Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Marine Corps, Quantico, Virginia

The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in 

Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004

through August 2005

Open-File Report 2007–1053
Cover.  Lunga Reservoir, Quantico, Virginia.
The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in 

Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 

through August 2005

By R. Russell Lotspeich

Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Marine Corps, Quantico, Virginia

Open-File Report 2007–1053

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007

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reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Lotspeich, R.R., 2007, The quality of water and bottom material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through 

August 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1053, 52 p.
iii

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................3

Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................3

Historical Climatological and Streamflow Data in the Study Area......................................5

Sample Collection and Analysis..................................................................................................................7

Water Quality..................................................................................................................................................9

Physical Properties.............................................................................................................................10

Water Temperature ...................................................................................................................10

Dissolved Oxygen.......................................................................................................................10

Specific Conductance...............................................................................................................10

pH .........................................................................................................................................13

Water Clarity...............................................................................................................................15

Chemical Constituents .......................................................................................................................15

Nutrients......................................................................................................................................15

Organic Carbon ..........................................................................................................................18

Major Ions...................................................................................................................................18

Alkalinity......................................................................................................................................21

Silica .........................................................................................................................................21

Pesticides and Petroleum Hydrocarbons..............................................................................21

Biological Constituents......................................................................................................................21

Bacteria.......................................................................................................................................21

Chlorophyll ..................................................................................................................................22

Trophic Status......................................................................................................................................22

Suspended Sediment .........................................................................................................................23

Bottom-Material Quality .............................................................................................................................23

Summary........................................................................................................................................................24

Selected References...................................................................................................................................24

Appendixes ...................................................................................................................................................27

Illustrations

1–2. Maps showing:

1. Location of study area, reference locations, and streamflow and 

climatological sites near Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.......................................................2

2. Land use in the Lunga Reservoir watershed, Virginia, 2000.........................................4

3–4. Graphs showing:

3. Seasonal changes in mean monthly air temperature near Lunga Reservoir, 

Virginia, 1998–2005 ..............................................................................................................5

4. Mean monthly discharge in water year 2005 and minimum, maximum, 

and mean monthly discharges for the period of record at (A) Aquia Creek 

near Garrisonville, Virginia, and (B) South Fork Quantico Creek near 

Independent Hill, Virginia ...................................................................................................6
iv

5. Sampling and cross-section profiling locations in Lunga Reservoir, 

Virginia............................................................................................................................................8

6–13. Graphs showing:

6. Water temperatures in the Lower South Branch of Lunga Reservoir (site 6) 

and in Lunga Reservoir at spillway (site 8) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for 

selected months.................................................................................................................12

7. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir 

(site 9) and Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 10) near Garrisonville, 

Virginia, for selected months...........................................................................................12

8. Specific conductance in Lunga Reservoir at water intake (site 8) and in 

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 9) near Garrisonville, Virginia, 

for selected months...........................................................................................................13

9. pH at Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 6) and Lower North Branch 

Lunga Reservoir (site 9) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for selected months..............14

10. Monthly pH readings at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites, Lunga Reservoir, 

Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 ............................................................14

11. (A) turbidity measurements and (B) Secchi-disk depths at sampling sites 

in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005.........................16

12. Concentrations of (A) dissolved phosphorus, (B) total phosphorus, 

(C) dissolved nitrogen, (D) total nitrogen, and (E) dissolved ammonia-nitrogen, 

Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 .............................17

13. Monthly concentrations of total organic carbon at sampling sites in Lunga 

Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 .........................................18

14. Concentrations of (A) alkalinity, (B) dissolved bromide, (C) dissolved calcium, 

(D) dissolved chloride, (E) dissolved fluoride, (F) dissolved magnesium, (G) dissolved 

potassium, (H) dissolved silica, (I) dissolved sodium, (J) dissolved sulfate, and 

(K) specific conductance at 1.0-foot depth for sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, 

Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 .....................................................................19

15. E. coli concentrations at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, 

September 2004 through August 2005.....................................................................................22

Tables

1. Physical characteristics of Lunga, Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Chickahominy, 

Diascund Creek, and Little Creek reservoirs............................................................................3

2. Watershed land use in the Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.............................................................3

3. Precipitation summary for selected sites near Lunga Reservoir, Virginia..........................7

4. Data-collection and reference sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 

through August 2005.....................................................................................................................9

5. Summary of physical properties at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga 

Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 ..................................................11

6. Mean dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depths at sampling sites 

in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, during September 2004 through August 2005 in 

relation to mean dissolved major ion concentrations in other reservoirs ........................21

7. Concentrations of trace elements in bottom-material samples from Lunga 

Reservoir, November 29, 2004...................................................................................................23

8. Mean trace-element concentrations in bottom material from Lunga Reservoir, 
v

Virginia, and Cross Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana...............................................................24

Appendixes

1. Laboratory reporting levels for major ions and nutrients analyzed in water 

sampled collected from Lunga Reservoir, Virginia................................................................28

2. Laboratory reporting levels for pesticides analyzed in water samples collected 

from Lunga Reservoir, Virginia..................................................................................................29

3. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Upper North Branch 

Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points ...........30

4. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower North Branch 

Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points ...........32

5. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Upper South Branch 

Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points ...........35

6. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower South Branch 

Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points ...........36

7. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at water 

intake near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points .............................39

8. Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at spillway 

near Garrisonville, Virginia, and cross-section profiling points .........................................43

9. Summary of various constituents at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga 

Reservoir, Virginia.......................................................................................................................44

10. Summary of organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at 1.0-foot depth 

at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia .......................................................................47

11. Summary of dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling 

sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.............................................................................................50

Conversion Factors 

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

acre 4,047 square meter (m2)

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2)

Volume

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L)

gallon (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter (m3)

million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 cubic meter (m3)

Flow rate

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 0.04381 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year (mm/yr)
vi

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8

Horizontal coordinate information (latitude-longitude) is referenced to the North American 

Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25 °C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in sediment are given either in micrograms per gram 

(μg/g) or micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg).

Acronyms and Abbreviations:

DEQ Department of Environmental Quality

DOC dissolved organic carbon

MRL method reporting limit

N normality

NAVD 88 North American Vertical Datum of 1988

NREA Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Branch, USMC

NTU nephelometric turbidity units

NWIS National Water Information System

NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory

SWCB State Water Control Board

TOC total organic carbon

TSI trophic state index

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

USMC U.S. Marine Corps

VA WSC Virginia Water Science Center

col/100 mL colonies per 100 milliliters

L liter

mg/L milligram per liter

mL milliliter

mm millimeter

μg/g microgram per gram

μg/kg microgram per kilogram

μg/L microgram per liter

μm micrometer 

< less than
Abstract

Lunga Reservoir is on the U.S. Marine Corps Base in 

Quantico, which is in the Potomac River basin and the Piedmont Physiographic Province of northern Virginia. Because 

of the potential use of the reservoir for scuba-diver training 

and public water supply in addition to current recreational 

activities, the U.S. Marine Corps wanted to know more about 

the water quality of Lunga Reservoir and how it compared to 

Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and Virginia 

State Water Control Board ambient water-quality standards.

Water samples and physical properties were collected 

by the U.S. Geological Survey at 6 locations throughout 

Lunga Reservoir, and physical properties were collected at 

11 additional locations in the reservoir from September 2004 

through August 2005. Water samples for analysis of pesticides 

and bottom-material trace elements were collected once during 

the study at four of the sampling locations.

Water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, 

specific conductance, pH, and total chlorophyll concentration 

in Lunga Reservoir all had similar seasonal and spatial 

variations as in other lakes and reservoirs in this geographic 

region—thermal gradient in the summer and fall and isothermal conditions in the winter and early spring. Concentrations 

of water-quality indicators in Lunga Reservoir were within 

comparable levels of those in other reservoirs and did not 

violate the Virginia State Water Control Board standards for 

public water supplies. 

Water temperatures throughout Lunga Reservoir during 

the study period ranged from 4.4 to 30.1 degrees Celsius, 

well below the State Water Control Board maximum water 

temperature criteria of 32 degrees Celsius. Dissolved-oxygen 

concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 14.1 milligrams per liter 

throughout the reservoir during the study period, but never fell 

below the State Water Control Board minimum dissolvedoxygen criterion of 4.0 milligrams per liter at the surface of 

Lunga Reservoir. Specific conductance throughout Lunga 

Reservoir ranged from 29 to 173 microsiemens per centimeter 

at 25 degrees Celsius during the study period, with a mean 

specific conductance of 68 microsiemens per centimeter at 

25 degrees Celsius. Measurements of pH throughout the 

reservoir ranged from 4.8 to 7.6 standard units.

Concentrations of chemical constituents analyzed in 

Lunga Reservoir samples were below any State Water Control 

Board criteria and generally were similar in concentration 

to the same chemical constituents in other reservoirs in the 

State. Four water samples were analyzed for 54 pesticides, and 

none of these pesticides were above the laboratory minimum 

reporting level.

Introduction

Lunga Reservoir is located on the U.S. Marine Corps 

(USMC) Base at Quantico in the Potomac River basin and the 

Piedmont Physiographic Province of northern Virginia (fig. 1). 

The reservoir is formed by an earthen dam with a spillway 

elevation of 288 feet (ft) above North American Vertical 

Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) at the confluence of Flat Run and 

Beaverdam Run. 

Lunga Reservoir was built in the mid-1950s to serve 

Camp Barrett on the USMC Base, Quantico, and is used 

mainly for recreational purposes, such as fishing, swimming, 

and canoeing. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland

Fisheries and the USMC Natural Resources and Environmental

Affairs (NREA) Branch cooperatively manage Lunga Reservoir.

Infrastructure is present that allows Lunga Reservoir to serve as 

an emergency water supply for Breckenridge Reservoir, which 

provides water to the Base. Because of the potential for the 

reservoir to be used for scuba-diver training and public water 

supply as well as the current recreational activities, the USMC 

requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitor the 

water quality of Lunga Reservoir and compare the observed 

water quality with the ambient water-quality standards of the 

Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and Virginia State Water Control Board (SWCB). The USGS Virginia 

Water Science Center (VA WSC) conducted the 12-month 

study from September 2004 through August 2005. 

Lunga Reservoir is listed as a Class III waterway 

(Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board, 

The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in 

Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 

through August 2005

By R. Russell Lotspeich
Figure 1. Location of study area, reference locations, and streamflow and climatological sites near Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

Lunga Reservoirwatershed

COASTAL PLAIN

PIEDMONT

BLUE RIDGE

APPALACHIAN

PLATEAU

VALLEY

AND

RIDGE

Lunga Reservoir

STAFFORD COUNTY

FAUQUIER COUNTY

PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY

Aquia Creek

SF Quantico Creek

MARYLAND

Potomac River

1

2

3

4

Smith Lake

VIRGINIA Breckenridge Reservoir

Fredericksburg

77°40' 77°30' 77°20'

38°40'38°30'38°20'

00

1 2 3 4 5 MILES

1 2 3 4 5 KILOMETERS

95

95

17

U.S. MARINE CORPS BASE, QUANTICO, BOUNDARY

EXPLANATION

PRECIPITATION AND AIR-TEMPERATURE MONITORING SITEAND NUMBERSTREAMFLOW-MONITORING SITE AND NUMBER

3

1

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000Roads from ESRI Streetmap USA, 2003Universal Transverse Mercator 18 projection, NAD 83

Garrisonville

Independent Hill

LUNGA RESERVOIR WATERSHED

Little Creek 

Reservoir

Chickahominy

Reservoir

Diascund Creek 

Reservoir

Lunga Reservoir watershed

Pea Hill Arm 

of Lake Gaston

78° 77° 76°

38°37°

0 25 50 MILES

0 25 50 KILOMETERS

Fredericksburg

Richmond

CHESAPEAKE BAY

MARYLAND

VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINA

VIRGINIA

Line Fall

Fall Line

   The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
2006a). Although the Virginia SWCB has published criteria 

for dissolved-oxygen concentrations, pH, and maximum 

temperature for Class III waterways, criteria specific to waters 

with naturally low dissolved-oxygen concentrations resulting 

from temperature gradient and depth have not been published. 

In addition, many of the published criteria for public water 

supplies do not directly apply to Lunga Reservoir because the 

SWCB criteria are for streams that have constantly moving 

water and transport greater suspended material than a reservoir 

or lake. The SWCB is developing criteria for lake and 

reservoir environments that will address the regular seasonal 

transitions that occur in these systems, and the data contained 

in this report can be compared to the new standards when they 

are published.

When no SWCB standards were available, data were 

compared with data collected from four other manmade 

reservoirs in the State (fig. 1). The Pea Hill Arm of Lake 

Gaston in the Piedmont Physiographic Province was monitored by the USGS between 1988 and 1990 (Woodside, 1994). 

Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek Reservoirs, 

located mainly in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province 

with some of the Chickahominy Reservoir lying in the 

Piedmont, were monitored between 1983 and 1986 (Lynch, 

1992). These reservoirs serve the residents of southeastern 

Virginia as water-supply sources. While three of the reservoirs 

are located in a different physiographic province and the 

Chickahominy Reservoir encompasses a much larger drainage 

area than Lunga Reservoir, these four reservoirs are similar to 

Lunga Reservoir in other physical characteristics (table 1).

Purpose and Scope

This report documents water-quality data collected at 

11 sites throughout Lunga Reservoir from September 2004 

through August 2005. The sampling sites were selected to 

generate a broad picture of the overall quality of water and 

health of the reservoir. The water-quality results are compared 

to concentrations that affect human, biological, and aquatic 

species and to available SWCB standards. No samples were 

collected during January 2005 because the surface of the 

reservoir was frozen for most of the month. The analytical 

results of monthly sampling for physical, chemical, and 

biological constituents as well as bottom-material trace 

elements are summarized herein.

Description of Study Area

Lunga Reservoir is formed by an earthen dam, has a 

volume of 1.7 billion gallons, and covers approximately 

420 acres. Inundated sections of Beaverdam Run to the north 

and Flat Run to the southwest form the two arms of Lunga 

Reservoir (fig. 1). Water from the reservoir spills into Beaverdam Run and continues downstream for 3.4 miles (mi) where 

it enters Smith Lake in Stafford County (fig. 1). The maximum 

depth of Lunga Reservoir is approximately 40 ft, although 

much of the reservoir has depths greater than 20 ft. The upper 

portions of both arms of Lunga Reservoir are much shallower, 

with maximum depths ranging from 4 to 6 ft. The hydraulic 

retention time of Lunga Reservoir averages 285 days based on 

an average runoff rate of 12 inches per year (in/yr) from the 

watershed.

The watershed has a drainage area of 10.8 square miles 

(mi2; tables 1, 2). The area surrounding Lunga Reservoir is 

about 85 percent forested and less than 3 percent urbanized 

(fig. 2; table 2). A visitors’ center near the dam rents canoes 

and small powered boats. The USMC conducts military 

operations that include the use of heavy artillery on a regular 

basis in the upper part of the watershed. 

Table 1. Physical characteristics of Lunga, Pea Hill Arm of 

Lake Gaston, Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek 

Reservoirs. (Location of reservoirs are shown in figure 1)

Reservoir

Total 

drainage 

area, 

in square 

miles

Reservoir 

surface 

area, 

in square 

miles

Maximum 

depth, 

in feet

Volume, 

in 

millions 

of 

gallons

Lunga Reservoir 10.8 0.66 40 1,700

Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gastona 27.1 2.2 50 8,400

Chickahominy Reservoirb 305 1.70 18 1,900

Diascund Creek Reservoirb 43.6 2.01 24 3,900

Little Creek Reservoirb 4.50 1.48 58 7,480

a

 Woodside, 1994. b Lynch, 1992.

Table 2. Watershed land use in the Lunga Reservoir, 

Virginia.

[mi2, square mile. Land-use data from Goetz and others, 2004]

Land-use classification Total area (mi2) Percentage of 

watershed

Forest 9.2 84.6

Wetlands .7 6.3

Open water .4 4.1

Urban/developed .3 2.8

Barren land .1 1.1

Grassland .1 1.1

Total 10.8 100

Introduction 
Figure 2. Land use in the Lunga Reservoir watershed, Virginia, 2000.

77°31'30"

77°30'

77°28'30"

77°27'

38°31'30"

38°33'

38°34'30"

EXPLANATION

OPEN WATER

URBAN

BARREN

FOREST

PASTURE

WETLANDS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000

Land use from Goetz and others, 2004

Universal Transverse Mercator 18 projection, NAD 83

Lunga

Reservoir

0

0

0.5 1 2 MILES

0.5 1 2 KILOMETERS

0.75

0.75

Lunga Reservoir

watershed

COASTAL PLAIN

PIEDMONT

BLUE RIDGE

APPALACHIAN

PLATEAU

VALLEY

AND

RIDGE

   The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Historical Climatological and Streamflow Data in 

the Study Area

Based on historical climatological data provided by the 

USMC Quantico (Jeff Gardner, U.S. Marine Corps Quantico, 

written commun., 2005), the climatic year was divided into 

four seasons: fall (October–November), winter (December–

March), spring (April–May), and summer (June–September, 

fig. 3). This seasonal division was determined by using 

average monthly mean air temperatures from 1998 to 2005 

recorded at the meteorological station on the Base (fig. 1).

Historical streamflow data from two nearby USGS 

streamflow gages (fig. 1) on South Fork Quantico Creek near 

Independent Hill, VA (01668500), and on Aquia Creek near 

Garrisonville, VA (01660400), were used to compare streamflow during the study period to streamflow for the period of 

record (fig. 4). The time period shown in figure 4 is referred to 

as a “water year,” which for water year 2005 was from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2005. No streamflow data were 

collected on the two inflows into the reservoir, but these two 

sites are indicative of streamflow within the Lunga Reservoir 

drainage basin. Streamflows for these sites were near the mean 

monthly discharge throughout the study. Precipitation data 

collected at two locations near Lunga Reservoir (fig. 1) during 

the study indicate that annual precipitation in 2005 was less 

than in 2004 and was below the long-term average at both sites 

(table 3).

Figure 3. Seasonal changes in mean monthly air temperature near Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, 1998–2005. (Air 

temperature data were provided by the U.S. Marine Corps, Quantico, Virginia.)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV

AIR TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

MONTH

EXPLANATION

WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL

Introduction   
Figure 4. Mean monthly discharge in water year 2005 and minimum, maximum, and mean monthly 

discharges for the period of record at (A) Aquia Creek near Garrisonville, Virginia, and (B) South Fork 

Quantico Creek near Independent Hill, Virginia.

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

WATER YEAR 2005 MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MAXIMUM MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MINIMUM MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

2005

0

0.1

1

10

100

WATER YEAR 2005 MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MAXIMUM MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MINIMUM MONTHLY DISCHARGE

1951−2005 MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

(A)

(B)

2004

 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Sample Collection and Analysis

Site selection and sample collection were accomplished 

through a cooperative effort between the USMC and USGS. 

