to avoid 

sedimentation and deformation due to hydrostatic pressure effects. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

1 

TASK INITIATION: 06/93 EXPIRATION: 06/01 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-08 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-878 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Saville, D.A. Electrohydrodynamic deformation of a particulate stream by a transverse electric field. Phys. Rev. Letters. 

vol. 71, 2907-2911, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Saville. D.A .• and Swaran, S. The stability of a fluid cylinder in an axial electric field. AlChE Annual Meeting. Miami, 

FL, November, 1992 . 

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Solute Nucleation and Growth in Supercritical Fluid Mixtures 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Gregory T. Smedley Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of the proposed research is to develop a ground-based experiment for measuring the nucleation and 

growth rates of solid particles formed during expansions of supercritical fluid mixtures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. Determine experimental parameters for supercritical expansion processes. These include thermodynamic 

process paths, eqUilibrium solubilities, particle size and growth rate estimates. 

2. Make optical measurements of solid particle nucleation and growth rates in fluid mixtures of CO2 and 

naphthalene that are initially prepared in a supercritical state. 

3. Analyze experimental data, including phenomenological analytical modeling as necessary. 

4. Develop and recommend a flight experiment design based on the results of the ground-based experiment. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These measurements will contribute to the fundamental understanding of how particle formation and growth occurs 

in rapidly expanded supercritical solutions. The experiment is intended to lead to the future development of a 

microgravity experiment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The necessary contractual arrangements are still being processed to fund this proposed research which wa~ accepted 

under the 1991 NRA on Microgravity Fundamental Science. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/94 EXPIRATION: 4/97 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-69 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LcRC 

111 .............. 1111 ................ 1111 ............ 111 ................................. 11.11111111 •• 1.11111.1 ... 111.1111111111 ...... 1111 ....... 11 .... 11.11 .......... 11.,1.,11111 •• 111111.11 ........... 1 .... 11111"'1111.111111.1 •• 111.1111'1111111 

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Behavior of Unsteady ThermocapiIlary Flows 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Marc K. Smith Georgia Institute of Technology 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. J.N. Koster University of Colorado 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to investigate thermocapillary instabilities to provide an understanding of the mechanisms of flow 

instabilities. The study will also indicate how well the stability theory results for simple geometries apply to the 

behavior of thermocapillary flows in more complex geometries. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research approach consists of both a theoretical and an experimental effort. Two nonlinear analytical models for 

study of post-critical thermocapillary flows in a bounded domain will be constructed as part of the theoretical work. 

The models will be used to explore the effects of Pr, interfacial heat transfer, domain size, 3-D disturbances, and 

interfacial deformation on system flow stability. An experimental investigation of thermocapillary instabilities of 

opaque, low Pr and high Pr fluids will be also be performed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This understanding will assist fluid system designers optimize system designs in which thermocapiIlary flows are 

important. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Theoretical Work: 

The theoretical portion of this project has concentrated on describing the thermocapillary instability of a thin or 

liquid layer scales contained in a rectangular enclosure. The assumption that the average thickness of the liquid layer 

is smaller than tbe stream wise or span wise lengtb scales introduces two small parameters called aspect ratios into 

tbe description of tbis flow. A singular perturbation analysis for small values of the aspect ratios allows us to 

compute the outer solution, which is the flow field away from the sides of the enclosure. The computed velocity 

field is known in terms of the layer thickness. Then using the kinematic condition on the free surface, we have 

derived an evolution equation for the shape of the free surface. This is a nonlinear partial differential equation in 

terms of time and the stream wise and spanwise directions. 

To solve tbe evolution equation, we need boundary conditions along the container walls. These are found by 

looking at the inner boundary layer problems for the flow near the container walls. Without having to solve for 

these flows explicitly, we can develop effective boundary conditions for the layer thickness at these walls. The 

result is a well-posed evolution equation for the shape of the free surface of the liquid layer. 

Our analysis of this equation started with finding the steady-state shape for a two-dimensional container. The 

evolution equation reduces to the one found previously by Sen and Davis. The equation is solved numerically using 

a spectral method based on a Chebyshev polynomial expansion for the free-surface position. The nonlinearity is 

dealt with using a Newton-Kantorovich iteration scheme that has been described by Boyd. The numerical solution 

agrees very well with the exact solution that can be found for this special case . 

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The next task was to develop the methodology to detennine the stability of this steady-state flow. A linear stability 

analysis was done to fonn an eigenvalue problem that was solved numerically. The added difficulty here was that 

the basic state is only known numerically. The result for the two-dimensional container was complete stability as 

expected. 

Presently. we are considering a three-dimensional container. The evolution equation has been extended to the 

span wise direction. The effective boundary conditions for the free surface on the sidewalls are being derived. Once 

these are obtained. the basic state and stability will be found as before. Future work will include considering the 

geometry of a thin annulus. which is the three-dimensional rectangular container wrapped around once. This will 

mimic the flow in a float-zone, which is a geometry of some commercial interest. Then we can also consider the 

flow in a float-zone, which is a geometry of some commercial interest. Then we can also consider the flow in a 

long narrow cylinder itself. Finally, we plan to include the effects of inertia to leading order in the evolution 

equation for the free surface. This can be done by using a Karman-Pohlhausen method to approximate the 

streamwise velocity profile. 

Experimental Work: 

The goal for this first year is to set-up and begin the experiments on transparent liquids using optical techniques. So 

far, the optical test cell has been designed and constructed. It is an open. rectangular Plexiglas container about five 

inches long and half an inch wide. The two ends of the cell are held at different fixed temperatures. while the lower 

surface, which is Plexiglas. simulates an insulated surface. The container will be filled with a layer of silicone oil to 

a depth of at most 1 em. This oil will be driven in a thennocapillary motion by the temperature difference of the 

ends of the cell. 

A significant portion of the resources was devoted to acquisition of the laser doppler velocimeter. This device has 

been installed in the laboratory and is being configured for use in the transparent liquid experiments. 

The visualization of the free-surface deflection is perfonned by recording the reflection of an incident laser beam on 

the free surface. As the free surface deflects. the reflected beam moves. The motion of this beam can be directly 

related to the free surface deflection and orientation. The current technique is able to make a video record of the 

beam motion during the course of the experiment. 

After the transparent liquid experiments are completed. measurements of the velocity field in a liquid metal, 

probably gallium, will be perfonned using the x-ray flow visualization technique. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-62 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Capillary Containment of Liquids in a Microgravity Experiment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul H. Steen Cornell University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this research are to explore the range of conditions for which fluid motion can enhance the 

stability of a free or partially-free body of liquid against capillary instabilities, and to determine the motions 

generated when a geometrical configuration becomes unstable and results in rupture. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Linear stability analysis is used to predict stability conditions, and experiments attempt to confirm theory in a 

plateau apparatus. Auxiliary experiments and theory will focus on aspects of stability and capture in thin-film 

systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

This study has resulted in: 

1. The discovery and mapping out, in a variety of contexts, of the windows in parameter space where hydrodynamic 

shear forces can stabilize, according to linear stability theory, capillary break-up in long cylindrical interfaces; rod 

flow (isothermal and thermocapillary-driven); tube flow; and core-annular rod flow. In particular, the physical 

mechanism of stabilization has been identified. 

2. The designing, building, and testing of an apparatus capable of shear-stabilization in a parameter range where 

theory suggests stabilization may occur. Experiment<; show reasonable agreement with theory. In the course of the 

experimental investigation, a pressure-drop method of fine-tuning neutral buoyancy has been discovered. 

3. The development of a simpler analog experimental system, the soap-film bridge, by means of which many of 

the fundamental influences of motion 011 sUlbility may be studied. The soap film bridge has illustrated details of the 

collapse phenomenon never before documented. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-27 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Flow-Influenced Shape Stability: Breakup in Low Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul H. Steen Cornell University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The configuration of a liquid held by surface tension under low gravity is susceptible to significant modification by 

liquid motion. Motion destabilizes in general but there are narrow circumstances where motion can stabilize. The 

objective is to identify these circumstances theoretically by solving linear and nonlinear stability problems, and to 

try to locate them in experiments conducted with a dynamic Plateau apparatus. 

DESCRIPTION: 

For the approach, linear stability analysis is used to predict stability conditions, and experiments attempt to confirm 

theory in a Plateau apparatus. Auxiliary experiments and theory focus on aspects of stability and capture in 

thin-film systems. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Overall, the goal of this work is an understanding of the influence of flow on shape. The breakup of liquid bridges 

and columns, and the coalescence of droplets, occurs in technologically important processes involving-among 

others-phase separation near the critical point of liquid mixtures, quenching of miscibility gap molten metal 

alloys, and float-zone crystal growth. Motion often influences the crucial shape formation process in application. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

1. The theory of static capillary surfaces has been applied to liquid bridge configurations beyond the 

Plateau-Rayleigh limit. An analysis of multiply unstable states (Le. states with multiple modes of instability) 

gives insight into what must be done in order to stabilize those states. While developing a scheme for classifying 

shapes, a wavenumber invariance property of configurations has been discovered. 

2. Experiment shows excellent agreement with theory for a range of parameters. On the other hand, the predicted 

window of stabilization is rather narrow and modifications to the apparatus are required to reach parameters most 

favorable to stabilization. To date, limited stabilization has been achieved experimentally. 

3. Capillary breakup involves the change from a connected to a disconnected state. Fundamental difficulties remain 

in the quest to capture the trajectory in state space that carries systems through topological change. These issues 

have been studied in the context of the collapse of a soap-film bridge. A self-similar dynamics of the collapse has 

been documented and a prediction of satellite bubble size has been developed. These results represent a step towards 

resolving the fundamental difficulties and have technological implications (Le. they are relevant to a broad class of 

systems). 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 1196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-57 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Lowry. B.I .• and Steen. P.H. Stabilization of an axisymmetric liquid bridge by viscous flow. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, (in 

press). 

Proceedi n gS: 

Lowry. B.J., and Steen. P.H. Capillary surfaces: Stability from families of equilibria with application to the liquid bridge. 

Cornell 1beory Center Technical Report. CTC93TR 150. 1993. 

Lowry, B.J .• and Steen, P.H. Flow-influenced stabilization of liquid columns in a dynamic plateau chamber. AIAA 

93-0255. 1993. 

Steen, P.H.. Cryer. S.A .• and Lowry. B.J. Self-similar dynamics of the collapse of a soap-film bridge. Annual DFD/APS 

Meeting, Albcquerque. NM. November 1993. (in press) . 

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Interactions of Bubbles and Drops in a Temperature Gradient 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. R. Shankar Subramanian Clarkson University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. R. Balasubramaniam NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to study the interactions of bubbles and drops in the presence of a temperature 

gradient in the continuous phase. Both theoretical and experimental research is planned on the interactions of drops 

with each other or with a neighboring boundary. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The emphasis of the initial effort is on the design, fabrication and set up of the experimental hardware, and to check 

its performance. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The goal is to understand how the presence of a neighboring drop alters the motion of a test drop and whether the 

two drops coalesce. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A search was conducted of potential liquid-liquid pairs for this experiment. These pairs must satisfy requirements 

regarding densities, immiscibility, interfacial tension, and refractive index. Two systems were identified as 

promising candidates. 

The video equipment for recording the behavior of the drops is being upgraded. Also, work is underway on 

identifying the proper choice of injection system to deliver drops of the desired size range. A new test cell is being 

designed for the conduct of the experiments. 

A new digital thermometer and a data acquisition system were purchased to replace obsoletelbroken equipment. 

Also, some computer programming was done to customize the data acquisition system. 

TASK INITIATION: 3/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-58 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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Instability in Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Harry L. Swinney 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. W.D. McCormick 

Prof. J.B. Swift 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Texas, Austin 

University of Texas, Austin 

University of Texas, Austin 

The objectives of this work are to investigate the primary and secondary instabilities in surface-tension driven 

convection and in double-diffusive convection in !be Hele-Shaw geometry, and to characterize bo!b !be global 

structures and !be local flow properties of Bernard Convection. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Noninvasive optical techniques will be developed and employed to study the primary and secondary instabilities over 

a wide range of Marangoni numbers. Theoretically, nonlinear analyses for !be long wave (k=O) instability will be 

conducted wi!b surface deflection included. Direct numerical simulation of the two- and !bree-dimensional 

incompressible fluid equations will be used to investigate both weakly non-linear behavior near the primary 

instability and secondary instabilities in Marangoni convection. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Preliminary qualitative observations of the onset of convection in thin layers (Ar=30) indicate that !be transition 

occurs at M=80, in accord wi!b predictions of linear stability analysis but contrary to an earlier report of onset at 

much smaller M. 

Very qualitative measw-ements were also made on a 0.2 mm thick layer (Ar=250) of various viscosities to study !be 

long wavelength instability. The measurements will now be made more precise to determine whe!ber the instability 

arises at the predicted value of M = 1 for the conditions of the experiment, and to examine the post-onset behavior of 

the convection. 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-41 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

..................................................... llIlIltiltlllllllIlll ... 1111111 ........ 1 .... 11111.11.11.11111111 .... "1111111111111111111 ..... 11 .... ""111'11""''''''11'1''11'11''''1''11111111111111111111 .. ,11'11''''11.11.1111111,.1,.,,1 

11-342 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111111 ...................... 1111 ............................... .,1 ......... 11 ....... 111 ...... ' .... 111 .... 11 ... '111 .. 1111 ........ 11 .................... 1111 ......... 11111111.1"1111111111111111111'1' •• 11'111111111111 .. 1 ... 11111111111.1111 .. 1 ... 11 

Crystal Growth and Fluid Mechanics Problems in Directional Solidification 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Saleh Tanveer 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. G. Baker 

Dr. M. Foster 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Ohio State University 

Ohio State University 

Ohio State University 

Most of the effort in this task will be in trying to build a comprehensive theory for dendritic crystal growth, with 

and without fluid convection. This is a difficult task as it involves a nonlinear time-dependent evolution equation 

that is nearly ill-posed when capillarity effects are small. Bridgman Crystal Growth situations will also be studied. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The effort will primarily consist of a numerical study of possible bifurcations of steady-state solutions that may be 

steady or oscillatory in two or three dimensions. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

It is expected that some interesting subclasses of problems will be found for extreme values of parameters; in these 

cases, it is possible that the essential phenomena can be captured by a nonlinear analysis of equations that contain 

only a few parameters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

During the period of support (January I, 1993-present), very substantial progress has been made in two different 

aspects of crystal growth problem. 

A. Dendritic Crystal Growth 

Most of the current work in existing literature is based on finding a steady state solution and working out its linear 

stability properties. It is generally agreed that with isotropic surface tension there are no steady state solutions that 

are close to the well-known Ivantsov parabola. Anisotropy in surface tension causes selection. It is surmised by 

some that the convective linear instability of noise superposed on the steady solution leads to dendrite 

micro-structures. However. such theories ignore nonlinear interactions that leads to coarsening and can perhaps 

explain a steadily propagating tip and side branching as of a time dependent phenomenon, not relying on any 

underlying steady state assumption. Along these lines. we have made specific progress in two limits of small and 

large Peclet numbers. 

In the small Peelet number limit. we (Kunka, Tanveer. Foster. 1993) have derived equations valid in various regions 

of the temperature field, without resorting to an adhoc quasi-stationary assumption. In an 0(1) region around the 

tip. we have found that the nonlinear time dependent problem allows exact solutions that describe both tip splitting 

and side-branching when surface tension is neglected. Further. in a limited way. we have also examined how a 

small nonzero surface tension changes such solutions. In the limit of small surface tension, we find that all 

complex singularities move towards the physical domain, which is the source of extreme sensitivity to initial 

conditions . 

........... 1111 ............................................. 11 .. 1111 ................ 11.111 ...... 11 ................ 11 ......... 11 ..... '111111 .. 1111.11.1111 .... flllI ...... ' .. IIII •• I ....... II.,II.II.II.II.II.III.I'.II.II .... 111111111111111.11111111 

11-343 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1111 ........ 111111 .. 11 .. 111 ......................... 1111 .. 1111 .. 11' ......... 11 ....... 11 ..... 111111111111111.11 ...... 111 ... 11 ........ 111111111111111111'''I.II .. I.II.II.II.IIIIIIIIIII.IIIItIIIIl.II.II.II.I''I .. I.IIIIIIIIII.'1'11111'11111111111'" 

In the large Peclet number limit (Foster, 1993), for a specific ordering of the size of disturbance (super-posed on an 

Ivantsov solution) and inverse Peclet number, we have reduced the evolution problem to a second-order nonlinear 

partial differential equation in one one space variable. Again, there is no resort to a quasi-stationary hypotheses. 

Further, we fmd that the partial differential equation changes nature from elliptic (ill-posed) to hyperbolic in the 

presence of surface tension. 

B. Bridgman Crystal Growth 

In this problem, we (Tanveer, 1993) have continued our previous efforts and have obtained explicit expressions for 

radial segregation and interfacial slope in the limit of large thermal Rayleigh-number. We have also suggested a 

heat transfer criterion that will minimize these quantities. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-53 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Tanveer, S. Convection effects on radial segregation and crystal melt interface in vertical Bridgman growth. Phys. FI. A, 

(resubmitted) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Foster, M.R. Temporal development of a needle crystal for large pec1et number. (in preparation). 

Kunka, M.D., Tanveer, S., and Foster, M.R. Nonlinear time evolution of a dendritic crystal for peclet number. (in 

preparation) 1993 . 

.................. " .............................................................. 1I1I11I111111111I11I,,1 .. 1I11I111111111I.1I"1,,".tI ...... I •• IIIIIII.ltl ... 11111 ...... .,1 ... 111 ....................... 1111 .. 1 ............. 1 .. 1111111111111,1.,'" 

11-344 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111 .. 111 .. 1111 ...................................................................... 11.111.11.1111111111111"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 •• 111 ............. 11 .... 111111111111111.11.11111111111111' •• 1 •• 1.11111.1.1111.111,1111111111 

Oscillatory/Chaotic Thermocapillary Flow Induced by Radiant Heating 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert L. Thompson 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. K. DeWitt 

Dr. K. Hsieh 

D. Van Zandt 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

University of Toledo 

Sverdrup Technology, Inc. 

ADF 

The main objective of the research is to study the oscillatory and chaotic thennocapillary flows induced by radiant 

beating of the free surface of a high Prandtl number fluid. Both ground-based experiments and numerical analysis 

will be conducted to study effect of heating level (supplied by CO2 laser), surface shape, aspect ratio, and PrandU 

number on the conditions for transition from steady to oscillatory flows and then to chaotic flows. In the 

experiments, flow structures will be observed using a flow visualization technique and temperature distribution on 

the free surface will be measured using an infrared (IR) imager. Numerical results will be compared with 

experimental data. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A CO 2 laser is used to provide the heat source. The profile of the laser intensity in the radial direction can be a 

Heaviside function or a Gaussian function with variable beam diameter. The material of the test chamber is a 

copper water jacket, providing well-controlled wall temperature. The bottom wall of the test cell is heat insulated. 

An IR imager is used to measure surface temperature distribution and several thennocouples are implanted in the 

test chambers, including one at the bottom. Critical powers of the CO 2 laser at the onset point of oscillatory flow 

are measured at various aspect ratios and dynamic Bond numbers. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The strategy of this study is to ftrst compare the measured onset conditions for oscillatory flows with results from 

linear stability analysis. With the designed experimental conditions, surface tension and buoyancy effects are 

equally important. If close comparison between experimental and numerical results can be obtained, it could 

support the validity of numerical prediction of the onset conditions for pure Marangoni flow. This can help the 

design of possible space experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A series of experiments bas been conducted to study the onset of oscillatory flows. The critical power of the CO2 

laser at the onset point has been measured at various aspect ratios and dynamic Bond numbers. It was found that, 

for fixed beam to chamber diameter ratio and ftxed Bond number, the critical power decreases when the aspect ratio 

increases. In addition, the critical power increases with the Bond number as other parameters are ftxed. Currently, it 

is intended to identify the domain of unstable flow on the map of aspect ratio and Bond number. In the meantime, 

the critical Marangoni numbers corresponding to each point in the unstable domain are being measured. 

In parallel to the experimental work, a numerical program for predicting the onset conditions of the oscillatory flow 

is being developed. The methodology is based on the linear stability analysis. Currently, the numerical solutions 

have compared well with the analytical results in cases of Benard-Marangoni instability of an infinite layer and the 

stability of plane Poiseuille flow . 

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11-345 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 ... 1111 .. 11 ..... 111111111 .......................... 1 ............... 11 ......... , ........ 11 .. '1111 .. 11 ..... 111 ......................................... 1111 .............. ' ..... 111 ... 1111 ..... 111 ............................... ' ..... 1111 ... 1t1 .. 11 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 10192 EXPIRATION: 10195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-67 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

.11.111 ....... " .. 111' .. 11 .......... 111 ........ 1111 ........ 1111 ..... ' .. '"11 .... 11.' .... 11111111111111 ........ 11 ..... 11 ........................... , ........ 11 ........ 1111.11111" .............. ' .. 11.' ........ 111 ... 1' ............ 1111 .. 11111.1.11.1 

11-346 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11114111111 ...... 11 .................... '11 ... 111111111 ........... 1111111111Illtllllllltllll.I"III.IIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIII .. 111111111I111"1'.11111'111111111111111111111111.11.111 .. 111111111111'111111111.111111111.,1'111111,,1111111111111111111 

Transport Processes Research 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert L. Thompson NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this task is to promote, foster, and enhance the quality and breadth of microgravity research 

conducted in the discipline of fluid physics by advancing the understanding of thermal and mass transport processes 

wben buoyancy-driven convection is reduced or eliminated. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approacb to achieving the task objective is to provide LeRC in-house support to assist sponsored principal 

investigators in the conduct of their research (particularly when that research can benefit from unique expertise or 

facilities at LeRC), while guiding and assisting in the definition of flight experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This task will assist in program planning and outreacb programs in the external community, and it will conduct 

in-bouse researcb to advance the understanding of transport and interfacial pbenomena through exploitation of the 

microgravity environment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the area of thermocapillary bubble/drop migration, asymptotic results for the bubble velocity that were 

previously obtained for large Marangoni numbers have been extended to higher orders. The temperature distribution 

around a migrating bubble has been numerically calculated when the flow field is represented as potential flow. 

Interferometry has been used to obtain the temperature field in a stably stratified liquid layer distorted by a settling 

solid sphere. 

Measurement capabilities of the LeRC Fluid Physics Laboratory were used to support multiple flight projects. 

Accurate thermophysical property data such as surface tension (for both liquid-gas and liquid-liquid surfaces) and 

viscosity with temperature were produced for fluids used in several flight experiments. Optical techniques were 

developed for particle tracking in fluid flows. 

Tests were conducted in the drop tower to examine evaporation from a capillary interface. Unfortunately, the drop 

tower was closed for refurbishing before suitable results could be obtained. 

Analysis was continued of the results of tests in the LeRC drop tower examining the effects of expansions and 

contractions on water-air two-phase flows. 

Extensive tests were conducted in the drop tower to examine both capillary flow in wedges and capillary flow driven 

by surface wettability. Results to date qualitatively agree with the limited existing predictions but also clearly show 

the need for both additional tests and extended theories. 

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11-347 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............................................... 111111 •• 1111111111111111111111111 .. 11.111111111111 .. 11111111111' .. 111111111111111111 •• 11111111IIIIIU"llitlIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIII.,I,IIIIIIIUIIIIII11"1"1'111111111111111111111111111111111 

An asymptotic analysis was perfonned to predict characteristic times for fluid reorientation in vessels with interior 

comers. This is an important parameter for many fluid processes in low gravity. 

Analysis was made to predict the wetting speed of a liquid film flowing over a heated flat plate. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 1194 

BS Students: 2 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Balasubramaniam. R .• and Subramanian. R.S. Thennocapillary bubble migration: Thermal boundary layers for large 

marangoni numbers. J. Fluid Mechanics. (submitted). 

Ovryn, B.o and Hovenac, E.A. Coherent forward scattering particle image velocimetry. SPIE Volume 2005: Optical 

Diagnostics in Fluid and Thermal Flow. 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Balasubramaniam. R .• and Subramanian, R.S. Thermocapillary bubble migration: The asymptotic problem for large 

Marangoni numbers. AIChE Annual Meeting, SI. Louis, November 1993. (in press). 

Forbes, S.1 .. Rashidnia, N., and Balasubramaniam. R. Abel inversion of irregularly-spaced discrete interferometric fringe 

data: A geometrical approach. APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Meeting, Albuquerque, November 1993, (in press). 

Lee. J. Scaling analysis of gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern in microgravity. Presented at Reno. Nevada meeting. lanuary 

1993. AIAA 93-0914. 1993. 

NASA Technical Memoradums: 

Lee, 1 .• and Platt, J.A. Prediction of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime in microgravity. NASA TM 106274. 1993. 

Platt,l.A. An analytical investigation of transient effects on rewetting of heated thin flat plates. NASA TM 106120. 

1993. 

Presentations: 

Balasubramaniam. R. Thermocapillary bubble migration: Solution of the energy equation for potential flow approximated 

velocity fields. IMACS Symposium. Banga1ore, India. December 1992. 

111 .......... 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 11111 .. 1 .. 11111111 .. 1 .. 1111111111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 1111111 .... 1 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111.11.111111111111111111111111 ... 1111111111111,".1 •• 1'11 

11-348 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1111 ........ 1111111 ... 11 .. 1 ........................................ , ............ , ... 111111.11 .. 11'111111111111111111111111,11''''''''1 .. 1'111'111111.11.11111'"'11'11111.11 •• 1.11.11111111111 .. '1'1 •• 11.111111111111"'11111111111'1111"11111'1111 

Marangoni-Bernard Instabilities in Liquid Layers with Small to Medium Aspect Ratios. 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert L. Thompson NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. J.e. Duh Sverdrup Tech., Inc 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to determine the critical Marangoni number at the onset of Marangoni-Bernard instabilities (MBI) 

in liquid layers with small to medium aspect ratios, and to study the post-onset evolution of Bernard convection. 

DESCRIPTION: 

1. A combined numerical and experimental effort is conducted to study the MBI problem; 

2. The experimental study is focused on determining the critical Marangoni numbers; 

3. The numerical approach is to simulate the post-onset evolution of convection pattern. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The experiment apparatus has been integrated. Shadowgraph pictures of the hexagonal paltem were obtained. An IR 

imaging technique was tested to measure the surface temperature profile and the flow pattern; it also produced 

satisfactory results. 

The numerical investigation of the onset of convection in a liquid layer with small to medium aspect ratio has been 

completed. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 307-51-00 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

NASA TM: 

Dreissler, R.I., Oron, A., and Duh. J.C. Marangoni instability in a liquid layer with two free surfaces. NASA Technical 

Mem.l06166, Icomp-93-15, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Duh, J.e., Marangoni-Bernard convection in a low-aspect- ratio liquid layer. Presented at International Symposium on 

Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing China. May 1993. (publish data not given). 

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11-349 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 1''',II.II.II'llIllIllIllIllIllItlllIl ... II.II.II.'''.II.''.IIIIII.,.1,.1111111111111111111111.11111111111.111111.11111111.11.11.11111111.11.11" ... ,1111111.11.11.1111111"11111111111111111111111111111," ..... 'II,IIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 

Computational Studies of Drop Collision and Coalescence 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Gretar Tryggvason University of Michigan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. D. Jacqmin NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to investigate the behavior of bubbles and drops in microgravity by full numerical 

solutions of the governing equations. The collision and thermal migration of drops are studied in detail to provide 

essential input for material processing and fluid handling in space. These problems also serve as a test bed for 

refinements and extensions of the numerical technique being used, thus helping to develop the capability to predict 

accurately the behavior of free-surface fluid systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A numerical technique, based on explicit tracking of the interface between two immiscible fluids, is used in this 

study. This method has now been extended to deal with both the thermal migration and the rupturing of thin films. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The unique aspect of the method is that it accounts fully for both inertia and viscous effects in both fluids and 

allows the inclusion of surface tension. It is also well suited for complicated interface geometries and has been 

implemented for fully three-dimensional flows. The basic aspect of this method is described in the Journal of 

Computational Physics, vol. 100 (1992), p. 25. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have conducted extensive computations of the head-on collision of drops, establishing the dependency of the 

evolution on the governing parameters and, in particular, the sensitivity to the time of coalescence. The simulations 

show that it is important to predict this time accurately, and currently we are working on a "sub grid" model to 

predict this time in a physically correct way. We have also initiated work on non-head-on collisions of drops where 

the evolution is fully three-dimensional. 

The thermal migration simulations are still two-dimensional. We have focused on the collective behavior of many 

drops and found rather remarkable pattern formation processes where the drops line up across the channel as they 

migrate toward the hot wall. This phenomenon, which has not been found before, has far-reaching implications for 

material processing. 

Next year our focus will be mainly on the fully three-dimensional counterparts of these two problems. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 1/92 EXPIRATION: 1/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LcRC 

..................... 'UI ....................................... IItIIlIIlIIlI .. 11I1 .................. 11111111 .................. 11111 ...... ,111111111 .............. '"''111111111111111.1.'1111.11.,1111'1.,.1'' •• ,.'''''''''.f'III""III",'I,11111 

11-350 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111111111'"'''"11''"''11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"'"111.111111 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111. 

Residual Accelerations in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jorge Vifials Horida State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This research program focuses on developing a realistic theoretical model of the high frequency components of the 

residual acceleration field (or g-jiUer), and at studying its effect on a variety of typical fluid experiments. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The high-frequency components of the residual acceleration field are modeled as a stochastic or random process; that 

is, as a succession of random values of the intensity and orientation of the acceleration. Our research is divided into 

two major parts, one analytical and the other numerical in character. In the first part, a hydrodynamic problem is 

formulated that explicitly includes a random, time-dependent gravitational acceleration that is modeled as a 

narrow-band noise. In the second part, numerical algorithms arc developed to simulate the random fields and 

incorporate them into Navier-Stokes equation solvers. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have completed the study of the linear stahility of a free fluid surface under a fluctuating gravitational field. We 

have found that the stability analysis can be reduced, in the underdamped limit, to studying the equation of the 

parametric harmonic oscillator for each of the Fourier components of the surface displacement Analytic results for 

the stahility of the second moments of the stochatic parametric oscillator have heen ohwined in the limits of low 

frequency oscillations, and near the region of subharmonic parametric resonance. We have obtained that an external 

driving force with a broad frequency spectrum leads to parametric resommce in a wide frequency range. The resonant 

behavior is not given by the superposition of the resonances produccd hy cach of the frequency components because 

of the nonlinear coupling betwecn the cxternal force and the oscillatm coordinate. Fnrthennore, the resonant 

behavior of the second moments is in general weaker than the resonance Illat would result from any of the frequency 

component'> acting alone, at equal area of the power spectrum. Our results apply tn other C(L~es in which the linear 

stahility analysis reduces to the Mathieu equation (e.g .. the stress-fret.: Rayleigh-Denard problem or thermosolutal 

conyel..i.ion during directional solidification in a time dependellt gravitational fidd). 

A Ilumerical scheme ha'> been developed in integrate the equatioll of til.: par:illll'tric ()'cillator dIivCIl hy narrow hand 

nOISC. The meUlOd developed is explicit and second order ill tillle. al!d (reat., tile ,tochastic contrihution exactly. 

The results of the numerical integration agree very well with the analytic predictiollS for the stahility houndaries of 

the second moments of the harmonic oscillator. 

The cases discussed above involve systems ill which the density of tile fluid is uniform everywhere except in nan·ow 

regions at which the density gradient is large (e.g., interfacial regions). We have extended our study to include 

systems in which there is a smooth density gradient across the flui,l, pcrhap.' due to temperature or composition 

gradients. The configuration that we have analyzed is that of cavity flow ill a laterally heated con Winer. A 

simplified analytical model has been derived to study the onset of macroscopic lIuid now due to g-jitter, a'> well as 

its characteristic onset time and velocity scale (L~ a function of the par;unetcrs of the Boise. I\. numerical algorithm 

to solve tilC Boussinesq equations with a stocha<;tic gravitational field has bel'll de\'cluped and is heing currently used 

to study this type of flow. 

"'"'11111111111111111111111'1111"111111111111111111111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111, .. 1 .. 1111111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 111111111111,11 ...... ,11,1''''''1.111'1,,111.11.111 .. 1111 .. 1111111 .. 1,111111'1.,1'.1"1111111111111111111111111.111 .. 1111111, •• ,111.11.1.1'.111111111"11'111111"1.,.1,.1.1'111'1111111.11.111111111'.1,11.11111111111111111111.111111111111"'111' 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

2 

TASK INITIATION: 6/91 EXPIRATION: 5/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-36 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Casademunt. 1 .. and Iasnow. D. Finger competition and viscosity contrast in viscous fingering. A topological approach. 

Phys. Rev. E., Preprint FSU-SCRI-93-11. (submitted) 1993. 

Ca~ademunt. 1 .• and Vinals, 1. Convection induced by a fluctuating acceleration field. (to appear) Proc. of the ASME, 

1993. 

Casademunt. J., Zhang, W., Vinals, I., and Sekerka. R.F. Stability of a fluid surface in a micro gravity environment. AIAA 

1, (in press). 

Jimenez-Aquino, J.I., Sancho, I.M., and Casademunt, 1. Non-linear relaxation time for stochastic processes driven by 

non-gaussian noises. Decay of Unstable States. Physica A., (submitted). 

Mullins. W.W., and Vinals, J. Scaling in liner bubble models of grain growth. Acta metall. mater., 41, 1359, 1993. 

Vinals, I., and Iasnow, D. Coarsening following a morphological instability in the one-sided model. Phys. Rev. A, 46, 

7777, 1992. 

Zhang. W .. and Vinals, 1. Proc. American Physical Society Meeting of the Division of Fluid Mechanics. Bull. Amer. 

Phys. Soc. (Tallahassee), 37, 1808, 1992. 

Zhang, W., Casadermunt, 1., and Vinals, I. Study of the parametric oscillator driven by narrow band noise to model the 

response of a fluid surface to time-dependent accelerations. Phys. Fluids A, (in press). 

Proceedings: 

Thomson, I.R., and Vinals. I. Cavity flow induced by an effective random gravitational field. Proc. 32nd Aerospace 

Sciences Meeting, Paper AlAA-94-0438. (in press). 

Vinals, J .. and Sekerka, R.F. Effective diffusion equation in a random velocity field. 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

AIAA-92-0245. 1992. 

Zhang. W .. Casademunt, J., Vinals, 1., and Sekerka, R.F. Effect of g-jitter on the stability of the free surface of a fluid. 

31th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Paper AIAA-93-091I. 1993. 

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11-352 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11 .............................. 111 .. 1111 ............ 11 ........................... 1111 ...... IIU ...................... IIII ..... ''' .. IIIIIIIIII.IIII ........................................ 1111 ... 1 ...... 111111 .......... 111 ...................... .. 

Studies of the Dynamics of Charged Free Drops 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Taylor G. Wang Vanderbilt University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The dynamic behavior of a charged liquid drop has been the subject of investigation. The basic assumption is that 

the charge essentially reduces the surface tension of a neutral drop; hence the shapes and stabilities of a liquid drop 

are greatly affected by the amount of charge presented on the drop surface. Various theories have been developed to 

predict the dynamic responses of a drop under different charge conditions. 

However, two major obstacles make bias-free experiments rather difficult to achieve for ground-based experiments. 

One is the determination of charge quantity on a liquid sample. The proposed research objectives to be attained at 

Vanderbilt University in ground-based research are to optimize flight experiments and to advance our fundamental 

understanding of the dynamics of charged drops. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The study of the oscillation and rotational dynamics of charged liquid drops sustained by surface tension is 

interesting from both a fundamental standpoint and a practical standpoint vis-a-vis processing materials in space. 

The proposed ground-based experiments wiII help us to further the understanding of drop behavior and to optimize 

the approved flight experiments. 

One of the major technical problems facing all charged-drop experiments is the determination of charge quantity on 

a liquid sample. To avoid the contamination and source loading problems, a noncontact charge-measuring technique 

is preferred. From basic physics, there is only one way to determine the potential of a charged object by noncontact 

means, and that is to measure the strength of the electrostatic field generated by the charge object. With precise 

calibration based on the geometry of the system and measuring distance, the field strength can be used to obtain the 

potential of the charged object. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Ground-based support studies on oscillating and rotating charged drops are underway at Vanderbilt University in an 

acoustic levitation chamber. 

Study 1. 

The dynamics of drop oscillation. The present experiments are predominantly concentrating on studying the 

dynamics of charged free drops with negligible momentum interaction with the surroundings and drops with uniform 

surface charges. Acoustic forces will be solely used to levitate such drops. In addition, an immiscible levitation 

system will also be set up for making measurements on internal fluid flows in oscillating drops. Extensive flow 

visualization will be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies of drop dynamics. 

Study 2. 

The dynamics of charged drop oscillation. A very-high-resolution charge-measurement system was developed at 

Vanderbilt University last year. This charge-measurement system has been incorporated into the ground-based 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics 11111 ........................................................... 1111 ........ '"1111 .. "1"1I'1I11I1.1I.1I .. 1I'''''''.II.II''IIIIIIIIIIII,".n .. IIII •• II ... ,IIIII.1I111111 ... 1111111111111111111111 .... 1111 ........ 1111 .... 1111111111.11"1 .. 1 .. 1111 

acoustic levitator to study the dynamics of charged drop oscillations. A high-speed video system was used to 

determine the forced shape oscillation. 

This year, variations of the drop oscillation amplitude decay changes in maximum oscillation amplitude viscosity 

and charge density will be examined. The freely decaying oscillations of charged drops on removal of acoustic 

excitation will be characterized. The effect of drop viscosity on drop behavior will be examined by using more 

viscous fluids like glycerine. Special attention will be devoted to the controlled study and characterization of the 

instabilities leading to mode coupling and to drop fission during large-amplitude oscillations. 

Study 3. 

The dynamics of charged drop rotation. Rotation experiments will be performed on charged free drops. Earlier 

rotation experiments on drops in an acoustic levitation system have shown good agreement with theoretical 

predictions. However, the experiments on the rotating drops have shown only axisymmetric and 20l0bed shapes. It 

is hoped that charged drops can be stably levitated over a reasonable length of time so that rotation experiments can 

be performed on them which will provide additional insights into this phenomena. Initially, a high viscosity fluid, 

like glycerin, will be used in the experiments. Drops will be rotated by acoustic torque. 

Study 4. Conduction of combined oscillation and rotation experiments on charged drops. The objective of the 

ground-based studies will be to perform simultaneous oscillation and rotation experiments on charged free drops and 

to provide a scientific information base for future SpaceLab experiments. 

Study 5. 

Development of internal flow field diagnostics technology. An immiscible drop levitation system was set up for 

the quantitative study of internal fluid motion in large drops (1 em diameter). The proposed flow visualization 

technique will use the afterglow of UV excited phosphorescent tracer particles to retrieve vectorial information on 

particle motion. Zinc sulfide-coated, quasi-neutrally buoyant polystyrene particles r5~ diameter) will be used as 

tracer. A UV strobe sheet or a pulsed nitrogen laser sheet Cl mm thickness) will be used to illuminate and excite 

the tracer particles in the center plane of the drop. Both real-time video imaging and time-lapsed photography will 

be used to study internal motion. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1/92 EXPIRATION: 12/93 

Total Students: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

................................................ "111 .................... 1 ............................... 11 .. 1111 ........... 11111111 .. 11111.11 .............. 1111lI.n .. II.I.II.III"IIIIIIIIII.IIII.I'.I.I ••• I.IIIIIIIIIII'11I •• 11 .......... 11.11111 

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Experimental Study of the Vapor Bubble Thermosyphon 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Peter C. Wayner, Jr. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. J. Plawsky Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this effort is to better understand the physics of evaporation and condensation as they affect the heat 

transfer processes in a vapor bubble thennosyphon (VBT). In small systems, interfacial intennolecular forces can 

be used to control fluid flow and heat transfer. The VBT is one such system, consisting of a small enclosed 

container partially filled with a liquid. When a temperature difference is applied to the ends of the VBT, evaporation 

occurs at the hot end and condensation at the cold end - resulting in a very effective heat transfer device. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A transparent VBT will be designed and developed. The microscopic intennolecular force field, a function of the 

liquid thickness profile, will be measured using microcomputer-enhanced video microscopy based on ellipsometry 

and interferometry. The temperature field will be measured using the interline absorbed film thickness and small 

temperature sensors. 

Models of the transport processes in a VBT that include the effects of liquid-solid and liquid-vapor intennolecular 

forces have already been developed. As a part of this effort. these models will be further refined and the transport 

characteristics of VBTs will be obtained by comparing the experimental data to numerical solutions of the model. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

By studying liquid-ftlm thicknesses and temperatures in a VBT, a better understanding of the process can be gained 

that will lead toward optimization of VBT designs. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A preliminary experimental study of vapor bubble thennosyphons has been accomplished. In it measurements of 

wall temperatures (using thennocouples) and liquid film thicknesses (using an image analyzing interferometer) were 

made to characterize behavior of the VBT; valuable experience was gained in the operation of such systems. 

Difficulties were found in finding a proper fluid and container material combination so that the system will have 

desirable characteristics both optically and thennally. Proper procedures for filling the cells have been found to be 

important in avoiding contamination. VBT cells for the main experiment have been designed and are currently 

being constructed. 

Some preliminary analytical studies have been perfonned of the processes occurring in VBTs and the physical 

mechanisms that limit heat transfer. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............ 1111 ........................... '"' ....................................................... 11111 .............. 11 ................. 111 ......... 111111111111 ............. , ............. '1111.111111111111111111 ......... 1 ................. II 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 12/92 EXPIRATION: 11195 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-44 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

..................................... "11 ................ 11111111 ........................... , ......................... '1111111 .................. '11111111 ... 1111 ... 11111 .... tt' ... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I'IIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.II.I,IIIIIIIIII .. 1.11.11. 

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Interactions Between Solidification and Compositional Convection in Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. M. Grae Worster Northwestern University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. S.H. Davis Northwestern University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The project objective is to quantify the effects of convection on the structure and composition of cast alloys. 

Particular attention is to be focused on the form and influence of convective flows through the interslices of mushy 

layers during solidification. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Combined experimental and theoretical studies will be undertaken. The laboratory experiments will involve the 

solidification of aqueous salt solutions as representatives of general binary systems. The theoretical studies will 

employ linear and nonlinear stability theory, as well as asymptotic and numerical methods, in the development and 

analysis of predictive mathematical models. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress has been made in the analysis of the stability of flow through mushy layers driven by expansion during 

solidification. Such convection is an inevitable consequence of solidification and cannot be avoided by 

manufacturing materials in space. Although the potential for instability has been proved, it has been found that it 

is unlikely to occur under typical casting conditions. A suite of experiments has been completed in which the 

degree of macro-segregation caused by compositional (buoyancy-driven) convection has been quantified. A 

combined experimental and theoretical study has elucidated important interactions between interfacial undercooling 

and buoyancy-driven convection that help to explain the propensity for chimneys (freckles) to occur during casting 

of certain alloys. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-63 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

Alexiades, V., and Solomon, A.D. Mathematical modeling of melting and freezing processes. J. Fluid Mech., 251, 

719-723, 1993. 

Worster, M.G., and Kerr, R.C. The transient behaviour of alloys solidified from below prior to the formation of chimneys. 

(submitted) Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1993. 

Worster, M.G., Chiareli, A.D.P., and Huppert, H.E. Segregation and flow during the solidification of alloys. (submitted) 

Journal of Crystal Growth, 1993. 

Worster, M.G., Huppert, H.E., and Sparks, R.S.J. The crystallization of lava lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 

B9, 15891-15901, 1993. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ................................... 1 .......................................................................................... 11 .............................................................. 11 ... 1111 ..... 11111111111 .......... 11111111 .... 11 ... .. 

Proceedings: 

Davis, S.H., Huppert, H.E., Muller, U., and Worster, M.O. Interactive dynamics of convection and solidification. 

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, 

Chamonix, France, March 8-13, 1992, NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences, Vol. 219, (publish date not given). 

Presentations: 

Worster, M.O. Chimneys in mushy layers?, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of 

Cambridge, England, 1992, also Department of Mathematics, University College London, England, 1992 . 

..................................................................... , ................................................................................................................................................................. ,1111 ....... .. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics , ................ ,11 ............ 11 ........... 111 ...... ,11 .... 11 ....... 111 ....... 1111I11t.,I.II.II'''.''I''.III'''IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.111111111.11.11.11.11111111111.11.111111111.,11111111111 ... 111111111111111111"11111111.1,.11111.11111.11. 

Nucleation and Chiral Symmetry Breaking under Hydrodynamic Flows 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Xiao-Iun Wu University of Pittsburgh 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The research objective is designed to conduct an experimental investigation of the nucleation and aggregation 

phenomenon in hydrodynamic flows. Non-linear theories of irreversible states for nucleation will be applied to 

explain the favored direction or chirality of flow effects. The experimental data and theory will couple and develop a 

new explanation for fluid flow effects in aggregating model systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The chiral symmetry breaking during crystallization of simple inorganic molecules under different flow conditions 

will be explored. Earth-based experiments indicate that the symmetry breaking is a result of the rarity of nucleation 

events. However. in order to produce the extremely high chiral purity (> 95%) observed in the experiments other 

mechanisms must also be involved. but as yet these effects are not well understood. In particular. the mechanism 

by which hydrodynamic flow causes the proliferation of one chiral species while suppressing the other species 

remains a challenge. Earth-based experiments conducted in the laboratory have been helpful in discriminating 

different effects. but the results were partially obscured due to gravity. Sedimentation dominates convection at an 

early stage of growth so that crystals settle before they grow to an appreciable size. 

Research Approach - The research to be carried out during the first year will be to develop the new detection and 

analysis techniques and to test their effectiveness using a range of model solutes under conditions which can be 

studied effectively in a normal gravity environment. The two subsequent years will be devoted to developing an 

important data base on interfacial transport characteristics and to adapting the entire system to be compatible with 

whatever constraints are imposed by NASA on the experimental rig to be sent on a space shuttle mission. 

Concurrent with these developments. the theoretical modeling will be pursued. The research study consists of 

experimental and (a limited amount of) theoretical work necessary to prepare a Science Requirements Document 

(SRD) for microgravity experiments. It appears that the need for a microgravity environment can be justified. 

Nevertheless. the possibility that some of the work can be accomplished in drop towers will be investigated. which 

may be feasible using systems with short relaxation times. For this purpose. less viscous fluids will be essential. 

The study will focus on: 

• The use of ionic surfactants to control the conductivity of low dielectric constant liquids. This will provide a 

means to explore the role of fluid conductivity in the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders. 

• The stability of fluid cylinders in longitudinal fields with isopycnic systems. This will furnish experience with 

this geometry and provide some information to test the leaky dielectric model for the stability of fluid columns. To 

the extent possible. ionic surfactants to control fluid conductivity will be used. 

• The deformation of droplets using fluids whose conductivity has been adjusted using a non-ionic surfactant. 

Nucleation and cbiral symmetry breaking of sodimn chlorate under different flows will be studied experimentally. 

In the first year. the research will concentrate on measurements of chiral symmetry breaking as a function of 

nucleation rate. The central issue here is whether the symmetry breaking transition a continuous or an abrupt one. 

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11-359 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ...... 11.11111 .................................................. 1111111111111111 ... 11' ....... 111 ... ,1, ...... ' ................ " ...... 11111111, .... 1111 .... ,' .. ' .. 'tllllllI ....... ,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II ....... II.,I .... " •• ,.11111111111111,.11.11 

By improving statistics of our measurements, we hope to answer this question quantitatively. In the second year, 

experiments will be performed in Couette cells, and chiral symmetry breaking will be measured in different flow 

regimes, 1aminar, Taylor vortex flow and turbulence, using these cells. The experiment is not perfect at this stage 

because the nucleation process is still influenced by sedimentation effect. However, one should be able to observe 

qualitatively different features of nucleation and chiral symmetry breaking associated with various flow regimes. On 

the third year, the experimental apparatus, consisting of ten identical Couette cells and a temperature-controlled 

bath, should be ready for the space mission. With gravitational effect greatly reduced, we hope to demonstrate in 

the cleanest way that chiral symmetry breaking is a result of competition between nucleation and convection. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

By conducting the experiment in space, one greatly minimizes the role of gravity. The chiral symmetry breaking in 

this case will be due only to the competition between the nucleation rate and convection. An interesting and 

important aspect of the experiment is to determine if the symmetry breaking transition is a continuous or an abrupt 

transition as the experimental parameters, such as the flow rate and the degree of supersaturation, are varied. This 

study will enrich the general knowledge of the nucleation and growth process under hydrodynamic flow and may lead 

to the production of chirally pure materials. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Hydrodynamic studies of non-steady nucleation are under way. Cylindrical geometries are receiving the most 

intensive early investigations. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-12 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-959 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Dixon. P.K., Pine, OJ., and Wu, X. Mode selection in the dynamics of sheared polymer solutions. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 

68, 2239, 1992. 

Wu, X., and Gazzam, G. Dewetting dynamics of oil films on water/vapor interface. Europhys. Leu., (in press) 1992. 

Wu, X., Liu, M.x., Xue, 1.Z., and Goldbur" W.I. Slow dynamics of isotropic/nematic phase transition in silica gels. 

Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, 470, 1992. 

Wu, X., Tong, P., and Huan&, 1.S. Effect of elastic bending energy on the emulsification failure in a microemulsion. 1. 

Colloid Interface ScL, vol. 148, no. I, 104, 1992. 

Wu, X., Yeung, c., Kim, M.W., Huang, J.S., and Ou-Yang, D. Study of internal modes of a "living polymer" by transient 

electric birefringence. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 68, 1426, 1992. 

Xue, 1.Z. Pine, 0.1., Milner, S.T., Wu, X., and Chaikin, P.M. Nonergodicity and light scattering from polymer gels. 

Phys. Rev. A., (in press) 1992. 

Xue, 1.Z., Wu, X., Pine, 0.1., and Chaikin, P.M. Hydrodynamic interactions in hard-sphere suspensions. Phys. Rev. A., 

vol. 45, 989, 1992 . 

............................................... " .............................................................. 111 ....................... ,.,111111 ......... 11.11.111 .. , .. 1 .. ,111 .. 11.1 .. 1 .. 1 .. ,1111111111111111111111.,1.,111111111111111111111 ... 11 

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Presentations: 

Wu, X. Critical fluctuations of binary liquid mixtures and liquid crystals in porous materials, Aspen Center for Physics, 

Aspen, CO, 1993. 

Wu, X. Structure and dynamics of nematic liquid crystal in silica gels, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, 

November, 1992. 

Wu, X. Shear-induced concentration fluctuations in polymer solutions, Department of Physics, Indiana University of 

Pennsylvania, Indiana, P A, October, 1992. 

Wu, X. Slow dynamics of nematic/isotropic phase transition in silica gels, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 

Kent, OH, September, 1992. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics , .............................. 1111 ..... 1111111 ................... '11111111111111 ........... 11 •••• ,11' •• ,.1,.11"""111,.' ...... , .... 11 ••••• 1 .... '1." ...... 11 .......... ,1111, .......... ,1 •• ,1.,1, ............ II.n".III.ftlllllllllllllllll"",1 

Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Abdelfattah Zebib Rutgers University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of free-surface deflection on the onset of oscillatory 

thermocapillary convection in microgravity. The study is to investigate the flow instability of thermocapillary 

flow. The Hopf bifurcation will be studied using a numerical method with the consideration of free-surface 

deflection. In addition, the disappearance of the Hopf bifurcation will be investigated. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the domain perturbation approach (valid for small capillary numbers (Ca~O», time-dependent, two-dimensional 

combined buoyant thermocapillary motions in a rectangular cavity are computed using a second-order accurate 

finite-volume method. Two situations are investigated: The 0(1) pure buoyant convection (with the Marangoni 

number Ma=O) is known to exhibit a Hopf bifurcation at some critical value of the Grashof number, Gr cr' Thus, by 

studying the combined thermocapillary-buoyant convection for values of 

(Ma, Gr) near (0, Gr cr ) 

we seek to determine the stability boundary for onset of oscillatory motion and its nature in the limit of vanishing 

buoyancy, Gr=0. Both positive and negative values ofMa are considered. In the second problem we consider pure 

thermocapillary driven convection (Gr=O). The solution to the zeroth order system is known to be stationary. 

Higher order effects are unknown and will be investigated. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These studies can contribute to our fundamental understanding and potential control of thermocapillary instabilities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have completed the first study and confmned the stationary nature of thermocapillary convection for a range of 

Prandtl numbers and aspect ratios. Currently, we are developing computer codes to investigate higher order effects 

of Ca. In addition, an alternate domain perturbation approach which explicitly retains the influence of Ca on 

transition is also being developed. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-49 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Mundrane. M .. and Zebib. A.. Oscillatory. two-dimensional buoyant thermocapillary convection. I. Crystal Growth. 

ASME-WAM. (submitted). 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Fluid Physics ............................. '11 .. 0 .................... 1111 ........................................................... ,,, .................................................................. 111 .......................... 111 .......... 111111 ........ ' 

Proceedings: 

Zebib, A., Oscillatory convection of crystal growth melt The Washington Meeting of the American Physical Society, 

April 1993, (publish data not given). 

Presentations: 

Zebib, A., Oscillatory convection in crystal growth, Ecole Polytecnique Federale de Lausanne, EllIL, Switzerland March 

1993. 

Zebib, A., Buoyantltbermocapillary convection, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, Universiat 

Bremen, Germany, June, 1993 . 

......... 1111 .......... " ................................................................................................... 111 .............................................. 111 .............................. 111 ..... '11 ..... '1' ..... 111111 .. 1111 .. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .......... , ................................................... 1111 ..................... , ....................... 1111111 ....................... 111111 .................... ".11.111111111,,11'11.111111111111"11.1111111111111''''11.11 •• 11,11.1'11III 

Foam Metallic Glasses 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert E. Apfel 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Adams 

C. Boa-Teh 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Yale University 

Yale University 

Yale University 

The scientific objective is to detennine the parameter space for which foamed glasses are possible. The engineering 

objectives are to design apparatus to operate in this parameter space and to investigate the practicality and 

desirability of this process for satisfying technological needs and for producing new opportunities for the application 

materials. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experimental program is divided into three major sections: proof of principle with organic liquids that are easy 

glass formers; tests with the water-tin system, even though it is known that such systems will not form a glass; 

and tests of an alloy system for forming a foamed metallic glass. The first of these is to verify our expectations 

with regard to the foaming process and the production of a bulk foam. The second is to give us experience with a 

metallic system that others have worked with and which may present behaviors unique to metals and not observed 

with organic materials. The third step is obviously an important milestone toward foamed metallic glasses. Here, 

electron microscopic analysis of our samples will help to determine the degree of crystal, polycrystalline, and glass 

formation. 

Research Approach - It has long been desired to engineer metallic materials that possess the properties of strength 

and durability without paying the penalty of excessive weight. To overcome the problems of mechanical failures 

due to dislocations and grain boundaries and to produce desirable magnetic and electrical properties, materials 

scientists have experimented with producing metallic glasses through the rapid quenching of thin streams of 

materials. The ribbons produced have many desirable properties (mechanical and magnetic), but they are not bulk 

materials, i.e., having as-cast configuration. The research approach here is to produce bulk metallic "foams" by the 

sudden decompression of a melt that is heavily seeded with a volatile liquid. This dispersed "foaming" liquid will 

vaporize upon decompression, taking its latent heat of vaporization from the melt, thereby adiabatically and 

homogeneously cooling it. If the cooling rate is sufficiently great, e.g., one million degrees Celsius per second, 

the possibility of producing a foam metallic glass exists. The experimental program will be complemented by an 

analytic/computational study of this highly transient "foaming" process and by comprehensive materials analysis of 

all product specimens. 

There are many constraints in the capabilities of the apparatus, choice of materials, and experimental procedures that 

will have to be dealt with if we are to have a chance at achieving a successful outcome. We will consider our 

efforts productive even if we are able to produce a metallic foam with a structure characterized by microcrystallites 

rather than amorphous structure. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Mechanical and electrical tests with bulk samples and for individual fibers (whiskers) will help to answer questions 

as to whether such materials will go beyond scientific interest to have practical applications . 

........................................................... 11111 ........................................... II ..................... u, ........... I .............. 1I11I11I11I11"11.111111 .. ,1 .. 111111111111111111111111.11.,11111.111 .. 1"1,,1.,.1111. 

11-364 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........................................................................................................................................... '11 ................... 1111111 ... 1I,,,,,,"'II.II.I.II.II'"II.II"lflllllllllllll'.I.II"I.IIII •• 1I111.11 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

It has been about 30 years since Paul Duwez and colleagues demonstrated that metallic glasses from the melt can be 

produced using his "gun technique" if the quench rate is sufficiently rapid, e.g., _106 KlS. Since that time, much 

experimental and theoretical work has disclosed the conditions necessary to produce and maintain the metallic glass 

(amorphous) state. David Trumbull has been among the leaders in the field. His work in the late 1940s with metal 

alloy (mercury) drops and that of Vonnegut with oxide coated tin drops demonstrated that the undercooling of 

metallic materials followed a path similar to non-metallic materials. Deep undercoolings were possible if 

heterophase nucleants were either absent or neutralized. Even relatively large samples, e.g., a few grams, could be 

undercooled if nucleants were removed by appropriate fluxing techniques. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 3/93 EXPIRATION: 3/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-24 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-947 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

............... 11 ....................................................................................... ' ... 111.111111 .............................. '1111111111111I.1,'II.II.I.,I"IIIII ... II •• "I.I.,I.II,"IIIIIIIIII .. 111I11t11IfllllllIlllIl'll. 

11-365 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........... , ................................................... '"1 ............. 11 ................................. 111111.111 ........................ 111 ................................................................ , .......... 111111, ..... 1111' 

Memory Effects in the Organometallic Chemical Beam Epitaxy of Compound Semiconductors 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Klaus J. Bachmann North Carolina State University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The goal of this research program was to improve the control of the composition of compound semiconductor 

heterojunctions during growth via chemical beam epitaxy (CBE). The CBE growth of such materials in a 

containerless process as offered in space growth is expected to eliminate memory effects due to residual species in 

the reaction region. 

DESCRIPTION: 

ZnSiGeP/GaNP/Si heterojunctions were chosen as a model case. This system is of interest because of its 

birefringence and nonlinear optical properties. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This work is not only significant for the improvements in nonlinear optical materials, it is also important as a 

precursor to molecular beam epitaxy experiments with the wake shield. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Alloys of ZnSiGeP as well as alloys of ZnGeP and GaNP have been grown on SI and GaP substrates and 

extensively characterized. As a result of this work, joint funding has been obtained from the NSF and the Deutsche 

Forschungsgemeinschaft for a bi-national effort on studying the non-linear optical properties of these materials. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 5 BS Degrees: 0 

MS Students: 0 MS Degrees: 0 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 3/90 EXPIRATION: 9/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-06 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

Choi, S.W., Bachmann, K.J., and Lucovsky, G. Remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of GaP with in situ 

generation of phosphine. 1. Vac. Sci. & Tech., vol. BlO, 1070, 1992. 

Xing, G. C., and Bachmann, K.J. Double and multiple heterojunctions of ZnGeP and GaP. J. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) . 

.................................................................................................... 11111.1111 ..................... '11 ................................ 1111111 ........ '.11 .................... 11111111.11 .... " ............... 1," .. 1 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .. 11111111 ........................................... 111111 •• 11 .................. 111 ...... 11111.11111111111 .. 11 .. 1111111111111111111111 ............ 1111 .......... 11.11 ........ 1111111 •• 11 .......... 111111 ....... 1 ... 11.11111111111"'111'11111111 

Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin B. Barmatz Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity Task objective is to apply the unique capabilities of 

microwave heating and positioning to process materials in microgravity. The task objectives will include 1) 

determination of the reaction mechanism, microstructure development and physical properties associated with 

microwave synthesis of ceramics, 2) development and application of microwave techniques for (a) monitoring the 

energy absorption during processing and (b) measuring thermophysical properties of materials in microgravity, and 

3) theoretical modeling of unique microwave heating and positioning capabilities in a microgravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: There is a recognized need to produce advanced refractory ceramics that have higher melting 

temperatures and improved mechanical properties (such as strength and toughness). In recent years, ground-based 

experiments using microwave heating have demonstrated enhanced rates of sintering of ceramic materials leading to 

new microstructures. The synthesis of ceramics in a microgravity environment could provide the opportunity to 

produce contamination free ceramics with controlled microstructures that lead to advanced structural applications. 

Microwave processing can heat many glass and ceramic compositions very rapidly to high temperatures, it can heat 

them more uniformly than other methods, and it is energy efficient. Of particular interest is the application of 

microwave to the combustion synthesis process. Other important potential applications are crystal growth, and 

fiber pulling in space. Microwaves can generate a well defined temperature gradient within a material leading to the 

possibility of melting only the interior of a cylindrical sample, or leading to a radial gradient of the index of 

refraction upon solidification. By appropriate monitoring of the microwave parameters during processing one can 

also measure various sample properties as well as obtain energy absorption information which can be used to 

characterize the sample reaction and densification mechanisms. Microwaves can also produce unique positioning 

forces. The ability to microwave heat and position a sample may lead to a new containerless technology that is 

ideally suited for controlled processing of materials in microgravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

During this last year, we have (a) developed an advanced transient microwave heating model that calculates the 

microwave absorption and temperature profile within a sphere as it approaches steady state, (b) demonstrated new 

technique for determining the dielectric constants of a sphere using our microwave absorption theory, and (c) 

experimentally measured the spatial dependence of microwave forces needed to containcrlessly position a sphere at 

the center of a cylindrical cavity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/81 EXPIRATION: 9/94 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

............................. , ....................................................... 111.1111 .............. "111111 ............ 11111111 .... 11 ....... 11 .... 11 ...... 1 .... ,1111,,11111111 ••• ,111'''''''1 .. 11111 •• 111111, .. 1111111111.1 •• 11 .... 1111 .. 11. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111' .. 1111 .................................................................................. 1111111111111' ......... 11111111 .... 1' ............................... 11 ........................ I." .. IIII .. IIIII' ........ ' ... UIII.lltlIII .... 1I1111111' 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Jackson, H.W., Barmatz, M., and Wagner, P. Transient temperature behavior of a spbere heated by microwaves. Ceramic 

Transactions, (in press). 

McDonougb, C., Barmatz, M., and Jackson, H.W. Application of Boltzman-Ehrenfest principle to containerless 

microwave processing in microgravity. Ceramic Transactions, (in press) . 

..................................... , ............................................................ " ...... 11' .... 1 ... 11111 .................. 1111 ......... '"1111 ..... ' .. '11 ....... 111111 ............ '1111 ..... 11111111111111' .......... ' ..... 11111II 

11-368 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ....................................................................... , ................... 111 ....................... ,1111111111111111111, .... 11111 ...... 11111.11111 •• 11.11111111111111111, .... 11""11111111111111111111111,.11111111111111111111 •• 

Studies of Containerless Processing of Selected AIIoys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W. Hofmeister 

M.Robinson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Vanderbilt University 

Vanderbilt University 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

The research is presently focusing on determining the speed of solidification as a function of undercooling in the 

large undercooling regime. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This work focuses on the undercooling of refractory metals and alloys by containerless processing. It has both a 

flight component involving electromagnetic positioning and a ground component involving a continuation of 

already established drop tube work and electromagnetic levitation (on the bench). Specifics to be addressed are a 

maximum undercooling in refractory metals and alloys, nucleation frequency in refactory metals and alloys, the 

effect of undercooling on solidification velocity in refractory metals and alloys, and microstructural development in 

refractory metals and alloys as a function of deep undercooling/solidification velocity. 

Research Approach - The research to be carried out during the first year will be to develop the new detection and 

analysis techniques and to test their effectiveness using a range of model solutes under conditions which can be 

studied effectively in a normal gravity environment. The two subsequent years will be devoted to developing an 

important data base on interfacial transport characteristics and to adapting the entire system to be compatible with 

whatever constraints are imposed by NASA on the experimental rig to be sent on a space shuttle mission. 

Concurrent with these developments, the theoretical modeling will be pursued. The research study consists of 

experimental and (a limited amount of) theoretical work necessary to prepare a Science Requirements Document 

(SRD) for microgravity experiments. It appears that the need for a microgravity environment can be justified. 

Nevertheless, the possibility that some of the work can be accomplished in drop towers will be investigated, which 

may be feasible using systems with short relaxation times. For this purpose, less viscous fluids will be essential. 

The study will focus on: 

• The use of ionic surfactants to control the conductivity of low dielectric constant liquids. This will provide a 

means to explore the role of fluid conductivity in the deformation of drops and the stability of fluid cylinders. 

• The stability of fluid cylinders in longitudinal fields with isopycnic systems. This will furnish experience with 

this geometry and provide some information to test the leaky dielectric model for the stability of fluid columns. To 

the extent possible, ionic surfactants to control fluid conductivity will be used. 

• The deformation of droplets using fluids whose conductivity has been adjusted using a non-ionic surfactant. 

Nucleation and chiral symmetry breaking of sodium chlorate under different flows will be studied experimentally. 

In the first year, the research will concentrate on measurements of chiral symmetry breaking as a function of 

nucleation rate. The central issue here is whether the symmetry breaking transition a continuous or an abrupt one. 

By improving statistics of our measurements, we hope to answer this question quantitatively. In the second year, 

experiments will be performed in Couette cells, and chiral symmetry breaking will be measured in different flow 

regimes, laminar, Taylor vortex flow and turbulence. using these cells. The experiment is not perfect at this stage 

......... 111 ... 11111 ............................ 11 ..... ,.11." ...... '.1.11.1111111.11.111, •••• 1111111.,.".,11 ... ,.11,111111111111,,,,1111,,1.11.1111111,.11, .. 1.,.,"'111111111111,.,.,.111.,.".,11111111111,.,'1, •• ",1,.,11,.11,.111111111111111 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................................................................... 111111111111111.111 ... 1111,.11.1111 ... 1111.,111111.11 •• 1 .. ,1,.1111111111,.1 ........ , ........ ,.".,1 ........................... 1.,IIIItIIIIIIIII,."It.I'II.".". 

because the nucleation process is still influenced by sedimentation effect. However, one should be able to observe 

qualitatively different features of nucleation and chiral symmetry breaking associated with various flow regimes. On 

the third year, the experimental apparatus, consisting of ten identical Couette cells and a temperature-controlled 

bath, should be ready for the space mission. With gravitational effect greatly reduced, we hope to demonstrate in 

the cleanest way that chiral symmetry breaking is a result of competition between nucleation and convection. This 

research focuses on the electrically-driven aggregation of particles and coalescence of droplets. The coagulation of 

biological or other solid particles migrating in an electric field will be investigated first; a subsequent study of 

droplet coalescence during electrophoresis will be conducted. 

In each case, this involves the development of a detailed mathematical description of two-body interactions, 

especially for near-contact. These descriptions must account for hydrodynamic interactions arising from the relative 

motion of the particles or drops in the solvent, electrokinetic interactions that arise from the convection of fluid 

near a charged particle surface (or drop interface), and any significant, non-hydrodynamic interactions such as van der 

Waals attraction and electrostatic double-layer repulsion. Ultimately, collision rates are sought that provide the link 

between micro- and macro-physics of electricalIy-driven aggregation. The former is concerned primarily with 

two-body interactions, while the latter includes particle/drop size distributions and overall, macroscopic 

phase-separation behavior. 

Ground-based experiments will be conducted to make observations of electrically-driven particle aggregation and 

droplet coalescence for comparison with the theory to be developed. It is anticipated that gravitational effects 

encountered in terrestrial experiments will obscure a quantitative comparison with theory for droplet coalescence. 

Solidification velocity is measured on electromagnetically levitated specimens by monitoring the progression of the 

thermal field developed by recalescence. Velocity and temperature measurement are made with a custom-built 

device; it consists of a 1 x 38 lincox array of 4 mm by 0.96 mm photodiodes, two amplification stages, and data 

acquisition capability for both velocity and temperature measurements. The time when each detector senses the 

solidification front is recorded with a resolution of ten nanoseconds. The surface temperature of the levitated drop 

is measured by using the center photodiodes as a pyrometer. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

A significant reason for concentrating on refractory metals and alloys is that they are prominent for the wave of the 

future. They have potential as high-performance materials and, therefore, are potentially high-value-added 

materials-an important characteristic if space processing of materials is to be a reality. Examples of potential arc in 

the National Aerospace Plane and advanced turbine engine design. There are already vigorous programs across the 

nation for such applications, but there is considerable need for a science base to point the way for alloy 

development. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The instrument for measuring velocity and melt temperature was built and applied to studies of pure nickel. 

Measurements were made over a range of undercooling from 8% of the equilibrium freezing point to 18%. At 

undercoolings less than 10% of the eqUilibrium temperature, the results agree in form with previous results but 

markedly disagree at undercoolings greater than 10%. Previously reported results in the literature overestimate the 

solidification velocity of nickel at the large undercooling. 

The behavior of Nb-Si alloys has been studied under rapid solidification processing conditions. A combination of 

bulk undercooling in a levitated coil with subsequent splat quenching was used to produce microstructural 

modifications in these alloys. 

11-370 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science II ........................................... , .................................................. 111111 .... 1111 ........................... 111111111111 ............ 11.,1 ....... ,111111111,.,11111111 ................................ 11 .... '.n'".u" 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/89 EXPIRATION: 2/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-20 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-765 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Anderson, C.D., Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R.I. Liquidus temperatures in the Ti-Al system. Met. Trans. A. vol. 

24A, 61-66, 1993. 

Anderson, C.D., Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R.J. Solidification kinetics and metastable phase formation in binary 

Ti-Al. Met. Trans. A, vol. 23A, 2699-2713, 1992. 

Bassler, B.T., Hofmeister, W.H., Carro, G., and Bayuzick, R.1. The velocity of solidification of highly undercooled 

nickel. Met. Trans., (in press) 1993. 

Krishnan, S., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Optical properties and spectral emissivities and 632.8 nm in the titanium-aluminum 

system. Met. Trans. A, vol. 24A, 67-72, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.I., et a1. Formation of tetragonal YBa2CuP7.& from an undercooled melt. 1. Mater. Res., (in 

press) 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Containerless processing of YB~CUP7.& oxide superconductors. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 111, 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Qui, N., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.J. Method for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly solidified metal flakes. Advances in Powder Metallurygy and Particulate Materials, vol. I, 75, 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.I. A novel technique for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly quenched alloys. Containerless Processing: Techniques and Applications, 41, 1993. 

Qiu, N., Hofmeister, W.H., and Wittig, lE. Undercool rapid-quench processing of hard magnetic materials. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 45, 1993. 

Robinson, M.B., Bayuzick, R.I., and Hofmeister, W.H. Solidification velocity in an undercooled falling drop. Acta Met., 

(in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.J., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena. Gordon Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, July, 1993. 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.J., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena, NATO Advanced Workshop on Undercooling, I1'Ciocco, Italy, June, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Formation of tetragonal YBa2

Cu}07.a from an undercooled melt, Gordon Conference on 

Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, July, 1993 . 

