In the 

Missouri Court of Appeals 

Western District

IN THE MATTER OF THE 

ADOPTION OF: C.T.P.; 

K.L.,

Appellant,

v.

A.M. AND R.M., JR.,

Respondents.

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WD77435

OPINION FILED: 

December 16, 2014

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cole County, Missouri

The Honorable Jon E. Beetem, Judge

Before Division Three: Karen King Mitchell, Presiding Judge, Cynthia L. Martin, Judge 

and Gary D. Witt, Judge

This case requires us to address whether section 452.375.5(5)1permits a person 

asserting third-party custody rights to intervene as a matter of right in an adoption 

proceeding. K.L. appeals from the trial court's order and judgment which, based on 

standing, (i) dismissed K.L.'s petition seeking a determination of third-party child 

custody rights, and (ii) denied K.L.'s motion to intervene as a matter of right in a separate

adoption proceeding. 

 

1All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 as supplemented unless otherwise indicated. 
2

The trial court's order and judgment is not final for purposes of appeal insofar as it 

dismissed K.L.'s petition seeking a determination of third-party child custody rights

because that petition was consolidated with the adoption proceeding, and the order and 

judgment did not resolve all claims as to all parties in the consolidated action. 

The trial court's order and judgment is final for purposes of appeal insofar as it 

denied K.L.'s motion to intervene as a matter of right in the adoption proceeding. 

Because a child custody determination is not in issue in an adoption proceeding, K.L. has 

not established an interest in the subject matter of the adoption proceeding that permits 

her to intervene as a matter of right. 

K.L.'s appeal of the order and judgment dismissing her third-party child custody 

petition is dismissed for want of a final judgment. The trial court's denial of the motion 

to intervene as a matter of right is affirmed. This matter is remanded to the trial court for 

further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. 

Factual and Procedural History2

A.M. and K.L. began a committed relationship in 2002. In 2007, A.M. underwent 

artificial insemination using an anonymous donor's sperm. A female child ("Child") was 

born in February 2008. The Child suffers from severe medical problems as a result of

complications during her birth and requires specialized care. K.L. contends that she quit 

her job to stay home with the Child and that she served as the Child's primary caregiver

for four years. According to K.L., the couple separated in the spring of 2011, around the 

 

2The factual background is drawn from allegations in A.M. and R.M.'s petition seeking stepparent adoption, 

K.L.'s petition for child custody, and K.L.'s motion to intervene and oppose the petition for stepparent adoption. 
3

time a medical malpractice lawsuit involving the Child was settled and a multi-million 

dollar trust was established for the benefit of the Child. K.L. contends that A.M. began 

refusing to allow K.L. to have contact with the Child in the fall of 2011 and that A.M. cut 

off all contact between K.L. and the Child in July 2012. 

A.M. married R.M. in August 2012.3 On September 21, 2012, A.M. and R.M. 

filed a petition seeking stepparent adoption and to change the surname of the Child 

("Adoption Petition"). The Adoption Petition alleged that A.M. is the biological mother 

of the Child and that the identity of the Child's biological father is unknown. The 

Adoption Petition further alleged that the Child had resided with and has been in the care, 

custody, and control of A.M. and R.M. since December 2011. The Adoption Petition 

acknowledged that K.L. believes she has some type of claim to custody of the Child,

parenting time with the Child, or both, though A.M. and R.M. dispute the claim. A.M. 

and R.M. forwarded a stamp-filed copy of the Adoption Petition to K.L.'s attorney. 

K.L. took two actions in response to the Adoption Petition. First, K.L. filed an 

original proceeding seeking an award of joint legal and physical custody over the Child to 

K.L. and A.M. ("Child Custody Petition"). The Child Custody Petition acknowledged 

that A.M. is the biological mother of the Child and that K.L. has no biological 

relationship to the Child. The Child Custody Petition alleged, however, that K.L. "has 

acknowledged by her actions and statements to third-parties that she is [the] adoptive 

mother of the [Child]," and that "[b]oth [K.L. and A.M.] have acknowledged by their 

 

3K.L. and A.M. are females and R.M. is a male. The parties' gender is not material to our analysis. This 

case requires us to analyze the extent to which section 452.375.5(5) supports intervention as a matter of right in an 

adoption proceeding, an issue that is gender neutral. 
4

actions and statements to third-parties that they intend to raise the minor child as co-equal 

parents." The Child Custody Petition alleged that K.L. is entitled to third-party custody 

of the Child pursuant to section 452.375.5(5).

4

 The Child Custody Petition does not 

allege that A.M. is unfit or an inappropriate parent, but appears instead to rely on a 

generalized assertion regarding the welfare and best interests of the Child given K.L.'s 

historical relationship with the Child.5 

Second, K.L. filed a motion to intervene as a matter of right in the adoption 

proceeding pursuant to section 452.375.5(5) ("Motion to Intervene"). The Motion to 

Intervene alleged that K.L. and A.M. had jointly agreed to conceive a child via artificial 

insemination and had agreed that K.L. would adopt the child born as a result of the 

 

4

Sections 452.300 to 452.415 are known collectively as the "Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act." Section 

452.305 provides that assuming the court otherwise has the authority to do so (the subject of the Uniform Child 

Custody and Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, sections 452.700 to 452.930), a judgment of dissolution of marriage 

must "consider[] and ma[ke] provision[s] for child custody." Section 452.375.2 directs that "[t]he court shall 

determine custody in accordance with the best interests of the child." Section 452.375.5 provides that:

Prior to awarding the appropriate custody arrangement in the best interest of the child, the court 

shall consider each of the following as follows: 

(1) Joint physical and joint legal custody to both parents, which shall not be denied solely for 

the reason that one parent opposes a joint physical and joint legal custody award. The residence of 

one of the parents shall be designated as the address of the child for mailing and educational 

purposes;

(2) Joint physical custody with one party granted sole legal custody. The residence of one of 

the parents shall be designated as the address of the child for mailing and educational purposes;

(3) Joint legal custody with one party granted sole physical custody; 

(4) Sole custody to either parent; or

(5) Third-party custody or visitation:

(a) When the court finds that each parent is unfit, unsuitable, or unable to be a 

custodian, or the welfare of the child requires, and it is in the best interests of the child, then 

custody or visitation may be awarded to any other person or persons deemed by the court to be 

suitable and able to provide an adequate and stable environment for the child. Before the court 

awards custody, temporary custody or visitation to a third person under this subdivision, the 

court shall make that person a party to the action.

