NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 08a0201n.06

Filed: April 16, 2008

07-5681

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

KAREN CAMERON,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

GRAINGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE and

RHONDA REAGAN, individually and in

her official capacity as Circuit Court Clerk

of Grainger County,

Defendants-Appellants.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

Before: KEITH, DAUGHTREY, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. Plaintiff Karen Cameron filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42

U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that she was terminated from her position as deputy court clerk

because she married into a family that was politically opposed to the re-election of the

Circuit Court Clerk, defendant Rhonda Reagan. The district court found that the

termination constituted retaliation against the plaintiff’s exercise of her First Amendment

rights to political and intimate association and denied the defendant’s motion for summary

judgment based on qualified immunity. The defendant now appeals the denial of her

motion for summary judgment. Because we conclude that a reasonable jury could find that

Cameron’s marriage was a substantial motivating factor in Reagan’s decision to fire
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Cameron, and because that action would constitute a constitutional violation of the clearly

established right to intimate association under the First Amendment, we affirm the decision

of the district court denying qualified immunity to the defendant. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 1996, Cameron began working at the Grainger County Circuit Court Clerk’s office

as a deputy clerk under the supervision of the clerk of court, defendant Reagan. On July

15, 2004, Cameron’s then boyfriend (later her husband), Michael Cameron, assaulted

Cameron after falsely accusing her of dating someone else and, during the assault,

threatened Cameron and other court personnel with harm if a warrant were taken out

against him. Despite the threat, Cameron gave a statement to police the next day and on

July 17, 2004, a warrant was issued and served on Michael Cameron for aggravated

assault. Reagan was with Cameron when she gave the statement and, therefore, became

aware of the threat against court personnel. 

According to Cameron, although the assault and the threat were common

knowledge in the office, it did not cause any undue disruption and she was not treated

adversely by her co-workers or by Reagan. The only change in the office routine was that

a deputy sheriff patrolled the area of the courthouse where the clerk’s office was located

on foot for a few weeks after the incident, but no further threats were made and the patrol

ceased. 
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Because the criminal complaint was filed in Grainger County, the grand jury’s review

of the case and the related paperwork were handled in the clerk’s office where Cameron

worked. Although Reagan asked Cameron not to handle any of this paperwork, and

Cameron fully complied, Cameron contends that at no time before her marriage to Michael

Cameron on August 16, 2004, did Reagan mention anything about a conflict of interest

necessitating Cameron’s taking a leave of absence during the pendency of the case

against Michael Cameron. 

At some point after Reagan became aware of Cameron’s marriage, Reagan asked

Cameron to take a leave of absence. Cameron explained in her deposition that Reagan

first told her the leave was necessary to avoid the “conflict of interest” that would arise if

Cameron continued to work in the clerk’s office while her husband’s criminal case was

being handled there. Later Reagan told Cameron that regardless of how the criminal case

was resolved, she did not want Cameron to return to work until after the upcoming August

2006 election, some two years away. 

According to the plaintiff, Michael Cameron and his father, Earl Cameron, were both

active political opponents of Reagan, having supported her opponents in elections for clerk

of court since the 1994 election. Earl Cameron was a former Grainger County Sheriff and,

at the time of the events in this case, a county commissioner. Reagan admitted in her

deposition that she was aware of the Camerons’ opposition to her re-election, at least with

regard to the most recent election in 2002. However, the plaintiff had not worked against
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Reagan in any election prior to her termination. Cameron testified in her deposition that

she initially agreed to a leave of absence, but when Reagan told her it would continue until

after the 2006 election, she refused to take the leave, saying that she would lose her

insurance coverage if it were for that long. As a result, Reagan officially terminated

Cameron on January 13, 2005. One week later, on January 20, 2005, Michael Cameron

was indicted by the Grainger County grand jury. He eventually pleaded guilty to a reduced

charge of assault, served 30 days in jail, and was placed on probation for the remainder

of his sentence of 11 months and 29 days. 