................ " .................................................................. '.11.11.111111111.11.11.11.11.111111111111111 .. 11.11.11.11.11.11111111.1" •••••••••••• 111111111111111111 •••••••• 11 .... 1111 .. 111111111.1.111111111111.111 ... 1 ... 1 

11-371 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - GroWld-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111111111111111111111'".11.111111 .. 111111.111111.11"111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .... 1111111111 .... 111111111111111 .. 11""1 .. ,11111111111111111111 .. 11 .. 1111111111111111111111111&11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Transport Phenomena During Equiaxed Solidification of Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Christoph Beckennann University of Iowa 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to investigate the macrosegregalion and structural inhomogeneities resulting from gravity-induced 

thennosolutal convection and solid sedimentation during equiaxed solidification of alloys on a bulk level. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Experiments will be conducted with a detailed consideration of the theoretical model. A close coupling between the 

modeling and experimental efforts is critical to the successful development of each. The goal is to achieve 

agreement between accurate, unadulterated experimental data and numerical predictions employing un tampered 

physical property data and real experimental conditions as input to the simulations. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This investigation complements NASA-sponsored research on the influence of fluid flow on alloy casting by 

including the important effects of gravity-induced motion of free-equiaxed crystals. This combined experimental and 

theoretical/numerical study will provide (1) needed fundamental understanding of how liquid convection and the 

movement of free equiaxed grains interrelate and produce segregation and structural zones in castings, (2) progress 

towards a more complete numerical simulation model of the transport and towards a more complete numerical 

simulation model of the transport and solidification phenomena, and (3) a base for defining future microgravity 

flight experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The objective is to study the macrosegregation and structural inhomogeneties resulting from gravity-induced 

thermosolutal melt convection and solid sedimentation during equiaxed solidification of metal alloys on a bulk 

level. Through combined experimental and theoretical work, a numerical simulation model is being developed that 

allows for the calculation of the individual solid and liquid motions and incorporates the detailed phase interactions 

on a microscopic scale. Progress has been made in all of the originally proposed tasks: 

I. Solidification Experiments 

1. Metal Alloys (NASA Lewis) 

The experimental design was finalized according to the model needs. A student from the University of Arizona was 

hired for three months during the summer to initiate the fabrication of the test apparatus and casting experiments 

using Pb-Sn alloys. Crucihles and thennocouples were designed and built to perform well instrumented 

experiments suitable for input and comparison to the solidification model. Modifications to the Bulk Undercooling 

Furnace were made to accommodate the added instrumentation. A successful fea'iihility experiment was run using a 

99.999% pure Pb-IS wt% Sn alloy. Cooling rates and thennal gradients were measured along the center of the ingot 

and along the inner edge of the crucible. Later, the crucible temperature measurements will be used as input to the 

solidification code and tIle temperatures measured along the ingot center compared to the code results. A report was 

prepared. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

2. Transparent NH4Cl-H20 Model Alloy (UI) 

An existing rectangular test cell was used to perform bulk: solidification experiments using the metal-model solution 

NH4Cl-H20. Measurements were performed using thermocouples, a shadowgraph system, time exposure 

photographs, and videos. The results provide a clear visualization of the thermosolutal convection and the motion of 

the equiaxed crystals. The data will be used for validation of the numerical simulation model. A paper (see below) 

is being prepared. 

In addition, solidification experiments were performed using the transparent succinonitrile-ethanol system and two 

parallel glass plates with cooling from the bottom. These experiments were unsuccessful in that no equiaxed 

crystals were produced. A report is presently being prepared. 

II. Measurements of Interfacial Transport Coefficients 

I. Drag Coefficient of Fabricated Dendrite Models CUC) 

Data from previous settling experiments using fabricated dendrite models were analyzed and newly correlated (see 

publications below). Additional settling experiments with variation of the dropping angle are underway. 

2. Drag, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer Coefficients of Transparent Model Alloy Dendrites (Ul) 

The drag coefficient measurements are completed. The data were found to correspond well to the fabricated dendrite 

data and the newly developed drag coefficient correlation (see above). Work is almost completed to extend the 

correlation to multiple crystals by utilizing existing permeability measurements for packed beds of equiaxed 

crystals. 

A new settling column was designed and constructed that allows for precise control of the temperature and, hence, 

undercooling of the melt contained within it. This column is presently being used to measure the heat/mass transfer 

coefficients of NH4Cl dendrites that grow while they are settling. Progress wa<; also made to develop a suitable 

correlation of the data for use in the numerical simulation model. 

III. Model Studies (UI) 

The existing two-phase model was extended to dendritic growth by introducing a new multiphase/multiscale 

modeling approach. Successful validation of the model was achieved for diffusion-dominated equiaxed and columnar 

dendritic solidification, and previously measured columnar-to-equiaxed transitions were predicted. This model is now 

being generalized to include convection and solid transport. For this purpose, the present implementation of the 

two-phase model within the PHOENICS commercial CFD code is being modified. Promising initial results have 

been obtained, although much work remains. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: I 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 9/92 EXPIRATION: 8/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-23 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Ahuja, S., Beckerman, c., Zakhem, R., Weidman, P.O. and deGroh III, H.C. Drag coefficient of an equiaxed dendrite 

settling in an infinite medium. Micro/Macro Scale Phenomena in Solidification, 218. 85-91, 1992. 

Beckerman, C. Modeling of transport phenomena in mushy zones. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced 

Solidification Processes-VI, 181-192, 1993 . 

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11-373 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111.1'"111.11111111111111111111111111".11,11111111''''11111111111.III,"III,U"I .. I"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.IIIIIIIIIIIII1111 .. 11 •• ,.111111111 .. 1111111 ............... , •• ' •• ,.' ........ '1.111.n.n.ltllll'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.11111111111 

Beckermann. C. and Ni. J. Modeling of sedimentation in equiaxed alloy solidification. TMS 1993 Fall Meeting, (abstract 

accepted) 1993. 

deGroh III, H.C., Weidman. P.D., Zakhem, R .• Ahuja. S., and Beckermann, C. Calculation of dendrite settling velocities 

using a porous envelope. Metall. Trans. A. 1993. 

deGrob III. H.C., Weidman, P.D., Zakhem, R., Ahuja, S., and Beckermann, C. Calculation of dendrite settling velocities 

1.0 User's Manual. LEW-15751. COSMIC, expected in print 1993. 

Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C. Prediction of the columnar to equiaxed transition during diffusion-controlled dendritic 

solidification of alloys. Mettallurgical Transactions A, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Beckennann, C., Feller, R.J., Irwin, T., Muller-Spath, H., and Wang, c.Y. Visualization of sedimentation and 

thermosolutal convection during equiaxed alloy solidification, 32nd AIAA Areospace Sciences Meeting, 1993. 

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11-374 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111 ......................................... 111 ....... ' ........ 111 ... 1111 ........................ , .......... ' .. 111111111111.111111111' .. 1111 .. 1111 .. 111111111111I.II.ltlllll .. I"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.,'III'1111111111111,.11111.1. 

Gravitational Effects on the Development of Weld-Pool and Solidification Microstructures in Metal 

Alloy Single Crystals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Lynn A. Boatner 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. David 

G. Workman 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

The objectives of this research are to achieve an in-depth quantitative understanding of the role played by 

convection-driven heat and mass transport in detennining the shape of fusion weld pools, and thereby controlling 

the nature of the solidification processes that detennine weld microstructures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

By combining ground-based results with those obtained in the low-g and high-g environments provided by KC-135 

flights, detailed microstructural infonnation can be obtained by using alloy single-crystal weld specimens, and 

gravitational effects on weld-pool fonnation can be delineated and quantified. The results of these investigations are 

expected to yield not only fundamental advances in our level of understanding of convection phenomena as they 

relate to weld pool shapes, but, since weld mechanical properties depend on the weld microstructures, the results of 

the proposed research can have practical applications to construction operations in space. 

Research Approach - This research investigation represents a new and innovative approach to the investigation of 

gravitational effects on melt pool shapes, solidification phenomena, and weld microstructures. This approach is 

based on a recently-developed single crystal approach to the delineation of solidification microstructural properties 

and the new quantitative analytical methods that have been developed in conjunction with this new experimental 

approach. This approach to the study of weld and solidification microstructures begins with the growth of 

macroscopic single crystals of the alloy system that is to be investigated. As in the case of previous ground-based 

studies, Czochralski-grown single crystals of the pure ternary alloy 70Fe-15Ni-15Cr (a compositional analog of one 

of the 300-series stainless steels) will be utilized. 

Weld specimens are prepared by orienting the stainless steel single crystals and spark erosion cutting slices of the 

material such that the planar faces of the samples represent principal crystallographic planes. The principal 

crystallographic directions lying in these principal planes are then identified using Laue back reflection x-ray 

methods, and these directions are marked on the sample surface. The resulting oriented specimens are then 

autogenously welded using either e-beam or laser heating so that the heat source moves parallel to a principal 

crystallographic axis. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The long-term goal of this effort is to provide a finn scientific basis for the development of a comprehensive 

program of more complex welding and solidification experiments that would be carried out on the KC-135 aircraft, 

on space shuttle flights, and eventually on Space Station Freedom . 

........................................................ 1111 ............................. lI.tll.IIII'II'II .. II.II .... II ... I.II'''IIIIIIIII'IIIII .. I .. IIII''I''I"I .. II'I"IIII .. I .. IIIIIUIII,IIIII.IIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIII'1"1111"1111' 

11-375 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........................................................ ' ....... 1.11'111.1 ...... '111'11"'.11111 ... 11.11.11111111 .. 1,,111111111111111111 ... 1111111111,.11.11 .... II.II.U.II'II.U.".II.,III.I1 •• IIIIIIII ... I." ... ,1111I11111111111111111'11"11111 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Recent investigations, in which the polycrystalline alloy specimens nonnally used in welding and solidification 

investigations have been replaced by oriented alloy single crystals, have led to a new level of understanding of how 

the microstructural development of single-crystal welds is detennined by the weld pool shape. These new 

experimental results have led to the development of analytical modeling capabilities to the point where 

experimentally-observed dendritic microstructures in single-crystal welds can now be predicted from either 

mathematical simulations of the weld pool shape or an experimentally-determined weld pool shape. Conversely, 

methods for calculating the shape of the weld pool, beginning with the experimentally-observed microstructures, 

have been developed. 

Large (-4.0 cm 0.0.) single crystals of the pure ternary alloy 70Fe-15Ni-15Cr have been grown by means of the 

Czocbralsld technique. The single-crystal boules have been oriented and planar specimens have been cut by 

electric-arc erosion so that the major face of the samples is a (100) crystallographic plane. The principal 

crystallographic directions lying in this plane have been indexed and the surfaces of the specimens have been lapped 

flat and Syton polished. The samples are presently ready for the final phase of preparation for investigations of 

mass transport in both a 1-g environment and the low-gravity environment provided by the KC-135 aircraft. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-23 

NASA CONTRACT No.: H-13059D 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Rappaz, M., Vitek, I.M., David, S.A., and Boatner, L.A. Micostructural formation in longitudinal bicrystal welds. 

Metall. Trans., vol. 24A, 1433, 1993. 

Vitek, I.M, Rappaz, M., David, S.A., and Boatner, L.A. Grain competition in bicrystals welds. International Trends in 

Welding Science and Technology, 167, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Vitek, I.M., Zacharia, T., David, S.A., Rappaz, M., and Boatner, L.A. Modeling of single-crystal laser weld 

microstructures, Plasma and Laser Processing of Materials Symposium, TMS Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, February, 

1993. 

, ......................... 111111111 .... 1.11.11 ........................................... 1.1111111111 .... 11 ...... 111 ............... 1 ........ 11 ............ 1 .. I .................................................................................... .. 

11-376 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ..................................................................... 111111 ........ 11 .......... 111111, .... 11 .... 1111 ....... 11 .... 111 ...... 11111111111111111111111 ••• ,1,., .............. '1 •• 11111111.11 .... 111111111111 .... ,1111111111111111"'1, •• 

Modeling of Convection and Crystal Growth in Directional Solidification of Semiconductor and Oxide 

Materials 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Brown Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIn 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

D. Bornside Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIn 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DeSCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The research effort focuses on the development of a detailed understanding of the interactions of heat, mass and 

solute transport on the quality of crystals grown from melt by the vertical Bridgman method. Both semiconducting 

alloy (GeSi) and oxide (Bismuth germenate) crystals are being studied. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research is aimed at developing a detailed simulation for VB crystal growth systems for semiconductor and 

oxide materials that begins to relate macroscopic analysis of heat, mass, and solute transport with the microscopic 

properties of the grown crystal. The analysis and simulation tools developed will be applied to the analysis of 

several crystal growth systems. The binary alloy GeSi and the pseudo-binary BGO are selected for analysis of VB 

growth. The research is divided into three sections: 

• Development of integrated model for vertical Bridgman growth, 

• Parallel processing and simulation of three-dimensional convection, 

• Application to GeSi alloy crystal growth, and BGO crystal growth. 

Research Approach - Fundamental understanding of the interactions of heat, mass, and solute transport on the 

quality of crystals grown from the melt is important in the design and control of systems for crystal growth in 

microgravity and for the interpretation of the results of experiments performed both on Earth and in space. The 

research program focuses on the development of the detailed analysis of these features in the vertical Bridgman (VB) 

crystal growth of semiconductor crystals and oxide materials used in optoelectronic applications. The analysis has 

two parallel goals: to develop the fIrst integrated model and numerical analysis for the growth of these materials 

that accounts for the details of the design and operation of the furnace; and to link the predictions of the macroscale 

analysis of heat transfer and convection with the quality of the crystal as measured by the number of 

crystallographic defects and the compositional homogeneity of the material. The research integrates several aspects 

of research that are ongoing at M.I.T. to accomplish these goals: the development of numerical analysis for 

integrated heat transfer throughout a high temperature furnace, including internal radiation in a semitransparent 

material; the modeling of dislocation motion and multiplication in semiconductor materials; and applications of 

new robust algorithms for parallel computation. 

The analysis of coupled furnace design and the prediction of material quality will be applied to two distinct crystal 

growth technologies that have potential application for crystal growth in microgravity: the growth of GeSi 

semiconductor alloys, a substrate material used for superlattices, and the growth of Bismuth Germanate or BGO, a 

scintillating oxide material used in high energy detector applications. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The techniques for analysis and the quantitative insights developed in this research have broad application to a 

variety of ground-based and space flight experiments supported by NASA and its European counterpart, ESA. 

1' ............................................ 11111111 ... 11111 .............................. ltllllllllllllllllIll.'I .... IIIIIIIIIIII.11111111111Illfllllll,IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,II,IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'I.II.I.11111 •• 11111.111.11111111111111.11.11111111111 

11-377 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11111.11111111111 ............................................. 1111 .. 1111 .. 111IIIIIIIIIIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIII."IIIIII .... IIU.II.II.II .. I .. II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ...... IIII ............... 'II ......... II .......... lltllllIlIl .. lfll ....... "II .......... 1 

Many of the previous research results conducted in this research area represent theoretical collaboration with 

experiments supported by NASA. These interactions between detailed modeling and experiments are crucial to the 

design of well-controlled experiments for space, as well as optimized crystal growth on Earth. The development of 

a user-friendly simulator for VB growth systems will be a direct result of this program and will be made available to 

others in the research community. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Today, the vertical Bridgman technique is used for the growth of III-V and II-VI alloy semiconductor crystals and for 

the production of oxide materials such as bismuth germanium oxide (Bi.Ge30 12, BGO). The applications to II-VI 

materials such as mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) are driven by the very high vapor pressure of the melt, 

which makes impossible crystal growth by conventional meniscus-defined methods. The applications to III-V 

materials, such as GaAs and InP, were fIrst motivated by the substantial vapor pressures of these melts, but the 

relative success of vertical and horizontal Bridgman systems for growth of low dislocation material has led to very 

vigorous applications of the vertical Bridgman technology. 

The vertical Bridgman (VB) method is especially important to the future of space processing. First and foremost, 

only confined systems are feasible in a low-gravity environment, so that all of the industrial technologies involving 

meniscus-defmed growth methods are not applicable. Moreover, meniscus-defined growth introduces the possibility 

for thermocapillary convection and the intense mixing that space experiments are meant to avoid. Equally as 

important is the capability of the VB system for very tightly controlled crystal growth: the enormous expense of 

space experiments and the infrequent experimental capabilities of the eventual growth of very exotic crystals in 

space makes it imperative that the crystal growth furnaces are well controlled and characterized. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD StudenL<;: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 7/93 EXPIRATION: 7/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-17 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-961 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Coates, Pol., Armstrong, R.C., and Brown, R.A. Calculation of steady-state viscoelastic flow through axisymmetric 

contractions using the EEME formulation. 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Northey, P., Armstrong, R.C., and Brown, R.A. Finite amplitude time-periodic states in viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow 

of a UCM fluid. 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 1992. 

RajagopaIan, D., Philips, R., Armstrong, R.C., Brown, R.A., and Bose, A. Analysis of rimming flow of Newtonian and 

viscoelastic fluids. 1. Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R.A. Boundary confonning mapping applied to computations of cellular solidification. Inter. 

1. Numer. Meths. Fluids, 1992. 

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11-378 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111 ........................................................................................... 11 ............... 1111 ....... ,11111111 ... , ..... ,111111 ...... 1" ... 11.11,1111,,11111111111111111"1 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1111111 .. 1 

Microstructure Formation During Directional Solidification of Binary Alloys without Convection: 

Experiment and Computation 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Brown Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIn 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

A combination of experimental and theoretical research will be aimed at developing a predictive understanding of 

cellular and dendritic microstructures of dilute binary alloys and lamella spacing in the growth of eutectics formed 

during thin-film solidification. The results will form the basis for prediction of the dependence of microstructure 

formation on macroscale properties of bulk solidification systems, such as the imposed temperature gradient and the 

sample growth rate. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The extensive theoretical and experimental research on microstructure formation point to the formation of cellular 

microstructures in binary alloys and lamella eutectics as being formed under conditions of long time-scale, 

spatiotemporal chaos in the pattern. These patterns involve a band of wavelengths that evolve with changes in the 

operating conditions, such as growth rate and temperature gradient, and include very long wavelength interactions 

through which the pattern communicates over length scales much larger than the characteristic cell size. The 

outstanding problem that will be addressed in the research is to begin to construct mean field models for 

solidification microstructure that are based on microscopic mechanics of individual elements in the microstrucure. 

Experimental, theoretical and computational studies will be conducted that will lead toward this goal. These 

elements of the research plan are: 

• Experimental studies of spatiotemporal chaos in cellular solidification and the role of externally applied forcing 

functions on regularization of the pattern; 

• Extension of the analysis of wavelength selection to thin-film eutectic solidification; 

• Experimental studies of lamellar eutectic growth in thin-film solidification; and 

• The development of stochastic and mean field models for pattern formation in directional solidification. 

Research Approach - The microstructure of metal alloys formed from directional solidification plays an important 

role in the mechanical and electrical properties of these materials. This investigation describes experimental and 

theoretical research aimed at developing a predictive understanding of cellular and dendritic microstructures of dilute 

binary alloys and the lamella spacing in the growth of eutectics formed during thin-film solidification. The 

combination of experimental and theoretical results will form the basis for prediction of the dependence of 

microstructure formation on macroscale properties of bulk solidification systems, such as the imposed temperature 

gradient and the sample growth rate. The experimental studies are carefully designed so that bulk convection, driven 

by density gradients, is unimportant. In this way, the results are applicable to gravity-free experiments that will be 

undertaken during space flight. The theoretical framework for understanding nonlinear pattern formation during 

solidification is so complex that there is little hope of unraveling the mechanisms for pattern formation in the 

presence of convection without rigorous analysis and experiment in the absence of convection. The thin-film 

experimental geometry offers the only mechanism for accomplishing this goal on Earth . 

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11-379 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ................... , .................. 11 .............. 1111111 ............... , ..... 111111111.".111111111 ....... " .... 1111111 ............ 11 ........ 11 ........ 111111111111111111111111111111111.11111111.1 .. 1111111111111111111111 •• 1111.11.1111111 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The research has the promise of making significant progress towards the development of a theoretical framework for 

characterizing the formation of microstructure in alloy solidification. The experiments and microscale calculations 

to be conducted will lay the foundation for detailed description of the mechanisms for length scale adjustment in 

cellular and lamellar eutectic growth. The development of kinetic theory for describing the evolution of the 

microscale will give the connection between processing variables and microscale formation that is necessary for 

adaptation of the theory to practice in industrially important systems, and will provide a framework for the 

characterization of alloy systems for microstructural modeling parameters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A combination of computational, theoretical and experimental studies are being conducted which are aimed at 

improving the understanding of microscale dynamics in cellular solidification and of the onset of dendrite growth. 

Experiments are planned on cellular solidification using transparent organic alloys. Calculations will be based on 

novel finite-element methods. 

Over the last decade, a host of theoretical and experimental studies of directional solidification in thin systems have 

been performed, including the research conducted under previous NASA support. These studies have shown that 

cellular microstructures do not develop with a specific wavelength but are better characterized by a spatiotemporally 

chaotic pattern with a mean wavelength and dispersion about this mean. This picture of microstructural 

solidification is supported by the calculations of the dynamics of cellular solidification, by analysis of prototype 

equations that exhibit pattern formation, and by the careful experiments of thin-film solidification by M.LT. and 

'others. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 7/93 EXPIRATION: 7/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-25 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-%2 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Northey, P., Armstrong, R.C., and Brown, R.A. Finite amplitude time-periodic states in viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow 

of 8 UCM fluid. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech .. 1992. 

Rajagopalan. D., Philips, R., Armstrong, R.C., Brown, R.A., and Bose, A. Analysis of rimming flow of Newtonian and 

viscoelastic fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R.A. Boundary conforming mapping applied to computations of cellular solidification. Inter. 

J. Numer. Meths. Fluids, 1992 . 

................... 111 .. ' .......... 111 .. 11 ...... 11.11.111111 ..... 1111 ........... '" .. 111111111111111111111 .. 11111111111111111111 .... 11111111111111111"' .. 1 .. II,II,n.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.III .. I,II'II'I'IIIIIIIIIIIII.,.II.II •• IIIU .. I .. ,IIIIIII 

11-380 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............................................. " ............................. 111111 ........... 111111 ... 11111 ....... 111111111111 .. 1111111 ..... 1111 ...................... 11.11.11.11 ...... 11.11111111111111 •• 1111"111111"""'.1111111111111111.11111 

Optical Properties for High Temperature Materials Research 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ared Cezairliyan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

S. Krishnan 

J. McClure 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

Intersonics, Inc. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn 

The objective of this research is to obtain definitive values for the normal spectral emissivity of selected 

high-melting-point metals by two independent techniques in order to provide a foundation for reliable radiometric 

temperature measurements in materials research at high temperatures, both in microgravity and on the ground. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research will include accurate measurements of the normal spectral emissivity of selected metals near and at 

their melting points in a series of subsecond pulse-heating experiments in which the emissivity will be determined 

at two laser wavelengths in the range 0.5-0.9 J.UD by two independent techniques involving high-speed pyrometry 

and laser polarimetry, respectively. The simultaneous measurements by the two techniques on the same specimen 

will minimize a number of major experimental uncertainties, in particular those arising from specimen surface 

conditions and specimen purity. 

Research Approach - The approach is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen from room temperature 

up to the temperature of interest in less than one second by passing a large current pulse through it and 

simultaneously determining emissivity by the following two techniques: from measurements of the surface 

radiance temperature and the true temperature of the specimen via Planck's law; and from measurements of the 

stokes parameters of polarized laser light reflected by the specimen. Reference values for emissivity will be 

determined in two temperature ranges by selecting metals with melting temperatures in the range 1500-2000oK 

(such as nickel and titanium) and the range 2500-3000oK (such as niobium and molytxlenum). 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results of this research will enable the establishment of reference values for normal spectral emissivity (also 

leading to high temperature radiometric standards) which are critically needed for accurate temperature measurements 

in materials research on high-temperature liquids and melts and in the determination of their thermophysical 

properties at bigh temperatures, under either microgravity or terrestrial conditions. In addition, the proposed work 

will resolve the current major controversy in the scientific literature regarding the wavelength dependence of normal 

spectral emissivity of metals at and near their melting points. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the last few years, research conducted at Rice University and at Intersonics has resulted in the development and 

application of laser polarimetry techniques for the measurement of optical properties of electromagneticallylevitated, high-temperature liquids. The properties, which include normal spectral emissivities and optical 

constants, n and k, were measured for the noble metals and the platinum-group metals in the wavelength range 

0.488-1.064 J..UI1. More recent polarimetric investigations were conducted on several other materials at the 

0.6328-J.UD wavelength. The basic technique involves the determination of normal spectral emissivity as a function 

of temperature by simultaneous measurements of the Stokes parameters of polarized laser light reflected by the 

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11-381 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................. ,11 .................. 1.'1 ........... , ............. " ...... 11111 ......................................... " ... " .............................. 111 ........ ' .......... 11 ....... 1111, ............ ,.11.1111 ... 1111111'11 

specimen surface and the surface radiance temperature by radiation thennometry. The working principle of the laser 

polarimetric technique is that, when quasi-monochromatic light of linear polarization is incident on a 

specularly-reflecting surface at an oblique angle, the reflected light is generally elliptically polarized. By accurately 

measuring the polarization state of the reflected light, the optical properties of the surface, including its normal 

spectral emissivity, can be exactly determined. An unambiguous description of the complete state of polarization is 

given by four Stokes parameters which are measured by an innovative laser polarimeter. 

As yet, the emissivities of relatively few metals (Ti, 'Z:r and Nb) have been measured at comparable wavelengths 

both by high-speed pyrometry at NIST and by laser polarimetry at Intersonics. Results obtained at the two 

laboratories for 'Z:r and Nb are in reasonable agreement, whereas for Ti the difference between results is significantly 

larger than the combined measurement uncertainties. Differences among results for a given metal may be due, at 

least in part, to differences at the two laboratories relating to specimen heating, specimen geometry and surface 

conditions (e.g., roughness and residual contamination), specimen purity, etc. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2193 EXPIRATION: 2196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-27 

NASA CONTRACT No.: H-18067D 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Cezairliyan, A., and Miiller, A.P. A dynamic technique for measuring normal spectral emissivity of 

electrically-conducting solids at high temperatures with a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer. lnt. J. Thermophys., 

(in press) 1993. 

Cezairliyan, A., Chang, R.F., Foley, G.M., and Miiller, A.P. High-speed spatial scanning pyrometer. Rev. Sci. lnstrum., 

vol. 64, no. 1584, 1993. 

Cezairliyan, A., McClure, J.L., and Miiller, A.P. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 520-906 nm) of 

tantalum at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. High Temp.-High Press., (in press) 1993. 

McClure, 1.L., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of the heat of fusion of tungsten by a microsecond-resolution transient 

tecbnique. lnt. 1. Thermophys .• vol. 14. no. 449, 1993. 

McClure, J.L., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of heat of fusion of tantalum by a microsecond-resolution transient 

tecbnique. Int. J. Thermopbys .• (in press) 1993. 

Miiller, A.P., and Cezairliyan. A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 519-906 nm) of tungsten at its melting 

point by a pulse-beating tecbnique. lnt. J. Thermophys .• vol. 14. no. 511,1993. 

Miiller. A.P., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of surface tension of tantalum by a dynamic tecbnique in a microgravity 

environment. lnt. J. Thermophys., (in press) 1993 . 

........................................................ 11 ......................................... 111 .............. 11 ....... 111 ......................................................................................... 1111 ................... 1111 

11-382 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .............................. 1111111 .................... 11 ....... 11 ......... 111111 .................... ,1111, .... 1 ..... 111111.'.111,.11111111.,111111111111111111111111111111111111"'1"1"1111111111"'11111111111111111.1"'".,111111.11"1,.1,. 

Dynamics of Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul M. Chaikin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. P.G. Debenedetti 

Prof. W.B. Russel 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Princeton University 

Princeton University 

Princeton University 

The object of this research is to understand the fundamental nature of liquid-solid transitions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach has focused on simulating low gravity by fluidizing a bed of specially prepared hard spheres (silica 

particles with short polymer coatings) with a counterflow of solvent. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The ideal system for such study is a set of hard spheres which, according to theory, should order as their density is 

increased past approximately 50%. The problem is that sedimentation prevents setting the density or attaining 

equilibrium of the sphere system. Research in microgravity may help overcome this problem. These fundamental 

studies are aimed at a microscopic understanding of the most basic static and dynamic a<;pects of liquids, solids, and 

the solidification process. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have made great progress in studying a variety of different colloids suspended against gravity by the counterflow 

of the solvent; that is, with a fluidized bed. We have found the variation in sedimentation velocity resulting from 

hydrodynamic interactions and its effect or particle dispersion. We have observed crystallization of fluidized particles 

due to their Coulomb repulsion. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 4/90 EXPIRATION: 7/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-18 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-383 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11111111 ............... 11 ................................. 111 .... 11.' ......... , .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1 •• 11'11111111111111"111111'11" ....... 'lIllIllllllltlllllll •• , •• IIIIIIII.".'I.' ........ 11I1111I111111'"'tI'"'11I1I11I 

Modeling Directional Solidification in Furnaces/Processes in the Microgravity Materials Science 

Laboratory 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Amon Chait NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this task are to develop a general-purpose numerical model for simulating directional solidification 

furnaces and to provide a consistent approach to process/sample parameter optimization. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach has been: (a) to develop required enhancements for simulating solidification processes with a finite 

element fluid, thermal, and solutal solver; (b) to develop numerical methodology for process optimization; and 

(c) to develop new time-dependent, multidimensional, free-boundary algorithms. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress has included the addition of inverse design and optimization code which in tum uses our general purpose 

fluid or thermal analysis codes. A high-level inverse design and optimization code was added and specifically applied 

to the Programmable Multi-Zone Furnace (PMZF) configuration. The capability adds, for the first time, the 

explicit specification of the principal investigator science requirements (e.g., thermal gradients, interface shape, etc.) 

as an experimental design criterion. 

The period of performance for this task ended September 1992. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/91 EXPIRATION: 9/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-15 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-384 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ...................... 1111111 .. 111 ........ 111 ............................... 11.11'".11111111111111111111111'11111111 .. 1 .. 1111.1"111111.111111111111 ......... 11 ................... 11.111 ............. 111111111.11.11.111.1'1"1"'11"""1111111 

Fluid Mechanics of Directional Solidification at Reduced Gravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Chuan F. Chen University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Cool's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The primary objective of this research is to provide ground-based support for the Casting and Solidification 

Technology (CAST) flight experiment, flown on IML-1 in January 1992. The secondary objective of the proposed 

research is to examine the stability phenomena associated with the onset of freckles and the mechanisms for their 

subsequent growth and decline (to the eventual demise of some). 

DESCRIPTION: 

The focus is to study the convective motion and freckle formation during directional solidification of NH4CL from 

aqueous solution at simulated parameter ranges equivalent to reduced gravity. This will involve state-of-the-art 

imaging techniques and mathematical models for the prediction of the observed phenomena. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

• Computed Tomography Applied to the Mushy Layer 

A 30% NH4 C1-H20 solution was directionally solidified in a 12.7 x 12.7 x 12.7 em plexiglass tank, generating a 

mushy layer approximately 2.5 cm thick. The tank was then transported to the Arizona Health Sciences Center for 

computed tomography scanning. Sixty-six scans were made, each 2 mm thick and containing x-ray absorption data 

for 350 x 350 voxels. The data were analyzed using Data Explorer on an IBM 340 workstation in the Visualization 

Laboratory at the Center for Computing and Information Technology at The University of Arizona. Using the 

method presented by Chen and Chen (JFM 227:567-586, 1991), the x-ray absorption data were converted into solid 

fraction of the mush. Three-dimensional level surfaces were generated and plotted with false coloring. Solid 

fraction distribution within the entire mushy zone is clearly exhibited. (A set of computer outputs was submitted 

with the Annual Technical Report dated January 4, 1993.) The results were presented as a poster in the "Gallery of 

Fluid Motion" during the 45th Annual Meeting of APS-DFD, November 1992. 

We have recently concluded an experiment in which the growing mush was continually examined by CT scan during 

directional solidification. We are still at the data-reduction stage. Final results will include information on the time 

evolution of (1) horizontally averaged solid fraction, (2) solid fraction distribution within a 2 mm slice of mush, 

and (3) three-dimensional level interfaces of solid fraction within the mushy layer. The results will reveal the 

variations of solid fraction within the mush as it goes through the finger convection period, the onset of plume 

convection, and, finally, the fully developed plume-chimney flow regime. The results will provide a basis for 

comparison with the predictions of the linear theory of Worster (JFM 237:649-669, 1992). 

• Onset of Chimney Convection in a Mushy Layer Generated in a Hele Shaw Cell 

This research was carried out at the institut fur Angewandt Thermo- und Fluiddynamic, Kemforschungszentrum, 

Karlsruhe, Germany, where Dr. C. F. Chen was a Visiting Scientist from May 25 to August 9, 1992. Directional 

solidification experiments were conducted in a Hele Shaw cell because of its inherent two-dimensionality and ease of 

flow visualization. A 27% NH4C1-H20 solution (liquidus temperature = 20°C) was solidified from below in a cell 

22 cm wide x 20 cm high x 0.14 cm thick. The bottom copper surface was maintained at a constant low 

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11-385 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1.111 .. 1111 .. ' .......... 11 ............... 11.11111111"1111111111 ... 1I11I111 .. 1 .. 111"' .. IIII,II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"lIltlllllllIllI"I .. III .. 1 .. 1.It'II .. I .. I .. I',II'IIIIIII.,II"IIII ••• "".IIIIII.,I'1111111111111111111111"111""'1""""11 

temperature. Convection in the liquid region was visualized by either the Schlieren or the differential interferometric 

technique. A detailed study was carried out on the finger convection phase using the interferometer. Results show 

that, at the start of the solidification process, the finger convection cells are very slender and are distributed evenly 

all along the bottom. As the cells grow upward, they coalesce to form larger and larger cells. Eventually, the 

entire tank is disturbed by such convection. With the appearance of plume convection, finger convection gradually 

weakens. When the plume convection is fully developed, the finger convection becomes very weak, and the 

background large-scale convection is completely damped out. 

Chimney formation experiments were carried out with the bottom temperature varying from -2SoC to -SoC. For 

cases with the bottom temperature higher than the eutectic temperature of -IS.4°C, it was found that the time of 

onset of plume-chimney convection increases and the ratio of the chimney wavelength to the layer thickness 

decreases as the bottom temperature is increased. However, when the plume convection is fully developed, 

approximately 2 hr. into the experiment, the chimney wavelength is approximately 1.3 times the layer thickness, 

regardless of the bottom temperature. These results were presented at the 4Sth Annual Meeting of the APS-DFD. 

• Cross-Diffusion Effect on the Stability of a Double-Diffusive Layer with a Free Surface 

During the first grant year, we studied the effect of surface tension on the stability of a double-diffusive layer (Chen 

and Su, Phys. Fluids A 4:2360-2367, 1992). During the current grant year, we have been investigating the 

additional effect of cross-diffusion on the stability of such a system. The problem we studied is that of a binary fluid 

with a finite Soret effect but negligible Dofour effect. This layer of fluid is subjected to a temperature gradient. We 

studied the stability of this layer under the combined effect of Soret diffusion and surface tension by linear stability 

techniques. The effects of the dependence of surface tension on temperature and solute were investigated separately. 

Calculations were made for Rayleigh numberss;. 100 suitable for reduced gravity levels. The results show that, in a 

parameter range in which the density distribution due to the temperature gradient and the solute gradient arising out 

of the separation ratio are stable, surface tension effects due to either temperature or solute may cause onset of 

instability in the oscillatory mode. A paper entitled Effect of Surface Tension on the Stability of a Binary Fluid 

Layer Under Reduced Gravity by C. F. Chen and C. C. Chen has been submitted to the Physics of Fluids A. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: S 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/91 EXPIRATION: 3/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-2S-0S-21 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Chen, C.F. Surface tension effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection. Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, 325-333, 

1992. 

Chen, C.F. Viscosity effects on the directional solidification of NH.CI solution in a Hele Shaw cell. Gallery of Fluid 

Motion, Phys. Fluids A , 4, 1879, 1992. 

Chen, C.F. Convection in the mushy zone during directional solidification. Interactive Dynamics of Convection and 

Solidification, 139-141, 1992. 

Chen. C.F., and Chen, F. Onset of salt-finger convection in a gravity-gradient. Physics of Fluids A. 4, 451-452, 1992. 

Chen, C.F., and Su, T.-F. Effects of surface tension on the onset of convection in a double-diffusive layer. Phys. Fluids A, 

4, 2360-2367, 1992. 

Terrones, G., and Chen, C.F. Convective stability of gravity modulated doubly cross-diffusive fluid layers. 1. Fluid 

Mech., 225:301-321, 1993 . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11,11 ... " .... 11.11'"'".111""'11'11'11 •• 111.11.11 .. ,.11.11.11'11"11.11."1111111'"' ........ 1 .... ,11111111 ........ ' ...... 11.1 ...... '" ... ".,11, ... 1,,'II.II.II'I.II.,II'".IIIIIIIIIII.II ... I.II'II ••• ,IIIIIIIII.It.,,,1 •• 11111 •• 1111111,.1.11 

Presentations: 

Chen, C.F., and Ehrhard, P. Onset of chimney convection in a mushy layer generated in a Hele Shaw cell, Presented at the 

45th Annual Meeting of APS-DFD, Tallahassee, Florida, November 1992. 

Chen, C.F., and Terrones, G. Effect of gravity modulation on the stability of a binary fluid layer, Presented at The Gordon 

Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processess, Henniker, New Hampshire, July 1993. 

Landis, M.A., and Chen, C.F. Solid fraction distribution in a mushy layer by computed tomography, poster presentation 

in The Gallery of Fluid Motion, 45th Annual Meeting of APS-DFD, Tallahassee, Florida November 1992. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................. , .................. , ............................ ' ...... 11111111111111111111 ...... ' ......... 11111 .... 11 ..... 1111111111 ............ 11 ... 1111 ... 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11.11.1111"1 ..... 111111'11111111111111111 

Microgravity Chemical Vapor Deposition 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ivan O. Clark 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.A. Jesser 

r.v. Hyer 

E.J. Johnson 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

University of Virginia 

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co. 

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co. 

This research will develop a better understanding of the scientific principles underlying chemical vapor deposition 

(CVD). The proposed research will detennine to what extent microgravity can elucidate and separate these 

competing phenomena and will fonn the basis for a proposal to perfonn a series of flight experiments to more fully 

elucidate these scientific principles. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Ground-based experimental and numerical investigations will provide both basic scientific infonnation on the heat 

and mass transfer effects central to the CVD process and define specific follow-on reduced-gravity investigations. 

This multi-pronged approach will maximize the utilization of available resources and capabilities. In the numerical 

modeling. both finite difference and spectral element techniques will be used and the predictions compared. In the 

experimental phases of the effort. a horizontal CVD reactor design will be used for the growth of a model material 

such as aluminum. and a commercially important material. InP. Laser velocimetry measurements of the flow fields 

in the reactor will also be perfonned. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

CVO is an extremely important industrial technique with applications in the fields of semiconductors. optics, and 

corrosion resistance. The nature and quality of the layers fonned are dependent on mass and energy transport as well 

as homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions and nucleation. Commercial CVO processes currently 

employ reactors developed through decades of empirical trial and error. Scientific understanding of the CVO process 

is limited by the difficulty of separating the heat and mass transport due to externally forced convection and that of 

the internal processes of buoyant thermal convection, buoyant solutal convection, and thennal (Soret) and solutal 

diffusion. There is also forced convection due to volume changes arising from both reactive chemistry and thennal 

effects. A better understanding of these effects is essential to achieve desired improvements in perfection, 

unifonnity, and size of grown layers and to provide an engineering design basis for these systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The design of the test vessel is being refined using a parametric numerical study of geometric vs. analytical 

resolution requirements for measuring the reactor effects. A candidate organometallic material has been selected and 

efforts are underway to develop the thennophysical properties database necessary to accurately model deposition. 

TASK INITIATION: 11192 EXPIRATION: 11/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............ 111111 ............................ 11 .......... 1111 .. 111111 ... 11111 ....... 11111 .. 11 .. 1111 ..... 11 ..................... 111 ............................ , .......... " ......... III .... IIII.II ............... III .......... llltll .............. I 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Presentations: 

Clark, 1.0. Gravitational and thermal diffusion effects in horizontal CVD flows, Ninth American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

11 .. 111 ........................................ ' ........ 111 .. 1111 ........ 1111 ..... 111' ...... 1111 .............................. '"'1111111 .. 1111 ........ 1111 ........ '"IIIIIIIIIII'" .... ""'"IIIII.II',I"III,lItI'"'I .. I'"'"IIIIIIII'I'""III 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ........ 111 .......................................................................... 11111111 ............ 11 ..................... 11 ...................... 1111 ..... 11I11I.1I.1I11I""II'"'",lllllllltlltI.II •• "I •• I.II'II.II'"IIIII.tlilltiltl 

Glass Formation and Nucleation in Microgravity: Containerless-Processed, Inviscid Silicate/Oxide 

Melts (Ground-Based Studies) 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Reid F. Cooper University of Wisconsin, Madison 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.H. Perepezko University of Wisconsin, Madison 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

1bere are two specific tasks involved in this researcb project: 

1. Nucleation by internal oxidation or reduction of transition metal-bearing silicate melts. If a cbange in valence 

state of a transition metal cation within a silicate melt is associated with a cbange in its structural role within the 

melt, one migbt be able to effect internal bomogeneous nucleation within the melt via a cbange in the external 

environment. for example, by a redox reaction. Critical to the bypothesis is the nature of transition metal cations 

to make the melt into a semiconductor: Conduction electrons or electron holes are majority defect species and thus 

serve to decouple cation and anion diffusion fluxes that occur in an oxygen cbemical potential gradient. One 

consequence is that oxidation or reduction reactions can occur internally (i.e., within the body of the melt) instead of 

solely on the surface. These reactions can result in the destabilization of the melt sucb that crystallization 

reactions occur in fmely (nm-scale) dispersed regions of the melt body (e.g., the formation of Fe 3+ -bearing spinel 

precipitates via the internal oxidation of an originally Fe2

+ -bearing a1uminosilicate melt). One can thus create 

fine-grained glass-ceramics from wbat would normally be non-glass-forming melts. The environmental control 

required in the pursuit demands a containerless environment; the ability to ultimately produce controlled-shape parts 

from the uniform, fine-scale crystallization of a melt would take advantage of microgravity. 

2. Internal nucleation of inviscid pseudobinary silicate melts via metastable liquid-pbase immiscibility. Binary 

alkaline Earth oxide-silicate melts are bighly exothermic. Nevertheless, the structural variations between bighly 

polymerized (silica-ricb) and poorly polymerized (silica-poor) silicate liquids result in the creation of composition 

zones (on the silica-rich end of the pbase diagram) where a single silicate liquid is not stable. On the silica-poor 

end of the diagram, this immiscibility would be metastable. 

As a consequence, if one can sufficiently undercool an in viscid, silica-poor melt, one could perhaps cause metastable 

amorphous-phase separation to occur prior to any crystallization. The pbase separation could further promote the 

internal, fine O.un)-scale. uniform nucleation and crystallization of the material: The creation of unique 

glass-ceramic materials becomes a possibility. Containerless processing is crucial to secure the necessary amount 

of undercooling; a quiescent microgravity environment migbt further allow large bodies of inviscid melt to be so 

processed. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Two research approacbes are employed for the two tasks: 

1. Containerless processing for oxidation of Fe2+ -bearing alkaline Earth a1uminosiIicate melts via aero-acoustic 

levitation (ALL). Small droplets (-3mm diameter) of ferrous iron-bearing calcium a1uminosilicate glass. prepared 

initially by bulk melting in a controlled-oxygen activity furnace. are levitated and remelted using AAL and laser 

beating. The droplets thus formed are evaluated for their surface reactions. using Rutherford backscattering 

spectroscopy (RBS). and for their internal reactions using analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM and 

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11-390 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............................... 1111 .............. 111 ..... 11 ..... 1111111 ..... 1111 ......... IIIII .. IIII ..... IIIIIIfIIIIIlIIlIIIII."I' ..... II .... IIII ............. 1I.lIllIln.II.II.IIIIIIII'''IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I .. I'111111111""111111111 

1EM). The kinetics of the redox reaction are evaluated as functions of temperature, time, and oxygen activity, the 

latter controlled via the gas used as a levitation medium. The results of these experiments are compared to those 

done at low temperature on glasses of identical composition; with such a check, the study can be later extended to 

melts too inviscid to be glass formers. The nature of nucleation as affected by local oxygen fugacity will be 

explored using electron diffraction study of the internal oxidation front. 

2. Drop-tube processing of pseudobinary silicate melts. Binary MgO-Si0 2 metasilicate compositions near the deep 

cristobalite (Si02)-enstatite (MgSi03) eutectic are melted in a drop tube. Initially fine, crystalline powder, the fine 

droplets are alowed by the degree of undercooling to experience metastable phase separation. Those droplets 

receiving sufficient undercooling to additionally penetrate the glass transition can be thermodynamically analyzed to 

explore the nature of nucleation in phase-separated amorphous materials. Primary analysis tools of the processing 

include secondary electron emission microscopy (scanning electron microscope), X-ray diffraction, 1EM and 

electron microdiffraction, and differential thermal analysis and scanning calorimetry. These data should allow 

discrimination of the role of amorphous-amorphous interfaces on crystalline nucleation in the phase-separated 

amorphous droplets. The study will be extended to the binary AI20 3-Si02 system, the alumina-rich end producing 

highly inviscid melts that. if sufficiently undercooled, could produce interesting aluminalmullite glass-ceramics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress on the Two Tasks of this Investigation: 

1. Nucleation by internal oxidation or reduction of transition metal-bearing silicate glasses and melts. 

Oxidation experiments were completed on a suite of CaO-Na20-FeO-MgO-AI20 3-Si02 glasses (prepared from 

naturally occurring Columbia River Plateau Basalts) and on synthetic compositions minus Na20. These 

experiments were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), optical microscopy, transmitted 

electron microscopy (1EM) and high energy electron diffraction (HEED). The RBS spectra clearly indicate that the 

oxidation process is accompanied by the flux of Ca 2+, Mg2+ (both specimen types) and Na+ (natural basalt 

specimens) to the free surface with the subsequent formation of a crystalline, calcium-rich orthosilicate 

(Ca7Mg[Si04]4) that partially covers the specimen surface. Beneath this surface layer lies a depleted silicate glass, 

that includes fine precipitates of MgFe20 4 spinel. The results indicate that the oxidation occurs by the flux of 

oxygen into the glass with the oxidation resulting in structural change of the gla<;s, precipitation of the spinel and a 

release of Ca2+ and Mg 2+ whose elevated activity at the oxidation reaction front causes their diffusion to the free 

surface. The kinetics are parabolic (diffusion-limited); the rate-limiting step for the oxidation process is thus either 

diffusion of molecular oxygen through the depleted glass or diffusion of the divalent cations away from the reaction 

front towards the free surface (the fastest diffusion path) due to the relative polymerization of the starting and 

depleted glasses. From a materials processing perspective, the internal oxidation phenomenon does indeed suggest 

the possibility to fore internal nucleation of an in viscid melt body via environmental change. We are presently 

preparing two manuscripts describing this phenomena. 

These experiments have been extended to melts in two ways. In cooperation with Intersonics Corporation, spheres 

of both the natural and synthetic compositions have been aero-acoustically levitated and oxidized above the liquidus 

for the original melt composition. In the sphere so levitated that remained relatively quiescent, the internal 

oxidation process is plainly evident, with internal oxidation and consequent homogeneous nucleation of 

magnesioferrite spinel (as well as Ostwald ripening of these nuclei) and heterogeneous (on the spinel precipitates) of 

calcium-rich feldspar. We are presently working out a kinetic model for this process in the melts, but the thrust of 

the model is a form of constitutional supercooling wrought by the redox diffusion process. A manuscript for 

publication is being outlined. In similar experiments employing electrostatic levitation(experiments performed by 

W. K. Rhim at JPL), the synthetic specimens successfully levitated but experienced instabilities due to the 

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11-391 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ................................. , ....................... '"111 ............................... 1 ..... 111 ......... ,1111111 ....... 111 ...... 1111111 ... , ....... 11 .. ' .................... ,.II.II ....... IItIII., •• ,IIIIII ... 'II'.11.11.1t ..... ,.,.II.,11 

environment of the chamber, which we believed caused reduction of specimens: the release of oxygen cause bloating 

and fracture of the droplets. experiments perfonned very recently look better; we are presently engaged in analyzing 

these. 

2. Internal nucleation of inviscid pseudobinary silicate melts via metastable liquid-phase immiscibility. 

MgO-Si02 binary melts (metasilicate composition) have been drop-tube processed at approximately 1800°C. Yield 

of these experiments was surprisingly extensive: approximately 80 vol. % of the fine «50-mm particles experienced 

melting in the process (a substantial increase in yield over powder processed at _1600°C). We are presently 

collecting statistics on this processed powder, specifically discerning the amount of material that received sufficient 

undercooling so as to remain amorphous. We are further pursuing thermal analysis experiments on the amorphous 

powder to ascertain, if possible, the role of amorphous phase separation on the nucleation of glass-ceramic (Le., 

spatially uniform, fine-grained crystalline) microstructure in these droplets. Time resolved thermal analysis should 

allow discrimination of surface nucleation processes (Le., heterogeneous nucleation on amorphous-amorphous 

interfaces) from possible homogeneous nucleation processes, as well as determine the scale of phase separation 

important to promote appropriate crystallization. We anticipate collecting such dynamic data in the next few 

months. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 

PhD Students: 

1 

1 

MS Degrees: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11194 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111111 .................. 11111' .......... 111111 ... 111 ..... ' .... 11 .. 111111111 ... '111111111'""1"11'"1111111111111'"'"'11'"'"1111111111111'"'1111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11 .. '"111 ..... '11111111 ....... '.' .. '11111.1111111111111111111 

Directional Solidification in 3He _4He Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Arnold Dahm Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The goal is to enhance our fundamental understanding of crystal growth kinetics, liquid-solid interface 

morphologies, and the stability of alloys. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Systematic studies of directional solidification in 3He-4He alloys will be conducted to complement work that has 

been done in other alloys. Studies will also be carried out in nonnal 4He for comparison. Here, the latent heat is 

non-negligible, and heat transport plays a role in detennining the morphology of the interface. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The study of morphologies is of intrinsic interest in testing theories of non-linear systems. These studies will 

provide a base for future flight based research. Study results found to differ from those of classical alloys will guide 

both theorists and experimentalists in their future studies, and significant differences should result in new ideas for 

space-based alloy growth experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

At this point we have designed and built our sample chamber, installed a helium dewar system and built a gas 

handling system. We expect to begin taking data this fall. 

The reason that we have not taken data to date is the following. I attempted to find a graduate student to work on 

the project. The only available student who was interested in condensed matter physics and who I considered 

acceptable for the project expressed an interest in our proposed work. However, he failed the qualifying exam last 

May. I then made the decision to hire a postdoc for two years rather than a graduate student for three. I have hired 

Dr. Chen from the University of Illinois. Dr. Chen comes to us with very strong recommendations, and I am 

convinced that we will accomplish more work in this mode than with a graduate student for three years. 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-25 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-393 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...................... IIII ... IIIIII .. IIIIII .. IIII .. ' •• ' ... IIIII .... UIIl ... 11I1111 .. 111.11I1 ... III ...... IIIIII ............ tllll.IIII .................................................... 11111111111111 ...... '.11 .... ".11.11.11111111111'1.,11111111 

Modeling of Coalescence 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert H. Davis University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The overall objective of this research is to develop models to predict drop-size distribution evolutions due to droplet 

collisions and coalescence during processing within the miscibility gap of bimetallic liquid-phase-miscibility-gap 

materials. When bimetallic liquid-phase-miscibility-gap materials are cooled through the miscibility gap, droplets 

rich in one of the metals form in the liquid matrix rich in the other metal. Droplet coalescence and phase 

segregation then occur due to buoyancy, thermocapillary, and other nongravitational mechanisms. Drop-size 

distribution evolutions in time are calculated by population dynamics models. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the population dynamics models, continuous drop-size distributions are discretized into a large number of 

categories. The formation and destruction of drops in each size category are tracked. Drop motion due to gravity 

sedimentation, Marangoni migration, Brownian motion, and bulk flow are considered individually or collectively. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Classic expressions attributed to Smoluchowski for the collision rate between drops (that are required in the 

collision kernels opposing in the population dynamics models) are improved to include attractive, repulsive, and 

hydrodynamic interactions between drops. In particular, trajectory calculations are used to predict collision 

efficiencies. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A computer program has been completed for solving the population dynamics model to follow droplet size 

evolutions with time in homogeneous disperSions due to collisions arising from gravity sedimentation, Marangoni 

migration, andlor Brownian motion. Some of the key results are that a bimodal initial distribution will exhibit 

much more rapid coalescence due to gravity sedimentation or Marangoni migration than will a unimodal initial 

distribution. A unimodal initial distribution will evolve into a bionodal distribution, then into a shifted and 

broadened unimodal distribution, and the coalescence may be greatly reduced by antiparallel alignment of the gravity 

vector and the temperature gradient. 

Collision efficiencies for Brownian motion and gravity sedimentation for drops having a range of viscosity and 

radius ratios have been computed both in the presence and absence of attractive forces. A key result is that, in 

contrast to rigid particles, spherical liquid drops have nonzero collision efficiencies in the absence of attractive 

forces. 

Theoretical work on combined mechanisms for drop coalescence has been focused on buoyancy and Marangoni 

motion with the gravity vector aligned antiparallel to the temperature gradient. The collision efficiencies for 

thermocapillary motion are larger than those for gravity motion, because of the more rapid decay of the velocity 

fields created by drops undergoing thermocapillary motion, provided that the thermal conductivity of the drops is not 

too large. 

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11-394 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .................................... " ... "11111 ................... "111 ..................... , ........................................................................................ 111 ............. " ....... 1 ... 111111111 ....... 1111 ... 1' .. '11111 

Our results show that there is a fmite region in parameter space for which no collisions occur. This is because the 

interaction of two drops due to thennocapillary migration decays more rapidly with the separation distance R (as 

lIR1) than does the interaction of two drops in gravity motion (which decays as 11 R). As a result, the large drop 

which moves toward a small drop below it due to gravity may reach a separation distance where the initially weaker 

thennocapillary effects just balance the buoyancy-driven relative motion, and so the separation distance then no 

longer decreases. 

Time scales have been determined to phase segregation and drop coalescence, together with criteria for predicting 

whether or not significant coalescence will occur prior to phase segregation. A computer model is being developed 

to solve population balances for drop size distributions which show that the phase segregation rate initially 

increases due to coalescence and subsequently decreases as the large drops migrate out of suspension. 

Physical data on a variety of bimetallic and transparent immiscibles have been collected, and dimensionless 

parameters presenting various effects have been tabulated as functions of drop size. Data on composite Hamaker 

constant (for van der Waals attraction) and temperature coeffiicients of interfacial tension (for thermocapillary 

migration) are sparse, and order-of-magnitude estimates are typically used. Calculations of collision efficiencies 

have been made for bismuth drops in a zinc melt and for ethyl salicytate drops in diethylene glycol. 

The period of perfonnance for this task ended September 1992. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 2/89 EXPIRATION: 9/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-35 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-395 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .................................................................................. 11" ....................... 11111.111 .................. 111111111111111 ................................................. llltlllIlll ...... ' .......... II ..... 1I11I1III 

Advanced Photonic Materials Produced by Containerless Processing 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Delbert E. Day University of Missouri, Rolla 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

C.S. Ray University of Missouri, Rolla 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this research are to: (a) use containerless melting to develop nonlinear optical glasses for use as 

ultrafast, all-optical switches and other photonic devices for communication and advanced computer application; and 

(b) investigate and compare the kinetics of nucleation and crystallization for these glasses-prepared by 

containerless melting-with the kinetics for the same glasses melted in a container. 

The glasses that have been reported to possess the potential for nonlinear optical applications, such as the heavy 

metal oxide (HMO) glasses containing PbO, Bi20) and Gap), are made from highly fluid and chemically corrosive 

melts which readily crystallize during cooling. These typical characteristics not only decrease the glass-fonning 

tendency for these melts, but develop unwanted color centers, primarily due to materials dissolved from the 

container. The conventional melting procedure for HMO compositions therefore results in colored and chemically 

inhomogeneous glasses that are presently unusable for nonlinear optical applications. Containerless processing 

provides the opportunity to eliminate or suppress the heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization in a melt and 

increase the tendency for glass fonnation. Since no container is used, color centers caused by impurities dissolved 

from a container can be completely eliminated, even in a highly corrosive melt. The kinetics of nucleation and 

crystallization for HMO glasses prepared with and without a container will be investigated to detennine, primarily, 

the temperature range for nucleation, the temperature for maximum nucleation, and the activation energy for 

crystallization. The nucleation and the crystallization data will be combined with the measured chemical durability 

to detennine the stability of these glasses for practical applications. 

At the completion of the ground-based work, the general plan is to conduct follow-on experiments with 

containerless melts in space, using compositions that appear most suitable to the operational parameters of 

whatever levitator furnace is available. The purpose is to develop a glass with improved nonlinear optical 

properties by taking advantage of the reported observation that a glass prepared in a microgravity environment is 

chemically more homogeneous than an identical glass prepared on Earth. This observation from earlier space 

experiments can be verified by data from the present experiments, and the mechanism(s) of melt homogenization in 

the absence of gravity can be determined. The kinetic parameters for nucleation and crystallization detennined for 

the space- and Earth-melted glasses are expected to yield a better scientific understanding for the relative role of 

heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation in the processes of glass formation, nucleation, and crystal growth in 

fluid melts. Since an acoustic field is used to levitate and position melts for containerless processing, the proposed 

research will also attempt to identify any effect an acoustic field may have on the homogenization, nuclei 

fonnation, and crystal growth during a containerless glass-fonning melt. 

Research Approach: Initially, the investigation of nonlinear optical glasses started with HMO compositions in the 

system PbO, Bi20) and Ga20). The starting composition was chosen after discussions with Dr. William 

Dumbaugh at Coming, Inc., who has considerable experience with HMO glasses. Depending upon the initial 

results, other compositions containing Ti02, Nb20 S' or Te02' which have the potential of yielding a high nonlinear 

refractive index and bigh infrared transmission cut-off (>8~), will also be studied . 

..................................................................................... 1I11I1 .......................... IIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIIIII .. II.II ........ llfllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IIIIII •• U.UIII'II""IIIIIII.1.,1" ••• ,11'1111111 

11-396 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................. 11 ..................... 11111 ....... 111 .............................. 1111 ........ 1' .... 111 .. 1111 ............................ 111 .. 111' .. 1111 .... 11111111111 ....... 11.11 ...... 1111.11 .... 11.1111 ... 11.11.' .. 111111.1111111'11'11111111 

Glasses are prepared in containers of different materials, such as Pt, Au, and A120 3, to determine which container 

has the highest corrosion resistance to these melts and will yield the best glass. Hot-pressed PbQ, Bi 20 3 and Ga20 3 

samples of suitable composition will also be containerlessly melted and cooled at Intersonics, Inc., using their 

newly developed acousto-aerodynamic levitator/furnace. The critical cooling rate for glass formation, Rc (container) 

measured by the pendant-drop technique (spherical glass melt hanging from a thermocouple bead), will be compared 

with the Rc measured for containerless melt Rc (containerless) at Intersonics. 

The ratio of Rc (container) to Rc (containerless) will be used to determine the improvement in glass formation for 

the containerless melt at I-g. The kinetic parameters for nucleation and crystallization for these glasses (prepared 

with and without a container) will be measured by differential thermal analysis (DT A), and the crystallized phase(s) 

will be identified by XRD. The size and distribution of crystallized phase(s) will be determined by SEM and 

EDAX. Structural features of the glasses, such as cation coordination and oxygen bonding, which can be important 

to the kinetic parameters for crystallization will be investigated by NMR, XPS, and IR spectra. 

Selected properties, such as the glass transition temperature, softening temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, 

density, refractive index, microhardness, chemical durability, and the cut-off wavelength in the VIS and JR, also will 

be measured. The nonlinear refractive index will be measured only for the glasses that have the best combination of 

the above mentioned properties, and a nonlinear optical glass with optimized thermal, mechanical, nucleation, and 

crystallization properties will be developed at I-g. 

If flight opportunities become available, the optimum composition developed for nonlinear optical application from 

the ground-based investigation will be used in flight experiments. Hot-pressed spherical samples (6 mm to 8 mm 

in diameter) will be melted containerlessly in space and cooled at different rates. All of the properties measured for 

the 1-g glasses will also be measured for the post-flight samples. A comparison of these properties for Earth- and 

space-melted gla<;ses will reveal the improvement in the optical and other related properties due to better chemical 

homogeneity for glass melted in space. 

Any difference in the number, size, and distribution of nuclei in the Earth- and space-melted glasses can also be 

determined, the knowledge of which can be useful to understanding the mechanisms of glass formation and 

crystallization in melts processed in space and on Earth. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Measurements of selected properties for the heavy metal oxide (HMO) glasses containing PhO, Bi 20 3, Ga 20 3 have 

been completed. The results have been summarized in a technical paper which has been submitted to the Journal of 

American Ceramic Society for publication. 

Investigations on the crystallization behavior of these HMO glasses continuing using differential thennal analysis 

(DT A) and high temperature x-ray diffraction (XRO) analysis. While the high-PbO containing glasses crystallize a 

single compound PbO, high Bi20 3 containing glasses undergo a series of phase transformations as the temperature 

is increased. At a relatively low temperature (-400T) the first crystals to appear in these high-Bi20) containing 

glasses are PbO which then reacts with the glass matrix to form 2PbO.3Bi 20 3 at -4S0T, and finally 

2Pb02.12Bi20) at -S2S°C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air of these glasses shows a weight gain above 

SOO°C, which is possibly due to the formation of Pb0 2 from PhO (oxidation). No such weight gain is observed if 

the TGA is performed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon. The activation energy for crystallization for 

the glasses which yield a single DT A crysta1li7.ation peak (high-PbO containing glasses) has been determined using 

KiSSinger method and is - 420 kl/mo!. 

.... 111 ............................................ , .......... 11 .... 11111111111t ............. ,.II."., ................ 'II .............. IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.1"'III.II.tI.II,II'II •• II'.fI""IIII'",II •• ,I •• II,.,IIII"'11".11111, •• ".".,11.11.,1111 

11-397 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 .................... 1111 ........... 11 .... 111 .. 1111 .......... 1111111 .... . 

The glass structure of these HMO glasses is not clearly known. It has been planned to investigate the structure of 

these glasses using it and Raman measurements in a collaborative program with JPL. The ir measurements are now 

in progress at UMR, and the Raman measurements are being conducted at JPL. It is also of interest to investigate 

whether glass formability and the properties of these HMO glasses improve in containerless melting. Samples of 

different composition have been provided to JPL to perform experiments on melting and cooling these samples in 

electrostatic levitator/furnace. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12191 ExPIRATION: 11/94 

Total Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Huang, W., Ray, C.S., and Day, D.E. Color selected properties of PbO-BiOu-Ga01.5' J. Amer. Ceram.Society., 

(submitted). 

Weber, 1.K. R., Merkley, D.R., Anderson, C.D., Nordine, P.C., Ray, C.S., and Day, D.E. Enhanced formation of 

CaIcia-OaIlia glass by containerless processing. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc, 76 (8), 2139-41, 1993. 

Presentations: 

Huang, W., Ray, C.S., and Day, D.E. The structure and properties of PbO.Bip,.GaP3 glasses, 95th Annual Meeting of 

the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, 18-22 April, paper # 0-88-93, 1993 . 

............................... " ........................ 1111 .............................................................................................................. , .. , ............................... 11.11 ................................ . 

11-398 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...................................................................... 11 .......... 11111 ..... '1 ............ 1111111111111 ......... 111 ..... 1111111 ...... 1111 ...... 11.11.1111111111111111.1"'.111111111 .. 1.1111111111,1111111111111111111111,,'1"111'1 

Modeling Internal Radiative Transport in Crystal Growth Processes 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jeffrey J. Derby University of Minnesota 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Radiation energy transfer is an important feature in the high-temperature processes used to produce many optical and 

semiconductor crystals. The goal of this research program is to understand the effects of internal radiation, i.e., 

radiation within a participating medium, in several crystal growth systems of technological importance. 

DESCRIPTION: 

We develop and employ finite element methods to accurately predict radiation transfer in semitransparent media for 

the complicated, multidimensional geometries of crystal growth systems. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These methods are extremely accurate and robust and are applicable to systems of any optical thickness. The 

prediction of radiation transport is combined with previous heat transfer and hydrodynamic analyses of crystal 

growth to provide predictive capabilities for these processes. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have employed Galerkin finite element methods for modeling the vertical Bridgman growth of semitransparent 

crystals. Our prior work has identified the strong influence of internal radiation on the shape and position of the 

melt/crystal interface and the temperature gradients surrounding it. An important result of our past analyses showed 

that the coupling of internal radiation through the crystal with conduction through the ampoule walls promoted 

melt/crystal interface shapes which were highly deflected near the ampoule wall. This "radiative interface effect" had 

been observed, but not adequately understood, in prior experimental systems. The curvature of the melt/crystal 

interface in these systems was found to be much more pronounced than that observed during the Bridgman growth of 

opaque crystals, where the interface deflection at the ampoule wall is attributed to the thermal conductivity 

mismatch between ampoule and charge. Calculations demonstrated that a flatter overall interface shape could be 

achieved through optimization of ampoule material properties and furnace temperature profiles. 

During the past year, we have extended our model to consider the rigorous analysis of semitransparent crystal and 

melt domains with different optical properties. This important modification will allow us to address such topics as 

radiative supercooling --- a morphological instability postulated to be caused solely by internal radiant heat transfer. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

BS Students: 0 BS Degrees: 0 

MS Students: 0 MS Degrees: 0 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 5/91 EXPIRATION: 10/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

.................... 1 ... " .......................... 11 ... 1111 ............... 1.11 .. '1"11111'11111111111111""111"1"1"11111111,'111111111'1,1111IIIIIII'flllIllll.I,IIIIIIIIII'I.I.III'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,'11111111111""111111111111111'111,"111 

11-399 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...... " .................................................................................... 11111111111 .............. 111111 ........... 11111 .. 111 ....................... 1I.1I'II'U.II'II.,.II.II,"UIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I .. 11 •• ",U11111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Derby, J.J., Brandon, S., Salinger, A.G., and Xiao, Q. Large-scale numerical analysis of materials processing systems: 

high-temperature crystal growth and molten glass flows. Compo Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., (in press) 1993. 

Kuppurao, S., and Derby, J.J. Finite element formulations for accurate calculation of radiant heat transfer in diffuse-Grey 

enclosures. Numer. Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, (in press) 1993. 

Salinger, A.G., Aris, R., Brandon, S., and Derby, U. Buoyancy-driven flows of a radiatively participating fluid in a 

vertical cylinder heated from below. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, vol. 442, 313-341, 1993. 

Salinger, A.G., Brandon, S., and Derby, U. Steady-state flow transitions in the radiative Rayleigh-Benard problem: 

Visualizing a bifurcation diagram. Intern. Video J. Eng. Res., (accepted) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Derby, J.J. Large-scale computational modeling of bulk crystal growth processes, 1993 Winter Gordon Research 

Conference on Crystal Growth, Oxnard, CA, March 15-19, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of internal radiation, conduction, and convection in crystal growth processes, 

Departmental Seminar Series, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, April 15, 1993, 

invited. 

Derby, U. Finite element analysis of the growth of semitransparent crystals via the Bridgman method, Workshop on 

Control of Bridgman Growth of CdZnTe Crystals, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, June 24-25, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Finite element analysis of the growth of large, single crystals of refractory oxides, ARO Researchffechnology 

Transfer Workshops in High Performance Computing: Advanced Manufacturing, TARDEC, Warren, MI, August 30-31, 

1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature materials processing systems: Crystal growth and ceramics 

sintering, Chemical Engineering Program Seminar Series, Univ. of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, September IS, 

1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Finite element analysis of the growth of large, single crystals of semitransparent materials, TI, Dallas, TX, 

September 16, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature materials processing systems: Crystal growth and ceramics 

sintering, Departmental Seminar Series, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, September 20, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Analysis of flows in high-temperature crystal growth processes via finite element methods, 2nd Japan-US 

Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Large-Scale Computational Fluid Dynamics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 

March 14-16, 1994, invited. 

Derby, J.J., and Kuppurao, S. Effects of internal radiation during the melt growth of semitransparent crystals: Radiative 

supercooling, American Institute for Chemical Engineering Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, November 7-12, 1993. 

Derby, U., Brandon, S., and Xiao, Q. Computer modeling of the growth of optical crystals from the melt, The American 

Ceramic Society 95th Annual Meeting and Exposition, Cincinnati, OH, April 18-22, 1993. 

Derby, J.J., Brandon, S., Kuppurao, S., and Xiao, Q. Computer modeling of the growth of laser host crystals from the 

melt, Materials Research Society 1993 Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3, 1993. 

Derby, J.J., Kuppurao, S., and Tantra, 1.1. Parallel computation of view factors for analysis of radiant heat transfer in 

enclosures, American Institute for Chemical Engineering Annual Meeting, st. Louis, MO, November 7-12, 1993 . 

................. 111 ............................................................................. 111 ............................... 11 .................... 11.11"., .. """""""."., •• ,11.11 •• 11""11." •• , •• , ••• ,."., •• ,'.1.11 ••••• , •• ,"".11 

11-400 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..... "111111111 ............ 111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 1111111111 .. 1111 .... ' .. 111I1I1I11I11I1I1'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIfIIlIIi1111111'"'11111111111111111111111111111"1111111111111111111111111 

The Effect of Gravity on Natural Convection and Crystal Growth 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Graham D. deVahl Davis University of New South Wales 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. H. deGroh III NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to measure experimentally-natural thermal convection during Bridgman growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Measurements are made at varying gravity-driven levels to quantitatively determine how convection affects 

parameters of critical importance to the crystal grower - such as interface shape and radial and longitudinal 

segregation. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The work will produce an accessible, experimentally verified numerical code that is capable of accurately 

determining levels of convection in real systems, at varying gravity levels and directions, as well as the effects of 

this convection on the solidification process. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

To supply and supplement numerical modeling efforts of other flight programs such as the MEPHISTO flight 

experiment of Dr. Abbaschian. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 10/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

de Groh 1lI, H.C., and Lindstrom. T. Interface shape and convection during melting and solidification of Succinonitrile. 

NASA Tech Memorandum, (in press). 

Yao. M., and de Groh 1lI. H.C. Application of the segregated solution approach in 3-D FEM modeling of crystal growth. 

FED, vol. 137, 53-60, M.S. Engelman and J.N. Reddy, eds., 1992. 

Yao, M., and de Groh 1lI, H.C. Three-dimensional finite element method simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and 

comparison with experiments. Numerical Heat Transfer. Part A, Vol. 24. 393-412. 1993. 

Proceedings: 

de Groh 1lI, H.C., and Yao, M. A numerical and experimental investigation of heat transport and fluid flow in directional 

solidification of Succinontrile. In Proceedings of 1994 ASME Winter Annual Meeting, (submitted). 