(b) Under the provisions of this subsection, any person may petition the court to 

intervene as a party in interest at any time as provided by supreme court rule. 

(Emphasis added.)

5During oral argument, K.L.'s counsel confirmed that K.L. is not contending that A.M. or R.M. are unfit to 

serve as parents or custodians for the Child but instead is contending that the welfare of the Child and the best 

interests of the Child support awarding K.L. third-party custody rights and visitation with the Child. We express no 

opinion regarding the sufficiency of the allegations in the Child Custody Petition for this purpose. 
5

process. The Motion to Intervene alleged that an adoption was put on hold solely 

because of the medical emergencies surrounding the Child's birth, and K.L. alleged that 

she quit her job to attend to the Child's specialized care requirements. The Motion to 

Intervene further alleged that K.L. and A.M. raised the Child as co-parents until their 

relationship ended. K.L alleged that her interest in securing third-party custody rights 

with the Child supported intervention as a matter of right in the adoption proceeding. 

K.L. alleged that if R.M. is permitted to adopt the Child, she will be "legally barred from 

petitioning for custody in the future." As required by Rule 52.12(a), K.L. alleged that she 

had filed the Child Custody Petition seeking joint custody of the Child, suggesting that 

pleading would be her "claim" if intervention was granted. Neither the Motion to 

Intervene nor the Child Custody Petition allege that K.L. has a superior right to adopt the 

Child. 

A.M. filed a motion to dismiss the Child Custody Petition ("Motion to Dismiss") 

for lack of standing. The Motion to Dismiss argued that 452.375.5(5) applies only to 

permit the determination of third-party custody issues when custody of a minor child 

born of a marriage is properly before the court for determination in connection with a 

dissolution proceeding. The Motion to Dismiss thus contended that the trial court had no 

statutory authority to determine third-party custody of the Child pursuant to section 

452.375.5(5) because A.M. and K.L. were never married and the Child was not born of a 

marriage. Thus, the Motion to Dismiss asserted that K.L. had no standing to bring an 
6

original proceeding to determine third-party custody of the Child under section 452.375

and that the Child Custody Petition failed to state a claim.6 

A.M. and R.M. also opposed K.L.'s Motion to Intervene in the adoption 

proceeding, making similar allegations to those raised in the Motion to Dismiss. A.M. 

and R.M. also noted that despite K.L.'s references to herself as the "adoptive" mother of 

the Child, K.L. has never been declared legally to be the adoptive mother of the Child. 

They also argued that an interest in determining custody rights will not support 

intervention as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding because it is not a legal 

interest that will be directly impaired by an adoption.

K.L. filed a motion to consolidate the adoption proceeding and the child custody 

proceeding pursuant to Rule 66.01 "into a single proceeding on the merits of the legal and 

equitable rights of the three putative parents of the [Child]." The motion was unopposed 

by A.M. and R.M. and by the Guardian Ad Litem who had been appointed for the Child. 

The trial court entered an order consolidating the actions and set deadlines to complete 

briefing on the pending Motion to Dismiss and Motion to Intervene. 

On February 13, 2014, the trial court issued its order and judgment ("Judgment"). 

The Judgment both granted the Motion to Dismiss K.L.'s Child Custody Petition and 

denied K.L.'s Motion to Intervene in the adoption proceeding for lack of standing. 

K.L. appeals. 

 

6The Motion to Dismiss also argued that there were "no other viable legal theories for [K.L.] to state a 

claim for relief under Missouri law." K.L. concedes on appeal that the Child Custody Petition did not attempt to 

assert any theory other than rights afforded by section 452.375.5(5) as the basis for an award of third-party custody. 
7

Finality of the Judgment for Purposes of Appeal

Before we examine the merits of K.L.'s points on appeal, we "must determine 

whether jurisdiction is proper, regardless of whether any of the parties raised the issue."7 

Crest Constr. II, Inc. v. Hart, 439 S.W.3d 246, 249 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). "Generally an appellate court only has jurisdiction over final 

judgments disposing of all issues and parties, which leave nothing for future 

determination." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). An exception to the final 

judgment rule is found in Rule 74.01(b), which provides that "[w]hen more than one 

claim for relief is presented in an action . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the 

court may enter a judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties 

only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay." If the 

judgment does not either resolve all issues as to all parties or expressly designate that 

"there is no just reason for delay," the judgment is not final for purposes of appeal and 

must be dismissed. Crest Constr. II, 439 S.W.3d at 249. Application of these settled 

principles to this case is influenced by the trial court's order of consolidation. 

K.L. filed an unopposed motion to consolidate the Adoption Petition and the Child 

Custody Petition "into a single proceeding on the merits of the legal and equitable rights 

of the three putative parents of the [Child]." The motion to consolidate asserted that

consolidation was proper pursuant to Rule 66.01 because "[t]here are common parties in 

 

7None of the parties have raised the issue of whether the Judgment is final in their briefs or during oral 

argument. Nevertheless, the existence of a final judgment is a prerequisite to appellate jurisdiction so that we must 

consider the issue sua sponte. Gerken v. Mo. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 415 S.W.3d 734, 437 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013). 
8

both cases,8the questions of law and fact deal with rights to custody and/or visitation 

with the same minor child,9and the matters are both before the Family Court Division."10 

The trial court ordered consolidation without further elaboration. 

"[W]hen a trial court employs the term 'consolidation,' its effect on the separate 

identity of the actions is not immediately clear." Woods v. Cory, 149 S.W.3d 912, 914 

(Mo. App. S.D. 2004). 

