FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

JOHN B. STEINHART GREGORY F. ZOELLER

Lafayette, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

GEORGE P. SHERMAN

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

RUBEN ROSALES, )

)

Appellant-Defendant, )

)

vs. ) No. 48A02-1303-CR-229

)

STATE OF INDIANA, )

)

Appellee-Plaintiff. )

APPEAL FROM THE MADISON CIRCUIT COURT

The Honorable Thomas Newman, Jr., Judge

Cause No. 48C03-1207-FA-1240

January 27, 2014

OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

NAJAM, Judge
2

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Ruben Rosales appeals his conviction for attempted murder, a Class A felony, 

following a jury trial.1 Rosales raises a single issue for our review, namely, whether the 

trial court committed fundamental error when it instructed the jury. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In June of 2012, Rosales was a member of the Latin Kings gang in Anderson. 

Rosales’ girlfriend, Briana White, had had a number of problems with Serrano 13, a rival 

gang. Sergio Torres was a member of the Serrano 13 gang.

In the afternoon of June 27, Torres went to a business near his home and 

purchased a soft drink and a bag of chips. Torres proceeded down an alley to return to 

his home. At that time, Rosales, Donavan Ball, and David Rivera drove a van into the 

alley behind Torres. Ball jumped out of the van at Torres. Ball was unarmed and Torres 

was facing him. Torres then felt a blow to his head and blacked out. When he awoke, he 

was on the ground and he saw Rosales. Torres could barely move. He observed Rosales 

and Ball run back to the van and drive away.

A witness, Melamekia Watson, observed the van near the alley and observed a 

Caucasian male and an Hispanic male exit the van. Watson saw that the Hispanic male 

was carrying a “metal bat.” Transcript at 266. She saw the two males enter the alley. 

She then saw the two men leave the alley “like they w[ere] on a mission” and reenter the 

van. Id. at 268. The Hispanic male still held the bat when Watson observed him reenter 

the van. The van then drove away.

 

1

 Rosales does not appeal his conviction for participation in a criminal gang, a Class D felony.
3

Police arrived shortly after the attack on Torres and observed “a lot of blood 

coming from [Torres’] head.” Id. at 232. Torres was eventually diagnosed with lifethreatening trauma to the head, including multiple skull fractures, a subdural hematoma, 

and bleeding in the brain. 

The next day, Rosales went to the home of his aunt, Michelle Rosales. Michelle 

observed that Rosales was nervous, and she asked him why he was nervous. Rosales told 

his aunt “he needed to leave and go back to Chicago.” Id. at 326. Michelle took Rosales 

to a bus station in Indianapolis and bought him a ticket to board a bus to Chicago. 

Michelle then called Amanda Smith, who lived with Ball, and “asked her what was going 

on, [be]cause I knew something had happened, obviously[,] by the way [Rosales] was 

acting.” Id. at 328. Smith told Michelle “what had . . . happened,” and Michelle called 

the police. Id. The police arrested Rosales at the bus station in Indianapolis.

On July 5, the State charged Rosales with attempted murder, a Class A felony, and 

participating in a criminal gang, a Class D felony. Rosales’ was tried to a jury in January 

and February of 2013. The trial court instructed the jury on attempted murder in relevant 

part as follows: “the crime of attempted murder is defined as follows: a person attempts 

to commit a murder when, acting with the specific intent to kill another person, he 

engages in conduct that constitutes a substantial step toward kill[ing] that person.” Id. at 

557. The court also instructed the jury on accomplice liability, stating, in relevant part: 

“[a] person who knowingly or intentionally aids, induces or causes another person to 

commit an offense commits that offense . . . . An accomplice is liable for the acts of the 

principal which, even if not a part of their original plan, are probable and natural 
4

consequences thereof.” Id. at 563. The court further instructed the jury regarding the 

State’s burden of proof.

The jury found Rosales guilty as charged of attempted murder, and the trial court 

sentenced him accordingly. This appeal ensued.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Rosales raises a single issue for our review, namely, whether the trial court 

committed fundamental error when it instructed the jury on accomplice liability. As our 

Supreme Court has explained:

A claim that has been waived by a defendant’s failure to raise a 

contemporaneous objection can be reviewed on appeal if the reviewing 

court determines that a fundamental error occurred. The fundamental error 

exception is “extremely narrow, and applies only when the error constitutes 

a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm is 

substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due 

process.” The error claimed must either “make a fair trial impossible” or 

constitute “clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles of 

due process.” This exception is available only in “egregious 

circumstances.”

Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) (citations omitted); see also Hopkins v. 

State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 638 (Ind. 2001); Canaan v. State, 683 N.E.2d 227, 235 n.6 (Ind. 

1997).

The task of instructing the jury is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. As 

we have explained:

The purpose of a jury instruction is to inform the jury of the law applicable 

to the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to comprehend the 

case clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict. Instruction of the 

jury is left to the sound judgment of the trial court and will not be disturbed 

absent an abuse of discretion. Jury instructions are not to be considered in 

isolation, but as a whole and in reference to each other. The instructions 
5

must be a complete, accurate statement of the law which will not confuse or 

mislead the jury. Still, errors in the giving or refusing of instructions are 

harmless where a conviction is clearly sustained by the evidence and the 

jury could not properly have found otherwise.

Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 630 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citations and quotations 

omitted). When determining whether fundamental error occurred based on an incorrect 

jury instruction, “we look not to the erroneous instruction in isolation” but to “all relevant 

information given to the jury, including closing argument and other instructions.” 

Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. 2002) (citations omitted).

Rosales asserts that the trial court committed fundamental error because it 

“fail[ed] to instruct the jury regarding the specific intent requirement for an attempted 

murder conviction based on accomplice liability . . . .” Appellant’s Br. at 5. In support, 

Rosales relies on Hopkins 759 N.E.2d at 637-39, and Tiller v. State, 896 N.E.2d 537, 

541-43 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). In those cases, our Supreme Court and this court 

recognized fundamental error when the trial court failed to instruct the jury that an 

accomplice to attempted murder must act with “specific intent to kill,” instead instructed 

the jury that the accomplice need only act “knowingly,” and the defendant’s intent was at 

issue at trial. Hopkins, 759 N.E.2d at 637-39; Tiller, 896 N.E.2d at 541-43.

Both Hopkins and Tiller are progeny of our Supreme Court’s decision in Spradlin 

v. State, 569 N.E.2d 948, 950 (Ind. 1991), in which the court held that, to convict a 

defendant of attempted murder, the State must prove that the defendant intended to kill 

the victim at the time the defendant took a substantial step toward committing murder. It 

is well established that a “Spradlin claim presents the potential for fundamental error.” 
6

Ramsey v. State, 723 N.E.2d 869, 872 (Ind. 2000) (emphasis added). Thus, stated 

another way, not every Spradlin claim amounts to fundamental error.

Rosales’ reliance on Hopkins and Tiller is misplaced. In both cases, accomplice 

liability was the only theory of culpability supporting the defendant’s conviction. 

Hopkins, 759 N.E.2d at 637; Tiller, 896 N.E.2d at 543. And in both cases the absence of 

an “intent to kill” jury instruction was fatal. 

Here, the premise for Rosales’ entire argument is that the jury must have found 

him guilty as an accomplice. But accomplice liability was not the exclusive theory for 

Rosales’ conviction. Rather, the State’s evidence thoroughly supports a jury finding that

Rosales is guilty of attempted murder as the principal. In particular, Torres testified that 

Ball and Rosales jumped out of the van in the alley while he was heading home from a 

nearby business. Torres testified that Ball was unarmed, that he felt a blow to his head, 

and that, when he awoke after momentarily blacking out from the blow, he observed 

Rosales. Another witness, Watson, testified that she saw the van near the alley at the 

time of the attack and observed a Caucasian male and an Hispanic male exit the van. 

Watson saw that the Hispanic male was carrying a metal bat as he both entered into and 

fled from the alley. There is no dispute that Rosales is Hispanic and Ball is Caucasian. 

Following the attack, Rosales’ aunt noticed that Rosales was unusually nervous, and he

told her he wanted to leave for Chicago immediately. In her closing argument for the 

State, the prosecutor asserted that “this individual, this defendant, took that bat and 

swung it against Sergio Torres’ head intending to kill him.” Transcript at 518. And 

there is no question that the trial court properly instructed the jury that the crime of 
7

attempted murder requires the defendant to have “the specific intent to kill another 

person.” Id. at 557; see Echols v. State, 722 N.E.2d 805, 807-08 (Ind. 2000) (citing 

Taylor v. State, 616 N.E.2d 748, 749 (Ind. 1993)). In the alternative, the prosecutor also 

argued accomplice liability to the jury.

