LEFT CALFs REGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT CALF VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT
VOLUME = 9049 + 19042 - 1,115
X MOMENT = 4,402 + 25381 - 672,543
Y MOMENT = 4,546 % 2,295 - 6855242
Z MOMENT = 7158 & 638 ~ 203,769
LEFT CALF VOLUME FROM
CALF CIRC KNEE CIRC CALF LTH CONSTA
iT
177.34 - 3592176
129.37 + 70.37 - 4,087.
128.09 + 64.32 + 37269 - 5,106.
LEFT CALF X MOMENT FROM?
CALF DEPTH CALF LTH KNEE CIRC CONSTA
899494 - £9258
79,271 + 13,206 - $60,3
42,738 *# 13,578 + 14,560 - 15108,9
LEFT CALF Y MOMENT FROME
CALF DEPTH CALF LTH KNEE CIRC CONSTA
87 5545 - E73yR
77,170 + 13,583 - 59050
41,464 + 43,657 & 16,062 - 1,0946,5
LEFT CALF Z MOMENT FROM?
CALF CIPC KNEE CIRC KNEE BR LT CONSTA
vlT
6,034 - 16552
5,316 + 15044 - 17851
S433 + Ly7on - by401 - 1o351
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN
X-AXIS 156,852 - 725,010 3725791 1
YoAXIS 156,093 - 708,434 371,643
Z-AXIS 16,650 - 157,380 £05687

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TC ANA
COSINE FATRIX EXPRESSED IN YEGFEES

x Y z
x 47057 42.44 99.354 STO, OfFV. 0
Y 137 SE ST eF7 $0.76 STO. DEV. 9
z 99.33 890 2% 083 >TO. UEV. 9

57

WEIGHT

R SE EST
2658 10.9%
e797 167%
07W% 1666%
2851 23.2%

NT R SE EST
36 6943 700%
33° «6957 642%
17) 696% 557%
NT R SE EST
62 6832 1562%
43.870 13.7%
81 2598 12.3%
NT QR SE EST
46 06828 15.1%
97 «26889 13.5%
70 6897 12.2%
NT R SE EST
6 697 12.07%
61 2966 12.5%
#1 6963 12.1%
Sode
00,813
995167
21,919

TOMICAL AXES

F ROT. X = 1643
F ROTe Y= 2.78
F ROT. Z = 19.25


THORAKS REGRESSION EQUA
THORAX VOLUME AND MOMENT
STATURE
VOLUME = 71.32 ¢
X MOMENT = 7,231 ¢
Y MOMENT = 10,€33 ¢
Z MOMENT = 13,460 ©
THORAX VOLUME FROME
WEIGHT BUST CIRC
126.25
66.95 © 192.44
33.05 @ 2eS5.77 ©
THORAX X MOMENT FROME
HEIGHT THORAX LTH
295345
2359840 + 96,484
$,036 ¢ 142,978 ©
THORAX ¥ FOMENT FROME
WETGAT THOPAX LTH
22,560
19,997 ¢ 93,707
3,697 «+ 130,698 +
THORAX 7 MOMENT FROM8
BUST CIRC TENTH RIA
Br
79,736
48,970 + 92,952
50,107 + 83,5940 +

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF
RANGE

XeAXTS 196429023 - 6,358
YeAKIS 151999453 - 4980
Z-AXIS 1,069,656 - 4,56

TIONS

S FROM STATURE Adu WETG!
WEIGHT CONSTANT
120.37 + 19423 6
27,658 = 252789456
21,608 ~ 256155578 o
23,903 ¢ $50,051 .

THORAX LTH CONSTANT

+ 1,231.08
- 9,899.31
422.96 - 295946.39
BUST CIRC CONSTANT
- 49203556
- 499339,515
73,425 = 105,697,971
BUST CIRC CONSTANT
- 13038, 26
- 49266,157
50,523 - 8s208,4F0

THORAX LTH CUNSTANT

= 59750,7t1

- 591995476

455298 = 657205519
INERTIA

MEAN

12834 25,790,171 879

99768 25149,;627 039

15545 15,858,781 686

HT

R SE EST
932 7.3%
893 14.5%
89> 16.8%
923 14.5%

a Se est
0932 7.2%
0951 662%
0977 Ho 7%

R SE EST
0692 14.6%
0920 12.67%
0958 9.3%

R SE EST
0892 16.9%
0938 11.6%
0967 8.7%

R SE EST

0947 12.0%
6963 10.2%
0973 8eb%

Soo.
9151
9245
9352

Pr INSIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES

COSINE MATRIX

x Y
x 19.19 91053 ?
Y 38.20 1.88 3
z 109.19 60091 i

EXPRESSED IN DEGREES
ra

0.87 STO. SEV. OF
0.53 STO. GEV. OF
9olh% STO. OEV. OF

ROT. X= He7L
ROT. Y= 6.39
ROT. Z= 3.02


Teckaicel Report Documentation Pags

1. Repost No. 2. RBS Bhi No. 3. Recipient's Cotaleg No.

FAA~AM-83- 16 A VA, We

4, Title ond Subtitie 5. Report Dete
i ANTHROPOMETRIC AND MASS DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS September 1983
OF THE ADULT FEMALE 6. Performing Orgonization Code

[S. Pestorming Organization Report Ne.

7. author's) Joseph W. Young, Richard F. Chandler, Clyde C.
Snow, Kathleen M Robinette, Gregory F. Zehner,.
\Manreen S. Lofherg _

9. Performi

‘Meme end Address 10. Werk Unit No. (TRAIS)
FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P.0. Box 25082 TT. Contract or Gront No.
. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

13. Type cf Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Neme and Address
Office of Aviation Medicine  aepouel Héghvay

Federal Aviation Administration adgministration
800 Independence Avenue, S.W. 400 7th Street, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, D.C. 20591 Washington, D.C. 20590,
15. Sepplomemary Howes,
Research leading to preparation of this report was performed under tasks
AM-B-79-PRS-60, AM-B-80-PRS-60, AM-B-81-PRS-60, and AM~B-82-PRS-60. Interagency
|Agreement Number DOT-HS-8-01913.
16. Abstrect
| Amis study of 46 living adult females is part of a long-range research program
designed to establish valid analytical relationships between readily measured body
dimensions and mass distribution characteristics of living populations. Presented
in this report ave data describing the mass distribution characteristics of primary
and composite body segments. The report also contains sets of regression equations
| which can be used to predict segmental volumes and moments of inertia from anthropo-
: metric data. The data base is derived from both classical anthropometric measure-
’ ments and from stereophotogrammetric techniques. Subjects were representative of a
general United States population as defined by the 1971-74 Public Health Service,
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). The data obtained describe segment

and segment composite volumes, centers of volume, intersegment cut centroids,
principal inertial axes, and surface anatomical landmarks with respect to anatomical
axes developed for each segment. Experiments designed to test the validity of
research techniques and controls. and to measure the differences between stereophoto-—
metrically derived values and values obtained by direct measurement techniques are
alse described here,f .

It is anticipated that these data will be useful as design criteria for anthropo-
morphic test devices used in safety research, design and performance evaluation of
safety restraint systems, and development of body prostheses.

17. Key Words 18. Diawibvtion Statomont

i Anthropometry, Anatomica] Axis, Body Document is available to the pbulic

: Segments, Center of Mass, Mass Distribu- | through the Naticual Technical .
tion, Principal Moments of Inertia, Information Service, Springfield,
Stereophotometrics, Volume Virginia 22161
19. Security Classif. (ef this report) B. Seewity Clessif. (of this page) ] 2% No. of Pages | 22. Price

Unclassified Unclassified 103

Ferm DOT F 1700.7 8-72) Reproduction of completed pope authorized

i

—_—e a ee



TABLE 25

TOTAL BODY

ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN SD.
BIACROMIAL BR

33<5- 46.2 36.79 1.63
CHEST BR 25.2- 36.8 28.64 2:29
29 RIB 3R 21.0- 3363 25067 2659
WAIST BR 264.5- 60.6 31.05 4.12
BITROCH B 27.1- 36.8 31.63 1099
HIP BR «30.9 45e% 37.25 3034
BUSTPT-BUSTPT

1309- 22.2 18.02 1672
BUST CIRC 82.0-122.8 95041 8615
10 RIB C 62.0-196.2 7594 1043
WAIST C  68.7-118.8 86670 13.22
BUTTOCK C 8325-13002 100.08 9469
CHEST D 1305-2300 17.61 1071
BUTTOCK D 18ei> 3507 24.12 3049
SITTING HT

77.5- 92.5 86.21 3.47
STATURE 14501-17223 161.23 5.96
WEIGHT © 94.1-231.5 140.90 27.65

TOT BODY VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.0.
459757 1149473 095135 15,493

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SD.
KeAXIS 215027 = 95645 -9.5€ 2280
VoAXIS 71.21 - 1.47 7203 53
Z-AXIS -3.81 - 8.35 2046 2040

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X*SeDo YoMEAN YoSs0. Z-MEAN Z-SoDe

CERVICALE “4046 6.73 01 1.64 50.9% 2044
LEFT ASIS 0.00 0.00 11.84 1.55 0.08 0.00
RIGHT ASIS 0.00 0.00 11.93 1.59 9.00 0.00
SUPRASTERNALE @o15 5.69 037 1.38 408k 2.17
SYHPHYSION 0.00 9-06 -2 62 072 9212 1256

ore ee epee



Triceps: with the right elbow flexed 90 degrees, the
level on the back of the upper arm halfway detween
acromion and the inferior point of the elbow.

Trochanterion: the proximal point of the greater tro-
chanter of each femur.

Ulnar Styloid (right and left): the distal point of
each ulna.

Measurement Descriptions

Unless otherwise specified, all measurements were made on the right
side of the body.

Acrowion Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
looking straight ahead. With an  anthropometer,

measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
acromion landmark.

Acromion-Radiale Length: subject stands erect,
looking straight ahead, arms in the anatomical
position. With a beam caliper, measure the distance
parallel to the long axis of the upper arm between the
acromion and radiale landmarks.

Ankle Breadth: subject stands, feet slightly apart,
weight evenly distributed on both feet. With a beam
caliper parallel to the floor, measure the mininum
breadth of the ankle just above the medial and lateral
malleoli.

Ankie Circusference: subject stands, legs slightly
apart, weight evenly distributed cn both feet. With a
tape perpendicular to the long axis of the lower ieg,
measure the minimum circumference of the ankle.

Anterior-Superior Iliac Spine Height: subject stands,
heels together, weight equally distributed on both
feet, looking straight ahead. With an anthropometer,
mearure the vertical distance from the standing sur~
face to the anterior-superior ilicc spine isndmark.


LEFT CALF

2 axis - vector froa sphyrion to tibiele.
Y exis - normal from Z axis to lateral malleolus.
X exis - Y z 2.

Origin - at tibisle.

Z axis ~ superiorly directed vector normal to the
K-Y plane formed by metatarsal I, wets-
tarsal V, and posterior celcaneous.

X axis - vector from posterior calcanecus to
Mormally projected position of tee 2
ca wy plane.

Y axis - Z x X.

Origin - at the intersection of the X axis and
the normel passing through metatarsal-
phalange I.

Segmentat ion

The plan for segmenting the body into the seventeer primary segments
and subdividing the thighs into separate proxima! flaps was identical to that
used in the adult msle reference study. Added in this study wae the
computation of centroids on each segment to facilitate reassembly of the body.
These points were established at the center of the crose~sectional area on the
plane of segmentation.

The segments and segment <oubinations are the head, neck, thorax,
abdomen, pelvis, right and left upper ares, right and left forearms, right and
left hands, right and left thighs, right and ieft flaps, right and Left thighs
winus flaps, right and left calves, right and left feet, right end left
forearms plus hands, torso, and the total body. Computer programs used to
segment the parte were developed by Baughman (1982) and are described by the
author in that publicetion. The planes of segmentation, which define the
segments, are illustrated in Figure 4. The location and orientation of these
Segmentation planes are described in reference tc established enatonical
landmarks with the body standing erect in the cieesical anatomical position.
Specific definitions of the segmentation planes are described as follows:

13



APPENDIZ A

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND LANDMARKS

Anthropometry played several roles in this study in addition to
providing the measurements necessary for comparison with the mass distribution
properties. Anthropometric landmarks were used to define anatomical axis
systems for the body and its segments from which to specify principal
(inertisl) axis systems. These landmarks were also used for defining planes
of segwentation so that the body could be consistently photographically
segmented.

The purpose of this section is to describe and explain the

anthropometric procedures, measurements and landmarks which were employed in
this study.

Selection of Measurements and Landmarks

A major objective in the design of this survey was to parallel a recent
study which used male subjects and was conducted by investigators from the Air
Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL), Anthropology Research
Project, Biostereometrics Laboratory at Baylor School of Medicine, and the FAA
Civil Aeromedical. Institute. This objective determined for the most part the
selection of the measurements and -landmarks to be used although five
alterations were made during the process of the survey.

First, the landmarks for the axis systems and planes of segmentation
were revised in the male study after the data had already been collected. The
revision rendered two of the original landmarks, itfrapatella and medial
malleolus, useless for purposes of the female study, and they were therefore
-Rot used.

Second, in the male survey the subjects wore caps to compress the hair.
It was apparent thet the hint of a problem which arose in accounting for the
amount of heir under the caps would be intensified in the female study. In an
attempt to resolve the problem. 10 head measurements were added:

Sagittal arc bitragion-coronal arc w/cap
bitragion-coronal arc horizontal head circ w/cap
horizontal head circ head length with cap
bitragion breadth head breadth with cap

sagittal arc with cap maximum heed circ w/cap

Six of these new measurements were taken with the subject wearing aa elastic
cap, and the remaining four measurements obtained without the cap.

Third, it was thought to be desirable to determine body type. This
resulted in the addition of two skinfold measurements, anterior thigh



TASLE 7

RIGHT FOREARM

ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN Sede
RADSSTYLION LTH .