The phrase "consolidation of actions" has been used by courts in three 

different senses. One application of the term means the staying of 

proceedings in one or more actions pending the outcome of proceedings in 

another action. Used in another sense, the phrase refers to the trial of 

several actions together. Actions which are consolidated in this sense 

remain separate actions with respect to docket entries, verdicts, judgments, 

and all aspects except trial. Finally, the term "consolidation" may mean the 

uniting of two or more previously distinct actions into one. Actions which 

have been consolidated in this sense lose their independent and separate 

existence, and only one judgment is rendered in the single action into which 

they have been combined.

Moss v. Home Depot USA, Inc., 988 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Mo. App. E.D. 1999) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Determining the type of consolidation ordered by a trial court 

requires an examination of the record to determine whether the actions remained separate 

in all aspects except trial or whether the two actions were merged into a single action. 

See Woods, 149 S.W.3d at 914. 

The motion to consolidate sought to consolidate the Adoption Petition and the 

Child Custody Petition into "a single proceeding." The trial court granted the motion

 

8Rule 66.01(a) gives the trial court discretion to consolidate civil actions that have the same plaintiff and 

defendant or the same plaintiff and several defendants into a single civil actions. 

9Rule 66.01(b) gives the trial court discretion to consolidate civil actions "involving a common question of 

law or fact." 

10Rule 66.01(c) gives the trial court discretion to consolidate civil actions pending in the same family court 

division if the civil actions involve the same or different members of the same family. 
9

based on the parties' consent. Thereafter, docket entries under the case number originally 

assigned to the Child Custody Petition ceased, and all further proceedings with respect to 

the Child Custody Petition were docketed under the case number assigned to the 

Adoption Petition. The captions and case numbers for the two cases were consolidated 

on all subsequent pleadings, including the Judgment and in this appeal. Plainly, the trial 

court's order of consolidation united the Child Custody Petition and the Adoption Petition 

into one action. As a result, the actions lost "their independent and separate existence, 

and only one judgment is [to be] rendered in the single action into which they have been 

combined." Moss, 988 S.W.2d at 630. 

In City of Kansas City v. Woodson, we considered the finality of a judgment 

disposing of one of two consolidated actions. 130 S.W.3d 7, 11 (Mo. App. W.D. 2004). 

There, the trial court consolidated an action filed by the City of Kansas City against a 

landowner with an action filed by the Director of Collections of Jackson County against 

the same landowner. Id. at 9. The trial court thereafter entered summary judgment in 

favor of the City, and the landowner appealed the entry of summary judgment. Id. We 

dismissed the appeal because the judgment was not final as it did not dispose of the 

County's claims against the landowner. Id. at 11. We explained: "[B]ecause the 

judgment from which the [landowner] appeals does not dispose of all the claims against 

all the parties in the underlying consolidated civil action and fails to make 'an express 

determination that there is no just reason for delay,' the judgment is not final and 

appealable, and must be dismissed for a lack of jurisdiction." Id. (quoting Rule 74.01(b)). 
10

Here, the Judgment dismissed K.L.'s Child Custody Petition and denied K.L.'s

Motion to Intervene in the adoption proceeding.

11

 The Judgment did not resolve the

claims asserted by A.M. and R.M. in the Adoption Petition.

12

 The Judgment thus did not 

resolve all issues as to all parties in the consolidated action. Nor did the Judgment 

include a Rule 74.01(b) certification,13 the essential precursor to our authority to entertain 

an interlocutory appeal. Barring the applicability of another exception to the final 

judgment rule, this appeal must be dismissed.

There are limited circumstances where an appellate court is authorized to entertain 

an appeal from an order that does not resolve all issues as to all parties, even in the 

absence of Rule 74.01(b) certification. One such circumstance is implicated by the

Judgment. "'[T]he denial of a motion to intervene as a matter of right under Rule 

52.12(a) is a final and appealable judgment.'" State ex rel. Ideker, Inc. v. Grate, 437 

S.W.3d 279, 283 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (quoting Eckhoff v. Eckhoff, 242 S.W.3d 466, 

469 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008)). That is because, a "'movant cannot appeal from the 

judgment'" in a case where "'the movant asserts that she may be legally bound or 

 

11The trial court's order consolidating the Adoption Petition and the Child Custody Petition into a single 

civil action had the practical effect of mooting K.L.'s Motion to Intervene in the adoption proceeding. However, 

when the trial court thereafter dismissed the Child Custody Petition, the relevance of the still pending Motion to 

Intervene was restored because without intervention, K.L. would have had no right to present evidence or to 

otherwise participate in disposition of the Adoption Petition. The trial court thus properly proceeded to rule on the 

pending Motion to Intervene when it determined to grant the Motion to Dismiss. 

12The docket sheet in the Legal File indicates that following the Judgment, the trial court scheduled an 

"adoption hearing." Case.net reflects that the Guardian Ad Litem sought a continuance of the adoption hearing 

based on the best interests of the Child given the pendency of this appeal. That motion was granted, suggesting that 

resolution of the Adoption Petition has been effectively stayed by the trial court until resolution of this appeal. 

13The trial court inserted a footnote in its Judgment stating: "Although an order was entered in November of 

2012 consolidating these cases, the Court wishes to make clear that this Order and Judgment resolves both cases." 

This is not the certification required by Rule 74.01(b) and is not self-effectuating to bestow authority on this Court 

to entertain an interlocutory appeal. Moreover, the statement is inaccurate, as the Adoption Petition was not 

resolved by the Judgment. Further, the footnote was plainly not an order to "de-consolidate" the cases, as the cases 

have remained procedurally united as a single action. 
11

prejudiced by'" the judgment "'unless she is allowed to intervene.'" Id. (quoting Eckhoff, 

242 S.W.3d at 469). Thus, "'the order denying intervention has the degree of definiteness 

which supports an appeal therefrom.'" Id. (quoting State ex rel. Reser v. Martin, 576 

S.W.2d 289, 290-91 (Mo. banc 1978)). 

K.L.'s Motion to Intervene sought to intervene in the adoption proceeding as a 

matter of right pursuant to Rule 52.12(a).14 The trial court's denial of the Motion to 

Intervene is a final appealable judgment.