Laboratory analyses were conducted at the USGS National 

Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Denver, CO, and the 

USGS Kentucky Sediment Laboratory in Louisville, KY. 

Bacteria sample processing and analysis were conducted by 

the USGS Virginia Water Science Center. Water samples 

were collected at a depth of 1.0 ft, which is consistent with 

sampling protocols of the Virginia DEQ. 

Six sampling sites were selected in Lunga Reservoir 

(fig. 5; table 4), and 11 additional sites were located throughout the reservoir as cross-section profiling points for physical 

properties at each sampling site. To assess the effects of the 

two streams (Beaverdam Run and Flat Run) flowing into the 

reservoir, one sampling site was selected in the upper part of 

each arm of the reservoir just downstream from the uppermost 

inundation caused by the dam (fig. 5, sites 5 and 10). One 

sampling site was selected in the lower part of each arm just 

above the confluence of Flat Run and Beaverdam Run (fig. 5, 

sites 6 and 9). These four sites were located near the middle of 

the channel where the reservoir depth was greatest. Two crosssection profiling points were located near each of the four 

sampling sites to obtain additional measurements of physical 

properties to evaluate variability in the water chemistry across 

the channel. The cross-section profiling points were located 

halfway between the sampling sites and the shore in both 

directions. A fifth sampling site was located at the spillway, 

and a sixth sampling site was located northeast of the spillway 

(fig. 5, sites 7 and 8). Three cross-section profiling points were 

selected between these sampling sites and the recreational boat 

ramp northeast of the intake. Physical properties were measured at these sites to evaluate variability in water chemistry 

across the spillway of the reservoir.

Water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, 

specific conductance, pH, total chlorophyll concentration, 

turbidity, and Secchi-disk depth were measured monthly in 

the field at all locations, including the cross-section profiling 

points. Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, suspended 

sediment, silica, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic carbon, 

chlorophyll a, alkalinity, and Escherichia coliform bacteria 

(E. coli) were determined monthly for the six sampling sites. 

In addition, four bottom-material and water samples were 

collected in November 2004 for analysis of trace elements and 

pesticides, respectively.

Water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, 

specific conductance, pH, and total chlorophyll concentration 

were measured using a multiparameter water-quality meter. 

The meter was calibrated before each sampling event according to published USGS guidelines (Wilde and others, 1999). 

Turbidity was determined at each site using a turbidimeter, 

which was checked with turbidity standards before each sampling event. Alkalinity was determined by incremental titration 

using a digital titrator with 0.16-normality (N) sulfuric acid, 

filtered sample water, and a calibrated pH meter. Secchi-disk 

depth was measured by lowering a white disk into the water 

until it was no longer visible. The depth at which the disk was 

no longer visible is referred to as the Secchi-disk depth.

Water samples were collected as grab samples. A grab 

sample is collected by lowering the sample bottle below the 

water surface, 1.0 ft for this study, and holding it in place until 

the bottle is full. Water samples were shipped overnight on ice 

to the NWQL for analysis. Periodic quality-assurance samples 

were collected and analyzed to ensure field and laboratory 

accuracy. Field blanks were sent to the NWQL for analysis 

in February and August 2005. Replicate samples were sent to 

the NWQL for analysis in November 2004 and April 2005. 

Results from the quality-assurance samples were satisfactory. 

The USGS sediment laboratory conducts its own quality assurance; therefore, no additional samples were sent for analysis. 

Field and analytical results were recorded and stored in the 

USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database.

Whole, unfiltered water samples were analyzed for 

concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended 

sediment, bacteria, total organic carbon (TOC), and petroleum 

hydrocarbons (app. 1). Total nitrogen and total phosphorus 

samples were collected in clean, 125-milliliter (mL) polyethylene bottles that were rinsed with native water three times 

before sample collection. Samples were preserved with 2 mL 

of 4.5-N sulfuric acid. Suspended-sediment samples were 

collected in clean, unrinsed glass bottles. Bacteria samples 

were collected in unrinsed 500-mL borosilicate bottles that 

had been sterilized in an autoclave. TOC and petroleum 

hydrocarbon samples were collected in unrinsed 125-mL and 1 

liter (L), respectively, amber glass bottles that had been baked 

Table 3. Precipitation summary for selected sites near Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[USMC, U.S. Marine Corps; NREA, Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Branch]

Site

number

(fig. 1)

Site name and identification number

Annual precipitation, 

in inches Average annual 

precipitation, in inches 

2004 2005 (period of record)

3 USMC Quantico NREA Office 39.47 34.02 42.27

(1998–2005)

4 Fredericksburg Sewage at Fredericksburg, VA 

(443204) 41.80 37.64 41.07(1995–2005)

Sample Collection and Analysis 
Figure 5. Sampling and cross-section profiling locations in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

5

6

7

8

9

10

Boat ramp/visitor center

SR 644

SR 643

MCB-3

MCB-4

Beaverdam

Flat Run

Run

Beaverdam

Run

Spillway

Lunga Reservoir

Lunga Reservoir

5

77°30' 77°29' 77°28' 77°27'

38°33'38°32'38°31'

EXPLANATION

SAMPLING SITE AND NUMBERCROSS-SECTION PROFILING POINT

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000Universal Transverse Mercator 18 projection, NAD 83

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 MILE 0

0 0.5 1 KILOMETER 0.25 0.75

 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
at 450 degrees Celsius (°C). Petroleum hydrocarbon samples 

were preserved with 8 mL of 1:1 sulfuric acid. 

Water for filtered samples was collected in 3-L Teflon®

bottles. Before each sampling event, bottles were cleaned 

according to published USGS guidelines (Wilde and others, 

1999). Water was pumped from the sample bottle through 

clean Teflon® tubing using a peristaltic pump and then 

filtered through a clean 0.45 micrometer (μm) capsule filter 

into bottles ready to be shipped to the NWQL. Filtrate to be 

analyzed for concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, silica, and sodium was bottled in clean, acid-rinsed, 

250-mL polyethylene bottles and preserved with 2 mL of nitric 

acid. Filtrate to be analyzed for concentrations of bromide, 

chloride, fluoride, and sulfate was bottled in clean, filtraterinsed, 500-mL polyethylene bottles. Filtrate to be analyzed 

for concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, 

total dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and dissolved 

orthophosphate was bottled in clean, filtrate-rinsed, 125-mL 

polyethylene bottles. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) filtrate 

was collected in 125-mL baked, unrinsed, amber glass bottles 

and preserved with 2 mL of 4.5-N sulfuric acid. 

Bacteria samples were processed onsite within the 6-hour 

holding time and placed in pre-heated incubators for 20–24 

hours (Myers and Wilde, 2003). Prepared E. coli media was 

poured into sterile petri dishes where the 47-millimeter (mm), 

0.45-μm filters were placed. E. coli colonies were counted 

after the plates were removed. 

Water and bottom-material samples were collected at 

four sampling sites in the reservoir on November 29, 2004 

(fig. 5, sites 5, 7, 9, and 10). Water samples were collected 

at 1.0-ft depth for analysis of concentrations of 54 pesticides 

(app. 2) and stored in 1-L, unrinsed, amber glass bottles that 

had been baked at 450 °C. Bottom-material samples were 

collected using a dredge-style sampler and sent to the NWQL 

where they were analyzed for concentrations of 13 trace 

elements—arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, 

lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, and 

zinc.

Water Quality

Water-quality samples were collected at six sampling 

sites during the study of Lunga Reservoir. Physical properties 

of Lunga Reservoir, including water temperature, dissolvedoxygen, specific conductance, pH, and water clarity, were 

analyzed. Chemical constituents—nutrients, organic carbon, 

major ions, alkalinity, silica, pesticides, and petroleum 

hydrocarbons were analyzed from water samples taken at 

sampling sites. Biological constituents—E. coli and chlorophyll were also analyzed. The trophic status was evaluated, 

and suspended-sediment concentrations were analyzed during 

the study.

Table 4. Data-collection and reference sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ft, feet; na, not applicable; USMC, U.S. Marine Corps; NREA, Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs; NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; na, not applicable. Data type: D, discharge; P, periodic 

water quality; R, rainfall. Site numbers are shown in figures 1 and 5]

Site 

number

Site name

and 

USGS identification number

Latitude Longitude Mean 

depth (ft)

Data 

type

Data 

source

1 South Fork Quantico Creek near Independent Hill, VA

 (01658500)

38°35'14" 77°25'43" na D,P USGS

2 Aquia Creek near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660400)

38°29'25" 77°26'01" na D USGS

3 USMC Quantico NREA Office 38°30'45" 77°23'19" na R USMC

4 Fredericksburg Sewage (443204) 38°17' 77°27' na R NOAA

5 Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

(01660470)

38°31'49" 77°29'13" 4.3 P USGS

6 Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660480)

38°31'34" 77°28'08" 23.2 P USGS

7 Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660490)

38°31'22" 77°27'49" 5.1 P USGS

8 Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660489)

38°31'24" 77°27'47" 39.8 P USGS

9 Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA 

(01660450)

38°31'49" 77°27'52" 27.3 P USGS

10 Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660440)

38°32'37" 77°28'53" 6.9 P USGS

Water Quality 
Physical Properties

Measurements of water temperature, dissolved-oxygen 

concentrations, specific conductance, pH, and total chlorophyll 

concentrations were essential in understanding the waterquality of Lunga Reservoir. Measured values of these properties followed distinct and predictable seasonal vertical trends 

throughout the water column.

Water Temperature

Water temperature is a measure of heat in the water 

column and directly affects many physical, chemical, and biological processes. Water temperature at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga 

Reservoir ranged from 4.6 to 30.1 °C (table 5) and throughout 

the water column ranged from 4.4 to 30.1 °C (app. 3–8). All 

water temperatures measured during the study were below 

the maximum water temperature criteria (32 °C) for Class III 

waterways (Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control 

Board, 2006a). A thermal gradient was observed in Lunga 

Reservoir during the spring and summer months (fig. 6). 

During the fall and winter months, the water temperature in 

the reservoir was nearly isothermal with depth.

This thermal gradient in Lunga Reservoir was similar for 

the three deep sites (fig. 5, sites 6, 8, and 9). The two sites in 

the upper part of each reservoir arm and the spillway site had 

isothermal conditions throughout the year (fig. 5, sites 5, 7, 

and 10). The depths of these sites ranged from 4 to 6 ft and 

are shallower than the depth of the top of the thermal gradient 

observed in the deeper portions of Lunga Reservoir.

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is a measurement of the available 

oxygen molecules in water, which directly affect the ability 

of aquatic organisms to survive. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations also affect numerous chemical reactions.

Dissolved-oxygen concentrations at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga 

Reservoir ranged from 5.28 to 13.9 milligrams per liter (mg/L; 

table 5) and throughout the water column ranged from 0.05 to 

14.1 mg/L (app. 3–8). The Virginia SWCB lists the minimum 

dissolved-oxygen concentration for Class III waterways as 

4.0 mg/L (Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control 

Board, 2006a). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations measured 

in Lunga Reservoir during the study met the SWCB criteria 

for dissolved-oxygen concentrations measured according to 

Virginia DEQ sampling protocols. Low dissolved-oxygen 

concentrations occurred during the thermal gradient. The 

Virginia SWCB currently (2006) is establishing criteria for 

lakes and reservoirs with low dissolved-oxygen concentrations 

below the surface as a result of natural thermal and chemical 

gradients.

Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were higher 

during the colder months and lower during warmer months 

(fig. 7). During the colder months, (1) the water column is 

well mixed and is in contact with oxygen from the atmosphere, (2) the rate of consumption of oxygen in the reservoir 

by decomposition and respiration is relatively low because of 

colder water temperatures, and (3) the solubility of oxygen 

increases as water temperature decreases.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is a measure of how well a solution 

at 25 °C conducts an electrical current. As ionic concentrations in an aqueous solution increase, the conductance of an 

electrical current by the solution increases. Therefore, water 

with the least electrical conductance has the lowest specific 

conductance, which indicates low ionic concentration as well. 

Additionally, because electrical conductance is affected by 

water temperature, conductance measurements are normalized 

to 25 °C to enable comparisons of different values. Such 

normalized measurements are referred to as specific conductance.

Specific conductance at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga Reservoir 

ranged from 29 to 37 microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) 

at 25 °C (table 5), which indicates a low ionic strength 

(Wetzel, 2001). The specific conductance in the shallow part 

of the reservoir varied little with depth, ranging from 28 to 

41 μS/cm throughout the year. Vertical specific conductance 

profiles in Lunga Reservoir indicate a sharp gradient during 

the summer and fall at the deeper sites (fig. 5, sites 6, 8, and 9; 

fig. 8). Specific conductance throughout the deeper part of the 

reservoir ranged from 32 to 173 μS/cm; specific conductance 

values were greater during the thermal gradient (app. 3–8).

Although the SWCB has no criteria for specific conductance, the mean specific conductance in Lunga Reservoir 

during the study (68 μS/cm) was lower than the mean specific 

conductance in similar reservoirs in the State, indicating 

relatively low ionic concentrations in Lunga Reservoir. The 

Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston Reservoir had a mean specific 

conductance of 90 μS/cm from 1988 to 1990 (Woodside, 

1994). Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek 

Reservoirs had mean specific conductance values of 118, 

81, and 117 μS/cm, respectively, from 1983 to 1986 (Lynch, 

1992).

Variation in specific conductance throughout Lunga 

Reservoir mainly is due to seasonal changes in atmospheric 

conditions that cause the formation of the thermal gradient. 

The low specific conductance indicates an environment devoid 

of sources that introduce highly saline or alkaline constituents. 

In general, specific conductance remained stable, between 

32 and 35 μS/cm, in the upper 12 ft of Lunga Reservoir 

during the year. While differences were observed, changes in 

specific conductance were minimal in the upper part of the 

water column. The three shallow sites had very little change 

in specific conductance during the study, and values generally 

were constant with depth (fig. 5, sites 5, 7, and 10). Noticeable 

10 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Table 5. Summary of physical properties at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; units, standard pH units; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; ft, feet; >, greater than]

Site 

number

(fig. 5)

Site name

and

USGS identification number

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm)

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum

5 Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660470)

15.7 6.67 29.2 9.97 6.57 13.9 33 29 37

6 Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660480)

15.5 4.94 29.8 10.1 5.51 13.3 34 32 37

7 Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660490)

15.3 4.61 29.7 9.90 6.01 13.4 34 32 37

8 Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660489)

15.4 4.59 29.8 10.0 5.28 13.3 34 32 37

9 Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660450)

15.3 4.94 30.1 9.80 6.84 13.3 34 32 37

10 Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660440)

15.4 6.23 30.0 9.62 6.84 13.6 34 31 37

Site 

number

(fig. 5)

Site name

and

USGS identification number

pH (units) Turbidity (NTU)a Secchi-disk depth (ft)a

Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum Median Minimum Maximum

5 Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660470)

6.8 4.8 7.5 6 3 13 4.0 2.4 4.5

6 Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660480)

7.2 5.4 7.4 4 3 8 5.4 3.7 7.8

7 Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660490)

7.1 5.7 7.3 4 3 7 4.4 > 3.5 7.5

8 Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660489)

7.1 5.8 7.3 4 3 7 5.2 3.5 7.7

9 Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660450)

7.2 5.6 7.3 4 3 8 5.3 3.9 6.6

10 Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA

 (01660440)

7.0 5.4 7.6 6 4 8 4.2 2.7 6.4

a Turbidity and Secchi-disk depth readings were taken 11 times at all locations.

Water Quality 11
Figure 6. Water temperatures in the Lower South Branch of Lunga Reservoir (site 6) and in Lunga 

Reservoir at spillway (site 8) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for selected months. (Site locations are 

shown in figure 5.)

Figure 7. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 9) and 

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 10) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for selected months. 

(Site locations are shown in figure 5.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Site 6-September 2004

Site 6-December 2004

Site 6-April 2005

Site 8-September 2004

Site 8-December 2004

Site 8-April 2005

Site 6-August 2005

Site 8-August 2005

DEPTH, IN FEET

WATER TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS (°C)

Virginia’s standard temperature threshold (32 °C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Site 9-September 2004

Site 9-December 2004

Site 9-April 2005

Site 9-August 2005

Site 10-September 2004

Site 10-December 2004

Site 10-April 2005

Site 10-August 2005

DEPTH, IN FEET

DISSOLVED-OXYGEN CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER Virginia’s standard dissolved oxygen threshold (4.0 mg/L)

12 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
gradients in specific conductance were observed through the 

water column at the three deeper sampling sites (fig. 5, sites 

6, 8, and 9) during the summer and fall as ions were being 

released from anaerobic bottom sediments but were not being 

transported through the water column to the surface.

pH

pH is a measure of the activity of the hydrogen ion (H+). 

Natural lake waters that have low pH usually are rich in dissolved organic material; high pH waters usually contain high 

concentrations of salts (Wetzel, 2001). According to Wetzel 

(2001), the pH of most open lakes ranges from 6.0 to 9.0, 

which is consistent with the pH of other reservoirs in Virginia. 

In the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston Reservoir, pH ranged 

from 6.8 to 8.2 from 1988 to 1990 (Woodside, 1994). The 

Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek Reservoirs 

had ranges of 6.0 to 7.0, 6.5 to 7.0, and 6.5 to 7.5, respectively, 

from 1983 to 1986 (Lynch, 1992).

The pH at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 

4.8 to 7.6 during the year (table 5). The pH in the shallow part 

of Lunga Reservoir ranged from 4.8 to 8.2, while the pH in 

the deeper part of the reservoir ranged from 5.6 to 7.4 and was 

generally lower during the late summer through winter and 

showed little spatial variability (fig. 9; app. 3–8). The pH at 

1.0-ft depth varied seasonally as well (fig. 10). The Virginia 

SWCB pH criterion for Class III waterways is a range of 6.0 

to 9.0 standard units (Commonwealth of Virginia State Water 

Control Board, 2006a). The pH in Lunga Reservoir was below 

the maximum SWCB standard during the entire study period, 

and the pH fell below the minimum SWCB standard during 

the late summer and early winter when the reservoir was 

isothermal.

Figure 8. Specific conductance in Lunga Reservoir at water intake (site 8) and in Lower North 

Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 9) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for selected months. (Site locations are 

shown in figure 5.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Site 8-September 2004

Site 8-December 2004

Site 8-April 2005

Site 8-August 2005

Site 9-September 2004

Site 9-December 2004

Site 9-April 2005

Site 9-August 2005

DEPTH, IN FEET

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE, IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

Water Quality 13
Figure 9. pH at Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir (site 6) and Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir 

(site 9) near Garrisonville, Virginia, for selected months. (Site locations are shown in figure 5.)

