United States 

Department of Production and Receipts 

Agriculture 

Forest Service of Veneer Logs in themsoutheastern 3 m'et @ and Midsouth States, 1988 

t"," #."** 

7 

Southeastern Forest John B. Tansey, Supervisory Forester, Southeastern Forest Experiment 

Experiment Station Station, Asheville, NC 

Resource Bulletin Dennis M. May, Research Forester, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 

SE-121 Starkville, MS 
The Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is dedicated 

to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation's 

forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, 

wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation 

with the States and private forest owners, and management of 

the National Forests and National Grasslands, il strives-as 

directed by Congress-to provide increasingly greater service 

to a growing Nation. 

USDA policy prohibits discrimination because of race, color, 

national origin, sex, age, religion, or handicapping condition. 

Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated 

against in any USDA-related activity should immediately contact 

the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. 

September 1991 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

P.O. Box 2680 

Asheville, North Carolina 28802 
Production and Receipts 

of Veneer Logs in the Southeastern 

and Midsouth States, 1988 

John B. Tansey. Supewisory Forester, Southeastern Forest Experiment 

Station. Asheville, NC 

Dennis M. May, Research Forester. Southern Forest Experiment Station 

Starkville, MS 

ABSTRACT the most recent year for which production data for 

all States within the region have been compiled. The 

Veneer-log production in the 12 Southern States totaled 4.7 billion 

board feet in 1988, up 11 percent from 1984. in 1988, 151 mills in information for 1984 comes from 'The South's Fourth 

the South received 4.7 billion board feet of veneer ioas. In 1988. Forest: Alternatives for the Future' (USDA 1988) and " 

imports of veneer logs into the South exceeded expolts by 16 from individual State analyses. Historical comparisons 

million board feet. Yellow pines make up . . 90 percent of the South's are made with findinas - of survevs conducted in 1963. 

harvest of veneer logs. ~inety percent of receipts are used in the 1969, and 1972. 

manufacture of pine plywood. 

Keywords: Veneer logs, production, receipts, products. residues. 

Background 

The USDA Forest Service conducts periodic forest 

and forest product surveys to provide current 

information about the Nation's timber and related 

resources. This report presents findings of a 1988 

study of veneer-log hawest, receipts, and log movement between the Midsouth, Southeast, Northeast, 

and North Central States. The study was conducted 

by the Southern and Southeastern Forest Inventory 

and Analysis (FIA) work units. Data were collected 

primarily by mail, by means of a formal questionnaire. 

Follow-up phone contacts were made when necessary. Of the 151 veneer mills operating in the 12 

Southern States during 1988, 113 provided receipt 

data by species and county of origin. lnformation for 

mills that did not respond was estimated from the 

available current data, responses from previous 

canvasses, product and mill directories, and information from other sources. lnformation on mills in other 

regions known to be using veneer logs harvested in 

the South was exchanged with FIA units at other 

Forest Service Experiment Stations. Comparisons 

are made with veneer-log production levels for 1984, 

Veneer Industry History 

In the last three decades, veneer-log production and 

utilization in the South have been characterized by 

drastic shifts in species use and product manufacture. 

Thirty years ago, half of the Midsouth's veneer mills 

produced veneers for use in crates and baskets, 

and half produced veneers for use in doors, furniture, 

paneling, and plywood (Christopher and Sternitzke ' 

1964). In the Southeast (SE), veneer logs were.., 

consumed primarily by the furniture industry in North 

and South Carolina, and were used mostly in the 

manufacture of containers in Georgia and Florida. In 

Virginia, hardwood face veneer was the principal 

product. In both the SE and the Midsouth, soft-textured 

hardwoods were the preferred species. In 1963, 

bonomland hardwoods provided the bulk of veneer 

logs produced in the Midsouth; in the SE, sweetgum, 

blackgum, and tupelo supplied 60 percent of total 

production and yellow-poplar another 20 percent 

(Knight 1964). The South's first softwood plywood 

plant was constructed in 1963. By 1969. pine 

veneer-log production in the SE was up 36 percent 

from 1963, while hardwood veneer-log production 

had decreased 17 percent (Knight 1971). In both the 

Midsouth and SE, several factors contributed to a 

decline in the production of hardwood veneer logs. 