Yesh, G.H., de Vahl Davis, G., Leonardi. E., de Groh Ill, H.C., and Yao, M. A numerical and experimental study of natural 

convection and interface shape in crystal growth. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Transport 

Phenomena in Processing. S.I. Guceri. ed .• 98-109, 1993. 

'1"1,11,11.11.11111111111111.11111 .. 111111111'"""'1,1"1 .. 1 .. 111111'''111111'''111111111111111''111111111111'1'1''1111''1111'1.1'11.11111.11111'''1111,,1111111,11'.1,1111111111"'11"1111'1"'11111111111'11"1'11111111111 •• ,111111.111111111 

11-401 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 'II,IIIIIII'II'U'IIIIII' ••• III""",,,,,,.IIIIIIIIIII"II.I".'111111111111111.1'111.1111.11111111,.1111111.'1111111111111111,1'111111111111111111111.1111111111111111.111111111111111111.11.111"111'111111111"1,1111111111111111"'111111111111 

NASA Tech Briefs: 

Yao, M., and de Groh m, H.C. Segregated solution in 3-D modeling of crystal growth. NASA Tech Brief, LEW-lS672, (in 

press). 

' ..... 1111 .. 111111 ................ 11.11' .. 1' .. '" ...... ' ..... ''' ••• 11.11.11 ........... 1111111111' .. ".'1." •• 111111111.11.11."'1,.1111"'1111111111,11""' ... 1111111,,1 .. 1"'''''''''1''1111111',.1""11111111111,'1"11111""111111111111111111 

II~02 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .................. 1111' ................ 1111 ....................................... " .............................. 111111 ................................................... 111 .. 111."111 .......................... 111111 ........ 111 ............. 111 

Reverse Micelle Based Synthesis of Microporous Materials in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. P.K. Dutta 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. C.T. Kresge 

Dr. R. Ansari 

W. Meyer 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Ohio State University 

Mobil Research & Development Corporation 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

The emphasis of this research program is on crystalline microporous materials, characterized by internal channels 

and cavities of molecular dimensions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Typically, microporus materials are synthesized by hydrothermal methods in which an amorphous gel converts to a 

crystalline form via complex solid-solution, polymerization-depolymerization and nucleation reactions. The 

reactants necessary to form microporous materials in the core of revere micelles are introduced. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

These materials are important in various industries-petroleum processing, separation, environmental-and could 

also be potentially useful as electronics materials. The novel micellar environmental has the potential for the 

nucleation of new frameworks. In addition, the micelles provide the opportunity to examine the evolution of nuclei 

into crystals. The necessity for micro gravity arises since particles formed by intermicellar interactions settle out 

long before crystal fonnation. For the most relevant class of microporous materials, namely aluminosilicate 

zeolites, the process of nucleation and crystal growth can require days and therefore sustained microgravity 

conditions are required. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The emphasis of this research program is on crystalline microporous materials, which are characterized by internal 

channels and cavities of molecular dimensions. These materials are important in various industries, including 

petroleum processing, separation, environmental and could also be potentially useful as electronic materials. 

Typically, microporous materials are synthesized by hydrothermal methods in which an amorphous gel converts to a 

crystalline form via complex solid-solution, polymerization-depolymerization and nucleation reactions. 

In this project, we are introducing the reactants necessary to form microporous materials in the core of reverse 

micelles. The novel micellar environmental has the potential for the nucleation of new frameworks. In addition, 

the micelles provide the opportunity to examine the evolution of nuclei into crystals. The necessity for 

microgravity arises since particles formed by intermicellar interactions settle out long before crystal formation. For 

the most relevant class of microporous materials, namely aluminosilicate zeolites, the process of nucleation and 

crystal growth can require days and therefore sustained microgravity conditions are required. 

However, in order to establish the feasibility of using reverse micelles as reactants under earth based conditions, we 

have been focusing on zincophosphate microporous materials. Unlike aluminosilicates, these nucleats very rapidly 

under mild conditions therefore provide the opportunity to establish the methodology. Surfactants that have been 

examined for making reverse micelles include AOT (12 bis (2-ethyl hexyloxycarbonyl) -1- ethane sulfonate) and 

.......................... 111 ........... 111.1 .............. 11 ..... ' .................... '1111 ........................ '11.1111 ..... 111111' ..... 11 .... 11.11 .... '11111111"1'1111111111111111111'1111'11'111111111111"'11111111111,111'1111111111111111 

11-403 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .............. 111111 ...... 111 ................... 1 .................. , ..... , .. ,111 .. 11111111 ..... ".1 ... '11.11 ..... 111111 ..... " .... 11 ....... 1111111' .. 1111 ... 11"'111111,".11.11.11'"11111111111111111111.1111111., •• 1'.".11.lltlllIllI'IIIIII' 

Igepal (polyoxoethylene nonylphenyl ethers). With both these systems, we have been able to synthesize 

microporous zincophosphates with sodalite-type frameworks. The experiments involve making up two separate 

micellar solutions containing aqueous zinc and phosphate solutions, respectively, dispersed in hexane/cyclohexane 

via the detergent. Upon mixing these solutions, the zinc and phosphate micelles interact with each other and 

crystalline products are found to settle out within a few minutes to hours, depending on the concentrations of the 

reactants. Powder X-ray diffraction of the solids confumed the formation of sodalite framework. The morphologies 

were examined by scanning electron microscopy and indicated the presence of agglomerated particles made up of 

crystallites measuring - 1000 A. Quasielastic light scattering shows that the initial micelles are of dimensions of 

-50 A for the AOT system and 3500 A for the Igepal system. These particles grow with time to excess of -1000 A 

in case of AOT and -10000 A in case of Igepal. The crystals begin to settle as the particles size gets larger. These 

initial studies establish that reactants introduced as micelles can definitely interact with each other and gradually 

grow to form crystalline micorporous materials. 

Our present focus is to isolate and characterize the early stages of crystal formation in order to obtain information on 

structure of nuclei. Having established the feasibility of this procedure, we have begun experiments on 

aluminosilicates in reverse micelles which will be the main focus of our experiments in microgravity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-05-01 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

.............................................. 1111 ................................................................... 11111 .. 111111111 ...................................... IIII .... tI.II.II.I •• IIIII ••••••• I •••• I •• I .................. 1 .. 1 .. 1 •• 1 .. " 

11-404 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111 .......... 1111 .. 1111 ......................... 1111 .... 1111111 ..... '1111 ... 11111111.11 .. 1 .. 111111111.11 •• 111111111111111111111111111.11.11.11.11.11 ........................... 1 •• 111111.11111.11 .... 1111111, ........... 11111111'111111111111111111 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Thin FilmsNapor Processes 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

B.Penn NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCe: 

OBJECDVE: 

One major goal of this program is to grow high-quality thin films and single crystals of nonlinear optical organic 

and polymeric materials by vapor transport processes. Organic materials are of interest for use in all optical 

communication and signal-processing systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This program is designed to grow high quality thin films and single crystals of nonlinear optical organic materials 

in low gravity by vapor transport processes. Since there are many derivations possible among organics, screening 

is important for tailoring thin films (particularly polymeric films) and crystals for the appropriate properties. Our 

strategy is to screen compounds (theoretically and experimentally), synthesize, purify, and grow thin films and bulk 

crystals by vapor transport processes. These processes are considered sensitive to gravity levels. We will then 

characterize these films and crystals for second- and third-order optical effects, and determine gravitational influences 

on quality. We will then seek flight opportunities to improve quality when appropriate. 

Research Approach - The approach is to concentrate on exploiting low-gravity processing following a thorough 

ground-based research program. The ground-based program will provide a basis for the design and analysis of 

space-based experiments and determine growth condition and property relationships needed to grow high-quality thin 

films and single crystals, reproducibly and in quantity. For thin-film preparation it is important to determine the 

best substrate to optimize film homogeneity and orientation in unit- and low-gravity environments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The development of organic materials for use in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices is of interest because their optical 

nonlinearities are usually considerably larger than those of conventional inorganic materials. Since there are many 

derivations possible among organics, screening is important for tailoring crystals for the appropriate properties. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Research to date has resulted in the preparation of MNA-polydiacetylene thin film by solution polymerization 

having third-order properties which exceed industry standards. Also, new compounds were synthesized and thin 

films prepared having second- and third-order properties. Cooperative funding continued through Joint Ventures 

(JOVE, Northwestern State University and New Mexico Highlands University) and Historically Black Colleges and 

Univ~rsities (HBCU, Dolphus E. Milligan Science Research Institute and Alabama A&M University). Articles on 

syntheses of new compounds and determination of nonlinear optical properties have been accepted for publication. 

A new high-vacuum system has been completed to prepare thin-films on prepared stubstrates, and a horizontal 

furnace is also near completion for bulk-growth by physical vapor transport. Some work has begun on determining 

the feasibility of mechanically strengthening brittle organic compounds by growing composites. 

111111 .................. " ....................................... 1'1 .. ' .. 1111 ..... '11'''''"'11111'"1111111'11'11,11111111111'''1111'''''"'1111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111'1111'11'111111I11111,U'IIIII ... I",,,IIII.1I 

11-405 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................................................................. 11 .. 111.1111 ............. ".1 .. 1111 ................ 1111 ......... 111 ................ 111 ..................... 11111111 ............ '111 ............. 1111 .... 1' ..... 1111 

TASK INITIATION: 1/91 ExPIRATION: 1194 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-12 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-bouse 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: MSFC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Abdeldayem, H.A., Shields, A.W., and Frazier, D.O. Third-order nonlinear susceptibility measurements by degenerate 

four-waving mixing of thin films of benzil in PMMA using pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Optics Letters, (in press) 1993. 

Paley, M.S., Frazier, D.O., McManus, S.P., Zutant, S.E., and Sanghadasa, M. Diacetylene and polydiacetylene derivatives 

of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline for second-harmonic generation. Chem. Mat., (in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Abdeldayem, H., Paley, M.S., Frazier, D.O., and McManus, S.P. Polydiacetylenes: Excellent candidates as nonlinear 

optical materials, 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and Exhibition, Toronto, Canada, 1993. 

Abdeldayem, H. Witherow, W.K., Shields, A.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. Nonlinear phenomenon of beam fanning 

in organic solutions and thin films, 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and Exhibition, Toronto, Canada, 1993. 

Abdeldayem. H .• Witherow. W .• Shields, A., and Frazier. D.O. New phenomena of spatial light modulation in benzil, 

Spatial Light Modulators and Applications, Palm Springs. CA, March, 1993. 

Srinivasan, R .• He, K.x., Sharma. A .• Venkateswarlu, P., Hyde, H.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier. D.O. Nonlinear optical 

properties and determination of monolayer molecular orientation of Langmuir-Blodgett films by using second-harmonic 

generation. 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and Exhibition, Toronto, Canada, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Paley, M.S., Donovan, D.N., Frazier, D.O., and McManus, S.P. "Solution-state photo-deposition of thin films of 

a polydiacetylene derivative of 2-methyl-4-nitroanilie that exhibit outstanding third-order optical nonlinearity" 

............ IIII' .................................................................. U ...... II.II.U •• II,IIII ......... II.,II,II ................... "., .... II,II,II ... , ... 11'"'"111111.11 .... ".11.11.1111111'11.11.11 •• 11.11""'".11.11 ..... 11'" 

11-406 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..................................... 1111 .. 1111 ..... 11111 .......................... 1111 ........ 1111111111.1111 ........... 11 ....... 11111111 .. 11111111111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 11111111111111IIIIII 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Crystals by Melt and Solution Processes 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

B.Penn NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OB.JECI1VE: 

One major goal of this program is to grow high-quality single crystals and composites of nonlinear optical organic 

and polymeric materials by the Bridgman-Stockberger process. This may include float-zone and liquid-encapsulated 

float-zone methods. Organic materials are of interest for use in all optical communication and signal processing 

systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The strategy is to screen compounds theoretically and experimentally, synthesize, purify, and grow crystals by melt 

or solution processes. These crystals will then be characterized for second- and third- order optical effects, and 

gravitational influences on crystal quality will be determined. Flight opportunities will be sought to improve 

crystal quality when appropriate. 

Research Approach - The approach is to study Bridgman-Stockberger and, where desirable, liquid-encapsulated 

Bridgman-Stockberger organic crystal growth from the melt. Additional focus is on methods for exploiting 

expected low-gravity-processing advantages of increased stability of low-surface-tension melt zones and reduced 

convective flows for float-zone crystal growth. 

Although organics are desirable for use in optoelectronic devices, their use is hindered by the fragility of organic 

single crystals. There have been demonstrations that the strength of organics can be improved by aligning the 

photonic component in a polymer matrix. Bulk composites of aligned nonlinear optical organic crystals in 

low-molecular-weight transparent polymers having improved mechanical strength and fewer defects might be 

prepared by growing these composite materials in microgravity by directional solidification. Ground-based research 

in this area includes identifying mixtures appropriate for developing such composites. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The development of organic materials for use in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices is of interest because their optical 

nonlinearities are usually considerable larger than those of conventional inorganic materials. Since there are many 

derivations possible among organics, screening is important for tailoring crystals for the appropriate properties. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Most of the major characterization equipment, e.g., Nd:Y AG laser, is in place for nonlinear optical characterization. 

Extension of theoretical screening includes bulk-phase modeling. Cooperative funding continued through Joint 

Ventures (JOVE, Northwestern State University and New Mexico Highlands University) and Historically Black 

Colleges and Universities (HBCU, Dolphus E. Milligan Science Research Institute and Alabama A&M University). 

Articles on syntheses of new compounds and determination of nonlinear optical properties have been accepted for 

publication. A horizontal furnace has also been completed for bulk-growth by physical vapor transport. Work is in 

progress to mechanically strengthen brittle organic compounds by growing composites in the melt and 

crystallization in solution . 

............. 11 .................. 11 .......... 11111 ....................................... 11.1,.,1111 ••••• , .... 1.,1.11.".,11111111111111111111'.'1,11,11.11.,1'111.1'''111.,1111''1111111'''''1,.11.11.11.,11.",1,.11111.11111.",,11111.111111111. 

II~07 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science III ...................................................................................................... 11 .................. 11 .................................................................................................. 1111 ... 111111 ..... . 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 1191 ExPIRATION: 1194 

PhD Students: I PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-13 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: MSFC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Abdeldayem, H.A., Sheng, W., Venkateswarlu, P., Witherow, W.K., Frazier, D.O., Sekhar, P.C., George, M.C., Kispert, 

L., and Wasielewski, M .R. Nonlinear optical parameters of 7', 7' -dicyano-7' -apo-B-carotene in hexane by self-action 

techniques. Optics Comm., vol. 95, 295-300, 1993. 

Aggarwal, M.D., Wang, W.S., Choi, J., Chang, K.J., Shields, A.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. A novel 

Bridgman-Stockberger melt growth system for organic nonlinear optical materials. Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 4. 793-794. 

1993. 

Batt. K .• Aggarwal. M .• Penn. B .• and Frazier. D.O. Synthesis and characterization of various Schiffs bases for nonlinear 

optical applications. J. Chem. Phys .• (in press) 1993. 

Moore. C.E .• Cardelino, B.H., Hyde, W .• and Frazier. D.O. Potential use of nitro-substituted and amino-substituted 

quinolines and isoquinolines as nonlinear optical materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , (in press) 1993. 

Moore. C.E .• Cardelino. B.H .• Penn. B.G .• Ballard J .• Sanghadasa, M .• Barr, Jr .• T.A., Frazier. D.O., and Clark, R.D. 

Prediction of the static-order polarizabilities of (2,4)-dinitro-substituted benzenes. Chem. Mat., (in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Abdeldayem, H.A .• Shields, A.W., and Frazier. D.O. Third-order nonlinear susceptibility measurements by degenerate 

four-wave mixing of benzil in acetone-using pulsed Nd:YAG laser, 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and 

Exhibition, Toronto, Canada, October. 1993. 

Abdeldayem, H., Shields, A.W., Witherow, W.K., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. Benzil: A promising third-order nonlinear 

organic material, 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and Exhibition. Toronto, Canada, October, 1993. 

Sheng, W .• He, KX .• Vankateswarlu, P., Sharma, A.. Vanderhoff. I.W., Chen. J.H .• Kornfeld, D., Penn, B.G., Frazier, 

D.O., and Witherow, W.K. Lasing and fluorescence from BIS-MSB-dye-doped polystyrene microspheres, 1993 Optical 

Society of America Meeting and Exhibition. Toronto, Canada, October, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Abdeldayem, H.A., Frazier, D.O., Witherow, W.K., Penn, B.O., and Vlasse, M. "A novel optical nucleation 

technique for growing faster and larger crystals based on the optical cooling principle." 

Patent Status: Approved 

Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Abdeldayem, H.A., Frazier, D.O., Witherow, W.K., Penn, B.O .• and Reiss, D. "A novel electric nucleation 

technique for growing crystals faster and larger." 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Abdeldayem, H.A., Frazier, D.O., Witheros, W.K., and Penn, B.O. "A phase-sensitive non-contact temperature 

measurement technique." 

, ................................. 11 ...... '" .... ,11111111 •• ,1.,11 .... 11 ..................................... 111111111 ............................................................................. 11 ................. 11 ........... '1" ... ,1, .... U. 

11-408 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .111 ............................................ " ................... "" .. " .............. 111111111111 .... 111111 ...... 1111111111 .............. 11111111111111 ............ 111111111111111111111,,111111111111111111'1.111111111111111111.11.11.111111 

Electronic Materials 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECllVE; 

The objective is the study of Materials Science phenomena and their interaction with gravity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The phenomena being studied include diffusion, coarsening, solution crystal growth, physical vapor transport, 

pattern formation in solidification or aggregation, solute rejection and transport, and nucleation behavior. The 

gravitational acceleration considered ranges from constant 1-g to low- and variable g-levels (g-jitter). 

SIGNIF1CANCE: 

The important feature of this work is the coordinated approach; i.e., quantitative agreement is sought between 

physical and numerical experiments. Attention must therefore be given to the development of diagnostic tools as 

well as to advanced numerical techniques. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Mixing phenomena in variable g-fields have been extensively modeled to show the transitions from diffusive to 

turbulent mixing as the driving force is varied. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

1111111 ..................................... 11 ................................. , ........ 1 ... '"1 ..................... 111 ....... 11111111111 ....... 11.11 •• 1 •• 1111111111.1'111.111111111111.111111".111111111111111111.,1.1 •• 1.11111111"'1",11.11111 

11-409 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............................................................................... 111111 ............... II ..... II"IIII ......... II ........ ' .... tll ..................... 'II ................... 111111111111 ............................ 111111 ... ' ........ . 

Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (MMSL) laboratory was established to provide to researchers from 

industry, academia, and the government access to specialized equipment and experienced personnel, to aid in the 

development of space flight concepts, experiments, and hardware. The laboratory is equipped with a number of 

unusual experimental and computational facilities; it is staffed by engineers from several disciplines and by 

technicians who are familiar with microgravity practices. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The MMSL may also be used in preparation for experiments to be conducted in other ground-based, reduced-gravity 

environments such as those provided by drop-tubes, aircraft, or rockets. The computational facilities may be used 

to model the expected fluid-flow and heat transfer in microgravity experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

In the MMSL, investigators are encouraged to take the first step toward defining space flight experiments for later 

performance on the Space Shuttle or on Space Stations Freedom. Another use of the laboratory is for postflight 

investigations. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

MMSL was used primarily by Lewis researchers, although cooperative projects have been perfonned with 

Westinghouse, GTE, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland 

State University (CSU), University of Colorado, Texas Instruments, University of Toledo, Ohio State University, 

and the Space Experiments Division. The MMSL provides facilities for the Programmable Multi-Zone Furnace 

(PMZF) project, the Advanced Furnace Technology A TO project, the Laser Light Scattering A TO project, and the 

Surface Light Scattering Instrument AID project. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-01 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: LeRC 

Asthana, R. and Tewari, S.N. Interfacial and capillary phenomena in solidification processing of composites. 

Composites Manufacturing, vol. 4, no. 1, 3-25, 1993. 

Asthana, R. and Tewari, S.N. On the engulfment of foreign particles by a freezing interface. Journal of Materials Science, 

vol. 28, 5415-5425, 1993. 

1111 .. 1111 ... 11111 .. 1111111 ........................... ' .. '" ... 11 .. 11 ••• 11 ......................... I ............. III .. ' ........ IU ..................................................................... 111 .......... 11111 ................... 111' .. .. 

11-410 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ......................... 1111 .................................................................... 11111 ....... 1 ............ 11 .... 11 ............. ," ................... 11 .......... 1111111111 ............ 11111111111.11.,1111111 ... '.' ......... 1111III 

Asthana, R. and Tewari, S.N. Second phase particle-solidification front interactions - an evaluation of theoretical models. 

Processing of Advanced Materials, vol. 3, 163-180, 1993. 

Johnston, J.C. Computerized experiments are final frontier as US seeks first place in technology race. AS ME New, vol. 

13, no. 4, 1993. 

Sidawi, I.M.S. and Tewari, S.M. Macrosegregation during plane front directional solidification of Csl-lwt% TIl alloy. J. 

Cryst. Growth, vol. 131, 230-238, 1993. 

Teware, S.M., Shah, R., and Chopra, M.A. Thermosolutal convection and macrosegregation caused by solute rejection at 

cell/dendrite tops. Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 24 A, 1661-1669, July, 1993. 

Tewari, S.M., Asthana, R., and Noebe, R.D. Interfacial shear strength of cast and directional solidified NiAl-Sapphire fiber 

composites. Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 24A, 2119-2125, 1993. 

Yao, M. and deGroh, H.C., ill A 3-D FEM simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and comparison with experiments. 

Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, vol. 24, no. 4, (in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Tewari, S.M., Shah, R. and Chopra, M.A. Thermosolutal convection during cellular arrayed growth of Pb-Sn alloys, 30th 

Aerospace Science Meeting, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. AIAA-93-0262, 

Proceedings: 

Asthana, R., Rohatgi, P.K., and Tewari, S.N. Pushing of particles by a solidification front: theory, experiment and 

relevance to cast composites. microstructure formation during solidification of metal-matrix composites, ed. P. Rohatgi. 

TMS, 11-28, 1993. 

deGroh, H.C. Effect of nucleation and undercooling on macrosegregation in directioanlly solidified Pb-Sn eutectic alloys. 

In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, ed., Guceri, S.I., Technomic 

Pub., Lancaster, PA, 209-218, 1993. 

Tewari, S.M., Asthana, R., and Noebe, R.D. Fiber pushout behavior in cast and directionally solidified NiAIISapphire 

composites. First International Conference on Processing Materials for Properties, Ed. Henein, H. and Oki, T., TMS, 

995-998, 1993. 

Tewari, S.N., Ashana, R., Tiwari, R., and Bowman, R. R. Zone directional solidification of sapphire-NiAI composites. 

HiTemp Meeting, Westlake, Ohio, October 25-27, Vol. II Compressorffurbine Materials, 60-1 to 60-11,1993. 

Yeoh, G.H., deVahl Davis, G., Leonardi, E., deGroh, H.C., and Yao, M. A numerical and experimental study of natural 

convection and interface shape in crystal growth. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Transport 

Phenomena in Processing, ed. Guceri, S.I., Technomic Pub., Lancaster, PA, 98-109, 1993 . 

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11-411 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ., ......... '1 ... '" ................. , ..... , .. , .......... 11 .......... 11 ...... 111"111,.11.1111111'111,11111111111111.,1111""11111111111111.11'lI,n,'II'II'II'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIII"'IIII'IIII""II'.111'11111.,1111111111111111'111111111 

Combustion Synthesis of Materials in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Irvin Glassman Princeton University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The experimental investigation involves detailed probing and quantification of the heterogeneous flame structure, 

and the materials characterization of the nitride powders obtained. It builds on the experience already gained in a 

related NSF-supported program examining the gas phases combustion synthesis of materials through metaIlhalide 

exchange reactions. The theoretical investigation involves analyses of the propagation, structure and stability of the 

heterogeneous flame, and the reaction mechanisms of individual metal particles in variable density fluids builds on 

previous theoretical developments at Princeton. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A comprehensive experimental and theoretical program is planned to synthesize metallic and nonmetallic nitrides 

(especially titanium nitride) under microgravity conditions, and to understand the underlying combustion 

mechanisms. The process applies the Self-propagating, High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) technique to titanium 

(or other metal) particle suspensions in supercritical nitrogen: the nitride particles are formed upon passage of a 

self-sustained flame through this suspension. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Microgravity prevents particle settling, agglomeration, and liquid/metal film formations; permits the use of 

suspensions and particles of specified characteristics; and facilitates the production of nitride powders of high purity, 

unifonnityand specificity. The novel use of supercritical nitrogen provides a supply of reactant, and-at conditions 

near the critical temperature and pressure-not only avoids bubble formation that occurs when liquid nitrogen is 

used, but also provides-because of the very high isothermal compressibility near the critical point-a means for 

greatly changing reactant density through only a modest change in pressure. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

To date, exploratory experiments characterizing the reaction of titanium powders with gaseous and liquid nitrogen 

have been conducted. Initial powder packing densities have been varied in order to probe the effect of porosity on 

the yield of nitride product and on the structure of the combustion wave. Combustion waves that transform 

titanium to titanium nitride when compacted titanium powders are immersed in liquid nitrogen have been 

demonstrated confIrming Russian reports of this phenomenon. Examination of the combustion of slurries of metal 

particles in liquid nitrogen has begun. Companion studies on the reactions of single particles of zirconium in 

gaseous environments have also commenced. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 11/92 EXPIRATION: 10/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-05-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

................................................. 11 ..................... 1111 .............. 11111111 ........ 1111 ... 11 ... 11111 ............. 11 ..... 111 ........... 11 ......... 111 ......... '11 .............. ' .... 11111111, ........ ".11 .... " ....... 11,1'11 

11-412 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ......... 11111111111 ........................ 1111 .. 1111 ........ 1111 ..... ' ..... 11I ...... IIIIIIIt ... IIIII.II ..... IIIIIIIIIIIIII ..... IIIIIIIII ......... 111I11I111111111111111111111.1111111111.1'111111111.111.11.111111111,'111111.111111111111111111 

Noncontact Thermal, Physical Property Measurement of Mu/tiphase Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert H. Hauge Rice University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.L. Margrove Rice University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Measurement methods for high-temperature materials in the liquid state are made difficult or impossible due to 

reactions with the support or container materials. Levitation methods (electromagnetic, electrostatic, aerodynamic, 

and acoustic) provide a containerless approach to sample positioning. Electromagnetic levitation also provides in 

situ heating and stirring of the sample. Our goal is to develop noncontact techniques of measurement for all 

relevant physical and chemical properties of the liquid state. Properties measurements which we are currently 

emphasizing are measurements of temperature, sample optical constant, density, surface tension, heat capacity, 

enthalpy, and thennal conductivity. The equipment allows for all of the above measurements to carry out of the 

same sample. Measurements of thennal conductivity are compromised by electromagnetic stirring forces and will 

require the quiescent environment of micro gravity for accurate measurement. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Measurement techniques for the properties are as follows: 

1. Temperature: A simultaneous measurement of sample brightness centered at 632 mm and the surface emissivity 

is made with an integrated multicolor pyrometer ellipsometer. This gives a noncontact measure of temperature with 

no assumptions. The surface refractive index and extinction coefficient are also obtained. 

2. Density: A triggered high-resolution video camera image of the liquid drop is obtained with backlighting of the 

sample by a 670-mm diode laser. Images are taken when the sample has spherical symmetry, and the density is 

obtained from a calculation of volume with use of an accurately determined sample profile. 

3. Surface tension: Surface-tension measurements are obtained from the vibrational frequencies of the oscillating 

drop. The vibrational frequencies are measured by following the fluctuation of reflected laser light. 

4. Enthalpy and heat capacity: Drop calorimetry is currently used to measure the total sample heat content as a 

number of temperatures. 

5. Thermal conductivity: Initial efforts are being made to determine the time-dependent temperature profile of a 

sample relative to spot heating with a CO2 laser. 

6. Electromagnetic levitation coils: Current concentrators which provide both vertical and lateral electromagnetic 

symmetry have been developed for efficient EM coupling to the sample and improved symmetry of the positioning 

forces. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

New current concentrator deSigns have been shown to provide efficient electromagnetic (EM) coupling to the sample 

with symmetric positioning forces. 

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11-413 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , .................................................. " ........ '1 .. ' ..................................... 11 ... 1111111 ............................................. ,,, ......... 1111 ........ 111111 .. 1111 ................ ' ..... 111111111 .............. '11 

An integrated video camera, ellipsometer, and multicolor pyrometer instrument has been designed and is in a 

construction and testing phase. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11/94 

PhD Students: 1 Total Degrees: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-04 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

.......................................................... 1111 ................................. 11111111 ........................ 11111 ........ ' .. , .................. , .......... 11.'11111111111111 .... , ..... ' .. 1111111111, ................. , .. , ....... . 

11-414 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ............. 11 ........................................................................ , ... ' ............ 1111 ........... 11111 ................... ,.1111111 ............... ' ....... 11 .............. , ..... 11 ..... 111, ........... 1111.,1, ............. .. 

Fluid Flow in Partly Solidified Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Angus Hellawell Michigan Technological University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

This research is concerned with the occurrence of local macroscopic convective patterns that develop in bulk liquids 

during alloy solidification and lead to segregation in the solidified material. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Studies will be conducted of channel formulation in molten salts (NaF-NaCl) and organics (SCN). We intend to 

correlate the thermal, compositional, and dimensional conditions for channel formation in the salts and organics and 

compare the results with those already available for lead-based alloys and the aqueous system. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Thermosolutal plumes are interesting scientifically because they represent a convective stability problem, and 

industrially because their occurrence in metal casting causes the defect known as "frackle." 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Tbermosolutal plume flow has been studied in some detail in metallic, aqueous and organic systems. Analysis of 

directly observed flow velocities in the transparent systems indicates that these are around 0.1 m S·I in metals. The 

development of poly crystalline structure in segregation channels has been demonstrated in an aqueous analogue. 

The present work is directed towards the measurement of the density of dendrite fragments which are distributed by 

plume/channel flow, their survival and growth to form equiaxed crystals. It is anticipated that these observations 

will provide a physically realistic model for predicting the grain structure of castings. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/89 EXPIRATION: 2/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-19 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Hellawell, A., Sarazin, I.R., and Steube, R.S. Channel convection in partly solidified systems. Philosophical 

Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1993. 

Steube, R.S .• and Hellawell. A. The use of a transparent aqueous analogue to demonstrate the development of segregation 

channels during alloy solidification vertically upwards. International Video Journal of Engineering Research, 1993. 

Steube, R. S., and Hellawell, A. An alternative approach to modeling the grain structure of castings. ASME, MicrolMacro 

Scale Phenomena in Solidification, 218, 73-83. 1993 . 

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11-415 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..... ,.,11111 .... , .............. 11 ....................... ,." ....... ' ....... 11 ............. '11 ........ 111 •• ,11111111 ......... ,11 ... '" ... "., .... ,11111,' ....... ,11111 ... ' ........ , ........ '11' ..... ,"'111111, •• ".11 .... ' ... ""'fI'IIII"I"11111 

Non-Equilibrium Phase Transformations 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Kenneth A. Jackson University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

B. Zelinski University of Arizona 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

Recent computer simulations have resulted in a breakthrough in the "fundamental understanding of the physics 

associated with phase changes. This includes solidification, crystal growth, condensation from vapor, etc." The 

goal of this program is to continue computer simulations and to initiate an experimental study to explore the 

implications and insights provided by this breakthrough. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The experiments involve an analysis of microsegregation that requires a microgravity environment to minimize the 

effects of convection. A program that combines simulations with experimental studies is viewed as essential, not 

only in providing new insights for the experimental work, but also in keeping the simulations relevant to the real 

world. 

Research Approach - The real world implications of this breakthrough will be explored, since the insight 

provided can suggest new experimental studies and new approaches to old problems. Published studies of rapid 

crystallization of silicon and of metals following laser annealing can be compared, in detail, with the new 

simulations. In ceramic glass-forming systems where phase transformations usually take place far from 

equilibrium, even though the absolute growth rates are not rapid, the segregation phenomena are not understood. 

The phases that form and the amount of segregation and second phase transformation depend on the transformation 

temperature. The study of these effects will involve using the growth of the commercially-important cordierite 

phase in magnesium-aluminum silicates as the model system. In this system, the sensitivity of nucleation to 

surface defects could be mitigated by using containerless processing. The Czochralski growth of silicon and the 

growth of many crystals from solution exhibit an orientation of the incorporation of impurities. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The structure and properties of materials produced by transformations that occur under conditions that are far from 

equilibrium is one of the central topiCS of materials science. Near equilibrium, phase transformations depend 

primarily on the thermodynamics of the system; the redistribution of components caused by the phase 

transformation is predictable from the appropriate phase diagram. However, far from equilibrium when the 

transformation proceeds at a rate such that there is little time for diffusion, there is little redistribution of the 

components caused by passage of the interface. The role of thermodynamics in the rapid-growth regime and the 

nature of the transition from one of these regimes to the other have not been understood. 

The computer simulations have clearly demonstrated the difference between the diffusion less and the 

diffusion-dominated regimes of growth. There is still much to be done in this area, and the studies to date are but a 

beginning: they demonstrate that this method of simulation can indeed capture the essence of transformations that 

occur in the real world. This simulation method can be used to explore, in detail. the transition between the 

diffusion less regime and the diffusion-dominated regime. It can be used to study the progress of a series of 

isothermal transformations that span the regime from above to below the glass transition temperature. It can be 

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11-416 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..................................................................... 1 .. 111111 ................ 11111 .. 11111 .. 1111 ....................................... 111 ............. 11.11.11.11.11.1.11 .... 111111,,1'1111111111111'1.11111111111111111111111.11 •• 

used to predict growth rates, transfonnation temperatures, and transformation-induced segregation effects. It can be 

used to study the early stages of interface instability, including not only the growth rate dependence of the 

distribution coefficient, but also the effects of having a crystal composed of discrete atoms growing into an alloy 

that has randomly-distributed atoms rather than a crystal bounded by a mathematical surface growing into an alloy 

of uniform composition. It can be used to explore eutectic growth. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Recent computer simulations have resulted in a breakthrough in understanding this phenomena. Based on a simple 

Kossel-Stranski model for an alloy, which is equivalent to the Ising spin-l model, and using Monte Carlo methods 

to evaluate the kinetic behavior, the important aspects of the experimental observations on real systems have been 

reproduced. The computer simulations were first directed to the diffusion less regime, which corresponds to growth 

far from eqUilibrium, where the phase transformation rate is fast compared to the rate of atom diffusion. It was 

discovered that the transfonnation is governed by the total free-energy differences between the two phases, rather 

than by individual transformation probabilities. This result provides a new framework for comparison with 

experimental results in the rapid growth regime. This regime includes splat quenching, laser and electron beam 

melting, rapid quenching of small droplets to achieve fine dispersions of uniform composition for subsequent 

sintering, phase transfonnations in glass-forming systems, and nucleation and the early stages of growth in alloy 

systems and in multicomponent ceramic or glass systems. 

When there is significant diffusion as the interface passes, segregation in the simulations is presented by the 

liquidus and solidus lines of the phase diagram. As the growth rate increases relative to the diffusion rate, the 

distribution coefficient approaches unity, in agreement with experiment. The distribution of dopants found 

following the laser melting of silicon where the effective distribution coefficient was found to be hundreds of times 

larger that the equilibrium value was reproduced. Interface instabilities, interface breakdown, and the early stages of 

cellular or dendritic growth in our simulations have been observed. The results of these computer simulations have 

a direct bearing on any phase transfonnation that is occurring far from eqUilibrium in a material with more than one 

component. This includes not only rapid growth techniques such as splat quenching and laser zapping, but also the 

evolution of dendritic and cellular structures, most phase transformations in glassy systems, thin film deposition far 

from eqUilibrium, and non-eqUilibrium growth from solution including sectoring and striation effects. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2193 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-29 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-944 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Jackson, K.A. Theory of crystal growth from the melt. Ceramic Trans., vol. 30, 95, 1993. 

Jackson, K.A., Gilmer, G.H., Temkin, D.E., Weinberg, J.D., and Beaty, K. Non-equilibrium phase transformations. J. 

Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 127, 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Jackson, K.A. Nucleation. In Proceedings of the Valais Physical Society, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy, 1993. 

Jackson, K.A. Crystal growth kinetics. In Proceedings of the Valais Physical Society, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy, 1993 . 

....................................................... 11 .... 111 .............. '11111 •• II .................................... lIllttlll .. IIIIIIIII ............ 'II ... 11I111 ... 11 ................. 11111' ............ 1111 .... 1111111 ........... 111111111. 

11-417 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science II ......................................................................................... 1111111 ........... 11 .............................................................................. , ........... 11 .... 11 •• 1111 ........................... .. 

Presentations: 

Jackson. K.A. A perspective on crystal growth. American Association for Crystal Growth. Baltimore. MD. August, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Jackson. K.A. "Growth of a Superconductor Material in a Fluxed Melt and Article of Manufacture." 

1111 ................................................................. 11111 ........................................ 111 ................ 111111111111111111 ......... 11.11.11'".11.11 ... 11111111111111111.1.11.11.11 .... 11111111111111111fllft •• IIUIIII 

II~18 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ............ " ........................... 1111.,1111 .... 11111111 ........... "'U.II""'"'''.IIIIIIIII.II .. ,IIIIIIIIIIIII.II.IIIIIIII.II.,IIIIIIII.II'".11'".11.11.11.11.1111111111111111111.'.11.1111111,111'111111111111IIIIIII.U.,IIIIIIIII 

Combined Heat Transfer Analysis of Crystal Growth 

PRINCIPAl.. INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Mohammad Kassemi NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Radiation heat transfer affects crystal growth in both space and ground-based processing. The role of radiation heat 

transfer is even more prominent in the low-gravity environment of space where convection heat transfer is 

minimized. The technical objective of this task is to provide a quantitative understanding of the effects of radiation 

heat transfer on crystal growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A radiation heat transfer model is developed based on a node-to-node exchange for a generally absorbing, emitting, 

scattering media, and for multidimensional, complicated geometries encountered in crystal growth. A combined 

conduction, convection, radiation model will be developed and applied to different class of crystal growth problems 

in which either the solid, the melt, or both of the phases are semitransparent to thermal radiation. The radiation 

model will take into account wavelength-dependant semitranparency of crystals, such as BSO. The model will be 

applied to existing experiments and will be used to demonstrate the role of radiation in the low gravity 

environment. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The advantage of the this task's approach is that the radiation model can be easily incorporated into existing 

fmite-difference andlor finite-element formulations. 

PROGRESS DURiNG FY 1993: 

A radiation exchange m<xld was developed wiich calculates radiation heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting 

scattering medium based on a node-to-node exchange. 

The radiation model was successfully combined with an in-house prepared finite difference code to study the 

interaction of radiation with natural convection under both 1-g and low-g conditions. Results of the simulations 

were compared to limiting benchmark solutions available in the literature to verify the accuracy of the radiation 

model. 

The verified radiation model is currently being incorporated into a finite element code for crystal growth. The model 

has been expanded to include the effect of the changing geometry (as the interface deforms and moves) on the 

radiation exchange. 

The model will be used to investigate the effect of radiation exchange and crucible radiative properties on 

solidification of BSO; a semitransparent oxide crystal. 

The model will be expanded to include the effects of wavelength-dependant radiative properties and will be used to 

investigate the role of radiation in other relevant crystal growth experiments . 

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11-419 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .............. 1 ...................................... " ..... 11 .............. 111 ................. , ........... 11111111111 .......... '11' ............................ , ...... ".111 .. 1111111111,,111111111'1,".11.11.11.11.1111111111111.11111111,11,111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 1196 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-10 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Kassemi, M., and Naraghi, M.N.H. Analysis of radiation-natural convection interactions in l-g and low-g environments 

using the discrete exchange factor method. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 36, no. 17,4141-4151, 

(in press) 1993. 

Presentations: 

Kassemi, M. Combined heat transfer and fluid nor model for directional solidification of BSO and Yag. ASME Winter 

Annual Meeting: Heat Transfer in Microgravity Systems, (to be presented) Nov. 1994 . 

• , ................. ,ItU .......................... II' .. II ................ , ......... " .............. ' .. 1111111111' .. 111 ......... 1111111111111111111111 .... ' ........ ".' ..... 11.11.11.11.11111111.111111111 •• ,.11 ........... "'.1111111111111111111111 

11-420 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111" .......... 1111 ..... 111111 .......... 1111111111111111111 ........ '11111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 111111111111 ... 11.11111111111111111111111.11111111, ... 11 ......................... 1111.11.11111.1111 ... 1' .......... '111111111111111.IIUIIIIIIIIII.II.IIIII.,1 

Fundamentals of Thermomigration of Liquid Zones through Solids 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Michael J. Kaufman 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Abbaschian 

A. Gokhale 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Florida 

University of Florida 

University of Florida 

Currently, significant resources in tenns of expert manpower as well as direct costs are being expended to develop 

new high-temperature structural intennetallics, such as MoSi2 and NiAl, and fast semiconductors, such as GaAs. 

Despite considerable efforts in these areas, the intrinsic properties of many of the intennetallics remain poorly 

understood to the degree needed to moderate their development. For example, it is unclear if the brittle nature of 

many of the intennetallics of current interest is an intrinsic property of these compounds or is associated with 

interstitial impurities or impurity phases. Consequently, there is a need not only to produce single crystals of 

controlled purity, perfection and orientation, but also to understand the details of interfacial atomistics during crystal 

growth in order to bring about such control. 

Conventional crystal growth techniques have not proven successful in this regard because of many problems 

associated with container contamination or loss of stoichiometry due to preferential vaporization of one or more of 

the elements with high vapor pressures (e.g., arsenic in GaAs, silicon in MoSi 2, and aluminum in NiAl). In 

addition, these conventional techniques are not amenable to a scientific study of correlations between thennosolutal 

convection and key aspects of crystal growth such as the interface (growth) temperature and morphological stability. 

For example, the use of electromagnetic induction to produce float zones introduces an additional electromagnetic 

stirring component in the liquid zone and also precludes the use of most sensors to measure interface temperatures. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Although this method was discovered more than 35 years ago, there have been few attempts to utilize it as a means 

for processing materials in spite of the fact that most materials typically can be processed (e.g., grown as single 

crystals, joined and sectioned) at temperatures well below their melting points. In addition, coupling of this 

scheme with both acoustic emission/reflection and possibly Seebeck techniques should allow the interface 

positions, zone length, and interface temperature to be monitored in situ in real time. 

Research Approach - The experimental studies will be perfonned in three stages. In the first stage, experiments 

at the University of Florida (UF) will be used to define the proper solute/solvent, temperature/thennal gradient 

combinations for TGZM and also to develop the requisite instrumentation for monitoring interface position and 

movement using ultrasonic methods and interface temperature using Seebeck measurements. In addition, during 

this initial stage the research team at UF will provide input to the designers of the PMZF concerning the 

requirements for the effective utilization of TGZM in space-based processing. In the second stage, the preliminary 

experiments at UF will be repeated under the more controlled conditions of the PMZF in order to gain an 

understanding of the effect of convective-diffusive mass transfer on interfacial kinetics and interface stability under 

earth gravity. These will be compared with the third stage microgravity experiments which will be carried out on 

the PMZF in the space shuttle middeck where purely diffusive transfer will dominate so that the effects of 

convection can be ascertained. 

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11-421 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11111111111111111 ... ' ... 11111.111111.11111111111111111111'"11111111111111111 ........ 1111111111111111.11111.1111111.11 •• 111111111111.,.1 .. 11111111111111111111111111111'11.11.11111111.1111111,11111111"11111'.11 .... ,1., .... 11111.,1111111111IIIII 

It is anticipated that significant, hitherto unavailable data on liquid diffusivities will also be generated during these 

experiments. Also, the low-growth temperatures characteristic of the TGZM process circumvent the common 

problems of crucible contamination and loss of stoichiometry due to vaporization as frequently encountered using 

other, more conventional crystal-growth techniques. Obviously, such low-growth temperatures require much lower 

power inputs and result in enhanced safety during both ground operations and space flight. Finally, it should be 

emphasized that the ca;>ability of producing high quality, inexpensive crystals of some of these rather exotic 

compounds could greatly facilitate advancements in these fields of current technological interest. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research is intended to circumvent these problems by using the relatively unique technique of TGZM to grow 

the single crystals of interest. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

TGZM is a relatively novel and significantly underutilized technique of moving a liquid zone through a solid. Since 

the first paper on TGZM by Pfann more than 35 years ago, various aspects of the method (e.g., length of the liquid 

zone, composition of the zone, rate of travel of the zone, and shape of the zone) have been modeled by Tiller. The 

technique differs from other zone melting techniques in that the zones are much smaller, have a high solute content, 

and are made to move typically by the imposition of a stationary temperature gradient. Significantly, the process is 

usually carried out at temperatures well below the melting point of the candidate crystalline material. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2/93 EXPIRATION: 2/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-16 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-946 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Costa e Silva, A., and Kaufman, M.J. Phase relations in the Mo-Si-C system relevant to the processing of MoSi,lSiC 

composites. Mel. Trans., (in press) 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., and Kaufman, M.J. The effects of chromium on NiAI intermetallic alloys Part I: 

Microstructures and mechanical properties. Intermetallics, 1993. 

Cotton. J.D., Noebe, R.D., and Kaufman, M.J. The effects of chromium on NiAI intermetallic alloys Part II: Slip systems. 

Intermetallics, 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D .• and Kaufman, M.J. NiAI-rich portion of the NiAI-Cr pseudobinary eutectic system. 1. Phase 

Equi!., (in press) 1993. 

Jayashankar, S., and Kaufman, M.J. Tailored MoSi/SiC composites via mechanical alloying. J. Mat. Res., 1993. 

Jones, S.A., and Kaufman, M.J. Phase equilibria and transformations in intermediate titanium aluminum alloys. Acta 

Metal!. et Mater., vol. 41, 387-398, 1993. 

Krishnan, P., and Kaufman, M.J. Development and characterization of interface coatings in molybdenum-reinforced NiAI 

matrix composites. Met. Trans., (in press) 1993. 

Weaver, M.L., Kaufman, M.J., and Noebe, R.D. The effects of alloy purity on the mechanical behavior of soft-oriented 

NiAI single crystals. Scripta Met., (in press) 1993. 

, ................ 111111111 .. 1111.'"' ......... "1111111111111 ..... 111111111111111 .. 1 .. 111111111111111.1111,1'11'1".11111111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.'11111111111111111111111111111.,111111,11.11111 

11-422 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .111111111 ... 111111 ... 11 .......... 11 ... 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. '11111 ..... 111111111111111111111111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .. 111111111111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

Weaver, ML, Stone, R.K., and Kaufman, M.J. Phase relationships and transformations in ternary 

aluminum-titanium-tantalum system Part I: Phase transformations. J. Mat. Res., (in press) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Costa e Silva, A., Jayaskankar, S., Krishnan, P., and Kaufman, M.l. Novel processing of intermetallic matrix composites 

using in-situ displacement reactions. In Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials for High Temperatures 

Applications n, Proceedings of 1992 TMS Symposium, 19-31, 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., Weaver, ML, and Kaufman, M.1. Ternary alloy effects in NiAI. In Proceedings of ISSI 

Meeting, Champion, PA, September, 1993. 

Duncan, A.J., Kaufman, M.1., and Miller M.K. Segregation of interstitial impurities in single crystal NiAl. In Applied 

Surface Science, (in press) 1993. 

Duncan, A.1., Kaufman, M.J., Lin, C.T., and Miller, M.K. Site occupation of iron in latermetallic NiAI. In Applied 

Surface Science, (in press) 1993. 

Kaufman, M.1., and Costa e Silva, A. Synthesis of intermetallic matrix composites using in-situ reactions. In Processing 

and Fabrication of Advanced Materials for High Temperatures Applications n, Proceedings of 1993 TMS Symposium, 

19-31, 1993. 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: In Process U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Jayashankar, S., and Kaufman, MJ. "New Method for the Fabrication of Silica-Free, CTE Matched, Ductile Phase 

Reinforced Silicide Matrix Compositions." 

Patent Status: In Process U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Jayashankar, S., and Kaufman, MJ. "Tailored Silicidel Silicon Carbide Composites by Mechanical Alloying and 

In-Situ Displacement Reactions." 

Patent Status: Approved U.S. Patent #: 5,198,187 

Abbaschian, R, and Gokhale, A.B. "Methods for Production of Surface Coated Niobium Reinforcements for 

Intennetallic Matrix Composites." March 1993. 

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11-423 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ......... 11 .. 111 ........ 1111 .. 111111111111 ................. 1111 ........... 1111 .. 111 .......... 111111111111111 .. 1111 .. 11111111 .. 11111 ...... 1111111 .. 1111 .. 11 ....... 11 ........... 1111111 ....... " .... ".111111111111111.11 .......... ,11111111111.11.111 

Kinetics of Phase Transformations in Glass Forming 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Kennetb F. Kelton Washington University. St. Louis 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of tbis research are to develop computer models for realistic simulations of first-order phase 

transformations. in particular crystallization of liquids and glasses. and to design experiments to test tbose models. 

This research will lead to improved metbods for tbe analysis of kinetic studies of these transformations. allowing. 

for example. kinetic parameters for nucleation and growth to be determined from peak profile studies of 

nonisothennal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of crystallization. These new techniques will 

have wide applicability for phase transformation studies. In particular. they will allow real-time experiments of 

phase stability and transformation to be carried out in a microgravity environment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Glasses (primarily silicate based) tbat devitrify polymorphically by homogeneous nucleation are being studied 

experimentally and by computer modeling. Litbium disilicate (Lip.2Si02) is used for most calculations and 

experimental measurements since the necessary kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are best known in that 

system. Other glasses studied include soda-lime silicate (Na20.2CaO.3Si02) and barium disilicate (BaO.2Si0 2 ). 

The computer modeling of glasses (primarily silicate-based ones) is done at Washington University. The silicate 

glasses are prepared by Drs. C. Ray and D. Day of the University of Missouri. Rolla; they also study the 

devitrification kinetics experimentally with differential thermal analysis (DT A). Transmission electron microscopy 

(rEM) and DSC measurements are made at Washington University. 

Research Approach - This research is a theoretical investigation of the nucleation and crystallization kinetics in 

glass forming systems. The importance of nonsteady-state nucleation and viscosity in glass formation is being 

investigated. Methods are being developed for the calculation of nonsteady state crystallization using isothermal and 

non-isothermal annealing. Calculations utilizing these methods on Li20-SiOl and Na20-2Cao-3Si02 will be 

performed. and several anomalous experimental results that appear to contradict the theoretical calculations will be 

investigated and explained. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The computer models describing nucleation and growth under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions by 

simulating directly the evolution of the non-equilibrium cluster distribution will have wide applicability for phase 

transformation studies. In particular. they will allow real-time experiments of phase stability and transformation to 

be carried out in a microgravity environment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The computer models describing nucleation and growth in bulk systems have been written and tested. They have 

already been used for a variety of investigations. Several of the proposed projects have been completed and are 

listed below . 

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II~24 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ... 1111 .................... 111 ...... 11 .............. 1111111111111111111111111111111 .............. 11 .. 11111 ... 11 .......... 1 .... 111' ........... '111 ............... , .. , ............. 111111111 .. ' .... 111111111111.11111111 ... '.' .. ,1t11'1I'",I"I .. I .. 1 

A recent suggestion that the temperature of the maximum nucleation rate can be estimated from DSC studies of 

glasses that were preannealed at different temperatures was investigated by simulating those experiments with our 

computer model. The proposed method was shown to be valid when the nucleation and growth regions are well 

separated, such as for lithium disilicate glass, but not true when these regions overlap. 

Estimates of the macroscopic growth velocity from the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters appropriate for 

describing the nucleation rate and the transient time were made and checked against experimental data and against 

cluster growth calculated directly from the rate equations for nucleation. The calculated growth velocity agreed 

within the probable experimental error of the nucleation data, demonstrating that the same atomic mobility governed 

both processes. This work, done in collaboration with M. Weinberg, is being prepared for publication. 

A general investigation of the effect of different quench rates on glass fonnation and stability was carried out using 

parameters that were appropriate for lithium disilicate glass. The stability of the glasses was demonstrated to 

increase markedly with increasing quench rate due to a smaller number of quenched-in nuclei and a smaller mean 

nuclei size. Upon reheating, the nucleation rate was predicted to attain a larger value than the steady state value at a 

higher temperature than the steady state peak. This was shown to arise naturally from the complex relaxation 

behavior of the cluster distribution. Finally, a method frequently used to account for transient nucleation in 

analyzing isothermal transformation data was found to be invalid. 

Quantitative fits were made to DSC peak profiles as a function of scan rate for lithium disilicate glass, using the 

kinetic and thermodynamic constants obtained from nucleation data, demonstrating the validity of our approach. 

Calculations of changes in DSC peak height, width and temperature, when the glasses were first scanned through 

the nucleation temperature zone, were in good agreement with experimental data. Since the samples used were 

powdered, finite sample size effects were shown to be important. These results, made in collaboration with C. Ray, 

are being readied for publication. 

We have shown that all existing methods for analyzing nonisothermal DSC or DTA data for nucleation and growth 

transformations are fundamentally wrong by using them to analyze data produced by our model for glasses with 

known kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. A manuscript describing this work is in preparation. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 2 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 5/91 EXPIRATION: 5/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-07 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-873 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Kelton, K.F. On estimating the nucleation rate by differential scanning calorimetry. J. Am. Cer. Soc., vol. 75, 2449, 

1992. 

Kelton, K.F. Numerical model for isothermal and non isothermal crystallization of liquids and gases. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 

(in press) 1993. 

Proceedings: 

Kelton, K.F. Transient nucleation in glasses. In Nucleation and Crystallization in Liquids and Glasses, 45-53, (1993). 

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11-425 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 .............................................. 111111 .. 11" ..... 11111"1 ....................... 11 .................. 11111' ........... 111111 ............ 1111 .......................... II"" .... II ... IIII ................ IIII'IIIIII.llltlllIl,UIIII 

Modeling/Experimental Studies of Droplet Pushing in Miscibility-Gap Alloy Solidification Under 

Low-g Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Dr. William B. Krantz University of Colorado 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The focus of this study is to understand the mechanism of droplet rejection by an advancing solidification front 

during directional solidification of a miscibility-gap alloy. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The first phase of this research is to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the droplet-pushing 

mechanism by observation of the solidification front in transparent organic miscibility-gap systems. The second 

phase is to develop a mathematical model of droplet pushing that predicts the critical drop diameter as a function of 

processing conditions and fluid properties. The final phase is to determine the proper form of the thin film model 

for the droplet-pushing problem. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The droplet-pushing phenomenon is thought to be an important factor governing the formation of microstructures 

in these alloys. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

This research investigates a mechanism of great importance to the formation of microstructure in a class of 

materials known as "miscibility-gap alloys". Such an alloy is formed by cooling an initially homogeneous melt 

through a region of Iiquidlliquid immiscibility until a solidified dispersion is formed. These alloys have potential 

applications as superconductors or as optoelectronic materials. Obtaining such desirable properties in these materials 

requires that micrograins of one phase be uniformly dispersed in the other phase. Problems associated with 

density-driven massive phase separation have led to considerable effort to form such alloys in a low-gravity 

environment. However, several experiments indicate that coarsening of the dispersion and phase separation still 

occur to an undesirable extent under low-g conditions owing to pushing of microdroplets by the advancing 

solidification front in the continuous phase as well as several other mechanisms. It has been observed that for a 

given solidification rate, there is a critical droplet size below which it is pushed and not engulfed by the front. 

Droplet pushing is a wetting dynamics phenomenon governed by the relative magnitude of the interfacial energies 

between the three coexisting phases at the solidification front. Previous models of this phenomenon have 

concentrated on solid particle pushing. The objectives of this research are to formulate a mathematical model 

appropriate to droplet pushing with special emphasis on the relationship between physical properties of a specific 

material and the driving force for wetting dynamics and then to validate the model with experimental data on a 

well-characterized transparent organic miscibility-gap system which solidifies in a manner similar to metals. 

Experiments were performed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in cooperation with Dr. Donald Frazier. 

Succinonitrile (SCN) was chosen as the primary component of the mixtures to be studied because of its 

crystallographic properties which cause it to solidify in a manner similar to metals. Camphene was chosen as the 

second component because it has a low monotectic composition C3 wt%). SCN-ethanol mixtures were also studied 

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11-426 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............ 111111111 ........................................ 111 ............................................................ 1111 ........ 1111 ............................ 1111111.11.11''''1111.1111 .. 1.11.11,,,".11.1.1111111111'1.1111111111111111. 

in order to test the hypothesis of Grogel and coworkers that droplet pushing occurs in this system. The experiments 

were performed on a gradient-stage microscope in which the solidification front of thin horizontal samples was 

observed during directional solidification. Direct measurements of critical drop size were made using a micrometer 

eyepiece. Individual 3Smm photographs were taken to capture qualitative features of interest Time-sequence 3Smm 

photographs were taken to capture the evolution of certain events. Evolution over longer periods of time was 

captured using a video camera. 

Important properties of the SCN-camphene system were measured to permit interpreting the gradientstage-microscope experiments. The monotectic temperature was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. 

The densities of the two liquid phases formed prior to solidification were measured using a vibrating U-tube digital 

density meter. The viscosities of the liquid phases were measured using a falling needle viscometer. The latter 

studies resulted in a substantive improvement to the falling needle viscometer technique which was published in the 

Review of Scientific instruments. The interfacial tensions were measured using a pendant-drop tensiometer. 

Substantive improvements in the pendant-drop tensiometer technique were also made by the PIs; a paper on these 

improvements is being submitted to the Review of Scientific Instruments. 

The gradient-stage microscope experiments on the SCN-ethanol system did not display droplet-pushing for the same 

conditions as had been observed by Grogel and coworkers. It was found that the observed morphology was markedly 

dependent on the width of the test cell. Droplet bridging across the cell occurs in thin cells (SO J.llll). In thicker cells 

(1S0 J.llll) an irregular fiber structure is formed similar to that reported by Kaukler and Frazier for SCN-water alloys 

and by Song and Hellawell for SCN-benzene alloys. 

SCN-camphene mixtures of monotectic composition were solidified at growth rates in the range of 0.1 to 1 J.UIlI's 

with a temperature gradient of 36.So C/cm and a cell thickness of ISO J.llll. Although drop pushing was observed in 

those experiments, a unique critical drop size for engulfment by the solidification front was not observed; rather a 

distribution of sizes for the engulfed drops was observed. We believe that the critical drop size is non unique for a 

given solidification rate owing to solute-diffusion effects on the local growth rate and the shape of the solidification 

front. An interesting observation was that under some conditions, the droplets engulfed by the solidification front 

would continue to grow to form thin fibers. For solidification under hypermonotectic conditions, the solidification 

front became unstable; droplet pushing in combination with the nonplanar solidification front then caused bunching 

together of several droplets. These experiments also suggested a means for mitigating the effect of drop pushing on 

coarsening in these miscibility-gap alloys. It was observed that mechanical vibration of the apparatus could cause 

the solidification front to engulf very small droplets. This observation suggested that the application of mechanical 

vibrations of controlled amplitude and frequency might be used to produce fine-grained alloys from these materials. 

A paper summarizing these experimental studies has been submitted to the Journal of Crystal Growth. 

In order to interpret the results of the experimental studies, a mathematical model was developed to describe the drop 

pushing. This model built upon prior studies of the pushing of solid particles. As such, it included the effects of a 

mobile liquid surface and a freely deformable solidification front; in particular, this model allowed for the influence 

of the different thennal conductivities of the drop and matrix material on the shape of the solidification front. This 

model incorporated a more rigorous treatment of the disjoining pressure effects in the thin film which separates the 

pushed drop from the advancing solidification front. This model shows that the mobile drop interface reduces the 

drag on the drop so as to cause more than a 100% increase in the critical drop size over that predicted by models for 

solid-particle pushing. Interestingly, gravitational forces were predicted to have a negligible influence on the 

predicted critical drop size for engulfment. Thermocapillary motion owing to the drop being in a temperature 

gradient was also shown to have a negligible effect on the critical drop size. The interfacial tension between the 

solidification front and the melt was predicted to have a significant effect on the critical drop size. Lower values of 

the interfacial tension pennit the solidification front to defonn in such a way so as to lower the drag on the droplet. 

A decrease in the viscosity of the drop caused an increase in the critical drop size owing to reduction in the drag 

force . 

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11-427 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ......................................................... " ............................ , ................. 11 .................... 111 .................... 11 .... 111.1111.," .... " ............... ,1111 ..................... 1111"'111 .... 111 ......... III 

The thermal conductivity of the drop relative to that of the surrounding matrix liquid was shown to have a 

pronounced effect on the critical drop size. When the drop thermal conductivity is higher than the matrix 

conductivity, the solidification front is depressed beneath the drop and the critical drop radius is decreased 

significantly. This is because the solidlmelt interface is curved around the drop more tightly, thus increasingly the 

hydrodynamic drag force and lowering the disjoining pressure gradient. When the drop conductivity is lower than 

the matrix conductivity, a hump is formed in the solid/melt interface and the critical drop size is increased. 

Preliminary modeling studies of solutal effects indicate that these may have a very significant effect on the critical 

drop size owing to their influence on the supersaturation in the matrix near the solidification front. A paper 

summarizing these modeling results wiII be submitted to the Journal of Crystal Growth in the near future. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 5 Total Degrees: 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

1 

TASK INITIATION: 6/91 EXPIRATION: 5/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-22 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Frazier, D.O., Facemire, B.R., Loo, B.H., Burns. D., and Thiessen, D.B. Solidification behavior of impurity-doped 

solutions in higb surface area, low bulk volume containers. 1. Cryst. Growth, 106, WI-liS, 1990. 

Thiessen, D.B. Thin film dynamiCS of drop rejection in solidification of miscibility-gap materials. Ph.D. thesis, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, 1992. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Bimodal terminal velocities using the falling needle viscometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 9, 

63, 4200-4204, 1992. 

Thiessen, DB., and Krantz, W.B. Experimental studies of droplet rejection during directional solidification of a binary 

miscibility-gap mixture. (Manuscript in preparation for submission to) 1. Cryst. Growth, 1993. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. A mathematical model of droplet rejection during directional solidification of a binary 

miscibility-gap mixture. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in preparation). 

Thiessen, D.B., McCreary, C.B., Chione, 0.1., and Krantz, W.B. Improved surface tension measurements using the 

pendant-drop tensiometer with digital image analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum., (in preparation). 

Presentations: 

Chione, 0.1., Wray, M.D., Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Surface tension measurement by digital image analysis, 

Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 68th Annual 

Meeting, May 17-21, 1992, Tuscon, AZ. 

McCreary, C.B., Thiessen, D.B. and Krantz, W.B. Pendant drop method for measuring interfacial tensions, Southwestern 

and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 69th Annual Meeting. May 

23-26, 1993, Albuquerque, NM. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Coarsening effects in the directional solidification of miscibility-gap alloys. AIChE 

Annual Meeting Nov.17-22,1991, Los Angeles, CA. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Solidification of miscibility-gap alloys: The droplet pushing phenomena, AIChE 

Annual Meeting, Nov.1l-16, 1990, Chicago, IL. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Novel alloy formation under low-gravity conditions, Southwestern and Rocky 

Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 66th Annual Meeting, May 16-19, 1990, 

Colorado, Springs, CO . 

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Containerless Property Measurement of High-Temperature Liquids 

PRINCIPAl.. INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Shankar Krishnan Containerless Research, Inc. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P.c. Nordine Intersonics, Inc. 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECI1VE: 

The task objective is to measure the optical properties of high-purity liquid metals and alloys (AI, Zr, Ni, and Ni-Zr 

alloys) over wide wavelength (220-1100 nm), temperature (Tm,l + 300 K), and composition ranges under 

containerless conditions. Spectroscopic, pulsed dye-laser ellipsometry is used to obtain the complex dielectric 

functions and spectral emissivity data at high temperatures on clean liquids using electromagnetic levitation. These 

data are needed for accurate noncontact tempera- ture measurement, and for measurements of the total hemispherical 

emittance by integration of emissivity over the wavelength range of thermal emission. 

Another major outcome of this research will be the determination of the optical properties of liquids over a wide 

wavelength range. These measurements are of fundamental importance to advancing the theory of liquid metals. For 

example the presence or absence of important interband transitions provides information on the valence, bonding, 

joint density-of-states, and the extent to which nearly-free electron behavior is exhibited by liquid metals and alloys. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research approach is to levitate liquid metals and alloys (AI, Ni, Zr, and Ni-Zr alloys) electromagnetically and 

use a spectroscopic pulsed dye-laser ellipsometer to measure the complex dielectric function and the spectral 

emissivity in the wavelength range 220-100 nm. Pulsed radiation is generated by a Molectron dye-laser, and the 

wavelength is automatically set and adjusted by a laboratory computer. Light reflected by the specimen is collected 

and analyzed by a unique rotating analyzer ellipsometer. 

The rotating components of the ellipsometer are motorized and controlled by the computer. The signals are detected 

by a pair of photodiodes and an EG&G boxcar averager is used to extract the mean value of the light intensities at 

the two photodiodes which receive the orthogonally polarized components of the reflected light. The signals are 

automatically measured by the computer. 

A Molectron dye laser is used to generate pulsed radiation in the 220-1100 nm wavelength range. The light is 

steered through several mirrors, and transmitted through a pair of Glan Thomson linear polarizers. The second 

polarizer is fixed in azimuth, and rotation of the first polarizer allows light levels to be adjusted to the optimum 

values. The light is incident on the liquid specimens at a fixed incident polarization, and the reflected polarization is 

analyzed for its new azimuth and ellipticity. 

A modified rotating analyzer ellipsometer is used to measure the outgoing polarization at 6 azimuths of the 

analyzer. The analyzer is of the beam splitting type such that the two orthogonal components of the beam are 

simultaneously obtained. Three intensity ratios are measured at three independent pairs of azimuths. The complex 

dielectric constant, indices of refraction, and spectral emissivities are derived from standard equations. The light 

intensities are detected by a pair of high speed, UV -enhanced silicon photodiodes and measured by a pair of gated 

integrators. 

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11-429 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - GroWld-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .............................. 111 ...................................... 11111 ......................... 1111 ....... 111 ...... 11 ...... 1111 ........................................... 1111 ........ 111111'.111111111 ...... ' ....... 111111111111111 ... 1111111 

The emphasis of measurements on liquid metals and alloys is to determine the temperature and (for alloys) 

composition dependence of all optical properties over the accessible wavelength range. Measurements are possible 

from approximately 0.8 of the melting temperature, (TM) in undercooled liquids to at least 300K above TM. The 

observed effects of temperature and composition on optical properties and the wavelength dependence of these 

properties are interpreted in terms of liquid structure and bonding. 

The liquid nickel, zirconium, and their alloys have been chosen to be investigated in this research because they 

display unique glass forming behavior, typify early and late transition metals, and because they are also of interest 

to other NASA investigators. Measurements at 633 nm on these metals is being conducted in collaboration with 

Professors Bayuzick of Vanderbilt University and Johnson of the California Institute of Technology. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The relevance and significance to the microgravity program are twofold. First. the spectral emissivity and total 

hemispherical emissivity form the basis for new noncontact thermophysical property measurements in microgravity 

experimentation. For example, knowledge of total hemispherical emittance allows heat capacity and thermal 

diffusivity to be accurately determined from free-cooling and pulse-heating experiments. Spectral emissivity data 

allow true specimen temperatures to be determined using optical pyrometry. Second, spectral emissivity 

measurements on specific materials are needed by other NASA investigators in ground-based and microgravity 

experimentation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An automated rotating analyzer pulsed dye laser spectroscopic ellipsometer was designed and built during the r1l"st 

three months of the project. It consists of a nitrogen laser-pumped pulsed dye laser and a rotating analyzer 

polarization state detector (PSD). The incident laser beam and PSD axes are placed at an angle of 1350 in the 

horizontal plane and perpendicular to two windows on the electromagnetic levitation chamber. Specimens are 

levitated and melted at the intersection of these axes, using specially designed levitation coils that do not obscure the 

equatorial plane of the levitated drop. Incident laser light of a fixed polarization state is reflected into the PSD and 

analyzed. The PSD includes light collection and focusing optics, a beam splitting Glan-Thompson prism mounted 

in a cOOlputer-operated rotation stage, and a pair of photodiodes. 

The new apparatus was successfully used to determine the optical properties of liquid aluminum at wavelengths 

from 360,990 nm (1.2-3.5 eV) at a temperature of 1,580 K. Data at eight wavelengths were obtained over the 

temperature range from 1,200 K-l,800 K. Structure in the optical properties of liquid aluminum was demonstrated 

to occur at photon energies of ca. 1.5 eV (820 nm wavelength). This is the first demonstration that liquid aluminum 

has structure in the optical properties and displays the nonfree electron behavior characteristic of solid aluminum. 

Error analyses have been conducted to establish the accuracy of results. Further analysis of the results is in progress 

and a paper on this work is being prepared for publication. Experiments are in progress to develop electromagnetic 

levitation coils and conditions for measurements on liquid zirconium and nickel. 

Measurements on liquid and solid Zr have been completed. Liquid Zr exhibits 4 peaks in the optical conductivity in 

the 1.3-3.5 eV photon energy range, including two closely spaced peaks in the near infrared. The spectral 

emissivity of liquid and solid Zr have been measured in the wavelength range 0.35-0.95 j..Lm. Preliminary 

measurements have also been conducted on rare-earth liquid metals including Gd, Y, and Lu. New measurements are 

being planned on liquid Ni-Zr and Ni-Nb alloys and other materials of interest to the TEMPUS PI's . 

..................................................... 111111 ..................... 11 ...... ' ............. ,II .................... II ......................... lIlllllltlllll1111"11111111111111111'"''''11'"''''''11'11,111111''11'11'"'11,",".11.,1 

11-430 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...................... , ....................... 11 ................ 11111 ... 111.111111 .. 1111 ................ 1111111 ................. 11 .............................. 111111111111 ................. 11111 .......... 111111111 ....... '"11111111 ........... .. 

TASK INITIATION: 5/92 ExPIRATION: 5/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-05 

RESPONSiBlE CENTER: JPL 

......................... 111 ................. 1111 ............................................. '111 ...... 1 .. '1111111111111 .............. " ..... 111 ............ '111 ..... ,.11.11.11 ....... 111111.11111111 .... 11 ••••••• 111.11.11 ••••• 1111111.1.11.1 •• 11. 

11-431 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................................................................................. ' .. 111111111 .................. , ............ 1111 ............................ n ... IIII .......... , .. , ............... IIlIltI ... IIII.II." ............ .. 

Chemical Vapor Deposition of High-to-Superconducting Films in a Microgravity Environment 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Moises Levy University of Wisconsin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

B. Sarma University of Wisconsin 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The basic goal of this research is to grow and process single-crystal, high-temperature superconducting thin films 

under microgravity conditions. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Superconducting thin films will be grown by chemical vapor deposition in three different transport reactors in order 

to investigate the effects of gravitationally-induced convection currents on the superconducting characteristics of the 

films. Different orientations with respect to gravity will be used. 