Figure 10. Monthly pH readings at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, 

September 2004 through August 2005.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

Site 6-September 2004

Site 6-December 2004

Site 6-April 2005

Site 6-August 2005

Site 9-September 2004

Site 9-December 2004

Site 9-April 2005

Site 9-August 2005

DEPTH, IN FEET

 pH, IN STANDARD UNITS

pH, STANDARD UNITS

x

x

x

EXPLANATION

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

9

4

7

6

5

8

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2004 2005

Virginia’s minimum pH standard (6.0 units)

14 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Water Clarity

The water clarity in Lunga Reservoir was analyzed during 

the study period by measuring two different indicators—

turbidity and Secchi-disk depth. Turbidity is a visual property 

of water that implies a reduction in clarity resulting from the 

presence of increased suspended particles (Wetzel, 2001). The 

Secchi-disk depth is a measure of the vertical extinction of 

light in natural waters (Wetzel, 2001). Factors that limit the 

ability to accurately measure Secchi-disk depth include the 

time of day, water color, physical condition of the Secchi disk, 

and the visual acuity of the person taking the reading. 

Turbidity at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 

3 to 13 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU; table 5; app. 9). 

Turbidity generally was low throughout the reservoir and was 

highest in the upper arms of the reservoir (fig. 11).

Secchi-disk depths in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 2.4 

to 7.8 ft, and the greatest depths occurred at the deep sampling 

sites in the lower part of the reservoir (fig. 11; table 5; app. 9). 

Although the lowest Secchi-disk depths were in the upper part 

of each arm and at the spillway, many of the readings represent 

the total depths at these sites. The sampling site in the upper 

part of Beaverdam Run (fig. 5, site 10) had Secchi-disk depths 

that all were less than the total depth at the site during the 

study period. The sampling sites in the upper part of the Flat 

Run arm (fig. 5, site 5) and at the spillway (fig. 5, site 7) had 

Secchi-disk depths that were greater than the total depth at 

each site 36 percent and 45 percent of the time, respectively, 

during the study period (app. 9). These values are labeled as 

“greater than” (>) in table 5 and appendix 9.

Chemical Constituents

The following sections include discussions related to the 

results of the chemical analysis of water samples collected in 

Lunga Reservoir during the study period. Water samples were 

collected and analyzed for nutrients, organic carbon, major 

ions, alkalinity, silica, pesticides, and petroleum hydrocarbons.

Nutrients

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for 

primary productivity in aquatic systems. For aquatic systems 

to be healthy and productive environments, a balance of these 

two nutrients must be maintained. The relative concentrations 

of nitrogen and phosphorus necessary to maintain a healthy 

environment are unique to each aquatic system. 

Samples were analyzed for the species of nitrogen 

commonly present in water—nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, and 

organic nitrogen. Dissolved nitrite-nitrogen concentrations in 

Lunga Reservoir during the study period were at or below the 

laboratory minimum reporting level (MRL) of 0.002 mg/L 

except for two samples that had concentrations of 0.003 mg/L. 

Dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen and dissolved ammonianitrogen concentrations ranged from less than the MRLs 

of 0.016 and 0.010 mg/L, respectively, to 0.084 and 0.162 

mg/L, respectively. Total dissolved nitrogen concentrations 

ranged from 0.16 to 0.56 mg/L, and total nitrogen (the sum 

of the nitrogen species) concentrations ranged from 0.22 to 

0.47 mg/L (app. 10). 

Although the SWCB currently has no criterion for nitrogen, the concentrations in Lunga Reservoir were relatively 

low compared to nitrogen concentrations in other reservoirs 

in Virginia. The mean nitrite-plus-nitrate concentration at 

1.0-ft depth in Lunga Reservoir (0.026 mg/L) was lower 

than the mean nitrite-plus-nitrate concentration in the Pea 

Hill Arm of Lake Gaston Reservoir (0.066 mg/L) from 1988 

to 1990 (Woodside, 1994). The Chickahominy, Diascund, 

and Little Creek Reservoirs all had mean nitrite-plus-nitrate 

nitrogen concentrations less than (<) 0.1 mg/L from 1983 

to 1986 (Lynch, 1992). The Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, 

Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek Reservoirs 

had mean dissolved ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of 

0.40, 0.80, 0.60, and 0.65 mg/L, respectively, (Lynch, 1992; 

Woodside, 1994) compared to the mean dissolved ammonianitrogen concentration of 0.039 mg/L at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga 

Reservoir. The mean total nitrogen concentration at 1.0-ft 

depth in Lunga Reservoir during the study (0.35 mg/L) also 

was less than the mean total nitrogen concentrations in the 

Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, Little Creek, and Pea Hill 

Arm of Lake Gaston Reservoirs, which were 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, and 

0.5 mg/L, respectively (Lynch, 1992; Woodside, 1994).

Water samples were analyzed for total phosphorus, 

dissolved phosphorus, and dissolved orthophosphorus. Total 

phosphorus concentrations at 1.0-ft depth ranged from 0.004 

to 0.034 mg/L, and dissolved orthophosphorus concentrations 

in all samples collected were below the MRL of 0.006 mg/L 

(app. 10). Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus at 1.0-ft 

depth in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 0.002 to 0.011 mg/L 

(app. 10). The maximum total phosphorus concentration in 

Lunga Reservoir of 0.034 mg/L is below the SWCB criteria 

of 40 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or 0.040 mg/L (Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board, 2006a). 

The mean total phosphorus concentration in Lunga Reservoir, 

0.016 mg/L, generally is low compared to the mean concentrations in the Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little 

Creek Reservoirs, which were 0.049, 0.028, and 0.014 mg/L, 

respectively (Lynch, 1992).

Concentrations of dissolved ammonia-nitrogen and 

total nitrogen had inverse seasonal variations compared 

to concentrations of total phosphorus (fig. 12). Dissolved 

ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were generally at or below 

the MRL during the spring and summer months and were 

higher during the fall and winter. Total phosphorus concentrations were higher during the spring and summer than during 

the fall and winter.

Water Quality 15
Figure 11. (A) Turbidity measurements and (B) Secchi-disk depths at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, 

September 2004 through August 2005. (Site numbers are in parentheses, and locations are shown in figure 5.) SECCHI-DISK DEPTH, IN FEET

(10)

UPPER

NORTH

BRANCH

(9)

LOWER

NORTH

BRANCH

(5)

UPPER

SOUTH

BRANCH

(6)

LOWER

SOUTH

BRANCH

(8)

WATER

INTAKE

(7)

SPILLWAY

EXPLANATION

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

(A)

(B)

TURBIDITY, IN NEPHELOMETRIC TURBIDITY UNITS

16

6

8

10

12

14

4

2

9

4

5

6

7

8

3

2

16  The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Figure 12. Concentrations of (A) dissolved phosphorus, (B) total phosphorus, (C) dissolved nitrogen, (D) total nitrogen, 

and (E) dissolved ammonia-nitrogen, Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005.

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

x

o

x

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

x

o

x

x

0.0

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

TOTAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

o o

x

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

TOTAL DISSOLVED NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

o

o

o

x

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

DISSOLVED AMMONIA-NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

o

o oo o o oo

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

0.0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

2004 2005

2004 2005

(A)

(C) (D)

(B)

(E)

EXPLANATION

o

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

Far outlier

Water Quality 17
Organic Carbon

Water samples were analyzed for both total and dissolved 

organic carbon concentrations. Concentrations of total organic 

carbon (TOC) at 1.0-ft depth in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 

3.54 to 7.48 mg/L (app. 10). The mean TOC concentration 

of 5.82 mg/L is between the mean TOC concentrations in the 

Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston and Chickahominy Reservoirs, 

which were 5.2 and 9.5 mg/L, respectively (Lynch, 1992; 

Woodside, 1994). Concentrations of TOC in the Diascund 

Creek and Little Creek Reservoirs could not be obtained. 

Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at 1.0-ft 

depth in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 2.70 to 5.68 mg/L, 

with a mean concentration of 4.38 mg/L (app. 10). There 

was little spatial variability in organic carbon concentrations 

throughout Lunga Reservoir during the study (app. 10), and 

concentrations were higher during spring and summer months 

than during the fall and winter months (fig. 13).

Major Ions

Concentrations of cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) and anions (chloride, fluoride, sulfate, 

and bromide) in Lunga Reservoir followed the same trend 

as specific conductance. Concentrations generally were low, 

varied seasonally, and varied little spatially. 

Of the eight major ions, all except sulfate concentrations generally increased during the thermal gradient and 

subsequently decreased during the breakdown of the thermal 

gradient (fig. 14; app. 11). Sulfate (SO4) is an oxygen-heavy 

ion that is dependent on the availability of dissolved oxygen 

in the water. During periods when dissolved-oxygen concentrations decrease in deep parts of the reservoir, reducing 

conditions convert sulfate to sulfide. Increased concentrations 

of calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium 

increase the specific conductance of water; as a result, when 

Figure 13. Monthly concentrations of total organic carbon at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 

2004 through August 2005. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

9

3

7

6

5

4

8

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2004 2005

x

o

EXPLANATION

o

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

Far outlier

18  The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Figure 14. Concentrations of (A) alkalinity, (B) dissolved bromide, (C) dissolved calcium, (D) dissolved chloride, (E) dissolved 

fluoride, (F) dissolved magnesium, (G) dissolved potassium, (H) dissolved silica, (I) dissolved sodium, (J) dissolved sulfate, and 

(K) specific conductance at 1.0-foot depth for sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 

2005. (Continued on p. 20) DISSOLVED CALCIUM CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

o

x

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

DISSOLVED CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

x

x

o

x

o

o

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

DISSOLVED MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

x

o

o

o

x

o

x

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

ALKALINITY CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS

PER LITER AS CALCIUM CARBONATE

x

x

x

x

x

o

x

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

DISSOLVED BROMIDE CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.020

0.022

0.024

DISSOLVED FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAM PER LITER

o

x

o

x

x

x

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2005

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2004 2004 2005

(A)

(C) (D)

(B)

(E) (F)

Water Quality 19
Figure 14. (Continued) Concentrations of (A) alkalinity, (B) dissolved bromide, (C) dissolved calcium, (D) dissolved chloride, 

(E) dissolved fluoride, (F) dissolved magnesium, (G) dissolved potassium, (H) dissolved silica, (I) dissolved sodium, 

(J) dissolved sulfate, and (K) specific conductance at 1.0-foot depth for sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, 

September 2004 through August 2005. DISSOLVED POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

x

o

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

DISSOLVED SILICA CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

x

o

o

o

o

o x

o

o

x

o

o

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

DISSOLVED SODIUM CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

o

o

x

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

DISSOLVED SULFATE CONCENTRATION,

IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

o

x

x

x

o

x

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE, IN MICROSIEMENS

PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS 

x

o

o

o

o

o

oooo x

xxx

o

o

x

x

x

x

x

xx

x

xx

x

x 100

150

200

0

50

(G)

(I) (J)

(H)

(K)

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2005

SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

2005

2004

2004

EXPLANATION

o

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

Far outlier

20 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
concentrations of these ions increased during the thermal 

gradient, the specific conductance increased as well.

The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in Lunga 

Reservoir, 4.54 mg/L (app. 11; 4,540 μg/L), is below the 

SWCB criterion of 250,000 μg/L for sulfate concentrations in 

public water supply. While the SWCB has no criteria for the 

other major ions analyzed during this study, mean concentrations of other dissolved major ions in Lunga Reservoir were 

similar to or less than those in the Chickahominy, Diascund 

Creek, and Little Creek reservoirs (Lynch, 1992; table 6).

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the capacity of a solution to react with and 

buffer changes in pH. Alkalinity concentrations in Lunga 

Reservoir ranged from 3.3 to 13.9 mg/L (app. 9). Concentrations were relatively low and indicated little variation among 

sites. As the thermal gradient formed in the reservoir, alkalinity concentrations increased (fig. 14). Alkalinity is closely 

related to specific conductance in much the same way as many 

of the major ions.

The mean alkalinity concentration in Lunga Reservoir 

during the study was 6.3 mg/L. Mean alkalinity concentrations 

in the Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and Little Creek 

reservoirs from 1983 to 1986 were 18, 22, and 24 mg/L, 

respectively (Lynch, 1992). The lower alkalinity concentration 

in Lunga Reservoir also is reflected in the lower specific conductance in Lunga Reservoir relative to the other reservoirs.

Silica

Silica (SiO2) usually is present in moderately abundant 

concentrations in freshwater lakes and reservoirs, ranging 

from 5 to 25 mg/L (Langmuir, 1997). Silicon is an element 

that influences algal production in many reservoirs, because 

diatoms use silica in developing their skeletons, thereby 

greatly affecting dissolved silica concentrations. As a result, 

silica concentrations in lakes and reservoirs typically have 

spatial and seasonal variations. 

Dissolved silica concentrations in Lunga Reservoir 

ranged from 5.60 to 9.52 mg/L (app. 11). During the study, 

silica concentrations varied seasonally and were smaller during the spring and summer months (fig. 14). The sampling site 

located in the upper part of the Beaverdam Run arm of Lunga 

Reservoir (fig. 5, site 10) had a lower median concentration 

of dissolved silica compared to the 

median concentrations at the other 

sampling sites.

The mean dissolved silica 

concentration in Lunga Reservoir 

was 7.53 mg/L. Mean dissolved silica 

concentrations in the Chickahominy, 

Diascund Creek, and Little Creek 

reservoirs from 1983 to 1986 were 

5.1, 3.6, and 1.8 mg/L, respectively 

(Lynch, 1992).

Pesticides and Petroleum 

Hydrocarbons

Concentrations of all pesticides 

analyzed in water samples collected 

from Lunga Reservoir were below the 

minimum laboratory detection level 

(app. 2). Similarly, concentrations of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in all except 

one sample were below the minimum laboratory detection 

level of 7.00 mg/L. One sample collected July 25, 2005, in 

the lower part of the Flat Run arm had a concentration of 

8.73 mg/L.

Biological Constituents

Water samples were collected in Lunga Reservoir during 

the study period and analyzed for concentrations of biological 

constituents—bacteria and chlorophyll. The following sections 

discuss the analytical results of these samples.

Bacteria

Water samples from Lunga Reservoir were analyzed 

for Escherichia coliform bacteria (E. coli) because it is an 

indicator of contamination from warm-blooded animals. E. 

coli concentrations generally were low, ranging from 1 to 

78 colonies per 100 mL of sample (col/100 mL; app. 9). None 

of the E. coli analytical results exceeded the SWCB standard 

of 126 col/100 mL, which is based on a geometric mean of 

two or more samples collected during any calendar month 

(Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board, 

Table 6. Mean dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depths at sampling sites in 

Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, during September 2004 through August 2005 in relation to mean 

dissolved major ion concentrations in other reservoirs.

[Concentrations in milligrams per liter; <, less than]

Constituent Lunga Reservoir Chickahominy 

Reservoira

Diascund Creek 

Reservoira

Little Creek 

Reservoira

Calcium 1.68 7.1 10 9.5

Chloride 2.57 18 6.4 11

Fluoride .08 < .1 < .1 < .1

Magnesium 1.06 1.9 .89 1.6

Potassium .90 1.6 1.1 1.7

Sodium 2.45 12 3.2 6.8

Sulfate 3.72 9.6 6.6 9.0

a

Lynch, 1992.

Water Quality 21
2006a). The maximum monthly mean E. coli concentration 

for Lunga Reservoir during the study was 36 col/100 mL, and 

the second highest concentration was 24 col/100 mL. These 

concentrations occurred during November and December 

2004, respectively. E. coli concentrations in the Flat Run arm 

(fig. 5, sites 5 and 6) and across the spillway area of Lunga 

Reservoir (fig. 5, sites 7 and 8) were higher than those in 

the Beaverdam Run arm (fig. 5, sites 9 and 10; fig. 15). The 

highest concentrations, 78 and 54 col/100 mL, were recorded 

during the November 2004 sampling at the upper Beaverdam 

Run and upper Flat Run sites, respectively (fig. 5; sites 10 and 

5).

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll a is present in all algae and is the primary 

photosynthetic pigment of all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic 

organisms. Eight chlorophyll-a samples were collected at the 

six sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir for laboratory analysis 

as quality assurance for the field-meter readings. Samples 

were not collected for chlorophyll-a analysis from May 

through July 2005. Chlorophyll-a concentrations in Lunga 

Reservoir ranged from 0.10 to 11.6 μg/L (app. 9). These 

values are below the SWCB criteria of 35 μg/L for 

Figure 15. E. coli concentrations at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005. (Site 

locations are shown in figure 5.)

chlorophyll a in public water supplies (Commonwealth of 

Virginia State Water Control Board (draft), 2006b).

Total chlorophyll concentrations throughout the reservoir 

ranged from 0.10 to 119.4 μg/L (app. 3–8). Field measurements of total chlorophyll were not recorded during the May 

2005 sampling because of a malfunctioning chlorophyll probe. 

Trophic Status

The trophic status of a reservoir is an indicator of the 

physical, chemical, and biological condition of the reservoir. 

The general trophic condition of a reservoir is classified 

typically in one of four categories—oligotrophic (the most 

pristine water-quality condition), mesotrophic, eutrophic, or 

hypereutrophic (the poorest water-quality condition). As a 

reservoir matures, its trophic condition evolves from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic. This evolution is natural but can be 

accelerated by human activities.

The trophic state index (TSI) is a method used to classify 

the trophic status of a reservoir. It can be computed using 

near-surface total phosphorus or chlorophyll-a concentrations (Carlson, 1977). TSI values based on total phosphorus 

concentrations (TSIp) and chlorophyll-a concentrations (TSIc) 

for a reservoir are computed using the following equations:

E. COLI CONCENTRATION, IN COLONIES PER 100 MILLILITERS

x

o

x

o

x

100

0

60

40

20

80

(10)

UPPER

NORTH

BRANCH

(9)

LOWER

NORTH

BRANCH

(5)

UPPER

SOUTH

BRANCH

(6)

LOWER

SOUTH

BRANCH

(8)

WATER

INTAKE

(7)

SPILLWAY

EXPLANATION

x

90th percentile

75th percentile

median

25th percentile

10th percentile

Outlier

o Far outlier

22 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
TSI 14.42 1n(TP) 4.15 p = +

where TP = total phosphorus concentration (μg/L)

TSI 9.81 1n(CHL) + 30.6 c =

where CHL = chlorophyll-a concentration (μg/L)

Trophic state classifications based on the Carlson 

(1977) TSI are oligotrophic (0–30), mesotrophic (31–50), 

eutrophic (51–69), and hypereutrophic (> 69) for both the 

chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus indices. Both the TSIP

and theTSIc ranged from oligotrophic to mesotrophic for all 

sites in Lunga Reservoir. Surface TSI values for all sampling 

sites in Lunga Reservoir indicate the reservoir is generally 

mesotrophic with some fluctuation between mesotrophic and 

eutrophic during the summer.