These factors included (1) the scarcity of high-quality 
soft hardwood logs, (2) the amount of hardwood 

plywood and veneer imported from foreign countries, 

(3) the stiff competition in the packaging industry 

from plastics and paperboard, and (4) the acceptance 

and success of southern pine plywood in many 

building applications. By 1970, more softwood than 

hardwood veneer logs were being harvested in 

Southern States, and most were being used in the 

production of pine plywood. By 1972, increased 

softwood production in response to the expanding 

pine plywood industry had offset the decline in the 

hardwood sector. In the Midsouth, the veneer-log 

harvest, which had been composed almost entirely 

of hardwoods, was by 1972 made up almost exclusively of pine. 

Production of Veneer Logs 

Veneer-log production, the harvest of logs from 

timberland for the manufacture of some veneer 

product, totaled 4.7 billion board feet in 1988, up 

11 percent from 1984. Loggers harvested 3.3 billion 

board feet of veneer logs in the Midsouth, 15 percent 

more than in 1984, and 1.4 billion board feet in the 

SE, up only 3 percent from 1984 (table 1) 

In the Midsouth--Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas-. 

harvests of softwood and hardwood veneer logs 

increased, by 14 and 33 percent, respectively. In the 

SE--Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and 

Virginia--veneer-log production declined 3 percent, 

while harvest of hardwood veneer logs increased 31 

percent. 

In the Midsouth, where softwoods comprise the bulk 

of veneer-log ha~eStS, softwood veneer logs are 

used chiefly in the manufacture of pine plywood. 

Softwoods harvested in five Midsouth States account 

for almost three-fourths of total softwood production 

across the South. Louisiana accounts for 23 percent 

of the South's softwood veneer-log production. Texas 

for 17 percent, Arkansas for 13 percent, Alabama for 

11 percent, and Mississippi for about 10 percent 

(table 2). In all Midsouth States, softwood veneer-log 

production increased since 1984 (table 1). Greatest 

volume increase occurred in Mississippi, where 

production increased 132 million board feet, or 45 

percent. In Louisiana production increased 117 million 

board feet, a 1Cpercent rise. Regionwide, production 

of softwood veneer logs has increased by 49 percent 

since 1972 (Bertelson 1974). 

By 1988, hardwoods comprised only 5 percent of 

the Midsouth's total production of veneer logs. Still, 

harvest of hardwood veneer logs did increase 

significantly between 1984 and 1988 (by 39 million 

board feet, or 33 percent). About one-third of the 

hardwood veneer-log volume was used in the 

manufacture of pine plywood. 

The SE produces a greater volume of hardwood 

veneer logs than does the Midsouth, but production 

of hardwood veneer logs is again a small portion of 

total output. Four States in the SE account for 

two-thirds of the South's hardwood veneer-log harvest. 

North Carolina accounts for 25 percent of the total, 

Georgia 18 percent, South Carolina 15 percent, and 

Virginia 8 percent. Alabama, in the Midsouth, accounts 

for 17 percent of the harvest. 

Southwide, the veneer industry has stabilized after 

the transition from a primarily hardwood-oriented 

industry in which many mills manufactured several 

products to one dominated by utilization of southern 

yellow pine and the production of pine plywood by a 

smaller number of large mills. Southern yellow pines 

make up 90 percent of the timber volume harvested 

for veneer logs, accounting for 95 percent of production in the Midsouth and almost 78 percent in the SE 

(table 3). Gums (sweetgum, blackgum, and tupelo 

grouped) account for about 2 percent of veneer-log 

production in the Midsouth and 6 percent in the SE. 

Yellow-poplar accounts for about 2 percent of the 

annual harvest of veneer logs in the Midsouth and 

12 percent of veneer-log production in the SE. This 

is in sharp contrast to the mid-1960's, when gums 

and yellow-poplar accounted for 80 percent of the 

veneer-log harvest in the SE. Oaks now comprise 

2 percent of the veneer logs harvested in the SE. 