Again, when determining whether fundamental error occurred based on an 

incorrect jury instruction, “we look not to the erroneous instruction in isolation” but to 

“all relevant information given to the jury, including closing argument and other 

instructions.” Boesch, 778 N.E.2d at 1279 (citations omitted). Here, unlike in Hopkins

and Tiller, where accomplice liability was the only theory of liability and no intent to kill 

instruction was given, the evidence, arguments, and instructions support Rosales’ 

conviction as the principal in the attempted murder of Torres. On appeal, Rosales does 

not argue that any evidence submitted to the jury suggests he acted as an accomplice, he 

does not address the State’s argument to the jury that he was the principal, and he does 

not address the trial court’s correct instruction on attempted murder. See Ind. Appellate 

Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring the appellant’s argument to be “supported by cogent 

reasoning” and “by citations to the . . . Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied 

on”). In short, Rosales has failed to carry his burden on appeal of showing fundamental 

error.

Not only is Rosales’ conviction supported by sufficient evidence, but the trial 

court’s instructions on accomplice liability were harmless because, on the facts of this 

case, they were not essential to Rosales’ conviction. Rather, the trial court’s additional 

instructions for alternative liability on the theory that Rosales may have been the 
8

accomplice were “mere surplusage . . . [and] simply did not matter . . . .” Thomas v. 

State, 827 N.E.2d 1131, 1134 (Ind. 2005). In Thomas, the trial court instructed the jury 

on both Knowing or Intentional Murder and Felony Murder,2 but the court’s instruction 

on Felony Murder erroneously omitted the elements of the underlying felony. The jury 

found the defendant guilty of “Murder,” and “[n]either the jury’s verdict nor the trial 

court’s judgment of conviction or sentencing order distinguished between Knowing or 

Intentional Murder and Felony Murder.” Id. at 1132-33. 

On appeal, the defendant argued that his trial counsel’s failure to object to the 

erroneous Felony Murder instruction denied him his right to effective assistance of 

counsel and entitled him to a new trial. Our Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s 

argument and affirmed his conviction, stating:

we perceive no harm to Thomas from the fact that his jury was not 

instructed on all of the elements of the offense of dealing in cocaine [the 

felony underlying the Felony Murder allegation]. This is because the jury 

was instructed on all of the elements of the offense of Knowing or 

Intentional Murder, with respect to which the reference to dealing in 

 

2

 As our Supreme Court explained in Thomas:

Under Indiana law, a person can be guilty of the crime of Murder in several ways. One 

such way is by knowingly or intentionally killing another human being. A second is by 

killing another human being while committing or attempting to commit certain felonies 

such as arson, burglary, or dealing in cocaine. The first of these two ways is often 

referred to as the crime of “Knowing or Intentional Murder,” and is established by 

Indiana Code § 35-42-1-1(1); the second as “Felony Murder,” established by Indiana 

Code § 35-42-1-1(3). The difference between what the State must prove to obtain a 

conviction for each of these two types of murder is that, for Knowing or Intentional 

Murder, the State must prove that the killing was committed “knowingly or 

intentionally”; for Felony Murder, the State need not prove that the defendant acted with 

any particular mental state—the killing could be totally accidental—so long as the State 

does prove that the killing occurred while the defendant was committing (or attempting to 

commit) a specified felony.

827 N.E.2d at 1132-33.
9

cocaine was mere surplusage. When the jury found him guilty of Knowing 

or Intentional Murder, that is to say, that the State had met its burden of 

proof on each and every element of the offense of Knowing or Intentional 

Murder, it simply did not matter how completely the jury was instructed on 

the offense of dealing in cocaine.

Id. (emphases added).

Our Supreme Court’s reasoning in Thomas applies in this case. Here, the trial 

court properly instructed the jury on all the elements of the offense of attempted murder, 

with respect to which the additional instructions on accomplice liability were mere 

surplusage. The jury’s verdict form states that the jury found Rosales guilty of 

“Attempted Murder” without delineating whether the jury found him guilty as the 

principal or the accomplice. Appellant’s App. at 32. Thus, when the jury found Rosales 

guilty of attempted murder, the State had met its burden of proof on each and every 

element of the offense of attempted murder, and “it simply does not matter how” the jury 

was instructed on accomplice liability. Thomas, 827 N.E.2d at 1132-33. The trial court’s 

erroneous instructions on accomplice liability were “mere surplusage” and were, 

therefore, harmless. Id.