We are thus left in an unusual procedural position. The trial court's grant of the 

Motion to Dismiss K.L.'s Child Custody Petition is not a final appealable judgment. The 

trial court's denial of K.L.'s Motion to Intervene in the adoption proceeding is a final 

appealable judgment. K.L.'s appeal of the grant of the Motion to Dismiss is dismissed for 

want of a final judgment. We will entertain, however, K.L.'s appeal of the denial of her 

Motion to Intervene. 

Standard of Review

We recently described our standard of review of the denial of a motion to 

intervene in In re D.S.K., 428 S.W.3d 655, 657 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013):

We will affirm the denial of a motion to intervene unless there is no 

substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or 

it erroneously declares or applies the law. Motions to intervene as a matter 

of right, like the one before us, are typically decided based upon the 

motion, pleadings, counsel's arguments, and suggestions in support or 

opposition to the motion. The circuit court usually does not hear any 

 

14The Motion to Intervene alternatively sought to intervene in the adoption proceeding permissively as 

permitted by Rule 52.12(b). "'An order denying a motion to intervene under Rule 52.12(b), a 'permissive 

intervention,' is not a final judgment, and [is] therefore not reviewable on [interlocutory] appeal.'" In re M.M.P., 10 

S.W.3d 195, 197 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (quoting In re S.R.L., 984 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Mo. App. S.D. 1999)). 

Appropriately, K.L. has not claimed any error in this appeal based on her request to permissively intervene.
12

evidence or make any declarations of law. Instead, the decision to grant or 

deny the motion is one involving the application of law.

(Internal citations and quotations omitted.) 

Though the denial of a motion to intervene does not usually involve a declaration 

of law, here the trial court expressly denied the Motion to Intervene because it concluded 

that K.L. did not have standing to assert a claim for third-party custodial rights. The 

issue of standing is a threshold question in that "[a] party cannot obtain relief from a 

court if that party lacks standing." Exec. Bd. of Mo. Baptist Convention v. Carnahan, 170 

S.W.3d 437, 445 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005). We review a trial court's determination that a 

party lacks standing de novo. Mo. Pub. Serv. Comm'n v. Oneok, Inc., 318 S.W.3d 134, 

137 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009). We determine whether a person has standing from a review 

of the allegations in the pleadings along with any other undisputed facts revealed by the 

record. White v. White, 293 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009) (noting that standing is 

determined from the allegations in a petition and from other undisputed facts revealed in 

the record).

Analysis

K.L. asserts four points on appeal.15 In her first three points, K.L. argues, 

respectively, that she had standing to intervene as a matter of right in the adoption 

proceeding on the theories of equitable estoppel, third-party custody pursuant to section 

452.375.5(5), and equitable or de facto parentage. In her fourth point, K.L. asserts that 

 

15All of K.L.'s points on appeal make dual reference to the trial court's grant of the Motion to Dismiss and 

its denial of the Motion to Intervene. For reasons we have explained, K.L.'s claims of error in connection with the 

trial court's grant of the Motion to Dismiss have been dismissed for want of a final judgment. 
13

the denial of her Motion to Intervene based on a lack of standing violates her 

constitutional rights to due process and equal protection.

K.L.'s Motion to Intervene did not seek to intervene in the adoption proceeding 

based on either the theory of equitable estoppel or equitable parentage, the subjects of 

points one and three on appeal. Nor did the Motion to Intervene assert that intervention 

was required in order to protect K.L.'s constitutional rights to due process and equal 

protection, the subject of point four on appeal. K.L.'s first, third, and fourth points on 

appeal thus preserve nothing for our review, as they claim error in denying the Motion to 

Intervene on the basis of theories not presented to the trial court. White, 293 S.W.3d at 8 

(noting that standing is determined from the pleading asserting the claim and from other 

undisputed facts established on the record). Points one, three, and four are denied.

The Motion to Intervene did argue that K.L. had standing to intervene as a matter 

of right in the adoption proceeding pursuant to section 452.375.5(5), the subject of K.L.'s 

second point on appeal. Accordingly, K.L.'s second point on appeal is preserved for our 

review.16

Point Two

K.L.'s second point on appeal alleges that the trial court erred in denying the 

Motion to Intervene because she is entitled to intervene as a matter of right pursuant to 

Rule 52.12(a) since she has a legal interest in determining third-party custody of the 

Child pursuant to section 452.375.5(5). We must first determine whether K.L. has 

 

16A.M. and R.M. acknowledged in their Brief that K.L.'s second point on appeal is preserved for our 

review. However, during oral argument, counsel for A.M. and R.M. took the position that this was an erroneous 

concession, and that the second point on appeal was not preserved for our review. Counsel's argument is 

disingenuous, is plainly without merit, and has been disregarded. 
14

satisfied the essential requirements of Rule 52.12(a) before we need address whether

section 452.375.5(5) creates a legal interest K.L. is entitled to assert.

A. Intervention as a Matter of Right Pursuant to Rule 52.12(a)

Rule 52.12 provides for intervention as a matter of right as follows:

Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an 

action: (1) when a statute of this state confers an unconditional right to 

intervene or (2) (i) when the applicant claims an interest relating to the 

property or transaction that is the subject of the action and (ii) the applicant 

is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter 

impair or impede the applicant's ability to protect that interest, (iii) unless 

the applicant's interest is adequately represented by existing parties.

(emphasized text added and highlighted for clarification). K.L. does not claim that a 

statute of this state confers an unconditional right to intervene as permitted by Rule 

52.12(a)(1),17 but instead relies on Rule 52.12(a)(2). K.L. "'carries the burden of 

establishing the presence of all three elements required for intervention as a matter of 

right.'" Prentzler v. Carnahan, 366 S.W.3d 557, 561 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (quoting

Kinney v. Schneider Nat'l Carriers, Inc., 200 S.W.3d 607, 611 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006)). 

"'[A] motion to intervene as of right under Rule 52.12(a)(2) may properly be denied if 

even one of these three elements is not established.'" Id. (quoting Kinney, 200 S.W.3d at 

611).