In her deposition, Reagan testified that she considered Cameron to have a conflict

of interest starting from the time of the assault and denied that Cameron’s marriage had

anything to do with the decision to discharge her. Reagan also described the conflict as

ongoing, insisting that a leave of absence would have been necessary until the litigation

in Michael Cameron’s case was completed, including the appeal that was still pending at

the time of Reagan’s deposition in October 2006. Pushed for details about the alleged

conflict of interest, Reagan testified only that “it would be a conflict for her to handle the

paperwork, to send out jury notices, talk to the people, talk to the jurors” because she was

a witness in the case against her husband. She was forced to admit, however, that during

the six-month period between Michael Cameron’s indictment and the plaintiff’s last week

of work, there was no apparent disruption of work in the clerk’s office attributable to the

alleged conflict of interest on the plaintiff’s part.
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In her motion for summary judgment, Reagan claimed that no constitutional violation

occurred in connection with her discharge of Cameron, but that – if it did – the

constitutional right involved was not clearly established at the time of the plaintiff’s

termination. She now appeals the district court’s ruling that she was not entitled to

qualified immunity on that basis.

DISCUSSION

We review de novo a district court’s decision on summary judgment denying

qualified immunity, taking all inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party. See Sowards v. Loudon County, 203 F.3d 426,

438 (6th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is proper only if there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id.

at 431; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Moreover, we apply a “two-step test for determining whether

a government official is entitled to qualified immunity.” Sowards, 203 F.3d at 438. The

plaintiff must establish, first, that a state official violated a constitutionally-protected right

and, second, that the right was clearly established at the time of the violation such that the

defendant official should reasonably have known that the conduct in question was

unconstitutional. See id. 

Although the plaintiff pleaded her claim as a violation of her First Amendment rights

to both intimate association and political association, because Cameron did not share
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Michael Cameron’s political opposition to Reagan prior to her termination, it is unclear

whether the right to political association was properly invoked. The case law cited by the

plaintiff and relied upon by district court either focuses exclusively on the right of intimate

association or deals with an intertwining of the two rights, i.e., when the plaintiff shares or

supports the political views of her spouse, and thus does not address this issue directly.

However, because Cameron’s right to intimate association is clearly implicated here, we

need not decide whether her right to political association is also at issue. See Adkins v.

Bd. of Educ. of Magoffin County, 982 F.2d 952, 956 (6th Cir. 1993) (Given that plaintiff

testified that she agreed with the political view of her husband that was the source of her

supervisor’s ire, “this may be the case where both [political and intimate] freedom of

association are implicated. It is not necessary to decide whether both forms are implicated,

however; we have no doubt that [intimate association] is implicated.”). 

In our en banc decision in Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394 (6th Cir. 1999),

we crystalized the basis for First Amendment retaliation claims into a three-part analysis.

To establish an affirmative case, the plaintiff must show (1) that she engaged in protected

conduct; (2) that there was an adverse action taken against her “that would deter a person

of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the conduct”; and (3) that “there is a

causal connection between elements one and two- that is, the adverse action was

motivated at least in part by the plaintiff’s protected conduct.” Id. In the last step, “the

subjective motivation of the defendants is at issue.” Id. at 399. Once the plaintiff finishes

her affirmative case by showing “that [her] protected conduct was a motivating factor behind
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any harm,” under the burden-shifting framework established by the Supreme Court in Mount

Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1977), the

defendant is still entitled to prevail on summary judgment “[i]f the defendant can show that

he would have taken the same action in the absence of the protected activity.”

Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 399. 

We have since applied the Thaddeus-X rubric to a First Amendment retaliation case

similar to the case at hand. In Sowards v. Loudon County, 203 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir.