200% 2507 23.07 14626
ELBOW CIRC

20.3- 29.2 24.42 1.9%
MIOFOREARM CIRC

27.7> 27.0 21.22 2429
WRIST CIRC

23.8- 19.8 15.72 1.416
MIDFOREARM BR

Be%= 9.2 Feld 076
WRIST BR 308 509 = =4e?S 034
ELBOW BR RT

Sei- 669 594 042

RF &RM VOLUME
RANGE MEAN SeDe
593 - 1,684 935 194

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN S.d-
XeAXIS 1.01 - 2.96 1.77 o40
YoAXIS 72011 - «69 =07% 57
Z-AaxtS 79285 - 97.07 78.61 67

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X“MEAN 49S eNe YoMEAN YoSeDe Z-MEAN ZSe%e

RIGHT OLECRANON 093 093 3.39 265 1.85 048
R MED HUM EPICON 450 1.19 3.86 1.43 299 051
R RAOTAL STYLOID 0.00 0.06 -5243 o43 922.96 1024
RK ULNAR STYLOID 0.00 0.00 G.c% 0.00 22.85 4023
RIGHT. RADIALE 0.06 0.co 0.60 9.00 0.09 0.00

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-SeBs VeMEAN- Y-So0-. Z=MEAN 2-S.0.

RIGHT ELBCH 1028 1-92 2059 Leb 1682 eid

RIGHT WRIST 7092 3-46 72012 1063 222.53 1.66



TABLE B-6

A COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC AND STEREOPHOTO VALUES

Two-
Percentage Sided

Max Max Comparison Pp
. SD Pos. Neg. 4 of Value
Variable Anthro Photo XA A A A Range Means &
Bitragion 131.6 136.6 5.0 3.0 12.4 -4.9 17.3 104.00 .001
Stature-Cerv 225.6 230.8 5.2 8.9 22.8 -20.2 45.0 102.00 .092
Rad-Styloid 230.7 236.1 5.4 4.0 12.4 4.2 16.6 102.00 .091
Axillary-Arm D 113.8 120.1 6.3 5.9 25.8 -2.7 28.5 106.05 .001
Abdomen Lgth 49.4 54.1 4.7 4.5 15.2 -3.9 19.1 109.00 001
Symph Ht-Lliac Ht 164.1 167.7. 3.7) 7.2 26.0 ~9.3 35.3 102.00 .002
Fibulare Ht 408.9. 413.1 4.2 2.4 8.7 -1.4 10.1 101.00 = .001
Acromion Ht 1310.1 1320.3 10.2 10.3 40.1 -8.3 48.4 100.70 .001
Bispinous Br 232.5 237.7 5.2 3.5 12.6 -3.0 15.6 102.00 .001
Bustpoint Br 180.2 183.0 2.9 2.4 10.2 ~-1.8 12.0 102.00 = =.001
Tibiale-Sphyrion 359.5 361.8 2.4 3.9 il.l -5.3 16.4 100.60 .002
Stature 1612.4 1618.2 5.9 9.8 38.9 -1i.2 50.1 100.30 .001
Iliac Ht-ASIS Ht 78.6 79.8 1.2 5.3 14.1 -9%.7 23.8 102.00 .126*
10th Rib Ht 1025.1 1028.6 2.9 4.2 13.6 -4.6 18.2 100.20 .001
Acromion-Rad 297.4 298.4 1.0 5.37.15.9 -12.i 28.6 100.30 .208*
Tibiale Ht 422.1 422.6 0.5 3.8 12.0 -7.7 19.7 100.10 = .352*
Troch-Sphyrion 771.0 771.8 0.9 6.0 9.8 -23.9 32.9 106.10 = .308*
Suprasternale Ht 1315.2 1316.0 0.8 7.2 16.67 --12.6 29.2 100.06 = .453*
Cervicale Ht 1386.7 1387.4 0.7 5.5 22.5 -11.3 33.8 100.05 .337*
Bustpoint Ht 1164.2 1164.6 0.4 12.9 30.4 -27.5 57.9 100.03 .834*
Foot Breadth 92.2 92.2 0.046 2.4 3.9 -5.5 9.4 100.00 .912*
Trochanterion 833.5 832.6 -0.94 5.8 7.4 -26.8 34.2 99.80 .276*
Iliac Crest Ht 975.7 973.9 -1.9 5.0 6.0 -19.4 25.4 99.80 .010
Tragion Ht 1489.6 1486.0 -3.6 8.4 21.1 ~-23.5 44.6 99.75 .004
ASIS Ht 897.1 894.1 -3.0 5.4 6-8 -14.7 21.5 99.66 .002
Cerv-10th Rib 361.6 359.5 -2.2 4.0 8.9 -8.9 17.8 99.40 -062
Symphysion Ht 811.6 806.2 -5.4 8.2 6.6 -34.5 41.1 99.30 .001
Gluteal Fold Ht 717.5 712.7 4.9 4.8 7.5 ~-20.5 28.0 99.30 002
Hand Breadth 77.6 77.0 -0.6 14.9 4.4 =-3.5 7.9 99.20 .036
Troch-Fibulare 424.6 419.5 -5.1 5.2 2.5 ~-30.6 33.1 98.80 001
Sphyrion Ht 62.6 60.8 -1.84 2.5 4.3 -7.9 | 12.2 97.10 001

* Insignificant at P <.05

Values are expressed in millimeters

B-10

ae ee


LEFT UPFER ARMS

FEGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT UPPER ARM VOLUME ANO MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEZGHKT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST
VOLUME = o9i + 13.06 - 431 0957 702%
X MOMENT = 1,052 @ 782 - 192,530 6907 13.6%
Y MOMENT = 1,010 ¢ 69h = 196 9t66 6909 1408%
2 MOMENT = 7196 + 359 + #99 2Shb 17.2%
LEFT UPPER ARM VOLUME FROMS
WEIGHT BICEPS CR ACRON-RAD CONSTANT R se EST
FLAD ALT LTH
13215 - 295074 2957 702%
6.25 + 3E048 - 705.49 6969 661%
3.64 + 65.37 ¢ 47.57 = 25241029 2981 46%
LEFT UPPER ARM X MOMENT FROM?
WEIGHT ACFOM-RAD BICEPS CR CGNSTANT R SE EST
LTH RLXD LT
ave od 369212 .883 14.9%
747 + S,idd - 172,268 .927 12.0%
92+ 6,151 ¢ 4,567 - 294,725 0949 10.2%
‘
LEFT UPPER ARM Y MOMENT FROME
WEIGHT ACROM-R4AD BICEPS CR CONSTANT mR SE EST
LTH RLXD LT
934 - 46,533 4892 152%
654 ¢ 4,827 - 173,200 .923 13.1%
133 ¢ 6,273 + 5,310 - 315,565 347 11.1%
LEFT UPPER ARM Z MOMENT FROME
BICEPS CR WEIGHT ACROM-RAD CONSTANT R SE EST
Fuxd LF LTR
2,518 - 52,395 .956 16.3%
15533 ¢ 143 - 459422 2969 13.1%
1,837 + 67 + 574 - 635325 971 12.7%
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN $0.
X=AKIS 399507 - ABG,7 24 $7 9189 27 434
Y-AXIS 41,377 - 205,210 925224 30,532
Z-AXIS 7,089 ~ $9,214 19,376 10,047

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x
x 25.42
Y 64.72
z 92645

Y Zz
114.69 $4233 STO. O€V. OF WOT. X = 2068
26017 94-32 STO. GEVe OF ROT. Y= 2.21
81286 651 STO. QEVe GF ROT. Z = 11.86

37


LEFT FLAP
ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN $e,
THIGH FLAP LTH

24e2- 2261 17.696 1475
BUTTOCK DEPTH

181° 3507 24.12 3.49
GLUT FURROW OPTH

M4el- 2466 16,92 2.00
HIP BR 30.9- 45.4 37625 3434 Ya
BUTTOCK CIRC

63.5-130.2 100.08 9.69
UPPER THIGH CIRC

4605- 7365 59644 5263
ANT THIGH SKINFOLD

. Leh- 5.2 3.14 97

BISPINOUS 8R

UBel- 33.2 23.25 2.96

lL FLAP VOLUME
RANGE MEAN Se.
25093 - 6,334 3,832 896

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF

RANGE
KeAXIS ~8e26 = 71.54
YeAXIS -10.67 - 75.35
Z-AXIS 76.96 - 91.95

MOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

MEAN S.0.
74.18 1662
7.79 «39
-4.97 098

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

. XoMEAN
L GLUTEAL FOLO -9695
LEFT ASTS 4e91
SYMPHYSION Beit
L TROCHANTERION 0.08

X-SeD. Yo4EAN YoS.0. Z=-MEAN 7Z-S.2.
1.99 “9.52 2018 -13.9% 1.33
1.85 ~5-. 82 1.36 Ge B82 1.63
20656 9172014 1.91 °2.,35 1652
6.00 9.06 0.00 0.60 0.00


RIGHT HAND?

REGRESSION EQUATIONS

“RIGHT HANL VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST
VOLUMé = 1.87 & 1.0 - 105 735 9.6%
X MOMENT = 94 & seo 125523 0745 15.8%
Y MOMENT = 90 ¢ 30 - 129185 «707 15.6%
Z MOMENT = 10 + i1 - 19062 «666 17.6%
PIGHT HAND VOLUME FROME
WRIST CIRC HAND 3R META ITT CCNSTANT R SE €ST
DACT LTH
35.29 - 210.93 «661 742%
26019 + 44433 - 412094 1.909 5.9%
25-14 + 36.37 & 16.63 - 464.95 6923 5.5%
RiGHT HAND X MOMENT FROME
WRIST CIRC HAND LTH HAND BR CONSTANT R SE FST
1,243 - 11,327 .309 13.6%
sia 4 323 - 22,356 890 10.6%
752 € 778 € 976 = 259126 1905 1062%
RIGHT HAND Y MOMENT FROM
WRIST CYRC HAND LTH HAND BR CONSTANT R S€ EST
1,032 - 9,717 «791 14.5%
720 + 353 - 49,513 1690 10.9%
625 + 765 ¢ 632 - 21,306 899 19.6%
RIGHT HAND Z MOMENT FROMS
WRIST CIkC HAND BR META TII- CONSTANT R SE EST
DACT LTH
354 - 324F 3 0046 12.5%
224 + 532 - 5,867 .9L4 GFX
200 ¢ 493 + 72° BsicQ «910 9.6%
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN S$.De
XeAXTS Hy h7h = 125646 7714 1,794
Y-AXIS 35790 =< 10,267 6 9463 1,518
1,180 - 33679 25106 437

Z-AXIS

PFINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TC ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX CKPRESSES LN DEGREES

«
x 17017
Y 105.12
Zz 82.06

Y Zz
77.02 101.04 STO. DEV. OF
18.08 161.04 STO. DEV. OF
76.53 15.74 STO. DEV. OF

33

ROTe X = 3415
ROT. Y= 7.49
ROT. Z= 4.49


TORSO& REGRESSION EQUAT

TOKSO VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE ANDO HETGHT

STATURE
VOLUME = 22059 +
X MOMENT = 14,035 ©
Y MOMENT = ~24,678 +
2 MOMENT = -E5,596 +
TORSO VOLUME FROM?
TENTH RIB WEIGHT
circ
683.71
425.35 + 107.15
271.37 + 83.15 +
TORSO X KOMENT FROM
WEIG4? 8ISPINOUS
BR
98,320
75,951 & 2959427
575813 ¢ 183,864 ¢
TORSO Y MOMENT FROM
WEIGHT BUST CIRC
93,537
575241 + 1365142
3H,030 + 198,297 +
TORSO Z MOMENT FROME
TENTH &I3 BUST CIRC
CIRC
148 5430
88,111 + 82,079
93,892 + T2334 +

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF
RANGE
X“AXIS 5,231,694 -20,79
YoAXIS 4,626,184 19,27
Z-AXIS 1563417449 - syot

IONS

WEIGHT CONSTANT SE EST
272.13 + 27,u5t 6958 7.0%
99,580 - 252645683 2920 118%
95,743 - 8375924 4936 12.41%
$9,565 © 5,604,420 1949 15.1%
BUST CI2C CONSTANT R SE EST
- 205800294 2.964% 624%
- 16,278.60 .978 501%
287058 - 25680052 983 45%
BUST CIRC COMSTANT R SE FST
- 92594863 6928 1107%
= -7yF 69,498 6945 102.3%
99,643 - 125634,211 1951 928%
SITTING HT CONSTANT R SE EST
- 4,£05,763 .929 12.0%
- 1273815046 944 10.8%
139,975 = 275115,045 .955 3.9%
SITTING HT CONSTANT R SE EST
~ 7,836,224 1962 12.9%
> 21,086,754 1973 11.2%
375739 - 135690,348 976 10.6%
INERTIA
MEAN $.D.
02673 994935427 259315045
05170 856734554 257845752
39198 3,435,530 1,609,203

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TC ANATOMICAL AXES

COSINE MATRIX

x Y
x 7.97 30.32 3
Y @9.72 2&3 3
Z 82.04 $9.26

EXPRESSED IN DEGREES
z

7096 STO. OFV. OF ROT. X= 2619
9078 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Y= 7.03
$2.09 STDe OFVs OF ROT. Z = 2027

65


to place the stereophotometric measures within the anthropometry dis-
tribution, are illustrated in: Table B-7. For example, the variable of
ditragion breadth showa a five millimeter mean difference between techniques.
@ value, divided by the standard deviation for the anthropometry (4.75),
resulte in another value (1.04) that represents the number of standard
deviations that the stereopnotometric mean has shifted away fron the
anthropometric mean value. Translating this value intc yercentile points, the
stereophotowetric mean would renk at the 84th percentile level of the
anthropometry distribution (Tabie 8-7). Two thirds of the stereophoto
measurements are larger. than the traditional anthropometric values. Since
only a relatively small number of dimensions were compareble, it is unclear if
thia represents a consistent trend. Several explanations can be made for the
differences observed betweer the two techniques. Changes in body posture,
stages of the respiratory cycle, and the amount of pressure applied to the
soft tissue with the measuring instrument are ali possible causes of
weasurement discrepancies. It should be stressed that differences in these
values reflect ea difference in techniques and are not thought to reflect
errors in either method.