Harmless error, by definition, is “an error that does not affect the substantial rights 

of a party.” Lander v. State, 762 N.E.2d 1208, 1213 (Ind. 2002). Where an error is 

harmless, we may not grant relief or reverse on appeal. App. R. 66. Harmless error is the 

exact opposite of fundamental error, which requires “clearly blatant violations of basic 

and elementary principles of due process.” Canaan, 683 N.E.2d at 235 n.6.

“The trial court should not have included the word ‘knowingly’” in its accomplice 

liability instructions. Ramsey, 723 N.E.2d at 872; Transcript at 563-64. But that is not 
10

enough in itself to demonstrate fundamental error on the facts of this case. The court 

properly instructed the jury on finding Rosales guilty as the principal, and the evidence 

amply supports Rosales’ conviction as the principal. Rosales’ argument on appeal 

requires this court to speculate that the some or all of the jurors rejected this basis for 

liability. But, as then-Justice Dickson has explained, while “‘the verdict may have been 

the result of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of the jury[,] . . . verdicts cannot be 

upset by speculation or inquiry into such matters.’” Beattie v. State, 924 N.E.2d 643, 645 

(Ind. 2010) (quoting Dunn v. United States, 284 U.S. 390, 394 (1932)). Rather, “‘a 

criminal defendant already is afforded protection against jury irrationality or error by the 

independent review of the sufficiency of the evidence.’” Id. at 649 (quoting United 

States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 (1984)). The fundamental error exception to the 

contemporaneous objection rule requires a showing of “harm or potential for harm [that] 

is substantial.” Brown, 929 N.E.2d at 207. Harm that is grounded in speculation is not 

substantial. See id. at 645.

CONCLUSION

In sum, Rosales’ argument on appeal must fail. There is more than sufficient 

evidence in the record that Rosales was the principal in the attack on Torres and, as such, 

the evidence supports the jury’s verdict that Rosales committed attempted murder. 

Considering all relevant information given to the jury, including closing argument and 

other instructions, Boesch, 778 N.E.2d at 1279, we cannot say that the instruction error 

claimed by Rosales denied him “fundamental due process” or “ma[d]e a fair trial 

impossible” or constituted “clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles 
11

of due process,” Brown, 929 N.E.2d at 207. As we have already noted, not every 

Spradlin claim amounts to fundamental error. The fundamental error exception is 

available only in “egregious circumstances.” Id. The record shows that Rosales was 

fairly tried and convicted.

Affirmed.

BAKER, J., concurs.

CRONE, J., dissents with separate opinion.
12

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

RUBEN ROSALES, )

)

Appellant-Defendant, )

)

vs. ) No. 48A02-1303-CR-229

)

STATE OF INDIANA, )

)

Appellee-Plaintiff. )

CRONE, Judge, dissenting

It is undisputed that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on accomplice 

liability, and it is also undisputed that the record is silent regarding whether the jury 

found Rosales guilty of attempted murder as an accomplice or as a principal. Relying on 

Thomas, the majority concludes that the error was not fundamental. I respectfully 

disagree.

The majority states that “when the jury found Rosales guilty of attempted murder, 

the State had met its burden of proof on each and every element of the offense of 

attempted murder, and it ‘simply does not matter how’ the jury was instructed on 

accomplice liability.” Slip op. at 9 (quoting Thomas, 827 N.E.2d at 1132-33). I believe 
13

that it very much does matter in this case. In Thomas, both the charging information and 

the jury instructions contained each of the elements of “Knowing or Intentional Murder.” 

Here, however, Rosales was not charged under an accomplice liability theory, and the 

preliminary instructions did not mention accomplice liability. Only the final instructions 

mentioned accomplice liability, and those instructions were erroneous because they failed 

to inform the jury that an accomplice to attempted murder must act with the specific 

intent to kill. As Rosales states, “the instructions provided the jury two distinct bases for 

finding [him] guilty of attempted murder, one where he was required to have an intent to 

kill and one which required no intent to kill whatever, only the aiding inducing or causing 

of a crime.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 5. Although the jurors could have convicted 

Rosales as a principal, it is equally likely that they could have convicted him as an 

accomplice based on an erroneous instruction. In my view, the erroneous instruction 

made a fair trial impossible and therefore constituted fundamental error. Consequently, I 

would reverse Rosales’s attempted murder conviction and remand for a new trial.