Suspended Sediment

Inflows to reservoirs that include large amounts of 

surface runoff can contribute an influx of sediment that 

may be detrimental to the life span of a reservoir. Even if a 

reservoir has high sediment loads, concentrations of suspended 

sediment typically are not large and decrease toward the lower 

end of the reservoir because the sediment tends to settle as 

the water flows through the reservoir. The two main inflows 

into Lunga Reservoir drain small watersheds that contain 

greater than 90 percent wooded and wetland areas. Because 

of the watershed size and land-use types, suspended sediment 

concentrations in Lunga Reservoir ranged from 1 to 12 mg/L 

(app. 9). Larger concentrations of suspended sediment were 

observed in the upper part of both arms of the reservoir and 

at the spillway. The highest concentration (12 mg/L) was 

observed in the upper part of the south arm (fig. 5, site 5).

Bottom-Material Quality

Concentrations of most trace elements increased between 

the sampling sites in the upper and lower parts of the Beaverdam Run arm and generally were greater in the Beaverdam 

Run arm than in the Flat Run arm (table 7). Concentrations 

of all trace elements except chromium and manganese were 

lowest at the spillway site (table 7).

Currently (2006), the SWCB has no criteria for 

concentrations of trace elements in bottom material in lakes 

and reservoirs. Bottom material collected from Cross Lake, 

Caddo Parish, in Louisiana in 1997 was analyzed for many of 

the same trace elements (McGee, 2004) that were analyzed in 

the Lunga Reservoir samples. Concentrations of most trace 

elements in Lunga Reservoir bottom material were lower than 

Table 7. Concentrations of trace elements in bottom-material samples from Lunga Reservoir, November 29, 2004.

[μg/g, micrograms per gram; <, less than; mg/kg, milligrams per kilogram; %, percent. Site locations are shown in figure 5]

Arsenic

(μg/g)

Cadmium 

(μg/g)

Chromium 

(μg/g)

Cobalt 

(μg/g)

Copper 

(μg/g)

Iron 

(μg/g)

Lead 

(μg/g)

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 10)

1.54 0.34 11.6 16.5 9.21 14,600 18.3

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 9)

2.23 0.38 14.3 14.1 19.8 33,100 29.7

Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 5)

< 1.00 0.20 9.63 14.5 8.68 12,300 12.2

Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, VA (site 7)

< 1.00 0.02 11.3 5.42 6.23 9,730 5.28

Manganese 

(μg/g)

Mercury 

(μg/g)

Nickel 

(μg/g)

Phosphorus 

(mg/kg)

Selenium 

(μg/g)

Zinc 

(μg/g)

Moisture 

content (%)

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 10)

334 0.06 9.25 507 < 1.00 48.8 97.4

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 9)

311 0.10 12.6 896 < 1.00 65.5 97.0

Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, VA (site 5)

415 0.05 7.61 402 < 1.00 35.0 98.3

Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, VA (site 7)

669 0.02 7.21 203 < 1.00 15.6 99.2

(1)

(2)

Bottom-Material Quality 23
those in Cross Lake (table 8). No bottom-material contamination was evident in Cross Lake, which indicates that the 

concentrations of minor elements in Lunga Reservoir bottom 

material are within acceptable ranges.

Water temperatures throughout Lunga Reservoir ranged 

from 4.4 to 30.1 °C, which is below the SWCB maximum 

water temperature criteria of 32 °C. Dissolved-oxygen 

concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 14.1 mg/L throughout the 

reservoir and were never below the SWCB minimum dissolved-oxygen criterion of 4.0 mg/L near the surface of Lunga 

Reservoir. Specific conductance throughout Lunga Reservoir 

ranged from 28 to 173 μS/cm, with a mean of 68 μS/cm. 

This is lower than the mean specific conductance in similar 

reservoirs in the State, which indicates relatively low ionic 

concentrations in Lunga Reservoir. The pH throughout the 

reservoir ranged from 4.8 to 7.6 units.

Chemical constituents analyzed in water samples from 

Lunga Reservoir were below the SWCB criteria when applicable. When no criteria existed, constituent concentrations 

generally were similar to those in other reservoirs in the State. 

Fifty-four pesticides were analyzed in four water samples from 

Lunga Reservoir. None of the pesticides were detected in any 

of the samples.

Selected References

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 22, p. 361–369.

Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board, January 2006a, 9 VAC 25-260 Virginia water quality standards: 

Richmond, VA, accessed in February 2006 at http://www.

deq.virginia.gov/wqs/pdf/WQS06.pdf, 181 p.

Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board, January 2006b, Basis for the development of nutrient criteria for 

lakes and reservoirs and guidance on monitoring, assessment and permitting (DRAFT): Richmond, VA, accessed in 

February 2006 at http://www.deq.virginia.gov/wqs/

documents/LAKEGUIDANCE_000.pdf, 21 p.

Goetz, S.J., Jantz, C.A., Prince, S.D., Smith, A.J., Varlyguin, 

D., and Wright, R., 2004, Integrated analysis of ecosystem 

interactions with land use change—the Chesapeake Bay 

watershed, in DeFries, R.S., Asner, G.P., and Houghton, 

R.A., eds., Ecosystems and land use change: Washington, 

DC, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph Series, p. 263–275.

Hem, J.D., 1992, Study and interpretation of the chemical 

characteristics of natural water: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

Langmuir, D., 1997, Aqueous environmental geochemistry: 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 600 p.

Table 8. Mean trace-element concentrations in bottom 

material from Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, and Cross Lake, 

Caddo Parish, Louisiana.

[Concentrations are in micrograms per gram; <, less than]

Constituent Lunga Reservoir Cross Lakea

Arsenic 1.44 4.7

Cadmium .24 < 1.0

Chromium 11.7 20.8

Copper 11.0 30.2

Iron 17,400 21,900

Lead 16.4 27.2

Manganese 432 640

Mercury .06 .06

Zinc 41.2 70

a

McGee, 2004.

Summary

Lunga Reservoir is located on the U.S. Marine Corps 

(USMC) Base in Quantico, Virginia, in the Potomac River 

basin and the Piedmont Physiographic Province of northern 

Virginia. Because of the potential for the reservoir to be used 

for scuba-diver training and public water supply in addition 

to the current recreational activities, the USMC requested that 

the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitor the water-quality 

of Lunga Reservoir and compare the observed water quality 

with the ambient water-quality standards of the Virginia 

Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and Virginia 

State Water Control Board (SWCB). The USGS conducted 

a 12-month study of water quality in Lunga Reservoir from 

September 2004 through August 2005.

Water samples for this study were collected at 6 locations throughout the reservoir, and physical properties were 

collected at 11 additional locations in the reservoir. Pesticide 

and bottom-material samples were collected once during the 

study at four of the sampling sites. The seasonal and spatial 

variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific 

conductance, pH, and total chlorophyll in Lunga Reservoir 

were similar to the variations in other lakes and reservoirs in 

this geographic region—a thermal gradient in the summer and 

fall, and isothermal conditions in the winter and early spring. 

Concentrations of nutrients and major ions generally were low 

in Lunga Reservoir, and concentrations of E. coli, suspended 

sediment, alkalinity, and bottom-material trace elements 

throughout the reservoir were similar to concentrations of 

these constituents in other reservoirs with similar physical 

characteristics.

24 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Lynch, D.D., 1992, Water quality and evaluation of raw-waterrouting scenarios, Chickahominy, Diascund Creek, and 

Little Creek reservoirs, southeastern Virginia, 1983–86: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

92–4034, 104 p.

McGee, B.D., 2004, Water-quality and bottom-material characteristics of Cross Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, 1997–

99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4135, 101 p.

Myers, D.N., and Wilde, F.D., eds., November 2003, Biological indicators (3d ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chap. 

A7, accessed in September 2004 at http://pubs.water.usgs.

gov/twri9A7/

Radtke, D.B., Revised June 2005, Bottom-material samples: 

U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 9, chap. A8, http://pubs.water.usgs.

gov/twri9A8/

Ruttner, F., 1963, Fundamentals of limnology (3d ed.): University of Toronto Press, p. 7–104.

Wetzel, R.G., 2001, Limnology, lake and river ecosystems 

(3d ed.): San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1,006 p.

Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, Jacob, and Iwatsubo, R.T., 

eds., September 1999, Collection of water samples: U.S. 

Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chap. A4, accessed in September 2004 at 

http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A4/

Woodside, M.D., 1994, Land use in, and water quality of, the 

Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 

1988–90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94–4140, 54 p.

Summary 25

Appendixes

Summary 27
Appendix 1.  Laboratory reporting levels for major

ions and nutrients analyzed in water samples

collected from Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[mg/L, milligrams per liter]

Constituent name

Method 

reporting limit 

(mg/L)

Bromide 0.010

Calcium .010

Chloride .010

Chlorophyll-a .1a

Fluoride .010

Magnesium .008

Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved .010

Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved .002

Nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved .016

Nitrogen, total, dissolved .03

Nitrogen, total .03

Organic carbon, total .40

Organic carbon, dissolved .33

pH .1b

Petroleum hydrocarbons 7

Phosphorus, dissolved .004

Phosphorus, phosphate, ortho, dissolved .006

Phosphorus, total .004

Potassium .008

Silica .04

Sodium .10

Specific conductance 1c

Sulfate .010

a

Micrograms per liter.

b

Standard units.

c

Microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.

28 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 2.  Laboratory reporting levels for pesticides analyzed in water

samples collected from Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[μg/L, micrograms per liter; pct, percentage]

Constituent name

Method 

reporting 

level (μg/L)

Constituent name

Method 

reporting 

level (μg/L)

2,6-Diethylaniline 0.006 Fipronil sulfone 0.024 

2-Chloro-4-isopropylamino6-amino-s-triazine .006 Fonofos .003 

alpha-HCH-d6 pct Lindane .004 

alpha-HCH .005 Linuron .035 

Acetochlor .006 Malathion .027 

Alachlor .005 Metolachlor .006 

Atrazine .007 Metribuzin .006 

Azinphos-methyl .05 Molinate .003 

Benfluralin .010 Napropamide .007 

Butylate .004 p,p'-DDE .003 

Carbaryl .041 Parathion .010 

Carbofuran .02 Parathion-methyl .015 

Chlorpyrifos .005 Pebulate .004 

cis-Permethrin .006 Pendimethalin .022 

Cyanazine .018 Phorate .011 

Dacthal .003 Prometon .010 

Desulfinylfipronil .012 Propyzamide .004 

Desulfinylfipronil amide .029 Propachlor .025 

Diazinon .005 Propanil .011 

Diazinon-d10 pct Propargite .023 

Dieldrin .009 Simazine .005 

Disulfoton .021 Tebuthiuron .016 

EPTC .004 Terbacil .034 

Ethalfluralin .009 Terbufos .017 

Ethoprophos .005 Thiobencarb .010 

Fipronil .016 Tri-allate .006 

Fipronil sulfide .013 Trifluralin .009 

Appendixes 29
Appendix 3.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660440), and cross-section

profiling points (fig. 5, site 10).[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; F-1 and F-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2

Sep-04 1 25.2 25.3 25.2 8.4 8.3 9.0 33 34 33 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.9 7.5 6.1Sep-04 2 25.1 25.2 25.2 8.5 8.3 8.8 33 34 33 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.8 7.3 6.5Sep-04 3 25.1 25.1 25.2 8.4 8.3 8.8 33 33 33 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.0 6.8Sep-04 4 25.1 25.0 25.2 8.5 8.4 8.8 33 33 33 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.6 6.5 6.5Sep-04 5 25.0 24.9 25.1 8.1 8.0 8.7 33 34 33 6.4 6.4 6.5 5.4 4.8 6.6Sep-04 6 24.8 24.8 6.0 6.6 35 34 6.3 6.3 3.7 3.9Oct-04 1 14.5 14.5 14.5 8.4 8.8 8.5 34 34 34 5.6 6.0 5.9 10.5 10.6 9.8Oct-04 2 14.5 14.5 14.5 8.4 8.8 8.3 34 34 34 5.7 6.0 6.0 11.1 11.8 9.5Oct-04 3 14.5 14.5 14.5 8.3 8.9 8.3 34 34 34 5.8 6.1 6.0 10.6 11.6 9.3Oct-04 4 14.5 14.5 14.4 8.2 8.9 8.3 34 34 34 5.8 6.1 6.0 10.3 11.8 9.1Oct-04 5 14.5 14.4 14.4 8.3 9.2 8.3 34 34 34 5.9 6.1 6.1 11.1 11.3 9.8Oct-04 6 14.4 14.4 8.4 9.3 34 34 5.9 6.1 11.3 10.8Oct-04 7 14.4 34 6.1 11.0Nov-04 1 10.4 10.4 10.6 9.6 9.9 9.8 34 34 34 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.4Nov-04 2 10.4 10.3 10.5 9.6 9.8 9.7 34 34 34 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.5 5.3 6.3Nov-04 3 10.3 10.1 10.3 9.6 9.8 9.6 34 34 34 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.6Nov-04 4 10.2 9.9 10.3 9.6 9.7 9.6 34 34 34 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 4.9 5.8Nov-04 5 10.0 9.7 10.3 9.5 9.7 9.6 34 33 34 5.8 5.8 5.9 4.9 5.3 4.6Nov-04 6 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.8 34 33 5.8 5.8 3.4 4.3Dec-04 1 7.3 7.3 6.5 10.6 11.0 10.8 32 32 32 5.4 5.7 5.6 3.0 2.9 2.9Dec-04 2 7.3 7.3 6.4 10.6 10.8 10.9 32 32 32 5.5 5.6 5.6 3.5 3.5 2.9Dec-04 3 7.3 7.3 6.4 10.6 10.7 10.9 32 32 32 5.5 5.6 5.6 3.5 3.2 3.0Dec-04 4 7.3 7.3 6.4 10.6 10.7 10.9 32 32 32 5.5 5.6 5.6 4.1 3.5 2.7Dec-04 5 7.3 7.3 6.3 10.6 10.7 10.9 32 32 32 5.5 5.5 5.6 3.5 3.7 3.0Dec-04 6 7.3 7.3 6.4 10.6 10.6 10.9 32 32 32 5.5 5.5 5.6 4.0 3.5 3.4Dec-04 7 7.3 7.3 10.6 10.7 32 32 5.5 5.5 3.4 3.5Feb-05 1 6.2 6.5 6.6 12.2 12.1 12.3 31 31 31 7.5 7.2 7.3 4.0 2.9 3.2Feb-05 2 6.2 6.6 6.6 12.2 12.1 12.3 31 31 31 7.3 7.0 7.2 3.4 2.9 3.9Feb-05 3 6.2 6.2 6.6 12.2 12.2 12.4 31 31 31 7.3 7.0 7.1 3.4 3.2 4.0Feb-05 4 6.3 5.8 6.6 12.2 12.2 12.4 31 31 31 7.3 7.0 7.0 4.3 3.2 5.0Feb-05 5 6.1 5.6 12.2 12.1 31 31 7.3 7.0 5.0 3.7Feb-05 6 6.1 5.6 12.2 12.1 31 31 7.3 7.0 6.5 4.4Feb-05 7 5.5 12.1 31 6.9 5.0Mar-05 1 6.5 6.6 6.7 13.6 13.4 13.4 31 31 31 7.1 7.2 7.2 3.0 3.2 3.4Mar-05 2 6.6 13.4 31 7.2 5.0Mar-05 3 6.5 6.6 6.6 13.5 13.4 13.4 31 31 31 7.1 7.2 7.2 3.7 3.5 5.6Mar-05 4 6.6 13.4 31 7.2 4.9Mar-05 5 6.5 6.6 6.6 13.5 13.4 13.5 31 31 31 7.1 7.2 7.2 4.8 4.1 5.0Mar-05 6Mar-05 7 6.5 6.6 13.5 13.4 31 31 7.1 7.2 5.9 5.5

30 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 3.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660440) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 10).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; F-1 and F-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2 01660440 F-1 F-2

Apr-05 1 16.4 16.3 16.4 11.9 11.5 11.5 31 31 31 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.6 4.9 5.8Apr-05 2 16.4 16.4 16.4 11.8 11.3 11.5 31 31 31 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.8 6.9 6.5Apr-05 3 16.3 16.3 16.4 11.8 11.3 11.4 31 31 31 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.5Apr-05 4 16.3 16.3 16.4 11.7 11.2 11.4 31 31 31 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.0 6.6Apr-05 5 16.4 16.3 16.4 11.6 11.2 11.8 31 31 31 7.2 7.1 7.9 7.5 7.3 12.3Apr-05 6 16.3 16.3 11.6 11.2 31 31 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.4Apr-05 7 15.0 16.2 13.8 11.3 30 31 8.2 7.1 21.1 9.1May-05 1 20.3 20.3 20.4 9.9 8.4 9.5 33 33 33 7.5 7.6 7.4

NO MAY CHLOROPHYLL

 VALUES

May-05 2 20.3 20.3 20.4 9.9 9.5 9.9 33 33 33 7.5 7.6 7.4May-05 3 20.3 20.2 20.2 9.9 9.9 10.0 33 33 33 7.5 7.6 7.5May-05 4 20.1 20.1 19.9 9.9 9.9 10.2 33 33 33 7.6 7.6 7.7May-05 5 19.9 20.0 19.8 9.8 9.8 10.3 33 33 33 7.5 7.6 7.9May-05 6 19.0 19.6 9.8 10.0 33 33 7.4 7.5May-05 7 17.1 17.9 4.7 9.8 33 7.0 7.3May-05 8 17.7 9.5 33 7.2Jun-05 1 25.4 25.6 25.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 37 37 37 7.2 7.1 7.2 6.8 5.5 5.5Jun-05 2 25.2 25.4 25.4 8.7 8.6 8.7 37 37 37 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.0 7.0Jun-05 3 25.0 25.1 25.2 8.8 8.5 8.8 37 37 37 7.2 7.2 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.8Jun-05 4 24.9 24.7 25.0 8.6 7.5 8.9 37 38 37 7.2 7.1 7.2 8.6 9.0 8.3Jun-05 5 24.6 24.6 8.1 7.0 38 38 7.2 7.0 8.6 8.6Jun-05 6 24.6 24.5 7.6 6.7 38 39 7.1 6.9 8.3 9.8Jun-05 6.5 23.9 2.6 41 6.9 12.8Jul-05 1 29.4 29.4 29.4 6.8 6.8 7.2 37 37 37 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.5 7.8 7.0Jul-05 2 29.4 29.4 29.3 6.9 6.8 7.1 37 37 37 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.1 7.6 6.5Jul-05 3 29.4 29.4 29.2 6.9 6.8 7.0 37 37 37 7.0 6.9 6.9 5.8 8.8 7.0Jul-05 4 29.4 29.4 6.9 6.5 37 38 7.0 6.7 6.0 10.3Jul-05 5 29.4 29.3 6.9 6.3 37 38 7.0 6.7 5.9 9.1Jul-05 6 29.4 29.2 6.9 5.7 37 39 6.9 6.6 6.3 8.0Aug-05 1 30.0 8.2 37 7.6 6.0Aug-05 2 30.0 8.2 37 7.6 5.3Aug-05 3 29.7 7.9 37 7.3 9.6Aug-05 4 29.4 7.6 37 6.9 10.8Aug-05 5 29.3 7.9 37 6.8 11.8Aug-05 6 29.3 7.7 37 6.7 11.3