 

17Although K.L. relies on section 452.375.5(5) as the source of the legal interest she seeks to protect by 

intervention in the adoption proceeding, that statute does not authorize an unconditional right to intervene but 

instead authorizes intervention as permitted by Supreme Court Rule. Section 452.375.5(5)(b). A.M. and R.M. 

contend that section 452.375.5(5) applies only to permit intervention by third-parties into dissolution proceedings 

where child custody is properly before the court for determination. K.L. contends that section 452.375.5(5) creates 

an independent basis for third-parties to seek custody determinations in an original proceeding, and that as a result, 

section 452.375.5(5) permits a third-party to seek intervention in any proceeding where child custody is at issue, 

including an adoption proceeding. For reasons we later explain, we need not resolve this issue. 
15

"An interest, for purposes of intervention as of right, 'means a concern, more than 

mere curiosity, or academic or sentimental desire.'" Allred v. Carnahan, 372 S.W.3d 

477, 484 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (quoting In re Liquidation of Prof'l Med. Ins. Co., 92 

S.W.3d 775, 778 (Mo. banc 2003)). "'An interest necessary for intervention as a matter 

of right does not include a mere, consequential, remote or conjectural possibility of being 

affected as a result of the action, but must be a direct claim upon the subject matter such 

that the intervenor will either gain or lose by direct operation of judgment.'" Id. (quoting 

State ex rel. Nixon v. Am. Tobacco Co., 34 S.W.3d 122, 128 (Mo. banc 2000)). "'To 

intervene in an action as a matter of right, the intervenor's interest in the action must be a 

direct and immediate claim to, and have its origin in, the demand made . . . by one of the 

parties to the original action.'" Id. (quoting In re Clarkson Kehrs Mill Transp. Dev. Dist., 

308 S.W.3d 748, 753 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010)).

The Motion to Intervene alleges that K.L. has an interest in the adoption 

proceeding because she desires third-party custodial rights over the Child. A.M. and 

R.M. concede in the Adoption Petition that K.L. "believes she has some type of claim to 

custody and/or parenting time with the [C]hild."18 To intervene as a matter of right, 

however, it is not enough that K.L. claims an interest in determining custody and 

visitation rights with the Child. Instead, K.L. must establish that her interest in 

determining custody and visitation is a direct claim upon the subject matter of the 

 

18According to the Adoption Petition, this assertion was included because it was required by "section 

452.700, et seq." Section 452.780 requires a court in a child custody proceeding to be advised of other persons not a 

party to the proceeding who claim a right to legal or physical custody. However, section 452.710 expressly provides 

that the provisions of sections 452.700 to 452.930, otherwise known as the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and 

Enforcement Act, do not apply to adoption proceedings. 
16

adoption proceeding that will be lost by direct operation of a judgment permitting R.M. to 

adopt the Child. K.L. has not met this burden. 

B. The Determination of Custody Rights Is Not In Issue in an Adoption Proceeding 

"The meaning of the term 'adopted' is well settled." In re Estate of R.M., 356 

S.W.3d 250, 252 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). 

When a child is adopted . . . all legal relationships and all rights and duties 

between such child and his natural parents (other than a natural parent who 

joins in the petition for adoption as provided in section 453.010) shall cease

and determine. Such child shall thereafter be deemed and held to be for 

every purpose the child of his parent or parents by adoption . . . .

Section 453.090.1. Adoption is thus "a judicial act which creates a complex set of legal 

relationships similar to those existing between a natural parent and child. One of those 

legal relationships is that of 'custody.'" In re Estate of R.M., 356 S.W.3d at 252 (citations 

omitted).19 

Because an adoption establishes a parent-child relationship for all purposes, the 

statutory procedures for adoptions set forth in Chapter 453 require service of an adoption 

petition upon persons whose existing parental or custodial rights will be severed by 

adoption. Specifically, section 453.060.1 requires service of a summons and a copy of 

the adoption petition20on:

(1) Any person, agency, organization or institution whose consent to the 

adoption is required by law unless such consent is filed in court;

 

19The court in In re Estate of R.M. cites State ex rel. M.L.H. v. Carroll, 343 S.W.2d 622, 626 (Mo. App. 

1961) for the proposition therein stated that "[t]he matter of the lawful and actual custody of a child is an inherent 

part of any adoption proceeding." 356 S.W.3d at 252. This holding followed discussion of the fact that the adoption 

statutes authorize transfer of the custody of a child under limited circumstances to the proposed adoptive parents. 

M.L.H., 343 S.W.2d at 626-27; see section 453.110. 

20Service may be had constructively if it cannot be secured personally. Section 453.060.3. 
17

(2) Any person whose consent to the adoption, according to the 

allegation of the petition for adoption, is not required for the reasons set 

forth in subdivision (6) or (7) of section 453.04021;

(3) Any person, agency, organization or institution, within or without 

the state, having custody of the child sought to be adopted under a decree of 

a court of competent jurisdiction even though its consent to the adoption is 

not required by law;

(4) The legally appointed guardian of the child;

(5) Any person adjudicated . . . to be the father of the child;

(6) Any person who has timely filed a notice of intent to claim paternity 

of the child pursuant to section 192.016 or an acknowledgment of paternity 

pursuant to section 193.087. 

Though each of the aforesaid persons or entities must be served,22 a court in an adoption 

proceeding is empowered to "act upon the petition without the consent of any party, 

except that of a parent whose consent is required by sections 453.030 to 453.050,

23 and 

the judgment is binding on all parties so served. Any such party has the right to appeal 

from the judgment . . . ." Section 453.060.4. A judgment of adoption requires a court to 

determine that "[i]t is fit and proper that such adoption should be made." Section 

453.080.1(8).

Chapter 453 does not authorize a trial court to determine custody disputes, and 

makes no provision for the entry of child custody or visitation orders other than the 

transfer of custody of a child to proposed adoptive parents to facilitate adoption as 

 

21Those subdivisions address parents with mental conditions rendering them unable to knowingly provide a 

child with necessary care, custody or control, and parents who abandon a child for a specific period of time 

depending on the child's age.

22Though K.L. was informally provided with a courtesy copy of the Adoption Petition, she was not served 

with the Adoption Petition, nor was she required to be by section 453.060.1. 