B-11



)

LEFT FOREARM PLUS HAND? REGRESSION FQUATIONS

LEFT FOREARN PLUS HAND VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGAT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST
VOLUME == 1eol1 ¢ 6.85 + 108 .852 907%
X MOMENT = 1572 © 736 - 245,823 4830 12.5%
Y MOMENT = 1,437 ¢ 7o5 © 2169740 2027 125%
Z MOMENT = 2 + 106 + 4,314 6864 17.5%
LEFT FOREARM PLUS HAND VOLUME FROMS
ELBOW CIRC FOREARM © MIGFOREAR4 CONSTANT & SE FST
HAND LTH CIRC
107671 - 49572680 1.921 7.1%
100.39 + 19.28 - 19967689 1.933 6.7%
44.79 ¢ 27.28 + 47.93 < 15948.50 1947 660%
LEFT FOREARM PLUS HAND & 10MENT FROM?
ELBOW CIRC FOREARM # HAND BR CONSTANT 2 SE EST
HAND LTH
13,631 - 184,652 .815 12.8%
10,504 + 8,970 - £33,742 6923 806%
9,953 + 79018 & 7,978 - 6529342 6927 8e5%
LEFT FOREARM PLUS HAND Y MOMENT FROM?
ELB804 CIRC FOREARM + HAND BR CGNSTANT & SE EST
HAND LTH
13,295 - 176,949 307 13.0%
10,133 + 8,083 - 4269471 1922 8.€%
Byd5u & 7,662 + 75426 - 4535270 925 8.6%
LEFT FOREARM PLUS HAND Z MOMENT FROME
EL20d CIRE MICFOREARM MIDFOREARA CCNSTANT RR SE EST
crc BR
1.651 - 285588 1933 12.6%
814 + 561 - €4,800 .950 10.9%
770 ¢ 2,104 - 1,215 - 245041 6953 1067%
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE BEAN Sedo
X-AXIS 76,108 = 2125147 148,212 325452
Y-AXIS 74,903 - 206,976 145 5527 3159742
Z-AXIS e114 - 17,338 95526 35245

PO INCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATO

MICAL AXES

COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES
v4

x Y
x 160.56 TeHebt 95.46 STO. DEV. OF ROT. X = 2617
Y 104.70 10.97 61.70 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Y = 2.80
Zz 62.54 $6.55 9.95 STO. SEV. OF ROT. 27 = 10.56

143


i
j

;
:
:
:

Sitting Height: subject sits erect, head in the
Frankfort plane, hands resting on thighs. With the
anthropometer arm firmly touching the scalp, measure
the vertical distance from the sitting surface to
vertex.

Sphyrion Height: subject stands, feet slightly apart,
weight distributed equally on beth feet. With the
special measuring block, measure the vertical distance

-from the standing surface to the sphyrion landmark.

Stature: subject stands erect, heels together, weight
equally distributed on both feet, head in the
Frankfort plane. With an anthropometer firmly
touching the sceip, measure the vertical distance from
the floor to the top of the head.

Subscapular Skinfold: subject stands relaxed. Pick
up a skinfold just below the inferior margin of the
right scapula and parallel to the tension lines of the
akin. Using a Lange skinfold caliper, measure the
thickness of the fold.

Supine Stature: subject lies supine on a table with
heela together, feet firmly contacting adjacent wall.
The head is oriented in a Frankfort plane relative to
the wall surface. With a table graph and block,
measure the horizontal distance from the wall to the
top of the subject's head.

Suprailiec Skinfold: subject stands relaxed. Pick up
a skinfold posterior to the iliocristale landmarks and
parallel to the tension lines of the skin. Using a
Lange skinfold caliper, measure the thickness of the
fold at iliocristale.

Suprasternale Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
head in the Frankfort plane. With an anthropometer,
measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
suprasternale Landmark.

Symphysicn Height: subject stands, heels together,
weight equally distributed on both feet. With an
anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the
Stanéing surface to the symphysion landmark.

A-14



II DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

The data obtained from.the stereophoto plates, through use of an
optical analyzer system, yielded contour pointe for horizontal and parallei
cross sections approximately normal co the long axis of each segment. Aa in
the male study, the distance between points along the perimeter of each cross
section averaged approximately 0.7 cm. The vertical interval between cross
sections was 2.54 cm except for the head, hand, foot and abdomen segments
where the incerval was 1.27.

Using the cross sectional data to define three-dimensional body
surface, an analytic body segmentation scheme (defined later in this sectioa)
and an assumption of constant density (esteblished as 1.6 in this study), the
volume,* certer of volume, principal moments and axes of inertia were
calculated for each segment and for the total body of each subject. ‘The
analytic, procedures used for segmentation and the caiculations of volume and
moment properties are described by Baughman (2982).

The final step in this study was the calculation of series ot
zegression equations for predicting volumes and principal moments of inertia
from various anthropometric dimensions. One set of equations wes obtained by
using only stature and weight as predictor values--not because they
necessarily provide the best estimaces but because they are easily obtainable:
for most populations of interest. A second series of multi-step regression
equations using stature, weight and other segmental variables as pretictcrs
was obtained by using a standard type of BMD stepwise regression compvter
program which eelects the body dimensions having maximum power to predict
volume or principal moments of inertia for a given segment. The body size
variables considered in the development £ these equations were restricted to
those measured directly on the segment involved, plus stature and weight which
were included because as measures of overel! mass distributiou they may be
better predictors than any other single variable.

Axis Systems

Anatomical axis systems for the total body aad for each segment were
created in both the male and female studies as reference systems from which
centers of volume and principal axes of inertia ceuld be located regardless of
sody segment position. This permits duplication of measurements on other
subject populations and represents a uajor step forward from past studies in
which principal axes were located with reference to fixed points in the
laboratory.

The unique specification of anatomical coordinate systems requires a
minimum of three noncolinear points which were defined with respect to surface
landmarks essociated with each segment. The general procedure used was to
define the direction of one axis (or vector) to extend from one point to
another and then to take the normal projection from the third poirt to this



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure No. Page

1 A bivariate frequency table for weight and height—

HANES women (aged 21-45). cccsccccvccvecscccnnvccsescce 4
2 "Anatomical axis system for the thorax segment......... 8
3 Three-dimensional modei of the thorax.....sccseceseece 9
4 Planes of segmentation for the total body...cecessoees 14

LIST OF TASLES

Table
Ro
Anthropometry and Mass Distribution Date for the
Total Body and Its Segments:
1 HOad co erecccccvvcccevccnveccccsccecsscrcccecssscsessce 18,19
2 NECK oc cccesesccccccrcncnsccssccesveccssconecserecccere 20,21
3 TOTEX sce rccrccvccccecccsccccccsencccvecesssseccesece 22523
4 ADAOMER ee eee cersercccecvecescresencarsescecscvevscnce 24525

5 Pelvis... eecoee 26,27

eo rceseecceee

6 Right Upper Arm..scccscccccccccecccccccsencesecevesses 28,29

7 Right Foregr@......06. sees 30,31

8 Right Wand.....ccccccveccsccscsccenccacescesscsscceses 32,33
9

Right Forearm Plus Hand...ccssessccccccececocrescccsce 34,35
10 Left Upper Arm..cscssseccccsseccececescsccesecesescces 36,37
lL Left Forearm. .eccccccvccccccscesccccesccccccsescececss 38,39

122 Left Hand..

seeeceee teerccnerccesccecccece 40,4)

13 Left Forearm Plus Hand...cccccseccsccccccccccveccscces 42,43

iv



ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE
WRIST CIRC
1308= 19.6
HAND CIRC 16.5- 20-6
HAND 8R 6.7- 865
META IIE-DACT LTH
76> 1002

HAND LTH 15.0- 19.2

MEAN

15.72
18.86
7.76

8.99
17.08

iL HAND VOLUME

RANGE

234 - 449

MEAN
334

$.f.

1016
092
040

051
284

SO.

47

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FRON THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE
M-AXTIS we71 -
YoAXIS -1.34 -
Z-AXIS 285 -

1-24
7232
2.50

MEAN

039
7.90
1.69

SoD.

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-SoDe

& RAQIAL STYLOID
&L ULNAR STYLOIO
L METACARPALE V
L METACARPALE IT
LEFT DACTYLION

1e13
7269
0.a0
0.990
0.08

1047
1.07
6.00
0.00
0.00

YoMEAN

022
~4. 80
=~ 4.86

2098
oh?

Y-SeDe
50
347
228
226
262

Z-MEAN 2S eDe

7.57 oH
6.46 269
6.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
“9071 258

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

XeMEAN X-S 20.
1.38 4.04

¥oMEAN
aw 204

Y¥-SeDo
087

Z-MEAN Z-SeDe

LEFT WRIST 6.98 039


Ignazi, G., A. Coblentz, H. Pineau, P. Hennion, and Jj. Prudent, 1972, Position
Du_ Centre De Gravité Chez L'Homme: Determination, Signification Fonctionelie

et Evolutive, Anthropologie Appliquée, 43/72. Paris.

McConville, J.T., T.D. Churchiil, I. Kaleps, C.£. Clauser and J. Cuzzi, 1980,
Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia,
AMRL-TR-89-119 (AD A097 238), Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

Santschi, W.R., J. Dubois and C. Omoto, 1963, Moments cf Inertia and Centers
of Gravity of the Living Human Body, TDR-63-36 (AD 410 451), Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, Wright-Pattersoa Air Force Base, Ohio.

7L

KowEO

“SS Py te



Bitrochanteric Breadth (Bone): subject stands erect,
heels together, weight equally distributed on both
feet. With a beam caliper, measure the horizontal
distance between the maxigum lateral protrusioas of
the right and left greater trochanters, exerting
sufficient pressure to compress the tissue overlying
the bones.

Bust circumference: subject stands erect, breathing
normally, looking straight ahead, heels together,
weight distributed equally on both feet. The arms are
abducted sufficiently tc allow clearance of « tape
between the arms and trunk. With a tape held in a
horizontal plane, measure the circumference of the
trunk at the level of the bustpoint landmarks. The
reading is made at the point of mid-tidal respiration.

Bustpoint Seight: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
looking straight shead. With an anthropometer,

Measure the vertices! distance from the floor to the
right bustpoint Landmark.

Bustpoint-to-Bustpoint Breadth: subject stands erect,
heels together, weight equally distrit:.ted on both
feet, looking straight ahead. With ea beam.caliper,
measure the distance between the right and left
bustpoint landmarks.

Buttock Circumfereuce: subject stands erect, looking
straight ahead, heels together, weight distributed
equally on both feet. With e tape held in a
horizontal plane, measure the circumference of the
trunk at the level of the greatest posterior
protrusion of the right buttock.

Buttock Depth: subject stands erect, heels together,
weight equally distributed on both feet. With a beam
caliper, measure the horizontal depth of the torso at
the level of maximum posterior protrusion of the right
buttock.

Calf Circumference: subject stands erect, legs
slightly apart, weight evenly distributed on both
feet. With a tape perpendicular to the long exis of
the lower leg, measure the maximum circumference of
the calf. Measure both the right and left calves.

3


FAA-AN-83-15

ANTHROPOMETRIC AND MASS DISTRIBUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADULT FEMALE

Joseph W. Young
Richard F. Chandler
Clyde C. Snow (Ret.)

Civil Aeromedical Institute
Federal Aviation Administration
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

fb -A3S” 816

Kathleen M. Robinette
Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

Gregory F. Zehner
Anthropology Research Project, Inc.
Yellow Springs, Okio 45387

Maureen S. Lofberg, Lt. Col., USAF, NC D l I¢ ;
SGHN

USAF Hospital George ELECTE
George Air Force Base, California 92392 DEC 05 % |

1983 E la

=.

ne a

DTIC FILE CORY

83 12 05 075



TABLZ OF COMTENTS

EBYRODUCTIGN. 2 0 ewe ee ee ee ee ee ee er ww ee we

I DATA COLLECTION. 2 2 2 0 we ee ee ee oe ee ew we ww

Stereophotogrametry
Validation Studies.....+..e00-
II DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 2... 2 2 se ee eee eee

Axis Systems......
Segmentation...ccsccceccccoccccccscssscceece

III BESULTS. 2. ee et ee wt te ee ee we
TV COMCLUSIONS. © 2. ee ee ee ee ee te eee rw
REFERENCES. © 2. ee ee ew ee we ee ee tw es

APPSNDIX A ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND LANDMARKS... .. . .

Selection of Measurewents and Landmarks.........+
Landmark Description#®.....csccecseece
Measureswents Descriptions...
Derived Measurements
Summary Statistics..

APPENDIX B COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENT TECHEIQUES AND EXPEGIMENTAL
ACCURACY 2 2 6 ww wo eee we ee we ee ee we

Equal-Volume Displacement Technique for
Determining Segment Volumes....ccccscscceccece
Total Body Density Technique
Comparative Volumetric Data...
Comparative Total Body Inertia
Comparative Anthropometry
Couparative Stereophotogr:
Coupsrison of Anthropometric Values with
Stereophoto Values.......ssecccccscccccccccves

Wuwe w

o

Ack
A-2

we)
A-16
a-17

el

B-1
B-2
3-2

B-5
3-7

37


ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGHENT RANGE MEAN = =SoDe
ACROM-RAD LTH
25e6- 3268 29.74 1.65
AXILLARY ARM CIRC
24.8> &0.1 36.2% 3.74
BICEPS CR RLXO RT
22.5- 38.6 27.82 3.67
BICEPS CR FLXD RY
22.6- 40.3 28.84 3.65
ELBOW CR 20.3- 2902 24042 1.96
AXILLARY ARM DEPTH
Be2- 1524 11.36 1.59
BICEPS BPTH RLXD
; Tele 1209 9620 1627
ELBOW BR RI
Soir 609 5694 042
TRICEPS SKINFOLD
09 Hee 2.00 268
BICEPS SKINFOLD
o3- 268 1,17 354

Yp

as 5
FU ARM VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.C.
905 - 2,580 415557 352

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SD.
XeAXIS 072 - 1633 203 48
Y~AXIS 1285 - 3.96 2.61 043
ZeAXIS 718.59 ~ 713.15 715.87 1.03

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X-SeD. YoMEAN Y-S.De Z=-MEAN 2°S.0.

RIGHT ACROMIALE 0.a0 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.60 8.00
RIGHT OLECRANON 72030 43 4.00 239° $28.70 1.57
R MED HUM FRPICON 0.00 6.00 7.04 067 -29.00 1.66
R LAT HUM EPICON 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 -28.02 1654
RIGHT RAODIALE eJ1 36 082 045 -29.82 165%

LOCATION CF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-S.0. YeoMEAN: Y-S.D- Z-MEAN 2-S.0.
RIGHT SHOULDER °1.75 2047 - 27h 081 -6.20 236

‘RIGHT ELBOW web 2.60 3.62 065 28.47 1.69



Upper Thigh Circumference: subject stands erect, legs
slightly apart. weight evenly distributed on both
feet. With a tape perpendicular to the icng axis of
the leg and passing just below the lowest int of the
giuteal furrow, measure the circumference of the
thigh. Where the furrow is’ deeply indented, the
measurement is teken just distal to the furrow.