Appendixes 31
Appendix 4.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660450) and cross-section

profiling points (fig. 5, site 9).[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E-1 and E-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2

Sep-04 1 25.3 25.3 25.3 9.5 9.4 8.5 33 33 33 6.4 6.3 6.7 4.5 4.1 4.6Sep-04 3 25.3 25.3 25.2 9.5 9.5 9.2 33 33 33 6.6 6.6 6.8 4.3 4.5 5.3Sep-04 5 25.1 25.2 25.1 9.3 9.4 9.2 33 33 33 6.6 6.7 6.8 4.4 4.5 4.5Sep-04 7 24.9 24.9 25.0 8.8 8.8 8.9 33 33 32 6.6 6.8 6.8 4.9 4.9 5.8Sep-04 9 24.4 24.4 24.4 7.8 8.0 7.7 33 33 33 6.5 6.7 6.6 3.0 3.0 2.9Sep-04 11 24.0 24.0 23.9 5.2 6.2 5.0 33 33 34 6.4 6.6 6.4 2.0 2.4 2.2Sep-04 13 23.5 23.4 23.4 2.3 3.1 1.7 35 35 36 6.2 6.3 6.1 3.4 3.7 3.2Sep-04 15 21.3 21.1 21.2 1.1 1.0 0.4 56 64 62 6.1 6.3 6.2 20.7 22.2 24.2Sep-04 16 19.7 0.2 70 6.2 36.0Sep-04 17 18.5 18.8 18.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 75 75 76 6.2 6.3 6.2 37.0 37.2 37.7Sep-04 19 16.4 16.4 0.3 0.3 80 80 6.2 6.3 25.2 24.2Sep-04 21 14.8 14.9 0.2 0.2 87 85 6.2 6.3 12.5 13.3Sep-04 23 13.7 13.6 0.2 0.2 86 87 6.3 6.4 7.8 8.1Sep-04 25 13.1 13.1 0.2 0.1 89 91 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6Oct-04 1 15.3 15.6 15.9 10.0 10.6 10.7 36 36 36 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.0 4.5Oct-04 3 15.3 15.3 10.1 10.4 36 36 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.0Oct-04 4 15.5 10.4 36 6.2 6.5Oct-04 5 15.2 15.2 10.0 10.0 36 36 6.5 6.3 6.4 5.0Oct-04 7 15.2 15.2 15.2 9.9 10.1 9.9 36 36 36 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.5 4.6Oct-04 9 15.1 15.2 9.3 9.6 36 36 6.5 6.3 5.0 4.8Oct-04 10 15.1 9.9 36 6.3 5.1Oct-04 11 15.1 15.1 9.2 9.0 36 36 6.5 6.2 4.5 4.3Oct-04 12 15.1 8.8 36 6.2 4.0Oct-04 13 15.0 15.0 9.1 9.3 36 36 6.5 6.2 5.1 4.9Oct-04 15 15.0 9.1 36 6.4 5.0Oct-04 16 14.9 9.1 36 6.2 4.6Oct-04 17 15.0 9.1 36 6.4 4.4Oct-04 19 14.9 14.9 8.9 8.9 36 36 6.4 6.2 4.3 4.5Oct-04 21 14.9 8.9 36 6.4 4.9Oct-04 22 14.9 8.8 36 6.2 4.3Oct-04 23 14.9 8.8 36 6.4 4.9Oct-04 25 14.8 14.8 8.8 8.6 36 36 6.4 6.2 4.6 4.4Oct-04 27 14.8 14.7 8.6 8.2 37 37 6.3 6.2 4.3 4.5Nov-04 1 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.0 10.1 11.1 35 35 35 5.9 5.9 6.4 3.4 3.7 2.9Nov-04 3 10.7 10.8 10.0 10.6 35 35 5.9 6.4 4.5 4.0Nov-04 4 10.7 10.0 35 6.0 4.8Nov-04 5 10.7 10.8 9.9 10.4 35 35 6.0 6.3 4.4 3.9Nov-04 7 10.7 10.7 10.8 9.8 9.8 10.2 35 35 35 6.0 6.0 6.3 4.8 4.0 4.6Nov-04 9 10.7 10.8 10.4 10.1 35 35 6.3 6.3 4.5 4.1Nov-04 10 10.7 9.8 35 6.1 4.5Nov-04 11 10.8 10.0 35 6.2 4.4Nov-04 12 10.6 10.1 35 6.2 5.3Nov-04 13 10.7 9.7 35 6.0 4.1Nov-04 15 10.6 9.9 35 6.1 3.7Nov-04 16 10.6 9.6 35 6.0 3.9Nov-04 18 10.5 9.7 35 6.1 3.4Nov-04 19 10.6 9.5 35 6.0 3.5Nov-04 21 10.5 9.5 35 6.1 3.0Nov-04 22 10.4 9.3 35 6.0 3.5Nov-04 24 10.4 9.3 35 6.1 3.4Nov-04 25 10.3 9.2 35 6.0 3.5Nov-04 28 10.2 9.0 35 6.0 3.5Nov-04 30 10.3 8.9 35 6.0 4.4

32 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 4.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660450) and cross-section

profiling points (fig. 5, site 9).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E-1 and E-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2

Dec-04 1 7.1 7.1 7.2 11.3 11.2 11.0 34 34 34 5.7 6.1 6.2 4.0 3.9 3.2Dec-04 3 7.2 11.0 34 6.2 3.5Dec-04 4 7.2 7.2 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.7 6.1 4.1 3.5Dec-04 5 7.2 11.0 34 6.2 3.9Dec-04 7 7.2 7.2 7.2 11.2 11.1 11.0 34 34 34 5.8 6.1 6.2 4.1 3.5 3.7Dec-04 9 7.2 10.9 34 6.2 3.5Dec-04 10 7.2 7.1 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.8 6.1 3.7 4.1Dec-04 11 7.2 10.9 34 6.2 3.2Dec-04 13 7.2 7.2 7.1 11.2 11.1 10.9 34 34 34 5.8 6.1 6.2 4.5 3.7 4.0Dec-04 15 7.1 10.9 34 6.2 3.7Dec-04 16 7.2 7.2 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.8 6.1 4.1 3.7Dec-04 19 7.2 7.1 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.9 6.1 4.3 3.9Dec-04 22 7.1 7.1 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.9 6.1 3.7 4.3Dec-04 25 7.0 7.0 11.2 11.1 34 34 5.9 6.1 3.9 3.7Dec-04 28 7.0 11.2 34 5.9 4.5Feb-05 1 4.9 5.1 5.1 11.6 11.6 11.7 32 32 32 7.3 7.2 7.2 5.4 3.7 3.7Feb-05 3 5.0 11.7 32 7.2 4.9Feb-05 4 4.9 5.1 11.6 11.6 32 32 7.2 7.2 4.8 4.5Feb-05 5 5.1 11.7 32 7.1 5.9Feb-05 7 4.9 5.1 5.1 11.6 11.6 11.7 32 32 32 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.4Feb-05 9 5.0 11.6 32 7.0 7.5Feb-05 10 4.8 5.1 11.6 11.6 32 32 7.2 7.0 8.3 7.5Feb-05 11 5.0 11.6 32 7.0 7.9Feb-05 13 4.8 5.1 5.0 11.5 11.6 11.6 32 32 32 7.2 7.0 6.9 8.8 7.9 7.5Feb-05 15 4.9 11.6 32 6.9 8.1Feb-05 16 4.8 5.0 11.5 11.6 32 32 7.0 7.0 8.3 8.0Feb-05 19 4.9 5.0 11.5 11.6 32 32 7.0 7.0 8.1 8.3Feb-05 22 4.8 4.6 11.3 11.6 32 32 7.1 7.0 8.8 8.1Feb-05 25 4.6 11.3 32 7.1 9.0Feb-05 28 4.6 11.2 33 7.1 9.1Mar-05 1 6.3 13.3 33 7.1 4.3Mar-05 4 6.3 13.3 33 7.1 5.5Mar-05 7 6.3 13.2 33 7.1 8.1Mar-05 10 6.3 13.2 33 7.1 10.5Mar-05 13 6.3 13.2 33 7.1 10.0Mar-05 15 6.3 13.2 33 7.1 9.8Apr-05 1 15.4 15.6 15.4 12.2 11.9 12.1 32 32 32 7.3 7.3 7.3 6.6 5.3 5.1Apr-05 3 15.4 12.0 32 7.3 6.9Apr-05 4 15.4 15.6 12.3 11.9 32 32 7.4 7.3 8.3 7.5Apr-05 5 15.3 12.0 32 7.3 9.1Apr-05 7 15.3 15.4 15.1 12.3 11.9 11.9 32 32 32 7.4 7.3 7.4 9.8 9.1 9.3Apr-05 9 14.9 11.9 32 7.3 11.3Apr-05 10 13.4 12.7 12.8 12.7 32 32 7.4 7.3 12.3 15.1Apr-05 11 11.6 12.6 32 7.2 17.1Apr-05 13 11.1 11.4 12.5 12.6 32 32 7.1 7.2 18.8 17.7Apr-05 16 10.8 10.5 12.0 11.4 32 32 6.9 6.8 18.2 16.1Apr-05 19 10.5 10.4 11.5 11.0 32 32 6.7 6.7 16.1 15.3Apr-05 22 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.8 33 32 6.6 6.7 11.6 14.3Apr-05 25 10.0 10.1 9.6 10.4 34 33 6.5 6.6 12.0 11.8Apr-05 28 10.0 9.3 34 6.5 10.8

Appendixes 33
Appendix 4.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660450) and cross-section

profiling points (fig. 5, site 9).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E-1 and E-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2 01660450 E-1 E-2

May-05 1 20.3 20.5 20.7 9.4 9.6 9.7 32 32 32 7.3 7.1 7.3

NO MAY CHLOROPHYLL

 VALUES

May-05 3 20.5 9.8 32 7.3May-05 4 20.3 20.4 9.6 9.9 32 32 7.4 7.3May-05 5 20.4 9.8 32 7.4May-05 7 20.3 20.3 20.3 9.7 9.8 9.8 32 32 32 7.4 7.4 7.4May-05 9 20.2 9.8 32 7.4May-05 10 19.2 18.9 9.7 9.8 32 32 7.3 7.2May-05 11 17.2 9.5 32 7.1May-05 12 16.9 8.2 33 6.7May-05 13 16.7 16.8 9.1 9.2 33 32 7.0 6.8May-05 16 15.6 15.3 8.1 6.7 33 33 6.7 6.3May-05 19 14.3 14.4 5.7 5.6 35 34 6.3 6.2May-05 22 13.1 12.9 3.3 3.3 37 37 6.2 6.1May-05 25 11.4 11.6 2.0 1.7 41 40 6.1 6.1May-05 28 11.2 0.8 50 6.4Jun-05 1 25.9 27.1 27.2 8.9 9.0 8.9 35 35 35 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0 5.9 5.5Jun-05 3 26.1 9.2 35 7.3 8.5Jun-05 4 25.7 25.9 9.1 9.2 35 35 7.4 7.3 9.0 8.6Jun-05 5 25.9 9.2 35 7.3 9.1Jun-05 7 25.6 25.6 25.7 8.9 8.9 9.2 35 35 35 7.4 7.3 7.3 9.6 10.8 9.8Jun-05 9 22.9 5.3 35 6.7 13.1Jun-05 10 22.5 22.6 6.5 5.2 36 35 7.1 6.7 10.8 11.8Jun-05 11 21.4 3.7 35 6.5 7.5Jun-05 13 18.9 19.1 19.1 2.4 1.3 1.3 37 36 37 6.8 6.4 6.4 5.9 4.8 5.9Jun-05 15 17.4 0.7 40 6.4 4.1Jun-05 16 16.1 16.4 0.8 0.6 43 42 6.7 6.5 4.5 3.5Jun-05 19 14.3 14.4 0.5 0.5 49 50 6.7 6.5 3.7 3.7Jun-05 22 13.1 13.4 0.4 0.5 55 54 6.7 6.6 3.2 3.5Jun-05 25 13.1 0.4 55 6.7 3.0Jun-05 28 12.3 0.4 62 6.8 2.5Jun-05 30 12.1 0.4 71 6.8 2.5Jul-05 1 29.3 29.5 29.6 6.8 7.6 7.7 36 36 36 7.2 7.1 7.2 3.7 3.5 3.5Jul-05 3 29.4 7.7 36 7.1 4.0Jul-05 4 29.3 29.3 7.1 7.7 36 36 7.2 7.1 4.0 4.0Jul-05 5 29.3 7.7 36 7.1 3.9Jul-05 7 29.2 29.2 29.2 7.1 7.6 7.8 36 36 36 7.2 7.0 7.2 4.0 4.3 3.7Jul-05 9 26.7 3.8 38 6.3 9.5Jul-05 10 26.4 26.2 25.6 1.7 2.8 1.2 38 37 39 6.3 6.1 6.2 10.3 10.3 11.6Jul-05 12 22.4 0.6 48 6.3 11.6Jul-05 13 20.4 19.4 0.6 1.2 50 51 6.4 6.1 13.8 16.3Jul-05 16 16.0 16.0 0.4 0.7 56 56 6.4 6.0 33.7 30.7Jul-05 19 14.5 14.4 0.3 0.6 63 64 6.5 6.1 31.3 29.7Jul-05 22 13.4 13.0 0.3 0.6 70 74 6.6 6.2 11.8 8.1Jul-05 25 12.5 12.4 0.3 0.6 81 83 6.7 6.3 5.4 5.4Aug-05 1 30.1 7.7 37 7.3 3.5Aug-05 4 29.9 7.9 37 7.3 4.9Aug-05 7 28.9 7.5 37 6.9 5.4Aug-05 10 27.8 3.8 37 6.0 9.3Aug-05 13 23.4 0.8 53 5.8 23.1Aug-05 16 17.7 0.5 58 6.1 37.2Aug-05 19 14.9 0.4 67 5.9 50.0Aug-05 22 13.4 0.4 79 6.1 16.8Aug-05 25 12.6 0.3 90 6.6 9.1

34 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 5.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660470) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 5).[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; A-1 and A-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660470 A-1 A-2 01660470 A-1 A-2 01660470 A-1 A-2 01660470 A-1 A-2 01660470 A-1 A-2

Sep-04 1 25.1 25.2 25.2 7.8 8.4 8.4 32 32 32 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.8Sep-04 2 25.1 25.2 25.2 7.8 8.2 8.1 33 32 33 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.0 6.5 8.1Sep-04 3 25.0 25.1 25.1 7.5 7.7 7.6 33 32 33 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.3 6.0 6.9Sep-04 4 24.8 24.9 24.9 6.4 7.5 6.8 32 32 33 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.5 5.6 6.1Oct-04 1 14.7 14.7 14.8 9.4 9.5 9.4 34 34 34 6.2 6.1 6.1 4.8 5.0 7.0Oct-04 2 14.7 14.7 14.8 9.3 9.5 9.3 34 34 34 6.3 6.2 6.2 4.8 5.5 6.4Oct-04 3 14.7 14.6 14.7 9.3 9.4 9.1 34 35 34 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.0 4.5 4.6Oct-04 4 14.6 14.6 14.6 9.2 9.1 9.0 34 34 34 6.3 6.2 6.2 4.5 4.3 5.1Nov-04 1 10.3 10.2 10.5 9.8 10.1 10.1 34 34 34 5.1 5.4 5.5 4.0 4.6 3.7Nov-04 2 10.2 10.0 10.4 9.8 10.0 9.9 34 34 34 5.2 5.4 5.6 3.7 4.4 4.1Nov-04 3 10.1 9.9 10.2 9.8 10.0 9.9 34 34 34 5.2 5.4 5.6 3.9 3.4 4.1Nov-04 4 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.0 9.8 33 33 33 5.3 5.4 5.5 2.9 4.0 2.7Dec-04 1 6.7 6.4 6.7 10.8 11.3 10.9 31 31 31 4.8 5.0 5.2 2.7 2.9 2.5Dec-04 2 6.7 6.4 6.7 10.8 11.0 10.8 31 31 31 4.8 5.0 5.2 2.7 2.4 2.5Dec-04 3 6.6 6.5 6.7 10.8 10.9 10.7 31 31 32 4.9 5.1 5.2 2.7 2.4 2.7Dec-04 4 6.6 6.7 10.8 10.7 31 31 4.9 5.3 3.0 3.7Feb-05 1 7.1 7.1 7.4 13.0 12.7 12.6 29 29 29 7.3 7.0 6.9 2.0 3.4 4.5Feb-05 2 7.1 6.9 7.5 13.0 12.8 12.6 29 29 29 7.2 7.0 6.9 2.2 3.0 3.2Feb-05 3 6.7 6.5 7.3 13.1 13.0 12.6 29 29 29 7.1 6.9 7.0 3.4 3.7 4.0Feb-05 4 6.7 6.6 6.6 13.9 13.4 13.0 28 28 29 7.1 6.9 6.9 19.6 27.3 7.0Mar-05 1 7.0 7.1 6.6 13.9 13.6 13.6 30 30 30 7.4 7.5 7.8 0.5 -0.4 3.2Mar-05 2 7.0 7.1 6.6 13.9 13.8 13.8 30 30 30 7.4 7.5 7.7 3.2 2.0 3.4Mar-05 3 6.9 7.1 6.6 13.9 13.9 13.8 30 30 30 7.4 7.5 7.6 2.7 14.5 3.2Mar-05 4 6.9 7.2 6.7 14.1 14.2 13.9 30 30 30 7.7 8.4 7.9 43.0 57.5 28.3Apr-05 1 16.8 16.7 16.8 12.6 10.9 10.9 30 30 30 7.1 7.1 7.3 4.4 4.8 4.4Apr-05 2 16.8 16.7 16.8 12.4 10.9 10.8 30 30 30 7.1 7.1 7.3 4.6 11.6 5.5Apr-05 3 16.7 16.5 16.8 12.5 11.2 10.8 30 29 30 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.8 119.4 4.6Apr-05 4 16.5 16.7 12.6 10.9 29 30 7.2 7.6 46.0 71.3Apr-05 5 16.7 11.0 31 7.8 84.4May-05 1 19.8 19.9 19.9 10.1 9.9 9.4 33 34 33 7.5 7.5 7.5

