United States

Department

of Agriculture

Forest Service

Southern

Research

Station

General

Technical

Report

SRS–88

United States

Department

of the Interior

National 

Park Service
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

is a medicinal forest herb with

antibiotic attributes.

THE AUTHORS:

Mary L. Predny, Research Associate, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 

University, Wood Science and Forest Products Department, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

James L. Chamberlain, Research Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Blacksburg, VA 24060.Cover photograph by Thomas G. Barnes
i

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canade

An Annotated Bibliograph

Mary L. Predny and James L. Chambe

Statements made by authors cited in this document conc

medicinal uses and properties may not have been evalua

the Food and Drug Administration, and are included for

educational purposes only. Discussion of medical uses i

intended for diagnoses, treatment, cure, nor prevention 

disease. Goldenseal should not be used during pregnanc

Information in this publication about medicinal uses is

intended for educational purposes only and is not a subs

for the advice of qualified healthcare professionals. Ma

presented in this document is for reader information onl

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture.
ii
iii

Uses ........................................................................................

Medicinal ............................................................................

Clinical Studies ...................................................................

Other Uses ...........................................................................

Market Trends.......................................................................

Cultivation .............................................................................

Conservation Issues ..............................................................

Discussion ..............................................................................

Acknowledgments .................................................................

Literature Cited ....................................................................

Annotated Bibliography .......................................................

Research Literature .............................................................

Popular Press .......................................................................

Other Information Sources..................................................

Commercial Vendors ...........................................................

Author Index .........................................................................

Subject Index.........................................................................

Disclaimers ............................................................................
iv
1

Mary L. Predny and James L. Chambe

Abstract

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), a member of the buttercup family (Ran

herbaceous perennial found in rich hardwood forests throughout the North

States and Canada. Originally used by Native Americans as both a medicin

herb was eventually adopted by the settlers and eclectic physicians1

 in the 

alkaloids in goldenseal have been found to have antibiotic, anti-inflammat

and tonic effects. Scientists and physicians continue to expand on the know

clinical applications and disease-fighting potential of the plant. Growing a

possible medicinal benefits has increased worldwide consumption, which, 

continual loss of habitat, has greatly reduced wild populations. Goldensea

under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wi

(CITES) Appendix II protection since 1997. Demand for cultivated roots h

wild populations become scarce, motivating research into propagation and 

techniques. More attention should be focused on: educating consumers ab

uses of the herb in order to reduce overconsumption; working with grower

profitability of cultivation and reduce pressures on wild plants; and identif

wild populations to determine the most effective management and conserv

Keywords: Conservation, goldenseal, Hydrastis, medicinal herbs, nontimb

poaching.

Botany and Ecology

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is an herbaceous perennia

hardwood forests throughout the Northeastern United States 

(Small and Catling 1999). The herb’s range encompasses the 

Valley with Cincinnati serving as an important trade center (G

(fig. 1). Most wild-harvested goldenseal comes from the few 

States: Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia, and Virginia 

Harding 1936). Although the range extends north into Ontari

Minnesota and south into Georgia and Missouri, overharvest 

loss have greatly reduced wild populations in most of these a

(NatureServe Explorer 2002, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

1

 Eclectic physicians were doctors who treated patients with herbal medicine

1800s and early 1900s.
2

Mature goldenseal plants emerge in early spring with a pubes

cylindrical stem that reaches 12 inches tall (Grieve 1931, Siev

2). The stem is a bright yellow color below ground and purpl

several small scales at the base (Cech 2002, Miller 1988). Ea

forked, with two terminal five- to seven-lobed palmate leaves 

Duke 2000). One leaf is usually larger than the other; leaves r

12 inches wide and 3 to 8 inches long (Harding 1936, Plyler 

leaves are dark green, prominently veined, and have serrate m

1931). Immature or weak plants form a stem with one leaf an

(Miller 1988, Sievers 1949).

Figure 1—Goldenseal range and distribution (adapted from NatureServe Ex

Database 2002 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Con

Service 2001).
3

Flowers appear in April and May when the leaves are only pa

developed and typically last only 5 or 6 days (Foster and Duk

Harding 1936). Individual blooms are only a half-inch in dia

three small petal-like sepals that fall away as the bud expand

Small and Catling 1999). Flowers are hermaphroditic (includ

and female organs) and greenish-white in color with white st

clusters (Fern 1997–2000, Foster and Duke 2000).

The fruit, which resembles a large raspberry (hence the comm

“ground raspberry”), turns red and ripens in July and August 

Harding 1936, Sievers 1930). Each berry contains 10 to 20 s

shiny black seeds, which are dispersed by birds and other an

1891, Cech 2002, Eichenberger and Parker 1976, Harding 19

The root system consists of horizontal rhizomes, 1/2- to 3/4-

numerous fibrous rootlets (Davis 1999, Harding 1936). The 

“goldenseal” comes from the bright yellow color of the roots 

circular scars from previous years’ stems that resemble waxe

(Cech 2002, Grieve 1931, Harding 1936). Roots reach matur

years, then begin to die back at one end as quickly as they gr

(Davis and McCoy 2000).

Figure 2—Goldenseal plant (Britton and Brown

1913).
4

pg y, pp 

single, palmate leaf. Plants reach maturity in their third or fou

sending up a forked stem with two leaves and a flower.

Wild populations of goldenseal primarily reproduce asexually

growing points form on the rhizome, and knotlike buds devel

fibrous roots, which eventually develop into independent plan

2002). Natural populations tend to grow in dense clonal clum

reproductive effort put into seed production (Gagnon 1999).

Roots are typically harvested in the fall. Lloyd and Lloyd (18

reported substantially more weight loss when drying roots tha

harvested while still succulent and growing as opposed to roo

after the fruit ripened. Harvesting roots before the fruit ripen

the maturation and dispersal of seeds and, therefore, is not re

(Miller 1988). The fibrous rootlets become brittle and break o

drying; the bare, knotted rhizome is the part used in commerc

(Harding 1936, Lloyd and Lloyd 1884–1887, Miller 1988).

Goldenseal is found on a variety of sites: in open woods; on h

and bluffs; and along streams and rivers where there is good d

shady tree canopy, and plenty of leaf mold (Fern 1997–2000, 

Sievers 1930, Small and Catling 1999). Mueller (2001) descr

populations of goldenseal growing on very different geologic

One population was found on calcareous, dolomitic limeston

pH of 4.4 to 8.0, whereas the other was growing in a granitic 

pH range of 5.5 to 6.0.

Penskar and others (2001) identified the plant species often a

goldenseal in Michigan. Overstory species include Acer sacc

maple), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Quercus rubra 

Betula allegraniensis (yellow birch), Acer saccharinum (silve

americana (American basswood), Juglans nigra (black walnu

cinerea (butternut), Celtis occidentalis (hackberry), and Frax

pennsylvanica and F. nigra (green and black ash). Common h

associated with goldenseal include Arisaema triphyllum (jack

Asarum canadense (wild ginger), Carex hirtifolia (sedge), Ca

plantaginea (plantain-leaved sedge), Claytonia virginica (spr

Erythronium americanum (trout-lily), Caulophyllum thalictro

cohosh), Geranium maculatum (wild geranium), Uvularia pe
5

(), (g), y

(Podophyllum peltatum), and false unicorn root (Chamaeliriu

(Bannerman 1997).

Goldenseal is recognized as a member of the Ranunculaceae 

several studies have suggested that the genus Hydrastis belon

family (Hoot 1991, Tobe and Keating 1985).

Uses

Medicinal

The genus name Hydrastis is derived from two Greek words m

“water” and “to accomplish,” referring to the plant’s effects o

membranes (Nutriflip 1998).

Native Americans had numerous uses for goldenseal and taug

properties to European settlers (Bergner 1997, Foster 2000, M

1999). The Cherokee used it as a wash for inflammations and 

for dyspepsia, cancer, poor appetite, and general debility (Fos

Moerman 1999). The Iroquois used the root to treat whoopin

diarrhea, tuberculosis, liver disease, fever, earaches, stomach

flatulence, pneumonia, and heart trouble (Foster 2000, Moerm

Micmac used goldenseal to treat chapped and cut lips (McCa

The most common historical medicinal uses for goldenseal in

wash (hence the common names eye root and eye balm), a bit

digestive aid and appetite stimulant, and a treatment for mucu

inflammation (Foster 2000, Lloyd and Lloyd 1884–1887, Mil

Sievers 1930). Eclectic physicians experimented with various 

uses for the root, including treatments for nasal catarrh, sore 

tonsillitis, ear diseases, diphtheria, scarlatina, gonorrhea, vag

leucorrhea, ulcers, skin disorders, passive hemorrhage, breast 

dysmenorrhea, blood stasis, muscular debility, intestinal catar

constipation, hepatic congestion, gastritis, acne, scrofula, pitt

smallpox, lupus, boils, carbuncles, nervous prostration, night 

more (Bergner 1997, Cook 1869, Felter 1922, Felter and Lloy

1931, Lloyd and Lloyd 1884–1887, Petersen 1905, Potter 190
6

, , g(g, 

2000, Foster and Duke 2000). Goldenseal has been shown to 

properties against numerous bacteria, fungi, and parasites in 

and can prevent the overgrowth of yeast that often results from 

use. Goldenseal shows particular promise as a treatment for i

tuberculosis (Gentry and others 1998). In the intestines, it inh

adhesion of bacteria to host tissue and, therefore, prevents inf

Physiologically it increases blood supply to the spleen, activa

macrophages and white blood cells, and stimulates secretion 

bilirubin (Anon. 2000). Foster (1989) suggests that goldensea

elimination of toxins from the kidney, liver, and blood. Until 

goldenseal was a constituent in many eye washes due to its an

and ability to constrict capillaries and reduce bloodshot eyes. 

considered to be a synergistic or carrier herb (one that increa

effectiveness of other herbs) and is often used in combination

with Echinacea species. Current studies are looking at the ab

goldenseal to fight tumor cells (Bradshaw 1997; Foster and D

Hoffman, n.d.; McCaleb 1994; NatureServe Explorer 2002).

Although goldenseal is reported to be an incredibly useful pla

reputation of the herb as a heal-all is misleading and has cont

excessive collection. The belief that goldenseal can mask illic

urine tests, particularly morphine, is a myth started by John U

1900 novel “Stringtown on the Pike” (Foster 1989). Scientific 

disproved this belief (Combie and others 1982, Foster and Du

Mikkelsen and Ash 1988), but the myth persists.

Bergner, in his article “Goldenseal and the Common Cold: th

Myth,” covers the appropriate use and dosage of goldenseal t

and flu symptoms. According to Bergner, many people take g

thinking that it will treat any type of cold; however, goldense

effective in fighting bacterial infections, not viral infections. 

misleading to think that goldenseal can prevent colds. Taking 

early or in excessive doses can cause more harm than good, a

ingredients can dry out mucus membranes, inhibit the healthy 

reaction, and weaken the digestive system (Bergner 1996–97

1997).
7

gy

1997). It is therefore recommended that treatment be limited 

Goldenseal should not be used during pregnancy as it stimula

and can cause abortion or premature labor (Bradshaw 1997, F

2000, McCaleb 1994).

Clinical Studies

The active constituents in goldenseal rhizomes are alkaloids, 

berberine, canadine, and hydrastine (Foster and Duke 2000). 

contains the main antibacterial and anticonvulsive properties, 

secretion of bile, and lowering blood pressure (Foster and Du

believed that the other alkaloids act together synergistically to 

muscle spasms. If any one of the main alkaloids is removed, t

effectiveness is greatly reduced (Foster and Duke 2000). Othe

include berberastine, meconin, chlorogenic acid, phytosterins

albumin, starch, fatty matter, sugar, lignin, and a small quanti

oil that contributes to the odor of the root (Bradshaw 1997).