Waist Breadth: subject stands erect, heels together,
looking straight ahead, weight equally distributed on
Both feet. With a beam caliper, measure the horizon-
tal breadth of the body at the level of the ompkalion.

Waist Circumference: subjecc stands erect, breathing
noruelly, looking straight ahead, heels together,
weight distributed equally on both feet. With a tape
held in a horizontal plane, measure the. circumference
of the trunk at the level of the omphalion. The
reading is made at the point of mid-tidal respiration.
The subject must not pull in the stomech.

Weight: body weighed with scales read to the nearest
one tenth kilogram.

Wrist Breadth (Bone): subject stands, with the right
hand rotated 180 degrees from the anatomical position.
With a beam caliper, measure the minimum breadth of
the wrist superior to the most lateral and medial
protrusions of the radial and ulnar styloid processes
with sufficient pressure to compress the tissue over
the bone.

Wrist Circumference: subject stands, arms held in the
anatomical position. With a tape perpendicular to the
long axis of the forearm, measure the minimum cir-
cumference of the wrist proximal to the radial and
ulnar styloid processes.

Derived Measurements

In addition tc the measured variables, a series
anthropometric variables were crested for use in the regression analysis.
These variables end the method of derivation are as follows:

of derived

Head Height = Stature minus Mastoid Height
Reck Length = Mastoid Height minus Cervicale Height
Torso Length = Cervicale Height minus Gluteal Furrow Height

gif


Gluteal Furrow Depth: ‘subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet.
With the beam caliper, measure the horizontal depth of
the thigh at the level of the gluteal furrow.

Gluteal Furrow Height: subject stands, heels to-
gether, weight equally distributed on both feet. With
an anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from
the standing surface to the gluteal furrow landmark.

Hand Breadth: subject stands, fingers together, thumb
slightly abducted, fingers extended but not hyper-
extended, dorsal surface up. With a beam caliper,
measure the breadth of the hand between the
wetscarpale II and V landmarks.

Hand Circumference: subject stands, fingers together
and extended but not hyper-extended, thumb slightly
abducted, dorsal surface up. With ea tape passing
around the metacarpal II and metacarpal V landmarks,
measure the circumference of the hand.

Hand Length: subject stands, fingérs together,
extended but not hyper-extended, volar surface up.
With a beam caliper held parallel to the long axis of
the hand, measure the length of the hand from the
distal wrist crease to dactylion.

Head Breadth: subject sits, looking straight ahead.
With a spreading caliper, measure the maximum
horizontal breadth of the head above the level of the
ears. Repeat with cap on using as little pressure as
possible.

Head Circumfereuce #1: subject sits, head in the
Frankfort plane. With the tape passing over the head
circumference landmark, measure the maximum

circumference of the head. Repeat with cap on using
as little pressure as possible.

Head Circumference #2: subject sits, head in the
Frankfort plane. With the tape, measure the
horizontal circumference of the head at tue level of
the head circumference landmark. Repeat with cap on
using as little pressure as possible.

Head Length: sudject sits, looking straight ahead.
With the spreading caliper, measure the mexiaum bead
length between the glabella and the occiput. Repeat
with cap on using as little pressure es possi



|

¥ sxie

x axis

2 axis
Origia

Z axis
xX axis

Y axis
Origin

ABDOMEN
Y axis
xX axis

Z axis
Origin

mormal vector to the subject's left fros
the plane formed by cricoid cartilage,
cervicale, and suprasteruale.

normal from Y axis through the mid-
point of a line between left and

and right claviceles.

XxyY.
at cervicale,

vector from 10th rib midspine to cervicale.
normal from Z axis to suprasternale.

ZxX
at 10th rib midspine.

vector from right 10th rib to left 10th rib.
normal from 10th rib midspine to Y axis.

Kx.
at intersection of X and Y vectors.

PELVIS, TORSO, and TOTAL BODY

Y axis ~ vector from right anterior superior iliac

spine to left anterior superior iliac spine.

2 axis - norms! from symphysion to Y axis.

K axis - Y x Z.
Origin - at intersection of ¥ axis and the normal to

it passing through a point midway between
the posterior superior iliac spines.

RIGHT UPPER ARM

2 exis - vector from lateral humersi epicondyle

to acronion.

¥ axie - normal from Z axis to medial

humeral epicondyle.
aA

ZX axis - Y x Z.
Origin - at acromion.

10



ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN $0.
THIGH FLAP LTH

1M)e2- 2201 17696 1675
BUTTOCK DEPTH

AWBsi- 3507 24.12 3.49
GLUT FURROW OPTH

AH.1- 24.6 18.92 2.00
HIP BR 30.9- 45.4 37.625 3434
BUTTOCK CIRC

B3.5-130.2 100.08 3.69
UPPER THIGH CIRC

46.5° 7305 S9e44 5263
ANT THIGH SKINFOLD

1e4- 562 Soil 097
BISPINOUS BR

18.1- 33.2 23.25 2.96

& FLAP VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.0.
2,096 - 5,952 3,792 874

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

7 RANGE MEAN SeDe
X*AXIS 7478 = tet 3061 1262
Y-AxIS 5.67) - 10047 7.81 293
Z-AXIS 76074 9-36.56 5.08 +80

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X-S.D. Y-MEAN Y-S.D. Z-MEAN Z-S.0.

R GLUTEAL FOLD 710.05 1.96 BeG1 2.03 3-13.96 1.38
RIGHT ASIS G49 2.29 5.82 1.41 6045 1.26
SYMPHYSION $285 2288 17.05 1.87 72072 1.42
R TROCHANTERION 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.90 6.00 0.00



TABLE B-1

COMPARISON OF TOTAL BODY VOLUMES CALCULATED FROM MEASURED
DENSITIES AND WEIGHTS AND ESTIMATED STEREOPHOTOMETRICALLY

COMPARISONS OF PARTIAL SEGMENT VOLUMES DERIVED FROM PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSES
AND MEASURED BY A DIRECT WATER VOLUME DISPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE

Percent difference (+) of derived photometric volumes

Total Body Total Calculated Stereo-

Subject Weight Body Volume photo-~
Number (kg)  (1bs) Density (¥=#/D) metric &
27 42.5 93.5 1.030 41,262 45,791 9.89
15 45.6 100.3 1.051 43,387 49,502 12.35
42 50.6 11.3 1.051 48,145 54,572 11.78
7* 53.3 117.3 1.048 50,859 57,160 11.02
22* 54.8 120.6 2.030 53,204 59,068 9.93
30 60.9 134.0 1.030 59,126 65,980 10.39
21 61.4 135.1 1.016 60.433 66,652 9.33
8 62.1 136.6 1.044 59,482 65,089 8.61
12 65.1 143.2 1.029 63,265 71,674 12.73
31* 67.8 149.2 1,023 66,276 72,185 8.08
11+ 70.6 155.3 1,034 68,279 75,188 9.19
14 86.5 190.3 1.008 85,813 93,032 7.76

* Experimental control subjects
TABLE B-2

from measured volumes at comparative percent intervals
of total stature from the fioor.

indicate greater photometric values.

Total Body
Subject Weight
Number (kg) (1bs) 10% 20% 302
33 42.5 93.5 +24 +22 +17
17 45.6 100.3 -15 +4 +1
50 50.6 111.3 +6 +9 +9
14 53.3 117.3 +27) +16 +15
29 54.8 120.6 +8 +10 +12
55 60.9 134.0 +18 +6 +8
25 61.4 135.1 +9 +8 +12
8 62.1 136.6 +14 +11 +14
12 65.1 143.2 - 6 oO +5
37 67.8 149.2 +5 +11 +11
18 70.6 155.3 +14 +8 +7
16 86.5 190.3 +9 +4 +7
[XK] 12.92 9.08 9.83
sD 7.18 5.79 4.55

40%

+15
+7
+12
+11
+10
+7
+6
+12
+7
+1C
7&4
+4&

8.75
3.44

B-3

50%

+8
+7
+10
+1l
+1i
+7
+8
+19
+4

t+ t+

3
5
6

€.00
2930

60%

+10
+7
412
+11
+g
+9
+10
+93
+7
+7

70%

+9
+1i
+11
+79
+8
+10
+il
+t
+8

Positive values

~ 80%

+10
+13
+12
+10
+10
+9
+12

+8

sD

6.36
4.14
2.25
5.52
1.25
3.80
1.77



skinfold, and posterior calf skinfold, which when combined with existing calf
and thigh circumferences could, according to Heath and Carter (1967), be used
to establish body type.

Fourth, alterations were necessary to accommodate primary sex differ—
ences. In the female survey the subjects were to wear bras; thus thelion, a
landmark in the male study, could not be located. Instead, a bustpoint
landmark was substituted. Also, two measurements were added
(bustpoint-to-bustpoint and midsagittal chest depth) to account for
differences between male and female contours.

Finally, in the process of the female survey, two differences from the
male study were noted. Because it appears to protrude more on women, the
cricoid cartilage was consistently located in place of the thyroid cartilage.
Since this point was included for location of the X-Z plane only, the
difference should cause no problems. Also, wrist breadth, which was measured
as the maximum breadth of the wrist across the styloid processes in the male

study, was inadvertently measured as the minimum breadth of the wrist superior
to the styloid processes in the female study.

The primary landmarks, 75 in number, were used for both measurements
and stereophotographs, with an additional eight landmarks located for
measurement purposes only. For photographic purposes they were first marked
in pencil, then covered with a sticker. Those landmarks which were on the
sides of the body or segment, and thus not visible to the camera, were also
marked with an offset.

Landmark Descriptions

Acromion (right end left): the most lateral point on the
lateral margin of the acromial process of each scapula.

Axillary Arm: the anterior horizontal mark on the right
arw which was made when locating the scye point.

Biceps (right and left}: the level of maximum protrusion
of the strongly contracted biceps brachii, Subject's
upper arm is horizontal, forearm flexed approximately
90 degrees; locate by palpation and inspection from
lateral side of arm.

Bustpoint Level: a series of three points; one each on
the point of maximum anterior protrusion of each bra
cup, and one in the anterior midsagittal line at
this level.

Posterior Calcaneous Point (right and left): the posterior
point of each heel.



TABLE 9

RIGHT FOREARM PLUS HAND

AMTHROPOMETRY :
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN SoDe
FOREARM ¢ HAND LTH

B5eh- 4303 40.15 1490

ELBOW CIRC

20.3" 29.2 24.42 1.94
MIOFOREARM CIRC

27 07> 27.0 21.22 2629
WRIST CIRC .

13.8- 19.0 15.72 1616
MIDFOREARM BR

Seo 922 743 076
WRIST BR 3eb= 569 4.75 034
HAND. CIRC 1665- 20.6 156.86 092
ELBOW BR RT

Bet- 6469 5.94 oh?
WAND BR GeT- 805 7.78 040
META IIT-DACT LTH

76> 1062 8.93 obL
HAWD LTH 15.0- 19.2 17.08 084%

F FARM+tH VOLUME
RANGE MEAN SoBe
834 = 15843 1,279 233

LOCATION OF THE.CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN Sed.
XOAKTS 0 4h - 2.09 1.43 ohh
YeAXIS -2628 - 254 1034 037
ZeAXIS 715255 7 211041 713.97 290

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X9SeDe Yo“EAN Y-S.D. Z-MEAN Z2*S.06

RIGHT OLECRANON 093 093 3639 265 1.86 4S
R RADIAL STYLOID 0.06 0.00 75243 043 $220.98 1.24
R ULNAR STYLOID 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 -22.65 1.23
RIGHT RADIALE 6.05 o.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90

RIGHT DACTYLION w1.24 2232 ~1i.04 5063-39046 2017

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
KeMEAN X-S.D. Y-MEAN Y-S.De Z=-MEAN Z~S.D.

RIGHT ELBOW 1.28 1.92 2.59 1.45 1282 1.16

RIGHT WRIST 7.91 3,46 -2.12 1.63 -22.53 1-05

34


RIGHT CaLF
RUTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT | RANGE MEAN SeDe
CALF LTH 29.9" 40.3 35.95 2.06
CALF DEPTH

Bek= 1403 10.80 09%
ANKLE 6K bebe 6.63 5.37 042
KNEE SR RT

7eS- 10.0 8081 257
KNEE CIRC 30.7 44.5 36.97 2.84
CALF CIRC,RT

26e2- 47eH 35.43 3.20
ANKLE CIRC

18e2- 24.7 21.45 1.39
POST CALF SKINFOLD

Le2- Geol 2.50 o76

R CALF VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.0.
49908 = 55226 3,111 607

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SeDe
KeAXIS =4023 - 220 71025 82
YeaXxtS 6.338, 2 24.07 Sabb ofS
ZeAXIS -16017 2 910.55 713.56 1.17

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
K*MEAN X-S.De YoMEAN Y¥=SoDe Z-MEAN Z=-S.D06

RIGHT SPHYRION 0.60 0.00 0.06 9.00 ~36.45 2.03
RIGHT TISBIALE 0.00 0.09 9.090 4.00 0.00 0.00
RIGHT FIBULARE 2011 1639-90714 097 -1.97 90
R LAT MALLEOLUS 0.00 6.00 - 6.57 2037 36089 1.89

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X*SoDe YoMEAR YoSee Z-MEAN Z°S.0-

RIGHT KNEE +067 1.65 - 3.66 1.64 2.65 031

RIGHT AVKLE 71.24 2.04 ~ 3. 2h 091 -36073 2.04



RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAPt REGRESSION EQUATIONS

RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP YOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGIT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST

VOLUNE = 25221 *# 43.23 - 39879 911 904%
X MOMENT = 9,931 + 43003 - 196215956 .866 152.6%
Y MOMENT = 9,117 + &,765 - Vy579sf0% 1867 17.0%
Z MOMENT = -034 + 3,918 - 161,293 .901 20.3%
RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP VOLUME FROM:
MIOTHIGH STATURE BUTTOCK CONSTANT R SE EST
CIRC circ
236027 - 5,989.26 .320 8.8%
220.48 * 62.83 - 15,299.33 .956 6.60%
173.68 + 57.90 + 29282 © 15,058.42 .900 604%
RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP X MOMENT FROM8
WEIGHT THIGH LTH MIOTHIGH CONSTANT R SE EST
. cIre
&,951 . - 185,968 4608 1863%
G4dK & 24,331 - 1,074,247 861 14.9%
2,237 + 26,185 ¢ 41,973 - 194715053 897 240.1%
RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP Y MOMENT FROM
WEIGHT THIGH LTH MIOTHIGH CONSTANT R SE EST
DEPTH
5,531 - 224,639 826 19.0%
$,132 6 21,9099 - 190294538 +870 1648%
2,153 + 255649 * 43,261 - 15522,3513 893 15.5%
RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP Z MOMENT FROME
MIOTHIGH WEIGHT BITROCH BR CONSTANT R SE EST
OEPTH
53,558 - 625,025 925 17.6%
3a8SH + 15542 - £33,507 .939 16.1%
30,875 + 2,250 - 8,351 - 363,508 9435 15.6%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MF AN 3.36
XeAXIS 254,810 - 154351,561 $51 5564 169,396
Y-AXIS 250,683 - 1,310,392 561,461 186,588
Z-AXIS 94,202 - 795,051 2585845 118,428

PRINCIPAL AXES SF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATPLX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Z
x 8.12 61.69 &9.53 STOo DEVe OF ROT. X = 1.495
Y 38.09 3.23 91.76 StOo OFVe OF ROTs Y= &et%
z 90.06 68.32 41.80 STO. DEV. OF ROT. 2 = 22-27



RIGHT CALF8 REGRESSION EQUATIONS

R SE EST
847 10.6%
785 167%
(82 1606%
856 204%

R SE EST
2949 62%
0957 5.8%
0963 5%

R SE €ST
0803 15.9%
0862 13.7%
2694 12.2%

R SE EST
2800 15.9%
0803 13.5%
0693 12.2%

R SE FST

©9590 10.9%
+963 10.6%
2306 10.3%

SoD.
9643
2839

~RIGHT CALF VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
. STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT
VOLUME = 16-40 + 27.54 - 1,937 .
XxX MOMENT = 9°25 @ 2,187 = 6805711
Y MOMENT = 4,767 ¢ 2,121 = 700,348 «.
2 MOMENT = “33% 592 - 20,993 .
RIGHT CALF VOLUME FROM?
CALF CIRC KNEE CIRC CALF LTH CONSTANT
aT
186.03 - 3,267.26
140.16 ¢ $1.83 - 35770284
137.20 + 47,91 + 33292 4,740.57
RIGHT CALF X MOMENT FROM?
CALF OFPTH CALF LTH KNEE Cr&o CONSTANT
825835 - 5265656
70,895 + 155775 - £63,634
335%42 + 16,994 # 14,694 - 1,114,312
RIGHT CALF Y MOMENT FROME
CALF DEPTH CALF iTH KNEE CIRC CONSTANT
815746 - 5155741
69,346 + 16,226 - 9655221
33,725 ¢ 16,530 + 14,009 - 4,109,350
RIGHT CALF 2 MOMENT FRAME
CALF CIRC KNES CIRC KNEE BR RT CONSTANT
aT
55659 - 151,329
4,830 + 1,013 - 161,001
3,004 + 1,661 - 4,517 - 149,963
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RENGE ME AN
X-AXIS 292,415 = 6615419 SEB s1 70 96
YeAXIS 191,5t6 - 650,494 367 ,05F 95
ZoAXES 13,237 - 128,745 49,026 18

7632

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TC ANATOMICAL AXES
COSTNE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Zz
x 1.27 €R.S0 BOevh STO.
v 91.08 1.61 83.55 STO.
z 89433 Glebe 1.58 STO.

GEV.
DFV.
DEV.

OF
oF
OF

ROT. X = 036
ROT. YS 1.54
ROT. Z = 30.26



Radjaie (right and left): the highest palpable point
on the head of each radius with the arm in the
anatomical position.

Seilion: the point in the midsagittal plane of the
deepest depression of the nasal root.

Seye Poince (right and left): these are a series of marks
drawn at the axillary folds formed by the juncture of
the arms and trunk. Subject stands and initially
abducts slightly her right arm; a straight edge is
placed horizontally under the armpit so that the top
of the strajght edge touches, without compressing the
tissue, the inferior point of the axillary fold. The
subject then relaxes the arm and short horizontal
lines are drawn at the level of the top of the
straight edge on the anterior and posterior surfaces
of the arms and torso. The process is repeated on
the left side of the body. The intersections of the
horizontal marks and the vertical lines following the
axillary folds in the direction of the acromion are
the scye point landmarks.

 Sphyrion (right and left): the distal end of each tibia.

Stylion or Radial Styloid (right and left): the
distal end of each radius.

Suprasternale: the lowest point of the jugular notch on
the superior margin of the sternum.

Syaphysion: the anterior point in the midsagittal plane
on the notch of the superior border of the pubic
symphysis.

Teath Rib: a series of three marks indicating the level
of the inferior point on the inferior margin of the
lowest of the two tenth ribs. Right and left marks
are made in the midaxillary line and a midspine mark
is made at this level.

Tibiale (right and left): the superior point on the
medial margin of the head of each tibia.

Toe II (right and left): the tix of digit If of each foot.

Tragion (right and left): the deepest point of the notch
just above the tragus of each ear.

a-5


Tenth Rib Breadth: subject stands erect, heels
“together, looking straight ahead, weight equally
distributed on both feet. With a beam caliper,
measure the horizontal breadth of the torso at the
level of the iOth rib landmark,

Tenth Rib Circumference: subject stands erect,
breathing normally, iooking straight ahead, heels
together, weight distributed equaliy on both feet.
The arms are abducted sufficiently to allow clearance
of a tape between the arms and trunk. With a2 tape
held in a horizontal plane, measure the circumference
of the trunk at the level of the tenth rib landmark.
The reading is made at the point of mid-tidal
respiration,

Tenth Rib Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
looking straight ahead. With an anthropometer,

measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
tenth rib midspine landmark.

Tibiale Height: subject stands, feet slightly apart,
weight equally distributed on both feet. With an
anthropometer, measure the vertical distance froa the
standing surface to the tibiale landmark.

Tragion Height: subject stands erect, heels together,
weight equally distributed on both feet, head in the
Frankfort plane. With an anthropometer, measure the
vertical distance from the floor to the tragion
landmark,

Triceps Skinfold: subject stands relaxed, arm held
loosely at side. Pick up a skinfold on the arn
superior to the triceps landmark and parallel to the
long axis of the upper arm. Using a Lange Skinfold
caliper, measure the thickness of the fold at the
triceps landmark.

Trochenterion Height: subject stands, heels togetter,
weight equally distributed on both feet. With an
anthropometer, megsure the vertical distance from the
standing surface to the trochanterion landmark.


LEFT HAND? REGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT HANG VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT”
STATURE METGHT CONSTANT QR S& EST

VOLUME = 032% 083 + 70 .565 12.1%
X MOMENT = 58 + 23 - S9l40 0515 1904%
Y MOMENT = 55 ¢ 16 - 59091 64399 195%
Z MOMENT = 5 + ge ES 557 20.5%
LEFT HANUO VOLUME FROM
HAND BP WRIST CIRC HAND LTH CONSTANT R SE EST
67.86 _ - 3470645 «738 9.6%
60.56 + 15.39 - 377.22 17986 8.7%
50c64 + 12.84 + 12.67 - 476078 06819 Beh%
LEFT HAND X MOMENT FROM
HAND BR HAND LTH WRIST CIRC CONSTANT R SE EST
29904 - 15,089 .697 16.0%
1,958 + $31 - 21,944 4783 14.1%
1,577 + . 735 + 276 - 21,9687 6797 13.5%
LEFT HAND Y MOMENT FROM?
HAND LTH HAND BR STA TURE CONSTANT R SE EST
149152 - 13,380 697 15.9%
739 + 15425 - 285243 2777 L404%
1,633 + 15436 - 50 - 44,510 792 13.9%

LEFT HAND Z MOMENT FROMS
BAND SR WRIST CIRC STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST

944 - 55332 778 15.3%
643 + 169 - 5e661 0844 13.2%
6735 + 178 + 8 - 45794 2869 13.2%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MEAN S.De
K-AXIS 4,359 ~ 112468 7 hb5 1,648
Y-AXIS 3,7F6 ~~ 99 44h $9288 1,382
Z-AXIS 1,056 ~ 3,312 1,393 480

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESFECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

K Y Zz
x 14.66 102.33 97081 STO. GEV. OF ROT. X = 3.19
Y 76.32 17.36 73.50 STG. BEV. GF ROT. Y= 5.48
Zz 64.88 102.04 23.14 STO. OEV. OF ROT. Z = 4e76

4h



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributiors of 2 number of
individuals and organizations in providing support throughout this study. The
complex data analysis and computer progras design was devised by Mr. L.
Douglas Baughman, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dr. Ints Keleps,
and Mr. Roy R. Rasmussen of the .Air Force Aerospace Medical Research
Laboratory, and Mr. Thomas Churchill of Anthropology Research Project, Inc.
All stereophotogrsphic support was provided by Dr. Daniel B. Sheffer, Ms. Marj
Gordon and Ms. Debbie Guebert of the Biostereometrics Laboratory, Texas
Institute for Rehabilitetion and Research, Baylor College of Medicine. The
special. total body density experiments were conducted by Dr. Ronald A.
Ratliff, Director, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Oklahoma.

The continuous participation and support of our colleagues, Mr.
Charles E. Clauser, Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, and Dr.
Joha T. McConville, Anthropology Research Project, Inc., have been of great
value in ell progrew development and experimental phases leading to this
current study. A specisi acknovledgement goes to Mr. Arnold K. Johnson,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, for his patience and support
as the interagency monitor throughout the lengthy process of this cooperative
study.

Illustrations of the body segments which supplement the deta
presentation in section IL} were done by Gary Ball of Ball Graphics. Finally,
the authors would like to thank Ms. Ilse Tebbetts and Ms. Jane Reese of
Anthropology Research Project, Inc. for extensive editing and careful
prepazation of the manuscript for publication.

Accession For

NTIS GRAsT
DIIc rap

Unannounceg o

Tustification |
By.

} Distributions
A * OH

| Availability codes

Avail ana7ar
Special



ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGHENT RANGE MEAN S.D.
QIACROMIAL BR

33.5- 4002 36079 1663
CHEST BR 25.2- 36.8 28.64 2.29
TENTH RIB ER

21.0- 33.3 25.67 2.99
WAIST BR 24.5- 40.6 31.05 4.12
BISPINOUS 5R

18.1- 33.2 23.25 2.96
HIP BR 30.9- 45.4 37.25 3.3%
BUST CIRC 82.0°122.6 95.41 8.15
TENTH RIB CIRC

62.0-10662 75.9% 16.43
WAIST C 68 e7-11608 66-70 13.22
BUTTOCK C 63.5-130.2 106.08 9.69
CHEST D  13.5- 2300 17081 1071
BUTTOCK DEPTH

18.1~ 3507 24.12 3669
SITTING HT

77.5- 92.5 86621 3.47

TORSO VOLUKE
RANGE MEAN S$.0.
205480 - 56,462 31,120 7,402

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS OKIGIN

RANGE MEAN $.0-
K-AXIS -10.42 - 1.22 5029 3.89
Y-AXIS 71253 - 1075 01h ob
Z-AXIS 16.32 - 22.34 19.89 i252

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-SeDe YoMEAN YoSeD. Z-MEAN ZS.D.

CERVICALE ~4obd 6.73 014% 1-61 50.94 2044
LEFT ASTS t.60 6.00 11684 1.55 6.00 0.00
RIGHT aASIS G.te8 G.08 11.93 1.53 o.ce 0.09
SUPRASTERNALE 4&eiS 5.69 037 1.38 41.84 2017
SYMPHYSION 0.00 6.90 -282 072 9.12 1.58

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-SeDe YoHEAN YoS.0. Z-MEAN Z-S0De

NECK 72048 6.70 «10 1.61 50049 2043
RIGHT HIP 71.29 087 -16.92 124d -5.95 1027
RIGHT SHOULGER 4069 56S 715285 2.08 37.27 2.07
LEFT HIP “1.35 93 10.76 1.64 -6.23 1.59

LEFT SHOULDER “4.02 &.98 16.97 1.89 37 ob% 2048



ANTHROPOMETRY

OF SEGMENT RANGE “EAN SeDe
THIGH LTH 35.6- &7.3 44.15 2.51
BITROCH BR

27el- 36.6 31.63 1.99
BUTTOCK CIRC

63.5-130.2 190.08 9.69
KNEE BR RT

7.5- 10.09 6.81 57
UPPER THIGH CIRL

46.5= 7305 59.44 5.63
MIDTHIGH CIRC

39e9- 69.0 51.92 Sead
KNEE CIRC 3007= G4e5 36.97 2084
MIOTHIG4 DEPTH

42e4- 23.5 16.50 2.05
GLUT FURROW DPTH

1hei- 2426 18.92 2.00
BUTTOCK DEPTH

1Bet- 3507 24.12 3.49

RTHI-F = vOLUME
| RANGE MEAN = So De
| 35736 119570 6,278 145389

LOCATIO¥ OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN $.0.
X@AXIS 73028 - 1.07 7.66 083
YeAXIS £219 - 9.33 6.77 «88

Z-AXIS °24.84 - 716.3% "21.90 1.46

LUCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANONARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X@MEAN X-SeDe Y-MEAN Y-S.0. Z-MEAN Z-S.0.
R TROCHANTFRION 0.00 6.00 0.00 6.00 0.00 9.00
R LAT FEM CONDYL 0.90 0.00 9.09 G.00 -36.41 2.30
2 MEO FEM CONNDYL 6.00 6.00 11.39 1028 3-40.01 2.21
KIGHT TIBIALE 1.90 70 9000 Let5 941.75 2034
KIGHT FIiBULARE 71.34 85 we61 029°) 42.52 2051



TABLE B-4

VARIATIONS IN STATURE, TOTAL BODY VOLUIR, AND TOTAL BODY
IWBRTIA (Ixx) VALUES OF CONTROL SUBJECTS DERIVED FROM
SEQUENTIALLY DUPLICATED SETS OF STEREOPHOTOGRAPHS

