FILED 

 U.S.COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 11/05/99 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

 PUBLISH

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 99-11177

_______________

D. C. Docket No. 99-00253-CIV-T-24F 

FLORIDA ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT DEALERS,

MED-HEALTH CARE, et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

KENNETH S. APFEL, Commissioner of 

Health and Human Services,

NANCY-ANN MIN DEPARLE, Administrator, et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

______________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

______________________________

(November 5, 1999)

Before CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and PAINE*, Senior District Judge.

_______________________________________________

* Honorable James C. Paine, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of

Florida, sitting by designation.

BARKETT, Circuit Judge:
2

Medi-Health Care Inc., and C&C Homecare, medical equipment suppliers doing

business in Florida, as well as the Florida Association of Medical Equipment Dealers,

an association of 300 medical equipment suppliers (collectively “FAMED”), appeal

the district court’s denial of their petition for a preliminary injunction against Kenneth

Apfel, the commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“the government”).

On appeal, FAMED argues that the trial court erred in dismissing this suit on the

ground that FAMED had failed to establish Article III standing.

Background

In 1998, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the arm of the U.S.

Department of Health & Human Services with authority and responsibility for

administering Medicare, initiated a bidding process called a “competitive bidding

demonstration project” in Polk County, Florida to contract for medical equipment,

prosthetics, orthotics and other medical supplies pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1395w-3; see

also 42 U.S.C. § 1395b-1(a)(1). Under the demonstration project, those who wished

to sell such items to the government were required to compete by submitting bids.

Suppliers whose bids failed to meet competitive price and quality standards were

precluded from providing these items under Medicare. The bidding demonstration

project had been developed with the assistance of Palmetto GBA (Palmetto) with

whom HCFA had contracted for this purpose. To provide feedback regarding design
1

 FACA defines the term “advisory committee” to include “any committee,

board, commission, council, conference, panel, task force, or other similar group . .

. established or utilized by one or more agencies, in the interest of obtaining advice

or recommendations for the President or one or more agencies or officers of the

Federal Goverment. . . .” 5 U.S.C. App. II, § 3. 

3

for the demonstration project and to serve as a liaison to interested members of the

public, a National Technical Expert Panel (NTEP), composed of representatives of

national organizations potentially interested in the Medicare bidding process, was

convened. The NTEP met three times for this purpose and was not expected to, and

did not, issue a report.

Rather than submitting bids, FAMED filed this lawsuit claiming that HCFA had

failed to comply with the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), 5 U.S.C. App.

II, § 3, which provides that “advisory committee”1

 meetings must comply with

requirements designed to ensure public access and participation. In its complaint,

FAMED claimed that the NTEP was an “advisory committee” within the meaning of

FACA whose advice was adopted in what is used today as the bidding demonstration

project. FAMED charged that it did not have the opportunity to participate because

it never received proper notice of the NTEP meetings which should have been

published in the Federal Register 15 days in advance of the meeting. See 5 U.S.C.

App. 2, § 10(a)(2); 41 C.F.R. Part 101-6.1015(b). FAMED also alleged that the NTEP

failed to comply with other FACA provisions such as making available to the public
4

any minutes, transcripts, and other documents from the meeting. See 5 U.S.C. App.

2, §§ 10(c), 10(d). FAMED argues that it would not have lost its opportunity to

participate in the NTEP meetings and potentially to influence the structure of the

demonstration project, which might have afforded FAMED a better chance to succeed

in the bidding process had FACA’s requirements been followed. 

In its claim for relief, FAMED sought a preliminary injunction enjoining the

HCFA from using or relying upon any advice, recommendations, or other materials

generated by the work of the NTEP or discussed during NTEP meetings. Plaintiffs

also sought to enjoin the bidding process “until HCFA complies with FACA’s

requirements.” The government opposed FAMED’s request for a preliminary

injunction, arguing first that the plaintiffs lacked subject matter jurisdiction, and

second that FAMED’s complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief may be

granted.

The district court denied the petition for a preliminary injunction on the basis

that FAMED had failed to establish Article III standing because FAMED had not

pointed to any injury traceable to the alleged FACA violation which could be

redressed by the requested injunctive relief. FAMED appeals this determination. This

Court reviews Article III standing, a question of law, de novo. Loggerhead Turtle v.

County Council of Volusia County, Florida, 148 F.3d 1231, 1236 (11th Cir. 1998).
5

Discussion

In order to establish Article III standing, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) an

injury-in-fact, (2) a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained

of, and (3) that the injury is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision. Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 559 (1992); see also Erwin Chemerinsky,

Federal Jurisdiction 56 (1999). 

FAMED argues that it has suffered three different injuries traceable to HCFA’s

alleged violation of FACA: (1) it was unable to participate in the NTEP, and therefore

to influence the configuration of the bidding project; (2) it would be disadvantaged in

a “tainted” bidding project where some bidders had more influence over the structure

of the demonstration project than others; and (3) the livelihood of FAMED’s

membership would be threatened if their bids proved unsuccessful.