Most of the scientific research on goldenseal has focused on 

medicinal alkaloids and understanding their mechanisms of a

Haq and others 2000, Ckless and others 1995, Cometa and ot

Messana 1980, Palmery and others 1993, Periera da Silva and 

Rehmann and others 1999, Scazzocchio and others 2001, Sch

others 1997, Sun and others 1988). Many of these studies hav

the main alkaloid berberine, which is also found in Coptis or 

(Coptis chinensis), Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), barb

vulgaris), and tree turmeric (Berberis aristata) (Anon. 2000, 

Bhide and others 1969, Birdsall and Kelly 1997, Lau and oth

Other research has looked at the usefulness of goldenseal and

to treat specific diseases and disorders such as: recurrent otiti

children (Aldous 2001); diarrhea (Bradshaw 1997, Khin-Mau

1985), particularly AIDS-related diarrhea (Anon. 1996); trach

disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Babbar and others 

Bradshaw 1997); intestinal tract infections caused by Escheri

(Bradshaw 1997); tuberculosis (Gentry and others 1998); cho

1997, Khin-Maung and others 1987); chlorine-resistant mala

others 1997); and symptoms of streptozotocin diabetes (Swan

others 1989). In addition, recent studies have identified the p
8

pg y 

Laboratory research has explored methods for identifying and 

the constituents of pharmaceutical goldenseal preparations (A

Khan 2001, Datta and others 1971, El-Masry and others 1980

and Govindan 2000, Li and Fitzloff 2002, Sturm and Stuppne

developing micropropagation techniques (Bedir and others 20

Camper 2002).

A few studies have examined the safety and/or toxicity of gol

constituents. Inbaraj and others (2001) investigated the photo

berberine and concluded that the alkaloid does have toxic pot

particularly when applied topically. The authors suggest avoid

to ultraviolet light when using goldenseal externally; however

assert that the interaction between the alkaloid and ultraviolet 

actually contribute to the drug’s efficacy. Tice (1997) provide

review of the literature on the toxic potential of both berberin

hydrastine.

Other Uses

Native Americans commonly used goldenseal to stain their fa

clothing (Fern 1997–2000, Grieve 1931, McCaleb 1994, Moe

Several common names for the species denote this use of the 

yellow root, orange root, yellow puccoon, Indian paint, Indian 

paint, golden root, wild curcuma, jaundice root, and yellow e

Lloyd 1884–1887, Sievers 1930). The Cherokee also mixed g

with bear grease to make an insect repellent (Fern 1997–2000

1994, Miller 1988; Small and Catling 1999).

Market Trends

According to Sievers (1949), before 1880 the price for golden

8 to 12 cents per pound. Decreasing supplies increased prices 

per pound in 1890. Prices fluctuated in the following decades

general increase over time with several periods of low prices 

Lloyd 1884–1887, Harding 1936, Sievers 1949).

Current prices for goldenseal roots range between $30 and $5

(Davis 1999). Variations in price depend on the quality, clean
9

()

In 2002, retail prices from various goldenseal vendors ranged 

$11 per ounce or $.80/g of cut whole roots, and $6.50 to $12 

$.90/g of powdered root (with the higher prices for certified o

wild harvested roots); $11 per ounce or $.40/mL of liquid ext

30 capsules; $3 per ounce of cut and sifted farm-grown leaf; 

fluid leaf extract (Elixir Farm Botanicals, n.d.; Herb Trader, n

Botanicals, n.d.; Richters Herbs, n.d.; Select Oils, n.d.; Viable 

Solutions, n.d.). For cultivation purposes, goldenseal is availa

following prices: $5 to $8 for a bare-root plant; $9.50 for a pl

pot; $1.50 to $3 per live rootlet; and $11 per seed packet (num

not given) (Elixir Farm Botanicals, n.d.; Garden Medicinals, 

of the Blue Ridge, n.d.; Richters Herbs, n.d.).

Lloyd and Lloyd (1884–1887) estimate the total annual consu

goldenseal roots in the late 1800s at 140,000 to 150,000 poun

15,000 pounds of roots was exported to Europe in 1883, thou

European market was considered at the time to be “spasmodi

later, Grieve (1931) estimated the market for goldenseal roots 

to 300,000 pounds, with one-tenth of that amount exported an

domestically. The current annual consumption is estimated at 

250,000 pounds of dried roots (Foster 2000). It takes approxi

250 rhizomes to make 1 pound dry weight (NatureServe Exp

According to a market report by Bannerman (1997), the Unit

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) lists goldenseal as 

best selling herbs internationally. The herb is listed in the offi

pharmacopoeias of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy and is 

in homeopathic remedies produced in Australia, France, Germ

Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Most of the exported g

goes to France, Germany, and Italy to make tinctures, extract

and other phyto-therapeutic products. Many of these finished 

then exported back to the United States.

The Tonnage Survey of North American Wild-Harvested Plan

American Herbal Products Association (2003) shows a decre

goldenseal consumption over the last 4 years with an increase 

of cultivated root supplying the market.
10

sustainability of goldenseal, observing that overharvest and lo

were quickly reducing the abundance of wild goldenseal (Har

Lloyd and Lloyd 1884–1887). Harding (1936) wrote extensiv

propagating and cultivating goldenseal. His book “Ginseng a

Medicinal Herbs” included methods of goldenseal propagatio

conservation, and stories of growers’ experiences.

Numerous articles and books have been published detailing c

on goldenseal propagation and cultivation (Beyfuss 1998, Da

Davis and McCoy 2000, Haage and Ballard 1989, Konsler 19

and Catling 2001). Older articles on goldenseal cultivation (H

Henkel and Klugh 1908, Lloyd 1912, Van Fleet 1914) are oft

in current literature; many of the cultivation and propagation 

not changed significantly in the last century.

Although information on cultivation is readily available, culti

not a fast or easy undertaking. Before the crop can be harvest

must be grown for 3 to 5 years when propagated from rhizom

years when propagated from seed (Davis and McCoy 2000, S

Plants can be grown for an additional year if market condition

optimal; however, the rhizomes begin to become overcrowded 

deteriorate after reaching maturity. Leaves are occasionally u

medicinally, so there is a small market for fresh or dried leave

1999).

Germination rates for purchased seeds range from 10 to 90 p

1999). Better results can be obtained by growers who collect 

and sow them immediately. Seeds must be planted as soon as 

late autumn (Fern 1997–2000). Regardless, Davis (1999) stat

“propagation of goldenseal from seed can be difficult and un

A more reliable method of propagation involves dividing hea

into 1/2-inch thick or larger pieces, each containing a bud and 

rhizomes are planted in the fall or early spring in the southern 

plant’s range (Cech 2002, Davis 1999, Fern 1997–2000). The 

Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs (1999) is con

research on the various methods of propagating rhizomes and 

growth rates at various sites.
11

gpp

associated with the herb (Cech 2002). Plants grown in cultiva

be mulched to retain moisture, reduce weeds, and protect roo

weather (Davis 1999, Sievers 1949). Cultivated goldenseal re

structure that provides 60 to 75 percent shade (Davis 1999, G

Sievers 1949).

According to Davis (1999), goldenseal has relatively few pes

when grown in natural wooded settings; however, several pes

problems are known to occur in large cultivation operations. 

problems most often encountered by goldenseal growers inclu

which can eat the entire crown of the plant; root knot nemato

reduce plant growth; moles and voles; and Botrytis leaf spot, 

controlled by removing the affected foliage in mild infestatio

replacing mulch during the over-wintering period in more sev

Other diseases known to infect cultivated goldenseal include A

Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium.

Accurate yield estimates for goldenseal are not available due 

cultivation practices. An estimated average yield per acre is 1

pounds dry root, though lows of 800 pounds and highs of 3,0

have also been reported (Davis 1999).

A national survey of goldenseal harvest conducted by the Am

Products Association reported a total of only 140 acres of gol

cultivation in 1998. At that time, they estimated an annual ha

pounds of dried roots per year, projecting a future total of 82,

the fall of 2000 (McGuffin 1999).

Conservation Issues

Like many other valuable medicinal herbs in the Appalachian 

goldenseal populations have substantially decreased and are m

to find than in the past. Many factors contribute to this declin

unsustainable collection of roots; loss of habitat due to the ex

urban areas, agricultural lands, and roads; and increased fragm

remaining forested lands from timber harvest and recreationa

Goldenseal is particularly sensitive to soil disturbance and do

land that has been cleared or plowed (Lloyd 1912).
12

y 

“endangered” by the States of Connecticut, Georgia, Massach

Minnesota, North Carolina, and Vermont; “threatened” in Ma

Tennessee, and New York; “vulnerable” in Pennsylvania; “fai

Oklahoma and Michigan; “historic” in New Jersey; and “of s

concern” in Wisconsin. In addition, the plant is on the “rare p

Alabama; the “to watch” list in Delaware, Virginia, and India

reported but unprotected in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kentuck

Ohio, and West Virginia (Bannerman 1997, NatureServe Exp

U.S. Department of Agriculture 2001).

Goldenseal is on the United Plant Savers “At-Risk List,” whic

native plant species widely used in commerce that have signi

declined throughout their range (United Plant Savers, n.d.). T

heritage status rank for goldenseal is G4, or “apparently secu

national heritage status rank is N4, or “apparently secure” in 

States, and N2, or “imperiled” in Canada (NatureServe Explo

Since 1997, goldenseal has been listed in Appendix II of the 

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 

(CITES), which monitors international trade in live plants, w

roots, and parts of roots—excluding manufactured parts or de

powders, pills, extracts, tonics, teas, confectionery, etc.) (Rob

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Management Autho

Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior 1999; U

Wildlife Service, International Affairs, Office of Managemen

1999). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is respo

implementing CITES within the United States. The export of 

requires an individual dealer to apply for an export permit. A

keep documentation of their goldenseal transactions, with com

verifiable information from the point of harvest to sale (i.e., h

landowner permission, area and date of harvest, amount of ha

individual contact information, etc.). Before a dealer can actu

goldenseal roots, these documents must be reviewed by the U

ensure that the roots were legally collected and that the wild h

goldenseal was not detrimental to the species (Robbins 2000; 

Wildlife Service, Office of Management Authority 1998; U.S

Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior 1999; U.S. Fish 

Service, International Affairs, Office of Management Author
13

eclectic physicians who reported dwindling occurrences of w

as early as the 1800s. In the last few decades, conservation st

been implemented, such as listing goldenseal in Appendix II 

which regulates export and ensures that harvest of roots stays 

sustainable limits. However, goldenseal is not monitored or tr

States where it occurs, and there is insufficient information a

abundance and distribution of the species. Furthermore, there 

information on the rate of regeneration and sustainable harve

Future efforts should focus on collecting data, particularly th

occurrences of wild populations and the rate of regeneration 

harvest, so that accurate sustainability levels can be determin

can reduce pressure on wild populations; therefore, research 

production strategies is a key component in conservation. Fin

consumers about the inappropriate uses of goldenseal (i.e., co

and drug masking) can reduce unnecessary overconsumption 

products.

Acknowledgments

This publication was produced in cooperation with Virginia P

Institute and State University (College of Natural Resources, 

Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060), under Cooperative Agreement 

11330142-522; and the National Park Service (Shenandoah N

Luray, VA 22835), under Cooperative Agreement 02-IA-1133

This research was supported by funds provided by the U.S. D

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Ashev

The authors express their sincere appreciation to Pat Ford (Bo

Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Scientific Authority) a

Owen (National Botany and Rare Plant Program Leader, U.S

Agriculture Forest Service) for their diligence and hard work 

this document, an effort that helped to ensure its quality of co
14

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20

Annotated Bibliography

Research Literature

Anon. 1996. Berberine may ease AIDS related diarrhea. AID

October: 12.

Discusses the effectiveness of berberine for treating diarrhea. 

which has antimicrobial, antisecretory, and antimotility prope

effective in fighting gastrointestinal infections caused by vari

and relieving chronic diarrhea, particularly as it relates to AID

trials have shown that berberine is safe and has few side effec

Keywords: Berberine, medicinal uses.

Anon. 2000. Berberine. Alternative Medicine Review. 5(2): 1

Provides details on the structure, properties, and actions of be

plant alkaloid berberine is a constituent in the roots, rhizome

several plant species. Berberine has been used medicinally th

history, showing significant antimicrobial properties against b

viruses, fungi, protozoans, and other infectious organisms. In 

medicine, berberine is most commonly used to treat infection

bacterial diarrhea, intestinal parasites, and ocular trachoma. T

pharmacological actions include inhibition of metabolism an

production for certain pathogens, inhibition of smooth muscl

and fluid accumulation in intestines, inflammation reduction, 

stimulation of bile and bilirubin production, among others. T

physiological actions against these organisms are discussed. B

considered toxic in moderate doses, though high dosages can 

gastrointestinal problems, low blood pressure, and heart dam

alkaloid can also cause uterine contractions and should not be 

pregnancy.