SIGNIFlCANCE: 

It is believed that microgravity will allow for unique growth conditions for vapor-phase transport and for the 

formation of single crystalline materials during postprocessing to the superconducting phase. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A compact chemical vapor deposition MOCVD system with a single organometallic precursor was designed, built 

and tested. A model for the vaporization and mass transport of mixed organometallics from a single source for thin 

film MOCVD was developed. It was shown that a stoichiometric gas phase can be obtained from a mixture of the 

organometallics in the desired mole ratios, in spite of differences in the volatilities of the individual precursor 

compounds. Proper composition and growth rate can be obtained by insuring that the organometallics are 

completely sublimed after the slotted borosilicate tube containing the compacted mixed organometallics has 

traversed the short heating zone of the vaporizer. Y I Ba2Cu307 superconducting films with T c's around 90K were 

obtained on [100] Y stabilized cubic zirconia and [100] MgO substrates. Under ideal conditions the high Tc films 

were oriented with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate plane. This is the preferred orientation for achieving 

large current densities in the plane of the film. The pressure of the argon carrier gas was between 5 and 7 torr and 

that of the oxygen gas was also within this range. The combined flow rate was between 200 and 400 standard cubic 

centimeter per minute. 

The compact MOCVD system may be rotated in order to determine the effect of gravitational fields on the growth 

behavior of the bigh To superconducting films. In the first orientation investigated, the compacted precursor 

vaporizer tube was moved downward through the beating zone and the heated substrate was held upside down in the 

reactor arm of the U sbaped system. Thus the gas flow rate past the reactor was against the gravitational field. It 

was found that the central part of the circular film was about 250 nm thinner than the outer part for a 1000 nm 

average thickness film. Thus fluid bydrodynamics affected the diffusion controlled growth rate of the films even at 

the low pressures of the MOCVD system. A microgravity environment may allow the use of lower gas flow 

velocities thus making the diffusion controlled growth rate process more uniform along the diameter of the films. 

Two other configurations of the MOCVD system with respect to the gravitational field are being investigated. 

II ................................... " ........................................................ 11 ............... , ........... ,11 ........ 11, ........ , ....... 11.11 .............. ' ....... 1111 •• 11 .... ".11, ..... 11 ....... 111.11 ........... 11.11 •••••• It. 

11-432 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................... " ............................... 1111 ................ 111 .. 111.11111111 .............. '" ................... 11 ................... 111111.1I .. IIIIIII'I,tI'''.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II'IIIIIIIII,IIII.1I1111111111111111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/91 EXPIRATION: 5/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-05-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Meng, G., Zhou, G., Schneider, R.L. Sanna, B.K. and Levy, M. A model for the vaporization of mixed organometallic 

chemical vapor deposition of high temperature superconducting films. AppJ. Phys. Lett., (accepted). 

Meng, G., Zhou, G., Schneider, R.L., Sanna, B.K., and Levy, M. Formation and characterization of YBa2Cup, thin films 

grown by MOCVD. Physica C, 214, XXX, 1993. 

Zhou, G., Meng, G., Schneider, R.L., Sarma, B.K., and Levy, M. Vaporization of mixed precursors in chemical vapor 

deposition of YBCO films. J. Superconduc., (submitted) . 

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11-433 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........ " .......................... 11 .................. ,11111111111 ....................... ,1, ....... ,.111111,.,1, .... 1111 ... 111111111111 ...... 11 ........................... ,11111 .... 11 •• ,1, ....... 11 ........ 11 ....... 11111111111.,1'""""'"'11 

Microstructural Development during Directional Solidification of Peritectic Alloys 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Thomas A. Lograsso 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Trivedi 

J. Verhoeven 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

Iowa State University 

Iowa State University 

Iowa State University 

The mechanisms of and conditions required for the formation of peritectic solid dendrites, cells, or planar growth in 

between the primary solid dendrites and the transition between these structures will be investigated. In addition, 

alternating bands of solid phases have been observed in peritectic systems. However, the precise conditions under 

which these bands form and the mechanism for the formation of these bands are not clearly understood. It had been 

postulated that the development of these different structures is caused by fluctuations in the composition of the 

liquid. A model will be developed that will predict the compositional changes that occur under the assumption of 

no convection in the liquid. This model will be compared to experimental results to evaluate the importance of 

convective effects on the formation of various structural characteristics. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This research investigation will focus on: 

• Establishing the growth conditions in terms of temperature gradient and growth rate for the formation of planar, 

cellular, and dendritic growth of the peritectic solid in a two-phase peritectic under convection-free conditions; and 

• Determining the effect of convection-free conditions on the formation of a banded structure during directional 

solidification of a two-phase peritectic alloy. 

Research Approach - The research approach is to look at two system, Sn-Cd and Pb-Bi. Exploratory experiments 

will also be carried out on Ag-Sn alloys, a system that has not been studied and which may be more experimentally 

tractable. These systems will allow all four possibilities of stabilizing and destabilizing density gradients to be 

observed. In addition, the Sn-Cd and Pb-Bi systems have been well characterized in previous ground-based 

investigations. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research effort will establish the ground-based data required for the identification of the appropriate alloy 

system, composition, and growth condition for microgravity processing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Theoretical models for the formation of bands have been based on pure diffusive regimes, whereas convection effects 

are believed to be important in the regime where bands form. Recent experimental studies have confirmed the 

presence of significant convection effects in the liquid ahead of the bands. The formations of bands imply that the 

interface is not moving at a constant rate that is imposed externally. Rather, it oscillates with time with an average 

velocity that may be equal to the externally imposed velocity. The precise physics that causes the oscillation in tbe 

interface motion is not yet established, but it appears that convection effects in liquid playa key role in causing the 

...................................... 11' ....................................................... 11 ............. 11 ... 1.1111 ... 11111 ... 11111111111 ................. 1 ................................ 11 ....... 11 .. 1111111 ... 111 ................. U ... .. 

11-434 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 ......................... " ............................................ 11 ........................ 11 ... 111 ..................... 1111 ............. " ............................ 111 .. 11111 ......... 111111 .. 11 ...... 11111 ........... 111111111 .. '.11111 

interface to oscillate. During the upcoming year, the growth condition regimes, temperature gradient, and growth 

rate, under which planar, cellular, and dendritic microstructures develop in pertectic alloys, will be established. The 

following systems will be investigated, since they represent a range of stabilizing and destabilizing density 

gradients: Sn-Cd, Ph-Bi, and Ag-Sn. A model will be developed to predict the response of solidification 

morphology to the absence of convection in the melt. These investigations will establish the ground-based data 

required for the identification of the appropriate alloy system, composition, and growth conditions for microgravity 

processing. 

TASK INITIATION: 7/93 EXPIRATION: 7/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-28 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-963 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-435 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , ............................ 111 ... ' ............................................................. 1111 ..... "11 ..... 11 ...................................................................... 11 ....... "'.11 ........... "'1111111111111 ... ," •• ".1111 

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Creep and Thermal Stress Effects in Microgravity Physical 

Vapor Transport 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel W. Mackowski Auburn University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Knight Auburn University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECIlVE: 

The objective of this research is to quantitatively predict the roles of thennal creep and thennal stress on 

rnicrogravity physical vapor transport through detailed numerical calculations. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research will formulate thermal creep and stress effects into a variable property, two-dimensional representation 

of heat and mass transfer in cylindrical ampoules under typical operating parameters. Physical conditions at which 

thennal creep and stress significantly alter vapor transport from a pure diffusion-limited mode, as well as the 

resulting effects upon mass transfer rates and mass flux uniformity at the crystal surface, will be detennined. The 

research will benefit the prediction and development of microgravity crystal growth technology by providing, for the 

first time, an accurate accounting of all relevant physical vapor transport mechanisms. 

Research Approach - The potential for growing high-quality crystals in closed, cylindrical ampoules using 

chemical vapor transport and physical vapor transport processes under microgravity conditions has been 

demonstrated in a number of experiments. The development of this technology will require an accurate modeling of 

the relevant vapor transport mechanisms occurring in buoyancy-free environments. Previous numerical efforts to 

predict microgravity crystal growth rates have employed a diffusion-limited fonnulation of vapor transport. 

However, theoretical arguments strongly indicate that the non-isothennal conditions encountered in ampoules can 

lead to an appreciable motion of the bulk fluid as a result of previously unrecognized phenomena. Temperature 

gradients tangential to the ampoule side walls can, through the mechanism of thennal creep, drive a slip flow of gas 

over the surface. In addition, temperature gradients within the gas itself can induce a fluid stress, and resulting fluid 

motion, through the mechanism of thermal stress. Order-of-magnitude estimates suggest that, under typical 

ampoule conditions, the fluid velocities resulting from thennal creep and thermal stress can be comparable to vapor 

diffusion velocities. 

Specific tasks include: 

• Develop code for numerically solving governing differential equations. Assemble thennodynamic and transport 

property database of commonly used PVT samples and carrier gases. 

• Perfonn numerical calculations of diffusion-buoyant convection vapor transport in the absence of thennal creep 

and thennal stress. Check numerical results with previously published results. 

• Incorporate thennal creep boundary conditions and thennal stress constituitive law into numerical code. 

Detennine model parameter values at which thennal effects significantly alter vapor transport from diffusion and 

buoyant convection predictions. 

• Detennine the individual effects of thermal creep and thermal stress on vapor mass transport rates and the 

uniformity of mass flux at the crystal surface. Based on numerical results, develop rational expressions for 

estimating the relative contributions of the thennal vapor transport mechanisms to mass flux as a function of 

ampoule, sample, and carrier parameters . 

.......................................................................... " ..... , .......................... ,11 ................. ,11111 .... 1111111 ......... 111 ... ,11, .... ,11111111111111111111111.11.11 •• 111' ... 1111111111"111111111111,.,.111111111 

11-436 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .................................................................... 111 .................... 11 ........ 111 ..... '." ............... '111111 ............... 1111 .. 111111111 ....................... II ......... I ...... ,II ..... ltllllllllIl .... II ..... II .. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Qualitative theoretical arguments strongly indicate that thermal creep and thermal stress could lead to a significant 

convective flow of fluids within the ampoule. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A code to examine binary PVT in cylindrical ampoules has been developed and is being verified against previously 

published modeling results. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-18 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-977 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

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11-437 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ............................ 1111 ............. 11 .................... , ......... ",",.11.11.1111.1111111'111111111 .. 11111111' ... 1111111111111111111'1111 ..... 1111 .................... 1111111111 ..... 111111111 ...................... 111111111.11.11. 

Polymerizations in Microgravity: Traveling Fronts, Dispersions, Diffusion and Copolymerizations 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Lon 1. Mathias 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

R. Lockhead 

J. Pojman 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Southern Mississippi 

University of Southern Mississippi 

University of Southern Mississippi 

Polymerization studies of bulk-phase diffusion and polymerization in monomer and conomer mixtures or in 

monomer droplets in a non-solvent are being performed to study density effects on polymerization. 

DESCRIPTION: 

These experiments will allow determination of fundamental monomer and polymer properties. The diffusion rate 

constants to be measured in the absence of convective mixing have not been accurately measurable on earth. This 

data will provide new insights into the fundamental behavior of polymers in a variety of situations important to 

their formation and processing. For example, molecular weights and distributions are directly dependent on the 

relative diffusion behavior of monomers and polymers. Processing of polymers, either in solution or from the 

melt, involves molecular reorganization and motion. The combination of convective mixing with diffusion 

determines the ability of polymers to effectively orient into crystalline domains. A further example is provided by 

copolymerizations at high conversion. In this regime, which is industrially important on Earth, the diffusion 

constants of monomers and polymers become extremely important. The copolymer composition throughout the 

reaction must be amenable to calculation and prediction. This is currently not possible without accurate knowledge 

of polymer and monomer diffusion constants. 

Research Approach - Three separate but closely related research investigations are being conducted that all deal 

with developing a fundamental understanding of monomer and polymer diffusion during polymerization or 

processing under widely different conditions, and with applying this knowledge to the formation of unique 

materials. The three projects all involve bulk-phase diffusion and polymerization in neat monomer or comonomer 

mixtures, or in monomer droplets dispersed in nonsolvent. All three deal with diffusion effects that should uniquely 

manifest themselves under microgravity where analysis by optical, interference and light scattering will give 

complete understanding of macroscopic down to molecular level behavior. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Microgravity offers a unique environment for studying polymer diffusion and polymer polymerization reactions. 

The absence of convection currents, which are the major mode of mixing at the molecular level on earth, are 

eliminated or reduced in the microgravity environment. More importantly, the prediction of unique copolymer 

composition development in microgravity will allow controlled formation of new compositions of matter. The 

absence of mixing at the molecular level should produce unique short-block copolymers available for the first time 

for comonomer compositions which normally lead to random or long-block copolymers under good mixing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Workers in the former USSR have studied traveling thermal fronts in vinyl polymerizations under 5,000 atm of 

pressure. Recently, the feasibility of traveling fronts in solutions of benzoyl peroxide in methacrylic acid at 

ambient pressure was demonstrated at USM Laboratory. After fronts were initiated with a heated wire, the heat of 

11111 .............................................................. 1111111 .. 1111111111 ........................................................... ,1111111 .. 1111111 ........... I ............................. tll ............. II ..... I.,IIII.111111111. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .......................................... N ................... " ........................................................................................................................ 1111111111 .................................... 11 ...... , .... . 

polymerization spreads to an unreacted region, causing decomposition of the benzoyl peroxide which in turn 

initiates further polymerization. Work so far on traveling fronts suggests four areas of investigation which could be 

best addressed by experiments in a low gravity environment: 

• Study onset of double-diffusive convection via light scattering under both normal gravity and low gravity; 

• Develop a model relating polymerization rate and convective mixing to front velocities and conditions (this area 

applies to all three projects); 

• Determine and model the mechanism of front pulsations; and 

• Attempt copolymerization wbere composition varies along the direction of front propagation. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 3 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-10 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-973 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

........................ " ............................................................................ " ................................... 1111 ... 11 ................ 11 ...... 11 ........... 11.11111111111111 ....... 11' .... 11111111,.11 ........... IIIIt 

11-439 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , ..................................................... , .............. , ........... , ............................ " .................... 111 ..................................................................... 111 ... '"111111 .. ' ..... '.11 ........... .. 

The Synergistic Effect of Ceramic Materials Synthesis Using Vapor-Enhanced Reactive Sintering 

Under Microgravity Conditions 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John J. Moore Colorado School of Mines 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The primary objective of this research is to develop a technique for processing advanced ceramics in the form of fme 

powders, whiskers or platelets. Product purity and particle size are two important concerns in producing the desired 

form of the advanced ceramic. The ceramic products should have the correct particle size for both efficient handling 

of the ceramic, and should be in the appropriate size range for subsequent processing and/or function. Control of 

the chemical reactions and particle size is necessary for the achievement of these goals. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Titanium diboride (TiB2) is synthesized according to the reaction Ti+2B=TiB2• The system was chosen for its 

relative simplicity, allowing the fundamentals of the reaction to be accurately evaluated. TiB2 will be formed via a 

combustion synthesis reaction in the propagating mode, which has high product purity and rapid reaction rates as 

inherent advantages of this process. The reactions will be carried out in both inert, i.e., Ar gas, and reactive, i.e., 

HCI gas, environments in order to evaluate the effects of vapor transport on the combustion synthesis reaction. A 

complete examination of the process variables will be completed in order to examine their effect on the reaction. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Fine powders may be used as raw materials for subsequent processing techniques, while platelets and whiskers may 

be used as reinforcement materials in composite structures. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Fine powders of TiB 2 in the 1-10 Ilm size range have been produced via the combustion synthesis reaction. The 

variables of composition (inert dilution), green density, atmosphere pressure, position, sample mass, and reactant 

particle size have been examined to find their effect on the combustion synthesis reaction. An intermediate reaction 

that occurs only in a reactive environment has been isolated and analyzed. Future work includes conducting these 

reactions in a microgravity environment in order to examine the effects of gravity and convection on the combustion 

synthesis reaction. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 3 MS Degrees: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 ExPIRATION: 12/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-05-10 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

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11-440 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , ... , .................... 1111'11.11111 ........... , ................. '"1 ...... '11 .................... 11 ................................ 11 .... 1111 ......... 11 •• 1111111111111111111111'"'11.11111111,.11.11 •• 1111111111111111111111111111111 ... 11111,. 

Diffusion, Viscosity, and Crystal Growth in Microgravity 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Allan S. Myerson Polytechnic University, New York 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A.lzmailov Polytechnic University, New York 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The results of this research sbould improve the operation and data analysis of existing microgravity crystal growth 

experiments and aid in the design of new hardware for such experiments. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Components of this research include: 

• Experimental studies of the diffusion coefficients and viscosity of triglycine sulfate (TGS), KDP, and other 

compounds of interest to microgravity crystal growth in supersaturated solutions as a function of solution 

concentrations, solution age, and solution history; 

• Development of a theoretical model of diffusion and viscosity in the metastable state; 

• Development of a model of crystal growth from solution including nonlinear time-dependent diffusion and 

viscosity effects; 

• Employment of the model with and without buoyancy-driven convective flows to predict results of Earth and 

microgravity crystal growth experiments and to compare these results with experimental results; and 

• Development of a computer simulation of the crystal growth process that will allow simulation of microgravity 

crystal growth, including the effects mentioned above. 

Research Approacb - Plans are to develop the adequate physical description of the crystal growth process in the 

supersaturated solutions. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to take into account the nontrivial dependencies 

of such transport coefficients as diffusivity and viscosity on the solute concentration and solution temperature and 

age. The research program's approach will include obtaining the characteristic time for the crystal growth process in 

the supersaturated solutions, i.e., to obtain the duration of the metastable state relaxation that leads the system 

"crystal + supersaturated solution" to the equilibrium state. This equilibrium is the equilibrium between the crystal 

surface and the entire remaining volume of the surrounding saturated solution. 

Another facet of the program will theoretically determine from the proposed model the difference in the 

concentration, temperature, and convective flow fields between an Earth-grown crystal and one grown in 

microgravity. This will also allow a comparison of the gains in face size and stability that might accompany 

microgravity crystal growth. 

Comparison of theoretical predictions to the real experimental data will verify the theoretical model and determine 

numerical values for model parameters that have not been measured. 

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11-441 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ." ................................................... 1 ........ '11.' ......... " ................. 11 ..... 11'"' .......... ,111 .............................................. " ...................... " ............. "1 ........ 111 .................. 1111 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Since crystallization from solution occurs in supersaturated solutions, the properties of these solutions and their 

role in nucleation and crystal growth are of interest. Recognition of this has led to a number of studies of 

supersaturated solutions and their properties. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Crystallization is a phase separation phenomena that involves two distinct steps: nucleation, or the birth of a new 

crystal, and crystal growth, or the growth of an existing crystal. Both nucleation and crystal growth can only occur 

when the solution is supersaturated. A supersaturated solution is a metastable state where the concentration of the 

solute exceeds the solubilty at the given temperature. The metastable, or supersaturated, region is bound on one 

side by the saturation line (binodal) and on the other side by the spinodal line that marks the limits of the 

metastable zone. At concentrations above the spinodal, the solution is unstable and will rapidly phase separate. 

The diffusion coefficients of KDP and ADP have been measured over the entire undersaturated concentration range. 

Initial measurements in the supersaturated region have begun. Viscosity. metastable limit, and thermodynamic 

property measurements in the supersaturated region are also underway. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 6/93 EXPIRATION: 6/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-11 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAGs-960 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Myerson, A.S., and Ginde, R. Effect of impurities on cluster growth and nucleation. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 126, 216, 

1993. 

Myerson. A.S .• and Izmailov. A.F. Nucleation in non-critical binary systems. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128. 139. 1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Izmailov. A.F. Structure of supersaturated solutions. Handbook of Crystal Growth. vol. 1, 251-303. 

1993. 

Myerson. A.S., and Izmailov. A.F. Theory of metastable state relaxation in a gravitational field for non-critical binary 

systems with non-conserved order parameter. J. Physics A., vol. 26, 2709. 1993. 

Myerson. A.S., and Izmailov. A.F. Statistics of experiments on cluster formation and transport in a gravitational field. J. 

Physics D .• vol. 26, B123. 1993 . 

........................................................... 11 ....................... 11I1 .. 11 ..... III ......................... III ............... IIII ...... tlll ............... " ... tt ......................... II ..... IIIIIIII •• IIIII ....... IIII ...... . 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ... 11 ............................ 111 ............... " ......... 11111111.1111 ...... 111 ............ 11111111 ............ 1111 .............. '"1 .. '1111 ........... " .. 11111 .. 11.1.11.11.11.11.1111111111111.11'1.11.1111111111,1.1111111111111.1.,.11,.11. 

An Electrochemical Method to Measure Diffusivity in Liquid Metals 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Ranga Narayanan 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

T.Anderson 

A. Fripp 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

University of Florida 

University of Florida 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

A research program will be conducted which will use coulometric titration to obtain benchmark values of oxygen 

diffusivity in liquid metals. An important aspect of the program is the use of low gravity to significantly reduce 

the adverse effects of gravity-driven convection in the melt during the diffusivity measurement. Another science 

objective of this study is to establish a clearer picture of the constitutive behavior of "Fickian diffusion" of oxygen 

in liquid metals. 

The accurate measurement of molecular diffusivity in high-melting-point liquid metals and alloys is of interest from 

a fundamental viewpoint largely because molecular diffusivity is an important physical property. For the same 

reason, the behavior of molecular diffusivity with temperature can only throw more light on the constitutive 

behavior of the binary system. 

The "strength" of natural convection of liquid metals in enclosures can be measured by its effect on the mass 

transfer of a tracer such as oxygen. For this, it is necessary to know accurately the molecular diffusivity of the 

tracer in the liquid metal and compare it to the effective diffusivity. 

DESCRIPTION: 

A variety of cell designs and operating procedures in an isotbermal environment will be tested and the results 

compared with measurements in low gravity to determine the magnitude of the errors introduced in I-g. 

Research Approach - In this study, an existing experimental "cell" will be used that has been slightly modified 

by the investigators. The principle of the method is quite straightforward. As an example, consider measuring the 

diffusivity of oxygen in tin. The experimental arrangement consists of two electrochemical cells sharing a common 

working electrode. A representation of the cell is given by: 

CU,CuO II YSZ II Q. in Sn II YSZ II Cu, CuO 

Here yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the solid state electrolyte. In these experiments, one cell will be used to 

establish a known boundary condition, usually a negligihly small mocentration, while the second cell will be 

operated in an open circuit mode to measure the concentration :.It tile opposite houndary. Rhenium wire welded to 

copper leads will be used to contact the melt while copper wires will contact the copper/copper oxille reference 

electrode. 

The top electrolyte will have a small overflow port to accommodate the expansion of tin upon heating. Care must 

be taken to avoid leakage of oxygen from this or other sources. This is accomplished hy ensuring that the oxygen 

partial pressure in the inert gas surrounding the cell is nearly equal 10 Ihat ahove the melt by pretrcating tllC gas 

blanket Temperature gradients in this so-called isothermal experiment must be eliminated in oreler to avoid natural 

convection under Earth's gravity. Under Earth's gravity, it will also he important to ensure that oxygen 

concentration gradients are parallel to the gravity vector so that the melt is not "top heavy." This means that tbe 

oxygen concentration should be low at the "bottom" of a vertically-oriented cell. This in tum implies that oxygen 

depletion should be from the bottom or that oxygen addition should he from tile lOp. There will be the possibility 

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11-443 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ..... 11111' ................................................. 1111 .. 11111111111111111111111 .. 1 .. 111111111111111 .. 11.11111111111111111111111111111111111111.111111' .......................... , ................ 111111111111111111111111I""'II'UIII 

of an oxygen leakage into the tin from the overflow port. It might appear at first glance that top depletion is a 

desired mode of operation. However, this is potentially unstable since a top-heavy arrangement follows. In 

addition, establishing a high oxygen concentration at the top with the hole in the electrolyte will noticeably give 

rise to a radial gradient in the vicinity of the hole. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The availability of these benchmark values will be useful for many reasons, including assessing the reliability of 

different experimental designs and operational procedures for measuring diffusivity on Earth, defining the appropriate 

constitutive behavior of "Fickian diffusion" in liquid metals, and interpreting the results of flow visualization 

measurements which use oxygen as a tracer. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the last 25 years, coulometric titration procedures have been used to determine values of the diffusivity of 

elements in liquid metals. The electrochemical cells use highly conductive solid state electrolytes that, under 

potentiostatic or galvanostatic operation, can establish a known boundary condition at the melt electrolyte interface 

and, under open circuit operation, can sense the conducting species concentration. Recent results by these 

investigators indicate that convection driven by thermal or solutal gradients is present in most ground-based 

experiments. Diffusivity measurements by necessity involve concentration gradients and, if these gradients are not 

collinear with the gravitational field, will certainly cause fluid convection that adversely affects the diffusivity 

measurements. Since mass diffusivities are small in value, concentration boundary layers tend to be formed near 

solute source/sink locations, and this only enhances the solute gradients. Thus even small changes from 

collinearity are expected to cause considerable convective flow. Indeed, even if the concentration gradients are 

parallel to the gravity vector, one has conditional stability. Now, diffusivity measurements in most liquid metals 

are conducted at high temperatures. Therefore, there is also a potential problem of introducing small thermal 

gradients which are not collinear to the gravity vector. Consequently, there is more than one reason that could cause 

convection on Earth. This makes low gravity necessary to conduct accurate measurements. Diffusivity 

measurements using solid state electrolytes have been performed in a variety of geometries by examining either the 

steady or transient response of an electrochemical cell to constant flux or constant concentration boundary 

conditions. Data possess considerable scatter, with significant discrepancies between various workers. Previous 

work by these investigators have shown the presence of solutal and thermal convection during diffusivity 

measurements in Sn. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 3 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/93 EXPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-26 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NCC8-20 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Sears, B., Anderson, TJ., Narayanan, R., and Fripp, A.L. Detection of solutal convection during diffusivity measurements 

of oxygen in liquid tin. Metall. Trans .• 24B. N. 1,91-100. 1993. 

Sears, B., Fripp, A.L., Debnam. W.J., Woodell, G.A., Narayanan, R., and Anderson, T.J. Convection of tin in a Bridgman 

system - Part II: An electrochemical method for detecting flow regimes. J. Cryst. Growth, 125, Nos. 3--4, 415--419, 

1992. 

Sears. B., Narayanan. R .• Anderson. TJ., and Fripp, A.L. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system - Part 1: Flow 

characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. J. Cryst. Growth, 125, Nos. 3-4, 404--414, 1992. 

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II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .... 111 .......................................................... , ............ 1111 ............... 11111 .. 11 ..... 1111111111 ........ 1111111 ..... " .. ' ........... 1111111111tI ... IIU ........ ' .... II.IIIIII.II .... ".'I.'I' •• 'III •• '.'IIII.11111111111111 

Wagner, C., Friedrich, R., and Narayanan, R. Comments on the numerical investigation of buoyancy and surface driven 

convection in a vertical cylinder heated from below. Phys. Fluids, (in press). 

Proceedings: 

Wagner, C., Zhao, A-X, Narayanan, R., and Friedrich, R. In Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, England, Series A, 

(in press). 

Zhao, A-X, Narayanan, R., and Wagner, C. Rayleigh-Marangoni bilayer convection in liquid-encapsulated crystal growth. 

In Interactive Dynamics of Convection with Solidification. Eds. S.H. Davis, G. Worster, and H.E. Huppert, NATO-ASI 

Series, Kluwer Publishers, 18, 1992 . 

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11-445 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .................................................................................... ' ........ 11 ...... ,1, ...... 1111 .... ,11 .................................................... 111 .. '" ... '111., ..... ' ............... 11'." ......... ".11.' ... ,.1,.1,. 

Crystal Growth and Segregation Using the Submerged Heater Method 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. A.G. Ostrogorsky 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

G. Muller 

E.Monberg 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Universitlit Erlanger-Ntirnberg 

AT&T Bell Labs 

The submerged beater furnace will be used to study "c1ose-to-convection-free" solidification in ground-based studies 

and to test the theory of a zone melting diffusion controlled situation. Use of the submerged beater will reduce 

radial temperature gradients in the melt and act as a convection baffle according to preliminary experiments. 

Effective Rayleigb numbers will be reduced, thus reducing buoyancy-driven convection. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The researcb plan is to use the Submerged Heater Metbod in ground-based experiments for fundamental studies of 

mass transport in the melt at low Ra numbers. The effect of the equilibrium coefficient k on convective 

interference will be particularly investigated. The studies will focus on electronics materials previously studied in 

space (e.g .• Ge, InSB) doped with elements baving different eqUilibrium distribution coefficients. ranging from 

k- 0.5. to k- 10,3. Directional Solidification and zone melting procedures will be used during growth. The studies 

will be conducted using a programmable multi-zone Mellen furnace modified for the SHM. The ground-based 

experimental and theoretical work will be accompanied by numerical simulations. Numerical simulations will be 

used to model the transfer processes in the melt and to optimize the growth conditions. Future space experiments 

designed for the SHM will also be modeled. 

Research Approach - At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. the growth experiments will be performed using the 

programmable 1S-zone Mellen furnace. The furnace will be modified to incorporate the submerged heater and the 

necessary additional instrumentation. Experiments at the Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaften VI of the Universtat 

Erlangen-NUrnberg will be carried out using a high pressure Czochralski puller, which has been modified for growth 

with the SH method (the submerged heater is mounted on the seed lift). The presently-used, single-zone guard 

heater will be replaced with a multizone tubular furnace. Should a need arise, one of the two available 

programmable 23-zone Linn furnaces will be adopted for the SH method during the course of the work. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The Submerged Heater Metbod (SHM) reduces the radial temperature gradients in the melt and at the same time acts 

as a convection baffle. Preliminary experiments carried out using the SHM indicate that the Rayleigh number (i.e., 

the ratio between buoyancy and viscous forces in the melt) is reduced by a factor of - 104 , compared to the Vertical 

Bridgman configuration without the submerged heater. The effect of this is drastically to reduce buoyancy-driven 

convection in a melt. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the past six months. we made modifications to our experimental equipment and conducted preliminary numerical 

simulations of the heat and mass transfer occurring during growth by the Submerged Heater Method (SHM) . 

............................................................ 1.11 .... 11 ..... , ....................................................... 11 ..... 11111 ......... 11111 ............................. ,11, ........ " ........... ,"' ........... 1, •• ".,.111"'1" 

11-446 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............. 111 ............................... " ..................... 1 ...................... " ..... 11111 ...... 111111111111." •••• 1 •• 11111111111111 .... 1111 ......................... 11.11111.111111.11.11 ...... 1111 ....... 'IIIIII.,U.II.II'I .. I .. I' 

The 22-zone computer controlled Mellen Electro-Dynamic Gradient furnace (EDG), is presently being modified for 

growth by SHM in vertical Bridgman (VB) configuration. In the past six months, the following modifications were 

made: 

• The first four zones have been removed, leaving 18 independently controlled tubular heating elements. This was 

done in order to secure sufficient room for the axial motion of the crucible. 

• A Techno-isel 100 em long linear slide with a stepper motor was installed to enable positioning and lowering of 

the crucible. The linear slide is driven by a 1M 483 stepping drive which allows micro-stepping, 400 to 51,200 

steps per revolution. 

• A 7.5 cm diameter fused silica liner (tube) was used to provide inert atmosphere for the furnace hot zone. Two 

stainless steel caps were used to seal the ends of the silica tube. The cups contain the necessary feedthroughs for 

linear motion, the connection to the vacuum pump, inert gas supply, and thermocouples. 

The present design of the submerged heater (baffle) does not allow growth from sealed ampoules because of the 

holder (shaft) and the thermocouples. This may be a key obstacle for the future use of the SHM in space 

experiments. Therefore, as a part of this research project, we will attempt to develop a submerged baffle (dummy 

submerged heater) that can be used in sealed silica tubes. 

We are in the fmal stage of a low-temperature transparent furnace that we plan to use to develop the suspended 

baffle. The preliminary model experiments will be carried out using transparent salt melts. This will reduce the 

cost of the experiments and will allow us to observe the position and shape of the phase boundary, the position of 

the baffle, etc. We expect that these model experiments will help us to learn more about the melt convection and 

segregation. 

Spectral element code NEKTON and finite element code FIDAP were used to model melt convection and 

segregation. Vertical Bridgman (VB) growth configuration wa<; considered with and without the submerged heater. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

MS Students: 1 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 ExPIRATION: 4/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-15 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-952 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., and MUller, G. Normal n-zone solidification using the suhmerged heater method. 1. Crys!. Growth, (in 

press) 1993. 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., and MUller, G. Model of the effective segregation coefficient applied to low-convection solidification 

in microgravity. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 207-212, 1993. 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., Sell, H.J., Scharl, S., and MUlier, G. Convection and segregation during growth of Ge and InSh 

crystals hy the submerged heater method. J. Crys!. Growth, vol. 128, 201-206, 1993. 

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11-447 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...................................... 11111111 ................................................. 111 ............................ '111 ................... , .... 111111 ..................... 11 ...... 11111111 ....... 11 ........................ 111111, .... ,1I 

Containerless Processing for Controlled Solidification Microstructures 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John H. Perepezko University of Wisconsin 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The main research objective is the evaluation of the undercooting and resultant solidification microstructures in 

containerless processing. including drop-tube processing and levitation melting of selected alloys as an experience 

base for microgravity experiments. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The degree of liquid undercooting attainable in a laboratory scale (3-m) drop-tube and levitation melting system can 

be altered through the variation of processing parameters such as melt superheat, sample-size. and gas environment. 

In a given sample. the competitive nucleation and growth kinetics between equilibrium and metastable phases 

controls microstructural development. The solidification behavior is evaluated through metallography. thermal 

analysis. and X-ray diffraction examination in conjunction with calorimetric measurements of falling droplets and a 

heat flow model of the processing conditions to judge the sample thermal history. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the current program studies. solidification microstructures are being examined in selected Ni and Mn based 

systems. The specific alloy selection is based on a metastable phase diagram analysis that allows for the 

identification of unique microstructures and microstructural transitions that may be produced by microgravity 

containerless processing. 

A duplex partitionless solidification reaction involving fcc and bec crystalline phases bas been identified over a range 

of compositions near that of the eutectic in the Ni-V system. The reaction can be thought of as the limiting case of 

a eutectic transition (L.£a+b) in which a and b have the same composition as the liquid phase. Drop tube 

experiments are being conducted to characterize the competitive formation kinetics of the fcc and bec phases. 

Near-equiatomic Ni-V alloys were solidified via containerless processing methods and studied with electron 

microscopy techniques. TEM has shown the presence of a duplex structure of fcc and bec in large (-IOOmg) droplet 

samples. TEM analysis has suggested that the duplex structure is not the result of a solid state transformation and 

that the fcc and bee phases have apparently nucleated independently from the liquid phase. 

A thermodynamic model bas been applied to the Ni-V system to calculate To temperatures for the relevant phases to 

map compositions and temperatures for which the duplex partitionless reaction is possible. A kinetic model has also 

been forwarded which takes into account both the nucleation and growth rates of the competing fcc and bee phases. 

The nucleation kinetics analysis is in good agreement with experimental results. The model is currently undergoing 

further refinement to include transient nucleation effects as well as the influence of heat flow on microstructural 

development. 

Near equiatomic Mn-AI alloys represent an important class of permanent magnet materials. The key ferromagnetic 

phase is a metastable structure produced by solid state heat treatments. Recent drop tube and levitation melting 

studies have demonstrated for the first time that the metastable ferromagnetic t phase can be produced from the liquid 

''''II'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'"III."llllIltlll .. tlllIlllllIllIllIllI11111I11I1 .. 111111I11I1111I11I'lIlIltlIIIII"I"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111111111,"1111111111111111111111111111111 

11-448 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................................ 1111 ...... 11 ...... 111111 ............................... ,,, .................................... IIIIf .... ,II .................. 11 ....... 1111 ....... 11111 ........... 1111 ..... 11 ...... ,11 ..... 11.,1111111 

provided high undercooling is achieved. With specially prepared samples it has been possible to access the 

thermodynamic driving forces involved in metastable t phase solidification. It also has been determined Totll 

temperature to help understand the metastable solidification reaction pathways which yield the metastable 

ferromagnetic t phase during the containerless processing. 

Building on the thermodynamic analysis a competitive nucleation model has been developed to account for the 

observed phase selection. As part of a test of the kinetics model a detailed statistical study of the metastable product 

yield as a function of sample size and processing gas, such as He and Ar gases, is underway. Furthermore, by 

optimizing the containerless processing conditions in levitation melting processing it has been possible to obtain 

essentially single phase samples of the t structure for scale up sample size (mm size) to approach bulk levels. 

The added capability of the calorimetric system will allow direct measurement of the droplet temperature as a 

function of falling distance. The calorimeter will provide the capacity for experimental verification of the models for 

the minimum undercooling required to produce the t phase. The establishment of the undercooling level needed for 

the formation of t allows for the possibility of controlling t phase nucleation through the use of inoculants. By 

matching the crystal structure and lattice constant of the inoculants particle to that of the t phase, the undercooling 

level needed to form t may be substantially reduced, allowing for its formation under a wider variety of conditions. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 11/94 

MS Students: 1 PhD Degrees: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-06 

PhD Students: 1 RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Allen, D.R., Das, S. and Perepezko, J.H. Kinetic competition during duplex partitionless crystallization. Ceramic Trans., 

vol. 30, 343-6. 1993. 

Kim, YJ. and Perepezko. J.H. The thermodynamics and competitive kinetics of metastable 't phase development in 

MnAI-base alloys. Mat. Sci, & Eng. A. vo1.l63. 127-134. 1993. 

Perepezko. J.H. Solidification of highly supercooled liquid metals and alloys. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. Vol. 156-158. 

463-272. 1993 . 

....................... 1 ... 11 ............................................................. 1I.1I .............. II.II.II .......... IIII .............. IIII ... III ..... llIlti1111 ........ 11111 ...... 111 .... 111111111.111 ....... 1 ........ 11 •••• 11111.1111111 

11-449 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .................................................................... 1111 ..... ' .............................................................................................. 111 ............... 11111 ............................................... .. 

Thermosolutal Convection and Macrosegregation in Dendritic Alloys/The Role of Gravity in 

Macrosegregation in Alloys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. David R. Poirier University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A.J. Pearlstein University of Illinois 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective was to develop a mathematical model of solidification that simulates the formation of channel 

segregates or freckles. The model simulates the entire solidification process, from the initial melt to the solidified 

cast, and the resulting segregation is predicted. Emphasis is given to the initial transient when the dendritic zone 

begins to develop, and the conditions for the possible nucleation of channels are established. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In setting up the conservation equations for the mushy zone, it was necessary to derive the momentum equation 

because, in analyzing dendritic solidification, the mushy zone is modeled as a porous medium with a 

spatially-varying fraction of liquid - unlike the uniform porosity in most porous media. There were also 

fundamental issues related to both the energy equation and the solute conservation equation that had to be addressed. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A finite element model is used for the simulations. It uses a single system of equations to deal with the all-liquid 

region, the dendritic region, and the all-solid region. The dendritic region is treated as an anistropic porous medium. 

The algorithm uses the bilinear isopararnetric element, with a penalty function approximation and a Petrov-Galerkin 

formulation. The final report for this grant was submitted. 

• Use of Rotation to Suppress Thermosolutal Convection in Dendritically Solidified Binary Alloys 

We have shown (Oztekin and Pearlstein 1992) that uniform rotation about a vertical axis leads to significant 

suppression of the onset of buoyancy-driven convection during the plane-front solidification of Pb-Sn alloys cooled 

from below. For dendritic solidification of the same alloy, rotation suppresses the onset of convection in the 

mushy zone and overlying liquid. In both cases, significant suppression is obtained at modest rotation rates. 

For Hg l_xCdxTe, a pseudobinary alloy of interest due to its electro-optical properties, we have completed a stability 

analysis (Oztekin and Pearlstein 1993a) of plane-front solidification. Since the density of pure HgTe varies 

nonmonotonically with temperature, the density of Hg I'XC<lx Te also varies nonmonotonically with temperature for 

sufficiently small CdTe mole fractions (Oztekin and Pearlstein 1993b). Thus, adjacent to the liquid-solid interface 

there can exist a sublayer in which the thermal stratification is destabilizing. Hence, the onset of convection differs 

significantly from that in previous investigations (e.g., Pb-Sn by Coriel et. al.). For Hg l.xCdx Te, rotation also 

stabilizes plane-front solidification (Oztekin and Pearlstein 1993c). 

The fmt graduate student supported under this grant was Alparslan Oztekin, who completed the requirements for the 

Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Illinois early in March 1992. He is the first author of each of our papers to 

which reference is made. At the time of his graduation, Alp accepted a position at MIT as a Postdoctoral Research 

Associate with Bob Brown. Since then, Hanjie Lee, a Ph.D. student, has been supported by the grant. He is 

working on the case when the solidification proceeds in an ampoule with side walls, in which case the interface is 

............................................................ 1111 .. 11111 ..................................................... 1111111 ... 1 ... 11 ............................................. 11 ................ 11111 ............................... 11.11 

11-450 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , ........................................ 1111111 ........................................ ,11111 ....... 11111 ..... ' ......... 1111111 ..................................... 1111111 ..................... 111.11111 ...... 11 ............ "111111111111 .. 111111 

no longer flat He is developing code for computation of the axisymmetric base state and for studying the linear 

stability of the axisymmetric base state with respect to fully three-dimensional disturbances. He has now passed the 

Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, and is working full-time on his dissertation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 7/89 EXPIRATION: 7/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-17 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Follicelli, S.D., Heinrich, I.e., and Poirier, O.K. Simulation of freckles during vertical solidification of binary allows. 

Numer. Heat Trans. B, vol. 23,461-481, 1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, AJ. Coriolis effects on the etability of plane-front solidification of dilute Pb-Sn binary 

alloys. Metall. Trans. B, 23, 73-80, 1992. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, AJ. Stability of plane-front solidification of a binary liquid in which a density maximum 

occurs. I. Fluid Mech., (submitted) 1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.I. Improved equation of state for mercury cadmium telluride. I. Cryst. Growth, (submitted) 

1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.I. Effect of rotation on the stability of plane-front solidification of Hg •.• Cd.Te. I. Cryst. 

Growth, (submitted) 1993 . 

.............. 111111111111 ..................................... '111 .............. '"' .. '"111111'111.11.11111111,",",,1 .. 11111111'".11111111111111111111''''''111111' ............. 11111111111111' ....... 111111 ....... ' .. ' .. 1111111111 ...... 111111 

11-451 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .......................................................... 11'111 ........... 1111 ...... 1 ... 1111111 ......... 111111111111111111 ... 1111111 .. 11111 ..... 11 ... 11 .......... II.II''''II .. I.II.II.lIllllllllllllllltlllI.II.IIII''IIIIIII.1I11I1IIIIIIUIIII 

Comparison of the Structure and Segregation in Dendritic Alloys Solidified in Terrestrial and Low 

Gravity Environments 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. David R. Poirier University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.e. Heinrich University of Arizona 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Because of the inherent complexity of phenomena associated with macrosegregation, an understanding of 

macrosegregation must be obtained through theoretical and experimental research wherein these effects can be 

isolated. In terrestrial experiments, however, the convective phenomena occur simultaneously, which complicates 

the study of the dendritic growth. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This is a theoretical and experimental program to study thermosolutal convection during dendritic solidification of 

alloys. The research contains the following components: 

1) Directionally solidified lead-tin alloys are being prepared and examined to study the influence of primary arm 

spacings, spatial distribution of volume fraction interdendritic liquid, thermal gradients, solidification rate, specimen 

diameter and magnetic field on the axial and radial macrosegregation; 

2) Similar studies will be extended to growth conditions, where the driving force for thermosolutal convection 

changes during solidification; 

3) The terrestrial and low-gravity experiments will be guided by computer simulations, and the experimental 

observations will be quantitatively compared to the simulations; 

4) A goal is to identify the growth conditions for long duration low-gravity experiments for isolating to isolate the 

influence of thermosolutal convection from the convection caused by solidification shrinkage during dendritic 

solidification. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Macrosegregation is a compositional inhomogeniety on a macroscopic length scale, and it is a serious problem in 

casting processes. In terrestrially processed castings, it is caused by the effects of: a) interdendritic fluid flow 

driven by solidification shrinkage, b) thermosolutal convection of the melt in both the mushy zone and the 

aU-liquid zone, and c) convection of dendrite fragments and consequential equiaxed grains. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Thermosolutal plume flow has also been studied in some detail in metallic, aqueous and organic systems. Analysis 

of directly observed flow velocities in the transparent systems indicates that these are around O.lms-l in metals. The 

development of polycrystaUine structure in segregation channels has been demonstrated in an aqueous analogue. The 

present work is directed towards the measurement of the density of dendrite fragments which are distributed by 

plume/channel flow, and their survival and growth to fonn equiaxed crystals. It is anticipated that these 

observations will provide a physically realistic model for predicting the grain structure of castings. 

, ............................................................................................. , .............. 11' .... 11' ...................... 111111111111 ...... 11111111111, .... , .... ,1, .... 1 .......... , ............. ,111111111 .... 111.1111111111111. 

11-452 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..................... u, .... " .......... , .. ' ........ IIIII.II ......... III ........ "1 ............. 111."'" ........................ 111111 .. 111 ........................ 111 ............. " ....................... 111 ..... ,111 ....... 11111111111111 .... .. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 2193 ExPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

Hellawell, A., Sarazin, J.R., and Steube, R.S. Channel convection in partly solidified systems. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., 

1993. 

Poirier, D.R., and Heinrich, J.e. Computer modelling: Segregation in solidification. Encyclopedia of Advanced 

Materials, 1993. 

Steube, R.S., and Hellawell, A. The use of a transparent aqueous analogue to demonstrate the development of segregation 

channels during alloy solidification vertically upwards. Inter. Video J. Eng. Res., 1993. 

Steube, R.S., and Hellawell, A. An alternative approach to modeling the grain structure of castings. MicrolMacro Scale 

Phenomena in Solidification, 218, 73-83, 1993. 

, ................... '"I ........ IIIU .... III.IIII' ... "'IIIII ......... 'I1 ...... '1I11I11I11I11111111 ............................ IIIIIIII'IItI ..... 11111I1111111111111111111111,.11.1 .. 1 .. 1.11.,111111.11"'"11111,,,'1 .. 1.11'1t11.1I'1I' ... I.II.II'1 

11-453 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ................................................................ 111 ...... 1111 ..................... II ............ IIItI ............. " ...... II ......... " ......................... 1111.11111 .... 11.' ........ 111 ...... 111111111111111111.1111 .... 111 

Kinetics of Phase Transformation in Glass Forming Systems 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Chandra S. Ray University of Missouri, Rolla 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this research are to: develop computer models for realistic simulations of nucleation and crystal 

growth in glasses, which would also have the flexibility to accommodate the different variables related to sample 

characteristics; and design and perform nucleation and crystallization experiments to verify these models. This 

research will lead not only to improved methods for the analysis of kinetic parameters for nucleation and growth 

determined from the peak profile studies of nonisothennal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or differential 

thermal analysis (DTA) measurements of crystallization, but also to determination of the relative merits and 

demerits of the theories presently used to study the phase transformations in glasses. 

DESCRIPTION: 

This research is to study and explain the critical issues for the nucleation and crystallization in glass-forming 

systems. The reported data for the kinetic parameters that determine the overall nucleation and crystallization 

mechanisms are often difficult to interpret on the basis of existing theory. The interpretation becomes more difficult 

when a variation in the characteristics of the glass, such as the thermal history, composition, particle size of the 

sample, and concentration of the nucleating agent, are taken into account. This is probably due to the fact that the 

theories that are presently used to analyze the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization data for glass-forming 

systems are over simplified. Glasses are traditionally prepared by cooling a melt and are not in a state of stable 

equilibrium. Consequently, phenomena such as atomic mobility, cluster distribution, nucleation and crystal growth 

rate, and viscosity pertaining to the nonequilibrium state need to be accounted for to establish an accurate 

description of the phase transformations in glass forming systems. 

Research Approach - Glasses (primarily silicate based) that devitrify polymorphically by homogeneous 

nucleation will be studied experimentally and by computer modeling. A lithium-disilicate (Lip.2Si02) glass will 

be used for most calculations and experimental measurements since the necessary thermodynamic and kinetic 

parameters are available for this system. Other glasses that will also be investigated to verify the general 

applicability of the model include soda-lime-silica (Na20.2CaO.3Si02) and barium-disilicate (BaO.2Si02 ). 

Crystallization experiments for the glasses will be conducted by DT A or DSC using the conditions used for 

computer modeling, such as the quench rate used to prepare the glass, sample weight, particle size of the sample, 

precrystallization heat treatment temperature and time, type and amount of nucleating agent, and DT A or DSC 

scanning rate. The experimental results will be compared with those predicted by the model. If flight opportunities 

become available, glasses of identical compositions will be prepared in space, and the same crystallization 

experiments as were conducted for the Earth-melted control samples will also be performed for the returned flight 

samples. The results from this research are anticipated to yield a realistic model for nucleation and crystal growth 

processes occurring in glass-forming melts which would provide not only an improved scientific understanding for 

these processes, but also allow a more accurate quantitative analysis of the thermal analysis data. This would help 

to explain several anomalous experimental results obtained for the kinetic parameters for crystallization and would 

lead to values that are more physically interpretable. The relative role of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation 

on glass formation can be determined, and the reported observation that a glass prepared in low gravity is more 

homogeneous and more resistant to crystallization than an identical glass prepared at I-g can be explained. 

1111 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 ............................ ,11111111 ........ . 

11-454 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111111 ..................................... 111 ....................... 1111 .......... ",,, •• II.II.II .. llllIllIlllIllIllIltll"'''.II.II.II.II.II.II .. II.II.II'1I11I11IIIII .. III.II.II.I,,".IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ... It,IIIIIIIII'II.II.II.IIII'"11i.1111 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The results from this research are anticipated to yield a realistic model for nucleation and crystal growth processes 

occurring in glass-froming melts, which would provide not only an improved scientific understanding for these 

processes, but also allow a more accurate quantitative analysis of the thermal analysis data. This would help to 

explain several anomalous experimental results obtained for the kinetic parameters for crystallization and would lead 

to values that are more physically interpretable. The relative role of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation on 

glass formation can be determined, and the reported observation that a glass prepared in low gravity is more 

homogeneous and more resistant to crystallization than an identical glass prepared at I-g can be explained. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

An experimental technique that uses non isothermal DT A or DSC has been developed for determining the 

temperature range for nucleation and the temperature for maximum nucleation in a glass. The present technique, 

which requires in situ isothermal nucleation at different temperatures (for a fixed time) prior to crystallization by 

DT A or DSC, requires fewer samples and is much faster than the technique commonly used for this purpose. The 

glasses investigated to date by this technique are Li 20.2Si02 (LS2), Na20.2CaO.3Si02 (NC2S), and BaO.2Si02 

(BS0, and the results obtained for all these glasses are in close agreement with those reported in the literature. This 

technique provides not only the data for the temperature range for nucleation and the temperature for maximum 

nucleation of a glass, but predicts whether there is an overlap between the nucleation and growth-rate curves for the 

glass (as a function of temperature). 

A computer model describing nucleation and growth under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions has been 

developed at Washington University in St. Louis by directly simulating the evolution of nonequilibrium cluster 

distribution in a melt. This model justifies the experimental approach described above and, when applied to the LS 2 

glass, yields the temperature range for nucleation and the temperature for maximum nucleation that are in excellent 

agreement with those determined by the present experimental technique. The model is now being tested for the 

NC2S) and BS2 glasses, for which the experimental data have already been obtained. 

The effect of DT NOSC scan rate on crystallization of the LS 2 glass was determined by scanning the glass through 

the nucleation zone (defined as a region of Significant nucleation) at different rates followed by crystallization of the 

glass at a fixed heating rate. No change in temperature and profile of the crystallization peak was observed for this 

glass when the nucleation scan rate, ~, was higher than 3 °C/min. For a" <3 °C/min, the crystallization 

temperature decreased, and the height of the crystallization peak increased with decreasing a". This indicates that no 

new nuclei are formed in the LS 2 glass when the DT AlDSC scan rate exceeds 3 °C/min. This result is also in close 

agreement with that determined theoretically using the computer model developed in this research. 

The following experimental and theoretical investigations are now in progress: 

• Check the validity of the nonisothermal thermoanalytical equations commonly used to determine the kinetic 

parameters for crystallization; 

• Determine the limit (above which no new nuclei are formed) of DTAIDSC scan rate for the NC2S) and BS2 

glasses; and 

• Investigate the effects of particle size, nucleating agents, preexisting nuclei (resulting from different quench 

rates), and non-equilibrium viscosity on crystallization of the LS2, BS2, and NC2S) glasses. 

11 ..... 111111111 .. 1111 ........ 111 .............. 1111111111 ..... 1111111111111111111111111111111111''''111111111111111111111111''111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.1"11111.11111111"11111111111111111111111111111 

11-455 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........................................................................................................... ,11 .............. 11 ............................................................... , ..... , ......... It.II ... ' .............. II ..... IIIII.,11 

Nonisothennal crystallization measurements for the Li 20.2Si02 glass as a function of various parameters such as 

the sample particle size, nucleation temperature and time, and nucleation and crystallization heating rate have been 

completed. The results were analyzed using the computer models developed at the Washington University for the 

non-isothermal phase transformation of the Li20.2Si02 glass. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 12/91 EXPIRATION: 12/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-08 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAG8-898 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

Ray, C., Cull, T., Kelton, K.F., and Day, D. Nonisothennal devitrification studies I: Lithium disilicate 

glass--experimental and computer analysis. J. of Am. Cer. Soc., 1992. 

Ray, C., Cull, T., Kelton, K.F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies II: BaO.2Si02--experimental and 

computer analysis. J. Am. Cer. Soc., 1992. 

Ray, C., Cull, T., Kelton, K.F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies II: Nap.2CaO.3Si02--experimental 

and computer analysis. J. Am. Cer. Soc., 1992 . 

........... , ........................................................... H ............ '''"'"''''''''"'".11"",",'"111'11.11111111.1111111111'''"''11.11.11'11 •• 111111,.11111, ................ 111' .. ' .... 1' ..... 1 ..... 1 .... 111.111111111111111 

11-456 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...... 11 .............................. 11 .... 11 ... ' ........... 11 .......... 11 ...... ' .. IIIIIIIIIItIIlI .. IIIIIIII .... IIIIIIII' ... IIIII .......................... II'II ... 11, .... 11 ........ 11.,111, ........ 111111111 .... 11 ..... 1111111,.11 ..... 11,,111.11. 

The Effects of Microgravity on Vapor Phase Sintering 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Dennis W. Readey Colorado School of Mines 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this research is to develop an improved understanding of solid state sintering by investigating 

vapor phase sintering of ceramics. The microgravity environment offers the unique opportunity to compare 

behavior of dispersed particles with those in contact in a powder compact From these comparisons, the relative 

contributions of particle interaction by volume diffusion in the gas and coalescence controlled by grain boundary 

mobility can be assessed. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The proposed research combines a study of the effects of enhanced vapor phase sintering in powder compacts with 

those of dispersed particles. Ideal systems for space-based experiments will be determined from initial ground-based 

research. Thermodynamic calculations and screening experiments will be performed to find systems that have a 

high enough vapor pressure for: 1) short-time microgravity experiments such as in a drop tower; 2) longer 

experiments in existing space-flight facilities; and 3) that would pose no threat to the mission specialists. Gas 

solid systems will be chosen for microgravity experiments that clearly show differences between the microstructure 

changes or coarsening that occurs in a powder compact and that in a dispersed system. 

SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of the proposed research is that it will lead to an improved understanding of not 

only solid state sintering of ceramics, but coarsening or grain growth behavior in other solids as well. The research 

will also establish the fundamental principles necessary for the fabrication of controlled porosity ceramics for many 

potential applications. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

This research intends to use microgravity as a tool to study the effects vapor transport on the growth of solid 

particles suspended in a weightless environment compared to growth of severely constrained particles in dense 

powder compacts. Mass transport by gases during solid state sintering of ceramics and metals does not lead to 

densification, the usual goal of the sintering process. Virtually all technically-important ceramics are made from 

sintered powders. In many cases, the powder or the atmosphere can contain impurities that promote gas transport; 

for example: 

2 Si3N 4(.) + 7 02(g) = 6 SiO(g) + 8 NO(g). 

On the other hand, sintering in an atmosphere that promotes vapor transport can lead to potentially important 

materials of controlled porosity and pore size. High temperature filter materials can be produced by sintering AI20 3 

in an HCI atmosphere due to enhanced vapor transport 

AI 2 0 3(1) + 6 HCl(g) = 2 AICI3(g) + 3 H2 0 (g)' 

Whether intended or not, vapor transport during sintering is an important phenomena in the manufacture of ceramics 

and metals by powder processing. Models exist that predict microstructure evolution by vapor transport. But these 

11111111111111"'11111 .... 111.'11'111111.11.11.1'.11.11"1.11 ........ , ..... ' .. ' ..... "",',11.'1.11.'1.".1'.' •• '.,", ........... 1, •• '''.11.'1111'11'11'11",.,'1""1"11'1, •• 1.1'.1,.11,,1.,11IIIII,.II •• IIII.,II.II.,ItIIIII"IIIII.II.II.II'II.1 

11-457 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................................................................ , .. 1111 ................. 11 ........... '11111,.11 ................ 1111 ....................................... ,11 ...... 111 .... ,111 .................................... II 

models do not work for every system. The reason for this is thougbt to be the constraint of neigbboring grains. 

Microgravity offers a unique environment to compare the effects of gas transport on the sintering of unconstrained 

particles compared to those in powder COOlpacts. 

Most ceramics studied to date bave involved bigb temperatures (1()()()OC-1800°C) and reactive gases (HCI, H 2). To 

increase the likelihood of simple microgravity experiments in space, model solids are being sougbt that bave bigb 

vapor pressures and sbow the same sintering effects at low temperatures as oxides in bigb temperature reactive 

gases. Compounds desired are those that are relatively nontoxic and are relatively stable in bumid air. The literature 

was searched for sucb compounds. Several organic compounds including benzoic acid, salicyclic acid, and cinnamic 

acid were identified as baving potential. Tbe ammonium balides and ice are inorganic compounds that bave the 

requisite vapor pressures at low temperatures. Fine particle preparation of these various compounds is being 

pursued as well as preliminary studies of sintering and grain growth. Results suggest that several of these 

compounds show the same phenomena as ceramic materials at bigb temperatures in reactive atmospheres. 

TASK INITIATION: 12193 EXPIRATION: 12/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-05-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

....................................... 11 ................................................. 1 .. 1 ............ 1111.,11 .......... 1111 ...... ,11111 ............ 11111111 .. 1111 ... ,11111111111 ........... 1111.11 ........... 11 ............. ,111.,1l.tI""U" 

11-458 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............................................................ , ................. , ......... 111 .................. 11 ......... 111111' .. '111111 ......... 11111 ........................... ' .. '11111111111.".' .... 1111 .... ' ..... 111111111.111111 ..... ' ... I'll 

Electrostatic Containerless Processing 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Won-Kyu Rhim Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

A. Rulison NRC,RRA 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The Electrostatic Containerless Processing Task objective is to utilize the advanced capabilities provided by the 

electrostatic levitator for the investigation of thennophysical properties, nucleation kinetics, and selecting 

metastable phases from undercooled metals, semiconductors, glasses, and ceramics. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Thermophysical property of undercooled melts are very important in order to understand the solidification processes 

and to select certain metastable states which exhibit desirable physical and chemical properties for engineering 

applications. However, achieving deeply undercooled melts of refractory materials in the crucibles is normally 

impossible due to the heterogeneous nucleation caused by the container walls. Therefore, it became important to 

isolate the sample materials from any container walls in the clean environment and yet to be able to process and 

measure thermophysical parameters in a noncontact way. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

In the present task a High TemperaturelHigh Vacuum Electrostatic Levitator (HTHVESL) is used to levitate various 

materials (such as metals, semiconductors, glasses, and ceramics), to melt, and to create undercooled states. 

Approximately 3 mm size samples are levitated in vacuum in a quiescent state and various processing and 

diagnostic methods are applied in non-contact way. The HTHVESL has the following important capabilities: (a) it 

provides quiescent and clean processing environment without inducing convective flows or contaminating the 

sample. (b) both conducting and nonconducting materials can be processed. (c) sample temperature can be 

independently controlled without interfering levitation force, and (d) it provides wide open sample viewing for 

various diagnostic instruments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

There has been a Significant breakthrough in high-temperature electrostatic levitation technology in 1992. The basic 

capabilities of melting and solidification during levitation have been verified using various high-density materials, 

such as: In (T m=157 °C), Sn (232 °C), Bi (271.44 °C), Pb (327 0c), In (0.69%) Sb (492.5 °C), Al (670°C), Ge 

(938 °C), Cu 0083 °C), Ni (1,455 0c), and Zr 0,855 °C). 

This preliminary work was followed by an extensive undercooling-nucleation study jointly with Vanderbilt 

University. Using two zirconium samples of different origin and purity, over 300 runs of 

superheating-undercooling-recalescence processes have been completed. A patent application is in progress for the 

high-temperature electrostatic levitatorofWon-Kyu Rhim and Sang K. Chung. 

Six silicate based glass-ceramics samples have been processed while accurate processing temperature was recorded. 

These samples were sent to Professor Reid Cooper at the University of Wisconsin for analysis. This is the second 

successful demonstration of processing non-conducting materials using the High Temp.lHigh Vacuum Electrostatic 

Levitator . 

....... 111 ..................... 111 ........ 1111 ....... 1111 ................................... 1111 ................. ' ..... 11111111 ••• 11111'111 ..... 1111 ........ '11' .. '"IIIIIIII1IIIIII .......... IIIIIIIIIIIU.'.' .. 'IIII.III.II ..... 11.1111' ......... . 

11-459 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ............................ 111111 ......... " ................. " ................................ 11 ................... 11 ................. 111111 ..................... 11 .... , .............. " ....... ' ........ ,111, ....... 111 ....... ".,111111,.,11'U" 

Eutectic alloys of Ni 47 wt % Zr , and Ni 51.9 wt % Nb have been processed primarily to obtain the cooling curves 

covering superheated as well as undercooled regions of the melts. These alloys have been investigated in 

collaboration with Professor W. Johnson and Dr. David Lee of Caltech. 

A paper 00 "A Non-Contact Measurement Technique for the Specific Heat and Total Hemispherical Emissivity of 

Undercooled Refractory Materials" has been completed and submitted to the Rev. of Sci. Instru. for publication. 

A paper entitled "A Critical Assessment of Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Levitation for Container less 

Processing in Microgravity and under Earthbound Conditions" which will be coauthored with J. Szekely, J. 

Watkins, E Egry, and B. Feuerbacher is in progress. 

Methods for measuring the specific density, surface tension, and viscosity of undercooled melts have been 

established and the capability demonstrations of these methods have been initiated. 

A three color pyrometer which will operate in a wide temperature range (300 - 3000"C) is being constructed assisted 

by Professor R. E. Spjut of Harvey Mudd College. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/89 ExPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

Rhim, W.K .• Chung. S.K .• Barber. D .• Man. K.F .• Gutt, G., Rulison, A., and Spjut. R.E. An electrostatic levitator for high 

temperature containerless materials processing in I-g. Rev. Sci. Instru., (in press). 

Rulison. A., and Rhim, W.K. Containerless measurement technique of specific heat and total hemispherical emmissivity 

of refractory materials. Rev. Sci. Instru., (submitted). 

Proceedi ngs: 

Rhim, W.K .• Chung. S.K .• Barber. D., Man, K.F .• Gutl, G .• Rulison. A .• and Spjut. R.E. A high temperature electrostatic 

levitator for I-g. In Proceedings of 1993 TMS Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, Feb. 21 - 25, 1993. (in press). 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: In Process U.S. Patent #: Undetermined 

Rhim, Won-Kyu. "High Temperature Electrostatic Levitator." 

................................................................................................... ,11 ................................... 111111111 .... 11 ............................... 11 .... , ............................. ,111111111111, .......... I 

II~60 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science .......... '11111 ........ 11" ........................ 11111 ............. 11111 ....................... 111 .. 111 .......... '"1 ... 111 ......... 11 ................................... , ............ 11111111 ........ 11111 ............ 11111111 ............. 11111 

Drop Tube Operation 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael B. Robinson NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective is to maintain and upgrade the operation capability of and to conduct experiments in the MSFC 

lOS-meter drop tube. The drop tube facility includes, in addition to the tube itself with the associated pumps and 

valves, such items as furnaces, levitators, other sample holding or handling devices, and data recording systems. 

This research includes the operation of a facility laboratory located at the facility. This laboratory includes furnace 

test facilities as well as pyrometer calibration platforms. 

DESCRlfYfION: 

This research covers work in the area of defining, developing, and conducting experiments using the low-gravity 

capabilities of the drop tube. Such experiments may be in themselves complete investigations to develop new 

knowledge or to prove theories, or they may serve as precursors for more extensive experiments to be conducted in 

space. This research also includes studies and experiments to define the effects of various levels and durations of 

acceleration perturbations on microgravity experiments. 

Research Approach - The research approach will be to: 

• Study the limits of undercooling in a low-gravity containerless environment and ascertain if nucleation occurs 

homogeneously at the undercooling limits. 

• Evaluate the effects of deep undercooling by containerless processing on resulting microstructure and define and 

understand the types of phases formed, their shapes and sizes, and their distribution, abundance, composition. 

homogeneity, and substructure. 

• Clarify advantages and limitations of containerless processing for the production of A-IS phases in the bulk in 

selected Nb-based system where A-IS phase has differing degrees of stability. To attempt to obtain higher 

supercooling transition temperatures in the bulk than have been previously possible. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research activity is an essential part of a successful program of research in micro gravity science and 

applications. Many experiments proposed for flight on the Space Transportation System (STS) can be developed 

and tested in preliminary form using drop facilities. This can result in significant savings through the proving of 

experiment concepts and equipment designs before proceeding to much more costly space flight hardware. It also 

provides additional data that can be compared with data obtained from the space flight experiments. And in some 

cases, the data obtained from the drop tube or aircraft experiments prove to be sufficient to satisfy the experimenter's 

requirements, thus obviating the need to proceed with an experiment on the STS. The result is an overall savings 

in the cost of conducting microgravity experiments while adding to the scope and quality of the results obtained . 

............................ 111 ........... 11 ........................................ '11111 ........ 111111 .. 1 .. 111 .... 1111111111.1111111.1 ................ 111111""",,,1 .. 11,, •• 11111111.11 •• 1111'11 .. 111.111111111 •• 1 •• 11' .. 1.111111'"'1111111111. 

11-461 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................... MII ........... III ......................................................................................................................... , ................. IIIII ........................ lIllIlftlllll .... ,II ... . 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A broad base of experience bas been obtained in the containeriess, microgravity processing of niobium alloys. In 

addition, work with pure refractory metals bas defined undercooling limits in the lOS-meter drop tube and bas 

contributed to the understanding of nucleation in a containerless, microgravity environment. Approximately 4,500 

samples bave been processed in the lOS-meter drop tube to date. 

TASK INITIATION: Ins EXPIRATION: 1/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-28-OS-02 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-bouse 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

.............................................................. 1111 ......................................... 111 ...................................................................... 111111111 .... 11.11 .... ,111 ... ,111111111 ........................ . 

11-462 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ....................... 111 ................... " .................. 1111 ....................................................................................................... 111 .......... 1111 ............... 111 .. 111 ........ 11111111 .............. .. 

Growth Kinetics of Physical Vapor Transport Properties: Crystal Growth of Mercurous Chloride. 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. N.B. Singh Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this task is to study the relationship between growth parameters during the growth of mercurous 

chloride by the physical vapor transport (PVT) technique, and to identify the affects of convection on the crystal 

growth process. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach has been to purify and grow mercurous crystals under various conditions. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This research deduces relationships between growth parameters and crystal qUality. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A method for the purification of Hg2CI2 was developed. Materials with less than 10ppm metallic impurities could 

be produced by this method. Growth velocity was observed to be dependent on crystallographic orientation. The 

condensing flux at the solid-liquid interface was orders of magnitude lower that the flux calculated by the 

Hertz-Knudsen transport equation. A condensation coefficient of approximately 0.01 is required to explain the 

growth velocity data of mercurous chloride. Theories based on the Hagen-Poiseuille equation could not explain the 

fluid dynamic phenomena. Growth rate of mercurous chloride was observed to be dependent on the orientation of 

the ampoule with respect to g-vector. Crystals grown at low thermal Rayleigh number (decreased convective 

effects) showed better homogeneity. 

The period of performance for this task ended September 30, 1992. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/88 EXPIRATION: 9/92 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-08 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

........... 1111 ............ 1111 .................................................... 1111111111.11111111 .. 1 .. 11,111111111.11'".11.11," .. ' .... '11,11.11111111.11In',",'I'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'III"'IIIIIIII.,III"III.IIIIIII.1.1.111.1"1",,1 ... 11 

11-463 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ........................................................................................ 11111 ............. 1111111 .................. 1 ......... , ............... 1111 .............. 11 .... 1 .. 1111 ..... 111 ................. 111111111111111 .. 111 ... '11'1111 

Crystal Nucleation, Hydrostatic Tension, & Diffusion in Metal and Semiconductor Melts 

PRINCIPAl.. INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Frans Spaepen 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M.J. Aziz 

O. Turnbull 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Harvard University 

Harvard University 

Harvard University 

The objective is to develop basic understanding of the phenomena and processes that are central to the micro gravity 

program: crystal nucleating, glass formation, and diffusion in the liquid state. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Crystal nucleation is studied in elemental metal, semiconductor, or quasi-crystal-forming droplets coated with 

different fluxes, droplets with clean surfaces in vacuum, and droplets solidified in a drop tube. The effect of 

hydrostatic stress on the nucleation kinetics is studied by dilatometry. The crystal-melt interfacial tension is studied 

experimentally and theoretically. The diffusivity in the liquid state is measured from the broadening of impurity 

profiles after pulsed laser melting. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Work on the undercooling of liquid silicon is continuing. A new chamber, with better vacuum, gas control, heating 

elements and observation port was constructed. The undercooling experiments are carried out by coating a small 

amount of silicon with a flux, placing it on a refractory substrate, melting it, and measuring the undercooling, right 

before recalescence, with a thermocouple. Work has been concentrated on rmding an appropriate chloride or fluoride 

flux for removal of heterogeneous nucleants. So far, decomposition of the fluxes has been the main obstacle. 

Currently high silica chlorosilicate and fluorosilicate liquids and glasses are being investigated. Experiments on new 

substrates and with beating in high vacuum are also underway. 

We entirely rebuilt our 3m Pyrex drop tube. It now has a new spray assembly for producing the droplets «0.5 

mm), easier access to the top for loading, better gas handling facilities, and catch trays at different levels. 

Experiments have been carried out on zinc to check the temperature evolution during the drop obtained from heat 

flow calculations. Experiments have been started on the solidification of Ga-Mg-Zn droplets. This system is a 

known quasicrystal former which was studied extensively in our laboratory and has a conveniently low melting 

temperature. Study of the microstructure and identification of the large number of phases in the solidification 

products is underway. 