Changes between the early 1980's and 1988 in the 

South are characterized by fluctuating levels of 

production rather than the significant shifts in species 

and product mix typical of the 1960's and 1970's. 
Veneer-Log Receipts and Wood Movement 

In 1988, 151 operating veneer mills in the South had 

receipts totaling 4.7 billion board feet (table 4). 

Receipts at mills within region exceeded harvest of 

veneer logs in southern timberland by 16 million 

board feet, making the South a net importer of veneer 

logs from the Northern United States. There is 

considerable movement of logs between regions, as 

well as among States within regions. 

Harvest of veneer logs (production) exceeded receipts 

of 3.3 billion board feet at Midsouth mills by 58 million 

board feet. In 1988, the Midsouth imported a total of 

445.6 million board feet of veneer logs from the 

Southeast and the North (table 5). This estimate may 

be low due to a poor rate of response by Alabama 

mills. Exports from the Midsouth to surrounding 

regions totaled 503.6 million board feet. Exports to 

States in the SE accounted for about 98 percent of 

veneer log exports from the Midsouth. Softwood 

exports from the Midsouth were primarily Alabama 

logs received and processed at Georgia mills. The 

bulk of the hardwood veneer-log exports originated 

in Alabama and Tennessee and was consumed in 

Georgia and North Carolina by the furniture industry. 

Exports to other States included logs shipped to 

Indiana (3% of volume), and Kentucky, Michigan, 

Ohio, and West Virginia (2% combined). About 2.8 

billion board feet, or 85 percent of the Midsouth's 

veneer-log harvest, was retained for processing within 

the region. 

The SE is also a net importer of veneer logs. Receipts 

of 1.5 billion board feet exceeded production by 

about 5 percent; imports of veneer logs from outside 

the region totaled 267.7 million board feet, exceeding 

exports of 193.6 million board feet by 38 percent 

(table 5). Imports came principally from the Midsouth 

(Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee), 

with a small volume coming from many other Eastern 

and Midwestern States (Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, 

Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia). Exports were primarily to 

the Midsouth. The estimate of exports to the Midsouth 

may be deflated due to the poor response by Alabama 

mills. About 1.2 billion board feet, or 86 percent of 

the Southeast's production, was retained for processing by mills within the region. 

Southern yellow pines account for 90 percent of the 

receipts at Southern veneer mills (table 6), and logs 

used in the production of pine plywood account for 

almost 100 percent of all softwood receipts (table 7). 

In the Midsouth, mills manufacturing softwood 

plywood process 96 percent of the veneer logs 

harvested. The hardwood sector of the Midsouth 

veneer industry continues to decline. Only 4 percent 

of receipts are used in the product~on of hardwood 

plywood and paneling, and hardwood logs used in 

manufacturing containers and specialty products 

make up less than 1 percent of total receipts. In the 

SE, hardwoods account for a greater proportion of 

veneer mill receipts, nearly 24 percent. Of this. 

4 percent is used in the manufacture of containers 

and specialty products. For all species, three-fourths 

of southeastern receipts are used in the manufacture 

of pine plywood, 20 percent is used in hardwood 

plywood and paneling, and about 4 percent is used 

in the manufacture of containers and specialty 

products. 

Residue Use 

The South's veneer industry generated 486.6 million 

cubic feet, or about 15.6 million tons, of residues. 

More than 126.6 million cubic feet of bark,'297.1 

million cubic feet of coarse residues such as cores, 

clippings, and fishtails, and 63.0 million cubic feet of 

fine residue were generated during the processing 

of veneer logs in 1988 (table 8). Across the Midsouth 

and the SE more than 99 percent of residues were 

used. Such complete utilization reduces demand on 

the standing resource within the region. More than 

197 million cubic feet of softwood and 15.7 million 

cubic feet of hardwood coarse residue were used by 

the pulp industry for fiber (table 9). Another 61.9 

million cubic feet of softwood coarse residue, mostly 

veneer cores, were processed into standard lumber 

or landscape timbers. Virtually all bark residues were 

utilized. Almost all bark was used for industrial boiler 

fuel, but small amounts were used for mulch and 

pine bark nuggets. Almost all fine residues were 

used as industrial boiler fuel, and their use significantly 

reduced heating and drying costs. 