Keywords: Alkaloids, berberine, medicinal actions, medicina
21

Investigates the individual contribution of several of the majo

goldenseal to the overall relaxant effect on guinea pig trachea 

to determine the exact mechanism of action. It is believed tha

interact with adrenergetic and adenosinic receptors. Definite 

were not reached, though several hypotheses are suggested ba

results.

Keywords: Alkaloids, clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Abourashed, E.A.; Khan, I.A. 2001. High-performance liqu

chromatography determination of hydrastine and berberine 

supplements containing goldenseal. Journal of Pharmaceu

90(7): 817-822.

Examines a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC

detect and quantify hydrastine and berberine in several produ

both goldenseal and echinacea. Alkaloid levels varied widely 

samples. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 

require alkaloid content to be included on a product label. Be

content uniformity varies widely among products. HPLC is a 

for determining product quality.

Keywords: Alkaloids, berberine, product quality.

Aldous, M. 2001. A randomized controlled trial of the use of 

osteopathic manipulative treatment and of botanical treatm

recurrent otitis media in children. Study ID Numbers: 1 P5

01P1; 1 P50 AT00008-01. National Library of Medicine Id

NCT00010465. [Location of publisher unknown]: Nationa

Complementary and Alternative Medicine. http://clinicaltr

c/w2b/screen/ResultScreen/action/GetStudy?order=1&xm

xmlfiles%2FNCT00010465.xml% 40csdb&JServSessionI

ct=06q3djbel1. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Outlines ongoing research to evaluate treatment for recurrent 

children; goldenseal is listed as one of the herbs to be include

Keywords: Clinical studies, medicinal uses.
22

[No abstract].

Keywords: Berberine, clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Bedir, E.; Lata, H.; Schaneberg, B. [and others]. 2003. Mi

of Hydrastis canadensis: goldenseal, a North American en

species. Planta Medica. 69(1): 86-88.

Provides a detailed investigation into techniques and successf

an in vitro propagation protocol for goldenseal.

Keywords: Micropropagation, research.

Beyfuss, R.L. 1998. Growing ginseng and goldenseal in your 

Kays, J.S., ed. Natural resources income opportunities on p

conference: proceedings and invited papers. Hagerstown, M

of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service: 148-155.

Reports observations of sites containing wild populations of 

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in New York, Massa

North Carolina, and Tennessee. Summarizes the ecological gr

conditions for potential growers to reproduce for successful w

cultivation. A brief history of goldenseal collection and mark

It is noted that Native Americans used goldenseal more than A

ginseng in their remedies. Goldenseal grows in a rich, moist, 

environment with other herbs such as maidenhair fern (Adian

jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), and blue cohosh (C

thalictroides). Site preparation can range from simply raking 

and broadcasting seeds to removing small trees and other und

tilling soil, and arranging raised beds. Some details are provi

and fertilization. The worst problems encountered in cultivati

include slugs, poachers, Alternaria, Phytophthora, and Botry

harvested 3 to 4 years after planting. Roots start to die off if t

longer periods of time. Cleaned roots are dried on screens in 

air driers. When drying, roots lose approximately 70 percent 

Total yields per acre are estimated at 1,000 to 2,000 pounds. 

fluctuate, making it difficult to predict the costs and returns o
23

, ; , ; , p, 

and excretion of berberine. Indian Journal of Medical Rese

2128-2131.

Describes the actions of the alkaloid berberine in healthy and 

rabbits. Berberine was absorbed through the gastrointestinal t

found in high levels in the heart, pancreas, and liver; and was 

through stools and urine.

Keyword: Berberine.

Birdsall, T.C.; Kelly, G.S. 1997. Berberine: therapeutic poten

alkaloid found in several medicinal plants. Alternative Me

2(2): 94-103.

Summarizes the actions and uses of berberine, describing num

studies that support medicinal claims. Berberine has antimicr

properties that make it an effective treatment for cholera and 

coli infections. The alkaloid prevents smooth muscle contract

inflammation, and stimulates increased production of bile an

most common clinical applications are for bacterial diarrhea, 

parasites, ocular trachoma, and ventricular tacharrhythmias. B

directly antibacterial to Vibrio cholerae; inhibits intestinal sec

by enterotoxins; prevents the adhesion of E. coli and Streptom

to epithelial cells; inhibits growth of Giardia lamblia, Trichom

vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Chlamydia trachomatis

metabolic functions and toxin formation in certain organisms

clinical doses, berberine is nontoxic, though high doses can c

pressure, dyspnea, gastrointestinal problems, heart damage, a

symptoms. Berberine causes uterine contractions and should 

pregnant women.

Keywords: Berberine, medicinal uses, toxicity.

Budzinski, J.W.; Foster, B.C.; Vandenhoek, S.; Arnason, J

vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition 

commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine. 7

Examines the metabolism of several herbal extracts to determ

potential drug interactions within the body.
24

y) ()

[No abstract].

Keywords: Ranunculaceae family, research.

Ckless, K.; Schlottfeldt, J.L.; Pasqual, M. [and others]. 19

of in vitro lymphocyte transformation by the isoquinoline 

berberine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 47(12A

Evaluates berberine’s interaction with lymphocytes. No prolif

were observed; it is speculated that the anti-inflammatory act

goldenseal is partly due to its inhibition of DNA synthesis in 

lymphocytes.

Keywords: Berberine, research.

Combie, J.; Nugent, T.E.; Tobin, T. 1982. Inability of golde

interfere with the detection of morphine in urine. Journal o

Veterinary Science. 2: 16-21.

Evaluates the ability of goldenseal to interfere with detection 

urine tests of racing horses. Results showed that goldenseal w

mask the presence of the drug in urine samples.

Keyword: Drug masking.

Cometa, M.F.; Galeffi, C.; Palmery, M. 1996. Acute effect 

from Hydrastis canadensis L. on guinea pig ileum: structu

relationships. Phytotherapy Research. 10(suppl. 1): S56-S5

Identifies the chemical structures of berberine, ß-hydrastine, 

canadaline, the four major alkaloids isolated from rhizomes a

goldenseal. The different chemical structures are connected w

contractile potencies on guinea pig ileum. The mechanism of 

described.

Keywords: Alkaloids, berberine, research.

Creasy, W.A. 1979. Biochemical effects of berberine. Bioche

Pharmacology. 28: 1081-1084.
25

Datta, D.D.; Bose, P.C.; Ghosh, D. 1971. Thin layer chroma

U.V. spectrophotometry of alcoholic extracts of Hydrastis 

Planta Medica. 19(3): 258-263.

[No abstract].

Keywords: Alkaloids, product quality.

Dyke, S.F.; Tiley, E.P. 1975. The synthesis of berberastine. T

561-568.

[No abstract].

Keyword: Alkaloids.

Eichenberger, M.D.; Parker, G.R. 1976. Goldenseal (Hydra

L.) distribution, phenology, and biomass in an oak hickory 

Journal of Science. 76(5): 204-210.

Describes the growth of several individual clumps of goldens

nature preserve in Indiana. The greatest concentration of plan

the northeast sections of the preserve. The seasonal life cycle 

and both above- and below-ground biomass are calculated an

throughout the growing season.

Keywords: Habitat, life cycle.

El-Masry, S.; Korany, M.A.; Abou-Donia, A.H. 1980. Colo

spectrophotometric determinations of Hydrastis alkaloids 

ceutical preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 6

Describes the use of an acid-dye technique to determine and 

extract the alkaloids hydrastine, canadine, and berberine from 

roots.

Keywords: Alkaloids, berberine, product quality, research.
26

ppgppg

accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides a detailed protocol for field-monitoring studies of g

populations with a brief literature review on the botany and e

species.

Keywords: Conservation, monitoring.

Galeffi, C.; Cometa, M.F.; Tomassini, L.; Nicoletti, M. 199

acid: an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis. Planta Medi

Describes the chemical structure and known properties of an 

in the roots of goldenseal.

Keyword: Alkaloids.

Gentry, E.J.; Jampani, H.B.; Keshavarz-Shokri, A. [and o

Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots o

Hydrastis canadensis powder. Isolation of inactive 8-

oxotetrahydrothalifendine, canadine, beta-hydrastine, and 

acid esters, hycandinic acid esters-1 and -2. Journal of Nat

61(10): 1187-1193.

Evaluates the chemical compounds in goldenseal and their m

Berberine is the active constituent in goldenseal roots that is 

against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Several new inactive co

isolated from goldenseal roots, and their chemical structures 

Keywords: Berberine, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, 

Govindan, M.; Govindan, G. 2000. A convenient method fo

determination of the quality of goldenseal. Fitoterapia. 71(

Investigates methods to evaluate goldenseal products. Two m

layer chromatography were used to determine the quality and 

adulteration of 10 goldenseal products. Five samples containe

and berberine, four contained berberine, and one did not cont

alkaloid. Results were verified by high-performance liquid ch

analysis.
27

()

Examines methods of tissue culture on various media to deter

efficient method for in vitro propagation for goldenseal. Inclu

description of materials, methods, results, and discussion.

Keywords: Micropropagation, tissue culture.

Hoot, S.B. 1991. The phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based 

microcharacters and macromorphology. Systemic Botany. 

Analyzes epidermal microcharacters such as type of trichome 

length to assess phylogeny in the family Ranunculaceae. The 

study suggest that Hydrastis belongs in a separate family, Hy

Keywords: Classification, Ranunculaceae family.

Hung, O.L.; Shih, R.D.; Chiang, W.K. [and others]. 1997. 

preparation use among urban emergency department patien

of Emergency Medicine. 4(3): 209-213.

Describes a survey of emergency room patients, showing that 

number use herbal preparations. Physicians should be aware o

for drug interactions or possible herbal-induced toxicity.

Keyword: Toxicity.

Inbaraj, J.J.; Kukielczak, B.M.; Bilski, P. [and others]. 20

Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from go

(Hydrastis canadensis L.) 1. Berberine. Chemical Researc

Toxicology. 14(11): 1529-1534.

Evaluates the toxic potential of berberine. The alkaloid berbe

phototoxic effects when exposed to light. The photochemistry 

is examined in several solvents. Results show that berberine c

damage in the presence of ultraviolet light; therefore, persons 

preparations of berberine should avoid exposure to light. How

authors also speculate that exposure to sun possibly enhances 

effects of goldenseal.

Keywords: Berberine, phototoxicity, toxicity.
28

Summarizes trends in goldenseal markets such as changes in 

and supply sources of, the herb, (i.e., wild-crafted vs. cultivat

Keyword: Market demand.

Khin-Maung U.; Myo-Khin; Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai [and other

Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhea. British 

Journal. 291: 1601-1604.

[No abstract].

Keywords: Berberine, clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Khin-Maung U.; Myo-Khin; Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai [and other

Clinical trial of high-dose berberine and tetracycline in cho

of Diarrheal Diseases Research. 5(3): 184-187.

[No abstract].

Keywords: Berberine, clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Kuo, C.L.; Chou, C.C.; Yungk, B.Y.M. 1995. Berberine com

DNA in the berberine-induced apoptosis in human leukem

Cancer Letters. 93(2): 193-200.

Discusses the cancer-fighting potential of berberine. Berberin

demonstrated the ability to cause apoptosis (preprogrammed 

death) in leukemia cells, particularly in cells at a certain stage 

Effectiveness was determined for berberine treatment in cells 

phases by attempting to isolate berberine DNA-complexes. A

berberine interacts with DNA in vitro, the results of this study 

cellular processes other than DNA-interaction may be the cau

berberine-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells. The process b

binding and early cell death by apoptosis is not yet understoo

Keywords: Berberine, cancer, clinical studies, medicinal uses

Lau, C.W.; Yao, X.Q.; Chen, Z.Y. [and others]. 2001. Card

actions of berberine. Cardiovascular Drug Review. 19(3): 2
29

y p

stimulate cation exchange. The beneficial cardiovascular acti

berberine suggest usefulness in treating arrhythmias or heart 

studies supporting these observations are presented.