A theory for the temperature dependence of the solid-liquid interface and its link to the structure of the interface has 

been developed. It was used to reanalyze Turnbull's data on the homogeneous nucleation of Hg crystals from the 

melt. This analysis showed that the origin of the interfacial tension is a substantial drop in the entropy of liquid due 

to localization near the crystal; the enthalpy change is small. 

A general approach to barrier crossing in multicomponent nucleation has also been developed. The analysis is 

reformulated to include all paths of nucleation. Starting with simple measurement theory, he defines a global 

nucleation rate that corresponds to what is observable experimentally. This rate can be calculated at steady state and 

estimated for arbitrary times, provided the rate matrix and the free energy obey certain constraints. When applied to 

.............. 11111 .... ' ............. 1 ................ 1111 .................................. 1111 ........... 111 .................................................. 1111 ..... 1111 .... 11 ... 111111 ........ '" .................. " ... 11111 ... 11111111111111 

11-464 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ..... 1111 ................................................................ '"111' ................ 111 ................. 11 ........... 11111 ....... 111 .. 1111 .................. 11' ........... 111111111111.11 ..... 1111 ..... 11111111111111 ... ' ....... ,11111II 

the special case of a quadratic barrier, the global nucleation rate is smaller than the standard result based on the rate 

of saddle-point nucleation. Cases with more general barriers can also be treated by the same method. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 4/92 EXPIRATION: 3/95 

PhD Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-07 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Wu, D.T. General approach to barrier crossing in rnulticornponent nucleation. J. Chern. Phys., 99, 1990-2000, 1993 . 

........... 11111111 .................... 1, ........ ' ...... 11 .... 111111 ............... 11.11,".111111111'"'".11111111.'1.,1",111111111111111111111111,,11111111111111111,11'111 •• '1.11.1,,11111111111.1111111111.11111.1111111,.11.11",,11111111111 

11-465 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 1111111 ................. 111.11111111 ........... '.1, .......... 11 .... 11111.1'U'"IIIIIIIIIIII'I'IIII"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11111111111111111111111''''11'"'" .. 1111111111 .. 111'11111111111111111111.lI'I,I.".II •• I.IIIIIIII.IIIII.111 

Levitation Undercooling and Nucleation Studies 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Eugene H. Trinh Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. Kenichi Ohsaka Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The principal objectives of this task are to utilize containerless manipulation technology to perform (a) 

Wldercooling and heterogeneous nucleation experiments on pure metals and alloys as well as organic and inorganic 

model materials, (b) measurement of the physical properties of undercooled melts, and (c) investigation of 

undercooled and solidification of phase-separated model materials and eutectic alloys. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The research approach is to use ground-based ultrasonic and electromagnetic levitation techniques, together with 

novel noncontact property measurement methods, to undercool millimeter-size samples in a containerless manner; 

to characterize the levitation environment to determine possible "dynamic" nucleating effects; and to develop limited 

theories to investigate specific alloy systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

FY1992 research tasks have included (a) the measurement of the specific heat of Ti-Cr alloys in stable and 

undercooled liquid ranges, (b) the initiation of the thermal diffusivity measurement of levitated melts, and (c) the 

initiation of a total hemispherical emissivity measurement task using electromagnetically levitated samples. 

FY1993 tasks include (a) the continuation of the total hemispherical emissivity measurement, (b) the studies of 

undercooling using electromagnetically levitated melts of AI-eu alloys in comparison with electrostatically 

levitated samples to uncover possible "dynamic" effects on nucleation, and (c) the of the experimental study of 

ultrasonically levitated phase-separated model materials (aqueous solutions of succinonitrile). 

TASK INITIATION: 09/85 EXPIRATION: 09/99 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-09 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Trinh, E.H. Gibbs free-energy difference between the glass and crystalline phases of a Ni-Zr alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 

2319, 1993 . 

.............................. 111, ..... , ............................. , ................ , ..... '1.1,.".11.1 •• 1""11, ... ' .. ".11.,' •• ""111111111111111111 ......................... 11 ........... ,111111111 ........... n,ltltlllllllllllllllllll'"II' 

11-466 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ...................................................................................................... 111111 .................................................................................... 11 ........ 11 ....... 111 .......... 111111 ............. I 

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Peter W. Voorhees Northwestern University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Concurrent with our work on designing a spaceflight experiment, ground-based experimental and theoretical studies 

on Ostwald ripening will be undertaken in an effort to provide comparison experiments to those performed in 

microgravity and provide a theoretical understanding of the Ostwald ripening process. We are thus investigating the 

nature of transient Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid systems and developing a first-principles theory for ripening in 

systems with volume fractions of coarsening phase above 0.1. Such volume fractions are closer to those employed 

in the ground-based experiments and will permit theory to be compared with the results of the spaceflight 

experiments over a wider range of volume fractions than it is currently possible. Finally, the transient Ostwald 

ripening experiments will allow us to determine the time required for the spaceflight experiment. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Previous NASA-sponsored work clearly showed that solid-liquid mixture consisting of Sn-rich particles in a Pb-Sn 

eutectic liquid are ideal, and perhaps unique, systems in which to explore the dynamics of the Ostwald ripening 

process. The high coarsening rate in these systems permit accurate kinetic data to be obtained, and the 

thermo-physical parameters necessary to make a comparison between theory and experiment are known. However, 

in a terrestrial environment experiments can be performed only at the relatively high volume fractions of solid 

where the presence of a solid skeletal structure prevents large-scale particle sedimentation. In these high volume 

fraction experiments, a comparison between theory and experiment shows that the SOlid-liquid mixtures are 

coarsening faster than predicted by an approximate theory for purely diffusional controlled Ostwald ripening. The 

objective of this project it is to plan and perform a microgravity experiment on Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid 

mixtures. This experiment will serve two primary purposes: it will allow experiments to be performed which can 

be directly compared to heretofore untested theories for coarsening in systems with low volume fractions of solid, 

and it will eliminate conclusively convection of the liquid matrix and small-scale particle motion within the skeletal 

structure as possible sources for the disagreement observed between theory and experiment in the high volume 

fraction experiments. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The late-stages of a frrst-order phase transformation process are usually characterized by the growth of second-phase 

domains with low interfacial curvature, at the expense of domains with high interfacial curvature. This process, 

also known as Ostwald ripening or coarsening, occurs in a wide variety of two-phase mixtures ranging from a 

multiphase solids to multiphase liquids, and has a significant impact on the high temperature stability of many 

technologically important materials. Unfortunately, an understanding of the dynamics of ripening processes is not 

in hand. Many of the recent theories for the effects of a finite volume fraction of coarsening phase on the kinetics 

of Ostwald ripening have proposed divergent expressions for the dependence of the coarsening rate of the system on 

the volume fraction of coarsening phase. As there are virtually no experimental data of sufficient quality to 

differentiate between these theories, the controversy over the dependence of the coarsening rate of the system on the 

volume fraction remains unresolved . 

................................................ 11 .............................................. 1 .. 1111111 ...................... 111111111 ••••• 1 •• 1.111.11111111111111111111111.11 •• , •• ,,11'11'1111'1111.11111.1111'1'11111'11""'"111111111'"'"' 

11-467 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ................................... " ................................................. 11 ....... ,111111111 ........ , .................. ,11 .............. ,1 .... 111 ................... 11111 ....... 11 •••• 1111111 .... 111."."." ....... ,111,.,11111.11.,., 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The dynamics of particle coarsening in high volume fraction two-phase mixtures was investigated using numerical 

simulations. The multi-particle diffusion problem was solved using a multipole expansion method which is valid 

up to any order multi-pole. The simulations were performed using this multipole expansion truncated at he 

monopole and dipole level. The dipole terms allow the particles to migrate due to the non-symmetric concentration 

gradient, but they still remain spherical. The initial particle spatial distributions are chosen as random, both with or 

without a depletion zone surrounding each particle. Particle spatial correlations were studied in terms of pair 

correlation functions and the structure function. In the late-stage the particle spatial correlation functions found 

using different initial conditions agree well, suggesting the existence of a unique spatial correlation function for a 

coarsening system at a given volume fraction. We also find that the particle correlations in the late-stage can not be 

explained by a simple depletion zone model. The form of the scaled time independent structure function at small 

and large wave numbers was also investigated. The slope of the structure function in a log-log plot seems to 

approach 4 at small wave numbers and is -4 at large wave numbers. There exists oscillations in the structure 

function at large wave numbers which are related to the spherical shape of the particles and the particle size 

distribution. The amplitude of the temporal power law for the average particle radius was found to increase with 

volume fraction faster than the predictions of other statistical mechanical theories. 

Experiments are being performed to examine the kinetics of transient Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid systems. We 

are currently using mixtures consisting of solid silver particles in a silver-copper liquid. The initial particle size 

distributions are being set by the particle size distribution of the single crystal silver powders. We intend to 

compare the results of these experiments to our theoretical calculations of transient Ostwald ripening. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 1/92 EXPIRATION: 10/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-10 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LcRC 

Chen, M., and Voorhees, P.W. The dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening. J. Model in Mat. Sci., (in press). 

Voorhees, P.W. Ostwald ripening of two-phase mixtures. Rev. of Mat. Sci., 22, 197, 1992 . 

..................................................................................... 11'".111111111111111111111111111111".111' .. 1111111111111111111111.11.1111"1111111 .. 1111111111111111 ...... 1 ... 1 .. 1111 ....... 1 .. 1 ..... 1 .. 11111111111IIIIIIIIU 

11-468 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 .................................. 111 ............................ 1111 ..... ' .... 111 ............ 111111111111111 ... 1111111 .......... 1111 ..................... 11 .. 111 ... 111 ... 111.11.11 ..... 1.111111111111111 .... 111111 ............. 1111',llltlll.ll. 

Containerless Liquid Phase Processing of Ceramic Materials 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Richard 1.K. Weber Containerless Research, Inc. 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P.e. Nordine Intersonics, Inc. 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

This research uses the control of chemistry and nucleation achieved by containerless liquid-phase processing to study 

nonequilibrium phase formation and crystal growth. The work is intended to advance the basic understanding of the 

high-temperature chemistry of hard, refractory oxide and boride ceramics. Borides are of fundamental interest; they 

are a unique class of compounds which form highly covalent, complex crystalline structures. 

Ground-based containerless experiments will enable non-equilibrium-phase- formation phenomena to be identified. 

This will allow candidate materials for more detailed investigation to be selected. Subsequent low-gravity 

containerless experiments will provide the high degree of control over molten specimens required for detailed studies 

and analyses of the liquids as well as crystal growth kinetics and solid-liquid phase relationships. 

DESCRIPTION: 

High-temperature liquid-phase processing will be achieved by aeroacoustic levitation in combination with 

laser-beam heating. The two groups of materials chosen for this work are: (a) rare-earth borides and (b) refractory 

oxides, for example, alumina. The major focus of the work will be on borides. 

Metastable phase formation and epitaxial growth from molten rare-earth borides will be investigated. This unique 

group of materials is particularly hard and refractory; the atomic size differences between boron and rare-earth 

elements combined with the directional bonding between them result in compounds which exhibit a wide variety of 

crystal structures. Marginally unstable compounds are predicted to exist which will be accessed by nucleation of 

undercooled melts onto isostructural seed crystals. Amorphous phase formation will also be investigated by deep 

undercooling and possibly quenching of the higher melting borides. 

Nonequilibrium phenomena displayed by undercooled oxide melts will also be investigated. It has already been 

found that the solidification behavior of undercooled liquid aluminum oxide differs greatly in oxygen and argon 

atmospheres. Environmental effects on molten oxides will be investigated further by conducting containerless 

experiments in atmospheres of different oxygen potentials. 

In addition to the materials research on borides and oxides, the investigators will undertake processing of materials 

provided by NASA-supported scientists at several other institutions during the first year of this project. These 

scientists are also interested in the processing and properties of oxide melts. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

The research uses the control of chemistry and nucleation achieved by containerless liquid-phase processing to study 

non-equilibrium phase formation and crystal growth. The work is intended to advance the basic understanding of the 

high temperature chemistry of hard refractory oxide and boride ceramics. Borides are of fundamental interest; they 

are a unique class of compounds which form highly covalent, complex crystalline structures. Containerless high 

temperature liquid-phase processing is achieved by cw CO2 laser beam heating of 0.2-0.4 cm diameter specimens 

using the aero-acoustic levitation technique. 

1111111'"1111111 ... 11111111,11"",.11111.11.11.11.1"""'111.11.11.11.1' ......... 1111 ..... 11 .. 1111 ... 1'111111111 •• 1 •• 1 •• 1.1'11 •• , •• 111111111111111111111111111111111111 ••••• 111111111.11.11.""",1111111111111"'1'1111111.111111111, •• ",1,111 

11-469 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science , ............ 111 ......... 1111111111 ....................................................... 111 ............... 11 ........................................................................... 111111 .... 111 .............. 11.11.1111 .................... .. 

Work to characterize the behavior of liquid aluminum oxide and materials formed by liquid phase processing under 

conditions of controlled oxygen pressure was continued. Processed material has been provided to scientists at 

several other institutions and they are working to characterize it. Effect of trace impurities are being investigated 

using Raman spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence by Dr. Abi at JPL, and NMR spectroscopy by Dr. Brent 

Poe at the CNRS FaCility, Orleans, France. The results of these investigations show that the material is extremely 

high purity and work is in progress to establish a reference purity material which can be used for doping aluminum 

oxide materials. A paper describing the undercooling behavior of liquid aluminum oxide has been accepted for 

publication in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 

Work to achieve melting of boride materials and eliminate the formation of borate slag was continued. A "conical 

nozzle" gas jet levitator has been constructed and it is showing promising early results for levitation melting of 

these air sensitive materials. Work will be continued to achieve melting of the less refractory borides. 

The effects of ambient oxygen pressure on the melting behavior of Y.Ba.Cu.O ceramic superconductor materials 

was investigated in collaboration with scientists from Argonne National Laboratory. The work followed up on 

preliminary experiments conducted in the spring this year. The solubility of yttrium oxide was shown to depend on 

the ambient oxygen pressure such complete melting and dissolution of the Y203 formed by peritectic decomposition 

of YBalCul0 4 occurred easily in the material processed under argon (p02 ca. IxlO·4 atm.), enabling deep 

undercooling to be achieved. Processing in air or oxygen resulted in yttrium oxide precipitation and undercooling 

was not observed unless specimens were heated and held for several minutes. A paper describing this work has been 

submitted to the Journal of Materials Research. 

Collaborative experiments to process materials provided by other NASA investigators were continued. Professors 

Day and Ray from University of Missouri-Rolla provided dense specimens of heavy metal oxide glass for levitation 

melting in the aero-acoustic levitator. These materials have proved to be difficult to melt without loss of liquid and 

complete melting has not yet been achieved. Mr. James Olive and Timothy Dassler graduate students from 

Vanderbilt University conducted processing experiments on ceramic superconductors, earlier work which was 

conducted this year has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Materials Research. The Vanderbilt team 

used an array detection pyrometer to investigate the melting, undercooling and solidification behavior of ceramic 

superconductor materials. Initial experiments were partially successful but the levitation stability was poor due to 

electronics problem with the levitator. Additional work is being planned for December. 

TASK INITIATION: 5/92 EXPIRATION: 5/95 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-03 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

................................................................................ " ................................ 1 ............ 11111111 ..... 1 .. " .. 1" ....... 111111111ItlllI.II .... IIIIIIII ... ,II .. IIII .... III ......... III ......... IIII .. IIII .. I .. .. 

11-470 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 11 .................................. 11 .......................................................... 111111 ............... 11 ....................................... " ............ 11 ............... 11111111 ........ 1 .... '11 ............. 111111111 ... 1I.1t. 

Glass Forming Ability and Crystallization of Glass 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael C. Weinberg University of Arizona 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIRCANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives are: (a) to identify compositions of glasses which could benefit from processing in microgravity and 

(b) to develop a theoretical framework to applicable to crystallization kinetics in I-g and Jlg. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Both theoretical and experimental work are carried out in parallel; the latter includes glass preparations, in situ 

crystal growth measurements, and various surface and bulk diagnostics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

The relative importance of bulk and surface nucleation was studied as a function of cooling rate in the free-surface 

conditions relevant to containerless processing for both isothermal and non isothermal environments. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/83 EXPIRATION: 12192 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-04-02 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

11 .......................................... "' ........ 11 ............................................. 11 ... 111." ................ ' ..... 111.111111111111111111 •• 11.11111111,1,,111,.1, .... , •• 111,11, •• 11 ........ 111,1111.11""11.111111""111111111 

11-471 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science 111 ......... 1111 ..................... 1111111 .. 111111 ............ 11 ........... , ...... 111111111111111 .. 111111111111.11 .. 111111111111111111"'''"1111111''''"'".11 ........................... IIIIIIIII .. IIIIIII ........... UIIlIIIIIIIlIIlI .. '"'". 

BSO/BTO Identification of Gravity Related Effects on Crystal Growth, Segregation, and Defect 

Formation 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. August F. Witt 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M. Wargo 

S. Motakef 

D. Sadoway 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MrD 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIl) 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIl) 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIl) 

The objective of this program involving the system BSOIBTO places focus on a class of materials (optical and 

opto-electronic) with theoretical properties that are outstanding but which have so far failed to reach their potential, 

primarily because of our inability to control adequately their stoichiometry, crystal defect formation and 

confinement-related contamination. The ultimate success of the proposed research, considered an essential element 

for the evaluation of the potential selenites in device application, appears fundamentally dependent on the conduct of 

controlled crystal growth experiments in a reduced gravity environment. Convective interference, otherwise 

unavoidable, is projected to be substantially suppressed under microgravity conditions, and the defect structures 

resulting during growth are expected to approach equilibrium values. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Research Approach - The development phase of the research is concerned with: 

• Numerical models of heat and mass transfer in support of hot-zone design and search of parameter space for 

growth optimization for BSOIBTO; 

• Design and construction of a hot-zone; identification of processing conditions optimized for growth in reduced 

gravity environment; 

• Development of (quantitative) analytical techniques and procedures capable of resolving gravity-related effects in 

BSOIBTO grown on Earth and in space; 

• Determination of critical thermo-physical properties of BSO and BTO melts, in support of numerical modeling 

[with the assistance of the Crystal Growth Laboratory (Dr. C.D. Brandle) of AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray 

Hill, N.J.]; 

• Design of a series of experiments directed at optimizing the scientific data output achievable from growth of 

doped and undoped BSOIBTO in a reduced-gravity environment; 

• Conduct, on Earth, of growth experiments, identical with those to be executed in reduced-gravity environment. 

The post-flight research phase at MIT is to focus on: 

• Comprehensive crystal analysis directed at the identification of microgravity-related changes in growth behavior 

and its effects OIl segregation and defect formation; 

1 .... 11 ....................................... , .. , ..... , ..... , ........ , ................... UIl.II ....... I ..... I ....... II.I •• I •••••••• IIII'I .... 1I11I111111,,1,11,,1,.1 ..... '.,' .... 11, ......................... , ............... ",I',1111t1111111111 

11-472 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Ground-based Research Discipline: Materials Science ....................................... 1." ................... " ........................ 1111 ...... 1111111 ... 11111 ......................................... 111 ........... 11111111 .......... 1111 .. 111.11 •• '.1111 .. 111111111 ....... 111111 ........ 11,1.1 

• Analysis of BSOIBTO grown in a microgravity environment for application specific crystal properties as well as 

for performance in basic device configuration [in collaboration with Hughes Research Laboratory, Malibu, CA (Dr. 

M. Klein)]. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Knowledge gained from the space experiment and the related ground-based program is expected to advance the 

science base for crystal growth of oxides and thus to narrow the still existing gap between theory and experiment. 

more specifically, the program provides an approach to the deconvolution of the effects of largely uncontrolled, 

complex processing variables on crystal growth and segregation, leading to the identification of growth conditions 

by which device specific property requirements in oxides can be approached. Such growth conditions are expected to 

be realizable in a modified Bridgman growth geometry, the subject of development in the ground-based support 

program. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1993: 

In designed space growth experiments involving doped and undoped BSO and BTO, it is considered possible to 

establish controlled growth perturbations and, through their analysis, to gain insight into cause and effect 

relationships for defect generation during growth on Earth. Space experiments are similarly to be used to obtain for 

these opto-electronic materials small quantities as reference standards for a data base of physical properties. 

Discussions of the design. conduct and analysis of the proposed space growth experiments with members of the 

opto-electronic industrial research community have been productive and indicated broad-based interest as well as the 

desire to contribute actively to the success of the proposed research undertaking. 

TASK INITIATION: 1193 EXPIRATION: 1/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-19 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

............................... " ................ " .......... 111 ...... '" ............................... 1111 .. 1111 •• 11111 .. 1 .. 11111111 ........... 1 •• 1 •• 1 •• 1 •• 1 .. ' •• 1 •• 1 ..... ' •• 11.11111.""1.11 •• ' ........ 1.11111' ..... 11"'11".".,1'11""""1. 

11-473 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ." ............................................. 111 ............................ 1111 ............... 11111 ... ' ...................................... 1111 ........................................................ 11 .. 11 .. , ..... 11111111111111 .......... . 

Noncontact Temperature Measurement 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ali Abtahi Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The task objective is to develop new techniques for making accurate non-contact temperature measurements. The 

techniques developed in this task will use the thermal radiation emanating from samples to determine the radiance 

temperature. Several different techniques are used to correct the radiance temperature measurement to arrive at the 

true sample temperature. These techniques include polarimetric determination of the sample emissivity, emissivity 

correction by measurement at two colors, and a polaradiometric technique that eliminates the need for emissivity 

measurements and measures true temperature directly. 

Non-contact temperature measurements are required for materials processing applications where the temperature 

must be determined without interfering with the sample surface, eliminating nucleation sites for undercooled 

substances and inaccuracies due to the presence of thermally conductive probes. 

Three devices were procured or constructed during 1993. The first was the Division of Amplitude Polarimetric 

Pyrometer, which was delivered to JPL and tested. Several modification became necessary to install the system on 

an electromagnetic levitator. These modification were performed and the device is fully prepared to operate on the 

electromagnetic levitator. This enables measurements of temperature and emissivity on significantly undercooled 

liquid metal drops. 

The two color pyrometer was delivered to JPL. It proved to be non-functioning and had to be extensively modified. 

All components had to be replaced and the device was tested showing that the modifications were successful in 

eliminating the original problems. 

A new concept was developed based on polaradiometric true temperature measurements. The bardware for this device 

was developed and a prototype was constructed whicb is currently undergoing final evaluation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: DAPP - The DAPP receiver has been installed on the levitator chamber. Due to the limited 

space available around the cbamber the head of the DAPP had to be installed on a separate platform from the laser. 

This creates a problem with the alignment of the system. To alleviate this problem the mount of the laser and 

polarizing optics had to be specially modified and this is currently in progress. Originally a different modification 

bad been planned that had to be abandoned because of the space available around the levitation chamber. 

The problems with the electromagnetic levitation system have been largely resolved. Especially solid samples can 

be levitated successfully and are relatively stable. Liquid samples require the presence of a gas in the cbamber for 

stability, so that runs involving the liquid metal samples will be done with argon in the chamber. As soon as the 

laser and polarizer are mounted properly the initial (angular) alignment will be performed and test on levitated 

samples can commence . 

.................................................................. 11 .... " ..... ,." ............ '"'III .. nnln' ... llIu .... ' .. I ..... ' .. '"' .... "'"I .. ' ..... ' .. ,11' .. '"11""1111 .. "'.,' .. '"' ........ , ........ 11 .... ,'.".,' ... 11 ... '11'U'II' 

11-474 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ....................................... 11111111 ....................................... 11'''.11.11,1' .. 11'"''1''1 •• 11.11.11'".11.11.11.11.11.11 ..... 11.11.11.11.11'".11.11.11,.,11 .. ,11111111'11'11'.'".11"1111 ... "11.11".11.11 ••• 11'1I.1I.It' 

o 2-Color Laser Pyrometer 

A completely redesigned system has been built and currently is undergoing testing and calibration. This system is 

based on the same principle as the original unit from Quantum Logic however none of the original subsystems 

proved suitable and thus every part was redesigned. procured, and assembled again. 

The main problem of the original system (optical anisotropy of the transmitter and receiver) have been eliminated 

completely. A few minor modifications will be made to make the system easier to use and align. These 

modifications are: the construction of a iight-tight box around the receiving and transmitting systems to eliminate 

the need for a darkened room as well as use of a bigger aperture lens and smaller pinhole to make the sample 

alignment less critical. 

The development of this system is behind schedule due to the need for complete redesign of every single component. 

A great deal of time was lost in trying to make the original components work properly. As soon as this system is 

properly calibrated it will be installed in the same levitator chamber as the DAPP to enable a back to back 

comparison of the two systems. 

o Polaradiometer 

The polaradiometer design developed earlier could suffer from an inability to perform properly on diffuse samples. 

This inability was a result of the fact that reflection of light from a point source at a diffuse surface is the result of 

specular reflection from a large number of randomly oriented facets. while the emission process from these facets 

takes place with a hemispherical intensity distribution. The difference in character of the emission and reflection 

processes causes the polarimetric characteristics of the light received at the receiver to be biased. To eliminate this 

problem with the polaradiometer a separate measurement of the polarimetric characteristics of the emitted radiation 

is needed. This measurement can be combined with the standard nulling technique used in the polaradiometer to 

arrive at the true temperature of the surface. 

The design of the polaradiometer is completed however the selection process of the optical components and the 

procurement of said components is still in progress. 

Since a majority of the remaining time this year can be devoted to this task it is likely to be completed 

successfully. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/86 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

PROJECT IOENTIFICATION: AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

....................................... 1111111111 ................................................. 111111 ............ '"" .. '.1111 .... ,1.,11 .... ".,111, ... 1,." •• , •• 1 ...... ,111.".11.11."11 ..................... 11 •••••• 11''''''11.11 ••••••• 1.1111 

11-475 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development 1I ................. , .............. " ..................... ' .. ' .. '" ... '"II"IIt.,1III,nll"'I"'IIIII,,,'"'IIII,IIIII.II,",,I"U," ..... It'II'II,,II,U'",""ItIItIIlIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.II.I.,IIII'II'II.1I111111flllll'I,1I11I1111 

Microwave Furnace Development 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin B. Barmatz Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this Advanced Technology Development (A TO) proposal is to build a highly efficient, cold-wall, 

direct-heating microwave furnace that will permit fast heating of microwave-absorbing materials and quick cooling 

of these materials when the microwaves are removed. The task objectives will include 1) development of advanced 

energy saving methods for (a) continuous tracking of the cavity resonant mode during processing, (b) continuous 

matching of source and cavity impedance during processing, 2) design, fabrication and evaluation of various cavity 

geometries and excitation techniques, and 3) modeling of the microwave heating process for various sample shapes 

and sizes. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In the future, many materials processing studies in space will require specialized furnaces, particularly at high 

temperatures. Requirements for these furnaces include fast, controlled sample heating, high precision sample 

temperature control, and fast, controlled sample cooling. Furthermore, there are constraints that a microgravity 

furnace should meet; i.e., they should be small, light weight, and very energy efficient. Properly designed 

microwave furnaces can deliver most of the generated energy directly to the material being processed, thus leading to 

improved energy efficiency. The design requirements for energy efficiency include critical coupling of microwave 

energy from source to cavity, high electrically conducting cavity walls compared to sample conductivity, and 

continuous tracking of the microwave resonance during processing. Furthermore, microwaves are able to directly 

heat the interior of the materials, which differs from conventional heating methods, where only the sample surface 

is directly heated. In some cases, this microwave volumetric heating ability can lead to more uniform processing, 

while in other cases it may lead to an internal temperature profile with the highest temperature in the center of the 

material. These and other microwave heating characteristics will permit new and novel scientific studies to be 

performed. The furnace designs developed during this AID task will allow unique microwave heating properties as 

well as precision sample temperature control capabilities to be applied to microgravity processing. By the proper 

choice of sample shapes, such as spherical or cylindrical, one can also theoretically predict the unique heating 

behavior of the sample interior during processing. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to Date: 

During this last year, we have (a) completed development of a fast frequency tracker for a traveling wave tube (lWf) 

system, (b) designed and fabricated a prototype electronically controlled impedance matching system in collaboration 

with the Oregon Institute of Technology, and (c) developed a microwave absorption model for a cylindrical sample 

in a cylindrical cavity. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

PhD Students: 0 

Total Students: 1 

TASK INITIATION: 10/91 ExPIRATION: 9/94 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

II .................................................................................. 11 .... 1111111111, ......... 11111 ... '"11 .... 11.11.1111111111111111111.11 ................... 11.11.1,.11.11 ..... 11111111111 .... 11 .............. ,.111111.11'"11111' 

II~76 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ................................................ "" .. 111111111 ..... 11 ............... 1111 .... 11 ............. 111111111 ....... ,1111 .... ,11 .... 111 .. ' ..................... 111111.11.11.1 .. 1'11'111111111 •• 11'.11111111,11111'111.11111111111'1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Jackson, H.W., Barmatz, M., and Wagner, P. Transient temperature behavior of a sphere heated by microwaves. Ceramic 

Transactions, (in press). 

11I ....... IIIII .... " .. ' .......................... II ...... IIIIII ........... 11f11l11l1111111111111111111 ......... , ............ 1111111111111111111111111111.II.IIIIIIIIIIIII.tI,,,.tI' ... IIIIII,.,,.IIIIII'IIII.,IIII,tll, .. I'11'11111111'111"1"1'" 

11-477 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ....... , ............................ 11 ...... 111 ... 11 .............. 111111 .. 1111.11111111 ... 11111 .. 1111 ... 111 ....... 1111111111111 ................................................ 111 ..... 1111111 .. 111111111111 ................ 1111111 .. 111111111.11.11 

Advanced High Brilliance X-Ray Source 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel C. Carter 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

W.Gibson 

M. Kumakhov 

X.He 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECfIVES: 

NASA Marshall Space Hight Center (MSFC) 

State University of New York, Albany 

I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy 

Universities Space Research Association (USRA) 

The primary objective of this research is to produce the frrst x-ray generator and Kurnakhov lens system optimized 

in design for 8KeV x-rays. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The x-ray unit will be integrated with existing x-ray diffraction equipment at Marshall Space Flight Center to 

produce a diffraction facility with the most advanced laboratory x-ray source for application in crystallography in the 

world. The approach to complete the task will be to produce intense small cross section parallel x-ray beams for 

structural analysis using third-generation Kumakhov optics. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Protein crystallography is currently the most powerful method for the determination of the three-dimensional 

structure of proteins and other macromolecules. This method usually requires crystals which are relatively large in 

size and which possess a reasonably high degree of internal order. This research is concerned with the development 

of an extremely bright x-ray source for application in the evaluation and determination of the atomic structure of 

crystalline matter from both ground-based and current flight experiment activities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A small number of third-generation optical systems have been fabricated using three different fabrication techniques. 

Modeling computations have been carried out to determine the optimum design for a lens collecting 0.2 radians (12 

degrees) of 8.0 KeV x-rays from a 4 micron divergent source at a source distance of 5nun. 

TASK INITIATION: 4/93 ExPIRATION: 3/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

NASA CONTRACT No.: NAS8-399 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

" ....... " ........................................................... 1 ..... 1 ...... 1111111111111111111111'" ... 11111,,1"'"'111111111111111 .. 1"1 .. 1"''''''1 .. 1 .. 1 ............... 1 .. 111 .. 1111 .... 1111 ...... 1.111 .................. 11.11 .. 1111 .. III 

11-478 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development .................................... 1111 .......................................... 111 ... 11111111111111111111111111111111.11111''''"'''.11'''1111111111111.11'"111111.11111111111111111111111111111.1111111111111111.1.11.1111111.1"1 .. I.II.U.II. 

Ultrasonic Monitoring of Interfaces in Directional Solidification 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Archibald L. Fripp 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

J.N. Carter 

A. Lam 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

Polytechnic University 

Polytechnic University 

The objective of this research was to develop an ultrasonic interfacial monitoring technique which would not only 

monitor the interface position in real-time but would also measure the interface shape while the crystal is growing. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Ultrasonics have been used to examine materials during and after growth to identify and locate flaws. Flaw 

detection, or non-destructive testing (NDE) has been used extensively to examine castings and welds for voids and 

cracks. This method relies on a difference in the acoustical impedances between the two phases that gives rise to a 

partial reflection of the incident energy. Previous measurements during growth have only been when the acoustical 

pulse, from a PZT transducer, was launched directly into the solid phase of the material being melted. The solid 

was kept in intimate contact with the transducer whereas at some point, largely separated from the transducer, a 

section of the material was melted. This system, while demonstrating the efficacy of ultrasound interface 

monitoring, is not easily adaptable to an actual Bridgman growth system because of the high temperatures involved 

would lead to the destruction of the transducer. This effort was to employ an ultrasound method, using waveguides, 

to locate and track the interface during the true Bridgman growth of electronic materials. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Progress to date has been primarily in waveguide development. The use of a solid silica waveguide, in pulse/echo 

mode, resulted in multimode reflections which made the return signal difficult to detect. The current approach is the 

use of bundled small silica waveguides to synthesize an aperture similar to that of the solid rod. Since each rod is of 

small cross-section, the bundle as a whole does not support the manifold of modes accessible to the solid one piece 

waveguide. This effect enables the detection of a return echo signal with relative ease. This technique has been 

successfully tested on model systems which include the solidification water and of mercury. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/91 EXPIRATION: 9/93 

BS Degrees: 0 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

MS Degrees: 0 RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC 

PhD Degrees: 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Hubert, 1.A., Fripp, A.L., and WeIch, C.S. Numerical thermal analysis of a sample of germanium with a centerline 

capillary tube in a vertical Bridgman furnace. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 131, 75-82, 1993 . 

........ '"1 ................... 111111111 ...................................... 1I.IIIII.fI""'I .. I .. I,'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'II'111'11111111111111"1'11"11111111'1111111'11'11'111,11111.".I'UIIIIIIII.II.,'.,II.II.II.IIIIII •••••••• 

11-479 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development III ................................................................................................. 11 .. 11 .. 11111.11111 .. 11111 .. 111 ............................. '" ........................ , .. ' .. ' ..... 11 ......... , ............. 1111111 .......... III 

Microgravity Combustion Diagnostics 

PRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR: Paul S. Greenberg 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. D.W. Griffin 

Dr. R.L. Vander Wal 

Dr. K.J. Weiland 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIACANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

Sverdrup Technology, Inc. 

Sverdrup Technology, Inc. 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

Currently available diagnostic instrumentation for achieving these objectives has been extremely limited, consisting 

primarily of conventional film-based imaging systems and intrusive temperature and velocity probes, such as 

thermocouples and hot wire anemometers. This situation has arisen primarily because of the unique and severe 

operational constraints which are inherent in the conduct of reduced-gravity experimentation. It is the recognition of 

this pressing need to provide diagnostic systems of greater sophistication that has motivated the existence of this 

particular development program. 

DESCRIPTION: 

For a variety of reasons, predominant emphasis has been placed on the development of optical diagnostic 

techniques. Principal among these is the relative fragility of the physics and chemistry of reduced-gravity systems 

relative to their l-g counterparts. The action of buoyancy-induced convection is vigorous when compared with the 

dominant mechanisms associated with reduced-gravity phenomena, such as surface tension and thermal and 

concentration driven diffusion processes. The essentially nonperturbative nature of optical measurement techniques 

is therefore extremely appropriate in this context. 

Optical measurement techniques are, in general, well-suited to the acquisition of multidimensional data fields (e.g., 

two- and three-dimensional imaging). This is an important consideration in the present state of understanding of 

microgravity science, since a clearer understanding of basic phenomenology, including the verification of 

fundamental length and time scales and dominating physical mechanisms in still being developed. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The success in achieving a significant scientific return from existing and proposed microgravity fluid physics and 

combustion science experiments depends substantially on the availability of diagnostic systems for the collection of 

the required scientific data. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the area of full-field infrared emission spectroscopy, calibration of the IR sensitive staring array camera has been 

conducted. This was accomplished through the use of a blackbody radiation source and several infrared bandpass 

filters. An end-to end calibration is required in this case because of the varying response of the detector array and the 

transmission characteristics of the lens and bandpass filters. All of these elements exhibit behavior that is 

wavelength dependent; the detector response may exhibit nonlinearities with respect to absolute intensity as well. 

The response of the detector array has been observed to be nearly proportional to blackbody intensity when narrow 

band filters are employed. As a first step in exploiting this calibration, images of radiating thin filament fibers 

suspended in jet flames have been obtained. The resulting data will be compared to thermocouple measurements of 

the hot gases above the flame that were obtained simultaneously . 

......................................... 11 ..... 1.11 ....... 1111 ...... 1 ....... 11 ......................................................... 1 .......................................................... 1.111 ........ 11 •• 1 •• 1 •• 111.1.11.11 ..... 1 ........ ' 

11-480 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ..................................................................................................... 1111 .. 11111 ..................................................................................................... 1 .... 1111 ............. 111111 .. . 

Efforts supporting two-dimensional species and temperature measurements were initiated with the completion of 

the procurement process for the titanium:sapphire laser. The laser, built by Continuum, Inc., was installed into a 

new laboratory room in the Space Experiments Laboratory. Through frequency doubling, tripling, and mixing of 

the titanium: sapphire fundamental output, light in the blue and ultraviolet has been successfully generated. These 

lines cover the wavelength regions of 431 nanometers and 308 nanometers, providing the ability to perform 

laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the CH and OH radicals, respectively. This laser system is currently 

being characterized as to its operational capabilities. Optics and other support equipment (burners, chamber, etc.) 

to perform Rayleigh scattering, laser-induced fluorescence, and other optical diagnostics have been obtained and are 

presently being assembled. 

Exciplex thermometry experiments are being performed utilizing a small pulsed nitrogen laser operating at 337 

nanometers. The objective is to utilize this method to measure the temperature of a vaporizing droplet, and extend 

the technique to a burning droplet. Exciplex thermometry utilizes the ratio of fluorescent intensities of an excited 

state monomer and exciplex compound (formed through the interaction of an excited state monomer and ground state 

partner). By referencing this ratio of fluorescence intensities to calibration measurements in which the intensity 

ratio is measured at known temperatures, the temperature can thus be determined. This technique has been applied 

to measure the volume average temperature of a fiber suspended droplet in an inert aunosphere in response to 

heating by a hot wire coil surrounding the droplet. The system in this case is hexadecane doped with PYPYP. 

Application of exciplex thermometry to burning droplets remains a challenge as the fluorescence from the monomer 

and exciplex are quenched at different rates in the presence of oxygen. Current efforts are aimed at addressing this 

issue. 

Point-wise and imaging velocity measurements are also in progress. Addressing the former, compact, solid-state 

laser doppler velocimeter modules have been obtained on loan to supplement the module being completed under 

contract. These modules have been evaluated using rotating targets as a velocity standard. A particle seeder has 

been designed and fabricated to enable measurements to be performed in actual flows. Concurrently, a digital 

phase-locked-loop processor has been designed and constructed, and has been demonstrated to perform well on 

strictly periodic signals. This system is now to be tested on aperiodic signals resulting from actual flow-field 

conditions. For particle image velocity measurements, a special compact, folded resonator Nd: Y AG laser capable of 

delivering a rapid pulse sequence has been built under contract. This system has been demonstrated to achieve the 

required pulse energies and temporal resolution, and is presently being integrated into a seeded flow system. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 9/96 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: 

AID 

LeRC 

Buchele, D.R., and Griffin, D.W. A compact color Schlieren optical system. Appl. Optics, vol. 32, 4218-4222, 1993. 

Rubinstein, R., and Greenberg, P.S. Rapid inversion of angular data for certain axisymmetric index distributions. Appl. 

Optics, (accepted for publication). 

Proceedings: 

Silver, lA., and Kane, OJ. Combustion diagnostics for micro gravity research using near-IR diode lasers. Final Report. 

NASA Contract NAS3-25981, 1993. 

111111 .................................. 111 ... 111 .................. 1111 ..... 1 ................. IIIII .. IIII ... I1 ........... IIIIIIU .............. III .. IIIIIIIIII ....................... 11111111 ................................. 11 ....... 11111111111.1 

11-481 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development •• 11111 ....... 11 ...... 111." ................................................. 1111111 ................................. ,111 ... "11111 .... ,.11111111111111111 ....... ".11.11.11.11.11.11.1111111111111111111.11.,11111""'11'".,111111111111111111111 

Presentations: 

Vander Wal, R.L. High resolution degenerate four-wave mixing in the y(O,O) band of NO, 24th International Symposium 

on Combustion, 1993. 

Vander Wall, R.L. Exciplex thermometry and tuneable diode laser diagnostics in micro gravity combustion science, 

Gordon Research Conference on Laser Diagnostics in Combustion, Plymouth, NH, July, 1993. 

Weiland, K.J. Overview of microgravity combustion science, invited presentation, Gustavus Adolphus College, Dept. of 

Chern., St. Peter, MN, Nov. 1993. 

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II~82 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111'''''1'''1'111111111.1111111111111111111"111"11111111111111111111111111111111111IlIllIltlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,IIII'11I11I11111I1111111111I1.111'11111111111111111111111111,.11'11111111'111111111III 

Small, Stable, Rugged Microgravity 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Frank T. Hartley 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

P. Zavracky 

P. Dolgin 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

Northeastern University 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

The objective of this AID task is to build a novel micromachined accelerometer that is capable of measuring 

accelerations from 1O-2g to IO-S

g with a better than IO-Sg accuracy (<10-9g/..JHz) for the frequencies from 10-4 to 20 

Hz. The device should have low temperature sensitivity and have a build-in calibration. The accelerometer must 

withstand the launch environment. The task objectives include: 1) development of micromachined flexures; 

2) development of an electronic parking mechanism; 3) development of active controls for the accelerometer, and 

4) development of electronics for data acquisition and control. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The most important parameters are independent measurements of all three spatial components of acceleration, high 

accuracy, and low-frequency measurements. The sensitivity, accuracy and frequency domain are detennined by the 

different acceleration sources that are found aboard the Space Shuttle and other spacecraft. The lowest frequency is 

detennined by the low Earth orbit period. The "as designed" device should be able to measure accelerations at 

frequencies lower than 10-4

Hz - 1/90 minutes, but the accuracy will decrease. Inertial navigation requires precise 

positioning in space as well as the orientation tracking (sets of six or more accelerometers working as a 

three-dimensional gradiometer). Seismology applications require high sensitivity in the presence of a constant 

acceleration (g). All of these applications are possible with a flexure suspension and electrostatic actuation design 

of the accelerometer. The flexure pennits precise measurements of very small accelerations in the presence of a 

large cross-axial acceleration. In other words, the accelerometer can measure the components of the acceleration 

independently. The electrostatic actuation reduces temperature dependence and pennits in situ calibration. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

The accelerometer will find applications in microgravity research, inertial navigation, seismology, geophysics, 

planetary physics, and 000 programs. The device under development is optimized for a micro gravity application, 

and additional applications should require only minor modifications. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Completed or Underway: 

The micromachined accelerometer is assembled from four parts, and all four parts have been manufactured and tested 

in their preassembled states. The breadboard for the data acquisition and control electronics has been built. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 09/95 

Total Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL 

.... 111111 ... 11111 .... 111111111111111111111111111 ... 111111111111111111111111111 .. 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 

11-483 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development II ................................................................................ , ............. 1111111, ......... 11.,11 .............. ,11111111 .............. 11 ....... ,11111111,., .... " ...... 111., ..... ' ...... ,.,11 •••• ,11111, ..... tt ... ,II"I"1111 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Hartley, F.T. Microgravity accelerometer mechanical analysis. J. Micro-Electro Mech. Sys., (submitted). 

PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Pending U.S. Patent #: Undetennined 

Hartley, F. and Wise, J. "Caging, calibration, characterization and compensation of microstructural transducers." 

August, 1993 . 

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11-484 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development , ... ,,1111,11.11.11.,111111'".11"111.11'.11 •• 11'".11'11.11.11.11.11'''.11111 .............. '11111111 ............ 1111111' ..... ' ........ ' .... 11 ........... ,",,"," .. ,11111111.11" .. 1.11.11.,1111111"11.,111.11.,111.11"'".11, .... '11'1111, ... . 

Stereo Imaging Velocimetry 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mary Jo B. Meyer NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

M. Bethea NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objectives of this project are to develop a stereo imaging velocimeter that will: (a) Measure fluid velocities 

between 1.0 mmlsec and 10.0 cm/sec with an accuracy of +1.0% of full field for ISO-micron seed particles in a 

3.0-cm field of view, (b) Have streamlined data processing which processes 100 time steps of consecutive stereo 

images to obtain 3-D velocity fields in ten minutes or less, (c) Be able to track at least 100 particle pairs per 

frame, (d) Require minimal apriori assumptions about the flow, and (e) Initiate tracking and matching without 

human intervention. 

DESCRIPTION: 

The approach to successful implementation is to choose the most promising of current techniques as our starting 

point, and develop or modify algorithms to accomplish particle centroid finding, tracking, and matching, as well as 

camera calibration. These four capabilities are the basis for the velocimeter and will determine its final processing 

speed and accuracy. We will then test the prototype for accuracy on particles moving in known trajectories. User 

interface for both the front-end and postprocessing will be created. The velocimeter will be tested on real fluid 

experiment(s). 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Stereo imaging velocimetry will permit the collection of quantitative, three-dimensional flow data from any 

optically transparent fluid which can be seeded with tracer particles. This includes such diverse experiments as the 

sturdy of multiphase flow, bubble nucleation and migration, pool combustion, and crystal growth - all of which 

are part of NASA's microgravity science program. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

A neural net implementation for deconvoluting images of overlapping particles was invented, coded and tested. 

Results showed a substantial improvement in yield, where yield is defined as the number of correct velocity vectors 

found per the number of seed particles available for interrogation. This work is significant because the extent to 

which we are able to identify and decompose overlapping particles determines our particle seeding density (particles 

per unit volume of fluid), which directly affects the spatial resolution of the SIV system. 

An empirical-fit camera calibration routine has been devised, coded and tested for two-dimensional systems. With it 

we are able to determine 2D positions with an accuracy well under 1 % of full field. We plan to extend the routine 

to 3D systems. 

We modified the code for the SIV centroid-finding routine and, as a result, the time required to reduce image data to 

centroid has been decreased by more than an order of magnitude. 

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11-485 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development II.' ........................................................................................ 11111 .. '"111 .... '"11111 .. 11111 ..... 11111.11 ........ ' .. ' ...... '1'' .. ' .... 1111111111 ......... , .. '.' ..... 11 .... ' .. 111.11111111111.11 •• ,.11'11"11'"11111 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: 

Total Students: 3 MS Degrees: I 

TASK INITIATION: 10/91 EXPIRATION: 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 

9/95 

AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Bethea, M, and Meyer, M.B. A robust efge fmding and centroid processing algorithm for stereo imaging velocimetry 

applications. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, (submitted) Dec., 1993. 

Meyer, M.B., Bethea, M., Guezennec, and Choi. Stereo Imaging Velocimetry: A New Option for Microgravity 

Experiments. Need ASME Journal Title Data, Need v./no. data, Need pgs data, Dec. 1993. 

Miller, Merat, and Srinivasan. A generalized model for category perception utilizing artificial neural networks. IEEE 

Neural Networks, (Submitted) Oct. 1993. 

Miller, Merat, and Srinivasan. The decomposition of overlapping particles in particle imaging velocimetry using 

artificial neural networks. Experiments in Fluids, (submitted) Sep. 1993. 

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11-486 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development 11 ............. 111111 .......... , ............. 111.111 .. 1111111111 ... 11 ... " ............ "' .. 1111111111111 .. 11.11'111111111111111.11,",",".111111111111111111111111I111111111".II,II' .. 'I'U'".IIIIIII.I.IIIII'"IIIII'I"1111111111111IIlttlllll 

Laser Light Scattering 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: William V. Meyer Case Western Reserve University 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Dr. R. Ansari Case Western Reserve University 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

One objective of the Advanced Technology Development (AID) program has been to provide sturdy, miniaturized 

laser light scattering (LLS) instrumentation for use in microgravity experiments. 

DESCRWfION: 

User requirements have been assessed, the capabilities of existing and prospective laser light scattering hardware 

have been explored, and both have been coordinated to participate in the hardware and software advances needed for a 

flight hardware instrument. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We have successfully breadboarded and evaluated an engineering version of a single-angle glovebox instrument 

which uses solid state detectors and lasers, along with fiber optics and for beam delivery and detection. Additionally, 

we have provided the specifications and written verification procedures necessary for procuring a miniature 

multi-angle LLS instrument which will be used by the flight hardware project which resulted from this work and 

from this project's interaction with the laser light scattering community. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/88 EXPIRATION: 6/93 

Total Students: 2 Total Degrees: 2 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: ATD 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LcRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Dhadwal, H.S., and Ansari, R.R. A coherent fiber optic sensor for early detection of cataractogenesis in a human eye lens. 

Optical Eng.: Biomedical Optics (special issue), (submitted) Feb. 1993. 

Proceedi ngs: 

Ansari, R.R., and Dhadwal. B.S. A fiher optic probe for the detl'ltion of c3taract~. TECHNOLO(JY 2002: The Third 

Technical Transfer Conference and Exposition, Baltimore. MD, 1-3 Dccemher 1993. NASA CP-31X9. Feb. 1993. 

Dhadwal, H.S., Wilson, W.W., Ansari, R.R., and Meyer, W.V. Dynamic light scattering studies of BSA and lysozyme 

using a backscatter fiber optic system. Proceedings of Static and Dynamic I.ight Scattering in Medicine and Biology. Los 

Angeles, CA, 21-22 January 1993, Biomedical Opticsl)1. 1(,-23, 1()!)3 

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11-487 
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PATENTS: 

Patent Status: Approved U.S. Patent #: Pending 

Ansari, R.R., and Dbadwal, H.S. Method and Apparatus for Detennining the Physical Characteristics of Ocular 

Tissue. Application: 23 Jan. 1993, Approved: 15 JuI. 1993, docket 479-2. 

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11-488 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development "'''.11.11.11'11.1111111'11111111'"'1'11,11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ... 11111111111111111111111,,".1 .. 11'"'", ... 11'"'11111111'.111111111111111111111111111 .. 1'1111111111'1111.'111111.11.1'11'"11111111111'111.,1'11111 

Surface Light Scattering Instruments 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: William V. Meyer 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

Prof. J.A. Mann 

Dr. P. Tin 

R.B. Rogers 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

Case Western Reserve University 

Case Western Reserve University 

Case Western Reserve University 

NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

The objective is the development of an instrument capable of detecting fluid surface phenomena (liquid/liquid and 

liquid/vapor), such as local temperatures and interface temperature gradients, as well as surface tensions and volume 

viscosity. This development is maturing with design and fabrication of many portions of the new instruments well 

underway. 

DESCRIPTION: 

We started with a traditional room-sized surface light scattering instrument. Our instrument has evolved to a state 

where the vibration sensitive bulk optics' high power, large space requirements in the traditional surface light 

scattering instrument have have replaced by a low power, compact laser-diode surface light scattering system. This 

includes a new "eat's eye" optics design that is immune to the sloshing of the surface being examined. This had 

been a major problem that kept this useful instrument from seeing commercial applications. A fiber optics version 

of the instrument is well underway; the ability to detect surface tension gradients (and temperature gradients), using 

a set of acousto-optic modulator crystals placed in series in the fiber optics line, is being implemented. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

This instrument will allow noninvasive, noncontact measurements of surface tension. From this, one can 

extrapolate the local surface temperature (compared to bulk surface temperature) of a known clean sample. 

Viscosity information is also provided. Until we implemented the auto-tracking optics, vibration encountered in a 

regular laboratory environment made this instrument difficult to use. This means that a commercial version of this 

instrument will now likely become a reality. Brookhaven Instruments (among others) has already expressed an 

interest in making this happen, and has designed-and is providing-a custom version of their next-generation 

correlator with this in mind. Additionally, this instrument will be valuable for reduced-gravity studies of critical 

phenomena and interface characterization. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

We implemented one of several versions of a "cat's eye" auto-tracking optics design. The transmission version is 

working and the reflection versions are being tested. We now have a fiber optic array ready for use in one 

instrument design. We also have the dual acousto-optic modulators working for use in surface tension detection and 

instrument design. Our laser diodes are working well with the system, providing low noise for data analysis. 

Algorithms for flat surfaces are complete, and algorithms for curved-surface analysis are being written and tested. 

We are awaiting the arrival of several fusion-spliced, fiber optic polarization-maintaining couplers. We have a 

Langmuir trough at Case Western Reserve University ready for testing the instrument on interfaces. We also have a 

high vacuum system ready at Sandia National Laboratory ready for testing the instrument on liquid metals (lead/tin 

alloys). We have designed, and have had fabricated, a neutral-density filter that will allow us to extend the surface 

ripplon amplitude of the instrument to about two microns. This works by changing phase information in the 

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11-489 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ............................................... '111 ........ 111111 .... 1111111111 ...... 1111 .... 11.11.,.1111 ..... 11111111 ...... '" ...... 11 .. 11111 ...... ", .................. 111 ...................... 11 ........ 111111111111111.11111'11'111.1'111111111 

scattered ligbt to amplitude infonnation, bence overcoming the problems of distinguisbing wbat multiple of the 

(wavelength of ligbt)/2 one is observing wben working with large amplitude ripples on the surface of fluids. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/91 EXPIRATION: 9/95 

Total Students: I PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

de Mul, M., and Mann. I.A. Multilayer fonnation in thin films of liquid crystal at tbe air-water interface. Langmuir. 

(submitted). 

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11-490 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development ...... 1111 ..... '111 ................ " ................ 11111111111111 ... 111111111,",11111'11.11 .. 11.111111111111111111''''".11.11.11'11.11.11''1111111111111111111111111111111"1 .. 1,11111.1111.11111111111111111111.11111111111''''111111111111'111 

Multizone Furnace Control Algorithm Development 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bruce N. Rosenthal NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECTIVE: 

The objective of this AID is to quantify the perfonnance of a multivariable control system for eventual application 

to multizone crystal growth furnaces. 

Multivariable control techniques are important because they can handle explicit coupling among furnace 

components rather than treating the coupling dynamics as disturbances. The major justification for use of 

multivariable furnace control is that thermal interactions exist between furnace heating elements. In a multizone 

furnace these interactions may be strong enough that accounting for them explicitly by the controller can improve 

performance. It has been our experience working with multizone furnaces that these interactions exist and they can 

be significant. Not only do interactions occur between heating elements. but also the ampoule. insulation and 

outside disturbances contribute to interactions as well. Until now we have not quantified the extent of these 

interactions and the ability of multi variable control methods to handle the complex nature of thermal interactions 

expected in multizone furnace systems. 

DESCRIPTION: 

Our approach is to quantify multivariable methods developed under prior AID research by studying the performance 

of multi variable control on a multizone test article. This will help us understand the controller performance in 

terms of multizone heating. This research will involve two major tasks. The first task will concern the design and 

construction of the multizone test article. The second task will concern the application and testing of the controller. 

The controls aspect of this project will involve the expertise of Professor Celal Batur from the University of Akron. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

Quantification will establish a base·line performance index for use of this technology in future applications. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

Significant Progress: 

In November 1993. a statement of work was agreed upon between NASA Headquarters and Lewis Research Center. 

Once the technical direction of this AID was established. detailed design and fabrication of the multizone test article 

began. The test article frame was constructed from 3/4 inch angle iron. The frame measuring 9x9x12 inches was 

made by welding the angle to form a box structure. Attachments to the box frame were made to allow for movable 

side walls at two opposite ends. Half-inch thick Sali type refractory insulating boards are being used for the test 

article walls. Chromalox brand heating element. delivered in August. are being used for the linear multizone 

heaters. They have since been installed in the test article frame and have checked out for compatibility with existing 

power supplies. Initial configuration is setup for testing eight zones. The test article is mounted on a swivel 

support allowing the unit to be positioned at different angles with respect to gravity. Installation is more than 50% 

complete. 

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11-491 
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Planned Activities: 

Remaining construction includes the fabrication of thennocouple supports and fabrication of representative test 

specimen. Positioning of thermocouples and samples are a variable to be studied. Other variables include the 

position of the side walls, the emissivity of the side walls, the thennai conductivity of the side walls, the spacing 

between heating elements. the temperature of the heating elements, the orientation with respect to gravity of the test 

article. A design of experiments will be done to define an approach for the testing. Testing began in November 

1993. 

STUDENTS FUNDED UNDER RESEARCH: TASK INITIATION: 10/92 EXPIRATION: 10/94 

Total Students: 1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Proceedings: 

Batur, c., Srinivasan, A., Duval, W.M.B., Rosenthal, B.N., and Singh, N.B. Development of automated multizone crystal 

growth furnace. American Society of Composite Materials Meeting. Denver, CO, February, 1993. 

Srinivasan, A., Batur, C., Rosenthal, B.N., and Duval, W.M.B. Projective control design for multi-zone crystal growth 

furnace. Submitted to American Control Conference and IEEE Trans. on Control System Technology, (submitted). 

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11-492 
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Multi-Color Holography 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mr. William K. Witherow NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

CO-INVESTIGATORS: 

No Co-I's Assigned to this Task 

TASK OBJECTIVE, DESCRIPTION & SIGNIFICANCE: 

OBJECllVE: 

A noncontact method of simultaneously detennining concentration and temperature variations in fluid systems is 

underway. An additional benefit will be the additional simultaneous data acquisition capability and thus a possible 

reduction in the number of experiment runs required per mission. 

DESCRIPTION: 

In this system, two fluid parameters will be varied simultaneously, and this technique will measure the variations 

by using two different frequency lasers. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

More complete multivariable research on fluid science experiments will be enabled by this new capability. 

PROGRESS DURING FY 1993: 

In the past year a test cell was constructed that allowed control of temperature gradients. Concentration gradients are 

created in the test cell by placing layers of fluids with increasing concentration. Tests were perfonned using the 

breadboard system at MSFC. The system at MSFC consists of two wavelengths (HeNe - 633 nm and HeCd -442 

nm). Tests were conducted to detennine the accuracy of the temperature control of the test cell. Experiments were 

conducted in which temperature gradients only, concentration gradients only, and combinations of temperature and 

concentration gradients were introduced into the test cell. Experiments to detennine the overall sensitivity of the 

system were perfonned by raising the temperature by a small amount and allowing the temperature of the test cell to 

become isothennal. The fringes seen in the system would move a certain distance dependent upon the amount of 

the temperature change. Similar experiments were conducted with concentration changes. Initial experiments 

contained sugar solutions so that the multicolor holographic technique could be characterized with known gradients. 

The temperature gradients were of the order of 0.07 Clcm and the concentration gradients were of the order of 0.5 g 

sugar/(cm liter). These weak gradients were used to demonstrate the capabilities of the system with gradients that 

are typical of spaceflight experiments. Data was collected from these experiments on video tape. The video data 

was used to begin development of computer software to perfonn analysis from the multi-color system. 

Phase shifting interferometry has been incorporated into the multi-color holography technique because of the 

improvement of accuracy and sensitivity that it provides. Preliminary software has been developed that provides a 

phase map from the phase shifting interferometry data. One problem with producing a phase map from phase 

shifting interferometry data is phase wrap. The phase wrap is a consequence of the phase map algorithm. A new 

technique of unwrapping the phase is being developed at MSFC. 

Components were purchased by Metrolaser to build a miniaturized breadboard system. Construction of the system 

was completed in July 1993. The system used fiber optics, a diode laser, and a diode-pumped frequency-doubled 

Nd-Y AG laser (diode laser - 680 nm and Nd-YAG laser - 532 nm). By using current technology lasers the power 

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11-493 
II. MSAD Program Tasks - Advanced Technology Development 11111 .......................................... 1111 .................... 1111 .... " ... 1111 .......... 111111111 .......... 111 ..... 1111111 ..... 11111111111 .. 11.11111 ....... 11.11.11.1' •• , •• ' ....... '1.11 ....... 11111.'1'1'11111111'1111111111"11111111111 

consumption, weight, and size are minimized. Use of fiber optics eliminates the need for mirrors which also 

reduces the weight and minimizes table space for beam layout and pathlength matching requirements. The size, 

weight, and power consumption of the system are being kept small in anticipation of designing a spaceflight 

system. Tests have begun with this system to ensure that it is capable of constructing holograms. A minor 

setback occurred during the system check out. One of the output optical fibers was broken and had to be sent back 

to the manufacturer for repair. Work will resume when the system returns to Metrolaser. 

The theory for using three wavelengths to separate concentration and temperature gradients has been developed. A 

third wavelength will allow three separate comparisons of the data to be made. This will allow an increase in the 

accuracy of the data by applying statistical methods. Also three lasers would provide a redundancy in a spaceflight 

system. The redundancy would allow data to be collected in the event of one of the la<;ers failing. However, while 

developing the theory, it was found that the beam intensity ratios during construction of the hologram will have to 

be lower to improve the efficiency of the hologram during reconstruction. 

TASK INITIATION: 10/91 EXPIRATION: 09194 

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: AID 

NASA CONTRACT No.: In-house 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS FOR FY 1993: 

Journals: 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., and Trolinger, J.D. Special beam intensity ratio needs in multi-color holography. J. 

Modem Optics, vol. 40, No.7, 1387-1393, 1993. 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., and Trolinger, J.D. Algorithm for phase-difference measurement in phase-shifting 

interferometry. Applied Optics, (in press) 1993. 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., Trolinger, J.D. Determination of refractive properties of fluids for dual-wavelength 

interferometry. Applied Optics, vol. 31. no. 34, 7249-7252, 1992. 

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11-494 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations " .................................................. '11.111 .. 1111111111 ......... 1111 ....... IIIIII ............ II .. IIIII ......... tlllIllllllIl .................. I .... 1I'".II'U.It.II'IIIIIIIIIIII.,".III1II1IIII1.I"IIIIII.11111111.111111111 .... 11 

III. 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

Bibliographic Citations for FY 1993 

• Flight Research Tasks 

Benchmark Science ......................................................... III-497 

Biotechnology ................................................................. III -497 

Combustion Science ....................................................... ill-SOO 

Fluid Physics ................................................................... 111-503 

Materials Science ............................................................ III-S07 

• Ground Research Tasks 

Benchmark Science ......................................................... III-S15 

Biotechnology ................................................................. ill-516 

Combustion Science ....................................................... ill-51B 

Fluid Physics ................................................................... 1II-521 

Materials Science ............................................................ III-527 

• ATD 

Advanced Technology Development .......................... 111-537 

How to Order Publications Cited in this Document: 

Copies of many of the documents cited in the bibliography published here are available from the Center for 

AeroSpace In.ormation (CASI), a NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) program facility. Prices are 

determined by the number of pages of each document and whether paper or microfiche copy material is ordered. 

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 

800 Elkridge Landing Road 

Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 

Telephone: 301 621-0390, FAX: 301 621-0134 

U ... IIIIIIIIIIIIIII ......... "IIII ..... 'I ........ IIIIIIIIII .... "IIII ....... 1111111 .. 1' .. 11 ........ 11111111" .... 11 .............. 11.11 ..... 11 ...... II,IIIIII .... II'IIIIII'"III'U.II.II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I .. IIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIII11111111111111"1 

111-495 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............. , ................................................... '11 .... 111 .... 11.111111 ...... ,111111 .... , ............. 11 ...................... ,11 ................. 11.11.1"".11'".1111111111'.11.11111'11.11111111111111111,,1"1""".11, .. 1.11 • 

........... I1 ................. 'n ................................................................. 1 ................ 11 .................................. 111 .......... 111111111"11 ......... 111 ...... 111111 .......................................... . 

111-496 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 111111 ...... 11 ...... 111 .. 111' ............. 11111111 •• 11111 .. 1111 ......... 111 .. '"1 .. '"1,,1,".11 .. 11.111111111111111.11111.11111111111111111 .. 1 .. 11111111111111111I11t111111111111111111'11111111111I111'111I111111111111111111111"1.1111.111 .. 1111 

Flight: Benchmark Science 

Adriaans, M.J., Swanson, D.R., and Lipa, J.A. The velocity of second sound near the lambda transition in superfluid 'He. 

Physica B, (to be published). 

Briggs, M.E., Gammon, R.W., and Shaumeyer, J.N. Measurement of the temperature coefficient of ratio transformers. 

Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 64, 756-759, 1993. 

Chui, T.C.P., Swanson, D.R., Adriaans, M.J., Nissen, J.A., and Lipa, J.A. Temperature fluctuations in the canonical 

ensemble. Phys. Rev. Letters, vol. 69, no. 21, 3005, 1992. 

Chui, T.C.P., Swanson, D.R., Adriaans, M.J., Nissen, J.A., and Lipa, J.A. Temperature noise measurements in the 

canonical ensemble. Physica B, (to be published). 

Duncan, R.V., Akau, R., Gianoulakis, S., Israelsson, U.E., and Chui, T.C.P. Sidewall thermometry perturbations to 

nonlinear heat transport near the lambda transition in 'He (LT-20). Physica B, (to be published). 

Israelsson, U., and Chui, T.C.P. A new thermal conductivity cell for critical dynamics measurements near the superfluid 

transition in 4He aboard the space shuttle, American Physical Society Meeting, Washington, OC, March, 1993. 

Lipa, J.A. Advanced studies of cooperative phase transitions in microgravity. Adv. Space Res., vol. 13, no. 7, 61-71, 

1993. 

Lipa, J.A., Swanson, D.R., Nissen, J.A., and Chui, T.C.P. Heat capacity and thermal relaxation of bulk helium very near 

the lambda point. Physica B, (to be published). 

Segre, P.W., Gammon, R.W., and Sengers, J.U. Light scattering measurements of nonequilibrium fluctuations in a liquid 

mixture. Phys. Rev. E, vol. 47, 1026-1034, 1993. 

Shaumeyer, J.N., Briggs, M.E., and Gammon, R.W. Statistical fitting accuracy in photon-correlation spectroscopy. 

Appl. Optics, vol. 32, 3871-3879, 1993. 

Swanson, DR, Nissen, J.A., Chui, T.C.P., Williamsonn, and Lipa, J.A. Optimization and performance of high resolution 

thermometers in low earth orbit. Physica B, (to be published). 

Wilkinson, R.A. Density relaxation near the critical point of SF6 in low graVity, American Physics SOCiety, Division of 

Fluid Dynamics. Invited Presentation, 1993. 

Zhang, V.C., Briggs, M.E., Gammon, R.W., and Sengers, J.M.H. The susceptibility critical exponent for a nonaqueous 

binary mixture near a consolute point. J. Chern. Phys., vol. 97, 8692-8697, 1992. 

Flight: Biotechnology 

Ban, N.H., Escobar, C., Day, J., Greenwood, A., and McPherson, A. Preliminary crystallographic study of a complex 

between a fab of a monoclonal feline peritonitis virus neutralizing antibody and its anti-idiotypic fab. J. Mol. BioI., (in 

press) 1993. 

Carson, M., and Bugg, C.E. Analysis of the protein backbone. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 12, 

11-13, 1992. 

Carter, D.C. and Ho, J-X. Structures of serum albumin. Advances in protein chemistry; lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, 

and lipases, ed., V.N. Schumaker (Academic Press), (in press) 1994. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.C., and Pickart, C.M. Structure of a tetra-ubiquitin conjugate shows how multi-ubiquitin conjugates 

can be formed. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993 . 

......................................... " ................................. 11 ........................... '1111 .............. 1111,11 ... ,.,,11 ........... 11 .... 11.11.1I"'.II.It""II'II',.III.,I •• II.II.II""II.I ••• II.I""'" •••• 11'1 •• 11.11.,1.1 

PRaGIOINQ PAGE BLANK NOT FtlM~D 111-497 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................................. 111111, .............. " ..... ,1111I1I'flllll"",,'IIII.II'I"IIII'II""IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'1.11''''''111'''11''11111111111.11.,1111'".,1111111111111111111'11'lI'fI"I"tl'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,'1111 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.C., Chen, Z., and Pickart, C.M. Structure of a di-ubiquitin conjugate and a model for interaction 

with ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2). J. BioI. Chern. , vol. 267, 15116-15121, 1992. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.C., Cox, J.A., and Vijay-Kumar, S. Structure of a sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein from 

amphioxus refined at 2.4A resolution. J. Mol. BioI. , vol. 229, 461-471, 1993. 

Cook, W.J., Jeffrey, L.c., Xu, Y., and Cbau, V. Tertiary structures of class I ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes are highly 

conserved: Crystal structure of yeast Ubc4. Biochem., (in press) 1993. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth experiments and results from the United States Microgravity 

Laboratory-l mission. 1. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 26, Bl00-103, 1993. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32. In 

Proceedings of the COSPAR Meeting in the Hague, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 12, 1992. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C.E., McPherson, A., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth 

in microgravity. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C.E., McPherson, A., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal growth 

in microgravity. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

EI-Kabbani, 0., DeLucas, L.J., et al. Three-dimensional structures of human and porcine aldehyde reductase. 1. BioI. 

Chern., (in press) 1993. 

E1-Kabbani, 0., Lin, G., Narayana, S.V.L., Green N.C., Moore, K.M., Flynn, T.G., and De Lucas, L.l. Crystallization and 

preliminary structure determination of porcine aldehyde reductase from two crystal forms. Acta Cryst. , vol. D49, 

490-496, 1993. 

He, X-M., and Carter, D.C. Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature, vol. 358, 209-215, 1992. 

Ho, J-X, Holowachuk, E.W., Norton, 1.1., Twig, P.D., and Carter, D.C. X-ray and primary structure of horse serum albumin 

(Equus Caballus). Eur. J. Biocbem., vol. 215, 205-212, 1993. 

Janakiraman, M.N., White, C.L., Luo, M., Air, G.M., and Laver, W.G. The structure of a stabilized transition state 

intermediate bound in BlLee/40 influenza virus neuraminidase at 2.3A resolution. Science, (in press) 1993. 

Ko, T.P., Ng, J.D., and McPherson, A. The three-dimensional structure of canavalin from jack bean. PI. Physiol., vol. 

101, 729-744, 1993. 

Ko, T.P., Ng, J.D., and McPherson, A. X-ray structure determination of three crystal forms of canavalin by molecular 

replacement. Acta Cryst., (in press) 1993. 

Larson, S.B., Day, J., Cascio, D., Greenwood, A., and McPherson, A. The refined molecular structure of pig pancreatic 

a-amylase at 2.1 A resolution. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Larson, S.B., McPherson, A., et al. Double helical RNA in satellite tobacco mosaic virus. Nature, vol. 361, 179-182, 

1993. 

Larson, S.B., McPherson, A., et al. The three-dimensional structure of satellite tobacco mosaic virus at 2.9 A resolution. 

J. Mol. BioI., vol. 231, 375-391, 1993. 

Logan, J., et al. CFTR Mutations which disrupt nucleotide binding. 1. Clin. Invest., (in press) 1993. 

Long, M.M., DeLucas, LJ., Bugg, C.E., et al. Protein crystal growth in microgravity: Temperature-induced large-scale 

crystallization of insulin. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, 

Beijing, China, May, 1993 . 