 he Future 

The southern veneer industry has changed considerably during the last three decades, and additional 

change is likely. In the early 1960's, when the southern 

pine plywood industry had its beginnings, about 90 

percent of the South's pine volume was in trees 

growing in natural stands. By the year 2000, more 

than 56 percent of the region's pine volume will be 

in plantations. As the quantity of pine timber in natural 

stands decreases, the size and quality of pine veneer 
logs will be affected. Advanced technologies that will 

make it possible to manufacture plywood efficiently 

from a changing raw material must be perfected and 

implemented quickly. The big gain in veneer-log 

production between 1984 and 1988 was a partial 

rebound from the depressed level of log production 

and panel manufacture in 1981 -1 982, when escalating 

home mortgage interest rates collapsed housing 

markets. Future production levels will also be tied to 

the health of the U.S. economy, and more specifically 

to the health of the housing industry. Although 

domestic new home construction is still a major 

market for structural panels, other markets are 

consuming an increasing proportion of the panels 

produced. Remodeling and exports, which are less 

sensitive to fluctuating interest rates than is new 

home construction, have since the mid-1960's 

absorbed a constantly increasing proportion of 

production. Fortunately, the downturn in new home 

construction in 1987 was tempered by strong exports 

and sales in the remodeling market, and softwood 

and hardwood veneer-log production levels were 

maintained. Several aditional factors will affect future 

demand for southern veneer products. These include 

(1) the level of acceptance of plywood in European 

and Pacific markets: (2) the fate of tropical rain forests, 

growing concern about ha~esting wood from these 

forests, and a possible slump in the acceptance of 

tropical rain forest wood and wood products; and (3) 

uncertainty about the availability of raw material from 

Western U.S. forests. As environmental constraints 

and government regulations reduce ha~esting of 

large timber in the West, the South will assume a 

larger share of panel production for domestic and 

international consumption. In the West, legislative 

removal of lands from timber production has a greater 

impact on panel production than on production of 

some other products. Veneer logs are most efficiently 

cut from large trees, and large trees are often the 

ones withdrawn from commercial timbering when 

'ancient forests' are set aside for other uses. 

Recently developed products, the result of new 

technologies, are perhaps better adapted to changes 

in the South's pine resource, and are making inroads 

into the panel market. Non-veneered structural panels 

such as OSB and waferboard are continually increasing their share of the market at the expense of plywood. 

Performance of the new products is comparable to 

that of plywood, but the new products cost less to 

manufacture than plywood does. Oriented strand 

board capaclty made up less than 1 percent of total 

structural panel capacity in the early 1980's, but 

more than 10 percent by the mid-1980's. Since the 

mid-1980's, several additional non-veneer structural 

panel plants have come on line. Ultimately, the future 

of the pine plywood industry will depend on its ability 

to adapt technology to best utilize available raw 

material, to capitalize on changing markets, and to 

create a product niche. 

Demand for high-quality hardwood veneers for use 

in furniture and decorative paneling is likely to remain 

high. These markets are less sensitive than the 

housing construction market to fluctuations in the 

economy, and the demand for hardwood veneer in 

Pacific Rim countries is expected to increase steadily 

over the next few years. 

Literature Cited 

Bertelson, Daniel F. 1974. Midsouth veneer industries, 1972. Resour. Bull. 50-47. New Orleans, LA: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 pp. 

Christopher, Joe F.; Sternltzke, Herbert S. 1964. 

Midsouth veneer industry. Resour. Bull. SO-5. 

New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 

12 PP. 

Knight, Herbert A.; Nichols, Agnes C. 1964. Veneer 

log production and consumption in the Southeast, 

1963. Res. Note SE-37. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern 

Forest Experiment Station. 4 pp. 