Keywords: Berberine, clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Li, W.; Fitzloff, J.F. 2002. A validated high performance liqu

chromatographic method for the analysis of goldenseal. Jo

Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 54(3): 435-439.

Describes the development of a fast and simple high perform

chromatographic method to analyze the active constituents in 

goldenseal products.

Keywords: Chemical constituents, product quality, research.

Messana, I. 1980. The alkaloids of Hydrastis canadensis. Tw

alkaloids: hydrastidine and isohydrastidine. Gazetta Chimi

110(9/10): 539-543.

Describes the chemistry and characteristics of two new alkalo

previously identified alkaloids isolated from goldenseal roots

Keyword: Alkaloids.

Mikkelsen, S.L.; Ash, K.O. 1988. Adulterants causing false 

illicit drug testing. Clinical Chemistry. 34(11): 2333-2336

Tests eight additives commonly used to provide false negative 

enzyme immunoassay drug assays. Relative density, pH, colo

of the urine were examined to detect the presence of these ad

Keywords: Drug masking, research.

Mueller, R.F. 2001. Hydrastis canadensis L.: two Appalachia

Forests of the Central Appalachians project. http://www.sp

forests/hydrastis.htm. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].
30

Keywords: Ecology, habitat, research.

National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs. 

Summary of goldenseal research projects for 1998 and 199

home.frognet.net/~rural8/frames2.html. [Date accessed: M

Provides a summary of a field trial for goldenseal cultivation

were investigated included the use of mushroom compost, pr

woods grown, and various sizes of root propagules. Results s

larger roots initially showed the best growth, though smaller r

eventually reach comparable size. Rootlets alone had very po

rates. Plants cultivated in beds were more vigorous. Compost 

soil and provided for earlier growth, though plants in uncomp

eventually reached the same size. Weeds were more prolific i

soil. Additional studies in progress include solar direction of 

water requirements, wildlife damage, and rootstock quality v

Keywords: Cultivation, research.

National Toxicology Program. [N.d.]. Developmental toxici

for goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) root powder admini

feed to Swiss (CD-1 ̈) mice on gestational days 6-17. NTP 

TER99004. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/TT-studi

TER99004.html [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Determines toxicity levels and potential side effects for gesta

ingesting goldenseal.

Keywords: Research, toxicity.

Nishino, H.; Kitagawa, K.; Fujiki, H.; Iwashima, A. 1986. 

sulfate inhibits tumor-promoting activity of teleocidin in tw

carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology. 43(2): 131-134.

Investigates the cancer-fighting actions of berberine. Berberin

effects of the tumor-promoting chemicals of cancer cells. Ber

suppressed the tumor-promoting ability of teleocidin on skin 

formation in mice.

Keywords: Berberine, cancer, clinical studies, medicinal uses
31

Reviews 12 of the most commonly used herbs in the United S

on guidelines for appropriate use, drug interactions, and poss

effects. Goldenseal is mainly used as an antidiarrheal and ant

doses can lead to gastrointestinal tract and mucus membrane 

uterine and cardiac contractions, vasoconstriction, and stimul

central nervous system. Goldenseal should not be taken by pr

lactating women, neonates, cardiovascular patients, or epilept

Keywords: Medicinal uses, toxicity.

Palmery, M.; Leone, M.G.; Pimpinella, G.; Romanelli, L. 

of Hydrastis canadensis L. and the two major alkaloids, be

hydrastine, on rabbit aorta. Pharmacology Research. 27(su

Describes the medicinal actions of goldenseal. Alcohol extrac

both a vasoconstrictive effect and an inhibitory action on the 

rabbit aorta induced by adrenaline, serotonin, and histamine. 

hydrastine tested alone did not produce the same results as th

alcohol extract. The authors concluded that several other cons

besides berberine and hydrastine contribute to this effect.

Keywords: Berberine, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, 

Periera da Silva, A.; Rocha, R.; Silva, C.M. [and others]. 2

Antioxidants in medicinal plant extracts. A research study 

antioxidant capacity of Crataegus, Hamamelis, and Hydra

Phytotherapy Research. 14(8): 612-616.

Evaluates and quantifies the antioxidant capacity of Crataegu

Hamamelis virginiana, and Hydrastis canadensis extracts.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, research.

Rehman, J.; Dillow, J.M.; Carter, S.M. [and others]. 1999. 

production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M 

vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angus

Hydrastis canadensis. Immunology Letters. 68(2-3): 391-3

Investigates the effects of goldenseal and echinacea (Echinac

immune system. Groups of rats treated with either echinacea 
32

g gpgp

Keywords: Medicinal uses, research.

Robbins, C. 1999. Medicine from U.S. wildlands: an assessm

plant species harvested in the United States for medicinal u

and evaluation of the conservation and management implic

Prepared by TRAFFIC North America for the Nature Cons

www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/pubs/traffic.htm. [Date acc

26, 2004].

Discusses the trade and use of selected medicinal herbs with 

for conservation. In 1995, 254 permits were sold for goldense

in the Hoosier National Forest in Indiana. In 1996, 505 permi

Hoosier, 274 in the Wayne National Forest in Ohio, and 2 in t

Boone National Forest in Kentucky. In 1997, 317 permits wer

Hoosier, 193 in the Wayne, and 2 in the Daniel Boone. The H

National Forest no longer sells permits for goldenseal collect

Keywords: Conservation, permits.

Robbins, C.S. 2000. Comparative analysis of management re

medicinal plant trade monitoring mechanisms for America

goldenseal. Conservation Biology. 14(5): 1422-1434.

Outlines, compares, and critiques the management programs 

ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and goldenseal. Trade in both 

ginseng and goldenseal is regulated by the Convention on Int

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITE

goldenseal management program relies on assistance from th

Both dealers and growers of goldenseal keep records of their 

with the place of harvest, date, and name of the harvester to v

acquisition. This system relies on accurate and truthful report

dealers. Documentation of the place and amount of harvest su

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service field studies on ecology and b

populations and determine sustainable harvest levels. Limited 

the life cycle and habitat of goldenseal is an obstacle to ensur

management strategies. The amount of goldenseal in cultivati

increasing.

Keywords: CITES, dealers, regulations.
33

Investigates the clinical usefulness of the alkaloid berberine i

diarrheal disease.

Keywords: Berberine, clinical research, medicinal uses.

Scazzocchio, F.; Cometa, M.F.; Tomassini, L.; Palmery, M

Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and 

isolated alkaloids. Planta Medica. 67(6): 561-564.

Evaluates the antibacterial actions of the major alkaloids of g

the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sa

Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The “killing 

for each organism validated the use of goldenseal as an antib

Keywords: Alkaloids, medicinal uses, research.

Schmeller, T.; Latz-Bruning, B.; Wink, M. 1997. Biochemi

berberine, palmatine, and sanguinarine mediating chemica

against microorganisms and herbivores. Phytochemistry. 4

Analyzes the biochemical properties of berberine, palmatine, 

sanguinarine to determine the mechanisms for their toxicity t

vertebrates, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For each alkaloid, va

are identified that mediate goldenseal’s chemical defense aga

microorganisms and herbivores. Most of these actions includ

with DNA, protein synthesis, and neuron receptors; enzyme i

increased membrane permeability.

Keywords: Berberine, chemical defenses, research, toxicity.

Sheng, W.D.; Jiddawi, M.S.; Hong, X.Q.; Abdulla, S.M. 19

of chlorine-resistant malaria using pyrimethanine in combi

berberine, tetracycline, or cotrimoxazole. East African Me

74(5): 283-284.

Describes a study where patients with chloroquine-resistant m

treated with pyrimethamine and berberine, pyrimethamine an

or pyrimethamine and cotrimoxazole. The group taking the b

mixture had a 74.4-percent clearance rate after treatment; the 

group had 67.2 percent; and the cotrimoxazole group had 47.
34

y, , 

Shideman, F.E. 1950. A review of the pharmacology and the

Hydrastis and its alkaloids hydrastine, berberine, and cana

of the National Formulary Committee [United Kingdom]. 

Reviews clinical studies on the effects of the alkaloids hydras

and canadine. Summarizes the state of knowledge of goldens

Keywords: Alkaloids, clinical studies, history.

Sinclair, A.; Catling, P.M. 2001. Cultivating the increasingly 

medicinal plant, goldenseal: review and update. American 

Alternative Agriculture. 16(3): 131-140.

Interviews goldenseal growers and provides a summary of cu

knowledge and experience. Includes a botanical description, p

market trends, associated species, propagation methods, curre

and environmental conditions needed for healthy crops.

Keyword: Cultivation.

Sturm, S.; Stuppner, H. 1998. Analysis of isoquinoline alka

medicinal plants by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectro

Electrophoresis. 19(16-17): 3026-3032.

Describes the use of capillary electrophoresis mass-spectrom

the isoquinoline alkaloids contained in crude methanolic extr

medicinal herbs, including goldenseal.

Keywords: Alkaloids, product quality, research.

Sun, D.; Courtney, H.S.; Beachey, E.H. 1988. Berberine sul

adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fib

hexadecane. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 32(

Describes the mechanisms by which berberine sulfate preven

streptococci.

Keywords: Berberine, medicinal uses.
35

Studies seven herbs used to treat diabetes in mice with strepto

diabetes. Goldenseal was one of the herbs that significantly r

hyperphagia and polydipsia. Of the herbs studied, bearberry (

uva-ursi), goldenseal, mistletoe (Viscum album) and tarragon 

dracunculus) significantly reduced symptoms of streptozotoc

did not affect glycemic control.

Keywords: Clinical studies, medicinal uses.

Tice, R. 1997. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and two 

constituent alkaloids: berberine and hydrastine. Review of 

literature. Research Triangle Park, NC: Integrated Laborat

Prepared for the National Institute of Environmental Healt

Research Triangle Park, NC. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov

Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/GoldenSeal.pdf. [Date acc

2004].

Examines the two major chemical constituents of goldenseal 

literature on their toxicology. Includes the chemical structure

actions, and thorough review of technical and clinical literatu

toxicity, side effects, and other safety issues of the constituen

compounds in varying dosages and exposures.

Keywords: Berberine, chemical constituents, research, toxicit

Tobe, H.; Keating, R.C. 1985. The morphology and anatomy 

(Ranunculales): systematic re-evaluation of the genus. Bot

(Tokyo). 98: 291-316.

Suggests that the genus Hydrastis should be moved from Ran

its own family, based on differing plant characteristics.

Keywords: Classification, Ranunculaceae family.

Van Der Voort, M.; Bailey, B.; Samuel, D.E.; McGraw, J. 2

of populations of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis (L.)) a

ginseng (Panax quinquefolius (L.)) following human harve

American Midland Naturalist. 149 (2): 282–292.
36

Keywords: Conservation, harvest, research.

Whetzel, H.H. 1918. The Botrytis blight of golden seal. Phyt

73-76.

Describes the most common disease of cultivated goldenseal

affect seedlings, leaves, leaf petioles, flowers, and seed heads

present in most gardens, though it is usually observed only in 

season. Spraying crops with Bordeaux mixture can reduce da

Keywords: Cultivation, pests, disease.

Wu, A.H.; Forte, E.; Casella, G. [and others]. 1995. CEDIA 

drugs of abuse in urine and the effect of adulterants. Journ

Science. 40(4): 614-618.

Studies several adulterants for potential ability to alter the res

urinalysis for the screening of various drugs. Goldenseal show

selective or minimal interference.

Keywords: Drug masking, research.

Popular Press

The following articles and websites have not been peer review

included to indicate popular views and perceptions.

Adam, K.L. 2002. Ginseng, goldenseal, and other native roo

Note. Fayetteville, AR: Appropriate Technology Transfer fo

12 p. http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ginsgold.html. [Date ac

26, 2004].