Control . Phote Total Body Total Body
Subject Series Stature Volume Inertia (Ixy)
Number Number (om) (ce) (gm_cu2)
; 1 161.00 57,160 80,648,643
2 160.88 $7,745 81,598,993
3 160.97 58,144 82,856,809
7
x 160.95 57 ,683 81,701,482
sD 0.06 495 1,107,646
z 0.07 2.69 2.67
a 161.02 59,068 78,981,585
2 161.02 58,749 78,529,442
' 3 160.99 58,422 77 ,426 , 348
22
x 161.01 58,746 78,312,458
sD 0.01 323 890,003
z 0.02 1.09 1.97
b 158.88. 72,105 90,495,880
2: 158.94 73,164 93,328,675
3 159.08 73,213 92,911,047
31 .
x 158.97 72,827 92,245,201
sD 0.10 626 1,529,279
z 0.13 1.51 3.04
1 172.95 75,009 115,249, 366
2 172.92 75,188 113,923,889
3 172.94 75,147 114,433,677
2
¥ 172.94 75,115 114,568,977
sD 6.01 94 722,312
z 0.02 0.24 1.26

B-8



ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE EAN SeDo
ABDOMEN LTH
Le2- 1162 9% 1384
TENTH RIB BR
2100- 3363 25.67 2.99
WAIST BR 2665- 46.6 31.05 %.12
BICRISTAL BR
24e6- 31.9 27,91 1286
WAIST CIRC
650711668 80.79 13422
TENTH RIB CIRC
62.0-106.2 75.94 10.43
SUPRAILIAC SKFLD
oe be2 1.65 «80

ASDOMEN = VOLUME
PANGE MEAN = S..De
609 = 94203 2,817 19465

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN $.0.
KeAXIS 71.48 - 3.97 055 1.09
Y-AXIS 71.65 - «84 7206 053
Z-AXTS -4085 - 10612 72.64 081

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXTS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X=SeDe YoMEAN YrSeDe Z-MEAN 72=5.0-

L ILIOCRISTALE 072 2065 15.05 1.72 75082 1662
R ILITOCRISTALE 236 21.25 15.27 1.88 95.52 1.49
LEFT 10TH RIS 9.00 0.00 13.57 1.50 0.00 0.00
RIGHT 13TH RIB 6.00 0.00 13.45 1.75 Qg.00 0.00
POS SUP ILIAC MS ~11.24 1.51 7014 740 -9.69 1.80

LOCATIO#@ OF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
Xe*MEAN X-SeDe Y-MEAN YoSeD. Z=MEAN Z-S.0.

THOOAX oi& ° 83 229 736 7095 67

A3DOMEN oh 1.21 012 99 5246 1.52

24


ANTHROP JMETRY

OF SEGMENT RANGE 4EAN S.De
NECK LTA 4e3- S63 4.98 1.16
NECK 8R 9o2- 12.5 10646 070
NECK CIRC 29.6= 39.1 32.86 2.24

NECK VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.0.
500 - 991 737 122

LOCATION OF "HE CENTFR OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXiS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SeD.
X*AXIS Saat - 8.15 5027 286
Y-AXIS -.56 - «37 205 «27
Z-AXIS 2.93 - 5.79 hebt 61

LOSAFION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X-SeDe Y=MEAN Y-S.0. Z-MEAN 7Z+S.0.

CERVICALE 0.00 0.00 9.00 0.090 0.90 o.a0
MID THY2OID CART 10.20 1.61 0.68 0.00 3.65 287
LEFT CLAVICALE 11.54% 288 1.98 031 7095 «16
RIGHT CLAVICALE 11.46 33 ~26%2 +33 095 «16
SUPRASTERNALE 12.63 092 0.60 0.00 087 223

LOCATION GF THE CUT CENTROLO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

. M=MEAN -SeDe Y-MEAN Y-S.0. Z-MEAN 2-S.0.
HERO 2048 1613 233 1.00 7e16 299
NECK 1.62 29 207 1.06 «96 232



TABLE 5~7

RELATIVE NUMBER OF STANDARD DEVIATIONS THAT PHOTOMETRIC

MEAN VALUES HAVE SHIFTED AWAY FROM ANTHROPOMETRIC MEAN VALUES

(Listed anthropometric percentiles indicate the Level
at which each photometric mean occurs after shift)

Body Measurement

Bitragion Breadth
Vertex-Cervicale Distance
Radiale-Stylion Length
Axillary Arm Depth
Iliac Crese-10th Rib Distance
Iliac Crest-Symptiysion Distance
Fibulare Height
Acromion Height
Bispinous Breadth
Bust point -to~Bust point
Tibiale-Sphyrion Distance
Stature
Iliac Crest-Anterior Superior
Iliac Spine Distance
10th Rib Height
Acromion-Radiale Length
Tibiaie Height
Trochanterion-Sphyrion Distance
Suprasternale Height
Cervicale Height
Bustpoint Height
Foot sceadth
Trochanterion Height
Iliac Crest Height
Tragion Height
Anterior Superior Lliac
Spine Height
Cervicale-l0th Rib Distance
Symphysion Height
Gluteal Fold Height
Hand Breadth
Trochanterion-Fibulare Distance
Sphyrion Height

Positive values indicate photometric overestimations.
Negative values indicate photometric underestisations.

Relative

SD Shift

Anthropometric
Percentiles of
Photometric X

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RIGHT HAND
ANTHROPCMETRY

OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN = SeDe
WRIST CIRC

2308- 19.9 15.72 1.16
HAND CIRC 16.5- 2066 18.85 092
HAND BR 67 8.5 7076 048
META ITI-CACT LTH

7eB> 1002 8.99 Si
HAND LTH 15.0- 1922 17.05 08

R HAND VOLUME
RANGE MEAN $0.
261 - 466 344 48

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN S+De
XeAXTS 70 5& - 1.56 079 46
Y-AXIS 043 - 1.67 30 028
Z-AXIS 072 - 2.89 1.55 045

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X@MEAN X=S.G0 YoMEAN YoS.0-. Z-MEAN 2-S.0.

R RADIAL STYLOIO 2016 1.50 2003 51 7033 260
R ULNAR STYLOIO 7210 1.26 4074 58 6047 «60
R METACARPALE V 6.00 0.00 e758 037 0.00 0000
R METACARPALE IT 0.00 0.00 72.95 023 0.00 0.00
RIGHT DACTYLION 0.06 0.69 027 $.35 79065 65

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X@MEAN X#SeDe Ye¥ERN YeSe0. Z-+MEAN Z-S.De
RIGHT WRIST 7506 3.77 2055 1.03 7026 i016



EI Rte Ame ES mm mas Sl mm

ee

TABLE 20
LEFT CaLF
ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGHENT RANGE MEAN SoD.
CALF LTH 29.9 60.3 35.95 2.06
CALF CEPTH
Beb- 2463 10680 694 a :
ANKLE BR het= 603 5637 02 yo
KNEE BR LT

xe
Teh 10.0 8082 57

KNEE CIRC 30.7= 44.5 36.97 2286
CALF CIRG,LT

2802- 5006 35679 3048
POST -CALF SKINFOLD

Le2- het 2050 076
ANKLE CIRC |

1802- 26.7 21.45 14639

it CALF VOLUME
RANGE MEAN $.0.
1,734 - 59755 3,151 656

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SoBe
X-AXIS whe 34 - 08% 71.63 1.01
Y-AXIS 4.0% - . 647 Sout 51
ZeAXIS -16.00 2 711011 713055 1.17

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X="S.D. YoMEAN Y-SeDe Z-MEAN Z-SeDe

LEFT SPHYRION 0.09 0.00 6.00 0.08 -36.60 2.07
LEFT TI3IALE 0.60 0.090 0.00 0.06 6.06 0.00
LEFT FISULARE o3t 209% S041 3298 w1071 1.03
& LAT MALLEOLUS 0.00 6.00 6.66 042 -36.82 2014

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X@MEAN X=SeDe YoMEAN Y=SeDo Z-MEAN 2-S.0-

LEFT KNEE 7219 2.22 4.19 280 2.4% 283

LEFT ANKLE 047 1.97 3-63 088 §==36.99 2012

56



Calf Circumference (right): subject stands erect, legs
Slightly apart and weight equally distributed on both
feet. With a tape perpendicular to the long axis of
the lower leg, mark ahd measure the maximum circuafer-
ence of the calf.

Cervicale: the superior tip of the spine of the 7th
cervical vertebra. (The protrusion of the spinal
column at the base of the neck.)

Clavicale (right and left): the point on the nost imminent
prominence of the superior aspect of the medial end of
each clavicle.

Cricoid Cartilage: the anterior point in the midsagittal
plane of the cricoid cartilage.

Dactylion (right and left): the tip of digit III of
each hand.

Femoral Epicondyle, Lateral (right and left): the lateral
point on the lateral epicondyle of each femur.

Femoral Epicondyle, Medial (right and left}: the medial
point on the medial epicondyle of each femur.

Fibulere (right snd left): the proximal tip of each fibula.

Gluteal Furrow (right and left): the lowest point on each
gluteal fold.

Gonion (right and left): the lateral and inferior point on
the back of the mandible at the intersection of the
vertical and horizontal portions of each side of
the jaw.

Heed Circumference: a point in the midsagittal line of the
forehead just above the brow ridges.

Humeral Epicondyle, Lateral (right and left): the lateral
point on the lateral epicondyle of each humerus with the
arm in the anatomical position.

Humeral Epicondyle, Medial (right and lefe): the medial
point on the medial epicondyle of each humerus with the
arm in the anatomical position.

Iliae Spine, Anterior-Superior (right end left): the inferior
point of each anterior-superior iliac spine.



ANTHROP3METRY

OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN

BUTTOCK DEPTH

TABLE 5

PELVIS

S$.Be

Adel- 36.7 246.12 3.49

BICRISTAL BR

24.6~ 31.9 27.91 1.80

BISPINOUS PR

idei- 33.2 23.25 2.96

@ITROCH BR

27 a1 36.8 31.663 1.99
3009- 45eh 37.25 3.34

HIP BR
BUTTOCK CIRG

8325-13002 100.08 9.69

SUPRAILIAC SKFLD

Be &e2 1.85 80

PELVIC LTH

2108- 3169 25.82 2.08

FELVIS VOLUME
RANGE MEAN
5,835 = 205392 10,128

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF

RANGE
KeAXIS 12.16 - 2553
VrAXIS “1.32 - 095
Z-AXIS 7276 - ©.25

$.0.
35250

VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

MEAN SoD.
~8.61 1024
007 045
2.30 1.39

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

X-MEAN
LEFT ASIS 0.00
RIGHT ASIS 0.00
POS SUP ILIAC MS -13.64
SYMPHYSION 0.00

XS eDe Y=MEAN YoSe0. Z-MEAN Z=-S.0.
0.06 11.84 1.55 0.00 0.00
G.00 3-11.93 1.59 0.90 0.00
20 34 0.09 0.09 754 2072
0.00 w202 72 -9ot2 1.58

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

XoMEAN
ABDOMEN 5.86
RIGHT HIP "1.29
LEFT HIP 71.35

XeSoDe YoMEAN Y-SeD. Z=MEAN Z-SeDe
1.73 031 1.07 9027 1.46
«8? 10692 1.48 5295 1.27
93 10.76 1264 "6023 1.69


APPENDIX 5B

COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND EXPERIMENTAL ACCURACY

Inherent in the nature of derived data and predictive methods are
questions of confidence in the accuracy and comparability of the methods used.
The experimental techniques used by Chandler et al. 11975) and McConville et
al. (1980) in earlier stages of this research revealed distinct and sometimes
predictable differences in values derived from biostereometric data and those
obtained by direct seasurement, especially with regard to volumes. In the
interest of comparing measured values with derived values for body volume,
inertial characteristics and linear dimensions, a number of validation tests
were conducted ip connection with this study. The direct measurements
conducted for comparative purposes included (1) a water displacement technique
for partial and total body (less head) volumes, (2) submerged water suspension
weighing (hydrostatic weighing) to determine total body density, and (3) total
bedy inertia by the torsional pendulum technique. In addition to these test
weasurements, duplicate anthropometric measurements and stereophotos were made
to test the accuracy of each technique, and comparisons were made between
values obtained from anthropometry and stereophotogrammetry.

To eliminate or reduce the effects of typical daily changes which occur
in the body, a continuous, sequential test schedule for each subject involved
ia these additional tests was established. Certain measurements were
completed within the same work day; others requiring more than one day were
preceded by weighing before and after all tests. All subjects cooperated by
restricting food intake or fasting and drinking known amounts of liquid
throughout each test day. Total body weight was measured immediately before
each procedcre to determine any shift in weight from water input or output.
Twelve subjects participated in these tests.

Equal-Volumwe Displacement Technique for Determining Segment Volumes

The CAMI laboratory equipment used in this procedure consisted of (1) a
free-standing water tank with elevating platform and channeled overflow
spillway. The tank had sufficient capacity to completely submerge an erect
-standing subject, (2) a run-off tank suspended by an integrated load cell to
weasure the displaced water weight, and (3) peripheral instrumentation with an
X-¥ plotter to record displaced water weight as ea continuous function of the
distance between the submerged platform (loaded with standing subject) and the
tank water surface. The subject tank was first over-filled with warm water of
approximate body temperature, then allowed to stabilize at the spiliway level.
Kext, the subject platform was adjusted so as to be level with the water
surface. The subject was positioned on the platform standing erect with feet
slightly abducted, and slightiy abducted arms extending dowtward. The subject
was instructed to breathe normally throughout the procedure. Although
variations in volume plots could be detected as coincident with the breathing
cycles, significant changes in volumes were not demonstrated when the abdomen



axis to form another coordinate axis. The third coordinate axis was generated
by forming the cross or vector product between these two axes in a prescribed
order.

The cross product yields a third vector which is perpendiculer to both
the first and second vectors. In order to correctly calculate the cross
product, the positive direction of the first two vectors must be defined and
the prescribed order of ax b=c, bxc=a,cxas b, must be followed. In
this study, the positive direction of each axis (denoted by X, Y, or Z) is
defined in reference to the standard anatomical position: +X extends from
posterior to anterior, +¥ extends from the subject's right to left, and +Z
extends from distal to proximal (or towards the head in the case of the
torso). Whenever possible, the first axis is selected with the goal of
maximizing the distance between the two anthropometric landmarks defining the
vector. This minimizes the rctational effects that slight differences in
identifying landmarks on different subjects would have on the entire axis
system. Figure 2 illustrates the anatomical axis system of the thorax. The
three noncolinear points used for axes construction are (1) 10th rib midspine,
(2) cervicale, and (3) suprasternale. The first vector (Zz) extends from 10th
rib midspine to cervicale (this also establishes the positive direction). The
second vector (X) is normal to the first and passes through the suprasternale
landmark (note that the second vector does not necessari ily originate at the
cervicale landmark as the illustratioy indicates). The third axis is
calculated as the cross product ZxX=¥. once the relationship ef the axes
has been set, the origin can be placed at any landmark. In this case, it was
translated to the 10th rib midspine landmark to avoid duplication of the neck
segment origin.