NO MAY CHLOROPHYLL 

VALUES

May-05 2 19.9 19.9 19.9 10.3 10.1 10.0 33 34 33 7.5 7.5 7.5May-05 3 19.8 19.9 19.9 10.4 10.3 10.0 33 34 33 7.7 7.5 7.5May-05 4 19.8 20.0 19.9 10.4 10.4 10.1 34 33 33 7.8 7.7 7.5May-05 5 19.6 9.6 34 7.4Jun-05 1 24.4 25.7 26.0 7.6 7.8 8.5 37 37 36 7.3 7.2 7.1 8.0 5.3 4.4Jun-05 2 24.4 25.7 26.0 7.6 7.8 8.4 37 37 36 7.3 7.1 7.1 8.6 5.4 5.1Jun-05 3 24.2 24.6 25.0 7.5 7.7 7.6 37 37 37 7.2 7.0 7.0 9.1 6.9 7.8Jun-05 4 24.2 24.4 7.0 7.2 37 37 7.2 6.9 11.6 9.5Jun-05 4.5 24.3 7.2 37 6.9 10.3Jul-05 1 29.2 29.3 29.3 6.8 7.3 7.4 37 37 37 6.8 6.8 6.8 8.0 8.0 10.1Jul-05 2 29.2 29.2 29.2 6.9 7.1 7.4 37 37 37 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.3 10.6 11.8Jul-05 3 29.2 29.1 29.0 6.9 7.0 7.1 37 37 37 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.5 10.1 11.8Jul-05 3.5 29.1 29.0 28.9 6.8 6.8 7.1 37 37 37 6.8 6.6 6.7 8.0 8.0 10.3Aug-05 1 28.8 6.6 37 6.7 8.3Aug-05 2 28.8 6.6 37 6.6 8.6Aug-05 3 28.9 6.6 37 6.5 8.3Aug-05 3.5 28.8 6.6 37 6.4 8.1

Appendixes 35
Appendix 6.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660480) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 6).[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; B-1 and B-2, cross-section profiling points; <, less than]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2

Sep-04 1 24.1 24.2 24.1 5.5 5.7 5.7 33 32 33 6.1 6.2 6.3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 3 24.1 24.2 24.2 6.0 5.8 5.7 33 32 32 6.5 6.3 6.3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 5 24.1 24.2 24.1 5.8 5.8 5.7 33 32 32 6.5 6.5 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 7 24.1 24.1 24.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 33 32 33 6.5 6.6 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 9 24.1 24.1 24.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 33 32 33 6.5 6.5 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 11 24.1 24.1 24.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 33 32 33 6.5 6.6 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 13 24.0 23.9 24.1 5.6 5.5 5.5 33 33 33 6.5 6.6 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 15 21.4 21.6 21.5 0.3 0.6 1.1 62 60 61 6.2 6.3 6.3 17.7 16.3 16.2Sep-04 17 18.9 18.5 18.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 76 77 76 6.2 6.3 6.3 34.2 34.7 35.0Sep-04 19 16.0 16.2 0.2 0.2 82 82 6.2 6.3 18.0 21.7Sep-04 21 14.3 0.1 88 6.3 7.4Sep-04 23 13.4 0.1 97 6.3 3.0Oct-04 1 15.4 15.5 15.6 10.2 11.2 11.3 35 35 35 6.0 6.4 6.2 8.3 8.8 9.8Oct-04 3 15.4 15.4 15.4 10.2 10.8 10.7 35 35 35 6.0 6.5 6.4 8.1 9.3 9.3Oct-04 5 15.4 15.4 15.4 10.2 10.6 10.4 35 35 36 6.0 6.5 6.4 8.6 8.6 7.3Oct-04 7 15.4 15.2 15.2 10.2 10.1 9.6 35 35 36 6.0 6.4 6.4 8.1 5.8 5.1Oct-04 9 15.3 15.1 15.1 10.0 9.7 9.3 35 35 36 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.8 5.0 4.8Oct-04 11 15.1 15.1 15.1 9.5 9.5 9.3 36 35 35 6.0 6.4 6.3 5.4 5.5 4.8Oct-04 13 15.1 15.1 15.1 9.4 9.4 9.3 35 35 35 6.0 6.4 6.3 5.6 5.8 4.5Oct-04 15 15.1 15.0 9.4 9.4 35 35 6.0 6.4 5.5 5.0Oct-04 17 15.0 15.0 9.4 9.3 35 35 5.9 6.3 5.5 5.5Oct-04 19 15.0 14.9 9.2 9.2 35 35 5.9 6.3 5.3 5.1Oct-04 21 15.0 14.9 9.1 9.1 35 35 5.9 6.3 5.3 4.9Oct-04 23 14.9 14.9 9.1 8.9 35 36 5.9 6.3 5.5 5.0Oct-04 25 14.9 14.8 8.8 8.3 36 38 5.9 6.2 6.0 4.8Oct-04 27 14.8 8.3 37 5.9 4.9Nov-04 1 10.8 11.1 11.1 10.1 10.3 10.0 35 35 35 5.4 6.3 6.1 4.3 2.9 3.0Nov-04 3 10.8 9.9 35 5.5 5.1Nov-04 4 10.9 10.8 10.2 9.9 35 35 6.3 6.2 5.9 4.5Nov-04 5 10.8 9.8 35 5.6 5.1Nov-04 7 10.8 10.8 10.8 9.8 10.1 9.8 35 35 35 5.6 6.3 6.2 4.9 5.1 4.8Nov-04 9 10.8 9.8 35 5.6 5.0Nov-04 10 10.7 10.7 10.1 9.7 35 35 6.3 6.2 4.5 4.5Nov-04 11 10.7 9.7 35 5.6 5.1Nov-04 13 10.7 10.6 10.6 9.6 10.0 9.7 35 35 35 5.7 6.3 6.2 4.3 4.5 4.5Nov-04 15 10.6 9.6 35 5.7 4.6Nov-04 16 10.5 10.6 9.9 9.6 35 35 6.3 6.2 4.1 4.5Nov-04 17 10.6 9.7 35 5.7 4.8Nov-04 19 10.4 10.5 10.5 9.7 9.7 9.5 35 35 35 5.7 6.2 6.2 4.3 4.6 3.7Nov-04 21 10.4 9.7 35 5.7 4.5Nov-04 22 10.4 9.6 35 6.2 4.5Nov-04 23 10.2 9.6 35 5.7 4.8Nov-04 25 10.1 9.9 9.3 9.6 34 35 5.7 6.2 4.0 3.7Nov-04 26 10.0 9.1 34 5.7 4.1

36 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 6.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660480) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 6).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; B-1 and B-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2

Dec-04 1 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.3 10.9 10.3 34 34 34 6.3 6.1 6.3 3.0 2.5 3.0Dec-04 4 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.2 10.7 10.3 34 34 34 6.3 6.0 6.3 4.0 3.2 2.5Dec-04 7 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.1 10.6 10.3 34 34 34 6.3 6.1 6.4 3.5 3.9 4.1Dec-04 10 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.1 10.6 10.2 34 34 34 6.3 6.2 6.3 4.5 3.5 3.7Dec-04 13 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.1 10.6 10.2 34 34 34 6.3 6.2 6.3 4.1 3.5 4.0Dec-04 16 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.1 10.5 10.2 34 34 34 6.3 6.3 6.3 4.0 3.5 3.5Dec-04 19 7.0 7.0 7.1 11.1 10.5 10.2 34 34 34 6.3 6.4 6.3 3.7 3.4 3.7Dec-04 22 6.9 11.1 34 6.3 4.0Dec-04 25 6.9 11.0 34 6.3 3.5Feb-05 1 4.9 5.2 5.3 11.8 11.9 11.9 32 32 32 7.4 6.9 6.8 4.0 7.0 6.3Feb-05 3 4.9 11.7 32 7.3 6.9Feb-05 4 5.2 5.2 12.0 11.9 32 32 6.8 6.8 7.4 8.0Feb-05 5 4.9 11.7 32 7.4 7.0Feb-05 7 4.8 5.2 5.3 11.7 12.0 11.9 32 32 32 7.4 6.8 6.8 9.1 8.1 8.1Feb-05 9 4.8 11.7 32 7.3 8.8Feb-05 10 5.2 5.3 12.0 11.9 32 32 6.8 6.8 8.1 7.5Feb-05 11 4.7 11.7 32 7.3 8.8Feb-05 13 4.7 4.8 5.3 11.6 12.0 11.9 32 32 32 7.4 6.8 6.8 8.5 8.3 8.1Feb-05 15 4.6 5.3 11.6 11.9 32 32 7.3 6.8 9.1 7.9Feb-05 16 4.7 11.9 32 6.8 8.1Feb-05 17 4.5 11.6 32 7.3 8.5Feb-05 19 4.5 4.6 11.5 11.8 32 32 7.3 6.8 8.5 8.8Feb-05 21 4.4 11.5 32 7.3 8.3Feb-05 22 4.7 11.8 32 6.8 8.8Feb-05 25 4.6 11.8 32 6.8 8.3Mar-05 1 6.7 13.3 32 7.3 5.3Mar-05 4 6.7 13.4 32 7.2 7.3Mar-05 7 6.6 13.4 32 7.2 7.5Mar-05 10 6.6 13.4 32 7.2 9.3Mar-05 13 6.5 13.4 32 7.2 11.1Mar-05 16 6.5 13.4 32 7.2 11.3Mar-05 19 6.4 13.4 32 7.1 10.5Mar-05 22 6.4 13.3 32 7.1 10.0Mar-05 24 6.3 13.3 33 7.1 10.5Apr-05 1 15.5 15.6 15.5 12.4 11.4 11.4 32 32 32 7.3 7.2 7.3 6.1 5.9 4.8Apr-05 3 15.5 12.4 32 7.3 7.8Apr-05 4 15.7 15.5 11.2 11.3 32 32 7.4 7.3 6.5 7.0Apr-05 5 15.4 12.3 32 7.3 8.1Apr-05 7 15.4 15.5 15.4 12.3 11.1 11.3 32 32 32 7.3 7.4 7.4 8.3 7.0 8.1Apr-05 9 14.7 12.8 32 7.4 10.6Apr-05 10 14.4 15.2 11.4 11.3 32 32 7.4 7.4 10.3 9.6Apr-05 11 12.4 13.4 32 7.4 15.0Apr-05 13 11.8 12.1 11.7 13.4 11.9 11.9 32 32 32 7.3 7.3 7.3 16.1 15.6 16.0Apr-05 14 11.3 11.5 32 7.1 16.5Apr-05 15 11.0 13.0 32 7.1 18.2Apr-05 16 10.8 11.3 32 7.0 16.2Apr-05 17 10.8 12.2 32 6.8 17.1Apr-05 19 10.1 10.6 11.6 10.8 33 32 6.6 6.8 11.6 14.8Apr-05 21 10.1 10.6 33 6.6 11.6Apr-05 22 10.1 10.5 10.4 10.5 33 32 6.6 6.7 13.1 14.6Apr-05 25 10.2 10.2 33 6.6 13.1

Appendixes 37
Appendix 6.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660480) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 6).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; B-1 and B-2, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2 01660480 B-1 B-2

May-05 1 20.9 21.0 21.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 32 32 32 7.4 7.3 7.3

NO MAY CHLOROPHYLL

 VALUES

May-05 3 20.9 9.9 32 7.5May-05 4 20.6 20.7 9.8 9.9 32 32 7.5 7.4May-05 5 20.6 9.9 32 7.5May-05 7 20.5 20.5 20.4 9.8 9.9 9.8 32 32 32 7.5 7.4 7.5May-05 9 20.3 9.7 32 7.4May-05 10 19.5 19.8 10.3 10.0 32 32 7.5 7.4May-05 11 19.1 10.2 32 7.4May-05 13 16.6 16.4 16.6 9.8 9.3 9.9 32 32 32 7.3 6.9 7.2May-05 16 15.5 15.5 7.8 7.2 33 33 6.8 6.4May-05 19 14.4 14.8 6.1 5.4 34 34 6.4 6.2May-05 22 13.6 3.8 36 6.2Jun-05 1 26.0 27.2 27.3 8.9 8.7 8.9 35 35 35 7.3 7.2 7.1 5.6 4.5 5.5Jun-05 3 25.8 25.9 26.1 8.9 8.9 9.0 35 35 35 7.3 7.3 7.2 8.8 8.0 7.8Jun-05 5 25.8 25.6 25.7 8.9 9.0 9.1 35 35 35 7.3 7.3 7.2 8.3 8.3 8.5Jun-05 7 25.5 25.5 25.5 8.9 8.8 9.0 35 35 35 7.4 7.3 7.3 9.0 9.1 9.6Jun-05 9 25.1 25.0 25.0 8.2 7.6 8.0 35 35 35 7.3 7.1 7.1 13.0 11.1 13.5Jun-05 11 21.1 20.9 21.2 4.2 3.0 3.1 36 36 37 6.9 6.6 6.6 8.5 7.4 8.0Jun-05 12 19.6 1.7 36 6.5 5.4Jun-05 13 18.6 18.7 1.6 1.0 36 36 6.7 6.5 4.6 5.1Jun-05 15 17.2 16.9 0.8 0.6 40 41 6.7 6.5 4.6 4.5Jun-05 17 16.0 16.1 0.6 0.4 44 44 6.7 6.5 4.1 4.5Jun-05 19 14.8 0.5 49 6.6 4.5Jun-05 21 13.9 0.5 55 6.6 3.7Jun-05 22 13.5 0.5 56 6.6 3.4Jul-05 1 29.4 29.5 29.4 7.3 7.7 7.6 36 36 36 7.2 7.1 7.2 3.7 3.5 3.2Jul-05 3 29.4 29.4 7.3 7.6 36 36 7.1 7.2 4.4 3.4Jul-05 4 29.4 7.6 36 7.1 3.2Jul-05 5 29.4 29.3 7.3 7.6 36 36 7.1 7.2 4.4 3.9Jul-05 7 28.8 29.1 29.1 5.7 7.4 7.1 36 36 36 6.6 6.9 6.9 6.6 4.8 6.0Jul-05 9 27.3 27.0 3.5 2.8 36 36 6.3 6.2 13.5 15.6Jul-05 10 25.1 1.7 38 6.1 9.5Jul-05 11 24.2 23.7 1.3 1.4 41 43 6.2 6.2 8.8 9.6Jul-05 13 20.6 20.8 0.5 0.9 51 51 6.3 6.2 15.5 13.3Jul-05 15 17.9 0.4 53 6.2 24.5Jul-05 16 17.1 0.8 54 6.1 28.0Jul-05 17 15.7 0.4 58 6.2 36.5Jul-05 19 15.2 14.9 0.3 0.7 62 64 6.3 6.2 38.2 36.4Jul-05 22 13.4 0.7 77 6.3 19.0Aug-05 1 29.8 7.6 37 7.1 3.7Aug-05 3 29.8 7.6 37 7.1 5.4Aug-05 5 29.5 7.8 37 7.0 5.4Aug-05 7 28.9 7.4 37 6.8 5.5Aug-05 9 28.4 6.6 37 6.4 5.8Aug-05 11 27.4 3.6 38 6.0 7.9Aug-05 13 23.5 0.8 54 5.7 24.7Aug-05 15 19.3 0.5 55 5.6 31.5Aug-05 17 16.9 0.4 60 6.0 38.5Aug-05 18 15.9 0.3 64 6.1 48.5

38 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 7.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660489) and cross-section profiling points (fig. 5,

site 8).[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; D-1, D-2, and D-3, cross-section profiling points; <, less than]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3

Sep-04 1 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.6 33 33 33 33 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 3 24.1 24.0 24.0 24.0 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.5 33 33 33 33 6.3 6.7 6.5 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 5 24.1 24.0 24.0 23.9 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.1 33 33 33 33 6.3 6.7 6.5 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 7 24.1 24.0 24.0 23.9 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.0 33 33 33 33 6.3 6.6 6.5 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 9 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.9 5.2 4.9 5.2 4.8 33 33 33 33 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 11 23.8 23.8 24.0 23.8 2.4 2.6 5.0 4.9 34 34 33 33 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 13 23.6 23.7 23.8 1.0 1.3 3.8 35 34 33 6.1 6.3 6.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 15 22.3 22.0 23.6 0.3 0.5 2.2 50 52 35 6.2 6.3 6.3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Sep-04 17 18.8 19.3 22.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 72 72 54 6.2 6.4 6.3 31.7 32.7 6.9Sep-04 19 15.9 0.1 83 6.2 18.2Sep-04 21 14.6 0.1 84 6.3 7.0Sep-04 23 13.5 0.1 88 6.3 2.4Sep-04 25 12.9 0.1 88 6.3 0.1Sep-04 27 12.5 0.1 91 6.3 0.1Sep-04 29 12.2 0.1 92 6.3 0.1Sep-04 31 12.0 0.1 96 6.3 0.1Sep-04 33 11.9 0.1 102 6.3 0.1Sep-04 35 11.7 0.1 121 6.3 1.7Sep-04 37 11.5 0.1 125 6.3 2.4Sep-04 39 11.4 0.1 129 6.4 3.0Oct-04 1 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.8 10.2 11.0 10.6 10.7 36 36 36 36 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.6 8.3 5.9 5.8Oct-04 2 15.5 10.7 36 6.4 7.8Oct-04 3 15.5 15.5 15.5 10.6 10.5 10.4 36 36 36 6.4 6.3 6.3 7.5 7.1 6.4Oct-04 4 15.4 15.4 10.2 10.5 36 36 6.3 6.4 6.1 8.3Oct-04 5 15.4 15.4 15.4 10.4 10.4 10.0 36 36 36 6.4 6.3 6.3 8.3 6.9 5.5Oct-04 6 15.4 10.4 36 6.4 7.9Oct-04 7 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.4 10.2 10.4 9.7 9.8 36 36 36 36 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.5 7.9 5.5 5.0Oct-04 8 15.4 10.4 36 6.4 6.0Oct-04 9 15.4 15.1 15.2 10.2 8.4 9.2 36 37 36 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.4 4.1 4.9Oct-04 10 15.3 9.7 36 6.4 5.8Oct-04 11 15.1 15.1 8.3 8.6 37 36 6.2 6.3 4.0 4.4Oct-04 13 15.1 9.4 36 6.3 5.1Oct-04 16 15.0 8.9 36 6.3 4.8Oct-04 19 15.0 8.4 37 6.2 4.5Oct-04 22 14.9 8.1 38 6.2 4.4Oct-04 25 14.9 7.7 38 6.1 4.5Oct-04 28 14.3 6.3 52 6.0 4.0Oct-04 31 12.6 3.6 114 5.9 5.5Oct-04 34 11.9 2.4 142 5.9 7.0Oct-04 37 11.7 1.6 161 5.9 6.8Oct-04 40 11.6 1.1 173 6.0 7.5