2000), the plaintiff, a jailer working under the county sheriff, claimed that although she was

ostensibly fired for a mistake in one of her job duties, specifically failing to find an

outstanding warrant resulting in a individual being let out of custody without being served,

the sheriff’s real motivation for terminating her was her support of her husband as the

opposing candidate against the incumbent sheriff in a recent election. We reversed the

district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendant sheriff on the plaintiff’s § 1983

claim for violation of her rights of political and intimate association, pointing out that the

Thaddeus-X analysis “focuses on whether the adverse employment action was motivated

in substantial part by the plaintiff’s constitutionally protected activity.” Sowards, 203 F.3d

at 431, 435. We held that the plaintiff had sufficiently shown that “she was engaged in the

protected conduct of intimate association under the First Amendment,” that her termination

“qualifi[ed] as an adverse employment action for purposes of a retaliation claim,” and that

she had presented “sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable juror could conclude that

[the] decision to terminate her employment was substantially motivated by her protected
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First Amendment associational rights.” Id. at 433-34. To show substantial motivation, the

plaintiff had provided direct evidence – the sheriff’s equivocation at deposition that he “might

have treated her termination case differently if she had been one of his political supporters.”

Id. at 434. She had also provided circumstantial evidence – a negative change in her work

environment after her husband announced his candidacy, coupled with the facts that aside

from the warrant mistake, she otherwise had an unblemished performance record and that

other employees had made similar (although less serious) mistakes and not been

disciplined. See id. at 434. We also found that the sheriff had not presented sufficient

evidence to establish that he would have fired her on the basis of the single mistake

involving the unserved warrant absent her association with her husband, given that she

otherwise had a good performance record and given the sheriff’s admission that he had

some understanding that the plaintiff would support her husband rather than him in the

upcoming election. See id. at 435. 

It is clear that the district court in this case correctly denied summary judgment on

the qualified immunity claim. Reagan concedes that Cameron was “engaged in

constitutionally protected conduct in marrying Michael Cameron and that her termination

constitutes an adverse employment action,” satisfying the first two steps in the retaliation

analysis. See Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 394. The defendant contends, however, that

Cameron cannot prove a causal connection, arguing that “she cannot establish that her

termination was motivated in substantial part by her marriage to Michael Cameron.” See

id. at 394. Reagan asserts that “Plaintiff admitted in her deposition that her refusal to take
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a leave of absence (after originally agreeing to do so) and resulting termination had nothing

to do with her marriage to Michael Cameron. The deposition passage cited, however, does

not support this proposition when it is viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. 

In the relevant portion of the deposition, Cameron explained that she initially agreed

to take a leave of absence based on the supposed conflict of interest caused by her

marriage, but when Reagan informed her that the leave would be until after the election,

she changed her mind because she realized she could not afford to be out of work for such

a long period of time. Cameron points out that any “conflict” resulted as soon as she filed

the complaint against Michael Cameron and the paperwork began filtering into the office,

a contention that Reagan herself admitted in her deposition, and that it was sufficiently

taken care of because she did not work directly on the case. Then, it was only after her

marriage to Reagan’s political opponent that Reagan became concerned about the conflict

to such that an extent that a prolonged leave of absence was deemed necessary. More

importantly, because the 2006 election had no logical relation to the conflict or the necessity

of any leave of absence, Reagan’s reference to the election tends to establish that the real

reason for Cameron’s termination was her marriage into a politically adverse family.

Because a reasonable jury could so conclude, we hold that the plaintiff has met her burden.

Turning to the burden-shifting part of the retaliation analysis, we further conclude that

the defendant has not proved that, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff, she would have terminated Cameron even in the absence of the protected activity,
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i.e., her marriage into the Cameron family. See Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 399; Sowards,

203 F.3d at 435. Reagan has offered some policy rationale for her action, i.e., that there

was a conflict of interest that necessitated an extended leave of absence (that, when

refused, required termination). It is, however, not a convincing one, given that there appear

to be less drastic ways of taking care of any conflict and, moreover, that the 2006 election

apparently had nothing to do with any perceived conflict of interest and yet was brought into

the equation by Reagan. Certainly the defendant has not pointed to any evidence, such as

a written or generally known policy regarding conflicts of interest that necessitate extended

leaves, that would show that she was required to take the same action without regard to the

election. 