Provides a well-documented overview for American ginseng 

quinquefolius), goldenseal, black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), 

cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides); covers cultivation, regu

production. Goldenseal has a similar range and habitat requir

ginseng. Research is being conducted on propagation and cul

methods to alleviate the demand on wild resources, though m

current methods are similar to those described in publications 

turn of the century. Reliable data on yields are not available, b
37

y, ppg, y

Bergner, P. 1996/1997. Goldenseal and the common cold: th

myth. Medical Herbalism. 8(4): 1-6, 10. http://www.medhe

84.HTM. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Discusses the increasing use of goldenseal to prevent or treat 

emphasis on the inappropriate vs. appropriate uses of the herb

goldenseal can treat bacterial infections, it has no effect on vi

Taking excessive doses of goldenseal can do more harm than 

out mucus membranes and killing beneficial flora in the intes

goldenseal to prevent colds before infection has started can a

with the natural defenses of the body, leaving the system too 

when infection does set in.

Keywords: Dosage, medicinal uses.

Hoffman, D.L. [N.d.]. Goldenseal. Herbal Materia Medica. H

Online. http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/article.asp?P

article&ID=1906. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides a short summary of the medicinal actions and benef

goldenseal. The chemical constituents and their associated ac

body are discussed. Preparations, dosages, and combinations 

herbs are presented.

Keywords: Chemical constituents, medicinal uses.

Liebmann, R.; Cech, R.; Goodman, S. [and others]. 1998. 

organizations form partnership for goldenseal conservation

Savers Newsletter. Spring: 1-3.

Reports on the March 12, 1998, meeting in Anaheim, CA, wh

dealers, manufacturers, and representatives from government 

government organizations discussed goldenseal conservation 

included the paperwork tracking system from collection to fin

roots, progress and research in cultivation, public education a

uses and misuses of the herb, and the Convention on Internat

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) listing 

export of the roots.
38

yg()

Reviews goldenseal history, conservation, medicinal uses, an

Goldenseal is commonly combined with echinacea (Echinace

cold and flu remedies, or used alone for sore throats, wound h

digestive aid. The bright yellow color of the roots has also ma

dye. Medicinal use by Native Americans and early settlers is 

modern medicine, goldenseal has similar uses as a tonic, laxa

antiseptic, mouthwash, mucus membrane stimulant, hemorrh

and douche for vaginal infections. Goldenseal was used in ph

preparations to relieve eye irritations until the 1970s. The me

properties of goldenseal come from the alkaloids berberine, h

canadine. The specific action for each of these alkaloids is di

Keywords: Alkaloids, conservation, dye uses, history, medici

McGuffin, M. 1999. AHPA goldenseal survey measures incr

agricultural production. HerbalGram. 46: 66-67.

Summarizes the results of a survey designed to quantify the h

goldenseal from both wild and cultivated sources for the year 

survey was sponsored by the Botanical Raw Materials Comm

American Herbal Products Association. Survey respondents r

of 265,000 pounds of dried root harvested in the year 1998. A

62,000 pounds were harvested for use as planting stock. Cult

supplied from a total of 140 acres. The amount of goldenseal 

is expected to increase over the next few years.

Keywords: Cultivation, harvest, market demand.

Nutriflip. 1998. Naturopathy: herbs and other plant products

a living planet - food, nutrition, diet, and health. http://ww

geocities.com/nutriflip/Naturopathy/. [Date accessed: Apri

Provides a general overview of goldenseal with nomenclature

ecological parameters, uses, preparations, and toxicity.

Keyword: Medicinal uses.
39

Summarizes research on cultivation methods, production con

farmers, and markets for goldenseal roots. Goldenseal is enda

harvest is illegal in North Carolina. There is a high demand f

roots, and limitations on supply have increased prices. Obtain

for propagation can be difficult and costly. When cultivated, g

often rotated with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), a

plants require similar conditions. Yields ranging from 800 to 

per acre have been reported. Prices fluctuate, making profits 

predict.

Keywords: Cultivation, market demand.

Other Information Sources

The following are general materials that provide background 

information. Included are encyclopedias, fact sheets, historic

planting guides, herbal manuals, and other miscellaneous info

Ahluwalia, S.S. 1977. Goldenseal – American gold. Bronx, N

House. 22 p.

Provides information on cultivating goldenseal, with a botani

medicinal uses, history, propagation, market trends, and a list 

Keyword: Cultivation.

American Herbal Products Association. 2003. Tonnage sur

American wild-harvested plants. Washington, DC: Americ

Products Association. 19 p.

Summarizes recent market trends for several medicinal herbs

survey show a decrease in goldenseal consumption over the l

an increase in the proportion of cultivated root supplying the 

Keywords: Annual consumption, market.

Bannerman, J.E. 1997. Goldenseal in world trade: pressures 

HerbalGram. 41: 51-52.
40

gg (qqf), 

racemosa), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), mayapple (P

peltatum), and false unicorn root (Chamaelirium luteum). Var

such as overharvest, timber harvesting, agriculture expansion

expansion, and increased urbanization have contributed to the 

numbers of wild populations. The Network of National Herit

has assigned goldenseal a “fragile” ranking. Trade is regulate

States where goldenseal is found; wild harvest is prohibited i

Carolina, Vermont, Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, and 

Goldenseal is reported, but unprotected, in Arkansas, Illinois, 

Kentucky, Mississippi, Ohio, and West Virginia. It is on the “

in Alabama; the “watch” list in Delaware, Virginia, and India

“threatened” in Maryland, Tennessee, and New York; “fairly r

Oklahoma and Michigan; “historic” in New Jersey; “vulnerab

Pennsylvania; and “of special concern” in Wisconsin. The Un

Food and Agriculture Organization lists goldenseal as one of 

herbs worldwide. It is listed in the official pharmacopoeias o

Britain, Germany, and Italy. A large proportion of the goldens

Italy and France is used to make tinctures, dilutions, extracts, 

products. Export amounts imply an enormous harvest of root

knowledge about sustainable harvest levels, the impact on the 

unknown. Because of concern over the conservation of resou

goldenseal was included in the Convention on International T

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appen

Research into cultivation methods and practices has increased 

reduce the demand on wild plants.

Keywords: Associated herbs, CITES, conservation, habitat, e

regulations.

Bergner, P. 1997. The healing power of Echinacea, goldense

immune system herbs. Rocklin, CA: Prima. 322 p.

Provides a synopsis of the medicinal applications of goldense

echinacea (Echinacea spp.). A detailed history of goldenseal’

is provided, including Native American, colonial, and homeop

remedies. Most clinical research related to the chemical cons

goldenseal and their medicinal properties has focused on the 

berberine, which is found in several other plants. Modern me

applications and dosage are discussed in detail with a thoroug

on the appropriate and inappropriate indications for the herb.
41

Describes the various stages of the goldenseal life cycle. Seed

sown after the fruit ripens in August will germinate the follow

The first year of growth produces two cotyledons and a small 

second year of growth, the plant sends up a single, palmately

The plant reaches maturity in the third or fourth year, having 

centimeters tall with two alternate palmate leaves. The lower 

and has a petiole; the smaller upper leaf supports a peduncle 

Plants can propagate by adventitious buds on the rhizomes an

Illustrations and detailed descriptions are provided for all stag

and all plant parts.

Keywords: Botanical description, life cycle.

Bradshaw, C., comp. 1997. Goldenseal: Hydrastis canadens

Complimentary and alternative medicine: a scientific refer

care professionals. http://www.geocities.com/chadrx/golde

[Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides an overview of chemical composition and constituen

reviews of several clinical studies. The main active alkaloid in 

roots is berberine. Other constituents include berberastine, ca

hydrastine, meconin, chlorogenic acid, phytosterins, and resin

antibiotic, immuno-stimulatory, anticonvulsant, sedative, and 

anticancer. It is effective in inhibiting numerous bacteria, fun

protozoans. Berberine’s effect is tied to either inhibiting grow

preventing the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. Dosage an

information is included. Several clinical trials are outlined, in

effectiveness of using berberine in treating watery diarrhea as

cholera; using high-dose berberine in treating cholera; using 

sulfate to treat diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli or Vibrio c

using berberine chloride eye drops to treat trachoma. Conclus

these studies show that berberine is effective for treating intes

infections caused by E. coli but not V. cholerae, and that berb

for treating trachoma.

Keywords: Berberine, chemical constituents, medicinal action

uses, research reviews.
42

National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 

Available at: http://plants.usda.gov. [Date accessed: April 2

Provides a botanical illustration of goldenseal.

Keyword: Botanical description.

Catling, P.M.; Sinclair, A. 1998. The history of the golden se

an Endangered Species Newsletter (Canadian Wildlife Ser

(Spring): 12.

Summarizes conservation concerns for goldenseal in Canada

Keyword: Conservation.

Cech, R. 2002. Growing at-risk medicinal herbs: cultivation, 

and ecology. Williams, OR: Horizon Herbs. 323 p.

Provides a thorough discussion of goldenseal botany, ecology

cultivation. Goldenseal is a long-lived perennial, growing in c

patches on northern or northeastern hillsides of hardwood for

reproduce asexually through knot-like buds that form on the r

various growing points that form along the main rhizome. De

provided on the range and hardiness, life cycle, cultivation fro

rhizome, optimal growing conditions, harvest, storage, seed c

conservation status.

Keywords: Conservation, cultivation.

Cook, W. 1869. The physiomedical dispensatory. Scanned ve

Journal of Medical Herbalism, 2001. http://www.ibiblio.or

eclectic/cook/HYDRASTIS_CANADENSIS.htm [Date ac

26, 2004].

Provides historical information on goldenseal, with a detailed 

description, medicinal properties and uses, and pharmaceutic

Goldenseal acts upon the whole physical system but mainly b

mucus membranes, digestive tract, and uterus. The herb has b

stimulate the involuntary muscles but does not increase the p
43

Keywords: History, medicinal uses, preparations.

Davis, J.M. 1998. Goldenseal. In: Berzins, R.; Snell, H.; Rich

Richters second commercial herb growing conference – tra

Goodwood, Ontario, Canada: Richters: 133-143.

Summarizes results of goldenseal cultivation research in Nor

Discusses factors that affect plant growth rates such as soil pH

phosphorus, mulch, and shade. Methods of storing and planti

evaluated.

Keywords: Cultivation, research.

Davis, J.M. 1999. Forest production of goldenseal. Agrofores

Forest Farming - 5. In cooperation with the U.S. Departme

Agriculture, Forest Service, and the U.S. Department of A

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lincoln, NE: U.S

of Agriculture, National Agroforestry Center. 6 p. http://w

nac/afnotes/ff-5/index.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004

Provides details for cultivating goldenseal. Overharvesting ha

declines in native populations, increasing the need to meet co

demand for the herb with cultivated sources. The plant is an h

perennial with a stem reaching up to 14 inches tall that ends i

two 3- to 12-inch wide, 5- to 7-lobed leaves. The plants sprea

means of the bright yellow horizontal rhizomes and fibrous r

Goldenseal grows best in moist, well-drained, shady sites und

hardwoods. Guidelines are provided for preparing soil and re

weeds, and other plants. Details are given for soil amendmen

fertilizers. Propagation is most commonly done by dividing r

Propagation by seed is unpredictable and can be difficult. Mo

seed collection, planting times, and planting methods are prov

Prevention and treatment methods for pests and disease are d

Information is provided for harvesting, cleaning, drying, and 

roots.

Keywords: Botanical description, cultivation, habitat, propag

preparation.
44

[p, ]

Provides a list of sources of goldenseal seed, plants, and grow

Keywords: Cultivation, vendors.

Davis, J.M.; McCoy, J. 2000. Commercial goldenseal cultiva

Carolina State University Horticulture Inf. Leafl. 131. Ral

North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://www

depts/hort/hil/hil-131.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004

Offers comprehensive information on cultivation, with propa

methods, site selection and preparation, pests and diseases, h

more. Although the native range for the plant extends from V

Wisconsin south to Georgia and west to Kansas, overcollectio

native populations. Most of the remaining patches are found 

forests of Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and western Kentucky. Gold

protected under the Convention on International Trade in End

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, and is 

endangered species in North Carolina. Contact information is 

individuals to obtain the necessary permits.