In denying FAMED’s motion for a preliminary injunction, the district court

concluded that the only cognizable injury suffered by FAMED was its inability to

participate in the NTEP, but because the NTEP was no longer in existence, such an

injury could not be redressed by the issuance of an injunction. FAMED argues that

the district court erred in concluding that the only cognizable injury was FAMED’s

inability to participate in the NTEP, and that this Court’s decision in AlabamaTombigbee Rivers Coalition v. Department of the Interior, 26 F.3d 1103 (11th Cir.
6

1994), expressly holds that a court may properly enjoin the government's use of a

product created by a committee that failed to comply with FACA.

We agree with FAMED that under Alabama-Tombigbee a court may properly

enjoin the government’s use of a product created by a committee that failed to comply

with FACA requirements. However, before we can address the underlying merits of

FAMED’s petition, we must first answer the threshold question of whether FAMED

has Article III standing to seek an injunction. FAMED argues that although the court

in Alabama-Tombigbee did not discuss standing, it controls the standing issue here,

because the fact that the court resolved the claim on the merits implies that the

plaintiffs there proved that they had Article III standing. We recognize that the

Supreme Court has found that standing is a threshhold test that, if satisfied, permits

a federal court to proceed to the question of whether a plaintiff has a cause of action.

Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 152-3

(1970). Yet every court has an independent duty to review standing as a basis for

jurisdiction at any time, for every case it adjudicates. FW/PBS, Inc. v. Dallas, 110 S.

Ct. 596, 607-8 (1990).

We need not decide what, if any, precedential value a case has when the

decision reaches the merits without any discussion of standing, because we find

Alabama-Tombigbee inapplicable to the facts before us. Unlike the facts in Alabama-
7

Tombigbee, this case lacks the second requirement of standing, a causal connection

between the alleged injury and the allegedly improper conduct. While demonstration

of an injury is necessary to prove standing, it alone is not sufficient. A plaintiff also

must allege and prove that the personal injury is “fairly traceable to the defendant’s

allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.” Allen

v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984). These two requirements of causation – the

allegation that the defendant’s action caused an injury, and redressibility – the

allegation that a favorable court decision would remedy the situation, must both be

satisfied before a federal court may reach the merits of a case.

We initially agree with the district court that FAMED’s allegations of harm or

injury are much too attenuated to meet the requirements for standing. FAMED’s

argument seems to be that: if FAMED were to bid, FAMED could be forced to

participate in a “tainted” bidding project, which might prove unsuccessful, and

potentially threaten the livelihood of FAMED’s membership should their bids be

rejected. More importantly, however, the allegations lack a sufficient connection

between the discussions at the three meetings of the NTEP, the effect of those

discussions on Palmetto’s efforts, the extent of Palmetto’s contribution to the

demonstration project, and the final design of the bidding project. Furthermore, it is

unclear how this chain of events -- as opposed to myriad other possible causes –
2

 The Endangered Species Act prohibits actions likely to jeopardize the

continued existence of certain species, thus providing “a means whereby the

ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be

conserved . . . .” 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b) (1994). An endangered species is “any species

[of plant or animal] . . . in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion

of its range,” as determined by the Secretary of the United States Department of

Interior. Id. at § 1532(6). 

8

would have contributed to the possible loss by FAMED’s membership of any

prospective bid, assuming one was submitted by all the plaintiffs in the first place. 

This case differs greatly from Alabama-Tombigbee, in which the Fish and

Wildlife Service had proposed a rule listing the Alabama Sturgeon as an endangered

species pursuant to a report prepared by a scientific advisory panel assembled to

directly advise the Service on this issue. In Alabama-Tombigbee, 34 businesses

operating in Alabama and Mississippi sought to enjoin the use of the advisory panel’s

report as a basis for the finding that the Alabama Sturgeon was an endangered species.

Plaintiffs alleged that such a designation would have an adverse effect on thousands

of jobs because it would directly shut down related businesses.2

 Alabama-Tombigbee,

26 F.3d at 1105, n.3. In that case, the government conceded that the government was

bound to follow FACA, that it had failed to do so, and that the ultimate decision of the

agency to designate the sturgeon as endangered was based upon the scientific advisory

panel’s report.
3

 Because FAMED has failed to show sufficient causation between the NTEP

meetings and harm to FAMED in terms of the loss of a bid, we do not reach any

questions of redressibility.

9

Thus, although the court did not specifically address standing, the facts and the

concessions of the government indicate that the plaintiffs in that case had alleged the

requisite injury and causation to meet the threshhold requirement of Article III

standing. Unlike in Alabama-Tombigbee, where the agency ruling which would have

directly precluded the plaintiffs from continuing in their businesses was specifically

based on a report that was concededly developed in violation of FACA, FAMED’s

injuries are too speculative and the alleged connections much too tenuous to establish

Article III standing here.3

 

For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order dismissing this case is

AFFIRMED.