In some cases more than three pointe were used. For some of these, the
same basic approach to calculating the coordinate system as described above
was used and an extra (fourth) point provided for origin placement. A few
segments required a relatively complex scheme tor coordinate calculation.
This was especially true of the feet, where several projections had to be
taken. Ina all cases, however, the wethodology described below for obtaining
unique coordinate systems for each segment is based on construction of two
orthogonal axes from landmarks, and the generation of the third by use of the
cross (or vector) product calculated in the order listed in the definition.



Sete ee

Iliec-Midspine, Posterior-Superior: the point on the midspine
made at the level of the posterior-superior iliac spines.
(4 dimple often indicates the si . of this iliac spine.)

Iliocristale Points (right and left): che highest point on
the crest of each ilia in the midexillary line.

Infraorbitale (right and left): the lowest point oa the
inferior margin of each orbit.

Mallecli, Lateral (right and left): the most lateral point
on each leteral malleolus.

Mastoid (right): the inferior tip of the mastoid process.

Metacarpale II (right and left): the most laterally prom-
inent point on the lateral surface of the head of the second
metacarpal, with the hand in the anatomical position.

Metacarpale III (right and left): the distal point in
the midline on the nead of the third metacarpal with
the hand rotated 180 degrees from the anatomical
position,

Metacarpale V (right and left): in the anatomice! position,
the most medially prominent point on the medial surface
of the head of the fifth metacarpal.

Metatarsus I (right and left): the medial point on the head
of each metatarsus 1.

Metatarsus V (right aud left): the laterai point on the
head of each metatarsus V.

Midforearm (right): the level midway betveen the radiale
landmark and the stylion landmark, determined by
weasurement when the arm is in the anutomical position.

Midthigh (right): che level midway between the trochan-
terion and fibulare landmarks determined by measurement.

Nuchale: the lowest point in the midsagittal plane of the
occiput that can be palpated among the muscles in the
posterior-superior part of the neck. This point will
usually be obscured by hair.

Olecranon (right and left): the most posterior point on
the olecranon process of the ulna with each arm in
the anatomical position.



Calf Depth: subject stands erect, heels together,
weight evenly distributed on both feet. With a beam
caliper, measure the horizontal depth of the calf at
the level of the csl£ circumference landmark.

Cervicale Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
head in the Frankfort plane. With an anthropometer,
mecsure the vertical distance from the floor to the
cervicale landmark.

Chest Breadth: subject stands erect, looking straight
ahead, heels together, weight equally distributed on
both feet, arms raised tc allow positioning of the
beam caliper: and then lowered. Measure the horizontal
breadth of the chest, from the back, meking sure not
to include the breasts, at the level of the bustpoint
landmarks.

Zibow Breadth (Bone): subject sits, forearm and upper
arm both flexed 90 degrees. With a spreading caliper,
measure the maximum breadth across the humeral
epicondyles exerting sufficient pressure to compress
the tissue. Measure both the right and left elbows.

Elbow Circumference: subject stands, arm in che
anatomical position. -With a tape passing over the
clecranon process of the ulna and into the crease of
the elbow, measure the circumference of the elbow.

Fibulare Height: subject stands, heels together,
weight equally distributed on both feet. With an
anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the
standing surface to the fibulare landmark.

Foot Breadth: subject stands, feet slightly apart,
weight evenly distributed on both feet. With a
Sliding caliper, measure the breadth of the foot
between the right metatarsus I and metatarsus V
landmarks,

Feot Length: subject stands, feet slightly spart,
weight evenly distributed on botk feet. With a beam
caliper parallel to the long axis of the foot, measure
the length of the foot between the right posterior
calcaneous landmark to the tip of the longest toe.



I DATA COLLECTION

The Subjects

The primary intent of the sampling strategy was to select a minimum
number of subjects who could reasonably represent the U.S. adult female
population in stature and veight. The sampling plan for this study was to
achieve a stature and weight distribution comparable to that found in the
civilian female population as reported in the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (HANES) of 1971-1974 by Abrahan et al. (1979). The BRANES
survey provides the most current and appropriate general population model
available for adult U.S. females.

Limits for this study were established for an age range of 21 years
through 45 years and Sth through 95th percentile values for stature and
weight. In view of tne limitations of locally available subjects, it was
Feasoned that an age range limit of 45 years would reduce the potential
physical and physiological factare nat compatible with the experimental
procedures. The total sample of 46 subjects was divided into two age groups,
21 through 32 years and 33 through 45 years, with matching distribution of
percentile rankings in stature and weight. Within the Limits of subject
availability aad designated size-weight categories, attempts were made to
select those subjects who demonstrated the greatest range of composite segment
variations in volume and dimensional proportions.

The primary selection criteria of stature and weight for test subjects
compare with the HANES data base valuee as foliowe:
Sample (n=46) HANES (n=5507)
x sD x sD

Stature (cm) 161.20 6.00 162.60 6.33
Weight (kg) 63.90 12.50 64.64 15.52

The distribution of the sample vw: regard to the HANES 21-45
population is graphically portrayed on the bivariate distribution table in
Figure 1.

Anthropometry

A total of 83 landmarks were lo¢ated and marked on each subject,
following which 92 dimensions were measured. The landuarks later served to
define planes of segmentation and to establish al! anatomical axis systems.



Biceps Circumference, Relaxed: subject stands, arms
held loosely at sides, not ia tke anatomical position.
With a tape perpendicular to the long axis of the
upper arm, measure the circumference of the upper arm
at the biceps landmark. Measure both right and left
sides.

Biceps Depth: subject stands, arms held in the ana-
tomical position. With the Seam caliper perpendicular
to the long axis of the upper arm, measure the depth
of the arm at the biceps landmark.

Biceps Skinfold: subject stands relaxed, arms held
loosely at sides. Pick up a skinfold on the arm
superior to the biceps landmar: paraliel to the long
axis of the arm. Using a Lange skinfold caliper,
measure the thickness of the fold at the biceps
landmark.

Bicristal Breadth (Bone): subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equaily distributed on both feet,
looking straight ahead. With a beam caliper, measure
the horizontal distance in the mid-axillary line
between the right and left ilia, exerting sufficient
pressure to compress the tissue overlying the bone.

Bispinous Breadth: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
looking straight ahead. With a beam caliper, measure
the distance betwean the right and left anterior-
superior iliac spine landmarks.

Bitragion Breadth: subject sits, looking straight
ahead. With a spreading caliper, measure the breadth
of the head at the right and left tragion landmarks.

Bitragion-Corowal Arc: subject sits, looking straight
ahead. With a tape held as close to the scalp as
possible, measure the surface distance in a coronal
plane from the left tc the right tragion landmark.
Repeat with cap on and use the lightest pressure
possible.



NO.

VARIABLE NAME

BICRISTAL BREADTH
BISPINOUS BREADTH
BITROSH BROTH

MIP BREADTH
MIDSAG CREST OFTH

AXILLARY ARH CIRO
BICEPS CR RLXO RT
BICEFS CR FLXD RT
ELBOW CIRC
MIDFCREARM CIRC

WRIST CIRC
HAND CIRC
BICEPS CR RLXD LT
BICEPS CR FLXD LT
NECK CIRC

BUST CIRC

TENTH RIB CIRC
WAIST CIRC

BUTTOCK CIRC
AXILLARY ARK DEPTH

BICEPS DPTH RLXD
MIDFOREARH BROTH
WRIST SREAOTH
HAND BREAGTH
META III-DACT LTH

HAND LENGTH
SITTING HEIGHT
HEAD LENGTH
HEAD SREAOTH
BITPAGION BROTH

ELS9W SROTH RT
KNEE BREADTH RT
KNEE BREADTH LT
ELBOW BREADTH CT
HEAD CIRO NO i

HEAD CIRO NO 2
SAGITTAL 4Ro
BITRAG-CORCN ARC
UPPER THIGH SIRC
MISTHIGH CIRC

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MEAN STD DEV

276
23.2
31.6
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2768
28.8
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15.7
48.9
2767
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207%
6.5%
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3.6%

126 4%
413.2%
420€%
709%
104 8%

7eh%
4.9%
13.9%
13.4%
“Be2%

8.5%
13.7%
215.2%

907%
23.45%

13.7%
1507%
7eiz
5ei%

Beth

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4.0%
3.4%
3.2%
3. 6%

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8.5%
B.e%
663%
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2466
Ls.4
27.4

22.2

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23.5

2408
2245
2268
20.3
17.7

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16.5
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2506

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£6
ue

SE



ARTHROPORETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE
SPHYRION HT
5.2
FOOT: BR 7.5-
FOOT LTH 20.3
ANKLE BQ G&eHe
ANKLE CIRC
18 62> 2eoF
BALL OF FOOT CIRC
1904- 26.5
ARCH. CIRC 19-9- 25.7

708
10.7
26.2

6.3

t FOOT
RANGE

459 ~ $59

MEAN

$026
9.22
23051
3037

21045

22.80
23.21

VOLUME
MEAN
662

TABLE 22

LEFT Foor

$.0.

038
057
1.493
042

1.393

1.21
teil

SeDe

161

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE
XeAXTS 8.70 -
YeAXIS. ~ 286 -
Z-AXIS 032 -

bea

04h

1045

MEAN S$.0.
-7015 052
7426 230
296 28

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

XeMEAN X*SeDe YoMEAN Y-Sele Z-MEAN Z*S.D0.
LEFT SPHYRION 10.27 66 - 30868 +56 %e20 046
L METATARSAL V ~2021 «56 4.7% 50 0.00 6.00
L METATARSAL IT 0.00 0.00 -4013 59 0.09 0.00
LEFT TOE II 5.67 057 6.58 a.00 71.03 03h
L POS CALCANEUS 717.57 «87 6.00 0.00 0.00 8.00
LOCATION CF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

X@MEAN X-S.De YeMEAN Y-S.De Z-MEAN Z-S.De
LEFT ANKLE "12012 1067 2261 41.59 #253 057



TABLE 19

LEFT THIGH
ANTHROPOMETRY
QF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN $.0.
BITROCH BR

27 oi- 3668 31663 1.99
HIP BR 3069- 45.4% 37.25 3636
BUTTOCK CIRC

83.5-130.2 190.08 9.69
UPPER THIGH CIRC

4Oe5- 7365 59.44 5.263
GLUT FURROW OPTH

1Gol- 24.6 18-92 2.00
BUTTOCK DEPTH :

1Get- 3567 24ei2 3649
KNEE 8R LT

7e4- 1060 8582 57
MIOTHIGH CIRC

39e9- 6900 51692 Sobd
KNEE CIRC 3067= 44.5 36.97 2684
MEOTHIGH DEPTH

1264" 2365 16650 2.05
THIGH LTH 3526- 4769 41615 2.51

& THIGH VOLUME
RANGE MEAN $e.
By7S% - 175462 10,043 2,163

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SeDo
X-AXIS “4.76 - 002 72.05 1.13
Y-AXIS 79.64 - 5287 -7 216 78
Z-AXIS -17291 - 712235 715.35 1010

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X=S.De Y-MEAN Y=S.Do. Z-MEAN 7-520.

L TROCHANTERION o.0¢ 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 9.00
& LAT FEM CONDYL 0.06 0-00 0.00 0.00 36.35 2034
L MEO FEM CONDYL 0.00 6.00 11.58 2029 39072 2023
LEFT TISIALE 2045 92 78.98 1.10 41.62 2.35
LEFT FIS3ULARE 1041 090 7210 4.50 $42.23 2048

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-S.D. Y-MEAN Y-SeDe Z=MEAN 2-S.De

LEFT HIP 5284 1.80 76.56 1.57 240 235

LEFT KNEE 752 1.20 ~5-64 1.47 -38.65 2035



Elbow plane: A simple plane origicating at the
olecrancn landmark snd passing through the eedial
and lateral humeral epicondyle landsarks.

Weiet place: A simple plane originating st the ulnar
and radial styloid landmarks and passing through the
wrist perpendicular to the long axis of the forearm.

i

“16

I Bs Rain oa od



RIGHT THIGH? REGRESSION EQUATIONS

RIGHT THIGH VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT

. STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT
VOLUNE = 60092 @ §— 65.04 = 8,770
X MOMENT = 26,916 + 9,314 = 458,724
Y MOMENT = 27,738 @ 11,131 - 4,387,938 2
Z MOMENT = 706 ¢ 7,299 - &25,303 .
RIGHT THIGH VOLUME FROM?

UPPER THIGH STATURE MIOTHIGH CONSTANT

Circ CIRC
346.52 - 103527635
316.30 + 86.64 - 225700088

124.93 ¢ 103.04 ¢ 209648 - 245827255

RIGHT THIGH X MOMENT FROM?

WEIGHT THIGH LTH BUTTOCK C CONSTANT
11,839 - 287 ,0F4
10,348 + 72,938 - 3,069,318

34902 © 77,555 ¢ 185909 = 442495721

_ RIGHT THIGH Y MOMENT FROM?