Success with goldenseal cultivation depends on the grower’s 

reproduce the native habitat. Research is being conducted on 

conditions; preliminary results indicate that a range of 63- to 

shade is optimal. In woodlands, understory plants that indicat

for planting include mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), trilliu

spp.), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), or black cohosh (A

racemosa). Good overstory trees include oak (Quercus spp.), 

(Populus spp.), walnut (Juglans nigra), and basswood (Tilia a

Instructions are given for preparing and amending the soil. D

provided on propagation procedures, seed stratification, soil p

and plant spacing. Methods to prevent and treat disease and p

are presented. Roots should be harvested before they get over

die back. Instructions are given for cleaning, drying, and stor

Keywords: Associated herbs, CITES, cultivation, habitat, har

species, permits, regulations, sun requirements.
45

p, ]

Provides a historical account of goldenseal, with descriptions 

preparations and doses, chemical constituents, physiological 

medicinal uses.

Keywords: History, medicinal uses.

Felter, H.W. 1922. The eclectic Materia Medica, pharmacolo

therapeutics. Scanned version by M. Moore, 2001-2002. h

www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/felter/hydrastis.html. [D

April 26, 2004].

Covers historical knowledge of goldenseal, including princip

preparations, specific indications, actions, and therapy. Variou

and dosages are given. Indications for use are catarrh, diarrhe

gonorrhea, hemorrhage, ulcers, gas, irritations of the mucus m

throat and mouth problems, muscle soreness, and skin diseas

is poisonous to some animals, but safe for humans in modera

the internal and external therapeutic actions of goldenseal are 

detail.

Keywords: History, medicinal uses.

Felter, H.W.; Lloyd, J.U. 1898. King’s American dispensator

rev. Scanned version by H. Kress, 2000-2001. http://www.

herbmed/eclectic/kings/hydrastis.html. [Date accessed: Ap

Reviews the botany, chemical composition, and medicinal us

goldenseal in the late 1800s. Includes a thorough description 

botany, growth habit, roots, and nomenclature. Conservation 

presented with the comment that goldenseal does not grow w

soil and, therefore, is more susceptible to loss of habitat. The 

medicinal actions, and extractions are discussed for berberine

and canadine. The alkaloids are more effective in combinatio

isolated extracts. Medicinal actions are discussed in detail, al

descriptions of pharmaceutical preparations and dosages.

Keywords: Alkaloids, conservation.
46

Provides details on the various uses of goldenseal, the environ

the plant is found, and methods of cultivation. Goldenseal gro

soil types but prefers moist, shaded areas. Medicinal actions 

antibacterial, antiperiodic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringe

diuretic, laxative, sedative, stomachic, and tonic. Goldenseal 

valuable for treating disorders of the mucus membranes and d

also used to treat irritations and other problems with the ears, 

nose, stomach, intestines, and vagina. Because it destroys ben

organisms along with pathogens, goldenseal should only be u

durations. The roots are also used as an insect repellent and d

be propagated by seed or by division of rhizomes.

Keywords: Habitat, medicinal actions, medicinal uses, other u

Ford, B.A. 1997. Hydrastis. In: Flora of North America Edito

Committee, ed. Flora of North America north of Mexico. N

Oxford University Press: 87-88. Vol. 3.

Summarizes the botany, ecology, and nomenclature of golden

illustrations.

Keywords: Botanical description.

Foster, S. 1989. Goldenseal masking of drug tests: from ficti

HerbalGram. 21: 7.

Discusses the myth that goldenseal can mask drugs in urine t

physicians recommended goldenseal combined with cayenne 

liver in alcoholic patients. The idea that goldenseal can mask 

urinalysis is a myth that originated from “Stringtown on the P

written by John Uri Lloyd in 1900. Scientific research has pr

goldenseal is, in fact, incapable of masking various drugs in u

humans or racehorses.

Keyword: Drug masking.

Foster, S. 2000. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Steven F

herb monographs. http://www.stevenfoster.com/education/

goldenseal.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].
47

y, ypp, ppp, , pg g, 

fever, stomach problems, flatulence, pneumonia, inflammatio

trouble, and cancer. It was used by early European settlers to 

and eye irritations, inflammation of the mucus membranes, a

Goldenseal is one of the most popular herbs on the market w

estimated 250,000 pounds of root sold every year. Prices in th

ranged from $8 to $11 per pound, then rose to $30 per pound

of $100 per pound in 2000. Prices continue to fluctuate with 

supply or demand. With wild resources decreasing due to ove

habitat loss, cultivation is encouraged. Goldenseal is included 

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 

and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, and international trade is mo

regulated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Keywords: CITES, conservation, history, market prices, med

Native American uses, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Foster, S.; Duke, J.A. 2000. A field guide to medicinal plant

Eastern and Central North America. 2nd ed. National Audu

National Wildlife Federation, and the Roger Tory Peterson 

York: Houghton Mifflin Co. 411 p.

Provides details on the botany, ecology, and medicinal uses o

Each plant consists of a forked stem with two double-toothed 

flowers with numerous stamens appear in April and May; the 

resembles a raspberry. Plants are found from Vermont to Geo

Arkansas and Minnesota. The main medicinal uses of the her

inflammation of the mucus membranes in the mouth, throat, 

or uterus. Goldenseal has also been used to treat jaundice, bro

pharyngitis, and gonorrhea and was an ingredient in commer

formulas until the 1980s. The main active alkaloid is berberin

lowers blood pressure, increases bile secretion, and reduces c

Studies have shown that the alkaloids in goldenseal act syner

are more effective in combination than when used alone.

Keywords: Alkaloids, berberine, botanical description, medic

range.

Grieve, M. 1931. A modern herbal. Hypertext version by Bo

1995-2002. http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/g

[Date accessed: April 26, 2004].
48

, y, y, y, p, j

and warnera. Goldenseal is found in rich soils in shady forest

the Eastern United States and is primarily collected in the Oh

sold from Cincinnati. Goldenseal is a perennial herb with a h

knotted, bright yellow 1/4- to 3/4-inch-thick rhizome. The rhi

covered with numerous rootlets and marks left by stems from 

years. Stems are 6 to 12 inches tall, rounded with small hairs

scales at the base. Each stem has two dark green, wrinkled, an

leaves, palmately arranged with five to seven lobes, and irreg

margins. Flowers have only three small greenish-white sepals 

soon after opening, leaving no petals and numerous stamens. 

of dried roots are provided. The medicinal properties of the ro

discussed along with the chemical constituents. Native Amer

roots as a tonic, a treatment for sore eyes and ulcers, and as a 

Goldenseal is most commonly used to treat digestive disorder

appetite loss, nausea, hemorrhoids, and constipation. The her

in powdered form or as a fluid extract, tincture, solid extract, 

lotion.

Keywords: Botanical description, common names, flowers, h

medicinal uses, Native American uses, preparations, range.

Haage, L.J.; Ballard, J.L. 1989. A grower’s guide to goldens

IA: Nature’s Cathedral. [Not paged].

[No abstract].

Keyword: Cultivation.

Hamon, N.W. 1990. Herbal medicine: goldenseal. Canadian

Pharmaceutical Journal. 123: 508-510.

Summarizes goldenseal’s botanical characteristics, medicinal 

phytochemistry, phytopharmacology, and phytotoxicity.

Keyword: Medicinal uses.

Hardacre, J.V.; Henderson, G.; Collins, F.B. [and others]. 

wildcrafters goldenseal manual. Rockville, IN: Wildcrafter

[Not paged].
49

Harding, A.R. 1936. Ginseng and other medicinal plants. Sc

by M. Moore, 2002. http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclec

main.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides a historical perspective on the plant description and 

list of other common names is included. In the 1930s, most o

commercial supply was collected in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky

Virginia. Goldenseal is a perennial, growing to a foot in heigh

consisting of a single stem with two leaves. Leaves are wrink

partially developed at the time of flowering, but continue to e

plant matures. Flowers open in April and May, but only last 5 

fruit appears in July or August, is shaped like a raspberry, and 

20 hard black seeds. The rhizomes are bright yellow and cont

like scars left by the previous years’ stems. The scars resembl

hence the common name goldenseal. Dried roots are crooked

knotty, 1/8 to 1/3 inch in diameter, dull brown externally, and 

internally. Rootlets break off easily, leaving the rhizome almo

are collected in autumn after the seeds mature. Scarcity of na

from overcollection and habitat loss has increased the need fo

resources. Cultivation is done in areas that are similar to the n

with moist, rich soil and shade.

A chapter entitled “Golden Seal Cultivation,” is included, wit

methods for seeds and root division, site selection, soil requir

requirements, planting, harvest, drying, root classifications a

diseases, other concerns, risks, and profits. Much of the infor

contained in this chapter is similar to recent publications base

scientific research.

Another chapter, “Golden Seal History, Etc.,” written by Alic

G. Fred Flume of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, include

detailed botanical description, habitat description, common n

description, collection and preparation, and trade. Concerns a

the diminishing numbers of plants in the wild due to overcoll

habitat loss.

Keywords: Botanical description, cultivation, flowers, fruit, h

rhizomes, seeds.
50

gg, g 

dosages, and other medicinal matters. A list of other common 

included with a brief botanical description. Rhizomes are har

year-old plants in autumn after the seeds ripen. The roots are 

isoquinoline alkaloids (hydrastine, berberine, and canadine); 

95 percent consists of chlorogenic acid, essential oil, resin, fa

and sugar. Some of the medicinal actions listed are tonic, astr

antimicrobial, laxative, stimulant, and anti-inflammatory. The 

for use are included. Because of its strong effects on the muc

goldenseal is often used for digestive disorders, liver disorder

The tonic and astringent properties of the herb make it useful 

menstrual disorders, eczema, ringworm, and as a wash for ey

problems. Goldenseal also has strong antibacterial properties

combinations with other medicinal herbs are listed. Because 

stimulates involuntary muscles, it should be avoided during p

Keywords: Alkaloids, harvest, medicinal uses.

Henkel, A.; Klugh, G.F. 1908. The cultivation and handling 

Bureau of Plant Industry - Circ. 6. Washington, DC: U.S. D

Agriculture. 19 p.

Summarizes early information on cultivating goldenseal. Incl

and range, a botanical description, medicinal uses, root harve

shade requirements, propagation methods, crop maintenance, 

conditions.

Keywords: Cultivation, history.

Hobbs, C. 1990. Goldenseal in early American medical botan

in History. 32(2): 79-82.

Provides an overview of the history of goldenseal usage in th

States.

Keyword: History.

Jackson, D.; Shelton, K. 1997-2001. Alternative nature onlin

http://altnature.com/gallery/goldenseal.htm. [Date accesse

2004].
51

, gg

as a dye to paint their faces, horses, and weapons. The comm

goldenseal comes from the raised scars on the rhizomes, whic

waxed seal.

Keywords: Dye uses, medicinal uses, Native American uses.

Kelly, J. 1977. Herb collector’s manual and marketing guide: 

growers and collectors handbook: a valuable guide for grow

and golden seal, medicinal herb and root collectors, contai

herbe recipes and outdoor money-making ideas. 5th ed. Lo

Wildcrafters. 97 p.

Provides essays and summaries on various aspects of wildcra

plant identification, methods and seasons for harvesting plan

storage, cultivation, propagation, and medicinal preparations.

Keyword: Harvest.

Konsler, T.R. 1987. Woodland production of ginseng and gol

Proceedings of the First National Herb Growing and Mark

Conference. Stn. Bull. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univers

Experiment Station: 175-178.

[No abstract].

Keyword: Cultivation.

Lloyd, J.U. 1912. The cultivation of Hydrastis. Journal of the 

Pharmaceutical Association. 1: 5-12.

Presents information on cultivating goldenseal. Includes com

scientific names, plant distribution, history of commerce, a ro

and propagation methods. Conservation issues are discussed.

Keywords: Conservation, cultivation.

Lloyd, J.U.; Lloyd, C.G. 1884-1887. Drugs and medicines o

America. Scanned version by H Kress, ©2001-2003. http://

www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/dmna/hydrastis-cana.htm

accessed: April 26, 2004].
52

p

bibliography. The plant nomenclature includes the history of 

common names. A thorough botanical description of all plant 

geographical range distribution with maps are included. The 

history covers Native American uses through the modern trad

Cincinnati. The market is evaluated, specifically the fluctuati

and demand that cause variations in price. Concerns are raise

of native habitat and overcollection that are causing the plant 

more and more scarce. Substances used to adulterate supplies 

The discovery, chemistry, extraction, preparations, and prope

the main alkaloids are discussed. The medicinal uses and acti

described, supported with specific case studies and method o

administration.

Keywords: Conservation, history, market, medicinal uses.