23These sections address the consent required from the person to be adopted, from the mother of the child, 

and from the man who is presumed by law to be the father of the child or the man who has timely filed an action to 

establish paternity or the with the putative father registry.
18

permitted by section 453.110. This is consistent with the fact that an adoption, by its 

nature, permanently severs "all legal relationships and all rights and duties between such 

child and his natural parents," including custodial rights. Section 453.090.1. Stated 

differently, an adoption proceeding is not a child custody determination wherein 

competing custodial rights to a child are weighed and determined by the court. Instead, 

an adoption proceeding requires a court to determine whether the creation of a parentchild relationship is in the best interests of a child. See In re Adoption of R.S., 231 

S.W.3d 826, 830-31 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (holding that "[w]hile an adoption certainly 

entails the adoptive parents receiving both legal and physical custody of the child, it is 

different [from] granting custody to a parent or a third party"). 

Consistent with this observation, sections 452.700 to 452.930, the Uniform Child 

Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ("UCCJEA"), defines a "child custody 

determination" in pertinent part as:

[A] judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the legal 

custody, physical custody, or visitation with respect to a child. The term 

includes a permanent, temporary, initial, or modification order. 

Section 452.705(3). The UCCJEA defines a "child custody proceeding" wherein "child 

custody determinations" may be made in pertinent part as:

[A] proceeding in which legal custody, physical custody, or visitation with 

respect to a child is an issue. The term includes a proceeding for divorce, 

separation, neglect, abuse, dependency, guardianship, paternity, termination 

of parental rights, and protection from domestic violence in which the issue 

may appear. 

Section 452.705(4) (emphasis added). Notably absent from this definition are adoption 

proceedings controlled by sections 453.005 to 453.170, wherein no authority is vested in 
19

a court to enter custodial or visitation orders of the nature described in section 

452.705(3). In fact, section 452.710(1) of the UCCJEA expressly provides that "Sections 

452.700 to 452.930 shall not govern . . . [a]n adoption proceeding." 

It follows that as child custody determinations are not in issue in an adoption 

proceeding, K.L's. interest in determining her custodial and visitation rights with the 

Child is not the type of interest that will support intervention as a matter of right in the 

adoption proceeding. K.L.'s claim that section 452.375.5(5) entitles her to custody and

visitation rights with the Child, whatever its legal merit, will not be lost by direct 

operation of a judgment permitting R.M. to adopt the Child. That is because parental 

custodial rights are not absolute. "The general rule [is] that natural parents have a 

primary right to the custody of their children . . . ." In Interest of C.L.M., 625 S.W.2d 

613, 617 (Mo. banc 1981). "When in conflict, however, the rule favoring parental 

custody is superceded by the concerns of the state for the child's welfare." Id. Thus, 

should R.M. adopt the Child, any future court will remain free to make third-party child 

custody and visitation determinations involving the Child in a proceeding where such 

determinations are authorized by law.

The result we reach today is not novel. We have previously affirmed the denial of 

a motion to intervene as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding where the intervenor 

expressed an interest in determining custody and visitation rights. In In re Adoption of 

H.M.C., 11 S.W.3d 81, 85-86 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000), an adoption petition and associated 

termination of parental rights action was filed by persons not biologically related to a 

child but whom had been appointed guardians of the child. The paternal grandparents'
20

motion to intervene in the action as a matter of right was denied.

24

 Id. at 86. Following 

the entry of judgment terminating the natural parents' parental rights and entering a 

decree of adoption in favor of the guardians, grandparents appealed the denial of their 

motion to intervene. Id. at 86. We held that the "Paternal Grandparents [sic] biological 

relationship to the child, by itself, does not constitute the necessary 'interest' under Rule 

52.12(a)(2), to require intervention." Id. at 90. And we held that the "Paternal 

Grandparents have no legal right, under current Missouri caselaw, which will be directly 

enlarged or diminished by the adoption of their biological grandchild." Id. In that case, 

we cited Missouri Supreme Court precedent recognizing that: 

One "interested" in an action is one who is concerned in the outcome or 

result thereof because he has a legal right which will be directly affected 

thereby or a legal liability which will be directly enlarged or diminished by 

the judgment or decree . . . .

Id. (emphasis added) (quoting In the Matter of Trapp, 593 S.W.2d 193, 204 (Mo. banc 

1980)). 

In re Adoption of R.S. is also consistent with our holding. There, the Southern 

District reversed an award of visitation rights to paternal grandparents in an adoption 

proceeding that named maternal grandparents as the adoptive parents.25 231 S.W.3d at 

827. The court explained that Chapter 453 does not itself authorize an award of custody 

or visitation rights and that no other statute authorized such an award in an adoption 

 

24The paternal grandparents then filed their own petition for adoption of the child and sought to consolidate 

the adoption petitions, which was denied. In re Adoption of H.M.C., 11 S.W.3d at 89. 

25The court observed that the paternal grandparents had been permitted to intervene in the adoption 

proceeding, a ruling that was not challenged by the adoptive maternal grandparents on appeal. In re Adoption of 

R.S., 231 S.W.3d at 830 n.4. Even though there was no statutory basis affording the paternal grandparents an 

unconditional right to intervene in the proceeding as permitted by Rule 52.12(a)(1), intervention by a grandparent 

may be granted permissively by the trail court pursuant to Rule 52.12(b). Id. 
21

proceeding. Id. at 830-31. Relevant to this case, the court held that "[s]ection 452.375.5 

does not give a grandparent a right to [seek] visitation in an adoption proceeding 

commenced under Chapter 453."

26

 Id. at 831.

It is thus apparent that a claimed interest in determining custody or visitation will 

not support intervention as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding because custody 

and visitation are not "in issue" in an adoption proceeding.27 Rather, to support 

intervention as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding, a proposed intervenor must

claim a superior legal right to adopt. In re C.G.L., 28 S.W.3d 502 (Mo. App. S.D. 2000),

confirms this conclusion. In that case, members of an Indian tribe established a legal 

right pursuant to the federal Indian Child Welfare Act to preference in the adoptive 

placement of an Indian child--rights that directly involved the demand at issue in the 

adoption proceeding. Id. at 505. The Indian tribe's legal right to preference in the 

adoptive placement of the child would have been directly impaired by a decree naming 

someone else as the child's adoptive parents. Id. As a result, the Southern District 

reversed the trial court's denial of the Indian tribe's motion to intervene as a matter of 

right. Id. 