Appendixes 39
Appendix 7.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660489) and cross-section profiling

points (fig. 5, site 8).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; D-1, D-2, and D-3, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3

Nov-04 1 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.3 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.9 35 35 35 35 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.3 5.0 2.5 3.5 3.7Nov-04 3 11.2 11.1 11.2 9.9 10.0 9.8 35 35 35 6.6 6.4 6.3 4.0 4.3 4.1Nov-04 4 10.9 10.2 35 6.0 5.1Nov-04 5 11.1 11.1 11.2 9.8 9.9 9.8 35 35 35 6.5 6.4 6.3 4.5 5.0 4.5Nov-04 7 10.9 11.1 11.1 11.0 10.1 9.8 9.9 9.8 35 35 35 35 6.0 6.5 6.4 6.3 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.5Nov-04 9 11.1 11.0 10.8 9.7 9.8 9.6 35 35 35 6.5 6.3 6.3 4.8 5.3 3.5Nov-04 10 10.9 10.0 35 6.0 4.8Nov-04 11 11.0 11.0 10.7 9.7 9.8 9.4 35 35 35 6.4 6.3 6.2 4.5 5.5 3.0Nov-04 12 11.0 9.7 35 6.4 4.9Nov-04 13 10.9 9.9 35 6.0 5.3Nov-04 16 10.9 9.9 35 6.0 5.0Nov-04 19 10.7 9.7 35 6.0 4.0Nov-04 22 10.6 9.4 35 6.0 3.4Nov-04 25 10.4 9.2 35 6.0 4.5Nov-04 28 10.3 9.1 35 6.0 3.9Nov-04 31 10.3 9.0 35 6.0 3.5Nov-04 34 10.3 9.0 35 5.9 3.5Nov-04 36 10.3 8.9 35 5.9 3.9Dec-04 1 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.3 11.0 10.3 9.9 9.7 34 34 34 34 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.3 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0Dec-04 3 7.2 7.2 7.3 10.2 9.9 9.7 34 34 34 6.4 6.3 6.3 4.8 3.5 3.7Dec-04 4 7.2 10.9 34 6.3 4.3Dec-04 5 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.1 9.9 9.6 34 34 34 6.5 6.3 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.7Dec-04 7 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.9 10.0 9.9 9.6 34 34 34 34 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 3.4 4.4 4.3 3.5Dec-04 9 7.2 7.2 6.9 10.0 9.9 9.6 34 34 34 6.4 6.3 6.3 4.0 3.5 4.0Dec-04 10 7.2 10.8 34 6.3 3.9Dec-04 11 7.2 7.1 6.7 10.0 9.8 9.6 34 34 34 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.7 4.0 4.1Dec-04 12 7.2 9.9 34 6.3 4.0Dec-04 13 7.2 6.9 10.8 9.8 34 34 6.3 6.3 4.0 4.1Dec-04 16 7.2 10.8 34 6.3 3.5Dec-04 19 7.2 10.8 34 6.2 4.0Dec-04 22 7.2 10.7 34 6.3 4.1Dec-04 25 7.2 10.7 34 6.3 4.3Dec-04 28 7.1 10.7 34 6.2 3.9Dec-04 31 7.1 10.7 34 6.2 3.7Dec-04 34 7.1 10.7 34 6.2 3.2Dec-04 37 7.0 10.7 34 6.2 3.5Dec-04 40 7.0 10.7 34 6.2 3.2Feb-05 1 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 32 32 32 32 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.5 3.7 5.0 6.0Feb-05 3 4.6 4.6 4.8 11.6 11.6 11.6 32 32 32 7.2 7.2 7.3 5.5 4.9 7.3Feb-05 4 4.5 11.4 32 7.2 9.6Feb-05 5 4.6 4.6 4.8 11.5 11.6 11.6 32 32 32 7.2 7.2 7.2 5.9 5.5 7.8Feb-05 7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.8 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.6 32 32 32 32 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 9.1 7.5 7.1 8.3Feb-05 9 4.5 4.6 4.8 11.5 11.6 11.6 32 32 32 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.8 7.4 7.9Feb-05 10 4.4 4.6 11.4 11.6 32 32 7.2 7.1 9.5 7.8Feb-05 11 4.5 4.8 11.5 11.6 32 32 7.1 7.2 8.1 8.3Feb-05 13 4.4 4.5 11.3 11.5 32 32 7.3 7.1 8.5 8.3Feb-05 15 4.5 11.5 32 7.1 9.3Feb-05 16 4.4 11.3 32 7.2 8.6Feb-05 19 4.4 11.3 32 7.2 9.6Feb-05 22 4.4 11.3 32 7.2 9.6Feb-05 25 4.4 11.3 32 7.2 8.3Feb-05 28 4.4 11.3 32 7.2 9.3Feb-05 31 4.4 11.2 32 7.2 9.1Feb-05 34 4.4 11.2 32 7.2 8.5Feb-05 37 4.4 11.2 32 7.2 8.6Feb-05 40 4.4 11.1 33 7.2 9.5

40 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 7.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660489) and cross-section profiling points

(fig. 5, site 8).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; D-1, D-2, and D-3, cross-section profiling points]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3

03/15/05 1 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.0 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 33 33 33 33 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 9.0 6.0 4.1 6.003/15/05 2 6.4 13.3 33 7.1 5.003/15/05 3 6.4 6.1 6.0 13.3 13.3 13.3 33 33 33 7.1 7.1 7.1 4.8 4.4 7.603/15/05 4 6.6 6.4 13.3 13.3 33 33 7.1 7.1 9.3 4.303/15/05 5 6.4 6.1 6.0 13.3 13.3 13.3 33 33 33 7.1 7.1 7.1 5.0 6.1 9.103/15/05 7 6.6 6.0 6.0 13.3 13.3 13.3 33 33 33 7.1 7.1 7.1 10.6 7.0 10.003/15/05 8 6.1 13.3 33 7.1 9.603/15/05 9 6.1 13.3 33 7.1 10.803/15/05 10 6.6 13.2 33 7.1 10.803/15/05 11 6.0 13.3 33 7.1 10.303/15/05 13 6.6 13.2 33 7.1 10.603/15/05 16 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 10.603/15/05 19 6.6 13.2 33 7.1 10.003/15/05 22 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 10.303/15/05 25 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 9.603/15/05 28 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 10.503/15/05 31 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 10.303/15/05 34 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 10.003/15/05 37 6.5 13.3 33 7.1 11.003/15/05 39 6.5 13.2 33 7.1 11.004/12/05 1 15.3 15.4 15.3 15.3 12.3 11.3 11.6 11.9 32 32 32 32 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 4.5 5.5 6.004/12/05 3 15.3 15.2 11.6 11.8 32 32 7.4 7.4 7.5 6.804/12/05 4 15.2 15.3 12.3 11.3 31 32 7.4 7.4 8.3 6.004/12/05 5 15.2 14.6 11.5 11.9 32 32 7.4 7.4 9.6 9.604/12/05 7 15.2 15.2 14.2 14.0 12.2 11.3 11.8 12.1 31 32 32 31 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 8.8 8.5 11.6 11.304/12/05 9 13.6 13.7 11.9 12.2 31 31 7.4 7.4 13.1 13.004/12/05 10 13.6 12.9 12.7 11.9 32 32 7.3 7.4 13.6 13.504/12/05 11 12.6 12.5 12.2 12.4 32 31 7.4 7.4 16.2 15.804/12/05 13 11.8 11.3 13.2 11.7 32 32 7.3 7.2 17.3 16.704/12/05 16 10.6 10.6 12.2 10.8 32 32 6.9 6.8 17.8 16.204/12/05 18 10.5 10.6 32 6.8 15.004/12/05 19 10.4 11.7 32 6.8 15.604/12/05 22 10.1 11.1 33 6.7 12.104/12/05 25 10.1 10.6 33 6.6 11.804/12/05 28 10.0 10.2 33 6.6 11.804/12/05 31 9.9 10.0 33 6.5 11.804/12/05 34 9.9 9.7 34 6.5 11.104/12/05 37 9.8 9.3 34 6.5 11.004/12/05 39 9.7 8.5 35 6.5 12.105/17/05 1 20.4 20.9 20.8 20.9 9.6 9.8 9.7 9.5 32 32 32 32 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.5

NO MAY CHLOROPHYLL 

VALUES

05/17/05 3 20.9 20.8 20.8 9.8 9.8 9.7 32 32 32 7.6 7.7 7.605/17/05 4 20.4 9.6 32 7.305/17/05 5 20.5 20.6 20.5 9.8 9.8 9.8 32 32 32 7.6 7.7 7.605/17/05 7 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.4 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.8 32 32 32 32 7.3 7.6 7.7 7.605/17/05 9 20.4 20.4 20.4 9.7 9.8 9.8 32 32 32 7.6 7.7 7.605/17/05 10 17.1 9.9 32 7.205/17/05 11 19.7 19.8 9.8 9.4 32 33 7.6 7.505/17/05 12 18.8 10.1 32 7.405/17/05 13 17.0 9.6 32 7.105/17/05 16 15.4 8.3 33 6.705/17/05 19 14.6 5.9 34 6.305/17/05 22 14.5 5.4 34 6.205/17/05 25 12.9 3.7 36 6.105/17/05 28 11.9 2.5 38 6.105/17/05 31 11.5 1.9 38 6.105/17/05 34 11.2 1.7 38 6.105/17/05 37 10.7 1.0 42 6.105/17/05 39 10.6 0.6 43 6.2

Appendixes 41
Appendix 7.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660489) and cross-section

profiling points (fig. 5, site 8).—Continued[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; D-1, D-2, and D-3, cross-section profiling points]Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Specific conductance (μS/cm) pH (units) Total chlorophyll (μg/L)

01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3 01660489 D-1 D-2 D-3

Jun-05 1 25.8 27.4 27.5 27.3 8.5 9.0 8.9 8.8 35 35 35 35 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 8.8 3.9 4.5 5.4Jun-05 3 26.4 26.2 26.1 9.3 9.4 9.2 35 35 35 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.5 6.5 8.8Jun-05 4 25.8 9.1 35 7.3 9.5Jun-05 5 26.1 26.0 25.9 9.4 9.4 9.3 35 35 35 7.3 7.3 7.3 8.3 8.1 9.0Jun-05 7 22.8 25.8 25.8 25.7 5.9 9.2 9.2 9.2 36 35 35 35 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.3 11.3 9.0 9.8 10.5Jun-05 9 24.0 25.1 25.5 7.1 8.3 8.8 35 35 35 7.0 7.2 7.2 13.8 12.6 10.8Jun-05 10 19.5 3.0 36 6.8 6.4Jun-05 11 21.0 20.7 20.3 3.2 2.8 2.9 37 37 38 6.6 6.6 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.1Jun-05 13 16.6 18.3 18.4 1.3 0.7 0.7 41 37 38 6.7 6.4 6.5 4.0 4.8 5.6Jun-05 15 16.5 0.6 42 6.4 3.7Jun-05 16 15.3 0.6 46 6.7 4.5Jun-05 19 13.6 0.5 53 6.7 3.0Jun-05 22 12.8 0.5 56 6.7 3.0Jun-05 25 12.7 0.5 56 6.7 3.0Jun-05 28 12.2 0.4 59 6.8 2.4Jun-05 31 11.7 0.4 62 6.8 2.2Jun-05 34 11.1 0.4 78 6.8 2.7Jun-05 37 10.9 0.4 80 6.9 2.5Jul-05 1 29.2 29.4 29.4 29.4 6.8 7.5 7.4 7.5 36 36 36 36 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 4.0 3.2 2.9 3.7Jul-05 3 29.3 29.4 29.4 7.6 7.7 7.7 36 36 36 7.1 7.2 7.2 3.5 3.9 3.5Jul-05 4 29.3 7.2 36 7.2 3.5Jul-05 5 29.3 29.3 29.3 7.5 7.7 7.7 36 36 36 7.1 7.1 7.2 4.0 4.1 4.0Jul-05 7 29.2 28.8 28.8 29.2 7.2 6.3 7.2 7.7 36 36 37 36 7.1 6.6 6.9 7.2 4.6 5.6 4.9 3.2Jul-05 9 27.1 26.9 27.0 3.5 4.1 4.6 36 36 36 6.2 6.2 6.3 14.3 15.6 16.1Jul-05 10 26.9 25.6 4.1 2.2 36 38 6.3 6.2 11.6 14.8Jul-05 11 22.8 23.9 1.2 1.1 46 43 6.3 6.2 10.6 8.8Jul-05 13 20.7 20.8 1.1 0.8 50 50 6.3 6.2 12.3 12.3Jul-05 16 16.4 0.5 53 6.2 27.6Jul-05 19 15.0 0.4 62 6.3 32.5Jul-05 22 13.4 0.3 70 6.4 13.6Jul-05 25 12.5 0.3 75 6.5 4.6Jul-05 28 12.1 0.3 78 6.6 3.0Jul-05 31 11.7 0.3 84 6.6 2.7Jul-05 34 11.4 0.2 95 6.8 2.7Jul-05 37 11.4 0.2 96 6.9 2.9Jul-05 40 11.2 0.2 101 7.0 5.6Aug-05 1 29.8 7.6 37 7.3 4.0Aug-05 4 29.8 7.6 37 7.1 4.6Aug-05 7 28.8 7.5 37 7.3 4.8Aug-05 10 28.0 5.5 37 6.4 6.6Aug-05 13 23.9 2.7 50 5.9 22.0Aug-05 16 18.2 1.0 55 5.7 33.7Aug-05 19 15.1 0.6 71 5.8 47.7Aug-05 22 13.4 0.5 80 6.4 17.7Aug-05 25 12.6 0.3 90 6.2 7.3Aug-05 28 12.2 0.3 89 6.3 6.3Aug-05 31 11.8 0.3 95 6.7 6.0Aug-05 34 11.5 0.3 113 6.8 5.9Aug-05 37 11.6 0.3 112 6.6 6.4Aug-05 40 11.3 0.3 116 6.9 6.0

42 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 8.  Summary of physical properties at various depths for Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, Virginia (01660490; fig. 5, site 7).

[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microseimens per centimeter at 25 °C; units, standard pH units; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than]

Sample 

date

Depth 

(ft)

Water 

temperature (°C)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

pH (units)

Total 

chlorophyll 

(μg/L) Sample date Depth (ft)

Water 

temperature (°C)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

pH (units)

Total 

chlorophyll 

(μg/L)

01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490 01660490

Sep-04 1 24.1 6.0 33 6.3 <1.0 Apr-05 1 15.3 12.3 32 7.3 6.8Sep-04 2 24.1 6.0 33 6.5 <1.0 Apr-05 2 15.3 12.4 31 7.4 7.1Sep-04 3 24.1 6.0 33 6.3 <1.0 Apr-05 3 15.3 12.3 31 7.4 7.4Sep-04 4 24.1 6.0 33 6.5 <1.0 Apr-05 4 15.3 12.3 31 7.4 8.1Sep-04 5 24.0 5.9 33 6.5 <1.0 Apr-05 5 15.3 12.3 31 7.4 7.9

Apr-05 6 15.3 12.2 31 7.4 8.5

Oct-04 1 15.5 10.1 36 5.9 6.3 Apr-05 7 15.3 12.2 31 7.4 7.8Oct-04 2 15.5 10.1 36 6.1 6.0Oct-04 3 15.5 10.0 36 6.1 6.5 May-05 1 20.6 9.7 32 7.3 NO MAY 

CHLOROPHYLL 

VALUES

Oct-04 4 15.5 10.0 36 6.1 6.0 May-05 2 20.6 9.7 32 7.4

May-05 3 20.6 9.7 32 7.4

Nov-04 1 10.9 10.1 35 5.8 4.8 May-05 4 20.6 9.7 32 7.4Nov-04 2 10.9 10.1 35 5.8 5.0 May-05 5 20.6 9.7 32 7.4Nov-04 3 10.9 10.0 35 5.9 5.3Nov-04 4 10.9 9.9 35 5.9 5.1 Jun-05 1 25.9 8.9 35 7.3 7.3Nov-04 5 10.9 9.9 35 6.0 5.6 Jun-05 2 25.9 8.9 35 7.4 7.9

Jun-05 3 25.9 8.9 35 7.4 7.6

Dec-04 1 7.3 11.1 34 6.2 3.4 Jun-05 3.5 25.9 8.9 35 7.4 8.6Dec-04 2 7.2 11.0 34 6.3 2.9Dec-04 3 7.3 11.0 34 6.3 3.5 Jul-05 1 29.2 7.0 36 7.1 3.2Dec-04 4 7.3 11.0 34 6.3 3.5 Jul-05 2 29.2 7.0 36 7.1 3.5Dec-04 5 7.3 11.0 34 6.3 3.7 Jul-05 3 29.2 7.0 36 7.1 3.5Dec-04 6 7.3 11.0 34 6.3 3.9 Jul-05 4 29.2 7.1 36 7.1 3.7Feb-05 1 4.6 11.5 32 7.3 4.9 Aug-05 1 29.7 7.5 37 7.3 3.9Feb-05 2 4.6 11.4 32 7.3 5.0 Aug-05 2 29.7 7.5 37 7.2 4.4Feb-05 3 4.6 11.4 32 7.3 5.0 Aug-05 2.5 29.7 7.5 37 7.1 4.5Feb-05 4 4.5 11.4 32 7.2 5.5 Aug-05 3 29.7 7.4 37 6.9 4.6Feb-05 5 4.5 11.4 32 7.3 7.5Feb-05 6 4.5 11.4 32 7.2 7.6Mar-05 1 6.6 13.4 33 7.1 4.9Mar-05 2 6.6 13.4 33 7.1 5.4Mar-05 3 6.6 13.4 33 7.1 5.6Mar-05 4 6.6 13.3 33 7.1 7.5

Appendixes 43
Appendix 9.  Summary of various constituents at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; mg/L, milligrams per liter; E. coli, Escherichia coliform bacteria; col/100mL, colonies per 100 milliliters; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, micrograms per liter; e, estimated; <, less than; >, greater than; –, no sample collected]

Constituent

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 10, 01660440)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 8 7 5 6 – 8 5 7 5 4 6 4Secchi -disk depth, in feet 2.7 4.2 4.8 5.0 – 6.4 5.6 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5Suspended sediment, in mg/L 5 3 3 2 – 2 3 5 3 3 5 3E. coli, in col/100 mL e6 e10 78 26 – e2 e2 e2 e4 e2 e2 e3Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 7.1 6.5 6.7 5.4 – 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.7 6.9 6.5 7.5Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