Miller, R.A. 1988. Native plants of commercial importance. 

OR: OAK, Inc. 343 p.

Provides general information on goldenseal ecology, medicin

markets, and conservation. A thorough botanical description 

Goldenseal was used by various Native American tribes, inclu

Cherokee, Iroquois, Meskwaki, Seminole, and Blackfeet. The 

used medicinally as an eyewash, topical cleanser, and skin tre

restore normal function to the mucus membranes, nutritive sy

circulatory system. Although it is mainly used externally, gol

also been ingested to treat dyspepsia, anorexia, gastritis, men

dysmenorrhea. The yellow juice of the roots was used as a dy

with bear grease for an insect repellent. Leaves can also be us

medicinally, particularly in teas. The chemistry of goldenseal 

presented. Details are provided for harvesting, sorting, drying

roots. Goldenseal is popular worldwide and exported to Euro

pharmaceutical companies. It should not be used in large dos

periods of time as it can damage the circulatory and digestive 

Keywords: Dye uses, export, insect repellent uses, medicinal 

American uses.
53

Summarizes goldenseal cultivation information useful to the 

brief botanical description is provided. Cultivated plants in th

have no serious pest or disease problems and are useful in wo

and other shaded naturalized or wild gardens.

Keywords: Cultivation, landscape uses.

Moerman, D. 1999. Native American ethnobotany database: 

dyes, and fibers of native North American peoples. The Un

Michigan-Dearborn. http://herb.umd.umich.edu/. [Date acc

26, 2004].

Details Native American uses for goldenseal. The Cherokee I

goldenseal to treat cancer, general debility, dyspepsia, poor ap

a wash for local inflammation. The Iroquois Indians used gol

whooping cough, diarrhea, liver trouble, fever, stomachache, 

and as an emetic for biliousness.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, Native American uses.

NatureServe Explorer. 2002. An online encyclopedia of life 

application]. Version 1.6. Arlington, VA: NatureServe http

www.natureserve.org/explorer. [Date accessed: April 26, 2

Provides details on goldenseal ecology, conservation status, m

and distribution. Goldenseal has a global heritage status rank 

national heritage status rank of N4 (apparently secure) in the 

and a national heritage status rank of N2 (imperiled) in Cana

heritage status ranks are provided for all States reporting gold

Populations are not tracked or monitored throughout the rang

information is based on estimates. It is believed that goldense

are declining, mostly due to overharvest, development, and lo

within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park have been 

leaf blight. Overstory species and associated understory herb

Keywords: Conservation, global heritage status rank, market, 

heritage status rank.
54

Provides information on goldenseal specific to Michigan. A d

botanical description with seasonal identifying characteristics 

Overstory species include sugar maple (Acer saccharum), Am

(Fagus grandifolia), red oak (Quercus rubra), yellow birch (B

alleghaniensis), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), American 

(Tilia americana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (Ju

hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and green and black ash (Fra

pennsylvanica and F. nigra). Associated understory herbs inc

the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), wild ginger (Asarum canad

(Carex hirtifolia), plantain-leaved sedge (Carex plantaginea)

(Claytonia virginica), trout-lily (Erythronium americanum), b

(Caulophyllum thalictroides), wild geranium (Geranium mac

bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata), common trillium (Trillium gra

and hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba), among many others. Cons

are discussed, research needs are outlined, and references are 

Keywords: Associated herbs, overstory species.

Petersen, F. 1905. Materia Medica and clinical therapeutics. 

version by M. Moore, 2002. http://www.ibiblio.org/herbme

petersen/hydrastis.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Summarizes historical medicinal uses of goldenseal. The root 

alterative, and laxative. It stimulates the nervous system, circ

and mucus membranes and is particularly useful in stomach d

digestive disorders, catarrh, and cancers.

Keywords: History, medicinal uses.

Plyler, S.C. 2001-2002. Indian spring herbal encyclopedia. h

www.indianspringherbs.com/Goldenseal.htm. [Date acces

2004].

Provides general information on goldenseal cultivation and m

A botanical description is included. Goldenseal was used by N

Americans as an antiseptic, tonic, and treatment for snakebite

cough, pneumonia, and digestive problems. Early settlers use

an eyewash and treatment for sore throat, mouth sores, and di

problems. Commercial demand for the plant began around 18
55

g, p

with diarrhea and cholera. Goldenseal roots also help to boos

system by increasing white blood cell counts. Various prepara

dosages are described. Specifics are given for cultivation and 

with instructions for collecting and stratifying seeds.

Keywords: Cultivation, market demand, medicinal actions, m

Native American uses.

Potter, S.O.L. 1902. A compend of Materia Medica, therapeu

prescription writing. Scanned version by H. Kress, 2000-2

www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/potter-comp/hydrastis.h

accessed: April 26, 2004].

Covers the historical uses and preparations. Goldenseal is ma

stomach tonic, antiperiodic, astringent, and antiseptic; particu

afflictions of catarrh, syphilis, ulcers and sores, stomatitis, co

rectal fissure and hemorrhage, and malaria.

Keywords: History, medicinal uses.

Reed, D. 1999-2002. Wildflowers of the Southeastern United 

2bnthewild.com. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides general ecological descriptions with accompanying 

sketches. Goldenseal is also known as yellowroot or orangero

herbaceous perennial with two alternate, coarse-textured leav

toothed, with five lobes and deep clefts. At times, one smalle

present on a stem almost as tall as the main plant. Flowers are 

have no petals, but three small inconspicuous sepals are prese

a red berry. Plants prefer well-drained rich woods and are fou

the Southeastern United States. Goldenseal was used by Nati

as a dye and medicine. Concerns are raised about the sustaina

harvest.

Keywords: Botanical description, habitat, flowers, fruit.

Russell, A.B. 1997. Poisonous plants of North Carolina. Nort

State University Department of Horticultural Science. http

www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Hydraca.ht

accessed: April 26, 2004].
56

, y p, , 

diarrhea, nervousness, and depression if ingested in large dos

Keywords: Alkaloids, toxicity.

Sievers, A.F. 1930. The herb hunters guide. Misc. Publ. 77. W

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Hypertext version Ap

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/herbhunters/goldense

accessed: April 26, 2004].

Includes a botanical and ecological description from 1930. O

names for goldenseal include yellowroot, yellow puccoon, or

yellow Indian paint, tumeric root, Indian tumeric, Ohio curcu

raspberry, eye root, eye balm, yellow eye, jaundice root, and I

Though the plant is now becoming scarce throughout its rang

from western New England to western Ontario, and south to 

Missouri. Plants arise from a yellow rhizome with a stem rea

foot in height. The top of the stem branches in two, one branc

leaf and the other branch with a smaller leaf and flower. Sma

inconspicuous flowers appear in April and May, turning to a f

with 10 to 20 small seeds in autumn. Roots are bright yellow, 

fibrous rootlets that break off when dried. Leaves are harvest

summer, and roots are harvested in autumn after the fruit is ri

Keywords: Botanical description, common names, flowers, h

history, range.

Sievers, A.F. 1949. Goldenseal under cultivation. Farmer’s Bu

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 14 p.

Summarizes all aspects of goldenseal cultivation. This bulleti

of the original U.S. Department of Agriculture document pub

by Van Fleet (Van Fleet 1914). Includes a botanical descriptio

habitat and range, commercial history, soil preparation, propa

and rhizomes, shade requirements, mulch, maintenance, pest

harvest, yield, and costs. The cultivation techniques discussed 

bulletin are similar to recommendations found in current liter

goldenseal.

Keywords: Cultivation, history.
57

p

Presents a general overview of current goldenseal knowledge

common names, habitat, a botanical description, cultivation a

propagation, chemical constituents, and historical and moder

applications.

Keywords: Botanical description, medicinal uses.

Small, E.; Catling, P.M. 1999. Canadian medicinal crops. C

Press. 240 p.

Summarizes information on goldenseal nomenclature, morph

classification, range, ecology, medicinal uses, toxicity, chemi

nonmedicinal uses, agriculture, and folklore.

Keywords: Botanical description, medicinal uses.

Tyler, V. 1999. Goldenseal. In: The honest herbal. 4th ed. Bing

Haworth Press: 159-161.

Provides a brief summary of the historical uses of goldenseal 

accompanying references. Discusses Native American uses, t

century medicines, and folk uses. Also covers modern pharm

disputes of the herb’s effectiveness, and a discussion of the er

that goldenseal can mask drugs in urinalysis.

Keywords: History, medicinal uses.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1993. Inco

opportunities in special forest products: self-help suggestio

enterprises. Agric. Inf. Bull. 666. Washington, DC: U. S. D

Agriculture, Forest Service. 206 p.

Provides an overview of forest botanicals used medicinally. P

listed with information on gathering plants, selling to buyers, 

needs and costs, harvesting, drying and storage, plant distribu

conservation considerations.

Keywords: Harvest, market.
58

]

Provides photos of species and information on ecology, distri

range, and conservation. Goldenseal is a member of the Ranu

family. The natural range includes Alabama, Arkansas, Conne

Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, 

New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, V

Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Goldenseal is on the 

plant list in Maryland, Michigan, and New York; the endange

Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey

is considered vulnerable in Pennsylvania; and of special conc

Carolina and Tennessee.

Keywords: Conservation, range, Ranunculaceae family.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 

and Flora (CITES): listing of goldenseal (Hydrastis canad

Appendix II and its implementation by the United States. P

Federal Register. April 26, 1999: 64(79). http://policy.fws.g

99fr20320.html. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Announces a public meeting to discuss the listing of goldense

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 

and Flora (CITES) Appendix II protection, which covers inte

in live plants, whole and sliced roots, or root parts. Manufact

such as powders, pills, extracts, tonics, and teas are not includ

Goldenseal is found in 27 States and 1 Canadian province, bu

overharvest in the late 19th century, the plant is considered to 

threatened” by the Nature Conservancy throughout its range. 

management plans for goldenseal are not well developed, and 

plant ecology and sustainable harvest levels is lacking. Under 

protection, all goldenseal must have an export permit, be exp

ports designated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and b

a U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health In

Service, Division of Plant Protection and Quarantine inspecto

Keywords: CITES, conservation, permits, regulations.
59

Discusses the export policies and regulations for goldenseal u

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 

and Flora (CITES). A permit is required to export goldenseal 

or parts of roots. Although goldenseal is not presently threate

extinction, high demand for the herb and decreases in wild po

make it susceptible to overuse. Permits can be obtained from 

and Wildlife Service Office of Management Authority for a s

Information is required to show that the roots were legally co

cultivated. Specific instructions and contact information are p

Keywords: CITES, export, permits, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Se

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Management Aut

Export of goldenseal. Arlington, VA. 2 p. http://internation

pdf/export.pdf. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Provides basic guidelines for exporting goldenseal under the 

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 

(CITES) regulations. Goldenseal was included in CITES App

September 18, 1997. To export goldenseal, a permit is require

the roots were legally acquired and that their export will not b

to the survival of the species. Ecological field studies by the U

Wildlife Service provide information on species survival and 

harvest, whereas the individual exporting the roots provides p

legal collection or cultivation. Proof of legal collection for wi

roots requires the specific date and location of collection, the 

address of the collector, and copies of collection permits, lice

landowner permission. For cultivated goldenseal, the name an

the cultivator and the purchase invoice are required. Individu

provide this information with each export. Dealers, cultivator

collectors take part in a voluntary record-keeping system. Sp

information for obtaining a permit is included.

Keywords: CITES, conservation, export, regulations.

United Plant Savers. [N.d.]. At risk plants. http://www.plant

[Date accessed: April 26, 2004].
60

Keywords: Conservation, United Plant Savers.

Upton, R., ed. 2001. Goldenseal root: standards of analysis, q

and therapeutics. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharm

36 p.

Provides a detailed, thorough overview of goldenseal. Include

nomenclature, history, botany, macroscopic and microscopic 

harvest, cultivation, preparations, chemical constituents, chem

methods, medicinal uses, physiological actions, clinical resea

dosage, side effects, precautions, toxicity, and regulatory statu

Keywords: Chemical constituents, harvest, identification, me

physiological actions, research reviews, side effects, toxicity.