The defendant also argues that “even assuming that Plaintiff’s constitutional rights

were violated, Plaintiff cannot show that such rights were clearly established.” The

defendant is correct that “[t]he relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right

is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct

was unlawful in the situation he confronted,” Miller v. Admin. Office of the Courts, 448 F.3d

887, 896 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotations and citation omitted), and that the court “do[es]

not assess the right violated at a high level of generality, but, instead, . . . must determine

whether the right was ‘clearly established’ in a more particularlized, and hence more

relevant, sense. . . .” Myers v. Potter, 422 F.3d 347, 356 (6th Cir. 2005). However, the

opinion in Sowards and our earlier decision in Adkins meet these standards. Both cases

have facts substantially similar to the case at hand and therefore established well before
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Reagan’s activity in this case that retaliation for the exercise of a plaintiff’s First Amendment

right to intimate association is a constitutional violation. Any factual distinctions between

those cases and this one are simply not substantial enough to be germane to the issue of

whether the right was clearly established at the time that the events in this case took place.

 In support of the contention that no “clearly established” right was violated, the

defendant stresses that Cameron was an employee at will and that she was “terminated

after her refusal to take a leave of absence to prevent the appearance of corruption.”

However, in Adkins, the plaintiff, too, was an at-will employee, and the court explained that

although the plaintiff “had no property right to continued employment[,] she had a liberty

interest in not being denied employment for exercising her First Amendment right to

freedom of association.” Adkins, 982 F.2d at 955; see also Thaddeus-X, 175 F.3d at 394

(“[R]etaliation for the exercise of constitutional rights is itself a violation of the Constitution.”);

Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 589, n.10 (1998) (“The reason why such retaliation

offends the Constitution is that it threatens to inhibit exercise of the protected right.”).

Likewise, here it is the plaintiff’s right not to suffer retaliation for the exercise of her First

Amendment right to association that is at issue. The defendant’s contention that she had

no retaliatory motive because she terminated Cameron not on the basis of her marriage,

but rather to prevent the appearance of corruption, requires us to view the facts in the light

most favorable to the defendant rather than, as we must, in the plaintiff’s favor. 
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Finally, the defendant argues that she is entitled to qualified immunity because

“Plaintiff has offered no evidence to show that Ms. Reagan’s termination of Plaintiff was

‘objectively unreasonable,’” citing Estate of Carter v. City of Detroit, 408 F.3d 305, 310-11

n.2 (6th Cir. 2005). This argument is premised on the defendant’s contention that a “conflict

of interest” motivated the termination, but as the district court held and as the record

establishes, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the facts show that it

was Cameron’s marriage into a politically adverse family, not a conflict of interest, that was

behind Reagan’s action. Moreover, Adkins and Sowards support the conclusion that such

a termination would be “objectively unreasonable.” Cf. Crawford-El, 523 U.S. at 593-94

(rejecting Justice Scalia’s “unprecedented proposal” in his dissent “to immunize all officials

whose conduct is ‘objectively valid’ regardless of improper intent”).

Relying on Sowards and Adkins in ruling that the defendant was not entitled to

qualified immunity in this case, the district court held that “considering the evidence in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff, a reasonable jury could conclude that a substantial factor

in Ms. Reagan’s decision to terminate the plaintiff’s employment was the plaintiff’s marriage

to Mr. Cameron, a member of a family which was comprised of her political opponents” and

concluded that the allegation, if proved, would “state a constitutional First Amendment claim

upon which relief could be granted.” We agree. The defendant’s argument that the plaintiff

was terminated not because of her marriage to a political opponent but because she

refused to take a leave of absence is unpersuasive, given the fact that the term of the

required leave was to an indefinite date beyond the next local election some two years
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away. That demand bore no objectively reasonable relation to the purported conflict of

interest arising from the pending criminal case but was clearly connected to a

constitutionally improper purpose. Moreover, the plaintiff had managed to remain in the

clerk’s office during the six months between the assault by Michael Cameron and his

indictment without any apparent conflict – of interest or otherwise. Finally, because of the

existence of the Soward opinion, as well as Adkins, the defendant cannot claim that the

First Amendment right on which the plaintiff relies was not clearly established at the time

she was discharged in January 2005. 

For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court and

REMAND this case for further proceedings.