Knight, Herbert A.; Nichols, Agnes C. 1971. Veneer 

log production and consumption in the Southeast, 

1969. Res. Note SE-158. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern 

Forest Experiment Station. 4 pp. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

1988. The South's fourth forest: alternatives for 

the future. For. Resour. Rep. 24. Washington, 

DC. 512 pp. 
Table 1--Veneer-log production from trees in the Midsouth and Southeast by 

region, State, and species, 1984 and 1988 

Region 

and 

State 

1984a 1988 

All A1 1 Percent 

species species change 

Million board feetb 

Midsouth 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Oklahoma 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Total 

Southeast 

Florida 

Georgia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Virginia 

Total 

All States 

aSource: "The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future" and former 

production surveys. 

b~nternational 114-inch rule.. 
Table 2--Veneer-log production by State and species, 1988 

State Softwood Hardwood A1 1 

species 

Thousand board feeta 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Florida 

Georgia 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

North Carolina 

Oklahoma 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 1 13,523 13,524 

Texas 727,696 14,096 741,792 

Virginia 45,450 38,111 83,561 

All States 4,235,110 466,836 4,701,946 

a~nternational 114-inch rule. 
Table 3--Veneer-log production by species and region, 1988 

Species Midsouth Southeast Total 

South 

Thousand board feeta 

Southern yellow pine 3,161,733 1,074,509 4,236,242 

Other softwoods 1 647 648 

Ash 307 2,747 3,054 

Basswood 499 1,393 1,892 

Bay, magnolia 65 0 65 

Beech 0 2,107 2,107 

Black cherry 312 586 898 

Gum 78,912 88,307 167,219 

Walnut 299 445 744 

Cottonwood 7,208 '1,026 8,234 

Elm 568 1,770 2,338 

Hickory, pecan 3,022 834 3,856 

Oaks 12,413 29,753 '42,166 

Soft maple 0 2,508 2,508 

Hard maple 218 810 1,028 

Sassafras 18 0 18 

Sycamore 1,090 4,023 5,113 

Yellow birch 0 563 563 

Yellow-poplar 51,924 164,059 215,983 

Other hardwoods 0 7,270 7,270 

Foreign 0 0 0 

Total species 3,318,589 1,383,357 4,701,946 

a~nternational 114-inch rule. 
Table 4--Veneer-log receipts by State and species, 1988 

State Softwood Hardwood A1 1 

species 

Alabama 

~rkansasb 

Florida 

Georgia 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

All States 

Thousand board feeta 

a~nternational 1/4-inch rule. 

b~klahoma and Arkansas combined to avoid disclosure of individual 

data. 
Iable 5--Veneer-log movement by region, 1988 

Region Operating Production Exports Retained Imports Receipts 

plants 

Thousand board feeta 

Mideouth 72 3,318,589 503,570 2,815,019 445,166 3,260,585 

Southeast 79 1,383,357 193,609 1,189,748 267,700 1,457,448 -- 

aInternational 114-inch rule. 

Table 6--Veneer-log receipts by species and region, 1988 

Southeast Total Species Midsouth South 

Thousand board feeta 

Southern yellow pine 

Other softwoods 

Ash 

Bay, magnolia 

Basswood 

Beech 

Black cherry 

Gum 

Walnut 

Cottonwood 

Elm 

Hickory, pecan 

Oaks 

Soft maple 

Hard maple 

Sassafras 

Sycamore 

Yellow birch 

Yellow-poplar 

Other hardwoods 

Foreign 

- --- 

Total species 3,260,585 1,457,448 4,718,033 

aInternational 114-inch rule. 
Table 7--Veneer-log receipts at mills in the Midsouth and Southeast by type of 

product produced, 1988 

Product Midsouth Southeast Total 

South 

Thousand board feeta 

Pine plywood 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Hardwood plywoodb 

and face veneer 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Container 

and specialty 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

All products 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 3,260,585 1,457,448 4,718,033 

aInternational 114-inch rule. 

b~oft hardwood used in manufacture of pine plywood included with hardwood in 

hardwood plywood category. 
Table 8--Volume of road residuca generated, by region and State, 1988 