Van Fleet, W. 1914. Goldenseal under cultivation. Farmer’s B

Revised 1949. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Depar

Agriculture. [Number of pages unknown].

[No abstract].

Keywords: Cultivation, history.

Veninga, L.; Zaricor, B. 1976. Goldenseal/etc.: a pharmacog

herbs. Santa Cruz, CA: Ruka Publications. 193 p.

Provides details on goldenseal botany, wildcrafting, range and 

history, medicinal uses, preparations and dosage, combination

contraindications, and cultivation. A historical background of

information on the medicinal uses of goldenseal by Native Am

pioneers, and eclectic physicians with references to several ea

and botanical books. Goldenseal grows in rich coves and on n

slopes in hardwood forests from the Ozarks and Appalachian 

southern Ontario. Naturalized populations of goldenseal from 

cultivation can occasionally be found in Oregon and Washing

Preparations and formulas are provided. Indications and cont

are discussed in detail with supporting case studies described

quantities of goldenseal can overstimulate the nervous system 

tremors. Goldenseal should not be taken for extended periods 
61

Keywords: Cultivation, harvest, history, medicinal uses, toxic

Wright, R. 1996. Ginseng and goldenseal. Countryside & Sm

Journal. 80(2): 28-29.

Provides general information about cultivating goldenseal.

Keyword: Cultivation.

Commercial Vendors

Note: The following list of vendors is included to provide acc

information about availability and prices. The authors do not 

recommend these vendors over any others not listed.

Elixir Farm Botanicals. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://w

elixirfarm.com/. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Vendor of goldenseal seed for propagation.

Keywords: Cultivation, vendors.

Garden Medicinals. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://

www.gardenmedicinals.com/. [Date accessed: April 26, 20

Vendor of goldenseal seed and roots for propagation.

Keywords: Cultivation, vendors.

Gardens of the Blue Ridge. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http

www.gardensoftheblueridge.com/. [Date accessed: April 2

Vendor of goldenseal bare-root stock and potted plants for cu

Keywords: Cultivation, vendors.

Herb Trader. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://www.herbtra

[Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Vendor of bulk goldenseal root, whole or powder, for medicin
62

product. http://www.ncgoldenseal.com/index.html. [Date a

26, 2004].

Vendor of goldenseal growing stock for propagation.

Keywords: Cultivation, vendors.

Pacific Botanicals. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://

www.pacificbotanicals.com/. [Date accessed: April 26, 20

Vendor of certified organic goldenseal rhizomes (whole, cut, 

for medicinal uses.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, vendors.

Richters Herbs. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://www.rich

accessed: April 26, 2004].

Vendor of goldenseal growing stock (seed, roots, etc.) and bu

materials for propagation and medicinal uses.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, propagation, vendors.

Select Oils. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://www.selectoils

accessed: April 26, 2004].

Vendor of dried goldenseal root powder for medicinal uses.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, vendors.

Viable Herbal Solutions. [N.d.]. Goldenseal product. http://w

herbal.com/. [Date accessed: April 26, 2004].

Vendor of goldenseal capsules for medicinal uses.

Keywords: Medicinal uses, vendors.
63

Adam, K.L. 36

Ahluwalia, S.S. 39

Aldous, M. 21

American Herbal Products Association 39

Anon 20

Anon 20

Babbar, O.P. 22

Bannerman, J.E. 39

Bedir, E. 22

Bergner, P. 37, 40

Beyfuss, R.L. 22

Bhide, M.B. 23

Birdsall, T.C. 23

Bowers, H. 41

Bradshaw, C. 41

Britton, N.L. 42

Budzinski, J.W. 23

Carlquist, S. 24

Catling, P.M. 42

Cech, R. 42

Ckless, K. 24

Combie, J. 24

Cometa, M.F. 24

Cook, W. 42

Creasy, W.A. 24

Datta, D.D. 25

Davis, J.M. 43, 44

Dyke, S.F. 25

Eichenberger, M.D. 25

El-Masry, S. 25

Elixir Farm Botanicals 61

Ellingwood, F. 45

Felter, H.W. 45

Fern, K. 46

Ford, B.A. 46

Foster, S. 46, 47

Gagnon, D. 26

Galeffi, C. 26

Garden Medicinals 61

Gardens of the Blue Ridge 61

Gentry, E.J. 26

Govindan, M. 26

Grieve, M. 47

Haage, L.J. 48

Hall, K.C. 27

Hamon, N.W. 48

Haughton, C. 50

Henkel, A. 50

Herb Trader 61

Hobbs, C. 50

Hoffman, D.L. 37

Hoot, S.B. 27

Hung, O.L. 27

Inbaraj, J.J. 27

Jackson, D. 50

Johannesen, S.J. 28

Kelly, J. 51

Khin-Maung U. 28

Konsler, T.R. 51

Kuo, C.L. 28

Lau, C.W. 28

Li, W. 29

Liebmann, R. 37

Lloyd, J.U. 51

McCaleb, R. 38

McGuffin, M. 38

Messana, I. 29

Mikkelsen, S.L. 29

Miller, R.A. 52

Missouri Botanical Garde

Moerman, D. 53

Mueller, R.F. 29

National Center for the Pr

Medicinal Herbs 30

National Toxicology Prog

NatureServe Explorer 53

Nishino, H. 30

North Carolina Ginseng & 

Company 62

Nutriflip 38

O’Hara, M.A. 31

Pacific Botanicals 62

Palmery, M. 31

Penskar, M.R. 54

Periera da Silva, A. 31

Petersen, F. 54

Plyler, S.C. 54

Potter, S.O.L. 55

Reed, D. 55

Rehman, J. 31

Richters Herbs 62
64

Scazzocchio, F. 33

Schmeller, T. 33

Select Oils 62

Sheng, W.D. 33

Shideman, F.E. 34

Sievers, A.F. 56

Silva, B. 39

Simon, J.E. 57

Sinclair, A. 34

Small, E. 57

Sturm, S. 34

Sun, D. 34

Swanston-Flatt, S.K. 35

Tice, R. 35

Tobe, H. 35

Tyler, V. 57

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser

of the Interior 58

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser

International Affairs, Of

Management Authority 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser

Management Authority 

United Plant Savers 57

Upton, R. 60

Van Der Voort, M. 35

Van Fleet, W. 60

Veninga, L. 60

Viable Herbal Solutions 6

Whetzel, H.H. 36

Wright, R. 61

Wu, A.H. 36
65

alkaloids 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24,

25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 46,

48, 50, 52, 56, 61

See also chemical constituents. See also

berberine

annual consumption 9, 39

associated herbs 5, 23, 40, 44, 54

berberine 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33,

34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50

See also alkaloids

botanical description 1, 2, 3, 34, 39, 41, 42,

43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,

57

cancer 5, 8, 17, 28, 30, 41, 47, 53 54

chemical constituents 7, 26, 29, 31, 35, 37,

40, 41, 45, 48, 57, 60, 61

chemical defenses 33

CITES 1, 12, 13, 19, 32, 37, 40, 44, 47, 58,

59, 60

classification 5, 27, 35, 49,57

clinical research 33, 40, 60

cold hardiness. See hardiness range

clinical studies 7, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 34,

35, 41

common names 3, 5, 8, 48, 49, 50, 52, 56,

57

conservation 1, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 26,

32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52,

53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60

cultivation 1, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19,

20, 22, 23, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42,

43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56,

57, 59, 60, 61, 62

pests and disease 23, 43, 44, 56

shade structures 11

site preparation 22, 23, 43

yield estimates 11, 23, 37

dealers 12, 32, 37, 60

distribution 1, 13, 14, 15, 23, 25, 38, 51,

52, 53, 58, 60

dosage 6, 20, 35, 37, 40, 41, 45, 50, 55, 60

drug interactions 23, 24, 27, 31

drug masking 6, 13, 24, 29, 36, 46

drying 4, 22, 23, 37, 43, 44, 49, 51, 52, 58

dye uses 8, 38, 51, 52

ecology 1, 4, 15, 16, 26, 30, 32, 39, 42, 46,

47, 48, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59

ethnobotany. See Native A

export 9, 12, 13, 19, 37, 4

flowers 3, 36, 47, 48, 49, 

fruit 3, 4 ,41, 49, 55, 56

global heritage status rank 

habitat 1, 4, 10, 11, 23, 25

43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 

harvest 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12

35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 

52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 

history 5, 14, 20, 22, 34, 

43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 

60, 61

insect repellent uses 8, 52

landscape uses 53

life cycle 4, 25, 32, 41, 4

market 8, 9, 10, 17, 22, 2

50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58

demand 1, 28, 36, 38, 3

53, 54, 55, 59

prices 8, 9, 22, 34, 39, 4

medicinal actions 5, 20, 3

50, 55, 61

medicinal uses 5, 20, 21, 

30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 

45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 

61, 62

monitoring 16, 18, 26, 32

National heritage status ra

Native American uses 5, 

52, 53, 55, 57

nomenclature 5, 38, 45, 4

other uses 8, 46

overstory species 4, 44, 5

permits 12, 32, 44, 59

phototoxicity 8, 27

preparations 8, 15, 25, 27

45, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60

product quality 21, 25, 27

propagation 1, 10, 22, 27

43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 

micropropagation 8, 14

rhizomes 3, 4, 10, 39, 4

seeds 4, 10, 22, 41, 50, 
66

, , , , , , , , , ,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46,

49, 54, 60

clinical studies 7, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30,

34, 35, 41

reviews 31, 34, 38, 41, 45, 60

rhizomes 3, 7, 9, 10, 20, 24, 39, 41, 43, 44,

46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 62

tissue culture 16, 27

toxicity 7, 8, 20, 23, 27, 3

41, 56, 57, 60, 61

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser

19, 26, 32, 47, 58, 59

United Plant Savers 12, 1

vendors 9, 44, 61, 62
67

Disclaimers

This annotated bibliography represents a comprehensive, but 

tive, review of the literature on goldenseal. The references in

identified through a detailed search of academic library-base

regional literature, government documents, Internet database

commercial Internet sites. Bibliographic references are organ

sections—Research Literature, Popular Press, Other Informa

to indicate their origins. Research Literature includes referen

reviewed articles published in scientific journals, while the r

Popular Press are not scientifically reviewed, but are include

popular knowledge and perceptions. Other Information Sour

technical bulletins, horticultural lists, historical documents, a

This document is available from the Non-Timber Forest Prod

of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, South

Station at http://www.sfp.forprod.vt.edu/.

Web sites listed in the bibliography were active at the time th

was prepared, but Web addresses may change or disappear ov

date accessed indicates the last time the Web sites were chec

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for read

and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of A

any product or service.
68

Predny, Mary L.; Chamberlain, James L. 2005. Goldenseal (Hydrastis c

annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-88. Asheville, NC: U.S. D

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 67 p.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), a member of the buttercup fa

(Ranunculaceae), is an herbaceous perennial found in rich hardw

throughout the Northeastern United States and Canada. Originall

Native Americans as both a medicine and a dye, the herb was eve

adopted by the settlers and eclectic physicians in the 19th century

in goldenseal have been found to have antibiotic, anti-inflammato

modic, and tonic effects. Scientists and physicians continue to ex

knowledge of the clinical applications and disease-fighting poten

plant. Growing awareness of possible medicinal benefits has incr

worldwide consumption, which, combined with a continual loss 

greatly reduced wild populations. Goldenseal has been listed und

on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 

(CITES) Appendix II protection since 1997. Demand for cultivat

increased as wild populations become scarce, motivating researc

propagation and cultivation techniques. More attention should be 

educating consumers about the appropriate uses of the herb in or

overconsumption; working with growers to increase the profitabi

cultivation and reduce pressures on wild plants; and identifying a

wild populations to determine the most effective management an

practices.

Keywords: Conservation, goldenseal, Hydrastis, medicinal herbs

forest products, poaching.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

is a medicinal forest herb with

antibiotic attributes.

THE AUTHORS:

Mary L. Predny, Research Associate, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 

University, Wood Science and Forest Products Department, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

James L. Chamberlain, Research Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Blacksburg, VA 24060.Cover photograph by Thomas G. Barnes
United States

Department

of Agriculture

Forest Service

Southern

Research

Station

General

Technical

Report

SRS–88

United States

Department

of the Interior

National 

Park Service