....................................................... 11111 ............... 11"'111111111111111.11""1111111111'""1"11111111111111111111 ...... 111111111.lllIltiltlllllllll.II .. IIIIII .. I .. I .. , .... " .......... II •••• 1I1111111tlllI ... 111111111I1 

111-498 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ....... 1111 .................... 11 ................................ 111 ............. 11.11.11'".11 .. 11.11 •• 11.11.11.1111 •• 1111111111'11111.".11'1111.11.11'"1111IIItllllllllll,".II"II.IIIIIIIIIIII." •• II.II.I.II' •• II,111I.II.U"II,'U'IIIIIIII 

Malkin, A.J., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of pumpkin seed globulin: Growth and dissolution kinetics. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Malkin, AJ., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus IT: Postnucleation events. J. Cryst. 

Growth, vol. 126, 555-564, 1993. 

Malkin, AJ., and McPherson, A. Light scattering investigations of protein and virus crystal growth: Ferritin, apoferritin 

and satellite tobacc;) mosaic virus. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 1232-1235, 1993. 

Malkin, A.J., Cheung, J., and McPherson, A. Crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus I: Nucleation phenomena. 

J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 126, 544-554, 1993. 

McPherson, A. Effects of a micro gravity environment on the crystallization of biological macromolecules. Microgravity 

Sci. and Tech., vol. 6, 101-109, 1993. 

McPherson, A. The role of x-ray crystallography in structure-based rational drug design. Rational Drug Design, (in press) 

1993. 

McPherson, A. Virus and protein crystal growth on Earth and in micro gravity. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 26, 

B104-B1l2, 1993. 

McPherson, A. Virus and protein crystal growth on Earth and in microgravity. In Proceedings of the II International 

Workshop on the Crystal Growth of Organic Materials, Glasgow, Scotland, October, 1993. 

Miller, T.Y., He, X-M., and Carter, D.C. A comparison between protein crystals grown with vapor diffusion methods in 

microgravity and protein crystals using a gel liquid-liquid diffusion method. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Montgomery, J.A., and Bugg, C.E. Structure-based rational drug design. Sci. Arner., (in press) 1993. 

Montgomery, J.A., Bugg, C.E., et al. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase: 

9-(arylmetbyl) derivatives of 9-deazaguanine. J. Med. Chem., vol. 36, 55-69, 1993. 

Narayana, S.V.L., Bugg, C.E., and DeLucas, LJ. Structure of human factor D, a complement system protein at 2.oA 

resolution. J. BioI. Chem., (in press) 1993. 

Narayana, S.V.L., DeLucas, L.J., et al. Preliminary crystallographic studies on pro-factor D. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 

1993. 

Narayana, S.v.L., Yamauichi, Y., Macon, K.J., Moore, D., DeLucas. L.J., and Volanakis, J.E. Preliminary 

crystallographic studies on pro-factor D. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Ng, J.D., Ko, T.P., and McPherson, A. Cloning, expression and crystallization of jack bean canavalin. PI. Physiol., vol. 

101, 713-728, 1993. 

Patel, S., Cudney, S., and McPherson, A. Crystallographic characterization and molecular symmetry of edestin, a legumin 

from hemp. J. Mol. BioI., (in press) 1993. 

Rhodes, P.H., and Snyder, R.S. Theoretical and experimental studies in the stabilization of the hydrodynamic flow in free 

flow electrophoresis. Cell Electrophor., (in press) 1994. 

Rhodes, P.H., Baygents, J.C., Roberts, G.O., and Snyder, R.S. Electrohydrodynamic effects in continuous flow 

electrophoresis. Appl. & Theoretic. Electrophor., (in press) 1993. 

Snyder, R.S., and Rhodes, P.H. Electrophoresis in space: Why is it important?, International Council of Electrophoresis 

Societies Conference, Sandefjord, Norway, June 2--4, 1993 . 

....................................................................................................................................... 11 .... ,1 ...... , ........ ,11,11,11 ........ 11.,11,11 ... ,." ..... 11,.' .............. 11 .................. ,.""'" 

111-499 
III. MSAD Program Tasks -FYl993 Bibliographic Citations 1 ............................ " ................................ 111 ..................... 11I ..... IIIII ........ ltlll .............. IIIIII ....................................... 1I'''''''"''''I''I .. I,",".IIIIIIII •• ,IIIIII''IIIII.II.II.nllllll.lI. 

Walter, M.R., Bugg, C.E., et al. Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4. J. BioI. Chern .• vol. 267, 

20371-20376, 1992. 

Zhao, B.O .• Carson. W.M .• Ealick. S.E., and Bugg, C.E. Structure of scorpion toxin variant-3 at 1.2A resolution. J. Mol. 

BioI.. vol. 227, 239-252, 1992. 

Flight: Combustion Science 

Abbud-Madrid, A.. and Ronney, P.D. Effects of particulate radiation on premixed gas flames, AIAA Meeting, Reno, NV, 

AlAA 93--0711. Jan. 11-14, 1993. 

Abbud-Madrid. A., and Ronney, P.D. Premixed flame propagation in an optically-thick gas. AlAA J., vo!. 31, 

2179-2181, 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y. An analytical solution for transient, cylindrically symmetric laminar diffusion flames in the absence of 

buoyancy. Combus. & Flame, (submitted) 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R.B. Combustion of gaseous fuels under reduced-gravity condition. NASA Publication, 

Vol. 2, 653-658, NASA CP-3166, 1992. 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R.B. Effects of buoyancy on gas jet diffusion flames. NASA CR-191109, April, 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Edelman, R.B., and Stocker, D.P. Numerical and experimental investigation of the effects of buoyancy on 

laminar diffusion flames, Paper 92-101 presented at the Fall Western States Meeting of The Combustion Institute, 

Berkeley, CA, October 1992. 

Bahadori. M.Y., Hegde, U.O., Zhou, L., and Stocker, D.P. Effects of gravity on the transition to turbulence of gas jet 

diffusion flames, AlAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting (AlAA-93-071O), Reno, NV, January, 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Edelman, R.B. Observations on the effects of pressure on microgravity laminar gas jet 

diffusion flames. submitted to AlAA Journal, 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Sotos, R.O. Effects of oxygen concentration and gravitational level on radiative loss 

from laminar hydrocarbon diffusion flames. AIAA J. of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, (submitted) 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., and Sotos, R.O. Effects of oxygen concentration on radiation from micro gravity laminar 

propane diffusion flames, Paper presented at the Joint Central and Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, New 

Orleans, LA, Marcb, 1993. 

Bahadori, M.Y., Stocker, D.P., Vaughan, D.F., Zbou, L., and Edelman, R.B. Effects of buoyancy on laminar, transitional, 

and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames. Modem Developments in Energy, Combustion, and Spectroscopy, 49-66, 1993. 

Bbattacharjee, S. A comparison of numerical and analytical solution of the creeping flame spread over thermally thin 

material. Accepted for Publication in C and F, 1993. 

Bhattacharjee, S., Altenkircb, R.A., and Sacksteder, K. Implications of spread rate and temperature measurements in flame 

spread over a thin fuel in a quiescent, microgravity, space-based environment. Combust. Sci. Techno!., 91. 225-242, 

1993. 

Bhattacharjee, S., Altenkirch, R.A., and Sacksteder, K. The effect of ambient pressure on flame spread over thin cellulosic 

fuel in a quiescent, microgravity environment: theory and experiment, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA., 

1993. 

Bbattachaxjee, S., and Altenkircb, R.A. A comparison of tbeoretical and experimental results in flame spread over thin 

condensed fuels in a quiescent, micro gravity environment, Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, 

Pittsburgb, PA, 1992 . 

...................................... " ....................................... 111 ................... 1111' ............... 11111 ......................... 1 ..... 111111111111.11 ......... 1"1' ....... 11111.111 ... 1 .... ' .............. 11111111.11.".1111 

111-500 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................................................ , ............. 11 ................. ' ...... ,1, ............ ' .. '1111.11.11.11.1,."111111 ...... 111111111' ..... '1111111111'1"111 •• , .... ,111.,111 .......... '"111111 .... ,I.'It'".II.1I111 

Bbattacbarjee, S., Bbaskaran, K.K., and Altenkirch, R.A. Effect of pyrolysis kinetics on opposed-flow flame spread 

modeling, Submitted to CST, 1993. 

Bhattacharjee, S., Charles, T.L. and Altenkirch, R.A. Modeling gas-phase radiation from laminar flame spreading over 

solids, Submitted to the ASME 1993 Winter Annual Meeting. 

Bbattacberjee, S., Seaton, D., and Altenkircb, R.A. The role of kinetic, transport, and thermodynamic properties on flame 

spread over a thin solid fuel in an opposed-flow environment, Presented at the W.S.S. Technical Meeting of the 

Combustion Institute, Oct 12-13, 1992 U.C. Berkeley. 

Buckmaster, J., Gessman, R., and Ronney, P.O. The three-dimensional dynamics of flame balls. Twenty-Fourth 

Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 53-59, 1992. 

Bullard, D.B., Tang, L., Altenkirch, R.A., and Bhattachrujee, S. Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels in a microgravity 

environment. Adv. Space Res., 13, 177-184, 1993. 

Card, J. M. Combustion studies of alkane droplets under reduced-gravity conditions. Ph.D. dissertation, University of 

California, San Diego, Dec. 1992. 

Card, J.M. Asymptotic analysis for the burning of n-heptane droplets using a four-step reduced mechanism. Combus. & 

Flame, 1993. 

Choi, M.Y., Dryer, F.L., Green, GJ., and Sangiovanni, 1.1. Soot agglomeration in isolated, free-droplet combustion. 

AIAA Meeting, AIAA 93-0823, 1993. 

Dryer, F.L. Computational/experimental studies of isolated. single-component-droplet combustion. NASA CP 10113, 

291-296, 1993. 

Faeth, G.M., Sunderland, Koylu, and Urban, Laminar jet diffusion flames in microgravity: A paradigm for soot processes in 

turbulent flames, International Symposium on Aerospace and Fluid Sciences, Scndai, Japan, November, 1993. 

Haslam, B.D., and Ronney, P.O. Fractal properties of propagating fronts in a strongly stirred fluid. Phys. of Fluids, 

(submitted). 

Haslam, B.D., and Ronney, P.O. Experimental simulation of premixed turbulent combustion in flows with a broad range of 

temporal and spatial scales, Combustion Institute, Fall Technical Meeting, Western States Section. Berkeley, CA. Oct. 

12-13, 1992. 

Hegde, U.G., and Bahadori. M.Y. An analytical model for gravitational effects on Burke-Schumann flames, Paper 92-102 

presented at The Fall Western States Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Berkeley, CA. October 1992. 

Hegde, U.G., Zhou, L., and Babadori, M.Y. The transition to turbulence of microgravity gas jet diffusion flames. 

Submitted to Combustion Science and Technology, 1993. 

Koylu, et al. Soot nucleation and growth in weakly-buoyant laminar jet diffusion flames, AlA A 32nd Aerospace Sciences 

Meeting (accepted). 

Lozinski, D., Buckmaster, J.D .. and Ronney, P.O. Absolute flammability limits and flame balls in optically thick 

mixtures. Combus. & Flame. (submitted). 

Miller, F., and Ross, H.D. Further observations of flame spread across laboratory-scale alcohol pools. Twenty-Fourth 

Symposium (International) on Combustion, July 1993. 

Miller. F., and Ross. H.D. Liquid-pbase flow and temperature field visualization during flame spread over alcohol pools. 

Combustion Institute, Western States Section, Berkeley, CA. Oct. 1992 . 

......................... 11 ....................... , .............. ' .. ' .. 11.' ...... '11.11.11.,1,.11.11'11.,11111111,.11'"1111111111.11 ... ",,11111111111111.11111'11111111111111111.1.11.111.11111111111111111111111',IIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 

111-501 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 

Mortazavi, Sunderland, Koylu, and Faeth, G.M. Structure of soot-containing laminar jet diffusion flames, Presented at the 

AlAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. 

Ronney, P.O. Studies of premixed laminar and turbulent flames at microgravity. Final Report for Grant, NAG3-1252, 

August 31, 1993. 

Ronney, P.O. Laser versus conventional ignition of flames. Optical Eng., (accepted). 

Ronney, P.O. Laser versus conventional ignition of flames, SPIE OEILASE 1993, Los Angeles, CA, Jan. 1993. 

Ronney, P.O., and Yakhot, V. Flame broadening effects on premixed turbulent flame speed. Combus. Sci. & Tech., vol. 

86, 31-43, 1992. 

Schiller, D.L., Ross, H.D., and Sirignano, W.A. Computational analysis of flame spread over alcohol pools. Combus. & 

Tech., (submitted). 

Schiller, D.L., Ross, H.D., and Sirignano, W.A. Computational predictions of flame spread over alcohol pools. 31st 

AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, AIAA 93-0825, 1993. 

Shy, S.s., Ronney, P.O., Buckley, S.G., and Yakhot, V. Experimental simulation of premixed turbulent combustion using 

aqueous autocatalytic reactions. Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 

543-551, 1992. 

Sloane, T.M., and Ronney, P.O. A comparison of ignition phenomena modeled with detailed and simplified kinetics. 

Combus. Sci. & Tech., vol. 88, 1-13, 1993. 

Stocker, D.P., Olson, S.L., Torero, J.L., and Fernandez-Pello, A.C. Microgravity smoldering combustion on the USML-l 

Space Shuttle mission, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, ASME Heat Transfer Division Symposium 

Volume, November 28-December 3, 1993. 

Sunderland, Mortazavi, Faeth, G.M., and Urban. Laminar smoke points of nonbuoyant jet diffusion flames. Combus. & 

Flame, (accepted for publication). 

Tang, L., Altenkirch, R.A., Ramachandra, P., and Wolverton, M.K. Unsteady flame spread over thin solid fuels in 

quiescent environments, Central States and Eastern Sections: Combustion Institute, New Orleans, LA, 1993. 

Torero, J.L., Fernandez-Pello, A.C., and Urban. Experimental observation of the effect of gravity changes on smoldering 

combustion, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno, Jan. 11-14 1993, October 1992, Berkeley, CA. 

Wang, Q., and Ronney, P.O. Mechanisms of flame propagation limits in vertical tubes, Spring Technical Meeting, 

Combustion Institute, Eastern/Central States Section, New Orleans, LA, March 15-17, 1993. 

West, J., Bhattacharjee, S., and Altenkirch, R.A. Investigation of controlling parameters in transition between 

thermally-thin and thermally-thick flame spread over solid fuels in an opposing flow, Presented at the W.S.S. Technical 

Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Oct 12-13, 1992, U.C. Berkeley. 

West, J., Bhattacharjee, S., and Altenkirch, R.A. Surface radiative effects on flame spread over thermally thick fuels in an 

opposing flow, Presented at the ASME Summer 1992 Meeting, also accepted for publication in 10urnal of Heat Transfer. 

Williams, F.A. Studies of droplet burning and extinction. NASA CP 10113, 283-290, 1993. 

Zhou, L., Hegde, U.G., and Bahadori, M.Y. Experimental observations of turbulent gas jet diffusion flames in 

microgravity, Paper presented at The Joint Central and Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, New Orleans, 

LA, March, 1993. 

, ................................................................... , ......... 111 .. '" .. 11'11.111111111 .. 11.111111111.11"".11.111111111.1.1111.11.111111.1111,11111111111111 •• 1111111111111111111111111'11111111.11'.111111 .. 111111111111 •• 11 ••• ,. 

111-502 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ......................... 1 .............................................................. , ........................... ", .. , ......... 1111 .. 1111 .. 11111 ........... 1111 .................. 1 ........................................... , ........... 1111111 

Zbou, L., Vaugban, D.F., Stocker, D.P., and Babadori, M.Y. Reduced-Gravity Observations on Near-Transition Gas Jet 

Diffusion Flames, Paper 92-100 presented at The Fall Western States Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Berkeley, 

California, October, 1992. 

Zhu, J.Y., and Ronney, P.D. Simulation of front propagation at large nondimensional flow disturbance intensities. 

Combus. Sci. & Flame, (accepted). 

Flight: Fluid Physics 

Al Gasimi, M.E., and Sture, S. Formulation of endochronic-plasticity equations for isochoric conditions. In Proceedings 

of Joint SES/ASMEIASCE Mechanics Conference, University of Virginia, June, 1993. 

Balasubramaniam, R., and Subramanian, R.S. Thermocapillary bubble migration: The asymptotic problem for large 

Marangoni numbers, AlChE 86th Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, Nov. 1993. 

Brummell, N.H., and Hart, J.E. High raleigh number B convection. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 68, 85-114, 

1993. 

Burkersroda, C.V., Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Interfacial tension measurements of fluorinerts and silicone oils. 

Microgravity Quarterly, (submitted) 1993. 

Chebaro, H.C., and Hallinan, K.P. Boundary conditions for an evaporating thin film for isothermal interfacial conditions. 

J. Heat Transf., 115, 816-819, (published). 

Chebaro, H.C., Hallinan, K.P., Kim, S.J., and Chang, W.S. Evaporation from a porous wick heat pipe for nonisothermal 

conditions. National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, Georgia Aug. 8-11, 1993, (published). 

Doi, T., and Koster, J.N. Thermocapillary convection in two immiscible liquid layers with free surface. Phys. Fluids A, 5 

(8), 1914-1927, 1993. 

Dukler, A.E. Interpretation of recent data on micro gravity two-phase flow, Institute de Mecanique des Fluides de Toulouse 

in Toulouse France, January 12, 1993. 

Fradkov, V.E., Mani, S.S., Glicksman, M.E., Rogers, J.R., Downey, J.P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, 

D.O. Coarsening of three-dimensional droplets by two-dimensional diffusion Part II: Theory. J. Colloid & Interface Sci., 

(in press) 1994. 

Fradkov, V., Frazier, D.O., et al. Mixed dimensional coarsening of 3-D droplets by a 2-D diffusion, Fall Meeting of the 

Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3, 1993. 

Fradlov, V.E., Mani, S.S., Glicksman, M.E., Roger, J.R., Downey, J,P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, 

D.O. Coarsening of three-dimensional droplets by two-dimensional diffusion Part I: Experiment. Jnl. Colloid and 

Interface Sci., ( in press) 1994. 

Garoff, S. Dynamic contact angles of non-Newtonian fluids, American Chemical Society meeting, Toronto, June 1993. 

Garoff, S. Dynamic contact angles and hydrodynamics near a moving contact line. American Physical Society meeting, 

Washington D.C. April 1993, (in press). 

Goeckner, M.J., Goree, 1, and Sheridan, T.E. Measurements of ion velocity and density in the plasma sheath. Phys. 

Fluids B, vol. 4, 277-280, 1992. 

Goeckner, M.J., Goree J., and Sheridan, T.E. Saturation broadening of laser-induced fluorescence from plasma ions. Rev. 

Sci. Instr., vol. 64, 996-1000, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by a cbarged dust grain in a plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69,277-280, 1992 . 

........................................... 111 ................. " ........... , ......................................... 1111 ................... 11111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 ..... 1 .. 1 .. ' ....... 1111 ........ 11.111111111 .... 1 .. 111111111 ....... ' .. 111111111'1 

111-503 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ......................................................................... 1 .................. IIIIIIII ..... IIIIIIIII ....... ' .. UI"IIII ... III ... IIIII ..... I .......... III ................. IIII .. IIIIII ............... II .... If ................ III •• '11,1 

Goree, J. The plasma-crystal project, Fifth Dusty Plasma Workshop, Huntsville, AL, March, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by a charged dust grain in a plasma, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Formation, Transport, 

and Consequence of Particles in Plasma Processing, France, September, 1993. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by charged dust grains in a plasma, Gaseous Electronics Conference, Boston, MA, October, 1992. 

Goree, J. Dusty plasmas, American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics Meeting, Seattle, WA, November, 1992. 

Goree, J. Ion trapping by charged dust grains in a plasma, IEEE Conference on Plasma Science, Vancouver, Canada, June, 

1993. 

Goree, J., and Chiu, Y.T. Dust contamination of the spacecraft environment by exposure to plasma. I. Spacecraft & 

Rockets, (in press) 1993. 

Goree, I., and Sheridan, T.E. Particulate release from surfaces exposed to a plasma. I. Vac. Sci. Tech. A, vol. 10, 

3540-3544, 1992. 

Holt, R.G., Apfel, R.E., Tian, Y., Zheng, X., and Tao, S. Materials characterization of surfaces of water drops with 

surfactants by acoustic means: The need for a micro gravity environment, 125th meeting of the Acoustical Society of 

America, Ottawa, Canada, 1993. 

Holt, R.G., Tian, Y., Zheng, X., and Apfel, R.E. Drops in space: Spacelab experiments on surfactant-bearing drops, 

125th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Ottawa. Canada (1993). 

Ianicot, A., and DukJer, A.E. A model for gas-liquid slug flow at reduced gravity conditions. AIChE I., 39, No.6, 110, Iuly 

1993. 

Kamotani, Y. Effects of g-jitter on the surface tension driven convection experiment aboard USML-l, International 

Workshop on G-jitter, Clarkson University. Potsdam, NY, Iune, 1993. 

Kamotani, Y. Results from the surface tension driven convection experiment, Gordon Research Conferences, July, 1993. 

Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach, S. Effect of g-jitter on liquid free surfaces in microgravity, Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, 

IUTAM Symposium, Bremen, 1991; also, Springer-Verlag, 1992. 

Kamotani, Y., and Platt, I. Effect of free surface shape on combined thermocapillary and natural convection. I. of 

Thermophys. & Heat Transf., Vol. 6, No.2, 1992. 

Kamotani, Y., Lee, I.H., and Ostrach, S. Oscillatory thermocapillary flow in cylindrical containers with laser heating, 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Kamotani. Y., Lee, I.H., Ostrach, S., and Pline, A. An experimental study of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in 

cylindrical containers. Phys. Fluids A, Vol. 4, 1992. 

Kamotani. Y., Ostrach. S., and Lee. K.I. Oscillatory thermocapillary flow in cylindrical columns of high Pr fluids. I. 

Fluid Mech., (submitted) 1993. 

Kamotani, Y., Ostrach, S., and Pline, A. A thermocapillary convection experiment in microgravity. I. Heat Transf., 

(submitted) 1993. 

Koster, IN., Prakash, A .• Campbell. T.A.. and Pline, A. Analysis of convection in immiscible liquid layers with novel 

particle tracking velocimetry. ASME AMD Vol. 154,95-103, 1992. 

Koster, I.N., Prakash, A., Fujita, D., and Doi. T. Benard and Marangoni convection in multiple liquid layers. ESA SP 333, 

221-226, 1992. 

1111 .. '"11111111111 ............... 11 .. 11 ................. 1111 ................ 11.111111.11'"111 .. 111111111111.11.11 .. 111111111,".1111111.1111111111111111111.1111111111111111111 ............ 1111 .... 1 .. 111111111.11 ....... 1 ........... It.It.IIII.1 

111-504 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations .................... 14 ..... ' ...................... 111 ......... 111 ............................ '1111 ................ , ......... ' .. 1111 .. '"1 .. 11111111111 ....................... '11111111 ... 111111 .. ' .......... 111 .. ' ..... '.111111 ............. 111"'" 

Koster, J.N., Prakash, A., Fujita. D., and Doi, T. Benard and Marangoni convection in immiscible liquid layers. ASME 

HID Vol. 198, 99-104, 1992. 

Merritt, R.M., Morton, D.S., and Subramanian, R.S. Flow structures in bubble migration under the combined action of 

buoyancy and thermocapillarity. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., ISS, 200-209, 1993. 

Merte, H., Lee, H.S., and Ervin, J.S. Transient nucleate pool boiling in microgravity - some initial results, International 

Symposium on Microgravity Science and Application, Beijing, China, May 1993. 

Nallani, M., and Subramanian, R.S. Migration of methanol drops in a vertical temperature gradient in a silicone oil. 1. 

Colloid Interf. Sci., 157, 24-31, 1993. 

Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Oscillatory thermocapillary flow experiment, Joint "L+ 1" Science Review for USML-l and 

USMP-l With the Microgravity Measurement Group, Huntsville, AI, September, 1993. 

Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. Recent developments in oscillatory thermocapillary flows, Proc. AIAAJIKI, Microgravity 

Science Symposium, 1991. 

Ostrach, S., Kamotani, Y., and Pline, A. USML-l surface tension driven convection experiment: Preliminary analysis of 

the data, International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Prediction of plastic localization using the MRS-Lade model. J. Geotech. Eng., vol. 

119, no. 4, 639-661, 1993. 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Evaluation of plastic bifurcation for plane strain vs. axisymmetry. J. Eng. Mech., 

vol. 118, no. 3, 512-524, 1992. 

Peric, D., Sture, S., and Runesson, K. Plastic bifurcation under undrained conditions. In Proceedings of Joint 

SES/ASMEJASCE Mechanics Conference, University of Virginia, June, 1993. 

Pline, A., Jacobson, T., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach, S. Surface tension driven convection experiment. AlAA Space 

Programs and Technology Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL, AlA A 93-4312, Sep, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Natural and thermocapillary convection in three layers. Eur. J. Mech. BlFluids, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in multiple layers of immiscible liquids in a shallow cavity - Part 1: Steady 

natural convection. Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in multiple layers of immiscible liquids in a shallow cavity - Part 2: Steady 

thermocapillary convection. Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Thermocapillary convection in three immiscible liquid layers. Microgravity Quarterly, 

1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J.N. Convection in a liquid BP3 encapsulated GaAs melt. J. Cryst. Growth, (submitted) 1993. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, IN. Interfacial and gravitational convection in immiscible liquid layers. IAF-92-0907, 1992. 

Prakash, A., Fujita, D., and Koster, J.N. Surface tension and buoyancy effects on a free-free layer. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, 

12 (I), 15-29, 1993. 

Prakash, A., Koster, J.N., and Hill, M. Natural and thermocapillary convection in multiple liquid layers. AIAA 93-0469, 

1993. 

Rampall, I., and Subramanian, R.S. Flow driven by oscillatory gravitational fields in a vertical channel - side walls 

effects, First International Conference on G-jitter, Potsdam, New York, June 1993 . 

............... III ... III ....................... II ....... nlllllll" ....................... 11111' .. '1111111111 ........ "111111111 .. 1111 .. 11111111111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111.11'11111"1"1111'1'11111111111 

III-50S 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................................................................................................. " .............. " ............... " ..................................................................................... '1.11111111 

Rogers, J., Downey, J., Witherow, W., Facemire, B., and Frazier, D.O. A study of diffusional growth in a liquid-liquid 

miscibility-gap system using bolograpbic tecbniques, Gordon Researcb Conference, Henniker, NH, July 19-23, 1993. 

Rogers, J., Downey, J., Witherow, W., Facemire, B., and Frazier, D.O. A study of diffusional growth in a liquid-liquid 

miscibility-gap system using bolograpbic tecbniques, 45tb Soutbeast Regional Meeting of the American Cbemical 

Society, Jobnson City, TN, October 17-20, 1993. 

Rogers, J.R., Downey, J.P., Witherow, W.K., Facemire, B.R., and Frazier, D.O. Diffusional growth of succinonitrile-ricb 

droplets on a 2-D surface in a succinonitrile-water miscibility-gap solution, Seventh Annual Alabama Materials Researcb 

Conference, Normal, AL, September 21-22, 1993. 

Saville, D.A., and Sankaran, S. The stability of a fluid cylinder in an axial electric field, AICbE Annual Meeting, Miami, 

FL, November, 1992. 

Scbmitt, T., Koster, J.N., and Hamacber, H. Particle design for displacement tracking velocimetry. Rev. Sci. lnstrum., 

(submitted) 1993. 

Sberidan, T.E., Goree, J., et al. Observation of dust shedding from material bodies in a plasma. J. Geophys. Res.: Space 

Pbys., vol. 97, 2935-2942, 1992. 

Sture, S., Perkins, S.W., Ko, H.Y., and Dialer, C. Modellierung von Tragwerken aus Regolith (Mondgestein) mittels 

Zentrifugenversucb. J. Bautecbnik, vol. 69, no. 11, 644-650, 1992. 

Tian, Y., Zbeng, X., Holt, R.G., Apfel. R.E. The radial oscillations of a gas bubble in a surfactant solution, 125th meeting 

of the Acoustical Society of America, Ottawa, Canada, 1993. 

Tong, W., and Koster, IN. Coupling of natural convection flow across a vertical density inversion interface. Warme- und 

Stoffubertragung, 28, 1-9, 1993. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J.N. Penetrative convection in sublayer of water including density inversion. Warme- und 

Stoffubertragung. 1993. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J.N. Natural convection of water in a rectangular cavity including density inversion. lnt. J. Heat 

Fluid Flow, 1993. 

Tong, W., and Koster. J.N. Density inversion effect on transient natural convection in a rectangular enclosure. lnt. 1. 

Heat Mass Transf., 1993. 

Vedba-Nayagam, M., and Balasubramaniam, R. An exact solution for combined thermocapillary, rotation and buoyancy 

induced flow in a semi-infinite liquid layer, 29th National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, Aug. 1993. 

Wei. II .• and Subramanian, R.S. Thermocapillary migration of a small chain of bubbles. Pbys. Fluids A, Mar. 1993. 

Wei, H., and Subramanian, R.S. The migration of a pair of bubbles due to the combined action of gravity and 

thcrmocapillarity, Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, Henniker, New 

Hampshire, July 1993 (poster). 

Wilson, K.R., and Garoff, S. Effect of chain termination cbemistry and molecular weight on dynamic wetting of polymer 

liquids. Colloids & Surfaces, (submitted). 

Yuren, T., Holt, R.G., and Apfel, R.E. Deformation and location of an acoustically levitated liquid drop. J. Acoust. Soc. 

Am., 93, 3096, 1993 . 

............................ 11 .................... 1111111 .............. " ........ , ...................... ' ... 1111111 .......... 11 ....... 1 ..... 1111.11.11 .................................................... 1 ... 11111.11.1111 ....... 11 •• 11 .. '11 ..... .. 

111-506 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 1 .......... 11 ................ 1111 .................. 11 .... 11 .......... 11.".11 .... 11111.11 .. 111111111111111'11 .. 11,",11111111111"'111.1.,111111.1111 ................ " ....... 'I., •• '"IIII.III •• II.II.IItIIIIlII.I.""1111111'"'1"1'111111111111 

Flight: Materials Science 

Abbot, N.L., Wbitesides, G.M., Racz, L.M., and Szekely, J. Calculating tbe sbapes of geometrically-confined drips of 

liquid on patterned, self-assembled mono layers, using finite element metbods: A new method to estimate small contact 

angles. J. Am. Cbem. Soc., (in press) 1993. 

Alexander, 1.I.D. Analysis of experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration, International Symposium on Microgravity 

Science and Application, Beijing, Cbina, May 10-12, 1993. 

Alexander, 1I.D. Analysis of experiment sensitivity to residual acceleration. Micrograv. Sci. & Tecb., (in press) 1994. 

Andrews, J.B. Solidification of immiscible alloys. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Systems with a 

Liquid Miscibilty Gap, Bad Honnef, Germany, (in press) 1993. 

Andrews, J.B., Merrick, R.A., and Schmale, A.L. Solidification in immiscible systems: The influence of processing 

conditions on resulting microstructures. In Proceedings of VIIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in 

Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, 475-480, 1992. 

Andrews, J.B., Sandlin, A.C., and Curreri, P.A. Influence of gravity level and interfacial energies on dispersion forming 

tendencies in bypermonotectic CuPbAl alloys. NASA Technical Memorandum, 4456, 1993. 

Andrews, J.B., Sandlin, A.C., and Curreri, P.A. Directional solidification of CuPbAl hypermonotectic alloys under 

alternating gravity levels. NASA Technical Memorandum, 4456, 1993. 

Andrews, J.B., Schmale, A.L., Dwyer, Z.B., Moss, C.B., and Hayes, L.J. Solidification in immiscible systems. Advances 

in Space Researcb, vol. 13, 229-234, 1993. 

Beitelman, L., Mulcahy, J., llegbusi, O.J., Szekely, J. A preliminary study of flow control in continuous casting by tbe 

combined action of electromagnetic stirring and clamping forces, TMS International Conference on MHD in Process 

Metallurgy, San Diego, 1992. 

Biao, Y., Su, C.H., et al. Photoluminescence of vapor- and solution-grown ZnTe single crystals. J. Cryst. Growth, (in 

press) 1993. 

Biao, Y., Su, c.H., et al. Photoluminescence of vapor- and solution-grown ZnTe single crystals, Sixth International 

Conference on II-VI Compounds and Related Optoelectronic Materials, Newport, RI, September, 1993. 

Carlson, F.M., Moosbrugger, J.C., Lee, T., Rosen, G., and Larson, OJ. CdZnTe crystal growth: predictive modeling and 

sensor technology, ARPA Intelligent Processing of Materials Workshop, Charlottesville, VA, June 24-25, 1993. 

Casagrande, L., DiMarzio, D., Lee, M., Larson, Jr., 0.1., Dudley, M., and Fanning, T. Vertical Bridgman growth and 

cbaracterization of large-diameter single crystal CdTe. J, Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 576-581, 1993. 

Casagrande, L.G., Larson, Jr., D.J., DiMarzio, D., Wu, J., and Dudley, M. The growth and comparison of large-diameter 

vertical Bridgman CdZnTe and CdTe, 9th American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Casagrande, L.G., Larson, Jr., OJ., DiMarzio, D., Wu, J., and Dudley, M. The growth and comparison of large-diameter 

vertical Bridgman CdZnTe and CdTe. J. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 1994. 

Chen, M., and Voorhees, P.W. The dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening. J. Model in Mat. Sci., in press (1993). 

Cboo, R.T.C., and Szekely, J. Vaporization kinetics and surface temperature in a mutually-coupled gas tungsten welding 

and weldpool. Welding J., vol. 71, no. 3, 77-97, 1992. 

Choo, R.T.C., Szekely, J., and David, S.A. On the calculation of the free surface temperature of weldpools from first 

principles Part 2: Modeling the weldpool and comparison with experiments. Met. Trans. n, vol. 23B, 371-384, 1992 . 

........................................................................ 11 ...... 11 .... 11 ................... 11 ... 11.11 ..... , .............. ,.11.11.1111 .................. ''''.11.11 •• 11,"., •••••••• ",11,.11 ••• ".,1111''''''''.1.11,,11111.11,11.111 

111-507 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................................. u .......................... I1 .......... '1111.' .... 111 .............. ,1,.11 ...... 1111 ....... '" .......... '11 .... ,11.,.,11111111111, •••••• ",.,11111,.,1111111111., ..... 11 ....... 11111""""1'11"1 

Choo. R.T.C .• Szekely. J .• and Westhoff. R.C. On the calculation of the free surface temperature of weldpools from first 

principles Part 1: Modeling the welding arc. Met. Trans. B, vol. 23B, 357-369. 1992. 

Dwyer. Z.B .• and Andrews. J.B. Conditions for steady-state growth in directionally-solidified off-monotectic 

aluminum-indium alloys. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity 

Materials Science Research. San Diego. CA. 71-80. 1992. 

Fedoseyev. A., and Alexander. 1.I.D. Modeling of solidification fronts in ampoules under low gravity conditions, 

Alabama Materials Science Conference. Huntsville, AL. September. 1993. 

Gillies, D.C .• Larson, D.J .• Lehoczky, S.L. Szofran, F.R .• Sha, Yi-Gao, Su, Ching-Hua. and Alexander, H.A. Bulk growth 

of n-VI crystals in the microgravity environment of USML-l. Proceedings. 1993 SPIE Symposium on Optical 

Instrumentation ad Applied Science. San Diego, CA, July 11-16. (accepted) 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E. Gravity dependent phenomena in fluid and material science. CaSPAR Bulletin. no. 127.33-35. 

CaSPAR. Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E. Evolution of dendritic crystal structures. ICI Explosives Group Technical Centre, McMasterville. 

Quebec, Canada, May 7, 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E. Isothermal dendritic growth experiment: A fundamental test of theory. Microgravity and Materials 

Symposium. The 3rd IUMRS International Conference on Advanced Materials. USMP-l Briefing, Tokyo, Japan. Sept. 3. 

1993. 

Glicksman. M.E. Ground-based dendritic growth data for the IDGEIUSMP-2 flight experiment, TMS Fall Meeting, 

Symposium on Microgravity Solidification: Theory and Experimental Results, Pittsburgh, PA, October 18, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E .• and Koss, M.B. How to measure the tip size of a dendritic crystal, Ninth American Conference on 

Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2, 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., and Marsh. S.P. The dendrite. Handbook of Crystal Growth (0.1. Hurle. ed.); Elsevier Sci. Pub. B.V .• 

Amsterdam, Holland. 1077-1122, 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E .• Koss, M.B .• Hahn. R.C .• Rojas, A .• Kathikeyan. M., and Winsa, E.A. The isothermal dendritic growth 

experiment: Scientific status of a USMP-2 space flight experiment. Advances in Space Research. 13. No.7, 209-213. 

1993. 

Glicksman. M.E .• Koss. M .• Bushnell. L., LaCombe. J .• Smith. R.N .• and Winsa. E.A. Effect of buoyancy convection on 

dendritic growth. ASME Heat Transf. Div., Heat Transfer in Microgravity (C.T. Avedisian and V.A. Arapaci, eds.). ASME. 

New York, 7-12. 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E .• Koss. M .• Bushnell. L.. LaCombe. J .. Smith. R.N .• and Winsa. E.A. Effect of buoyancy convection on 

dendritic growth. ASME Winter Annual Meeting. Symposium on Heat Transfer in Microgravity, New Orleans. LA. Dec. 2. 

1993. 

Glicksman. M.E .• Koss, M .• Hahn. R .• and Winsa. E. IDGE - A test of dendritic growth theory using space flight. 31st 

AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno. NV. Jan. 11. 1993. 

Glicksman, M.E., McFadden. G.B .. Murray. B.T .• CorieH. S.R., and SeHeck, M.E. Effect of a crystal-melt interface on 

Taylor-Vortex flow with buoyancy. Emerging Applications in Free Boundary Problems (1.M. Chadam and H. Rasmussen, 

eds.). Series 280. 105-119. Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics. Longman Scien. & Tech .. Harlow. Essex, UK. 1993. 

Glicksman. M.E .• Sekerka. R.F., Rhome. R.C .• Salzman. J., and Ostrach. S. Advantages and disadvantages of 

micro gravity processing: Panel discussion. TMS Fall Meeting. Symposium on Microgravity Solidification: Theory and 

Experimental Results. Pittsburgh. PA. October 19, 1993 . 

................................................................... '" ......... 11 .. '''.111111111111'11 ... 1111'''''".11,'''''"111111",,11.11.,,11'11''''''11.lIllllllllllllllll"""""""' •• III,' •••• ,I"'fI,II.II.'",fI"II.n.II",,,.II." 

111-508 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ......................................... 111 ....................................... , ..................................................... ' ...... 1" ................................. IIIIII ................... tI ............ I'''' .......... ''1111111I 

Glicksman, M.E., Winsa, E., Hahn, R., Lograsso, T., Termizi, S., and Selleck, M. Microgravity science and applications 

program. USRA 20th Anniversity Collection (M. Davis and L. Tarleton, eds.), Columbia, MD, 51-61, 1992. 

Grugel, R.N., and Hua, F. Microstructural development in bulk, undercooled, Pb-Sn alloys, TMS-ASM Materials Week '93, 

Microgravity Solidification: Theory and Experimental Results Session, October, 1993. 

Hubert, J.A., Fripp, A.L., and Welch, C.S. Comparison of melt-solid interface position by radiography and temperature 

measurement in a vertical Bridgman furnace, 31st AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (AlAA 93-0475), Reno, NV, January 

11-14, 1993. 

IJegbusi, OJ., and Szekely, J. The mathematical modeling of two phase flow phenomena in secondary steel processing. 

In Tenth PTD Conference Proceedings, 227-235, 1992. 

Ilegbusi, O.J., Szekely, J., Iguchi, M., Takeuchi, H., and Morita, Z. A comparison of experimentally-measured and 

theoretically-calculated velocity fields in a water model of an argon stirred ladle. ISIJ, vol. 33, no. 4, 474-478, 1993. 

Jonsson, P.G., Saluja, N., Ilegbusi, O.J., and Szekely, 1. Fluid flow phenomena in the filling of cylindrical molds using 

Newtonian (turbulent) and non-Newtonian (power law) fluids. American Foundrymen Society Transactions, 291-297, 

1992. 

Jonsson, P.G., Westhoff, R.C., and Szekely, J. Arc characteristics in gas metal arc welding of aluminum using argon as 

shield gas. J. App!. Phys., (in press) 1993. 

Knuteson, DJ., Debnam, W.J., Fripp, A.L., and Woodell, G.A. Time dependent convection in a Bridgman system, ACCG, 

Baltimore, MD, August 1-3, 1993. 

Korpela, S.A., Chait, A., and Matthiesen, D.H. Lateral segregation in solidification of binary alloy with a curved 

liquid-solid interface. J. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 19993. 

Larroude, P., Ouazzani, 1., and Alexander, 1.I.D. Symmetry breaking flow transitions and oscillatory flows in a 2-D 

directional solidification model. Eur. J. Mech., (in press) 1993. 

Larson, DJ., Silberstein, R.P., DiMarzion, D., Carlson, F.M., Gillies, D., Long, G., Dudley, M. and Wu. 1. 

Compositional, strain contour, and property mapping of CdZnTe boules and wafers, HgCdTe Characterization Workshop. 

Danvers, MA, October 15-16. 1992. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. Bulk crystal growth and process modeling of VI semiconductor compounds. University of Alahama at 

Birmingham, February 2, 1933. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. Reduced defect density in microgravity processed CdZnTe, International Symposium on Microgravity 

Science and Application. Beijing, China, May 10-13. 1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. CdZnTe process model validation, ARPAlUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, June 24-25. 

1993. 

Larson, Jr., DJ. Orbital processing of compound semiconductors, Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects 

in Materials and Processes, New England College, Henniker, NH. June 3D, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. Microgravity crystal growth of II-Vi and m-v semiconductors, 9th American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., DJ. Orbital processing of high-quality alloyed CdTe compound semiconductors, NASA Joint 'L+l' Science 

Review of USML-l and USMP-l with the Microgravity Measurement Group, Huntsville, AL, September 22-24, 1993. 

Larson, Jr., D.J. CdZnTe bulk crystal growth and process modeling, University of Alabama in Huntsville, September 24, 

1993 . 

...... '.11111 ... 11 .............. 111 .... 1111111111111 ......... 1111.1'.11111.11''''''"'11.1111111111111111111 .. 111'111111111111,.111.,111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'11111 •• 1"1"11'11'.'.1'111.11111111111.111'111111111111111111111'11 

111-509 
III. MSAD Program Tasks -FY1993 Bibliographic Citations .............. 1111 ............ 11 .............. 1111 .................... 11" ....................... tI,,, ............. lItll ......... II ........ IIIII" ................. I ......... 1111 .... ' ............ 1111 .... 1111 ..... '"1 ..................... 1111111I 

Larson, Jr., Dol. Orbital processing of Zn-alloyed CdTe. In Proceedings of 44th International Astronautical Congress, 

Graz, Austria, October 16-22. 1993, IAF-93-j.1.255, 

Larson, Jr., D.1., and Silberstein, R.P. Improved manufacture and characterization of infrared substrate materials, DARPA 

Infrared Focal Plane Array Technology Program Review, McLean, V A, December 11, 1992. (Distribution limited to 

Government Agencies and their contractors only; Information subject to export control laws), 

Larson, Jr., D.J., Silberstein, R.P., DiMarzio, D., Carlson, F.M., Gillies, D., Long, G., Dudley, M., and Wu, J. 

Compositional. strain contour, and property mapping of CdZnTe boules and wafers. Semiconduc. Sci. & Tech., vol. 8, 

911-915, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Su, C.H., et a!. Growth of HgZnTe in microgravity by directional solidification: Flight experiment, 

International Symposium on Microgravity Science and Application, Beijing, China. May, 1993. 

Lehoczky. S.L., Su, C.H., et a!. Crystal growth of II-VI semiconductors in microgravity, Third International Union of 

Materials Research Society, International Conference on Advanced Materials, Tokyo, Japan, August-September, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Szofran, F.R., Gillies, D.C., Cobb, S.D., Su, C-H., Sha, Y.G., Andrews, R.N. Bulk growth of II-VI 

semiconducting compounds, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore. MD, August 1-6, 1993. 

Lehoczky, S.L., Szofran, F.R., Gillies, D.C., Cobb, S.D., Su, C-H., Sha, Y.G .• and Andrew, R.N. Bulk growth ofII-VI 

semiconducting compounds, 3rd IUHRS International Conference on Advanced Materials, Tokyo. Japan, August 

31-September 4, 1993. 

Majewski, J.A. and Matthiesen, D.H. Quantitative infrared imaging for the measurement of macroscopic dopant 

distribution in GaAs. 1. Cryst. Growth, (accepted) 1993. 

Matthiesen, D.H. Crystal growth results from the steady state growth of selenium doped GaAs in microgravity: The 

crystal growth furnace on USML-l, American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, August, 1993. 

Matthiesen, D.H. The total pressure of arsenic over GaAs at 1260·, American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, 

August, 1993. 

Matthiesen, D.H. and Mafewski, J.A. The study of dopant segregation behavior during the growth of GaAs in 

microgravity, USML-l L+ 1 meeting. Huntsville, September. 1993. 

Matthiesen. D.H., Bellows, A.H .• Yao, M-W. and Chait, A. Crystal growth results from the GTE GaAs-GAS space 

experiment and comparisons with numerical results, 31st AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno. NV, 1993. 

Merrick, R.A., and Andrews, J.B. Direct observation of solidification processes in immiscible systems. In Proceedings of 

the 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Science Research, San Diego. CA. 7-16. 

1992. 

Moosbrugger, J.C. Continuum slip constitutive relations for CdTe single crystals. Proceedings of Fourth International 

Seminar in Plasticity and Its Current Applications, Baltimore. MD, July, (in press) 1993. 

Moosbrugger, J.C. and Levy, A. Constitutive modeling for CdTe single crystals, TMS Materials Week 93, Session on 

Microgravity Solidification: Theory and Experimental Results, Pittsburgh, PA, October, 1993. 

Moosbrugger, J.C., and Levy, A. Constitutive modeling for CdTe single crystals. Metall. Trans. A, (submitted) 1993. 

Moosbrugger, J.C., Larson, Jr., 0.1 .. Carlson, F.M., Lee, T., and Levy, A. Thermal stress in directional solidification of 

CdZnTe, Second International Workshop on Materials Processing in High Gravity, Potsdam, NY. June, 1993. 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.I., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena, NATO Advanced Workshop on Undercooling, I1'Ciocco, Italy, June. 1993 . 

............................................................. " ... III ....... U ......... 11 .... 11 ... 11.11 .......... 11 ......... 11.11.11 •• " .... 11 ........... 11 .............. 11 .......................... 1 ............... , •••• 111 ............. 'U ... IIII 

111-510 
III. MSAD Prograan Tash - MI993 Bibliographic Citations l~s~llllllllllllMll4llSlWlllllltWll~~~l~lllWllll~M~l~~lllll~~l~lElllDWlllllllllllllllll~llllllll~l&llll~l~llllSl~~lllSS~~llll~l~~llll8l~~~llll~~Slllll~l~lll~ll~ll44~~lll4lIll#lllllllllllll~llll~llllll~lllIlll~lllElllll4

Moss, CB., and Andrews, JB. The effect of convection in immiscible systems during directional solidification. In 

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research, 

San Diego, CA, 93-100, 1992. 

Nastac, L., and Stefanescu, D.M. An analytical model for solute redistribution during solidification of planar, columnar or 

equiaxed morphology. Met. Trans., vol. 24A, 2107-2118, 1993. 

Nastac, L., and Stefanescu, D.M. Modeling of growth of equiaxed dendritic grains at the limit of morphological stability. 

In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI, Warrendale, PA, 209-218, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Formation of tetragonal YBa$u,O,-, from an undercooled melt. J. Mater. Res., (in 

press) 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Containerless processing of YBaJu,O,., oxide superconductors. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 11 1, 1993. 

Olive, J.R., Bayuzick, R.J., et al. Formation of tetragonal YB~Cu,O,, from an undercooled melt, Gordon Conference on 

Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, July, 1993. 

Partinen, J., Saluja, N,, Szekely, J., and Kirtley, J.K., Jr. Modeling of surface deformation in an 

electromagnetically-stirred metallic melt. In TMS Proceedings, San Diego, CA, 1992. 

Partinen, J., Saluja, N., Szekely, J., Kirtley, J., Jr. Experimental and computational investigation of rotary 

electromagnetic stirring in a woods metal system. ISIJ, (in press) 1993. 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et al. Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the microstructure of directional solidified CdTe. J. 

Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1993. 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et al. Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the microstructure of directional-solidified CdTe, 

Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Price, M.W., Su, C.H., et al. Differential thermal analysis of HgMnTe, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth, 

Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Pulicani, J.P., Krukowski, S. Alexander, J.I.D., Ouazzani, J., and Rosenberger, F. Convection in an asymmetrically 

heated cylinder. Intema. J. Heat & Mass Transf., vol. 35, 2119-2130, 1992. 

Racz, L.M., and Szekely, J. Determination of equilibrium shapes and optimal volume of solder droplets in the assembly of 

surface-mounted integrated circuits. ISIJ Interna., vol. 33, no. 2, 336-342, 1993. 

Racz L.M., and Szekely, J. An alternative method for determining wetability of components with dissimilar surfaces. J. 

Electronics Packaging, ASME Trans., (in press) 1993. 

Racz, L.M., and Smkely, J. Development of design guidelines for specifying solder volumes in surface mount technology, 

ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, November 8-13, 1992. 

Racz, L.M., Szekely, J., and Brakke, K.A. A general statement of the problems and description of a proposed method of 

calculation for some meniscus problems in materials processing. ISIJ International, vol. 33, no. 2, 328-335, 1993. 

Rogers, J.B., Matisak, B.P., and Alexander, J.I.D. Venting force contributions: Quasi steady state acceleration STS-50. 

Micrograv. Sci. & Tech., (in press) 1993. 

Rosch, W., Debnam, W., Fripp, A., Jesser, W.A., Pendergrass, T.M., and Woodell, G.A. A technique for measuring the 

heat transfer coefficient inside a Bridgman furnace. I. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 1187, '1993. 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 11 ... 1111 ............................................................. 11111 ..................... ltllllIllIlIlIlllll'II ........ II.'III' ......... " .. ' ..... 11111IIIII,IIIIIIII.II'II.II" •• IllllllllIltt.II.II''''I .. I.II''IIII'".I.11111111111111111 

Rosch. W .• Debnam. W .• Fripp. A .• Simchick. R .• and Sorokach. S. Damage of fine diameter platinum sheathed type R 

thennocouples at temperatures between 950 and lloo°C. Temperature. Its Measurement and Control in Science and 

Industry. vol. 6. 569. Edited by J. F. Schooley. American Institute of Physics. NY. 1992. 

Rosch. W .• Debnam. W.J .• Fripp. A.L.. and Pendergrass. T.K. Heat transfer measurements in the Bridgman configuration. 

J. Cryst. Growth. (accepted) 1993. 

Rosenberger. F .• Howard. S.B .• Sowers. J.W .• and Nyce. T.A. Temperature dependence of protein solubility determination 

and application to crystallization in x-ray capillaries. J. Cryst. Growth. vol. 129. 465-484. 1993. 

RuggerI. R.T .• Suo C.H .• et al. The crystals by vapor transport experiment (CVTE): Space processing and preliminary 

results. Forty-fourth International Astronautic Congress of the International Astronautic Federation. Graz. Austria. 

October. 1993. 

Schmale. A.L.. and Andrews. J.B. The influence of gravity-level on in situ composite growth in immiscible alloys. In 

Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research. San 

Diego. CA. 141-146. 1992. 

Schwartz. E .• Sauerland. S .• Szekely. J .• and Egry. I. On the shape of liquid metal droplets in electromagnetic levitation 

experiments. In Proceedings on Containerless Processing. TMS Conference. Denver. CO. 1993. 

Schwartz. E .• Szekely. J .• Ilegbusi. O.J .• Zong. J .• and Egry. I. The computation of the electromagnetic force fields and 

transport phenomena in levitated metallic droplets in the microgravity environment. TMS International Conference on 

MHD in Process Metallurgy. San Diego. March. 1992. 

Sears. B .• Anderson. T.J .• Fripp. A.L.. and Narayanan. R. The detection of solutal convection during electrochemical 

measurement of the oxygen diffusivity in liquid tin. Metallurgical Transactions B. vol. 24B. 91. 1993. 

Sears. B .• Anderson. T.J .• Fripp. A.L.. and Narayanan. R. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system - Part I -flow 

characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. 1. Cryst. Growth. vol. 125. 404. 1992. 

Sha. Y.G .• Suo C.H .• and Szofran. F.R. Thermodynamic analysis and mass flux of the HgZnTe-HgI, chemical vapor 

transport system. J. Cryst. Growth. vol. 131. 574-588. 1993. 

Simchick R.T .• Barber. P.G .• Berry. R.F., Debnam. W.J., Fripp. A.L.. and Sorokach, S. Gamma ray and X-ray imaging 

studies of the location and shape of the melt-solid interface during Bridgman growth of germanium and lead tin telluride. 

Advances in X-Ray Analysis. vol. 35. 1295. 1992. 

Stanek. S .• and Szekely. J. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part I: Fonnulation and an algorithm to solve the 

model. American Foundrymen Society Transactions. 425-437. April. 1993. 

Stanek. S .• Szekely. 1.. Katz. S .• and Landefeld. C. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part II: Computed profiles and 

the discussion of intrinsic parameters. American Foundrymen Society Transactions. 439-445. April. 1993. 

Stanek. S .• Szekely. J .• Katz. S .• and Landefeld. C. A mathematical model of cupola furnace Part III: The effect of operating 

conditions on the cupola performance. American Foundrymen Society Transactions, 447-457. April. 1993. 

Stanek. S .• Szekely. J .• Shaajwalla. V .• Pehlke, R .• Landefeld. c.. and Katz. S. A mathematical model of cupola furnace 

Part N: Carbon pickup. metal charge oxidation and cupola shell heat losses. American Foundrymen Society Transactions. 

459-466, April. 1993. 

Stefanescu. D.M. Critical review of the second generation of solidification models for castings: Macro transport. 

transfonnation kinetics codes. In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI. Warrendale. PA. 3-20. 1993. 

Stefanescu. D.M .• and Dhindaw. B.K. A comprehensive approach to the modeling of solidification of castings. 41st 

Indian Foundry Congress. The Institute of Indian Foundrymen, New Delhi, India, February, 1993. 

, ................................................................................ , ....... 11111111111111111 ..... '111111111111 ...... ' ................ 1111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111"'11.11.1111111111111.11.IIIIIIIIII.U.II.IIIIIIII,," 

111-512 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ..................... " .................................. , ................... "" ............ III ......... " ..... lfll ... ,IIIII"IIIIIIIIIII ..... " .. 'IIIII ..... IIII ............. IIIIII .......... II ...... '.U •• UIItIII.II., •• IIII .. IIII ........ 1111.1 

Suo C.H .• et al. Growth of ZnTe by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. J. Cryst. Growth. (in press) 

1993. 

Suo C-H .• Sha. Y-G .• Volz. M.P. Gillies. D.C. Szofran. F.R .• Lehoczky. S.L. and Wang. J.C. Ground-based research on 

the growth of IT-VI semiconductors by physical vapor transport, 32nd AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reno. NV. 

January 10-13. 1993. Paper No. 94-0564. 

Suo C-H.. Volz. M.P .• Gillies. D.C.. Szofran. F.R .• Lehoczky. S.L.. Dudley. M .• Yao. G-D .• and Zhou. W. Growth of AnTe 

by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. J. Crys. Growth. vol. 128. 627-632. 1993. 

Szekely. J. Fundamental imbalances between the United States and Japan. The Bridge. 11-19. Spring 1993. 

Szekely. J. New paradigms are needed in graduate level engineering education in the materials field. 1. Metals. 20. 

September. 1993. 

Szekely. J. Some thoughts on U.S.-Japanese interactions in engineering. industrial competitiveness. research and 

education. Eng Acad. Japan. no. 32. 1993. 

Szekely. J. The smart way to make materials. Tech. Rev .• April. 1993. 

Szekely. J .• and Trapaga. G. Some perspective on the mathematical modeling of materials processing operations. In 

CAMSE IT. Proceedings: Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials II. Yokohama. Japan. 45-51. 1992. 

Szekely. J .• and Westhoff. R.C. Recent advances in mathematical modeling of transport phenomena in plasma systems. 

In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Thermal Plasma Applications in Materials and Metallurgical Processes. 

San Diego. 1992. 

Tian H .• and Stefanescu. D.M. Experimental evaluation of some solidification kinetics-related material parameters required 

in modeling of solidification of FeCSi alloys. In Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes VI. Warrendale. PA. 

639-646. 1993. 

Trapaga. G .• Matthys. E .• Valencia. J .• and Szekely. J. Fluid flow. heat transfer and solidification of molten metal droplets 

impinging on a substrate: Comparison of numerical and experimental results. Met. Trans. B. vol. 23B. no. 6. 701-718. 

1992. 

Volz. M.P .• Sha. Y-G .• and Lehoczky. S.L. Compositional distributions and electrical properties of HgI_.Cd.Te grown by 

CVT. Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth. Baltimore. MD. August 1-6. 1993. 

Volz, M.P .• Suo C.H .• Lehoczky. S.L.. and Szofran. F.R. Vibronic spectra of Cu'! in ZnTe. Phys. Rev. B. vol. 46. 76-82. 

1992. 

Voorhees. P.W. Ostwald ripening of two-phase mixtures. Rev. of Mat. Sci.. 22. 197. 1992. 

Wang. J-C .• Watring. D .• Lehoczky. S.L.. and Szofran. F.R. Effects of thermal-solutal convection on temperature and 

solutal fields in unidirectional Bridgman solidified semiconductors. 7th Annual Alabama Materials Research Conference. 

Normal. AL. September 21-22. 1993. 

Wang. Z.Q .• and StrOUd. D. Molecular dynamics study of diffusion in liquid semiconductors. Need J. Name· ... (in 

preparation ). 

Wang. Z.Q .• Dregia. S.A .• and Stroud. D. Computer simulation of twist grain boundaries in diamond. Phys. Rev. B .• 

(submitted). 

Westhoff. R .• and Szekely. J. Modeling the behavior of a commercial plasma torch with turbulent. swirling flow. TMS 

Meeting. 1993. 

111 ............................... 1111 .................................................... '1111111 ..................... 11111111111 .. '111 .. '"11111111 .......... 111,,1'"III.U'".I •• I ....... I .. I.II.II.I •• II ••• I .. I.II.II.II.IIII.1 •• 1.111111111111 

111-513 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 1I .......................... IIIIIIII''''''' .................. tI ...... ''II ... ,II ... ,1I".lIllItllllllllllIlIlIllIl.II''' .. II'"IIIIIIIII, .. II.U.II''".IIIII ... ".".".".".".".,11,.11 •• , ... '""111'11' ... 11.11,",'1111"lllltI.tI.IIIIIIIIII 

Westhoff, R., and Szekely, I. A model of an argon plasma torch discharging into nitrogen. In Proceedings of the 

International Symposium: Thermal Plasma Applications in Materials and Metallurgical Processes, San Diego, 139-152, 

1992. 

Westhoff, R., Trapaga, G., and Szekely, 1. Plasma-particle interactions in plasma spraying systems. Met. Trans. B, vol. 

23B, no. 6, 683-693, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. Thermochemical modelling of interfacial reactions in molybdenum disilicide matrix composites. I. Mat. 

Sci., vol. 27, 2974, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Chen, K.T. Observation of phase separation in Hg, .• Cd.Te/(I00)CdTe solid solutions by low incident 

angle X-ray diffraction. I. Electronic Mat., (in press) 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Ge, Y.R. Electrophysical Properties of GeSe.Te , .• single crystals grown by physical vapor transport. 

Z. Anorg. AUg. Chern., vol. 619, 163, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Ge, Y.R. Electrical properties and valence band structure of GeSe.T,., single crystals. Z. Anorg. Allg. 

Chern., vol. 619, 168, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Huang, X. Phase studies of the Cd-Fe-Se system in the Cd-rich region. J. Electronic Mat., vol. 22, 

695, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Palosz, W. Physical vapor transport of cadmium telluride in closed ampoUles. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 

129, 653, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Palosz, W. Residual gas pressures in sealed fused silica glass ampoules. J. Crystal Growth, vol. 131, 

193, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Sba, Y.G. Growth by CVT and characterization of Hg, .• Cd.Te epitaxial layers. J. Electronic Mat., vol. 

21, 563, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Sha, Y.G. Effects of growth conditions on the composition of CVT and PVT grown Hg, .• Cd. Te 

epitaxial layers. 1. Electronic Mat., vol. 21. 613, 1992. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Wu, G.H. Fast vapor growth of cadmium telluride single crystals. J. Electronic Mat., vol. 22, 1121, 

1993. 

Wiedemeier, H. and Wu, H.H. Fast growtb of Cd, .• Zn.Te single crystals by physical vapor transport. 1. Electronic Mat., 

vol. 22, 1369, 1993. 

Wiedemeier, H., Regel, L.L. and Palosz, W. Vapor transport and crystal growth of GeSe under normal and high 

acceleration. I. Cryst. Growth, vol. 119, 79, 1992. 

Wu, I., Dudley, M., and Larson, Jr., David I. Characterization of microgravity grown CdZnTe single crystals. National 

Synchrotron Light Source Annual Report, 1992. 

Yasumori, A., Neilson, G.F., Weinberg, M.C. Measurement of surface tension of organic liquid pairs. I. Colloid Interface 

Sci, 155, 85-91, 1993. 

Zhao, Q., Brody, H.D., Piccone, T.J., andFlemings, M.C. The columnar-equiaxed grain size transition in levitation-melted 

Ni-25WT% Sn alloy. In Proceedings of the TMS Conference, Containerless Processing: Techniques and Applications, 

Denver, CO, Feb., 1993, 

Zhou, W., Su, C.H., et al. Characterization of growth defects in ZnTe single crystals, MRS Spring Meeting, San 

Francisco, CA, April, 1993 . 

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111-514 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 11111111 ................... 11 ......... '"11 ......... 1111111111 ... 1 .. 111111 .. ' ..... '1IIIIIIIIItlllI""'IIIIIIIII.II .. II"""'I'I.III.I,,,",II'"III.II,11t11i'U'"'"''''IIIIIIIIIIIII'I"I''IIIIIIII'IIIIIII .. II."IIIIIII''I.II11111111111'1111 

Zhou, W., wu, J., Dudley, M, Su, C-H., Volz, M.P., Gillies, D.C., Swfran, F.R., and Lehoczky, S.L. Characterization of 

growth defects in ZnFe single crystals. Proceedings, Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, San Francisco, 

CA April 12-16, (accepted) 1993. 

Zong, J.H., Li, B.Q., and Szekely, J. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magnetically-levitated molten 

droplets Part I: Steady state behavior. Acta Astronautica, vol. 26, no. 6, 1992. 

Zong, J.H., Li, B.Q., and Szekely, 1. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magnetically-levitated molten 

droplets Part II: Transient behavior and heat transfer consideration. Acta Astronautica, vol. 29, no. 4, 1993. 

Zong, J.H., Szekely, J., and Lohofer, G. Calculations and experiments concerning lifting force and power in tempus. Acta 

Astronautics, vol. 29, no. 5, 371-378, 1993. 

Zong, J.H., Szekely, J., Schwartz, E. An improved computational technique for calculating electromagnetic forces and 

power absorptions generated in spherical and deformed body in levitation melting devices. IEEE Transactions, vol. 28, 

no. 3, 1833-1842, 1992. 

Zuo, H., Su, C.H., et al. TEM characterization of II-VI semiconducting compounds, Ninth American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, Baltimore, MD, August, 1993. 

Ground: Benchmark Science 

Atzei, A., Swanson, P., and Anselmi, A. The STEP Mission: Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle, 43rd Congress of 

the Internation Astronautical Federation, Washington, DC, September I, 1992. IAF-92-0528. 

Boinske, T. Theoretical calculations on the role of the condensate and vorticity in dense Bose systems. Conference on 

the Role of Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems, (poster presentation at conference, to be published in l. Low 

Temp. Phys.). 

Campbell, C.E. Remnants of Bose condensation and off-diagonallong range order in finite systems. J. Low Temp. Phys., 

(in press). 

Campbell C.E., and Halley, l.W. Theorectical analysis of an experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid 

helium four. Physica B, (in press). 

Chui, T.C.P., and Volz, S.M. Low temperature physics in space. 1995 McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, 

(invited article, to be published). 

Chui, T.C.P., Israelsson, U.E., Lysek, M.J. Measurement of the heat capacity of helium under superfluid flow condintion 

near the lambda transition (LT-20). Physica B, (to be published). 

Giese, C. Experimental aspects of an experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid helium four, Conference: 

LT-20 (poster presentation at LT-20, to be published in Physica B). 

Giese, C. Experimental aspects on the experiment to measure the condensate fraction in superfluid helium four, Conference 

on the Role of the Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems (poster presentation at the conference, to be published 

in J. Low Temp. Phys.). 

Halley, J.W. Structure of the condensate and some possible ways to observe it. J. Low Temp. Phys., (in press). 

Halley, J.W. A novel approach to the observation of the condensate fraction in supertluid helium four. Physica B, (in 

press ). 

Halley, J.W., Campbell, C.E., Giese, C.F., and Goetz, K. New approach to the observation of the condensate fraction in 

superfluid helium four. Phys. Rev. Letters, (in press) . 

.................................................... 1111 .. '"111 ... 1111 .. 1111111 ... 1I.1I,".I1'""".IIIIIIIIIIII,",,,'".IIIIIII,IIIIIII.U.II.I .. II.II.II'"'II.1I'1 .. 111111111111 •• 1 •• 1.1111.11,111111111111.11111 •••• 1.11'1 .. 11 ... 11 ...... Ul. 

111-515 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ........ 1111 ............. " ................ " ..................................................... III ... IIIII.IIIt ..... II ... ''' ........ IIIII'IIIIIIIIII .. 'U ......... 1I ................... II •• II" ... I .......... I ........ ,IIIIII'lllllltI ... 1'11,1" 

Halley, I.W., ed. The role of the condensate and vorticity in dense Bose systems. Proceedings of the Conference on the 

Role of the Condensate and Vorticity in Dense Bose Systems, Minneapolis, MN, August 1-3, 1993, (to be published in J. 

Low Temp. Phys.). 

Howald, C., Qin, X., Nham, H.S., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of liquid 'He and 3He-'He mixtures near the 

tricritical point. 1. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 86, 1. 1992. 

Israelsson, V.E.. and Duncan, R.V. Design of a low gravity simulaor for performing non-equilibrium investigations near 

the lambda transition of ·He, Meeting of the American Physical Society, Seattle, WA. March 1993. 

Israelsson, V.E .. Strayer. D.M .• Chui, T.C.P., Larson. M., and Duncan, RV. Dynamic measurements near the 

lambda-point in a low gravity simulator on the ground. Physica B. (to be published). 

Liu, F-C. and Ahlers, G. The I-transition of 4He in a heat current and under gravity. Physica B, (in press). 

Mason, P.V., Gutt, G., and Strayer, D. Electrostatic Control of Helium Tides in the STEP Cryostat. In Proceedings of the 

STEP Symposium, Testing the Equivalence Principle, Pisa, Italy, April 6-8, 1993, (to be published). 

Mason, P.V., Israelsson, V.E., Petrac, D., lackson, H.W., Worden, P., and Parmley, R. Technical Challenges of Satellite 

Test of the Equivalence Principle Mission, (Space Cryogenics Workshop, June 1992). Cryogenics, 33, 390, 1993. 

Mason, P.V., Strayer, D., Petrac, D., Gutt, G., and Warfield, K. The Control of Liquid Helium in Space by Electrostatics. 

Advances in Croygenic Engineering, (to be published). 

Niemela, l.l., and Donnelly, R.I. Dielectric constant and density of liquid ·He. J. Low Temp. Phys., (to be published). 

Qin, X., Howald, c., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of 3He-·He mixtures above 0.5 K. J. Low Temp. Phys., 

vol. 87. 731, 1992. 

Schultka, N .• and Manousakis, E. Finite-size scaling of the superfluid density in two-dimensional superfluids. Physica B, 

(to be published). 

Schultka, N., and Manousakis, E. Finite-size scaling in two-dimensional supertluids. Phys. Rev. B, (to be published). 

Zhong, F., and Meyer, H. Density equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point in helium-3. Physica B. (to be 

published). 

Ground: Biotechnology 

Becker, J.L., Prewett, T.L., Spaulding, G.F., and Goodwin, TJ. Three-dimensional growth and differentiation of ovarian 

tumor cell line in high aspect rotating-wall vessel morphologic and embryonic considerations. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 

51, 283-289, 1993. 

Bergman, L.D., Richardson, 1.S .• Richardson, D.C., and Brooks, F.P. VIEW: An exploratory molecular visualization 

system with user-definable interaction sequences. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93, Computer Graphics. 117-126, 1993. 

Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M.L. The solubility of the tetragonal form of hen egg white lysozome from pH 4.0 to 5.4. J. 

Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Forsythe, E., and Pusey, M.L. The effects of acid treatment and calcium ions on the solubility of concanavalin A. J. Cryst. 

Growth. (in press) 1992. 

Freed, L.E., Emmanual. I., and Langer, R. Cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo, Swiss Federal Institute of 

Technology, (ETH), Zurich. Switzerland, Ian. 1993. 

, ................... 11 .......... '"1 .......... 111 ...................... 11 .................... 1111 ... "1 ............ , .. , ...... , .. , ........... 11111111111'111".'1.1t"I.II.II .... ",llfllllIlIllIl ... I.II.II.II.II'U.II.IIIIIIIIIII.'I.I1I111I111III 

111-516 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............. n ............... ul .................................................................. 11 ....................................... 1111.11 ..................... 1111 ..... 11111 ........ 111 ................... 11 ........... 111111 ............ . 

Freed, L.E., Grande, D.A., Emmanual, J., Kwan, M., Marquis, lC., Lingbin, Z., Dunkelman, N., and Langer, R. Joint 

resurfacing using allograft chondrocytes and syntbetic biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res, Aug. 

1993. 

Freed, L.E., Marquis, J.C., Nobria, A., Mikos, A.G., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Neocartilage formation in vitro and 

in vivo using cells cultured on syntbetic biodegradable polymers. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., vol. 27, 11-23, 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Marquis, J.e., Vunjak, G., Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Composition of cell-polymer cartilage implants. 

Biotech. & Bioeng., vol. 43, Mar. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak, G., and Langer, R. Cultivation of cell-polymer cartilage implants. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51, 

257-264, 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak, G., Marquis, J.C., and Langer, R. Kinetics of chondrocyte growth in cell-polymer implants. Biotech. 

& Bioeng., vol. 43, Mar. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., and Langer, R. Bioreactor studies of cell-polymer cartilage implants, American 

Chemical Society, Denver, CO., Mar. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Grande, D.A., Emmanual. J., and Langer, R. Cell-polymer cartilage implants, 

Keystone Tissue Engineering Conference, Taso, NM, Feb. 1993. 

Freed, L.E., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Grande, D.A, Emmanual, J., and Langer, R. Bioreactor studies of cell-polymer 

cartilage implants, American Society for Microbiology, Cambridge, MA, Nov. 1993. 