Region 

and 

State 

Bark Coarse Fine 

Softwood Hardwood Softwood Hardwood Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet 

Alabama 

Arkansasa 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Total 

Southeast 

Florida 2,558 150 10,156 367 ?- 6,971 388 

Georgia 6,024 1,738 23,003 7,599 16,417 4,493 

North Carolina 4,085 2,542 24,319 4,385 6,768 2,100 

South Carolina 4,166 1,325 16,479 4,361 11,354 3,424 

Virginia 1,094 571 2,989 919 1,812 472 

Total 17,297 6,326 76,946 17,631 43,322 10,877 

All State6 117,695 8,870 270,927 26,132 51,757 11,247 

=Oklahoma combined with Arkansas to avoid disclosure of individual mill data. 
Table 9--Disposition of veneer mill rood reaidues 

softwood Hardwood 

Disposition 

Bark Coarse Fine Bark Coarse Fine 

Thousand cubic feet 

Midsouth 

Fiber 

Sawn products, 

specialty items 

Industrial fuel 

Bedding mulch 

Not used 

Total 

Southeast 

Fiber 

Sawn products, 

specialty items 

Industrial fuel 

Domestic fuel 

Bedding mulch 

Not used 

Total 

All total 

=Less than 0.5 thousand cubic feet. 
I I 

I Tansey, John 8.; May, Dennis M. Production and receipts of veneer I 

I logs in the Southeastern and Midsouth States, 1988. Resour. Bull. I 

I SE-121. Asheville, NC: U.S. DepaRment of Agriculture, Forest Service, I 

I Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 12 pp. I 

I I 

I Veneer-log production in the 12 Southern States totaled 4.7 billion I 

/ board feet in 1988, up 11 percent from 1984. In 1988, 151 mills in the I 

I South received 4.7 billion board feet of veneer logs. Imports of veneer I 

I logs into the South exceeded exports by 16 million board feet in 1988. 1 

1 Yellow pines make up 90 percent of the South's harvest of veneer I 

I logs. Ninety percent of receipts aie used in the manufacture of pine I I plywood. I 

I I I KEYWORDS: Veneer logs, production, receipts, producis, residues. I 

I I 

I 

Tansey, John 8.; May, Dennls M. Production and receipts of veneer 1 

logs in the Southeastern and Midsouth States, 1988. Resour. Bull. 1 SE-121. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, I 

Southeast8n Forest Experiment Station. 12 pp. I 

Veneer-log production in the 12 Southern States totaled 4.7 billion 

board feet in 1988, up 11 percent from 1984. In 1988, 151 mills in the 

South received 4.7 billion board feet of veneer logs. Imports of veneer 

logs into the South exceeded exports by 16 million board feet in 1988. 

Yellow pines make up 90 percent of the South's harvest of veneer 

logs. Ninety percent of receipts are used in the manufacture of pine 

plywood. 

KEYWORDS: Veneer logs, production, receipts, products, residues. I 
Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station 

Established 1921 

The Southeastern Forest Exper~ment Stat~on, headquartered in Ashevllle, North 

Carolina, 1s one of the e~ght reglonal Exper~ment Stat~ons, and the Forest Products 

Laboratory that make up the Forest Servtce research organlzatlon 

RESEARCH MISSION: 

To acquire the knowledge, develop the technology, and disseminate the research 

findings required to manage the Southeast's forest resources in ways that satisfy 

demands of goods and services while maintaining a quality environment. 

RESEARCH LOCATIONS: EXPERIMENTAL FORESTS: 

Blacksburg, VA 

Research Triangle Park, NC 

Franklin, NC 

Clemson, SC 

Charleston, SC 

Athens, GA 

Macon, GA 

OlusteeiGainesville, FL 

Chipola. Marianna, FL 

Holt Walton, Vienna, GA 

Cowena, Ono, NC 

Bent Creek, Asheville, NC 

Santee, Moncks Corner, SC 

Scull Shoals, Athens, GA 

Hitchiti, Juliene, GA 

Olustee, Olustee, FL