The conclusion that an interest in determining custodial or visitation rights will not 

support intervention as a matter of right in a proceeding where custody is not "in issue" 

 

26The Eastern District recently reached the same result in In re Adoption of E.N.C., No. ED101311 (Mo. 

App. E.D. Dec. 9, 2014). There, the Eastern District concluded that a biological parental grandmother seeking thirdparty custody pursuant to section 452.375.5(5) could not intervene as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding. 

27It follows by converse that an adoption decree does not and cannot operate to foreclose later claims to 

determine custody or visitation assuming such claims are asserted in an appropriate proceeding. Though an adoptive 

parent, just like a natural parent, enjoys the primary right of custody, "[w]hen in conflict, however, the rule favoring 

parental custody is superceded by the concerns of the state for the child's welfare." In Interest of C.L.M., 625 

S.W.2d 613, 617 (Mo. banc 1981). 
22

was also the basis for our decision in In re D.S.K., 428 S.W.3d 655 (Mo. App. W.D. 

2013). There, wife filed a petition for declaration of paternity pursuant to the Uniform 

Parentage Act28 naming husband and the man that the wife believed to be the biological 

father of several children born during her marriage to husband. Id. at 656. Paternity tests 

confirmed that husband was not the biological father of the children.29 Id. Husband 

moved to dismiss himself from the paternity action,30 and then simultaneously filed a 

motion to intervene in the paternity action as a matter of right. Id. at 657. We affirmed 

the trial court's denial of the motion to intervene as a matter of right because although 

section 210.841.3 provides that a paternity judgment "may contain" provisions 

concerning child custody and visitation, it is not required to do so. Id. at 658. We held 

that Section 210.841.3 allows child custody determinations to be made if such 

determinations are requested in the paternity petition. Id. at 658-59. Because wife's 

paternity petition sought only a declaration regarding the biological relationship of a 

putative father to her children and did not seek a child custody determination, child 

custody was not "in issue," and husband had no interest permitting intervention as a 

matter of right. Id. at 659. 

 

28Sections 210.817 to 210.852. 

29Wife was, at the same time, a party to a dissolution proceeding filed by husband. In re D.S.K., 428 

S.W.3d at 656. Because paternity testing excluded husband as the children's biological father, the dissolution court 

had no power to determine custody of the children born while husband and wife were married. A "court does not 

have the authority in a dissolution proceeding to determine the custody of children not born of the marriage or 

adopted by the parties." Id. at 659 (citing Warlop v. Warlop, 254 S.W.3d 262, 263 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008); In re 

Marriage of Said, 26 S.W.3d 839, 843 (Mo. App. S.D. 2000)). 

30Section 210.834.4 provides that whenever paternity testing establishes that a respondent named in a 

paternity action is not a child's biological father, "such evidence shall be conclusive of nonpaternity and the court 

shall dismiss the action as to that party." 
23

In re D.S.K. is instructive by analogy. In an adoption proceeding, as in a paternity 

proceeding limited to determining a putative father's biological relationship to a child, 

nothing more is at issue than the creation or verification of a parent-child relationship. 

More to the point, although section 210.841.3 provides that a paternity judgment "may 

contain" provisions concerning child custody and visitation if that subject is made an 

issue by the paternity petition, there is no comparable expression of authority in Chapter 

453. See In re Adoption of R.S., 231 S.W.3d at 829-31 (holding that there is no statutory 

authority to award visitation in an adoption proceeding pursuant to Chapter 453, Chapter

211, or section 452.375.5(5)). 

In re C.M.D., 18 S.W.3d 556 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000), is also analogous. In that 

case, a grandparent who claimed an interest in custody was not entitled to intervene as a 

matter of right in a section 211.447 termination of parental rights proceeding. Id. at 565. 

The grandparent claimed an unconditional statutory right to intervene under section 

211.177.1 which permits a grandparent to intervene in a proceeding initiated pursuant to 

the provisions of Chapter 211 "in which the custody of a grandchild is in issue." Id. at 

564. We held that the "focus of the court [in a section 211.447 proceeding] is on the 

parent-child relationship and whether severing that relationship is in the best interest of 

the child. Custody of the child is not 'in issue.'"

31

 Id. at 565 (emphasis added). If 

custody is not "in issue" in a statutory proceeding to determine whether it is in the best 

interests of a child to sever a parent-child relationship, it follows that custody is not "in 

 

31We thus construed section 211.177.1 as limited in its reach to section 211.031 proceedings to determine 

custody. In re C.M.D.. 18 S.W.3d at 565; see also In re Adoption of R.S., 231 S.W.3d at 830, n.5. 
24

issue" in a statutory proceeding to determine whether it is in the best interests of a child 

to create a parent-child relationship. 

 Here, the trial court concluded that K.L. lacked standing to intervene. In effect, 

the trial court concluded that K.L. did not have a right or interest that would be directly 

impacted by a judgment entered in the adoption proceeding. In light of our discussion, 

this was not error. 

C. K.L.'s Claimed Rights Under Section 452.375.5(5) 

K.L. nonetheless argues that the Supreme Court's recent decision in In re T.Q.L., 

386 S.W.3d 135 (Mo. banc 2012), requires a different outcome. K.L. argues that T.Q.L.

elevated section 452.375.5(5) beyond merely authorizing a trial court to award third-party 

custody in dissolution cases to authorizing an independent cause of action that can be 

asserted by any third-party in an original proceeding to determine child custody and 

visitation. According to K.L., T.Q.L. required her Motion to Intervene in the adoption 

proceeding to be granted.32

We have some reservation about K.L.'s interpretation of T.Q.L.

33

 Regardless, even 

if T.Q.L. intended to announce a construction of section 452.375.5(5) that authorizes third 

 

32K.L. did not cite to T.Q.L. in her Motion to Intervene, or in her pleadings opposing the Motion to 

Dismiss. In fact, none of the parties alerted the trial court to the Supreme Court's decision in T.Q.L, or to our 

decision in In re D.S.K., 428 S.W.3d 655. 