Goodwin, T.J., Jessup, J.M., and Wolf, D.A. Morphological differentiation of HT-29KM in rotating wall vessels. 

InVitro Cell. & Devel. BioI., vol. 28 A, no.1, 47-60, 1993. 

Hannick, L.I., Prasher, D.C., Schultz, L.W., Deschamps, J.R., and Ward, K.B. Preparation and initial characterization of 

crystals of the photoprotein aequorin from Aequorea victoria. Proteins, (in press) 1993. 

Ishii, S., Steele, G. Jr., Ford, R., Paliotti, G., Thomas, P., Andrews, C., Hansen, H., Goldenberg, D.M., and Jessup, J.M. 

Normal colonic epitbelium adheres to carcinoembryonic antigen and Type IV collagen. Gastroenterology, (in press) 

1993. 

Jeesup, J.M., Petrick, A.T., Toth, C.A., Ford, R., Meterissian, S., O'Hara, C.J., Steele, G.S. Jr., and Thomas, P. 

Carcinoembryonic antigen: Enhancement of liver colonization through retention of human colorectal carcinoma cells. 

Brit. J. Cancer., vol. 67, 464-470, 1993. 

Jessup, J.M. Microgravity: The next dimension, Annual Scientific Meeting, SUrgical Biology Club, San Francisco, CA., 

Oct. 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., and Goodwin, T.J. Simulated microgravity improves production of colonic growth factors, AIAA Space 

Programs and Technologies Conference and Exhibit, Huntsville, AL., Sep. 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Brown, K., Ishii, S., Ford, R., Goodwin, T.J., and Spaulding, G.F. Simulated microgravity does not alter 

epithelial cell adhesion to matrix and other molecules. Molec. BioI. Cell., vol. 3, 71a, 1993. 

Jessup, J.M., Ford, R.D., Goodwin, T.J., Wolf, D.A., and Spaulding, G.F. Growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells in 

NASA rotating wall vessel (RWV) produces high cell yields with differentiation and reduced glucose consumption, 

Keystone Symposium, Cell Surface and Tissue Engineering Meetings, Taos, NM., Feb. 1994. 

Jessup, J.M., Goodwin, T.J., and Spaulding, G.F. Prospects for use of microgravity-based bioreactors to study three 

dimensional host tumor interactions in human neoplasia. 1. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51. 249-251, 1993. 

11111 ...................................... 1 ... 1111111 ........................ , .. ,, ........................................ 11111111.1111 .. 111' .. '"1 ............................... , ........... 11 ................................................. It 

111-517 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ...... " .. '.tt., ... II ............ " .... ''' .... II ............ III' .. IIIIIII ........... 111 ....................... ' ......... 11 ............... , .................. , ...... , .. , ........... 1111 ..................... '1 .. ' ........ 111111111111 .. 1111111111 .. 11 

Jessup, J.M., Kim, J.C., Thomas, P., Ishii, S. Ford, R., Shively, J.E., Durbin, H., Stanners, C.P., Fuks, A., Zhou, H., 

Hansen. H.1., Goldenberg, D.M., and Steele, G. Jr. Adhesion to carcinoembryonic antigen by human colorectal carcinoma 

cells involves two epitopes. Int. J. Cancer. vol. 55 (2). 262-268, 1993. 

Konnert, J.H., D'Antonio, P., and Ward, K.B. Application of atomic force microscopy to investigate mechanisms of 

protein crystal growth. In Proceedings of Protein Crystal Growth in Microgravity Conference in Panama City Beach, FL 

April, 1993. 

Konnert, J.H., D' Antonio, Peter, and Ward, Keith B. The observations of growth steps, spiPl dislocations, and molecular 

packing on the surface of lysozyme crystals with the atomic force microscope. Acta Cryst., (accepted) 1994. 

Lelkes, P.I., and Unsworth, B.R. Heterotypic co-cultures of rat adrenal medually parenchymal and endothelial cells from 

organoids in vitro. Molec. BioI. of Cell - 3, (Supp.):290A, 1993. 

Lelkes, P.I., Ramos, E., Chick, D., Liu, J., and Unsworth, B.L. Space flight alters catecholamine synthesizing enzyme 

expression and activity in the rat adrenal medulla. Molec. BioI. of Cell - 4, (Supp.): I09A, 1993. 

Monaco, L.A., and Rosenberger, F. Growth and etching kinetics of tetragonallysozome. 1. Cryst. Growth, vol. 129, 

465-484, 1993. 

Pusey, M.L. Continuing adventures in lysozome crystal growth. J. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Sibille, L., and Pusey, M.L. Investigations into the early stages of lysozome nucleation. 1. Cryst. Growth, (in press) 

1992. 

Spaulding, G.F., Jessup, 1.M., and Goodwin, T.J. Advance in cellular construction. J. Cell. Biochem., vol. 51, 249-251, 

1993. 

Ward, K.B., Konnert, J.H. and D'Antonio, P. Application of atomic force microscopy to investigate mechanisms of 

protein crystal growth. In Proceedings of VI International Conference on Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, 

San Diego, CA, August, 1993. 

Ward, K.B., Perozzo, M.A., and Zuk, W.M. Automating crystallization experiments. In Crystallization of Proteins and 

Nucleic Acids: A Practical Approach, Chapter 13, 291-310, (in press) 1993. 

Ward, K.B., Uffen, D.R., Scholaert, H., et al. Dynamic telerobotic control of crystallization experiments. J. Cryst. 

Growth, vol. 122, 235, 1992. 

Ward, Keith B., Donnert, J.H., and D' Antonio, P. Applications of AFM to protein crystal growth, Sixth International 

Conference on Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, San Diego, August, 1993. 

Wilson, L.J., and Pusey, M.L. Determination of monomer concentrations in crystallizing lysozome solutions. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (in press) 1992. 

Ground: Combustion Science 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M.C., Feiereisen, T.J., and Daily, J.W. A study of ignition phenomena of bulk metals by 

radiant heating. The Combustion Institute, Fall Meeting of the Western States Section, Oct. 12, 1992, WBS/CI 92-84, 

1992. 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M.C., Feiereisen, T.J., and Daily, 1.W. Ignition of bulk metals by a continuous radiation 

source in a pure oxygen atmosphere; flammability and sensitivity of materials in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. ASTM, 

Philadelphia, PA (D.O. Janoff and I.M. Stolzfus, eds.), ASTM STP 1197, 1993 . 

................................... " ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... , .. . 

111-518 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations .......... III' .................. IIII .............. IIII ...... " .. ltI ...... ' ....... ",,,111111111111111111".11 .. 11'1 .. 111111 .. ,111111111111111111111111.,,11111.11.1I11I ...... " .. 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ....... IItIIIIII ............ ,"'11'1'11"1"1"1' 

Atreya, A., and Agrawal, S. Extinction of a moving diffusion flame in a quiescent microgravity environment due to 

CO/H20/Soot radiative heat losses, 1st ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Bombay, India, January 1994. 

Atreya, A., and Agrawal, S. Effect of radiative heat loss on diffusion flames in quiescent micro gravity atmosphere. 

Combus. & Flame, (submitted) 1993. 

Atreya, A., Wichman, I., Guenther, M., Ray, A., and Agrawal, S. An experimental and theoretical study of radiative 

extinction of diffusion flames. 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, 1992, NASA CP 

10113, Feb. 1993. 

Branch, M.C., Abbud-Madrid, A., Feiereisen, TJ., and Daily, J.W. A study of ignition phenomena of bulk metals by 

radiant heating. Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA CP 10113, Feb. 1993. 

Buckmaster, J. Modeling of microgravity combustion experiments. Microgravity Combustion Workshop, 165-170, 

NASA CP-I0113, 1993. 

Buckmaster, J., and Clavin, P. An acoustic-instability theory for particle-cloud flames. The 24th Int. Symp. on 

Combustion, 29-36, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Ronney, P., and Smooke, M. Flame balls: past, present, and future. AIAA 31st Aerospace Sci. Mtg. 

(AlAA-93-0712), Reno, NV, 1993. 

Buckmaster, J., Smooke, M., and Giovangigli, V. Analytical and numerical modeling of flame-balls in hydrogen-air 

mxtures. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 94, 113-124, 1993. 

Chen, G., and Gomez, A. The individual effect of droplet size and velocity on the structure of counterflow spray diffusion 

flame. Paper No. 40 presented at the 1993 Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of The Combustion Institute, 

Princeton, NJ, October 25-27, 1993, (in press). 

Eng, J.A., Egolfopoulos, F.N., and Law, C.K. On the dual response and surface recombination in burner-stabilized flames. 

Proceedings of the 27th National Heat Transfer Conference, Minneapolis, MN, ASME-HTD, 1991. 

Eng, 1.A., Zhu, D.L., and Law, C.K. A comprehensive study of the structure and stabilization dynamics of flat-burner 

flames. Combus. & Flame, (submitted) 1993. 

Eng, J.A., Zhu, D.L., and Law, C.K. On the structure and stabilization mechanisms of planar and cylindrical premixed 

flames, Presented to the 2nd International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion, 1993. 

Feiereisen, T.J., Branch, M.C., Abbud-Madrid, A., and Daily, J.W. Gravity and pressure effects in the steady-state 

temperatures of heated metal specimens in a pure oxygen atmosphere; flammability and sensitivity of materials in an 

oxygen-enriched atmosphere. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, ASTM STP 1197, 1993. 

Feng, H.J., Hunter, K.R., and Moore, J.J. The application of combustion synthesis in the production of titanium-based 

ceramic and ceramic-metal composites, Eng. Found. Conf. on High Temp. Struc. Mater., Hawaii, 1993. 

Feng, H.J., Moore, U., and Wirth, D.G. The combustion synthesis of B.C-AIP,-Al composite materials. 529-535, 

1992. 

Feng, H.J., Moore, J.1., and Wirth, D.G. Combustion synthesis of ceramic-metal composite materials: The TiC-AlP,-AI 

system. Metall. Trans. A, 2373-2379, 1992. 

Ferkul, P.V., and T'ien, 1.S. A model of low-speed concurrent flow flame spread over a thin fuel. NIST An. Conf. on Fire 

Research, 1992; Combus. Sci. & Tech., (accepted), NASA CR-191111, 1993. 

Ferkul, P.V., and Tien, 1.S. Numerical computation of low-speed concurrent flow flame spread in mixed buoyant and 

forced flow, 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting of the AIAA, AIAA 93-0828, 1993. 

1111111111 ...... '11 ... 1" .... 111 ..... '" ............. '111111111 .. 1111111111 .. 111111 .. 'IIIII'"'II,"IUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IIIIII.IIII,,","IIIIII'"IIIIIIIII.II111111111 .... 111 ... 1111 .. 11111 .. 1111.1111111" .... 11111111111111 .. 1111111 

111-519 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................................................................................................................. II .. III .......... llIltlIIII.II.ItIII .... 1I1111.1.11'11.1'.1111111,,1111.,.1,,111111 ... , ... 1"1111.11.11.1111111 ... 1 

Garvinsky, G.P., and T'ien, J.S. Ignition and extinction curves of diffusion flames with radiative losses, The Joint 

Technical Meeting of the Central and Eastern Statei Sections, Combustion Institute, 1993. 

Gomez, A. The electrospray: Fundamentals and applications, Invited paper to be presented at the 3rd World Conference on 

Heat Transfer, Fluid Dynamics, and Thennodynamics, Hawaii, November, 1993. 

Gomez, A., and Chen, G. Charge-induced secondary atomization of droplets in diffusion flames of electrostatic sprays, 

Presented at AlAAlSAElASMElASEE 29th 10int Propulsion Conference (AIAA 93-2332), Monterey, CA, June, 1993. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K. Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays. To appear in Phys. Fluids A, 1993. 

Grayson, G.D., Sacksteder, K.R., Ferkul, P.Y., and T'ien, J.S. Flame spreading over a thin solid in low-speed concurrent 

flow: Drop tower experimental results and comparison with theory, The International Symposium on Microgravity Science 

and Application, Beijing, China, May, 1993. 

Hegde, U. Heat release effects on the instability of parallel shear layers. (accepted) AlAA lournal, August, 1993. 

Hegde, U. G-jitter effects on diffusion flames. International Workshop on G-Jiuer, International Center for Gravity 

Materials Science and Applications and Consortium for Commercial Crystal Growth, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 

lune, 1993, (in press). 

Hsu, P.F., and Ku, J.C. Radiative heat transfer in finite cylindrical enclosures with nonhomogeneous participating media. 

AlAA 1. Thermophys. & Heat Transf., (accepted). 

Hunter, K.R., Moore, I.J., and Wirth, D.G. Combustion synthesis of TiC-AIPJ-Ti ceramic-metal composite materials: An 

initial phenomenological examination, Sth Ann. World Conf. on Titanium, submitted 1993. 

Kailasanath, K., and Patnaik, G. Dynamics of flames near the rich flammability limit of hydrogen-air mixtures. Progress 

in Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. lSI, 247-262, 1993. 

Kailasanath, K., and Patnaik, G. On the structure and stability of rich hydrogen flames. Comb. Sci. & Tech., (submitted) 

1993. 

Kashiwagi, T. Ignition and subsequent flame spread over a thin cellulosic material, second international microgravity 

combustion workshop, nasa lewis researcb center, sept. 1992. 

Kashiwagi, T. Transition from localized icnition to flame spread over a thin cellulosic material in microgravity, Presented 

at the 1993 Fall Technical Meeting, Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, October 1993, Princeton University. 

Kostiuk, L.W., Zbou, L., and Cbeng, R.K. The effects of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames. Proceedings of the Second 

International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992, Paper No. 92-103; Fall 

Meeting of the Western States Section, Combustion Institute, Berkeley, CA, October 12-13, 1992, NASA CP 10113, Feb. 

Lee, C.J., Buckmaster, J., and DiCicco, M. Intrinsic and acoustic instabilities in flames fueled by multiphase mixtures. 

submitted to Comb. Sci. Tech., 1993. 

Moore,I.J. Combustion synthesis of advanced composite materials. AlAA 31st Aerospace Sci. Mtg., Reno, NV, 

AlAA-93-0830, 1993. 

Moore, J.1. et al. Combustion syntheiis of ceramic and metal-matrix composites. Proc. 2nd Int. Microgravity 

Combustion Workshop, 1993, NASA CP-I0113, 203-209, 1993. 

Moore, J.1., Feng, H.l., and Hunter, K. Construction of combustion synthesis stability diagrams for ceramic and metal 

matrix composites. EPD Congress, 707·720, 1993. 

Nakabe, K., Baum, H.R., Yamashita, H., Kushida, G., and Kashiwagi, T. Ignition and transition to flame spread over 

thermally thin cellulosic sheet in a quiescent microgravity environment. Combus. & Flame, 1993. 

, .......................... 11 ....... " ............................... " ....... " ...................... ' ... 111 ........... 111.11 .............. 11111111, ....... 11 ..... "11.11.11.11111.11'"'".,1111111111111111111111.",,1"1 .... 11'.11'"11111111" 

111-520 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ..................... , .. , ........................ , .............. ' ....... 11111 ........ 1111 ... '111 ...... 111' ...... 1111 ........... , ............. 11 ...... ' ... " ............. 111111 .. '111111111 .. '1 ......................... 111 ..... ' ....... 1111111111,.1 

Niazmand, H., Shaw, B.D., and Dwyer, H.A. Effects of Marangoni convection on transient droplet evaporation in reduced 

gravity, fall meeting of the american chemical society, august 22-27, 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Simulations of multidimensional burner-stabilized flames, AIAA 31 st Aerospace Sci. 

Mtg., AlAA-93-0241, 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Numerical simulations of the extinguishment of downward propagating flames. Proc. 24 

th Int. Symp on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 189-195, 1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Structure and dynamics of premixed flames in microgravity. NASA CP-I0113, 171-176, 

1993. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. Multidimensional simulations of burner-stabilized names, accepted for AS ME Winter 

Ann. Mtg., 1993. 

Ross, H.D., Dietrich, D.L., and T'ien, I.S. Candle flames in microgravity: USML-l results one year later, USML-l L+l 

Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 1993. 

Sacksteder, K.R., and T'ien, I.S. Buoyant downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in partial-gravity accelerations. 

Combus. & Flame, (submitted). 

Sacksteder, K.R., and T'ien, I.S. Downward diffusion flame spread and extinction in variable gravitational fields: Lunar 

and Martian simulations, 31st AlAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 93-0828, Ian. 1993. 

Stocker, D.P., Chen, L-D, and Sheu, I.C. Preliminary observations of the effect of microgravity on a pulsed jet diffusion 

flame, Fall 1993 Meeting of the Western States Section of The Combustion Institute (Paper 93-065), Menlo Park, Oct. 

18-19, 1993. 

T'ien, I.S., Sacksteder, K.R., and Ferkul, P.V. Combustion of solid fuel in very low speed oxygen streams, 2nd 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September, 1992; NASA CP-I01l3, Feb. 1993. 

Tang, K., and Gomez, A. On the structure of an electrostatic spray of monodiiperse droplets. Phys. Fluids, (submitted) 

1993. 

Vedha-Nayagam, M. The effect of interface curvature on heat and mass transfer during pressurized expUlsion of cryogenic 

liquids in low gravity. I. Thermophys. & Heat Transf., (in preparation). 

Vedha-Nayagam, M., and Mackowski, D.W. Radiation induced thermophoretic effects on particle concentration in a 

laminar tube flow, Western States Section!Ibe Combustion Institute Fall Meetini, San Francisco, CA, October, 1992. 

Yamashita, H., Baum, H.R., Kushida, G., Nakabe, K., and Kashiwagi, T. Heat transfer from radiatively heated material in a 

low reynolds number microgravity environment. ASME Iournal of Heat Transfer, 115, 418-425, 1993. 

Ground: Fluid Physics 

Alexiades, v., and Solomon, A.D. Mathematical modeling of melting and freezing processes. I. Fluid Mech., 251, 

719-723, 1993. 

Anderson, J.L. Electrokinetic transport of colloidal particles with heterogeneous surfaces. I. Electrostatics, (in press) 

1993. 

Anderson, I.L., and Solomentsev, Y. Electrophoresis of nonuniformly charged chains. ACS Symposium Volume, 

"Polyectrolytes", (in press) 1993. 

Balasubramaniam, R. Thermocapillary bubble migration: Solution of the energy equation for Ppotential flow 

approximated velocity fields, IMACS Symposium, Bangalore, India, December 1992. 

11111'"111111111.1111111111.11 .... 1"1'11 .. 1111111'''''''".11,11111'111,1 •• 1 .. ",.11111.,1111111.11'.11111'.1'1,1111.1111 •• 11.11.11"11111.1'11.1 •• 1.111'11.11111111.111.1.1 •• 11111111.1'1111111111111111.1.1"111.111111111.1 •• ,,1'111.111111'.1. 

111-521 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations 11 ........ 111111' ............ " .... 11 ..... 1111 ... 111 ................................................. IIIIIIIII ... U .. 'IIIII .. ' •• IIIII ..... IIIIIIIIIIII .. IIII ........ 11 ............................ '"1"111 ..... 1 ... 111111 ................ 11111".1' 

Balasubramaniam, R .• and Subramanian. R.S. Thennocapillary bubble migration: Thermal boundary layers for large 

Marangoni numbers. J. Fluid Mechanics. (submitted). 

Berg. R.F. Thennal equilibration near the critical point: Effects due to three dimensions and gravity. Phys. Rev. E, vol. 

48, 1799-1805, 1993. 

Black, L.R., Clark, 1.0 .• Culotta, P.W., Hyer. P.V., and Johnson. EJ. An improved 3-D numerical model of inP MOCVD 

with comparison to growth and laser velocimetry experiments. In Proceedings of Fluent Inc. 1993 Users' Group Meeting. 

Burlington, VT, October 5-7, 1993. 

Black, L.R., Clark, 1.0., Culotta, P.W., Hyer, P.V., Jesser. W.A .• and Johnson. E.J. Gravitational and thermal effects on 

fluid flow and inP thin fllm deposition in a horizontal MOCVD reactor, Ninth American Conference on Crystal Growth. 

Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Black, L.R .• Clark. I. 0., Jesser, W.A .• and Kui, J. Numerical modeling of inP MOCVD with comparison to experiment, 

Tenth International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA. August 16-22, 1992. 

Braun, RJ., McFadden. G.B .• Murray, B.T .• Coriell, S.R .• Glicksman. M.E., and Selleck, M.E. Asympl.otic behavior of 

modulated Taylor-Couette flows with a crystalline inner cylinder. Phys. Fluids A5, 1891-1903. 1993. 

Brusstar. M.J .• and Merte. H. The effects of buoyancy on the critical heat flux in forced convection, AIAA Annual Winter 

Meeting. Reno, Nevada. Jan. 1993. 

Casademunt, J., and Jasnow, D. Finger competition and viscosity contrast in viscous fingering: A topological approach. 

Phys. Rev. E .• Preprint FSV-SCRI-93-11, (submitted) 1993. 

Casademunt, J .• and Vinals. J. Convection induced by a fluctuating acceleration field. Proc. ASME. (accepted) Nov. 1993. 

Casademunt, J., Zhang, W., Vinals, J., and Sekerka, R.F. Stability of a fluid surface in a micro gravity environment. AIAA 

J., (in press) Nov. 1993. 

Chen, C.F., and Chen. C.C. Effect of surface tension on the stability of a binary fluid layer under reduced gravity. Phys. of 

Fluids A. (submitted). 

Clark, 1.0 .• Culotta, P.W .• Hyer, P.V., and Johnson. E.J. Three-dimensional laser velocimetry of a CVD reactor, Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA. August 16-22, 1992. 

Cole, J.D .• Xu, 1.1., and Pan. Z.x. Numerical investigation of global instability mechanism of dendrite growth. RPI Math 

Report 211, 31. August 1993. 

Concus, P., and Finn, R. Capillary wedges revisited. SIAM J. Math. Anal., p. 33553, (submitted) 1993. 

Concus, P .• and Finn, R. Capillary surfaces in a wedge, differing contact angles. Proc, IntI. Symp. Microgravity Science 

and Applications, Beijing. 1993, also, Microgr. Sci. Techn., (accepted). 

Concus. P .• and Weislogel. M. An interface configuration experiment on USML-l. AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

Reno, NY. AIAA 93-0253, 1993. 

Coriell, S.R. and McFadden. G.B. Morphological stability. Handbook of Crystal Growth, Volume 1: Fundamentals, 

785-857, (published). 

Davis. S.H .• Huppert. H.E., Muller, U .• and Worster, M.G. Interactive dynamics of convection and solidification. 

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification. 

Chamonix. France. March 8-13. 1992. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences. Vol. 219.1992. 

Dixon, P.K., Pine. D.J .• and Wu. X. Mode selection in the dynamics of sheared polymer solutions. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 

68. 2239, 1992. 

, ............................................................... 111111 .. 11111111 .................. 11111 .. '"11 .. 11111111111 ......... ,.11 ...... ,11 ......... III .. IIIII'II,,,.,,.IIIIII"'II'I.I,,,I'".II.II'U'II.II""" •••• ,.III."111"""11 •• 11 

111-522 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............................................................. 1111 ................................ 111 .. ' ... 1111 .. '11' .................................................................... 1" ....................................... 111111 .......... .. 

Dreissler, R.J., Oron, A., and Duh, J.C. Marangoni instability in a liquid layer with two free surfaces. NASA Technical 

Mem.l06166, Icomp-93-15, 1993. 

Duh, J.C., Marangoni-Bernard Convection in a Low-Aspect- Ratio Liquid Layer. Presented at International Symposium on 

Microgravity Science and Applications, Beijing China, May 1993, 1997. 

Fair, M.C., and Anderson, J.L. Electrophoresis of heterogeneous colloids: Doublets of dissimilar particles. Langmuir, 

vol. 8, no. 12, 2850-2854, 1992. 

Feng, Z.C. and Leal, L.G. On energy transfer in resonant bubble oscillations. Physics of Fluids, vol. 5, no. 4, 826-836, 

1993. 

Feng, Z.C., and Leal, L.G. Bifurcation and chaos in shape and volume oscillations of a periodically driven bubble with 

two-to-one internal resonance. 1. Auid Mech., (accepted) 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A. Effect of fluctuating inertial forces on the critical dynamics of a pure fluid. Annalen der Physik, Vol. 2, 26, 

1993. 

Ferrell, R.A. Singular crossover function for critical diffusion in a fluid. Physica A, (in press) 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A. On the limitation imposed by gravity on measurements of the critical viscosity of a pure fluid. Annalen der 

Physik, (submitted) 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A. Specific heat of a BCS superconductor. Annalen der Physik, 2, 267, 1993. 

Ferrell, R.A., and Hao, H. Adiabatic temperature changes in a one-component fluid near the liquid-vapor critical point. 

Physica A, Vol. 197, 23, 1993. 

F~rrell, R.A., Hao, H., and Bhattacharjee, J.K. Critical viscosity exponent. Phys. Rev. A, (in preparation). 

Finn, R. Gradient and gauss curvature bounds for H-graphs. Univ. Leipzig Forschungs Bericht, 1993; Proc. Inti. Symp., 

Comparison Methods and Stability Theory, Waterloo; and Marcel Dekker, (accepted). 

Forbes, S.J., Rashidnia, N., and Balasubramaniam, R. Abel inversion of irregularly-spaced discrete interferrometric fringe 

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Foster, M.R. Temporal development of a needle crystal for large peclet number. (in preparation) 1993. 

Gopinath, G. and Sadhal, S. Thermoacoustic streaming effects from a sphere subject to a time-periodic temperature 

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Greenfield, A., Putterman, S., and Wright, W. Observation of a localized chaotic structure in a nonlinear oscillatory 

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Hyer, P.V., Clark, 1.0., and Stocker, D.P. Comparison of numerical model results with diffusion flames in micro gravity, 

AlAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting (AlAA 93-0707), Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. 

JimeneZ-Aquino, 1.1., Sancho, lM., and Casademunt, J. Non-linear relaxation time for stochastic processes driven by 

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Kamotani, Y., Weng, F-B., Ostrach, S., and Platt, J. Oscillatory natural convection of a liquid metal in circular cylinders. 

1. Heat Transf., (accepted) 1993. 

Keblinski, P., Ma, W-J, Maritan, A., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J.R. Molecular dynamics of phase separation in narrow 

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111-523 
III. MSAD Program Tasks -FYl993 Bibliographic Citations .... " .......................... tt ......................................................................................... 1111 ............ 11111111111 ........... " ....... 11 .. ' .......... , .. , .. , .. ," ....... ,1111 ........ '11' .......... , .. , ..... , .. , 

Kim. I .• Kamotani. Y .• and Ostracb. S. Modeling of bubble and drop formation in flowing liquids in microgravity. AIChE 

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Kirk. K.M .• Merte. H .• and Keller. R.B. A study of low velocity nucleate flow boiling at various orientations. ASME 

Winter Annual Meeting. Anaheim. CA. Nov. 1992. 

Koplik. J .• and Banavar. J.R. Molecular structure of the coalescence of liquid interfaces. Science. 254. 1664. 1992. 

Koplik. J .• and Banavar. J.R. Molecular dynamics of interface rupture. Phys. Fluids A. 5. 521. 1993. 

Kunka. M.D .• Tanveer. S .• and Foster. M.R. Nonlinear time evolution of a dendritic crystal for peclet number. (in 

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Lan. C.W .• and Kou. S. Radial dopant segregation in zero-gravity floating-zone crystal growth. J. Cryst. Growth. (in 

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Lan. C.W .• and Kou. S. Formulation for correcting optical distortions due to a transparent floating zone. J. Cryst. 

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Lee. J. Scaling analysis of gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern in microgravity. Presented at Reno, Nevada meeting, AIAA 

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Lee. J .• and Platt. J.A. Prediction of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime in microgravity. NASA 1M 106274. 1993. 

Li. L.. Schultz. W.W .• and Merte. H. The velocity potential and the interacting force for two spheres moving 

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Lin. S.P .• and Lian, W. Absolute and convective instability of a viscous liquid jet surrounded by a viscous gas in a vertical 

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Loewenberg. M .• and Davis. R.H. Near contact. electropboretic particle motion. 1. Fluid Mecb .• (in press) 1993. 

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Ovryn, B., and Hovenac, E.A. Coherent forward scattering particle image velocimetry. SPIE Volume 2005: Optical 

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Vinals, J., and Sekerka, R.F. Effective diffusion equation in a random velocity field. 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

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111-525 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ......................... , ..................... 11 ........................ "1 .................... III .......... U ..... III.II .... IIII.IIII ........ I1 ................. "11111111111111111"'11,"""1""' •• 11.111111,,"111111 .. ,.11"',,1111111111 •••• 

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Worster, M.G., and Kerr, R.C. The transient behavior of alloys solidified from below prior to the formation of chimneys. 

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Worster, M.G., Chiareli, A.O.P., and Huppert, H.E. Segregation and flow during the solidification of alloys. (submitted) 

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Worster, M.G., Huppert, H.E., and Sparks, R.SJ. The crystallization of lava lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 

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Wu, X. Critical fluctuations of binary liquid mixtures and liquid crystals in porous materials, Aspen Center for Physics, 

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Wu, X. Structure and dynamics of nematic liquid crystal in silica gels, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, 

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Wu, X. Shear-induced concentration fluctuations in polymer solutions, Department of Physics, Indiana University of 

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Wu, X. Slow dynamics of nematic/isotropic phase transition in silica gels, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 

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Zebib, A, Oscillatory convection in crystal growth, Ecole Polytecnique Federale de Lausanne, EllIL, Switzerland March 

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Zebib, A., Buoyantlthermocapillary convection, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, Universiat 

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1II-526 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations .................................... 11 ...... 111 .......................... ' ...... 11 ... 111I11I11I," .. II ... '.II.II.II'".II'"'""I.IIIII .. II'II,IIIIIIIII'ltllllltl ... 11 ...... 11111'" ... ' ....... ' ....... 1111 ....... ' .. 111111 ....... ' ..... 1111IIIIII 

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Zhang, W., and Vinals, 1. Proceedings of the American Physical Society Meeting of the Division of Fluid Mechanics, 

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Zhang, W., Casademunt, I., Vinals, 1., and Sekerka, R.F. Effect of g-jitter on the stability of the free surface of a fluid. 

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Zhang, W., Casadermunt, J., and Vinals, J. Study of the parametric oscillator driven by narrow band noise to model the 

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Zhang, X., and Davis, R.H. The collision rate of small drops undergoing thermocapillary migration. J. Colloid Interf. 

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Ground: Materials Science 

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Abdeldayem, H.A, Shields, AW., and Frazier, D.O. Third-order nonlinear susceptibility measurements by degenerate 

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Abdeldayem, H., Paley, M.S., Frazier, D.O., and McManus, S.P. Polydiacetylenes: Excellent candidates as nonlinear 

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Abdeldayem, H. Witherow, W.K., Shields, A.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. Nonlinear phenomenon of beam fanning 

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Abdeldayem, H., Witherow, W., Shields, A., and Frazier, D.O. New phenomena of spatial light modulation in benzil, 

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Aggarwal, M.D., Wang, W.S., Choi, J., Chang, K.J., Shields, A.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. A novel 

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111-527 
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Anderson. C.D .• Hofmeister. W.H., and Bayuzick. R.J. liquidus temperatures in the Ti-Al system. Met. Trans. A. vol. 

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Anderson. D.M. and Davis, S.H., Local fluid flow and heat transfer near contact lines. J. Fluid Mech., 1993. 

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Asthana. R .• Rohatgi. P.K .• and Tewari, S.N. Pushing of particles by a solidification front: theory, experiment and 

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Bassler. B.T .• Hofmeister, W.H., Carro. G., and Bayuzick, R.J. The velocity of solidification of highly undercooled 

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Batt. K., Aggarwal. M .• Penn, B., and Frazier, D.O. Synthesis and characterization of various Schiff's bases for nonlinear 

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Beckerman. C. Modeling of transport phenomena in mushy zones. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced 

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Beckermann, C. and Ni. 1. Modeling of sedimentation in equiaxed alloy solidification. TMS 1993 Fall Meeting. (abstract 

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Beckennann. C., Feller. RJ .• Irwin. T., Muller-Spath, H., and Wang. C.Y. Visualization of sedimentation and 

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Braun, R.J., and Davis, S.H. Cellular instability in rapid directional solidification: Bifurcation theory. Acta Metall. 

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Braun. RJ .• and Davis. S.H. Nonlinear analysis in rapid directional solidification, 10th International Conference on 

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Braun, R.J .• Merchant. G.J .• and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile and cellular mode interaction in rapid directional solidification. 

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Braun. R.J., Merchant. G.J .• Brattkus, K., and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile instability in rapid directional solidification: 

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Cezairliyan, A., and Miiller, A.P. A dynamic technique for measuring normal spectral emissivity of 

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Cezairliyan, A., Chang, R.F., Foley, G.M., and Miiller, A.P. High-speed spatial scanning pyrometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 

vol. 64, no. IS84, 1993. 

Cezairliyan, A., McClure, J.L., and Miiller, A.P. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 520-906 nm) of 

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Chen, C.F. Surface tension effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection. Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, 325-333, 

1992. 

Chen, C.F. Viscosity effects on the directional solidification of NH.C1 colution in a Hele Shaw cell. Gallery of Fluid 

Motion, Phys. Fluids A , 4, 1879, 1992. 

Chen, C.F. Convection in the mushy zone during directional solidification. Interactive Dynamics of Convection and 

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Chen, C.F., and Chen, F. Onset of salt-finger convection in a gravity-gradient. Physics of Fluids A, 4, 451-452, 1992. 

Chen, C.F., and Ehrhard, P. Onset of chimney convection in a mushy layer generated in a Hele Shaw cell, Presented at the 

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Chen, C.F., and Su, T.-F. Effects of surface tension on the onset of convection in a double-diffusive layer. Phys. Fluids A. 

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Chen, C.F., and Terrones, G. Effect of gravity modulation on the stability of a binary fluid layer, Presented at The Gordon 

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Chione, D.J., Wray, M.D., Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Surface tension measurement by digital image analysis, 

Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 68th Annual 

Meeting, May 17-21, 1992, Tucson, AZ. 

Choi, S.W., Bachmann, K.J., and Lucovsky, G. Remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of GaP with in-situ 

generation of phosphine. J. Vac. Sci. & Tech., vol. BIO, 1070, 1992. 

Clark, 1.0. Gravitational and thermal diffusion effects in horizontal CVD flows, Ninth American Conference on Crystal 

Growth, Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, 1993. 

Coates, P.J., Armstrong, R.C., and Brown, R.A. Calculation of steady-state viscoelastic flow through axisymmetric 

contractions using the EEME formulation. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Costa e Silva, A., and Kaufman, M.J. Phase relations in the Mo-Si-C system relevant to the processing of MoSi/SiC 

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Costa e Silva, A., Jayaskankar, S., Krishnan, P., and Kaufman, M.J. Novel processing of intermetallic matrix composites 

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Applications n, Proceedings of 1992 TMS Symposium, 19-31, 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., and Kaufman, M.J. The effects of chromium on NiAI intermetallic alloys Part I: 

Microstructures and mechanical properties. Intermetall., 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., and Kaufman, M.l The effects of chromium on NiAI intermetallic alloys Part II: Slip systems. 

Intermetall., 1993. 

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111-529 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................. " ............................. 11 .... 11.11 .... 1'.11.' •• ,.1IIIII'ItIUIIIIIIIIII"IIIII'"''''''''''I"III'I'''.I'II''''111111111111111.,1111111.11 .... 11 .... 1,.11.1' .... 11.'1 .................................. 111111 .......... ,.,1 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., and Kaufman, M.J. NiAI-rich portion of the NiAI-Cr pseudobinary eutectic system. J. Phase 

Equil., (in press) 1993. 

Cotton, J.D., Noebe, R.D., Weaver, M.L., and Kaufman, M.J. Ternary alloy effects in NiAl. In Proceedings of ISSI 

Meeting, Cbampion, PA, September, 1993. 

Davis, S.H. Effects of flow on morphological stability. Handbook of Crystal Growtb, 1,859, 1993. 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification of a binary alloy, University of Akron, Department of Matbematical Sciences, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Microscale coupling of solidification and flow, NATO Advanced Researcb Workshop, Chamonix (Plenary 

Lecture) Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, 19?1. 

Davis, S.H. Strongly-nonlinear oscillations in rapid directional solidification, Department of Mathematics, University 

of Utab, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Instabilities in rapid solidification, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Illinois Institute 

of Tecbnology, 1992. 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification, Department of Cbemical Engineering, University of Florida, 191? 

Davis, S.H. Rapid solidification of binary mixtures, Physics Department, University of Texas, Austin, 1993. 

deGrob, H.C. Effect of nucleation and undercooling on macrosegregation in directioanlly solidified Pb-Sn eutectic alloys. 

In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, ed., Guceri, S.l., Technomic 

PUb., Lancaster, PA, 209-218, 1993. 

deGroh ill, H.C., and Lindstrom, T. Interface shape and convection during melting and solidification of succinonitrile. 

NASA Tech Memorandum, (in press). 

deGroh ill, H.C., and Yao, M. A numerical and experimental investigation of heat transport and fluid flow in directional 

solidification of succinontrile. In Proceedings of 1994 ASME Winter Annual Meeting, (submitted). 

deGroh Ill, H.C., Weidman, P.D., Zakhem, R., Ahuja, S .. and Beckermann, C. Calculation of dendrite settling yelocities 

using a porous envelope. Metall. Trans. A, (to be published Oct.l993). 

deGroh ill, H.C., Weidman, P.D., Zakhem, R., Ahuja, S., and Beckermann, C. Calculation of dendrite settling velocities 

1.0 user's manual. LEW-15751, COSMIC, expected in print 1993. 

Derby, J.1. Large-scale computational modeling of bulk crystal growth processes, 1993 Winter Gordon Research 

Conference on Crystal Growth, Oxnard, CA, March 15-19, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of internal radiation, conduction, and convection in crystal growtb processes, 

Departmental Seminar Series, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, April 15, 1993, 

invited. 

Derby, 1.1. Finite element analysis of the growth of semitransparent crystals via the Bridgman metbod, Workshop on 

Control of Bridgman Growth of CdZnTe Crystals, University of Virginia, Cbarlottesville, V A, June 24-25, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Finite element analysis of the growth of large, single crystals of refractory oxides, ARO Researchffechnology 

Transfer Workshops in High Performance Computing: Advanced Manufacturing, TARDEC, Warren, MI, August 30-31, 

1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature materials processing systems: Crystal growth and ceramics 

sintering, Chemical Engineering Program Seminar Series, Univ. of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, September 15, 

1993, invited . 

............................................ '"1111111111111111111, •• ' .... ,,1'llIlfllllllllllI".II.II.IIIIII, •• II"IIIII'.111111111111 .. 111" ...... 111 .. 111111111111111.1 .. 111111 ...... 111111111111111111111 ... 11'1 ..... 1 .. 1".1"'''''1111''1,,1 .. 

111-530 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............... '"' .................................................................. tt." .......................... '" ...... ' .• ''''I .................. '''II.' .. '''I ... n ... 'u'IIII •• I .... ,II.II.,I., •• ,.III ... ' .... 'II ....... ,1I11I111"1""11111 

Derby, J.1. Finite element analysis of the growth of large, single crystals of semitransparent materials, 11, Dallas, TX, 

September 16, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.J. Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature materials processing systems: Crystal growth and ceramics 

sintering, Departmental Seminar Series, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, September 20, 1993, invited. 

Derby, J.1. Analysis of flows in high-temperature crystal growth processes via finite element methods, 2nd Japan-US 

Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Large-Scale Computational Fluid Dynamics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 

March 14-16, 1994, invited. 

Derby, J.J., and Kuppurao, S. Effects of internal radiation during the melt growth of semitransparent crystals: Radiative 

supercooling, American Institute for Chemical Engineering Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, November 7-12, 1993. 

Derby, 1.1., Brandon, S., and Xiao, Q. Computer modeling of the growth of optical crystals from the melt, The American 

Ceramic Society 95th Annual Meeting and Exposition, Cincinnati, OH, April 18-22, 1993. 

Derby, J.1., Brandon, S .• Kuppurao. S .• and Xiao. Q. Computer modeling of the growth of laser host crystals from the 

melt, Materials Research Society 1993 Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, November 29-December 3, 1993. 

Derby, J.1., Brandon, S .• Salinger, A.G., and Xiao, Q. Large-scale numerical analysis of materials processing systems: 

High-temperature crystal growth and molten glass flows. Compo Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., (in press) 1993. 

Derby, J.1 .• Kuppurao, S .• and Tantra. 1.1. Parallel computation of view factors for analysis of radiant heat transfer in 

enclosures. American Institute for Chemical Engineering Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO, November 7-12, 1993. 

Duncan. A.J., Kaufman. M.J .• and Miller M.K. Segregation of interstitial impurities in single crystal NiAl. In Applied 

Surface Science, (in press) 1993. 

Duncan. A.J., Kaufman, M.J., Lin. C.T .• and Miller. M.K. Site occupation of iron in latermetallic NiAI. In Applied 

Surface Science, (in press) 1993. 

Follicelli, S.D., Heinrich, lC .• and Poirier, D.K. Simulation of freckles during vertical solidification of binary allows. 

Numer. Heat Trans. B, vol. 23. 461-481, 1993. 

Frazier, D.O., Facemire, B.R., Loo, B.H., Burns. D .• and Thiessen, D.B. Solidification behavior of impurity-doped 

solutions in high surface area. low bulk volume containers. 1. Cryst. Growth. 106, 101-115, 1990. 

Hellawell, A., Sarazin, J.R., and Steube. R.S. Channel convection in partly solidified systems. Philosophical 

Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1993. 

Huang, W .• Ray, C.S .• and Day, D.E. Color selected properties of PbO-BiOJj-GaOu . J. Amer. Ceram.Society., 

(submitted). 

Huang. W .• Ray, C.S .• and Day, D.E. The structure and properties of PbO.Bip).Gap) glasses, 95th Annual Meeting of the 

American Ceramic Society (Paper # G-88-93). Cincinnati, OH, 18-22 April,1993. 

Huntley, D.A .• and Davis, S.H. Thermal effects in rapid solidification: Linear theory. Acta Metall. Mater., 41, 2025, 

1993. 

Huntley, D.A., and Davis, S.H. Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: Weakly-nonlinear analysis of 

oscillatory instabilities. J. Crystal Growth, 132, 141, 1993. 

Huntley, D.A., and Davis, S. H. Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: Linear stability theory, 10th Int'! 

Conf. on Crystal Growth, San Diego, 1993. 

Jackson, H.W., Barmatz, M., and Wagner, P. Transient temperature behavior of a sphere heated by microwaves. Ceramic 

Transactions, (in press). 

, ............. '''11 .............................................................. 1111111,".111111.11.11'11.11 .. 11,11,11'""".11,",11111"'''11'''''''1111 .. 1''11.11.1,,1 .. 11.11.1111111111111"'11111111111111111 .. 111111'11111'1 .. 1,"111111111 

111-531 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............. " .............. 11 ........................................ 111 .......................... ' ...... 11111111 ................ 111 ................................ '" .... IIIIII ......... lIltll.HII .... II ................... I .................. . 

Jackson. K.A. Theory of crystal growth from the melt. Ceramic Trans., vol. 30. 95. 1993. 

Jackson. K.A. A perspective on crystal growth. American Association for Crystal Growth. Baltimore. MD. August. 1993. 

Jackson. K.A. Nucleation. In Proceedings of the Valais Physical Society. Crystal Growth and Epitaxy. 1993. 

Jackson. K.A. Crystal growth kinetics. In Proceedings of the Valais Physical Society. Crystal Growth and Epitaxy. 1993. 

Jackson. K.A .. Gilmer. G.H .• Temkin. D.E .• Weinberg. J.D .• and Beaty. K. Nonequilibrium phase transformations. J. 

Cryst. Growth. vol. 128. 127. 1993. 

Jayashankar. S .• and Kaufman. MJ. Tailored MoSizlSiC composites via mechanical alloying. J. Mat. Res .• 1993. 

Johnston. J.C. Computerized experiments are final frontier as US seeks first place in technology race. ASME New. vol. 

13. no. 4. 1993. 

Jones. S.A.. and Kaufman. M.J. Phase equilibria and transformations in intermediate titanium aluminum alloys. Acta 

Metall. et Mater .• vol. 41. 387-398. 1993. 

Kassemi. M. Combined heat transfer and fluid f10r model for directional solidification of BSO and Yag. AS ME Winter 

Annual Meeting: Heat Transfer in Microgravity Systems. (to be presented) Nov. 1994. 

Kassemi. M .. and Naraghi. M.N.H. Analysis of radiation-natural convection interactions in I-g and low-g environments 

using the discrete exchange factor method. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. vol. 36. no. 17.4141-4151. 

(in press) 1993. 

Kaufman. MJ .• and Costa e Silva. A. Synthesis of intermetallic matrix composites using in-situ reactions. In Processing 

and Fabrication of Advanced Materials for High Temperatures Applications II. Proceedings of 1993 TMS Symposium. 

19-31. 1993. 

Kelton. K.F. On estimating the nucleation rate by differential scanning calorimetry. J. Am. Cer. Soc .• vol. 75. 2449. 

1992. 

Kelton. K.F. Numerical model for isothermal and non isothermal crystallization of liquids and gases. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 

(in press) 1993. 

Kelton. K.F. Transient nucleation in glasses. In Nucleation and Crystallization in Liquids and Glasses. 45-53. (1993). 

Kim. YJ. and Perepezko, J.H. 'The thermodynamics and competitive kinetics of metastable t phase development in 

MnAI-base alloys. Mat. Sci. & Eng. A. vo1.l63. 127-134. 1993. 

Krishnan. P .• and Kaufman. M.J. Development and characterization of interface coatings in molybdenum-reinforced NiAI 

matrix composites. Met. Trans .• (in press) 1993. 

Krishnan. S .• Bayuzick. R.J .. ct al. Optical properties and spectral emissivities and 632.8 nm in the titanium-aluminum 

system. Met. Trans. A. vol. 24A. 67-72. 1993. 

Kuppurao. S .• and Derby, J.J. Finite element formulations for accurate calculation of radiant heat transfer in diffuse-grey 

enclosures. Numer. Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, (in press) 1993. 

Landis. M.A .. and Chen. C.F. Solid fraction distribution in a mushy layer by computed tomography. poster presentation 

in The Gallery of Fluid Motion. 45th Annual Meeting of APS-DFD. Tallahassee. Florida November 1992. 

McClure, J.L.. and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of the heat of fusion of tungsten by a microsecond-resolution transient 

technique. Int. J. Thermophys .. vol. 14. no. 449. 1993 . 

............ , .......... III ............... U, .......................... III ...................... '111 ................. '111111 ............ '''1111111.1111111 .... 11 ...... ,,,,,,,,,,," .... 11'".11,,, .. 1.11'"1 .. 1111111'111111111111111111.11,,,,111111 

111-532 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations .............................................................................................. 11111 ..................................................... 111 ...... 1111 .............. 111111 ........ 11 ........ 1111 .......... ", .................. 1 •• 11I 

McClure, J.L., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of heat of fusion of tantalum by a microsecond-resolution transient 

technique. Int. J. Thermophys., (in press) 1993. 

McCreary, C.B., Thiessen, D.B. and Krantz, W.B. Pendant drop method for measuring interfacial tensions, Southwestern 

and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 69th Annual Meeting, May 

23-26, 1993, Albuquerque, NM. 

McDonough, C., Barmatz, M., and Iackson, H.W. Application of Boltzman-Ehrenfest principle to containerless 

microwave processing in microgravity. Ceramic Transactions, (in press). 

Meng, G., Zhou, G., Schneider, R.L. Sarma, B.K. and Levy, M. A model for the vaporization of mixed organometallic 

chemical vapor deposition of high temperature superconducting films. Appl. Phys. Lett., (to be published). 

Meng, G., Zhou, G., Schneider, R.L., Sarma, B.K., and Levy, M. Formation and characterization of YBa2Cu)07 thin films 

grown by MOCVD. Physica C ,214, xxx, 1993. 

Merchant, G.I., Braun, R.I., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S.H. Pulsatile instability in rapid directional solidification: 

Strongly nonlinear analysis. SIAM I. Appl. Math., 52, 1279, 1992. 

Miiller, A.P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 519-906 nm) of tungsten at its melting 

point by a pulse-heating technique. Int. I. Thermophys., vol. 14, no. 511, 1993. 

Miiller, A.P., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of surface tension of tantalum by a dynamic technique in a microgravity 

environment. Int. I. Thermophys., (in press) 1993. 

Moore, C.E., Cardelino, B.H., Hude, W., and Frazier, D.O. Potential use of nitro-substituted and amino-substituted 

quinolines and isoquinolines as nonlinear optical materials. I. Am. Chern. Soc., (in press) 1993. 

Moore, C.E., Cardelino, B.H., Penn, B.G., Ballard I., Sanghadasa, M., Barr, Ir., T.A., Frazier, D.O., and Clark, R.D. 

Prediction of the static-order polarizabilities of (2.4)-dinitro-substituted benzenes .. Chern. Mat., (in press) 1993. 

Morton, C.W., Hofmeister, W.H., Bayuzick, R.I., and Robinson, M.B. A statistical approach to understanding nucleation 

phenomena, Gordon Conference on Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, Iuly, 1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Ginde, R. Effect of impurities on cluster growth and nucleation. I. Cryst. Growth, vol. 126, 216, 

1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Izmailov, A.F. Nucleation in non-critical binary systems. I. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 139, 1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Izmailov, A.F. Structure of supersaturated solutions. Handbook Cryst. Growth, vol. 1, 251-303, 

1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Izmailov, A.F. Theory of metastable state relaxation in a gravitational field for non-critical binary 

systems with non-conserved order parameter. I. Physics A., vol. 26, 2709, 1993. 

Myerson, A.S., and Izmailov, A.F. Statistics of experiments on cluster formation and transport in a gravitational field. I. 

Physics D., vol. 26, B123, 1993. 

Northey, P., Armstrong, R.C., and Brown, R.A. Finite amplitude time-periodic states in viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow 

of a UCM fluid. 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Olive, I.R., Bayuzick, R.I., et al. Formation of tetragonal YB~CUP7-6 from an undercooled melt, Gordon Conference on 

Gravitational Effects in Materials and Processes, Iuly, 1993. 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., and Milller, G. Normal n-zone solidification using the submerged heater method. I. Cryst. Growth, (in 

press) 1993. 

111111 ...... 11 ......... 111 ........ ' ..... 11111 ...... 1111 .............................. 111111.'111 .. 111' ......... 11111111 .. '111 ...... '1 ......... 1,.11111111111111111111111.,1.11'11.".'11.11",11"" •• 1"11"".1111,',.In'IIIIIIII.II.,I"IIIIII" 

111-533 
Ill. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ............. , ................................................................................................................... 111 ........................... 1111 ............... " ............. 11 .. 1 ............................... 111 .......... .. 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., and MUller, G. Model of the effective segregation coefficient applied to low-convection solidification 

in microgravity. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 207-212, 1993. 

Ostrogorsky, A.G., Sell, H.1., Schar!, S., and MUlier, G. Convection and segregation during growth of Ge and InSb 

crystals by the submerged heater method. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 128, 201-206, 1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.1. Corio lis effects on the etability of plane-front solidification of dilute Pb-Sn binary 

alloys. Metall. Trans. B, 23, 73-80, 1992. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.1. Stability of plane-front solidification of a binary liquid in which a density maximum 

occurs. J. fluid Mech., (submitted) 1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.J. Improved equation of state for mercury cadmium telluride. J. Cryst. Growth, (submitted) 

1993. 

Oztekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.J. Effect of rotation on the stability of plane-front solidification of Hgl .• Cd.Te. J. Cryst. 

Growth, (submitted) 1993. 

Paley, M.S., Frazier, D.O., McManus, S.P., Zutant, S.E., and Sanghadasa, M. Diacetylene and polydiacetylene derivatives 

of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline for second-harmonic generation. Chern. Mat., (in press) 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Qui, N., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.I. Method for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly solidified metal flakes. Advances in Powder Metallurygy and Particulate Materials, vol. 1,75, 1993. 

Parrish, R.H., Hofmeister, W.H., Wittig, J.E., and Bayuzick, R.I. A novel technique for the production of undercooled and 

rapidly quenched alloys. Containerless Processing: Techniques and Applications, 41. 1993. 

Perepezko, J.H. Solidification of highly supercooled liquid metals and alloys. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, Vol. 156-158, 

463-272, 1993. 

Poirier, D.R., and Heinricb, J.C. Computer modeling: Segregation in solidification. Encyclopedia of Advanced 

Materials, 1993. 

Qiu, N., Hofmeister, W.H., and Wittig, J.E. Undercool rapid-quench processing of hard magnetic materials. Containerless 

Processing: Techniques and Applications, 45, 1993. 

Rajagopalan, D., Pbilips, R., Armstrong, R.C., Brown, R.A., and Bose, A. Analysis of rimming flow of Newtonian and 

viscoelastic fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 1992. 

Rappaz, M., Vitek, I.M., David, S.A., and Boatner, L.A. Micostructural formation in longitudinal bicrystal welds. 

Metall. Trans., vol. 24A, 1433, 1993. 

Ray, C., Cull, T., Kelton, K.F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal de vitrification studies II: BaO.2Si02-experimental and 

computer analysis. 1. Am. Cer. Soc., 1992. 

Ray, C., Cull, T., Kelton, K.F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies II: Nap.2CaO.3Si02-experimental 

and computer analysis. 1. Am. Cer. Soc., 1992. 

Rhim, W.K., Chung, S.K., Barber, D., Man, K.F., Gutt, G., Rulison, A., and Spjut. R.E. "A high temperature electrostatic 

levitator for I-g". In Proceedings of 1993 TMS Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, Feb. 21 - 25, 1993, (in press). 

Rbim, W.K., Chung, S.K., Barber, D., Man, K.F., Gutt, G., Rulison, A., and Spjut. R.E. An electrostatic levitator for high 

temperature containerless materials processing in I-g. Rev. Sci. Instru., (in press). 

Robinson, M.B., Bayuzick, R.I., and Hofmeister, W.H. Solidification velocity in an undercooled falling drop. Acta Met., 

(in press) 1993 . 

..................................... " ...................................................................... 1111 ................. 11 ............................................. tI .............................. II .................. II ••• ,.IIIII ... 

111-534 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FYl993 Bibliographic Citations .... " ................................................................................................ 1111111 ..... 11 ...... 111 .... 11 ...................... , ... " ..... 11 ...... 111111 ... 111 ....... 1111 ... 11111 ................................ '"111 .. . 

Rulison, A., and Rhim, W.K. Containerless measurement technique of specific heat and total hemispherical emmissivity 

of refractory materials. Rev. Sci. Instru., (submitted). 

Salinger, A.G., Aris, R., Brandon, S., and Derby, 1.1. Buoyancy-driven flows of a radiatively participating fluid in a 

vertical cylinder heated from below. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, vol. 442, 313-341, 1993. 

Salinger, A.G., Brandon, S., and Derby, U. Steady-state flow transitions in the radiative Rayleigh-Benard problem: 

Visualizing a bifurcation diagram. Intern. Video J. Eng. Res., (Accepted for publication) 1993. 

Sears, B., Anderson, T.J., Narayanan, R., and Fripp, A.L. Detection of solutal convection during diffusivity measurements 

of oxygen in liquid tin. Metall. Trans., 24B, N. 1,91-100, 1993. 

Sears, B., Fripp, A.L., Debnam, W.J., Woodell, G.A., Narayanan, R., and Anderson, T.l. Convection of tin in a Bridgman 

system - Part IT: An electrochemical method for detecting flow regimes. 1. Cryst. Growth, 125, Nos. 3-4, 415-419, 

1992. 

Sears, B., Narayanan, R., Anderson, TJ., and Fripp, A.L. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system - Part 1: Flow 

characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. 1. Cryst. Growth, 125, Nos. 3-4, 404-414, 1992. 

Sheng, W., He, K.x., Vankateswarlu, P., Sharma, A., Vanderhoff, I.W., Chen, J.H., Kornfeld, D., Penn, B.G., Frazier, 

D.O., and Witherow, W.K. Lasing and fluorescence from BIS-MSB-dye-doped polystyrene microsphers, 1993 Optical 

Society of American Meeting and Exhibition, Toronto, Canad, October 1993. 

Sidawi, I.M.S. and Tewari, S.M. Macrosegregation during plane front directional solidification of Csl-lwt% TIl alloy. 1. 

Cryst. Growth, vol. 131, 230-238, 1993. 

Spencer, BJ., Davis, S.H., and Voorhees, P.W. Morphological instability in expitaxially - strained dislocation - free 

solid films: Nonlinear evolution. Phys. Rev. B, 47, 9760, 1993. 

Spencer, B.l., Voorhees, P.W., and Davis, S.H. Morphological instability in epitaxially-strained dislocation free solid 

films: Linear stability theory. J. Appl. Phys., 73, 4955, 1993. 

Spencer, BJ., Voorhees, P.W., McFadden, G.B., and Davis, S.H. The effect of compositionally-generated elastic stresses 

on morphological instability during directional solidification. Acta. metall. mater., 40, 1599, 1992. 

Srinivasan, R., He, K.x., Sharma, A., Venkateswarlu, P., Hyde, H.W., Penn, B.G., and Frazier, D.O. Nonlinear optical 

properties and determination of monolayer molecular orientation of Langmuir-Blodgett films by using second-harmonic 

generation, 1993 Optical Society of America Meeting and Exhibition, Toronto, Canada, 1993. 

Steube, R.S., and Hellawell, A. The use of a transparent aqueous analogue to demonstrate the development of segregation 

cbannels during alloy solidification vertically upwards. International Video Journal of Engineering Researcb, 1993. 

Steube, R. S., and Hellawell, A. An alternative approacb to modeling the grain structure of castings. ASME, MicrolMacro 

Scale Phenomena in Solidification, 218, 73-83, 1993. 

Terrones, G., and Chen, C.F. Convective stability of gravity modulated doubly cross-diffusive fluid layers. 1. Fluid 

Mecb., 225:301-321, 1993. 

Teware, S.M., Sbah, R., and Cbopra, M.A. Tbermosolutal convection and macrosegregation caused by solute rejection at 

ceWdendrite tops. Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 24 A, 1661-1669, July, 1993. 

Tewari, S.M., Asthana, R., and Noebe, R.D. Interfacial sbear strength of cast and directional solidified NiAI-Sapphire fiber 

composites. Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 24A, 2119-2125, 1993. 

Tewari, S.M., Asthana, R., and Noebe, R.D. Fiber pushout bebavior in cast and directionally solidified NiAIISapphire 

composites. First International Conference on Processing Materials for Properties, Ed. Henein, H. and Old, T., TMS, 

995-998, 1993 . 

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111-535 
III. MSAD Program Tasks-FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ................................... 111 ............................. 11111 ........ 1111 ...... '111 .. 11111 ............ 11 ..... 11111 ........ 1111111 ..... '11 .............. '.II'IIIU'U.II.IIIIIIII'".I1''' .... II'".1111I11I1111111111111I1111111111111111 

Tewari, S.M., Shah, R. and Chopra, M.A. Thermosolutal convection during cellular arrayed growth of Pb-Sn alloys, 30th 

Aerospace Science Meeting, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1993. AlAA-93-0262, 

Tewari, S.N., Ashana, R., Tiwari, R., and Bowman, R. R. Zone directional solidification of sapphire-NiAl composites. 

HiTemp Meeting, Westlake, Ohio, October 25-27, Vol. II Compressorffurbine Materials, 60-1 to 60-11, 1993. 

Thiessen, D.B. Thin film dynamics of drop rejection in solidification of miscibility-gap materials. Ph.D. thesis, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, 1992. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Bimodal terminal velocities using the falling needle viscometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 9, 

63, 4200-4204, 1992. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Experimental studies of droplet rejection during directional solidification of a binary 

miscibility-gap mixture. J. Cryst. Growth, (in preparation) 1993. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. A mathematical model of droplet rejection during directional solidification of a binary 

miscibility-gap mixture. J. Cryst. Growth, (in preparation) 1993. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Coarsening effects in the directional solidification of miscibility-gap alloys, AIChE 

Annual Meeting Nov.17-22,1991, Los Angeles, CA. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Solidification of miscibility-gap alloys: The droplet pushing phenomena, AIChE 

Annual Meeting, Nov.11-l6, 1990, Chicago, IL. 

Thiessen, D.B., and Krantz, W.B. Novel alloy formation under low-gravity conditions, Southwestern and Rocky 

Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 66th Annual Meeting, May 16-19, 1990, 

Colorado, Springs, CO. 

Thiessen, D.B., McCreary, C.B., Chione, D.1., and Krantz, W.B. Improved surface tension measurements using the 

pendant-drop tensiometer witb digital image analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , (in preparation) 1994. 

Trinh, E.H. Gibbs free-energy difference between the glass and crystalline phases of a Ni-Zr alloy. Appl. Pbys. Lett., 62, 

2319, 1993. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R.A. Boundary confonning mapping applied to computations of cellular solidification. Inter. 

J. Numer. Meths. Fluids, 1992. 

Umantsev, A., and Davis, S.H. Growth from a bypercooled melt near absolute stability. ,Pbys. Rev. 45A, 7195, 19?? 

Vitek. J.M. Rappaz, M., David, S.A., and Boatnei, L.A. Grain competition in bicrystals welds. International Trends in 

Welding Science and Technology, 167, 1993. 

Vitek, I.M., Zacharia, T., David, S.A., Rappaz, M., and Boatner, L.A. Modeling of single-crystal laser weld 

microstructures, Plasma and Laser Processing of Materials Symposium, TMS Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, February, 

1993. 

Voorhees, P.W., Spencer, BJ., and Davis, S.H. Morphological instability in epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid 

films, MRS Fall Meeting, Boston 1992. 

Wagner, C., Friedrich. R., and Narayanan. R. Comments on the numerical investigation of buoyancy and surface driven 

convection in a vertical cylinder heated from below. Phys. Fluids, (in press). 

Wagner, C., Zhao, A-X, Narayanan, R., and Friedrich, R. In Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, England, Series A, 

(in press). 

Wang, C.Y., and Beckermann, C. Prediction of the columnar to equiaxed transition during diffusion-controlled dendritic 

solidification of alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1993 . 

............................. 11 .......................................................... '1 .. 1111 ................. 11 ..... 1 ....................... "." ..... ,.11, ......... 11 .... 11 ................ 11.11.11 ...... 11.11 •••• 11 •••• 11 •• 11.11 ...... 11111 •• 

111-536 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ........ , .. , ..... " ..... " .................... 111 ....................... '" ............... 1111 .............................. 1111 ......... '111.'11 .. 111111 ........................... IIII .. IIIIIIIIIII •• II.II .... llItI'.II ....... 111111tlllI'I"I.I.1 

Weaver, M.L .• Kaufman, MJ., and Noebe, R.D. The effects of alloy purity on the mechanical behavior of soft-oriented 

NiAl single crystals. Scripta Met., (in press) 1993. 

Weaver, M.L., Stone, R.K., and Kaufman, M.J. Phase relationships and transformations in ternary 

aluminum-titanium-tantalum system Part I: Phase transformations. J. Mat. Res., (in press) 1993. 

Weber, 1.K. R., Merkley, D.R., Anderson, C.D., Nordine, P.C., Ray, e.S. and Day, D.E. Enhanced formation of 

calcia-gallia glass by containerless processing. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc, 76 (8), 2139-41, 1993. 

Wu, D.T. General approach to barrier crossing in multicomponent nucleation. 1. Chern. Phys., 99, 1990-2000, 1993. 

Xing, G. C., and Bachmann, KJ. Double and multiple heterojunctions of ZnGeP and GaP. J. Cryst. Growth, (accepted). 

Yao, M., and de Groh m, H.C. Application of the segregated solution approach in 3-0 FEM modeling of crystal growth. 

FED, vol. 137, 53-60, M.S. Engelman and IN. Reddy, eds., 1992. 

Yao, M., and de Groh m, H.C. Segregated solution in 3-D modeling of crystal growth. NASA Tech Brief, LEW-15672. (in 

press). 

Yao, M., and de Groh m, H.C. Three-dimensional finite element method simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and 

comparison with experiments. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, Vol. 24, 393-412, 1993. 

Yao, M. and deGroh. H.C., m A 3-D FEM simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and comparison with experiments. 

Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, vol. 24, no. 4, (in press) 1993. 

Yeoh, G.H., deVabl Davis, G., Leonardi, E., deGroh, H.C., and Yao, M. A numerical and experimental study of natural 

convection and interface shape in crystal growth. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Transport 

Phenomena in Processing, ed. Guceri, S.I., Technomic Pub., Lancaster, PA, 98-109, 1993. 

Zhao, A-X, Narayanan, R., and Wagner, C. Rayleigh-Marangoni bilayer convection in liquid-encapsulated crystal growth. 

In Interactive Dynamics of Convection with Solidification. Eds. S.H. Davis, G. Worster, and H.E. Huppert, NATO-ASI 

Series, Kluwer Publishers, 18, 1992. 

Zhou, G., Meng, G., Schneider, R.L., Sarma, B.K., and Levy, M. Vaporization of mixed precursors in chemical vapor 

deposition of YBCO films. J. Superconduc., (submitted). 

Zimmerman, G., Muller, U., and Davis, S.H. Bernard convection in binary mixtures with Soret effects and solidification. 

J. Fluid Mech., 238, 657, 1992. 

Advanced Technology Development 

Hartley, F.T. Microgravity accelerometer mechanical analysis. 1. Micro-Electro Mech. Sys., (submitted). 

Buchele, D.R., and Griffin, D.W. A compact color Schlieren optical system. Appl. Optics, vol. 32, 4218-4222. 1993. 

Rubinstein, R., and Greenberg, P.S. Rapid inversion of angUlar data for certain axisymmetric index distributions. Appl. 

Optics, (accepted). 

Silver, 1.A., and Kane, D.J. Combustion diagnostics for micro gravity research using near-IR diode lasers. Final Report, 

NASA Contract NAS3-25981, 1993. 

Vander Wal, R.L. High resolution degenerate four-wave mixing in the g(O,O) band of NO, 24th International Symposium 

on Combustion, 1993. 

Vander Wall, R.L. Exciplex thermometry and tunable diode laser diagnostics in microgravity combustion science, Gordon 

Research Conference on Laser Diagnostics in Combustion. Plymouth, NH. July. 1993 . 

............................... , ......................................... " .......................... 1 .... 1111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 ..... 111111111111111111111.11111111 •• 11111111111111.11111111'.11.11'11"1111111 ••• 1 ... ,,11.1'1IIIIIt .. I'I,IIIIIIII'II.1 

111-537 
III. MSAD Program Tasks - FY1993 Bibliographic Citations ........................................................................ ".'111 ...... '1I""ltlllll'"'"""'"'.II.II,,, ..... "I,",".II"II'IIIIIIIII'"',, .. 11I1 .... ' .... , ... 111' ... '1111 .... 111111 ............ " •• " ...... ,11.11 ........... II. 

Weiland, K.J. Overview of microgravity combustion science, Invited presentation, Gustavus Adolpbus College, Dept. of 

Cbem., St. Peter, MN, Nov. 1993. 

Ansari, R.R., and Dbadwal, H.S. A fiber optic probe for the detection of cataracts. TECHNOLOGY 2002: The Third 

Tecbnical Transfer Conference and Exposition, Baltimore, MD, 1-3 December 1993, NASA CP-3189, Feb. 1993. 

Batur, C., Srinivasan, A., Duval, W.M.B., Rosenthal, B.N., and Singb, N.B. Development of automated multizone crystal 

growth furnace. American Society of Composite Materials Meeting, Denver, CO, February, 1993. 

Bethea, M, and Meyer, M.B. A robust efge fmding and centroid processing algorithm for stereo imaging velocimetry 

applications. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, (submitted) Dec., 1993. 

de Mul, M., and Mann, J.A. Multilayer formation in thin films of liquid crystal at the air-water interface. Langmuir, 

(submitted). 

Dhadwal, H.S., and Ansari, R.R. A coherent fiber optic sensor for early detection of cataractogenesis in a human eye lens. 

Optical Eng.: Biomedical Optics (special issue), (submitted) Feb. 1993. 

Dhadwal, H.S., Wilson, W.W., Ansari, R.R., and Meyer, W.V. Dynamic light scattering studies of BSA and lysozyme 

using a backscatter fiber optic system. Proceedings of Static and Dynamic Light Scattering in Medicine and Biology, Los 

Angeles, CA, 21-22 January 1993, Biomedical Optics '93, 16-23, 1993. 

Hubert, J.A., Fripp, A.L., and Welch, C.S. Numerical thermal analysis of a sample of germanium with a centerline 

capillary tube in a vertical Bridgman furnace. J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 131, 75-82, 1993. 

Meyer, M.B., Bethea, M., Guezennec, and Choi. Stereo imaging velocimetry: A new option for microgravity 

experiments. Need ASME Journal Title Data, Need v.lno. data, Need pgs data, Dec. 1993. 

Miller, Merat, and Srinivasan. A generalized model for category perception utilizing artificial neural networks. IEEE 

Neural Networks, (Submitted) Oct. 1993. 

Miller, Merat, and Srinivasan. The decomposition of overlapping particles in particle imaging velocimetry using 

artificial neural networks. Experiments in Fluids, (submitted) Sep. 1993. 

Srinivasan, A., Batur, C., Rosenthal, B.N., and Duval, W.M.B. Projective control design for multi-zone crystal growth 

furnace. Submitted to American Control Conference and IEEE Trans. on Control System Technology, (submitted) 1993. 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., and Trolinger, J.D. Special beam intensity ratio needs in multi-color holography. 1. 

Modern Optics, vol. 40, No.7, 1387-1393, 1993. 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., and Trolinger, J.D. Algorithm for phase-difference measurement in phase-shifting 

interferometry. Appl. Optics, (in press) 1993. 

Vikram, C.S., Witherow, W.K., Trolinger, J.D. Determination of refractive properties of fluids for dual-wavelength 

interferometry. Applied Optics, vol. 31, no. 34, 7249-7252, 1992 . 

.............................................................................................................................................. 11111 ................................................... '" .................. 11 ........ ' ..... " .... 11. 

111-538 
Appendix 

A Table of Acronyms ............................................................. A-I 

B Guest Investigator Index ................................................... B-1 

C Principal Investigator Index ............................................. C-l 
Appendix A: MSAD Program - FYl993 Table of Acronyms 1I11I.1I,1I11I.1I.1I11I11'""I.IIIIIIII.II,lIlllllIllltlllIllllllllllll1111111111"1"1""111111111111111111111111111111111'"111111"11111111111111.111 .. 11111'1.,.1.111.11.111'11111,1111111111'1,'1 .. 111'1111111111111111111111111'1"11111'111, 

The following list of acronyms, though by no means complete, includes those used in this document as 

well as some that are often found in text associated with Microgravity Science and Applications research 

and which may be encountered when reviewing references cited in the bibliography herein. 