3.7 6.3 e3.0 1.9 – 1.0 e1.9 1.5 – – – 2.7

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

11.6 4.5 e3.8 1.2 – 3.3 e2.5 1.8 – – – 4.7

Constituent

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 9, 01660450)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 6 5 5 4 – 8 4 4 4 4 4 3Secchi -disk depth, in feet 3.9 4.3 6.0 6.6 – 6.5 5.8 5.3 4.1 4.2 5.2 5.5Suspended sediment, in mg/L 3 2 2 1 – 2 2 4 2 3 3 1E. coli, in col/100 mL e8 e5 19 30 – e4 e2 e2 e8 e4 e6 e7Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 7.8 7.8 6.4 6.5 – 4.2 5.1 4.8 5.1 6.9 6.5 7.7Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

2.2 6.0 e2.4 2.7 – 2.0 e2.8 1.4 – – – 1.8

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

6.5 4.9 e1.8 0.9 – 4.4 e4.2 2.3 – – – 3.6

44 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 9.  Summary of various constituents at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; mg/L, milligrams per liter; E. coli, Escherichia coliform bacteria; col/100mL, colonies per 100 milliliters; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, micrograms per liter; e, estimated; <, less than; >, greater than; –, no sample collected]

Constituent

Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 5, 01660470)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 13 6 4 8 – 8 5 6 6 4 8 3Secchi -disk depth, in feet 2.4 >4.4 >4.4 4.0 – >4.4 4.5 3.3 >4.0 3.2 3.0 2.8Suspended sediment, in mg/L 12 4 1 3 – 1 2 4 5 5 6 5E. coli, in col/100 mL e12 19 54 26 – e4 <1 e2 e2 e4 e2 e2Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 7.9 8.4 5.2 3.3 – 4.4 3.4 6.0 6.6 6.7 13.9 7.0Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

6.2 3.5 e3.8 2.0 – 2.1 e2.1 8.2 – – – 3.8

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

8.4 2.4 e4.7 1.1 – 1.4 e2.1 <0.1 – – – 5.5

Constituent

Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 6, 01660480)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 8 6 4 6 – 4 3 4 3 4 4 5Secchi -disk depth, in feet 4.2 3.7 5.2 7.8 – 6.0 7.5 5.6 5.0 3.8 5.4 6.6Suspended sediment, in mg/L 3 4 3 2 – 1 2 3 2 2 2 2E. coli, in col/100 mL e8 e6 17 15 – e2 e4 e3 e2 e6 e8 17Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 7.4 5.0 6.9 8.4 – 4.6 5.1 5.2 4.4 6.4 7.2 6.6Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

4.0 5.0 e2.8 2.0 – 1.4 e5.1 8.4 – – – 1.5

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

5.8 3.5 e1.9 0.8 – 4.2 e4.0 <0.1 – – – 3.3

Appendixes 45
Appendix 9.  Summary of various constituents at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; mg/L, milligrams per liter; E. coli, Escherichia coliform bacteria; col/100mL, colonies per 100 milliliters; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, micrograms per liter; e, estimated; <, less than; >, greater than; –, no sample collected]

Constituent

Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 8, 01660489)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 7 5 5 4 – 4 3 4 3 4 3 3Secchi -disk depth, in feet 4.3 3.5 4.8 7.7 – 7.0 6.4 5.5 4.1 4.8 5.2 6.7Suspended sediment, in mg/L 3 3 2 1 – 2 2 3 1 3 2 1E. coli, in col/100 mL e11 e1 25 14 – 16 e6 e2 e9 e2 14 e3Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 6.2 8.4 6.2 6.1 – 4.7 5.1 4.1 5.2 6.6 6.5 8.2Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

5.0 7.6 e3.6 2.3 – 1.5 e2.7 1.9 – – – 1.2

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

7.1 6.2 e2.6 0.9 – 4.3 e3.9 3.2 – – – 2.3

Constituent

Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 7, 01660490)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Turbidity, in NTU 7 4 5 6 – 4 3 4 3 4 3 5Secchi -disk depth, in feet 4.2 3.7 4.4 5.8 – 7.5 >4.2 5.5 >5.2 >3.8 >4.5 >3.5Suspended sediment, in mg/L 3 3 3 1 – 2 4 3 2 3 6 1E. coli, in col/100 mL e15 e4 23 30 – e9 9 e2 e8 e3 23 e2Alkalinity, in mg/L as CaCO3 6.7 8.2 7.0 6.6 – 4.4 4.4 5.2 5.1 6.6 7.2 11.2Pheophytin A, phytoplankton, 

in μg/L

3.5 4.9 e3.1 2.5 – 1.8 e2.8 1.6 – – – 1.4

Chlorophyll a, laboratory, in 

μg/L

5.4 4.2 e1.8 0.9 – 4.1 e4.9 2.5 – – – 2.2

46 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 10.  Summary of organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; e, estimated; –, no sample collected; <, less than]

Constituent, in mg/L

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 10, 01660440)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 6.78 5.97 5.82 6.19 – 4.45 4.78 6.01 7.09 6.62 6.74 6.53Organic carbon, dissolved 4.50 4.13 4.53 4.71 – 3.42 3.36 4.42 4.93 5.12 4.68 4.32Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.349 0.379 0.425 0.365 – 0.307 0.267 0.268 0.317 0.363 0.407 0.332Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.271 0.255 0.413 0.445 – 0.263 0.161 0.219 0.224 0.247 0.300 0.278Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved <0.010 0.041 0.088 0.072 – 0.012 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.006 <0.010Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 e0.001 0.002 0.002 – 0.002 e0.001 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 e0.011 0.019 0.043 – 0.053 0.018 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.006 – 0.005 e0.003 e0.007 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total 0.028 0.024 0.017 0.014 – 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.019

Constituent, in mg/L

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 9, 01660450)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 6.50 5.29 5.10 5.20 – 4.81 5.04 5.85 6.94 6.63 6.12 6.03Organic carbon, dissolved 4.85 4.19 4.09 3.90 – 4.47 3.87 4.10 4.65 5.17 4.62 4.21Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.306 0.411 0.398 0.471 – 0.405 0.344 0.275 0.373 0.354 0.312 0.328Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.251 0.288 0.404 0.472 – 0.383 0.303 0.217 0.193 0.251 0.315 0.267Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved e0.005 0.106 0.141 0.158 – 0.058 e0.006 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 e0.006 <0.010Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 <0.002 e0.001 0.003 – 0.002 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 <0.016 0.017 0.042 – 0.084 0.071 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved 0.006 e0.003 e0.004 0.007 – e0.004 0.006 e0.005 e0.004 e0.003 e0.003 e0.003Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total 0.022 0.013 0.012 0.012 – 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.014

Appendixes 47
Appendix 10.  Summary of organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; e, estimated; –, no sample collected; <, less than]

Constituent, in mg/L

Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 5, 01660470)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 7.48 5.70 5.63 5.84 – 3.54 4.37 5.69 7.23 6.74 6.04 6.66Organic carbon, dissolved 5.14 4.28 4.54 4.95 – 2.70 3.37 4.44 5.07 5.16 4.58 4.48Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.291 0.369 0.387 0.333 – 0.222 0.218 0.311 0.361 0.445 0.460 0.440Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.263 0.291 0.557 0.453 – 0.231 0.190 0.246 0.258 0.288 0.296 0.315Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved <0.010 0.053 0.075 0.043 – e0.005 <0.010 e0.005 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 e0.001 e0.001 0.002 – e0.001 e0.001 <0.002 e0.001 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 e0.015 0.016 0.035 – 0.024 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved e0.004 0.005 0.007 0.007 – e0.003 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.005Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total 0.010 0.018 0.013 0.017 – 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.030 0.034 0.032

Constituent, in mg/L Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 6, 01660480)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 6.28 5.65 5.08 4.70 – 5.03 5.35 5.69 e6.62 6.46 6.11 5.89Organic carbon, dissolved 4.77 4.16 3.80 4.09 – 3.89 3.80 4.03 4.76 5.40 4.66 4.63Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.240 0.404 0.424 0.427 – 0.395 0.330 0.280 0.313 0.349 0.341 0.346Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.229 0.299 0.401 0.448 – 0.335 0.326 0.213 0.192 0.257 0.292 0.264Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved <0.010 0.092 0.144 0.152 – 0.045 e0.006 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 e0.006 <0.010Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 e0.001 e0.001 0.002 – 0.002 0.002 e0.001 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 e0.014 e0.013 0.040 – 0.083 0.064 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved e0.003 e0.004 0.005 0.006 – 0.005 0.004 0.004 e0.004 0.004 e0.003 e0.003Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.012 – 0.015 0.015 0.018 0.015 0.016 0.012 0.014

48 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 10.  Summary of organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; e, estimated; –, no sample collected; <, less than]

Constituent, in mg/L

Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 8, 01660489)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 6.45 5.32 4.83 5.16 – 5.20 5.33 5.87 6.84 6.71 6.37 6.16Organic carbon, dissolved 4.67 4.15 4.01 3.96 – 3.99 3.81 4.11 4.75 5.68 4.53 4.55Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.299 0.390 0.416 0.461 – 0.418 0.335 0.293 0.303 0.353 0.318 0.286Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.239 0.283 0.405 0.436 – 0.369 0.302 0.217 0.208 0.252 0.270 0.303Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved <0.010 0.103 0.144 0.162 – 0.056 e0.005 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 e0.006 e0.005Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 e0.001 e0.001 0.002 – 0.002 0.003 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 e0.001 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 e0.012 0.017 0.041 – 0.084 0.070 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved 0.006 e0.003 0.005 0.006 – e0.004 0.007 e0.005 e0.004 0.004 e0.004 e0.004Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012 – 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.010 0.013

Constituent, in mg/L

Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 7, 01660490)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Organic carbon, total 5.74 5.08 4.92 4.90 – 4.98 5.03 5.65 6.57 7.13 5.90 5.70Organic carbon, dissolved 4.63 4.24 4.01 3.94 – 4.05 3.86 4.13 4.84 5.44 4.54 4.50Nitrogen, total, unfiltered 0.237 0.420 0.429 0.448 – 0.411 0.349 0.304 0.327 0.356 0.326 0.324Nitrogen, total, filtered 0.245 0.283 0.421 0.467 – 0.386 0.300 0.215 0.216 0.263 0.259 0.256Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved <0.010 0.104 0.142 0.161 – 0.057 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010Nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved e0.001 e0.001 e0.001 0.002 – 0.002 0.002 e0.001 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002Nitrogen, nitrite + nitrate, 

dissolved

<0.016 e0.010 e0.012 0.039 – 0.082 0.071 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016

Phosphorus, dissolved 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.006 – 0.005 e0.004 0.005 0.006 0.004 e0.002 e0.003Phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

dissolved

<0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 – <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006

Phosphorus, total e0.004 0.014 0.011 0.010 – 0.013 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.010 0.012

Appendixes 49
Appendix 11.  Summary of dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, no sample collected]

Major ions, in mg/L

Upper North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 10, 01660440)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.016 – 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.018Calcium, dissolved 1.820 1.805 1.759 1.630 – 1.479 1.472 1.566 1.564 1.710 1.738 1.707Chloride, dissolved 2.496 2.391 2.366 2.273 – 2.120 2.302 2.263 2.447 2.917 2.973 2.964Fluoride, dissolved 0.080 0.087 0.086 0.085 – 0.061 0.060 0.071 0.073 0.094 0.099 0.102Magnesium, dissolved 1.030 1.105 1.089 1.091 – 1.019 1.031 1.019 1.091 1.167 1.165 1.127Potassium, dissolved 1.080 1.030 1.057 0.869 – 0.673 0.601 0.617 0.673 1.030 0.994 1.080Silica, dissolved 9.26 8.53 8.70 9.52 – 8.97 8.70 7.65 7.12 6.43 6.72 7.23Sodium, dissolved 2.29 2.45 2.26 2.29 – 2.39 2.43 2.37 2.51 2.65 2.66 2.72Sulfate, dissolved 2.617 3.164 3.483 4.104 – 3.947 4.407 4.430 4.162 3.468 3.470 3.633

Major ions, in mg/L

Lower North Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 9, 01660450)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.017 – 0.015 0.015 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.018Calcium, dissolved 1.850 1.877 2.152 1.700 – 1.546 1.574 1.598 1.517 1.634 1.685 1.684Chloride, dissolved 2.549 2.437 2.430 2.419 – 2.464 2.895 2.634 2.493 2.691 2.931 2.952Fluoride, dissolved 0.094 0.092 0.092 0.080 – 0.065 0.060 0.069 0.073 0.090 0.108 0.101Magnesium, dissolved 1.050 1.116 1.121 1.058 – 0.974 0.997 0.978 1.042 1.094 1.132 1.113Potassium, dissolved 1.006 1.043 1.060 0.991 – 0.877 0.807 0.681 0.654 0.865 1.048 1.066Silica, dissolved 8.57 7.95 9.08 8.80 – 8.09 8.38 7.08 6.81 6.34 6.00 6.63Sodium, dissolved 2.47 2.35 2.34 2.28 – 2.35 2.60 2.53 2.49 2.55 2.63 2.70Sulfate, dissolved 2.588 2.883 3.229 3.901 – 4.341 4.384 4.508 4.347 3.772 3.615 3.702

50 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Appendix 11.  Summary of dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, no sample collected]

Major ions, in mg/L

Upper South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 5, 01660470)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.018 – 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.018 0.019Calcium, dissolved 1.860 1.823 1.718 1.600 – 1.394 1.514 1.581 1.653 1.679 1.821 1.697Chloride, dissolved 2.536 2.423 2.363 2.315 – 2.097 2.144 2.106 2.600 2.948 2.909 2.962Fluoride, dissolved 0.083 0.093 0.081 0.077 – 0.057 0.062 0.061 0.080 0.100 0.090 0.100Magnesium, dissolved 1.050 1.101 1.054 0.969 – 0.896 0.966 0.954 1.091 1.127 1.133 1.115Potassium, dissolved 1.071 1.006 1.109 0.788 – 0.499 0.458 0.570 0.799 1.067 1.058 1.024Silica, dissolved 8.72 6.81 7.82 8.68 – 6.78 6.94 5.76 5.99 5.60 6.70 7.38Sodium, dissolved 2.36 2.42 2.12 2.27 – 2.31 2.39 2.31 2.56 2.60 2.60 2.72Sulfate, dissolved 1.834 2.888 3.590 4.294 – 3.641 4.506 4.222 3.979 3.602 3.597 3.761

Major ions, in mg/L

Lower South Branch Lunga Reservoir near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 6, 01660480)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.015 0.017 0.017 – 0.016 0.016 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.017Calcium, dissolved 1.880 1.855 1.842 1.675 – 1.530 1.536 1.597 1.507 1.647 1.686 1.701Chloride, dissolved 2.551 2.433 2.404 2.401 – 2.392 2.670 2.592 2.501 2.713 2.931 2.913Fluoride, dissolved 0.082 0.092 0.085 0.083 – 0.063 0.076 0.062 0.075 0.092 0.090 0.101Magnesium, dissolved 1.060 1.104 1.120 1.041 – 0.962 0.974 0.981 1.027 1.107 1.124 1.133Potassium, dissolved 1.026 1.059 1.037 0.993 – 0.869 0.795 0.679 0.664 0.864 1.061 1.052Silica, dissolved 8.49 7.92 8.33 8.63 – 7.94 7.95 7.07 6.70 6.19 6.08 6.77Sodium, dissolved 2.37 2.35 2.27 2.26 – 2.30 2.46 2.53 2.48 2.56 2.58 2.74Sulfate, dissolved 2.250 2.892 3.203 3.862 – 4.250 4.366 4.481 4.366 3.755 3.637 3.736

Appendixes 51
Appendix 11.  Summary of dissolved major-ion concentrations at 1.0-foot depth at sampling sites in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, no sample collected]

Major ions, in mg/L

Lunga Reservoir at water intake near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 8, 01660489)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.021 0.017 0.017 – 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.018Calcium, dissolved 1.860 1.912 1.836 1.687 – 1.542 1.557 1.594 1.509 1.646 1.660 1.699Chloride, dissolved 2.567 2.454 2.419 2.412 – 2.446 2.819 2.569 2.497 2.709 2.922 2.976Fluoride, dissolved 0.091 0.091 0.085 0.082 – 0.065 0.061 0.068 0.073 0.090 0.092 0.103Magnesium, dissolved 1.060 1.137 1.115 1.046 – 0.968 0.981 0.974 1.035 1.101 1.108 1.131Potassium, dissolved 1.018 1.056 1.053 1.002 – 0.881 0.835 0.674 0.653 0.872 1.009 1.082Silica, dissolved 8.50 7.97 8.35 8.73 – 8.03 8.32 7.03 6.72 6.37 5.99 6.64Sodium, dissolved 2.47 2.40 2.28 2.25 – 2.33 2.53 2.49 2.48 2.55 2.59 2.72Sulfate, dissolved 2.207 2.887 3.199 3.880 – 4.317 4.362 4.495 4.374 3.771 3.643 3.726

Major ions, in mg/L

Lunga Reservoir at spillway near Garrisonville, Virginia (site 7, 01660490)

2004 2005

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug

Bromide, dissolved 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.016 – 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.017 0.018Calcium, dissolved 1.820 1.910 1.839 1.688 – 1.550 1.581 1.572 1.509 1.610 1.672 1.715Chloride, dissolved 2.549 2.433 2.399 2.407 – 2.457 2.817 2.590 2.509 2.702 2.917 2.954Fluoride, dissolved 0.079 0.091 0.084 0.081 – 0.063 0.055 0.062 0.074 0.091 0.090 0.099Magnesium, dissolved 1.040 1.136 1.113 1.053 – 0.976 0.999 0.962 1.027 1.077 1.123 1.151Potassium, dissolved 1.063 1.047 1.033 0.992 – 0.888 0.847 0.680 0.654 0.880 1.044 1.064Silica, dissolved 8.43 7.93 8.25 8.68 – 8.12 8.25 7.08 6.72 6.31 5.98 6.84Sodium, dissolved 2.30 2.40 2.27 2.25 – 2.34 2.56 2.47 2.48 2.57 2.60 2.75Sulfate, dissolved 2.834 2.867 3.192 3.881 – 4.323 4.373 4.536 4.367 3.788 3.596 3.721

52 The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005
Prepared by:

USGS Enterprise Publishing Network

Raleigh Publishing Service Center

3916 Sunset Ridge Road

Raleigh, NC 27607

For additional information regarding this publication, contact:

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phone: 1-804-261-2600

email: dc_va@usgs.gov

Or visit the Virginia Water Science Center website at:

http://va.water.usgs.gov

This publication is available online at:

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Printed on recycled paper

Lotspeich—The Quality of Water and Bottom Material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004 through August 2005 USGS OFR 2007–1053