33In T.Q.L., a man with no biological relationship to a child, but who had believed himself to be and acted 

as the father of the child for several years, filed a third amended petition in an action under the Uniform Parentage 

Act ("UPA") seeking a determination of third-party custody rights pursuant to section 452.375.5(5) and seeking a 

declaration of paternity pursuant to equitable parentage and estoppel principles. 386 S.W.3d at 138. The trial court 

dismissed the petition for failure to state a claim. Id. at 138-39. The Supreme Court highlighted the compelling 

allegations in the man's petition regarding the natural mother's conduct over the several years during which the man 

had bonded with the child and regarding the mother's fitness to parent, and concluded that:

Under section 452.375.5(5)(a), Petitioner's third amended petition sufficiently alleged Mother's 

and the unknown father's unfitness and that granting custody to Petitioner would be in Child's best 
25

parties to initiate original proceedings to determine child custody and visitation rights, we 

have already explained that an interest in child custody or visitation is not sufficient to 

support intervention as a matter of right in an adoption proceeding where child custody 

determinations are not "in issue." 

K.L.'s second point on appeal is denied.

 

interest. Because Petitioner has alleged the statutory elements for third-party custody, the circuit 

court shall reinstate his third amended petition.

Id. at 140. The Supreme Court expressed no opinion on the Petitioner's claims of paternity based on the principles

of estoppel and equitable parentage. Id. at 140 n.3. 

Though the Court reinstated the man's UPA petition, the Court did not expressly hold that section 

452.375.5(5) generally authorizes a third-party to file an independent original proceeding to determine third-party 

custody rights. The prospect of reliance on section 452.375.5(5) to authorize the filing of an original proceeding to 

determine third-party custody was flatly rejected by this court in White v. White, 293 S.W.3d 1 (Mo. App. W.D. 

2009). In White, after an extensive discussion of the law with respect to when the assertion and/or determination of 

third-party custody rights is authorized, this court concluded that:

[A]t least since 1973, Missouri courts have recognized that a third party's foundational standing to 

litigate custody or visitation is dependent upon the third party being a named party in an action 

brought by someone else (parent, Juvenile Officer) or being permitted to intervene in a pending 

action (dissolution) or in cases where the third party already has something other than de facto

custody (decretal custody).

Id. at 21. We observed that:

The fact that Missouri statutes and case law permit an award of custody to third parties where 

there are special or extraordinary reasons or circumstances rendering such custody to be in the best 

interests of the children, even when the parents are deemed fit and competent, does not end the 

analysis in this case. Neither our statutes nor our case law remotely suggest that any third party 

that comes along has standing to bring an action seeking custody of children.

Id. at 18 (emphasis added). 

T.Q.L. made no reference to the decision in White. T.Q.L. did not mention any of the earlier appellate and 

Supreme Court decisions discussed in White addressing the narrow circumstances wherein a trial court is authorized 

to determine third-party child custody and visitation rights. Nor did T.Q.L. engage in customary statutory 

construction analysis to assess whether the legislature intended section 452.375.5(5) to authorize original 

proceedings to determine third-party child custody and visitation rights. 

We have recognized that T.Q.L. permitted a third-party to seek the determination of child custody and 

visitation rights in a petition filed by that party. See In the Matter of D.S.K., 428 S.W.3d at 659. However, for the 

reasons herein explained, we are reluctant to simply presume that the Supreme Court intended T.Q.L. to be read to 

afford "any third party that comes along standing to bring an action seeking custody of children." White, 293 

S.W.3d at 18. We acknowledge, however, that T.Q.L. does not offer a clear basis for constraint of its holding to the 

facts in that case. 
26

Conclusion

K.L.'s appeal from the trial court's grant of the Motion to Dismiss her Child 

Custody Petition is dismissed for want of a final judgment, requiring remand of this 

matter for further proceedings.

34

 The trial court's denial of K.L's Motion to Intervene as a 

matter of right in the adoption proceeding is affirmed. A.M. and R.M.'s motion seeking 

an award of attorney's fees is denied.35

__________________________________

Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

All concur

 

34Because the grant of the Motion to Dismiss is not a final judgment, the trial court continues to have 

jurisdiction over that determination. See Spicer v. Donald N. Spicer Revocable Living Trust, 336 S.W.3d 466, 469 

(Mo. banc 2011) ("[W]here the 'judgment' in question is not final, Rule 75.01 does not apply and the trial court 

retains jurisdiction to enter a final judgment." (internal quotation marks omitted)). On remand, the trial court may 

elect to proceed with disposition of the Adoption Proceeding and thus to the entry of a final judgment; to certify the 

grant of the Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Rule 74.01(b) if the trial court believes that "there is no just reason for 

delay;" or to reconsider and deny the Motion to Dismiss. An alternative basis for dismissing the Child Custody 

Petition argued by A.M. and R.M. on appeal (relating to whether the Child Custody Petition adequately alleged each 

of the essential elements of a claim pursuant to section 452.375.5(5)) was not asserted in the Motion to Dismiss. If 

that alternative basis for dismissal is duly raised by A.M. and R.M. on remand, the trial court is of course free to 

consider the argument, as well as any motion that may be filed by K.L. seeking leave to amend the Child Custody 

Petition to address the sufficiency of its allegations. 

35Prior to the submission of this case, A.M. and R.M. filed a motion seeking an award of attorney's fees 

pursuant to Rule 84.19. That rule allows an appellate court to award damages to the respondent if it "determine[s] 

that an appeal is frivolous." "While no hard and fast rule as to what constitutes a frivolous appeal has been 

advanced and the issue must be considered on a case-by-case basis, the test generally used is whether the appeal 

presents any justiciable question and whether it is so readily recognizable as devoid of merit on the face of the 

record that there is little prospect of success." STRCUE, Inc. v. Potts, 386 S.W.3d 214, 220 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). "The issues presented on appeal must be at least fairly debatable in order to 

avoid assessment of damages for frivolous appeals." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). K.L.'s appeal is plainly 

not frivolous. To argue to the contrary in a Rule 84.19 motion was itself frivolous and resulted in a waste of judicial 

resources.