AADSF ...................................................................... Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace 

AAL .................................................................................................................................... Aero-acoustic Levitation 

ACRT .......................................................................... 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Accelerated Crucible Rotation Technique 

AO ........................................................................................................................... Announcement of Opportunity 

AOMS ....................................................................................................... Advanced Optical Monitoring Systems 

APCF .................................................................................................... Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility 

APCG ................................................................................................................ Advanced Protein Crystal Growth 

ATD .............................................................................................................. Advanced Technology Development 

BDPU ....................................................................................................................... Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit 

BTF .......................................................................................................................................... Biotechnology Facility 

CADAP ......................................................................................... Computer-Aided Dendrite Analysis Program 

CAST .......................................................................................................... Casting and Solidification Technology 

CBE ...................................................................................................................................... Chemical Beam Epitaxy 

CCD ..................................................................................................................................... Charge-coupled Device 

CFLSE .................................................................................................. Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment 

CFTE ......................................................................................... Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration Experiment 

CFVME ................................................................................... Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement Experiment 

CGF ..................................................................................................................................... Crystal Growth Furnace 

CM-l .......................................................................................................................................... Combustion Module 

CNES ............................................................................................................. Centre Nationale d'Etudes Spatiales 

[The French National Center for Space Studies] 

CoDR ............................................................................................................................. Conceptual Design Review 

CPF ........................................................................................................................................... Critical Point Facility 

CSA ..................................................................................................................................... Canadian Space Agency 

CVD .............................................................................................................................. Chemical Vapor Deposition 

CVTE ........................................................................................................ Chemical Vapor Transport Experiment 

CW ................................................................................................................................................. Continuous Wave 

DARA ......................................... Deutsche Agentur fur Raumfahrtangelegenheiten [German Space Agency] 

DARTFire ............................................................................................ Diffusive and Radiative Transport in Fires 

DLR ............................................................................................ The German Aerospace Research Establishment 

DPM ........................................................................................................................................ Drop Physics Module 

DSC .................................................................................................................... Differential Scanning Calorimetry 

DSF ..................................................................................................................... Directional Solidification Furnace 

DT A ........................................................................................................................... Differential Thermal Analysis 

EDM ................................................................................................................... Engineering Development Model 

EDS ....................................................................................................................... Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 

EHD ......................................................................................................................................... Electrohydrodynamic 

1111111111"1'111111""111111111111111111111'1111111111111''11.111.11111111.1111111111111111111111111'11111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111111.1111111tllllllllllllll'I'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'I'II'IIIIIIIIII'1111111'11111'111111111 

A-I 
Appendix A: MSAD Program - FYl993 Table of Acronyms ' ...... 11111111111111111 ........ 11 ... ' ........ ' .. 11111 ....... 11 •• '.1'11,111111111111'"111'"11111111111.11 .. 1111111111111111111111111111.1'111111111111111111'11 .. 1 .. 1,,1 .. 11'1111111111"1"1111111.11111111111III1III1IIIII111111111111111I1111111 

ESA ..................................................................................................................................... European Space Agency 

FDSMM .............................................................................. Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts 

FES ................................................................................................................................. Fluids Experiments System 

FES/VCGS ............................................................................. Fluid Experiment/Vapor Crystal Growth System 

FFEU ....................................................................................................................... Free-Flow Electrophoresis Unit 

FFDF .............................................................................................................. Fluid Physics and Dynamics Facility 

GaAs .............................................................................................................................................. Gallium Arsenide 

GAS Can ......................................................................................................................... Get-away Special Canister 

GBX ............................................................................................................................................................... Glovebox 

GFFC ............................................................................................................................ Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell 

HRT ......................................................................................................................... High-Resolution Thermometer 

ICE .................................................................................................................. Interface Configuration Experiment 

IOCE ..................................................................................................... Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment 

IML ............................................................................................................ International Microgravity Laboratory 

IWG .............................................................................................................................. Investigator Working Group 

JPL .................................................................................................................................... Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

JSC ............................................................................................................................................ Johnson Space Center 

KSC ........................................................................................................................................ Kennedy Space Center 

LaRC .................................................................................................................................. Langley Research Center 

LDV ............................................................................................................................... Laser Doppler Velocimetry 

LeRC ...................................................................................................................................... Lewis Research Center 

LIF ....................................................................................................................................... Large Isothermal Furnace 

LPE .................................................................................................................................. Lambda Point Experiment 

MCF ............................................................................................................................. Modular Combustion Facility 

MEPHISTO ........................................................................ Materiel pour l'Etude des Phenomenes Interessants 

de la Solidification sur Terre et en Orbite 

[Interesting Phenomena of Solidification on Earth and in Orbit] 

MGM ................................................................................................................... Mechanics of Granular Materials 

MMSL ................................................................................................. Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory 

MP ........................................................................................................................................... Microgravity Pressure 

MPA ....................................................................................................................... Microgravity Pressure, Ambient 

MSA ....................................................................................... Microgravity Science and Applications (Program) 

MSAD ........................................................................................ Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

MSFC . .......................... ..... ..... .......... ... ........... ........................ ............. ........... ............. Marshall Space Flight Center 

MSL ...................................................................................................................... Microgravity Science Laboratory 

NASA ....................................................................................... National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

NASDA ....................................................................................... National Space Development Agency of Japan 

NIST ........................................................................................ National Institute for Standards and Technology 

NLO ............................................................................................................................................... Nonlinear Optical 

NRA ...................................................................................................................... NASA Research Announcement 

NRC ................................................................................................................................ National Research Council 

........ IIII.II.IIIIIIII.III .............................. lltll .. ' .. II.11.".,I.U .... 'I .. IIIIIII ... 'III ...... IIIIIIII ......... '.IIIIIIIIIIIII111111111, .. 111' .. 1 ... 111"''''.1111111.1111111,11111111111111111.11111'1,11"11111111111""""'"'' 

A-2 
Appendix A: MSAD Program - FYl993 Table of Acronyms 1,11111111111111111'1111111111111111111111'1111111111"1111'1 ... 111'11.11.1111111111111111'111111111111.1"1111111'11"'111111111111111'11111111111111111111'1111111111111111111111'11111111111111,1111111.111.111111111111111111111"1'1""11111111 

OARE ..................................................................................................... Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment 

OLMSA ........................................................................... Office of Life Sciences and Microgravity Applications 

OMCVD ................................................................................................ Organometallic Chemical Vapor Epitaxy 

OPCGA ....................................................................................... Observable Protein Crystal Growth Apparatus 

PBE ..................................................................................................................................... Pool Boiling Experiment 

PCG ....................................................................................................................................... Protein Crystal Growth 

PDA ........................................................................................................................... Phase Doppler Pneumometer 

PIV ................................................................................................................................. Particle Image Velocimetry 

PMZF ................................................................................................................ Programmable Multizone Furnace 

POCC ........................................................................................... Payload Operations Control Center (at MSFC) 

PVT ................................................................................................................................... Physical Vapor Transport 

RAPIV .................................................................................................. Radiographic Particle Image Velocimetry 

RDR ..................................................................................................................... Requirements Definition Review 

RPCVD ................................................................................ Remote Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Epitaxy 

RSD ..................................................................................................................... Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry 

RTE .............................................................................................................................. Radiative Transfer Equation 

QSAM .......................................................................................... Quasi-steady Acceleraton Measurement System 

SAA ..................................................................................................................................... South Atlantic Anomaly 

SAMS ................................................................................................... Space Acceleration Measurement Systems 

SCF ................................................................................................................................................. Supercritical Fluid 

SEM .......................................................................................................................... Scanning Electron Microscopy 

SL ................................................................... ESA Spacelab (in Space Shuttle cargo bay; e.g., IML and USML) 

SQUID ..................................................................................... Superconducting Quantum Interference Detector 

SSCE .......................................................................................................... Solid Surface Combustion Experiment 

SSFF .......................................................................................................................... Space Station Furnace Facility 

STDCE ....................................................................................... Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment 

STEP ..................................................................................................... Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle 

STS .............................................................................................................................. Space Transportation System 

SVP ........................................................................................................................................ Space Vehicle Pressure 

TEM .................................................................................................................. Transmission Electron Microscopy 

TEMPUS ................................................................................ Electromahrnetic Containerless Processing Facility 

TGDF .................................................................................................................. Turbulent Gasjet Diffusion Flames 

TME .................................................................................................................. Test and Measurement Equipment 

TMS .......................................................................................................................... Thermal Maneuvering System 

USML ........................................................................................................ United States Microgravity Laboratory 

USMP ............................................................................................................. United States Microgravity Payload 

VCGS ........................................................................................................................ Vapor Crystal Growth System 

VDA ............................................................................................................................... Vapor Diffusion Apparatus 

VIBES ......................................................................................... Vibration Isolation in a Box Experiment System 

XRD ................................................................................................................................................. X-ray Diffraction 

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"'111111111IIIItl"I'I'I'I'IIII"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII111111'111111111111111111111111111111111111'11,11111111111111111'11111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111111111111111,11.111111 •• 

A-3 
Appendix B: MSAD Program - FYl993 Guest Investigator List ..... ' ....... 11 .. '111 ....... 111 ............. 1111111 ........... '111 ..... 1111111 .. 11.' ......... 111111111111 ......... 11111111 •• 1111111111' ... 11111111 .. ' ........ 1"." •• ' ... 111111 ........ 11 .... 111111111 ....... 111111111.'1.11.1111' ••• '111.11 ....... . 

University of Alabama Guest Investigators (d. p. 11-25) 

Academic: Domestic 

W. F. Anderson - Vanderbilt University 

E. Arnold - Rutgers University 

J. K. Baird - University of Alabama, Huntsville 

C. W. Carter, Jr. - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 

W. J. Cook - University of Alabama, Binningham 

E. W. Czerwinski - University of Texas, Medical Branch 

G. K. Farber - Pennsylvania State University 

J. R. Knox - University of Connecticut 

K. L. Krause - University of Houston 

A. McPherson - University of California, Riverside 

E. J. Meehan - University of Alabama, Huntsville 

E. F. Meyer - Texas A&M University 

T. L. Nagabhushan - Schering-Plough Research Institute 

R. J. Naumann - University of Alabama, Huntsville 

D. H. Ohlendorf - University of Minnesota 

W. M. Rosenblum - University of Alabama, Birmingham 

V. K. Senadhi - Temple University 

L. Sieker - University of Washington 

P. B. Sigler - Yale University 

M. Sundaralingam - Ohio State University 

D. Voel- University of Pennsylvania 

W. W. Wilson - Mississippi State University 

Academic: Foreign 

S. Abara- Kyoto University (Japan) 

C. Betzel- European Molecular Biology (Germany) 

L. T. Delbaere - University of Saskatchewan (Canada) 

G. G. Dodson - University of York (England) 

1111111'11111111111111111111.11.,,,1111'""1.11.11.11.11.11.11111111111'"'ItIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII,IIIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIII'11111111111111111111111 ........ 111111111111111111111 ....... '111111111111111111,,111111111111'1 ... 11.111111111111111 

B-1 
Appendix B: MSAD Program - FYl993 Guest Investigator List .11 ..... ' .. 'III .. III ...... IIII1I ................ IItIIU .................. UIII.1111,11'"'11111111111111111111.11'1111111111111111111 .. 111111111111111,".11111111'""1 .. 1 .. 1.,.,111'1"1"1.,111,,,1,,,.11,.11111111IIIIIIIIIIII111111111111111111 

University of Alabama Guest Investigators (d. p. 11-25) 

J. Drenth - University of Groningen (The Netherlands) 

W. G. Lever - The Australian National University (Australia) 

P. G. Righetti - University di Milano (Italy) 

D. Yang - McMaster University (Canada) 

Industry: Domestic 

Y. S. Babu - BioCryst Phannaceuticals, Inc. 

D. J. Duchamp - The Upjohn Company 

D. S. Eggleston - Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals 

H. M. Einspahr - Bristol-Meyers Squibb 

B. C. Finzel- The Upjohn Company 

N. D. Jones - Eli Lilly Research 

M. A. Navia - Vertex Phannaceuticals, Inc. 

B. H. Rubin - Easunan Kodak Company 

F. R. Salemme - 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 

R. M. Swee - Associated Universities, Inc. 

P. P. Trotta - Schering-Plough Research Institute 

K. D. Watenpaugh - The Upjohn Company 

P. C. Weber - Dupont Merck Pharmaceutical Co. 

Government: Domestic 

D. Carter - NASA Marshall Space Aight Center (MSFC) 

R. S. Snyder - NASA Marshall Space Aight Center (MSFC) 

K. Ward -Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

.1'1I'" ... ' ... II.IIIIIIIIII.II.II.IIIII,n'".II,,,,","IIIIII"IIIII ... 11111, ... '"1 ....... 1111 ............... 1111111111 ... '1., ....... 111111111111'".11 .. 1 .. 1'" .. 1 .. 1"'''' .. 1 .. 1111.11'"''1111111111111111111.II.II.II.U ................ IIII 

B-2 
Appendix B: MSAD Program - FYl993 Guest Investigator List 1111111111111111.llltll.II.IIIIIII .. III ..... ' .. ' ....... ".IIIIII' .. 11111111111111111111111111111111111"1'11111111111111'111111111 •• 11111 •••• '.1111 .. ' .... '11111 .. '111111111 ............. '11111111111 .. ' .... IIIIIUIIIII.'IIIII.IIIII''' •• '.''.'1I11 

University of Alabama Guest Investigators (d. p. 11-25) 

Government: Foreign 

G. I. Birnbaum - National Research Council of Canada (Canada) 

J. Fontecilla Camps - CENG LCCPILIP (France) 

A. Yonath - DESY/MPG (Germany) 

'111111I11I1'111111,.IIIIIIIIII'I .. I,n.II"'IIIIIIII' ... I,III.111 .... " .......... 11 .... 11111.11.'111111.11111111.,1.11 .... 1,.IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,IIIIII'I,IIIIIU.I'IIIIIIIII.,IIIIII,II'1"1"111111111"11111"'11111111111111'11,111111111"1111"1' 

B-3 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 11111.11.11111.11 .... ' .. '" ... 111 .. 1111111 .... 111' .. '111 ........ '11 ...... "11'"'"1111111111111111111111111111111'"'"'"11111111111111111111111111' ................. , .......... ' ........ 111 ...... 11 ............ '"111 ....... "111t11l11l11111l'1I 

Prof. G.J. (Reza) Abbaschian 

Dr. Davood Abdollahian 

Ali Abtahi 

Prof. Guenter Ahlers 

Dr. Iwan D. Alexander 

Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch 

Prof. John L. Anderson 

Dr. 1. Barry Andrews 

Prof. Robert E. Apfel 

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 

132 Rhines Hall 

University of Florida 

Gainesville, FL 32611-2066 

Office Ph: 904 392-1454 Fax: 904 392-6359 ............................ ~? 

S. Levy Incorporated 

3425 S. Bascom Avenue 

Campbell, CA 95008-4870 

Office Ph: 408 377-4870 

Mail Stop 183-401 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

251 

Office Ph: 818 354-5353 Fax: 818 393-5039 .......................... :~?~ 

Director, Center for Nonlinear Sciences 

Quantum Institute 

University of California, Santa Barbara 

Santa Barbara. CA 93106 

Office Ph: 805 893-3795 Fax: 805 893-4970 ........................... 1. ~~. 

Center for Microgravity and Materials Research 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

Huntsville, AL 35899 

Office Ph: 205 895-6887 

College of Engineering 

P.O. Drawer DE 

Mississippi State University 

Mississippi State. MS 39762-5543 

252 

Office Ph: 601 325-2270 Fax: 601 325-8573 ........................ ~'" ~.~ 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Carnegie Mellon University 

5000 Forbes Avenue 

Pittsburgh. PA 15213 

Office Ph: 412 268-2230 Fax: 412 268-7139 ........................... ~?~. 

Materials Science and Engineering 

BEC 360 

University of Alabama. Birmingham 

1150 Tenth Avenue South 

Birmingham. AL 35294-4461 

Office Ph: 205 934-8450 Fax: 205 934-8485 ............................ ~~ 

Robert Higgin Professor of Mechanical Engineering 

Yale University 

9 Hillhouse Avenue 

New Haven • CT 06520 

Office Ph: 203 432-4346 ............................................... ~~: .~~~ 

1,11111111'11111111111111111'11'1111'1'1'1111'1'11111111,'1"'11111111111111111'11'1111'111111,1111111111111111111111111111"11111111111111111111'1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'1111111""'1"'11'11'11111111111111'11111111 

C.-1 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index ............. , ........... , .. ' ....... ,1 ................................................. 11 .................. , ..... 111 ....... ,1, ....... 1 ......... 11 .................................................. 11 .... " ....... ,111 ••• ,111, ..... lIltI,".II.II.1I 

Prof. Arvind Atreya 

Dr. Klaus J. Bachmann 

Dr. M. YousefBahadori 

Dr. Martin B. Barmatz 

Dr. James C. Baygents 

Prof. Robert 1. Bayuzick 

Jeanne L. Becker. Ph.D. 

Prof. Christoph Beckermann 

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics 

University of Michigan 

2158 GG Brown 

Ann Arbor. MI 48109-2125 

Orrtce Ph: 313 747-4790 Fax: 313 747-3170 ........................... ~~? 

Materials Research Center 

Department of Chemistry 

Campus Box 7919 

North Carolina State University 

Raleigh. NC 27695-8204 

Office Ph: 919 515-2538 Fax: 919 515-3419 ........................... ~?~ 

Thermal Sciences Division 

Science Applications International Corporation 

21151 Western Avenue 

Torrance. CA 90501-1724 

OrricePh: 310 781-8723 Fax: 310 781-8730 ............................ 1.1. 

Technical Group Leader 

Mail Stop 183-401 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena. CA 91109 

Office Ph: 818 354-3088 Fax: 818 393-5039 ................ ~~~· .. ~~?:.1?? 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Harshbarger Building. Room 120 

University of Arizona 

Tucson. AZ 85721 

Orrlce Ph: 602 621-6044 Fax: 602 621-6048 ........................... ~?~ 

Department of Applied and Engineering Science 

Materials Science and Engineering Program 

Box 1580. Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

Nashville. 1N 37235 

Office Ph: 615 322-7047 Fax: 615 343-8645 ....................... ~~:.~?9. 

Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology 

University of South Florida 

4 Columbia Drive 

Tampa. FL 33606 

Office Ph: 813 254-7774 Fax: 813 254-0940 ........................... 1.?~ 

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 

University of Iowa 

Iowa City. IA 52242 

Orrlce Ph: 319 335-5681 372 

1111111 ......... ,11 ....................... , .......................................... , ................. 111111 .............. 111111111 ....... 11 ................. 11111"11 .. "".".11"111111.11.11 •• 11.11'".11 •• 11,,,,,,.11111.11.,1111 .......... n. 

C-2 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index .. 1111111111111111 ............... 11111111111111111111" .. 11 .. 11111I11I1"11I"''''IIIIIIII'II''IIIIIIIIIIII'''lIlIltI'lllllllIllllllllll.1111111.11.1111111111'1111 .. 111111111111111111 .. ' ....... 11.111111111111111'11'1111111111111'11111111111'"' 

Dr. Lynn A. Boatner 

Prof. Melvyn C. Branch 

Prof. R. Malcolm Brown 

Prof. Robert A. Brown 

Prof. John C. Buckmaster 

Dr. Charles E. Bugg 

Dr. Daniel C. Carter 

Dr. Ared Cezairliyan 

Head, Ceramics and Interfaces Section 

Solid State Division 

Mail Stop 6056 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

P.O. Box 2008 

Oak Ridge, 1N 37831 

Office Ph: 615 574-5492 Fax: 615 574-4814 ........................... ~?? 

Center for Combustion Research 

Engineering Center, Campus Box 427 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, CO 80309-0427 

Office Ph: 303 492- 6318 Fax: 303 492-2863 ........................... ~1~. 

Department of Botany 

University of Texas 

Austin, 1X 78712 

Office Ph: 512 471-3363 

Head, Chemical Engineering Department 

Chemical Engineering & Materials Processing Center 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

170 

Office Ph: 617 729-3822 Fax: 617 253-5726 ...................... ~~?: .~?~ 

101 Transportation Building 

University of Illinois 

104 South Mathews Avenue 

Urbana, IL 61801 

Office Ph: 217 333-1803 

Center for Macromolecular Crystallography 

262 BHS, THT 79 

University of Alabama, Birmingham 

Birmingham, AL 35294 

220 

Orrtce Ph: 205 934-5329 Fax: 205 934-0480 ............................ ?? 

Chief, Biophysics Branch 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

ES76 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-5492 Fax: 205 544-1777 ................. ~~:.~n.'.~!.~. 

Program Leader, Metallurgy Division 

124 Hazard Building 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

Orrtce Ph: 301 975-5931 Fax: 301 990-2572 ........................... ~~.1. 

,"llIlIllIllIltlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1"II .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"1I1 .... 'IIIIIIIIIIII .... 'IIIIfItIlIlIUIHI ... UI"H.UIIlI .. 'Ut"'UIlIlIlIUIIiIIt111111111111'11""'111111111111111111111111111'111"'11"11'11111'"'1 

C-3 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index .11 ........ ' ..... ' .. ' .... 1, ................ 1111"11.1' .. ' .... 11 .... 111111 ........... 11 ... 11111111111.11.11111 ... '1 .... ".1111111111111 ... 111'1111, ...... 11.1, .... 1111,.11111111111".11111"111111111111111111"'11"'111111111111111111111111111111 

Dr. An-Ti Chai 

Prof. Paul M. Chaikin 

Dr. Arnon Chait 

Prof. S. H. Chan 

Prof. Chuan F. Chen 

Dr. Robert K. Cheng 

Dr. Nonnan Chigier 

Dr. Talso C. P. Chui 

Prof. Jacob N. Chung 

MS SOO-327 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, rn 44135 

Office .. b: 216 433-2073 Fax: 216 433-8660 ........................... ~?!. 

Department of Physics 

P.O. Box 708 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544 

Office Ph: 609 258-4338 Fax: 609 258-6360 ....................... ~~~ .~~~. 

MS 1OS-1 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookparlc Road 

Cleveland, rn 44135 

Offlc.Ph: 384 216 433-3558 ....................................................... 

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 

University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 

P.O. Box 784 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

OWcePh: 414 229-5001 Fax: 414 229-6958 ........................... ~?~ 

Dtpt. of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 

Colle&e of Engineering & Mines 

Univcnity of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 8S 721 

OWce Ph: 602 621-8199 Fax: 602 621-8191 ..................... ~.~9~.~~~. 

Applied Science Division 

B29C-102 

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

1 Cyclotron Road 

Berkeley, CA 94720 

OWee P b: S 10 486-5438 Fax: 510 486-7303 ........................... ~?2. 

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 

Carnegie Mellon University 

Schenley Park 

Pittsburgh, PA IS213-3890 

Ortle. Ph: 412 268-2498 

Mail Stop 125-214 

Jet Propu18ion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadenl. CA 91109-8099 

261 

OWe. Ph: 818 3S4-3104 Fax: 818 393-4878 ........................... 1. ~.~ 

Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 

Washin~ton State University 

Pullman, WA 99164-2920 

Office Ph: 509 335-3222 ................................................... ~?~ 

....... " ............. 11111111 ................. '"11111.' ....... 111 ..................... "1111""111111111111'11111111111111 .. 1 .. 111111111.11111,.111111111tlllllllllllllll'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.1I1111111I11I1111111111111.111111111111111111111111111 

C-4 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 111111111111t11111l1111111l.11.1I.1 .. 11.1 ...... 11111111111111111111111111'.11111 .. 111111111111'"111,111111111111."1 ... 111.111I1"I,I.IIIIIIIIIIIIII .. IIIIIIIIIIIIII.lnIUIHIIII'tlllllllllIIIII .. I.ltllnlllllllll.,.III,IIIIIIIIIIIIIII"111111 

Dr. Ivan O. Clark 

Prof. Julian D. Cole 

Prof. Paul Concus 

Dr. Reid F. Cooper 

Prof. Sam R. Coriell 

Arnold Dahm 

Prof. Robert H. Davis 

Prof. Stephen H. Davis 

Dr. Delbert E. Day 

Information Systems Division 

Mail Stop 473 

NASA Langley Research Center 

5 North Dryden Street 

Hampton. VA 23681-001 

Office Ph: 804 864-1500 Fax: 804 86<4-7891 ................ ?~~ ... ~~?:.~~~. 

Dept. of Mathematical Sciences 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy. NY 12180-3590 

Orrlce Ph: 518 276-6916 ................................................... ~~~. 

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

University of California. Berkeley 

1 Cyclotron Road 

Berkeley. CA 94270 

Office Ph: 510 486-5508 Fax: 510 486-5401 ........................... ~?~ 

Materials Science and Engineering 

University of Wisconsin 

1509 University Avenue 

Madison. WI 53706 

Orrlce Ph: 608 262-1133 Fax: 608 262-8353 ........................... ~~~ 

Materials Building 233. Room B-166 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg. MD 20899 

OrricePh: 301 975-6169 

Physics Dept. 

Case Western Reserve University 

10900 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland. 00 44106 

Office Ph: 216368-3586 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Campus Box 424 

University of Colorado 

Boulder. CO 80309 

273 

393 

Office Ph: 303 492-7314 Fax: 303 492-4341 ........... ?!.~,.~?~ ... ~?~!.~?~ 

Department of Engineering Sciences 

and Applied Mathematics 

Northwestern University 

633 Clark St. 

Evanston. IL 60208 

Orrlce Ph: 708 491-5397 

Graduate Center for Materials Research 

Materials Research Center 

University of Missouri. Rolla 

Rolla. MO 65401 

Orrlce Ph: 314 341-4354 Fax: 

281 

314 341-2071 396 

1111111111'11.,11111111'111111'11111111111111,11111.111111111111111111111111.11,111111".1111111111111111111111111111111111111'11111"1'11"1111"1'11111111'11111'1111IIIInl,I.'II,.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.III,1111111111"111111'11111'1111 

C-5 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 111111 .. 1111111 .. ' ....... 11 .................... '.11 .......... 11111 .. 1111111 ... '"''''''''II,tllllI.II .. I .. IIIIII''I"".IIIIIIIIIIII''IIIIIIIIIIIII .. III,", ...... , ........ , ..... , ..... , ..... ' .... 11 .......... 141 ...... 111 ... ' •• 11 .... '1 .......... .. 

Dr. Lawrence J. Delucas 

Dr. Jeffrey J. Derby 

Prof. Graham D. deVahl Davis 

Dr. Daniel Dietrich 

Prof. Russell J. Donnelly 

Prof. A. E. Dukler 

Dr. Robert V. Duncan 

Prof. Douglas J. Durian 

Prof. P.K. Dutta 

Center for Macromolecular Crystallography 

79-TIlT. BHSB 290 

University of Alabama. Birmingham 

1918 University Boulevard 

Birmingham. AL 35294-0005 

Office Ph: 205 934-0115 Fax: 205 934-0121. ....................... ?~.'.?!. 

Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Sciences 

University of Minnesota 

151 Amundson Hall 

Minneapolis. MN 55455 

Office Ph: 612 625-8881 Fax: 612 625-8881 ........................... ~~~ 

University of New South Wales 

P.O. Box 1 

Kensington. 2033 

AUSTRAllA 

Office Ph: 612 697-4099 Fax: 612 663-1222 .......................... :~9.1. 

NASA Lewis Research Center Group 

MS 500-217 

Sverdrup Technology. Inc. 

Middleburg Heights. Oi 44130 

Office Ph: 224 216 433-2875 ....................................................... 

Physics Department 

University of Oregon 

Eugene. OR 97403 

Office Ph: 503 346-4226 

Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

University of Houston 

4800 Calhoun Road 

Houston, 1X 77204-4792 

OfflcePh: 713 743-4310 

Fax: 503 346-4708 ...................... 1.~?: .1~.~ 

Fax: 713 743-4323 ....................... ~~:.?~~ 

Electrical Standards Division 4342 

Sandia National Laboratory 

Albuquerque. NM 87185 

Office Ph: 505 844-4843 Fax: 505 844-4372 ............................. !. 

Department of Physics 

University of California, Los Angeles 

405 Hilgard Avenue 

Los Angeles, CA 90024 

Office Ph: 310 206-2645 Fax: 310 825-0897 ........................... ~~~ 

Department of Chemistry 

Ohio State University 

120 West Eighteenth Avenue 

Columbus, 00 43210 

Office Ph: 614 292-4532 Fax: 614 292-1685 ........................... ~9~ . 

................... 1111 .. 111'.11 .......... 1111 .. 1 ... 1111111' ... 11 ••• '11'l.ftlllllllllllllll,IIII'II.I.I'.IIIIIIII •• I"'I,.IIIIIII.1111 •••••••••••• 1 •••• 111 .............. " .................. 11 ........... I' .... U .............. II .... III .. IIIIII ... . 

C-6 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index ................. " ....... 11 ... 11 ......... '" ........ " .. ' ..... 11 ........... 111111 ............. tIlIIlIIU .... IIIII ....... , ....... ' .. " ....... ,I.,' .. "'111"'1111111"111111" ......... 111 ..... ,11 ..... 11 ..... ,1111111.".,11111.,I.II,.tI",".II.' 

Prof. Charles Elbaum 

Prof. C.W. Francis Everitt 

Prof. Gerard M. Faeth 

Prof. A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello 

Prof. Richard A. Ferrell 

Prof. Merton C. Flemings 

Dr. Donald O. Frazier 

Lisa E. Freed, M.D., Ph.D. 

Dr. Archibald L. Fripp 

Physics Department 

Box 1843 

Brown University 

Providence, RI 02912 

Orrlce Ph: 401 863-2186 Fax: 401 863-2024 ........................... 1. ?1. 

Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory 

Gravity Probe B 

Stanford University 

Stanford, CA 94305 

OrrlcePh: 415 725-4103 Fax: 415 725-8312 ... '" ..................... 1.~~ 

Department of Aerospace Engineering 

218 Aerospace Engineering Building 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2140 

Office Ph: 313 746-7202 .................................................... ~~ 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

University of California, Berkeley 

Berkeley, CA 94720 

Office Ph: 415 642-6554 .................................................... ~~. 

Department of Physics and Astronomy 

Campus Box 424 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742-4111 

Orrlce Ph: 301 405-6148 Fax: 301 314-9465 ....................... 19r.~~~ 

Head, Department of Materials Science and Engineering 

Room 8-309 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 

Orrlce Ph: 617 253-3233 Fax: 617 258-6886 ........................... 19~ 

Mail Code ES74 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AI.. 35812 

Orrlce Ph: 205 544-7825 ......................................... '~~" .~9?1.~9!. 

MIT E25-342 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

Office Ph: 617 253-3443 

Information Systems Division 

MS 473 

NASA Langley Research Center 

5 North Dryden Street 

Hampton, VA 23681-0001 

Fax: 617 258-8827 ................... , ....... 1.?~ 

Orrlce Ph: 804 864-1503 Fax: 804 864-7891 ................ !~~, .. 1.9~r.~?~. 

III.II,".II,IIII,".,IIIIIII.II.II.II,".II.II""II.n •• IIIIIIIIII,,11111111111.11.11"," .. '11.11"".11.11'11 .. 11'".11.,11111111".111""1.,"'I"'II'III"I"'tI''''''''''''''''''ItI'II",,'I'I'III'!I',,1'1111111'11'1111111111'1'111111"1 

C-7 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index ........... 111 ....... " ............. 11 ................................................................. 111 ................ " .............. 111111 .... 11 ............. '11111 ....... 11 .............................. ,11111111,.,11.1111111,.,1".II'tll. 

Prof. Robert W. Gammon 

Prof. Stephen Garoff 

Prof. Randall M. German 

Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow 

Prof. Irvin Glassman 

Prof. Martin E. Glicksman 

Prof. Alessandro Gomez 

Dr. John A. Goree 

Paul S. Greenberg 

Institute for Physical Science and Technology 

Building 85 

University of Maryland 

College Park. MD 20742 

Orrlce P b: 301 405 4791 Fax: 301 314-9509 ............................ 1.1. 

Dept. of Physics 

Carnegie Mellon University 

5000 Forbes A venue 

Pittsburgh. PA 15213 

OWc" Ph: 65 412 268-6877 ....................................................... 

Department of Engineering Science 

227 Hammond Building 

Pennsylvania State University 

University Park. PA 16802-1401 

OrrlcePh: 814 865-4700 ................................................... 1.~~ 

MS 105-1 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland. rn 44135 

OWce P b: 216 433-5014 Fax: 216 433-5033 ..................... ~~~: .1~~ 

Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Eng. 

Princeton University 

Princeton. NJ 08544 

OWce Ph: 412 609 258-3090 ....................................................... 

Materials Engineering Department 

MRC-104 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy. NY 12180-3590 

OWcePh: 518 276-6449 Fax: 518 276-8554 ........................... 1.~!. 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Yale University 

New Haven. cr 06520 

orrlce Ph: 203 432-4384 Fax: 203 432-7654 ........................... ~?~ 

Department of Physics and Astronomy 

University of Iowa 

Iowa City. IA 52242-1479 

OWcePh: 319 335-1843 Fax: 319 335-1753 ............................ ~! 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland. rn 44135 

OWcePh: 216 433-3621 480 

................................................. 111 .... " ................................. 11 ............. 1 ..... 1 ..... 111 .. 1 .. 11.1 ... 1 ....... 111 ... 1111.1111111111111.111 ... 11111111111111'11111'111111.11111'11111111111'1'11''''.11""1111"11111 

C-8 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index ................................ 111 ............. 11 .......... 111 ....................................... ,," ............. 111' ..... '111 ........ 1111111' ................................ '"1 ..... 111 ....... 111 ..... 111' ....... 111111111 .... 11.".11111.1 

Dr. Richard N. Grugel 

Prof. Hossein Haj-Hariri 

1. Woods Halley 

Prof. Kevin P. Hallinan 

Dr. John E. Hart 

Frank T. Hartley 

Charles R. Hartzell, Ph.D. 

Prof. T. Alan Hatton 

Center for Microgravity Research & Applications 

Box 6079 Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

Nashville. 1N 37235 

Orflce Ph: 615 343-6965 Fax: 615 343-8730 ........................... 1.1.1. 

Dept. of Mech and Aerospace Engineering 

Thornton Hall 

University of Virginia 

Charlottesville. VA 22903 

Orrtce Ph: 804 924-6290 Fax: 804 982-2037 ........................... ~~~. 

Physics Deparunent 

University of Minnesota 

116 Church SE 

Minneapolis. MN 55455 

OrrtcePh: 612 624-0395 Fax: 612 624-4578 ........................... 1. ~~ 

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dept 

University of Dayton 

300 College Park 

Dayton. 00 45469-0210 

Orrtce Ph: 513 229-2835 Fax: 513 229-3433 ............................ ?~ 

Deparunent of Astrophysical. Planetary. and Aunospheric Sciences 

Campus Box 391 

University of Colorado 

Boulder. CO 80309-0391 

Orrtce Ph: 303 492-8568 Fax: 303 492-3822 ............................ ?1. 

Supervisor. Advanced Test and Measurement Group 

Instrumentation Section 

Mail Stop 125-177 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

Orrtce Ph: 818 354-3139 

Director of Research 

Fax: 818 354-8153 ........................... ~~;3. 

Alfred I. DuPont Institute of the Nemours Foundation 

P.O. Box 269 

Wilmington, 00 19899 

Orrtce Ph: 302 651-6800 Fax: 302-651-6888 ........................... 1.?~ 

Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineering 

Deparunent of Chemical Engineering 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

Orrtce Ph: 617 253-4588 Fax: 617 253-8723 ........................... ~~.1. 

............................ 11111111.11' ..... ' ...... 11.111 .. '11111.'111111 •• , ............... 1111 ... 111 ... 1111 ..... 11 .. 1111111 ................... 111' ........ 111 .............. '1 .......... 11.11.111111111111.11.11.'1111 •• '1.11,11111,,111111111.1111 

C-9 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index .... 11 .. ' ..... 1111 ... 11 ...... 111111111 .... 1 ... 1111111 ............ 1111 ..... , ................ 111' .. 11 ..... 1111111' .. 11111 .. '1111 ........... 11 .. '"11 ........ , .............. 11 ....... 11.' ••• , .... 11 ............. ' •• '111111 .. "1' ... 1111111111,1'1111111 

Dr. Robert H. Hauge 

Prof. Angus Hellawell 

Prof. George M. Homsy 

Dr. Wesley C. Hymer 

Marylou Ingram. M.D. 

Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson 

Dr. Kenneth A. Jackson 

Prof. Donald T. Jacobs 

David Jasnow 

Chemistry Dept. 

Rice University 

P.O. Box 1892 

Houston. 'IX 77252 

Office Ph: 713 527-8101 Fax: 713 285-5155 ........................... ~~~ 

Department of Metallurgical Engineering 

Michigan Technological University 

Houghton. MI 49931 

Office Ph: 415 906 487-2261 ....................................................... 

Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

Stanford University 

Stanford. CA 94305 

Office Ph: 293 415 723-2419 ....................................................... 

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology 

Pennsylvania State University 

University Park. PA 16802 

Office Ph: 814 865-9182 Fax: 814 865-2413 ............................ ?~. 

Huntington Medical Research Institute 

99 North EI Molino A venue 

Pasadena. CA 91101-1830 

OrrlcePh: 178 818 795-4343 ....................................................... 

Mail Stop 125-112 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena. CA 911 09-8099 

Orrlce Ph: 818 354-9255 

Arizona Materials Laboratory 

Fax: 818 393-6383 ........................... 1.~~. 

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 

University of Arizona 

4715 E. Fort Lowell Road 

Tucson. AZ 85712 

OrrlcePh: 602 322-2981 ....•.•..•......................................... ~,~ 

Physics Department 

The College of Wooster 

Wooster. 00 44691 

Orrlce Ph: 216 262-2390 ................................................... ~~.~ 

Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 

University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh. PA 15260 

Orrtce Ph: 412 624-9029 Fax: 412 624-9163 ........................... ~~~ 

11 .................................... 11 ................................................................................... 11111 ................. 1 ...................... 111 ... 11 •• 1 ................. 11111 .... 11.11111.1.11 ........ 11111 ......... 11'1 

C-IO 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index '"111111,11111111.11.11'1111.11'".1'""1.11.111111111111111111'1.11 .. 1 ........................ 11111 ... 11 ...... 11 ........ 111111' .. '111 .. 1111 ... 11111 ........... 1111 ..... 1111 .... 11.11.".,11111111111 .. '.111111'11111.1'.11.111,".,111,1.11111111 

J. Milburn Jessup, M.D. 

Dr. William L. Johnson 

Dr. K. Kailasanath 

Or. Eric W. Kaler 

Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi 

Dr. Mohammad Kassemi 

Prof. Michael J. Kaufman 

Prof. Robert E. Kelly 

Associate Professor 

Department of Surgery 

Suite 3A 

New England Deaconess Hospital 

110 Francis Street 

Boston, MA 02215 

Office Ph: 617 632-9817 Fax: 617 632-7424 ...................... 1.~1:.1~~ 

Deparunent of Material Science 

331 Keck Labs 

Mail Code 138-78 

California Institute of Technology 

Pasadena, CA 91125 

OfficePh: 818 395-4433 Fax: 818-795-1547 ........................... 1)~ 

Laboratory for Computational Physics 

and Fluid Dynamics 

NRL Code 4410 

Washington, DC 20375 

Office Ph: 202 767-2402 

Deparunent of Chemical Engineering 

Colburn Laboratory 

University of Delaware 

Newark, 00 19716 

Office Ph: 302 831-3553 

Center for Fire Research, Building and Fire Research Laboratories 

Bldg. 224, Rm. B258 

National Institute For Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

228 

298 

Office Ph: 301 975-6699 Fax: 301 975-4052 ........................... ~~~. 

Ohio Aerospace Institute 

MS 105-1 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, 00 44135 

Office Ph: 216 433-5031 Fax: 216 433-5031 ........................... ~).9. 

Deparunent of Materials Science and Engineering 

132 Rhines Han 

University of Florida 

Gainesville, FL 32611-2066 

Orrlce Ph: 904 392-6662 Fax: 904 392-6359 ........................... ~?1. 

School of Engineering and Applied Science 

University of California, Los Angeles 

408 Hilgard Avenue 

Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597 

Office Ph: 310 825-5489 Fax: 310 206-4830 ........................... ~9~. 

111111111111111111111.11'"111111.11.11111111,1"1 .. 11.1"".1"11.11'111111 .. 11 ..... 111111 .... 1111 .. 11 .. '111 ............ ' •• 11111 ... 11 ............. ,11111111""11.111111,,,1111"1 ..... 1'1111111111.11,,,,,,,1111,"1111'1.11 ........ 1111111111.111 

C-ll 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index II ...... 'U ................................................................. ,U .................................. 11111 .. 11111111111 ..... 1111 .......................... II'II,lIllIllIltI'I.I,,'I .. IIII.II.II'U"I'II,II"IIIIIIIII.III.1I11I.11.11 .. 

Prof. Kenneth F. Kelton 

Dr. John H. Konnert 

Dr. Joel Koplik 

Prof. lean N. Koster 

Prof. Sindo Kou 

Prof. Dr. William B. Krantz 

Dr. Shankar Krishnan 

Prof. Jerry C. Ku 

Department of Physics 

Campus Box 1105 

Washington University at St. Louis 

One Brookings Drive 

St. Louis, MO 63130 

OfricePh: 314 935-6228 Fax: 314 935-6219 .......................... :~?~ 

Laboratory for the Structure of Matter 

Code 6030 

Naval Research Laboratory 

4555 Overlook Avenue S.W. 

Washington, DC 20375-6000 

Ofrlce Ph: 202 767-3267 Fax: 202 767-6874 ........................... 1. ~~. 

Department of Physics, I..evich Institute 

City College of The City University of New York 

Convent Avenue & 138 th Street 

New York, NY 10031 

OrrlcePh: 212 650-8162 ................................................... ~~.1. 

Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences 

Engineering Center 

Campus Box 429 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, m 80309-0429 

Orrlce Ph: 303 492-6945 .............................................. ?~:. ~9~ 

Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 

University of Wisconsin 

1509 University Avenue 

Madison, WI 53706 

Orrlce Ph: 608 262-0576 Fax: 608 262-8353 ........................... ~~? 

Center of Low-Gravity Fluid Mechanics 

Campus Box 432 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, m 80309-0432 

Ofrlce Ph: 303 492-7050 ................................................... 1?~ 

Containerless Research, Inc. 

910 University Place 

Evanston, n.. 60261-3149 

Orrlce Ph: 708 467-2678 Fax: 708 467-2679 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Wayne State University 

5050 Anthony Wayne Drive 

Detroit, MI 48202 

429 ............................... 

OrrtcePh: 232 313 577-3814 ....................................................... 

............... 111 ...... 1111 ... 11111111111111' .... 11 ..................... 11 ............. 11111 ......... '"11 .......... 1111111 .. 111111 ............. 1111' .. 1111 ..... 1 .. ".11111111 ....... 1111111 •• 11 .... 1 .. 1111 ... ,,11111111111111111111111111111111111 

C-12 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index .... 1111 .. 111111111111 ..... 1111 ...................... 1111111 ........ 11 .... 111 .. 1I.1I.1I"".IIIII .. I.IIII.II.II'U.II.II"I .. II'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1II1II1"II.11'11.11.11'11,1111"1,,1.11.1111111.11,11111111111111111,,1.1,111111III1IIIIIII111111I 

Prof. Ricbard T. Labey 

Dr. David J. Larson 

Prof. Cbung K. Law 

Dr. L. Gary Leal 

Dr. Sandor L. Leboczky 

Peter I. Lelkes. Ph.D. 

Prof. Moises Levy 

Prof. Sung P. Lin 

Prof. John A. Lipa 

Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Pbysics 

Center for Multipbase Researcb 

Rensselaer Polytecbnic Institute 

Troy. NY 12180-3590 

Office 307 Ph: 518 276-8579 ....................................................... 

Researcb Center A02-026 

Grurrunan Corporation 

Betbpage. NY 11714 

Office Ph: 516 575-4896 ................................................... 1.1.5. 

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

Princeton University 

Princeton. NJ 08544 

Office Ph: 609 258-5271 Fax: 609 258-6233 ........................... ~~~ 

Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering 

University of California. Santa Barbara 

Santa Barbara. CA 93106 

Office Ph: 805 893-8510 Fax: 805 893-4731 ........................... ~9~. 

Code ES75 

NASA Marsball Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center. AL 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7758 

Laboratory of Cell Biology. 

Sinai Samaritan Medical School 

Box 342 

Fax: 205 544-8762 ........................... 1. ~.~ 

University of Wisconsin Medical School 

945 North 12th Street 

Milwaukee. WI 53201-0342 

Office Ph: 414 283-7753 Fax: 414 283-7874 ........................... 1.~~ 

Physics Department 

University of Wisconsin. Milwaukee 

Milwaukee. WI 53201 

Office Ph: 414 229-4168 .. " ......................... "' .. , ....... , ... , ... ,1~!2. 

Department of Engineering of Mechanical and Aeronautical 

Box 5725 

Clarkson University 

Potsdam. NY 13699-5725 

Office Ph: 315 268-6584 

W. W. Hansen Laboratories 

Via Pavlov 

Stanford University 

Stanford. CA 94305-4060 

Office Ph: 415 723-4562 

Fax: 315 268-6438 ........................... ~1.1. 

Fax: 415 723-8451 ........................ ~~.'. ~.~ 

1111 ..... 11 ....................... 111 .. '11 .. 111111 ... 1111 ... 111111111111111 ... ltll ... I .... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ... II .... II.IIIIIIIIIIIII.II •• '1.,1111."11111111111111111, ... 11.11111111,,,1111111111111111111111.111111111111111111111111111'1111.1,111 

C-13 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 1I11 ... IIII,I •• II'II.II'II.II.IIIII,II,U.II.IIIII.II.III'I"I"IIIIII.,11111111 .......... 11'11.11111.1111111111111111 .. 11111 .. 111 ....... 1111'.1111111.11111.111.1 .. ,111"11,1"11.1,11111111111.1111111111111'1.1.11111111111111111.11'"'11 .. 1111. 

Dr. Thomas A. Lograsso 

Prof. Sudarshan K. Loyalka 

Dr. Daniel W. Mackowski 

Efstratios Manousakis 

Prof. Humphrey J. Maris 

Prof. Lon J. Mathias 

Dr. David H. Matthiesen 

Prof. Mark J. McCready 

Prof. Gareth H. McKinley 

Institute for Physical Research and Technology 

109 Metals Development Building 

Iowa State University 

Ames, IA 50011 

Of rice Ph: 515 294-8425 Fax: 515 294-8727 ........................... ~~~ 

Particulate Systems Research Center 

0039 Engineering Complex 

University of Missouri, Columbia 

Columbia, MO 65211 

Office Ph: 314 882-8366 Fax: 314 882-2490 ........................... ~1~ 

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering 

College of Engineering 

Auburn University 

Auburn, AL 36849-5341 

Office Ph: 205 844-3334 Fax: 205 844-3307 ........................... ~~~ 

Department of Physics 

318 Keen Bldg. 

Florida State University 

Tallahassee, FL 32306-4052 

Office Ph: 904 644-3713 

Physics Department 

Brown University 

Providence, RI 02912 

OrrIcePh: 401863-2185 

Fax: 904 644-8630 ........................... 1. ~~ 

Fax: 401 863-2024 ........................... 1. ~.2. 

Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry 

University of Southern Mississippi 

Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0076 

Office Ph: 601 266-4871 Fax: 601 266-5504 ........................... ~~~ 

Materials Science and Engineering Dept. 

Case Western Reserve University 

10900 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, 00 44106 

Office Ph: 216 368-1366 ........................................ ~f.1., .. 1.~?:.1?~ 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

182 Fitzpatrick Hall 

University of Notre Dame 

Notre Dame, IN 46556 

OrrIce Ph: 219 631-7146 ................................................... ~1~ 

Division of Applied Sciences 

Pierce Hall, Room 316 

Harvard University 

Cambridge, MA 02138 

OrrIcePh: 617 496-5167 Fax: 617 495-9837 ............................ ?~. 

111 ... '111, ... 1111 ................................ 11' ..... 11 .... 11.1' •• "IIII"IIIII.II'I ... I"lllllllfI .. III.'IIII,IIIIIIII"'''1111, •• ,111111 .... 11 •• ,.11111 .. 1111111 ••• 111 •••• 111, •• ,.11111111 •• 1111.111.11 .......... ".11.11.111111.,1 ...... 1111 

C-14 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 1111.11,".11'1.11.1111111111111'".1'11'1011.1111111111111111'11'"111111111'11'111'"11111111111111111111111111111111111'"111111111111'11""111'"'1111I111t1111111111111111"'IIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIII"IIII'111111I1111111111111111'1111111'1111'1 

Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr. 

Prof. Hennan Merte, Jr. 

Prof. Horst Meyer 

Mary Jo B. Meyer 

William V. Meyer 

Dr. Michael R. Moldover 

Prof. John J. Moore 

Prof. Allan S. Myerson 

Prof. Ranga Narayanan 

Department of Biochemistry 

University of California, Riverside 

Watkins Drive 

Riverside, CA 92521-0129 

Orrtce Ph: 909 787-5391 Fax: 909 787-3790 ............................ ~~. 

Mechanical Engineering Department 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109 

OrrtcePh: 313 764-5240 Fax: 313 747-3170 ....................... ?~:.~~~ 

Department of Physics 

Duke University 

Durham, NC 27708-0305 

Orrtce Ph: 919 660-2520 Fax: 919 660-2521. ..................... 1.~~: .1?~ 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, CE 44135 

485 orrtce Ph: 216 433-8165 •• 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Ohio Aerospace Institute 

MS 105-1 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, CE 44135-3191 

OrrtcePh: 216 433-5011 Fax: 216 433-5033 ..................... ~~?:.~~~. 

Thermophysics Division 

Bldg. 221, Room AI05 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

Office Ph: 301 975-2459 Fax: 301 869-4020 ........................... ~1~. 

Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 

Colorado School of Mines 

Golden, CO 80401 

Orrtce Ph: 303 273-3770 .............................................. 2.~~:.~~~ 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Polytechnic University, New York 

333 Jay Street 

Brooklyn, NY 11201 

orrtce Ph: 718 260-3620 Fax: 718 260-3136 ........................... 4~.1. 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

431 Chemical Engineering Building 

University of Florida 

Gainesville, FL 32611-2083 

orrtce Ph: 904 392-9103 Fax: 904 392-9673 ........................... 4~~ 

' ..... 1111111 .... 11111.111111111111111111111 .. ' ... 1 ... 11.11 •• 111 .. 111111111111 .. 1 .. 1 .... ,11111.11.111111111111111"1111,,1'1111 .. ,,111111111111111'111111.11111 •• ' •• ,1111.11111.11.11.11111 ••••• 111111 .. 11111'11111.,1"1111111.,11111111111 ... 11111 

C-15 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FY 1993 Principal Investigator Index '"'fllllllI",IIIIII.II'''''II"IIIII.II,".II.II,".II.II'II.II.II'' .... 1I1I111.11.11111111111111 ... 11.11,.11.11'11,.11'"1,,111111"11.,'''''.11111'1I1.II.fI',IIII'".II.II.,I.II"I"IIIII'.,IIIIIIII.,I""'I •• 11'1t.,IIIIIIIII,'111111I111111 

Prof. G. Paul Neitzel 

Dr. James R. Norris 

Prof. Simon Ostrach 

Prof. A.G. Ostrogorsky 

Bernhard O. Palsson, Ph.D. 

Prof. Jerome K. Percus 

Prof. John H. Perepezko 

Prof. David R. Poirier 

George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Atlanta, CiA 30332-0405 

OrrIce Ph: 404 894-3240 ................................................... ~?~ 

Chemistry Division 

Building 2ooIRoom E133 

Argonne National Laboratory 

9700 South Class Avenue 

Argonne, IL 60439 

Office Ph: 708 252-3547 Fax: 708 252-9289 ........................... 1. ~~ 

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

418 Glennan Building 

Case Western Reserve University 

10900 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, 00 44106 

OrrIce Ph: 216 368-2942 Fax: 216 368-6445 ...................... . ~~:.~?f. 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Aeronautical Engineering, and Mechanics 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy, NY 12180-3590 

OfflcePh: 518 276-6975 Fax: 518 276-2623 ........................... ~~~ 

Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

Herbert H. Dow Building 

University of Michigan College of Engineering 

2300 Hayward 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136 

OrrIce Ph: 313 763-2383 Fax: 313 763-0459 ........................... 1. ~.~ 

Courant Institute 

New York University 

251 Mercer St. 

New York, NY 10012 

Office Ph: 212 998-3130 

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 

University of Wisconsin 

1509 University Avenue 

Madison, WI 53706 

324 

OrrIcePh: 448 608 263-1678 ....................................................... 

Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

College of Engineering & Mines 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, KZ 85721 

Office Ph: 602 621-6072 ............................................. ~~9:.1?f. 

, ......... ,11 .... " ... 111 ........... ,1111111"'11,.".' .... 11 .... ,11 ...... ,"111111""1111111.11.,1"'11111111 .... ".1'11111"1111111111111111111111'1111111"11111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111,11"1.1 •• 1"1 •• 1111.11'11111111'1 

C-16 
Appendix C: MSAD Program-FYl993 Principal Investigator Index .... 111 .. 111 .... 1 ............ '11111 ....... 111 ... '111 ........... 1111 ... 11111111.11.11.11.11,,11111111'1111111111.11.11'".111111 .. 1.1111'111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIU .. I.II'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I.IIIIIIIIIIII"'IIIIII1111.,1111111111111111111111 

Dr. Marc L. Pusey 

Dr. Seth J. Putterman 

Dr. Chandra S. Ray 

Prof. Dennis W. Readey 

Dr. Won-Kyu Rhim 

Prof. David C. Richardson 

Dr. Michael B. Robinson 

Prof. Paul D. Ronney 

Prof. Franz Rosenberger 

Microgravity Science and Application Division 

Mail Code ES76 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7823 Fax: 205 544-1777 ........................... 1. ~? 

Physics Department 

University of California, Los Angeles 

Los Angeles, CA 90024 

Office Ph: 310 825-2269 Fax: 310 825-5668 ........................... ~?~ 

Graduate Center for Materials Research 

University of Missouri. Rolla 

Rolla. MO 65401 

Office Ph: 314 341-6432 Fax: 314 341-2071. .......................... 4~~ 

Coors Professor of Ceramic Engineering 

Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Eng. 

Colorado School of Mines 

Golden. CO 80401 

Office Ph: 303 273-3437 

Mail Stop 183-401 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena. CA 91109 

Office Ph: 818 354-2925 

Department of Biochemistry 

Box 3711 

Duke University Medical Center 

211 Nanaline Duke Building 

Durham, NC 27710 

457 

459 

Office Ph: 919 684-6010 Fax: 919 684-8885 ........................... ~ ~.~ 

ES75 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Huntsville. AL 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7774 Fax: 205 544-2176 ........................... 4?1. 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

OHE430 

University of Southern California 

Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 

Office Ph: 213 740-0490 Fax: 213 740-8071 

Center for Microgravity and Materials Research 

Research Institute 

Room M65 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

Huntsville. AL 35899 

48 

Office Ph: 205 895-6050 Fax: 205 895-6791. ..................... 1.~~1.?9.1 . 

....... 11 ...................... 11111 ........... "11'." ............. 11.11IIII"UIIII",III.I'I .. IIIIIIIII .. IIIIIIIIII'IIII."IIIIIII'IIII.'.II.III't.II.IIIIIIII.II .... II •• I.II •• I., •• IIIII •• 11111.1,111111.111111111111111.1111111,,11111111,,1.11 

C-17 
AppendixC: MSADProgram-FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 111"1I.1I111I1.IIIIIIU.IIIII,,,,IIIIII ........ tlltlllI'llIllIllllllllIllIl1I11I" ........ IIIIIIIIIII ......... IIII .. IIItI .. I"II .... II ..... 'I ...... II ...... 11I11I.1I'","'U.II.II'"IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIII"I"'''I.IIII.11111t11'11 •• II'III11 

Bruce N. Rosenthal 

Graham Ross 

Dr. Howard Ross 

Dr. Paul H. Rothe 

Kurt R. Sacksteder 

Dr. Satwindar S. Sadhal 

W. Mark Saltzman 

Dr. David W. Sammons 

Prof. Robert L. Sani 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, 00 44135 

OrrlcePh: 216 433-5027 ................................................... ~~.1. 

0/92-05, B1260 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. 

3251 Hanover Street 

Palo Alto, CA 94304-1187 

OWce Ph: 415 424-3488 Fax: 415 424-3315 ........................... ~?! 

MS 500-217 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, 00 44135 

Orrlce Ph: 216 433-2868 ............................................... ~~!. ?~~. 

Creare, Inc. 

P.O. Box 71 

Hanover, NH 03755 

OWce Ph: 603 643-3800 Fax: 603 643-4657 ........................... ~?~. 

MS 500-217 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, 00 44135 

OWcePh: 216 433-2857 Fax: 216 433-8660 ........................... ~~~ 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

University of Southern California 

Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 

OWcePh: 213 740-0492 Fu: 213 740-8071 ........................... ~~~ 

Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

Room 24, New Engineering Building 

Johns Hopkins University 

3401 North Charles Street 

Baltimore, MD 21218 

OWcePh: 410 516-8480 Fax: 410 516-5510 ........................... ~~~ 

Center for Separation Science 

Bldg. #90, Rm 211 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

OWce Ph: 602 621-2157 33 ••••••••••••••••••••• 111 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Engineering Center 

ECCH 1-43, Campus Box 424 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, CO 80309-0424 

OWce Ph: 303 492-5517 Fax: 303 492-4341 ............................ ~~. 

................................. '1111111.11 ... 1111111111111 .. ".'11111111111111I11I'" .. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ... U.tlIIIIIIIIII.II"I .. I .. II.1I111111II'IIII,IIIIIIII" .... II'".II"UIII.II.II.II'IIIII'UIU"IIII.IIIIIII.111111111111111111111111' 

C-18 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index ................................. 11 ...................... 11 .................................................. 111 ............. 111 ... 111111111111 .. 11 .. 1111111 ....................... 111111 .. 1111 .......................... 111111111 .. ' ............. .. 

Dr. Dudley A. Saville 

David W. Scharp, M.D. 

Prof. Benjamin Shaw 

Dr. N.B. Singh 

Dr. Gregory T. Smedley 

Prof. Marc K. Smith 

Dr. Robert S. Snyder 

Prof. Frans Spaepen 

Prof. Paul H. Steen 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544-5263 

Ortlce Ph: 609 258-4585 Fax: 609 258-0211 ................... 1?:.~?:.~~~ 

Department of Surgery 

Box 8109 

Washington University School of Medicine 

4939 Audubon Ave. 

St. Louis, MO 631 10 

Ortlce Ph: 314 362-8320 Fax: 314 361-0426 ........................... ~~.~ 

Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical & 

Materials Engineering 

University of California, Davis 

Davis, CA 95616-5294 

Ortlce Ph: 916 752-4130 ................................................... ~~~ 

Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

1310 Beulah Road 

Pittsburgh, PA 15235 

Office Ph: 412 256-1469 Fax: 412 256-1661 ...................... 1.~~1.~~. 

Mail Stop 278-01 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

Orflce Ph: 818 354-0583 

George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Atlanta, GA 30332-0405 

Ortlce Ph: 404 894-3826 

Mail Code ES76 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

335 

336 

Ortlce Ph: 205 544-7755 Fax: 205 544-8762 ............................ ~.~ 

Division of Applied Sciences 

Harvard University 

29 Oxford Street 

Cambridge, MA 02193 

Ortlce Ph: 617 495-3760 Fax: 617 495-9837 ........................... ~~~ 

School of Chemical Engineering 

Olin Hall 

Cornell University 

Ithaca, NY 14853 

Orrlce Ph: 607 255-4749 Fax: 607 255-9166 ...................... ~~~I.~~.~ 

......... 11 ................... 1111 ....... '11 .................. 11 ................ 1 .... 11.11.11.11"".11.11.1"111111111111.11.11,,,,,111 .. 111111111111111111111111111111' ... 111 ..... '111 ....... 111111111 ....... 111111111 .... 1 .. 1111111111IIIIIU •• 11 

C-19 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index 1111.11111111111111111.11.11111'1 .. 11.11'11111111111111111"'11111111111111 .................. 1111' .. 11.11111.,11111 ..... 111111111111 ............ , .. 1111 .. 11111 .. 111 ...................................... 11 .. 11111111111111111111111111111.1111111 .. 

Dr. Doru M. Stefanescu 

Dr. Stein Sture 

Dr. Ching-Hua Su 

Prof. R. Shankar Subramanian 

Prof. Harry L. Swinney 

Dr. Julian Szekely 

Dr. Frank R. Szofran 

Prof. James S. T'ien 

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 

F301 Mineral Industries Building, Box 870202 

University of Alabama 

Tuscaloosa, AI.. 35487-0202 

Office Ph: 205 348-1740 Fax: 205 348-8574 ........................... 1.?~ 

Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering 

Campus Box 428 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, m 80309 

Office Ph: 303 492-7651 Fax: 303 492-7317 ............................ ~! 

USRA Staff Scientist, Crystal Growth and Solidification Physics Branch 

Space Science Laboratory 

ES75 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AI.. 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7776 Fax: 205 544-8762 ........................... 1 ~.1. 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Box 5705 

Clarkson University 

Potsdam. NY 13699-5705 

Office Ph: 315 268-6648 

Dept. of Physics 

University of Texas, Austin 

Austin, 1X 78712-1111 

Office Ph: 512 471-4619 

Fax: 315 268-6654 ....................... ~~:.~~.1. 

Fax: 512 471-1588 ........................... ~~~. 

Department of Materials Engineering 

Room 4-138 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

OfricePh: 617 253-3236 Fax: 617 253-8124 ........................... H~ 

Space Science Laboratory 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

Mail Stop ES75 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Huntsville, AI.. 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7777 Fax: 205 544-8762 .••.....•.................. 1. ~? 

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

415 Glennan Building 

Case Western Reserve University 

10900 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, rn 44106 

Office Ph: 216 358-4581 Fax: 216 358-6445 ........................... ~~~ 

111111111111 ............... 11 .. '"' ..... 111111111111111111' ..... 11111111111111111.11.1111111111111111'''1111111111111,1''1 ... 11 •• 111 •• ' •• '11111 ..... 11111.11 ... 11' .. 1111111111 ..................... 1I.1I .... I'UII.IIIII1II1'IIIIIII.IUIIIII.II'II, 

C-20 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Principal Investigator Index , ........................... , ................ ,,, ................ 11 ............. 111111.11.111.11.11'1111111111111111111111'"111.,,111.11,,1111111', .. 1111"1111111111'11.111111111111111111.,111,1111111111111111'1.11111111111""'111,'1111.,,111' 

Prof. Saleh Tanveer 

Dr. Robert L. Thompson 

Dr. Eugene H. Trinh 

Prof. Gretar Tryggvason 

Prof. Jorge Vinals 

Dr. Frank B. von Swol 

Prof. Peter W. Voorhees 

Dr. Taylor G. Wang 

Dr. Keith B. Ward 

Department of Mathematics 

Ohio State University 

231 West 18th Avenue 

Columbus. UI 43210-1174 

Office Ph: 614 292-5710 Fax: 614 292-1479 ........................... ~~~ 

MS 500-327 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland. 00 44135 

Office Ph: 216 433-3321 Fax: 216 433-8660 ................ ?~~" .~~?: .~~~. 

Mail Stop 183-401 

Jet Propulsion Lab 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena. CA 9 1 1 09 

Office Ph: 818 354-7125 Fax: 818 393-5039 ........................... ~?~ 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

2250 G. G. Brown Building 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor. MI 48109 

Office Ph: 313 763-1049 

Super Computer Research Institute 

444 Science Center Library 

Florida State University 

Tallahassee. FL 32306-4052 

350 

Office Ph: 904 644-1010 ................................................... ~?1. 

Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

114 Roger Adams Laboratory 

University of Jllinois 

1209 W. California St. 

Urbana. IL 61801 

Office Ph: 217 333-8963 Fax: 217 244-8064 .......................... ?~~. 

Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 

Northwestern University 

2145 Sheridan Road 

Evanston. IL 60208-3108 

Office Ph: 708 491-3537 Fax: 708-491-7820 ........................... ~?7. 

Center for Microgravity Research & Applications 

Box 6079. Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

Nashville. 1N 37235 

Office Ph: 615 322-7311 Fax: 615 343-8730 ....................... ~~:.~?~ 

Laboratory for the Structure of Matter 

Code 6030 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Washington. DC 20375-5000 

Office Ph: 202 767-2735 Fax: 202 767-6874 ........................... ~~~ 

............................................................ , ......... 11 .......... 1I .. II,n'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. I .. I"' •• II,11111111111111111111111'11111.,1,11.1.11111111111111'11111111111.11"1"111111'111'1111"'11111111"11111111'1'111111111 

C-21 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FYl993 Prlncipallnvestigator Index ................................ ,,, ............ 111 ...................... 1111 ............................................. 11 .................................................... ,", ............ " ................................................. .. 

Prof. Peter C. Wayner, Jr. 

Dr. Richard lK. Weber 

Dr. Michael C. Weinberg 

Dr. David A. Weitz 

Dr. Heribert Wiedemeier 

Dr. John M. Wiencek 

Dr. R. Allen Wilkinson 

Prof. Forman A. Williams 

Dr. W. William Wilson 

Isermann Dept. of Chemical Engineering 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy, NY 12180-3590 

Orrlce Ph: 518 276-6199 Fax: 518 276-4030 ........................... ~~.~ 

Containerless Research, Inc. 

910 University Place 

Evanston, n. 60201-3149 

Orrlce Ph: 708 467-2678 Fax: 708 467-2679 ........................... 4~~ 

Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

College of Engineering and Mines 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, J\Z 85721 

Office Ph: 602 621-6070 Fax: 602 322-2993 ••.••••....•.......•.. 1.~~r . ~?1. 

EXXON Research and Engineering Co. 

Route 22 East, Clinton Township 

Annandale, NJ 08801 

Office Ph: 908 730-3536 

Department of Chemistry 

214 MRC 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy, NY 12181 

Orrlce Ph: 518 276-8444 

Fax: 908 730-3042 ............................ ~.~ 

Fax: 518 276-8554 ........................... 1~~ 

Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering 

SS 

Rutgers University 

P.O. Box 909 

Piscataway, NJ 08855-0909 

Office Ph: 908 235-5323 Fax: 908 932-5313 ........................... ~1~. 

MS 500-327 

NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, 00 44135 

OrrlcePh: 216 433-2075 Fax: 216 433-8660 ............................ ~~ 

Dept of Applied Mechanics and 

Engineering Science, B-OIO 

University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093-0411 

OfficePh: 619 534-5452 ............................................... ~~,.~~~ 

Department of Chemistry 

Drawer CH 

Mississippi State University 

Mississippi State, MS 39762-5613 

Office Ph: 601 325-3584 Fax: 601 32S·1618 ......................... .. ~~ ~ 

......... 'II .......... IIIII1' .. 'lltf •• "' .......... II ............ "1111111 ..... '111 ............. 11 •• '1111111' .. ' .. 111111111111111111 .......... 11 ... 11I11 ................. ,,, ..... ,,.,, ........ ,, ..... ,, ..... , .................. n ........ '"'U"", 

C-22 
Appendix C: MSAD Program - FY1993 Principal Investigator Index 11 .. 1111111.111111111111111 ............. 1111 .. 111111 .. '1.'111111111 .. '1111I'''''"IIIIIIIIIIII''IIIIIIIIIIIIIItII'III''I''IIIIIII'II''I''1,'111111111111111,,111111111111111111111111111'111'111''.111111111."111 •• ,1111111.11.1111' .... 1'.11.11111 

Mr. William K. Witherow 

Prof. August F. Witt 

Prof. M. Grae Worster 

Dr. Xiao-lun Wu 

Prof. Abdelfattah Zebib 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

ES74 SSL Bldg. 4481 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

Office Ph: 205 544-7811 Fax: 205 544-2102 ........................... ~~~. 

TDK Professor of Materials Science & Engineering 

Departinent of Materials Science 

RM 13-4134 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 

Office Ph: 617 253-5303 Fax: 617 253-5827 ........................... ~?~. 

Dept. of Eng. Sci. and App!. Math. 

Northwestern University 

633 Clark Street 

Evanston, IL 60201 

Office Ph: 708 491-3345 

Department of Physics and Astronomy 

University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh. PA 15260 

Office Ph: 412 624-0873 

Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 

Rutgers University 

P.O. Box 909 

Piscataway. NJ 08855-0909 

357 

359 

Offlc~ Ph: 908 932-2248 Fax: 908 932-5313 ........................... ~?~. 

11 .. 111111111111111111 .. 1111.1 ........ 111111111111111111111111.111.,1111111""1111111111111111,11111.11111111111111111111111.111 •• 111111'111111111".".1111111111111111111111Illtlllll'II.,IIIIIIIIII'lllllllllllilllllllllllllllll1I1II11I111II1I 

C-23 
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fonn Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 

I. AGENCY USE ONLY (leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 

March 1994 Technical Memorandum 

FY 1993 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks and Bibliography for FY 1993 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

MSAD-funded principal investigators tasked through NASA research centers 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division REPORT NUMBER 

NASA Headquarters, Code UG 

Washington, DC 20546-0001 NASA TM-4569 

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY 

REPORT NUMBER 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division (MSAD, Code UG), 

Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (OLMSA, Code U), 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546-0001 

Ii. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

Uncla.~sified - Unlimited 

Subject Category 29 

13. ABSTRACT 

The document is an annual report published by the Microgravity Science and Applications Division (MSAD). It 

represents a compilation of the Division's currently-funded ground, flight and Ad';:'!r(;l10 T,~cl'''GI0gy 

Development tasks. The purpose of the document is to provide an overview aCld PI<lJ';.:c,·, 1". '-'. ~CI t~~n::\' 

tasks, including progress reports by principal investigators selectod 1rc - Ii., ( t ~ •. , ; , l ~ 

, .- , 

government communities. The document includes a listing of new bitlior,YDr!X ! ' , , J ! , ., , .. , 

investigators to reflect the dissemination of research data during FY 1 ~{93 Vic-. I'l'[ !j. , , ~; . ; ~ , '. 

The document also includes division research metrics and an index 01 h3 r~;:·;j ! ~ , , .. . I,; ~ .. ;' ~_ 

The document contains three sections and three appendices: Section I ind,' L;;:, ,to ,~I ,_ ' ~: ~ 1'" ~. i·· I , . 

data, Section II is a compilation of the task reports in an order representati'Jt! cf it:: (Jr'-lllt.~, L.;/; l., I ;~ .. ~<) '.~aL;s 

and the science discipline it represents, and Section III is the bibliography. The threo appendices, in the ordn 

of presentation, are: A - a microgravity science acronym list, B - a list of guest investigators as,;ocia'ed with 

a biotechnology task, and C - an index of the currently funded principal investigators. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS IS, NUMBER OF PAGES 

Microgravity, performance tests, microgravity applications, biotechnology, combustion, fluid dynamics, materials 

science, research and development, bibliographies 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT 

Unclassified Unclassified 

Available from NASA Center for AeroSpace Infonnation 

800 Elkridge Landing Road 

Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 (1,'-" 1 - ~ 1 r, " 

578 

16. PRICE CODE 

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

Unlimited 

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