WEIGAT THiGH LTH = MIDTHIGH CONSTANT
CIRC

13,616 - 4565352

12,142 + 69,319 = 35101,034-

7,259 + 7T39d85 + 275352 - 4,007,559
RIGHT THIGH Z MOMENT FROME

BUTTOCK MIDT HIGH STATURE _ CONSTANT
CIRS circ

21,195 : - 1,695,208
12,652 + 169848 - 12€245,033
10,909 ¢ 185241 59638 = 294305936

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MEAN
X*AXTS 659,904 = 2,861,938 1,389,544 407
YeAXIS 678,930 = 3,656,288 1,462,212 451
Z-AXIS 169,238 = 15461,319 5165574 224

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATO
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN JEGREES

x Y v4
x 13.90 101.514 62432 STD. DEV. OF
Y 78.30 11.71 90.60 STOe DEV. OF
z 97.40 57.87 7.70 STO. OEVe OF

R SE EST
924 8.3%
$95 13.4%
399 13.8%
913 17.3%

x SE EST

791% 667%
0942 763%
2962 620%

R SE EST
0808 1764%
©9219 11.8%
0929 11463%

K SE EST

0835 17.2%
0915 12.7%
0926 12.1%

R SE EST

2923 16.6%
0941 14.9%
0952 13.6%

SeDe
2093
9084
2562

MICAL AXES

ROT. X
ROT. Y
ROT. Z

1.62
3.72
14.66


RIGHT FOOTS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

RUGHT FOUT VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT
VOLUME = 8.48 + 1.51 - gd8 «
X MOMENT = 94 + i$ + 12,709 »
Y MOMENT = 505 ¢ 82 - 763275 «
Z MOMENT = $12 + 87 = 721,115
RIGHT F3OT VOLUME FROM:
FOOT LTH SPHYREON HT ANKLE CIRC CONSTANT
02.77 - 803.06
Site1i + 116.17 - 1,268.55
38.27 + 1216v7 + 22070 = 1,475.74
RIGHT FIOT X MOMENT FROME
BALL OF SPHYRION FOOT LTH CONSTANT
FOOT CIRC HT
739 - 125368
621 + 1Ly+12 - 17,829
HIE + ZyF2Feé FOG - 20,212
RIGHT FICT Y MOMENT FROME
FOOT LTH SPHYRION HT WEIGHT CONSTANT
3,636 - 67,518
39454 + 45076 - 835549
2,e31 + 3,658 + 49 - 74,565

RLIGAT FIST Z WOAENT FROWD

R SE EST
758 1002%
704 1803%
826 1307%
835 1363%

R SE EST
°726 1966%
0637 86%
0879 725%

®R SE EST

e7ivo 17.7%
0815 14.9%
0842 14.0%

R SE EST
2B4S 12.8%
«869 1222%
091% 10.9%

FOOT LTH WEIGHT SPHYRION HT CONSTANT RSE EST
4,099 - 70,574 .660 12.1%
3,237 ¢ sg - 62,111 896 10.6%
3,353 + s2¢ 331460 - 755378 919 9.6%
THE P&INCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGS MEAN Sede
X-AXIS 2,d4E - 9,191 59473 1,304
Y-AXIS 11,607 - 38,706 225558 5,338
Z-AXIS 12,219 - 49,068 235074 2536

PRINCIPAL AXES OF -INEPTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MAYRIX EXPRESSED IN JEGREES

x Y Z
x 60 3F CF SF $6.59 STS.
Y 86631 to.St 73.18 STO.
2 83084 1066St 18.06 STDe

GEY. OF ROT. K
OFVe OF ROT. ¥
LEV. OF ROT. Z

aun

15.54
2-58
2.82



Avterior Thigh Skinfold: subject stands with right
leg slightly flexed. | Pick up a skinfold on the
anterior thigh superior to the mid-thigh landmark and
parallel to the long axie of the thigh. Using a Lange
skinfold caliper, measure the thickness of the fold at
the mwid-thigh landmark.

arch Circumference: subject stands, weight evenly
distributed on Soth feet. With a tape perpendicular
te the long axis of the foot and passing over the
highest point in the arch, measure the circumference
of the arch of the foot.

Axillary Arm Circumference: 3ubject stands, arms
Slightly abducted, in a relaxed position asproxi-
wately 90 degrees from anatomical position with thumbs
forward. With a tape perpendicular to the long axis
of the upper arm and st’ the level of the axillary are
landmark, measure the circumference of the era.

Axillary Arm Depth: subject stands erect, ares held
relaxed at sides and in the anatcwical position. With
the beam caliper perpendiculer to the long axis of the
epper ara, measure the depth of the upper arm at the
axillary arm landmark.

Ball of Foot Circumference: subject stands, feet
slightly apart, weight evenly distributed on both
feet. With a tape passing over the wetatersal I and
metatarsal V landmarks, measure the circumference of
the foot.

Biscromial Breadth: subject stands erect, arms at
sides, looking straight shead. With a beam caliper,
measure the distance between the right and left
acromion landmarks.

Biceps Circumference, Flexed: subject stends, upper
acm and forearm both flexed 90 degrees, with fist
clenched and biceps brachii strongly contracted. With
a@ tape, measure the circumference of the upper arm at
the level of the biceps landmark. Measure both the
right and left biceps.

4


RIGHT FOREARM, and REGHT FOREARM PLUS HAND

2 axis
¥ axis
xX axis
Origin

RIGHT BAND

Y axis
Z axio

X exis
Origin

vecter. from ulnar styloid to radiale.
normal from radial styloid to Z axis.

YxZ.
at radiale.

vector from wetacarpale II to metecarpale V.
normal from dactylion to ¥ axis.

A A

YxzZ

at intersection of Y¥ axis and the normal
passing through metacarpale ili.

LEFT UPPER ARM

Z axis - vector from lateral humeral epicondyle

to acromion.

Y axis - normal from media: huzers] epicondyle

to Z axis.

A A
K azis - ¥ x 2.
Origin - at acrosion.

LEFT FOREARM, and LEFT FCREARM PLUS HARD

2 azis - vector from ulner styloid to radiale.

Y axis
x axis
Origia

LEFT HARD
Y axis
Z axis

X axis
Origin

normal from Z axic to radial styloid.
Yx2.
at cadiale.

vector from metacarpale V to metacarpale II.
normal from dactylion to ¥ axis.

AA

YxzZ.

at intersection of Y axis and the normal
passing through metacarpale III.

li



me ys ye enw te

RIGHT FLAPS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

RIGHT FLAP VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM

STATURE AND WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT
VOLUME = 34.60 + 241.81 - 4,891.
X MOMENT = 1,431 ¢ 15458 = 305,849 .
Y MOMENT = 41,653 + 2,360 - &O0S,124 .
Z MOMENT = 1,236 * 3,856 - USuydo1 6
RIGHT FLAP VOLUME FROM?
UPPER THIGH THIGH FLAP STATURE CONSTANT
CIRC LTH
125.33 - 3,657.69
91.38 + 212.14 - 59485e°3
90.90 ¢ 177.39 + 18.77 - 7623.66
RIGHT FLAP X MOMENT FROMS
BUTTOCK THIGH FLAP STATURE CONSTANT
CIRC LTH
44652 - F2055€0
3,637 ¢ 105839 - G18,571
3,635 # 8,319 ¢ 1,041 - £50,001
RIGHT FLAP Y MOMFWT FROME
BUTTOCK THIGH FLAP GLUT FURRUW CONSTANT
CIRC LTH DEPTH
7,200 - £ 265632
50745 + 15,396 - 657 5469
3,033 + 165245 + ibs lhe - £63,909
RIGHT FLAP Z MOMENT FROM2
BUTTICK THIGH FLAP WEIGHT CONSTANT
circ LT
10,329 - 777,275
8,730 + 16,916 - 021,032
4,632 # 175428 ¢ 15492 736,323
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN
KeAXIS 52,520 - 303,273 133,976 &3
YeAXIS 68,870 - 482,804 193 536i 80
Z-AXIS 93,132 - 674,783 2565499 212

RSE EST
817 13.6%
835 21.6%
870 21.0%
832 20.02%

R SE EST

2808 13.7%
0887 10.9%
0893 10.8%

R SE EST

2843 20.8%
0395 17 04%
0900 17.22%

R SE EST

°868 20.8%
0913 17.3%
©926 16.2%

R SE EST

©9021 19.0%
0929 16.4%
0936 15.7%

SeDe
3582
2428
9035

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH KESFECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Zz

N< x

17024 104044 80.76
73056 21089 104004
95. 0€ 73291 16.90

STO.
STO.
STO.

DEV. OF ROT. X = 5624
DEV. OF ROT. Y= 4.59
OFV. OF ROT. Z = 12628



22

23
2
25

Bi
Be2
8-3

B-5

3-7

‘Left Thigh.

LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)

Right Thigh... ccccccccccccccccsscccccscrsccsccsscccee

Right Calf..ccccscccccccccvecccerscccnceseseseccsssens

Right Foot..

Right Thigh Minus Flap...ccccccccccccccesscccccvescccs

Right Flap.cccccccccccccccccccacccsccccesecccsscnssecs

Left Calfswcrsecccsncccacsnccsccsscscvscsessnsvcucsens

LOLE FOO. cscecccncvcncccvcnccnccececesssesscsccscsces

Left Thigh Minus Flap..

Left Flap... ccccccnccccccccccncccccnceccssesscccessces

TOESO.. ccs sever cnccecanesccnacseraseeeeseesscecsesce

Total Body.

Summary Statistics....ccccccscccccccccccccccccccescces
Comparison of Total Body Volumes..cscsccecccecccscccce

Comparisons of Partial Seguent Yolumes.......

Comparison of Measured X Moments and Starecuetrically
Estimated Principal X Moments of Inertia for the

Total Body.ccccccccccccccccccccccccccncccccsccsecsscce

Variations in Stature, Total Body Volume, and Totsl
Body Inertia Values of Control Subjects.

becccccccee

Comparisons of Variability in Derived Data Techaiques
fom Duplicate Analyses of Single Stereophotographic

BEES eoccecccecccceccsvecccescacssersccscesecccsessens

a Conperison of Anthropometric and Stereophoto Values.

Relative Humber cf Standard Deviations that Photo-
wetric Nean Values dave Shifted Away From Anthro-
Powatric Mean Valuas..cecccscecsccsccscccessocsscvcess

B10

B12



REFERENCES

Abraham, Sidney, Clifford L. Johnson and Matthew Najjar, 1979, Weight and
Height of Adults 18 - 74 Years of Age: United States 1971-74, (PHS) 79-1659,
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES), U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Hyattsville, Md.

Baughman, L. Douglas, 1982, Segmentation and Analysis of Stereophotometric
Body Surface Data, Final Report, Air Force Contract ¥33615-78-C-0504,
AMRL-TR-81-96, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio.

Braune, W. and 0. Fischer, 1892, Bestimmung der Tragheitsmomente des
menschlichen Korpers and seiner Glieder. Abh. d. Math. Phys. Cl. d. K.
Sachs. Gesell. d. Wiss., 18(8):409-492. Leipzig

Chandler, R.F., C.E. Clauser, J.T. McConville, H.M. Reynolds, and J.W. Young,
1975, Investigation of Inertigl Properties of the Human Body, DOT HS-801 430,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C. Also
published as AMRL-TR-74-137 (AD A016 485).

Chandler, Richard F., Clyde C. Snow and Joseph W. Young, 1978, Computation of
Mase Distribution Characteristics of Children. Prepared for presentation at
NATO Symposiuzs of Human Biostereometiics aad published in Proceedings of
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, A.M. Coblentz and R.E.
Herron (eds.), Vol. 166:158-161, 1978, Paris.

Clauser, Charles %., Pearl Tucker, John T. McConville, Edmund Churchill, Lloyd
L. Laubach and Joan Reardon, 1972, Anthropometry of Air Force Women,
AMRL-TR-70-5 (AD 743 1123), Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

Dempster, W.T., 1955, Space Requirements of the Seated Operator, WADC TR
55-159 (AD 87 892), Wright Air Development Center, Wri Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio.

Heath, Barbara Honeyman and J.£. Lindsey Carter, 1967, A Modified Somatotype
Method, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27:57-74.

Herron, R.E., J.R. Cuzzi, D.V. Goulet, et al., 1974, %xperimental
Determination of Mechanical Features of Children and Adults, Final Report,
DOT~HS-231-2~-397, Biostereometrics Laboratory, Texas Institute for
Rehabilitation and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Herron, R.E., J.R. Cuzzi, and John Hugg, 1976, Mass Distribution of the Human
Body Using Biostereometrics, AMRL-TR-75-18 (AD A029 402), Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

70


ABDOMENS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

AIDOMEN VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST

VOLUME = 7113.70 + 32.80 + 16,526 600 42.6%
X MOMENT = -11,364 + 3,940 + 15456,180 .587 61.4%
Y MOMENT = 710,928 + 3,364 + 139407,621 1705 762%
Z MOMENT = “19,503 ¢ 6,678 + 294%d959% 6723 63.4%
ASDOMEN VOLUME FROM
ASD04EN TENTH RIB TENTH RIB CONSTANT R SE EST
LTH crrc 6P
542.03 + 139.21 2680 38.5%
586.41 + 94.84 - 79282010 «957 15.4%

572045 + 184.72 - 323.75 = S 9727080 6369 1302%

ABDOMEN X MOMENT FROM

TENTH FIB ABDOMEN TENTH RIB CONSTANT R SE EST
CIRS LTH BRO

10,373 - £085,719 .732 57.0%
11,072 +# 48,074 - 899,306 943 2840%
19,635 ¢ 4G57he = 30,843 - 7519231 0955 25.45%

ARDOMEN Y MOMENT FROM

TENTH RIS  ASDONEN TENTH RIB CONSTANT & SE EST

CIRS LTH “BR

8,655 - 538,302 719 73.9%

9,247 + 40,907 - 780,126 .925 40.8. :

19,437 © 38,424 - 36,704 ~ 603,911 0947 34.8%
AZ3D0MEN 2 MOMENT FROM

TENTH RIS ABDOMEN TENTH RI3 CONSTANT 2 SE EST :

cIRS LTA BR :

17,338 - = 15081,332 760 58.9% :

13,900 * 72,980 - — 19F 227462 6936 3206% '

34,919 + 709491 - 57,702 - 192455440 .950 29.0%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MEAN SD.
X-AXIS 41,754 - 784,110 ° 179,010 147,912
Y-AXIS 23,441 - 682,676 119,717 125,792 . i
Z-AXIS 64,332 - 1,287,145 273,309 244,943 .

weeps

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

Xx Y z
x ob 9u.13 90043 STO. DEV. OF ROT. X= 165%
Y 69.87 034 839.69 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Y= 4225
z 69.57 90.31 253 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 2261

RY

2



Iv CONCLUSIONS

Results of this study of 46 females confirm findings obtained in the
companion male study that both total body and segmental mass distribution date
on living populations can be predicted from anthropometric measurements using
regression analysis. In comparing the results of this study with those
obtained in the earlier male study, the following observations were made. The
women's segmental volumes and, as a consequence; their principal moments of
inertia were, on the average, smaller than those obtained on the male
subjects. Exceptions to this general pattern were for the abdominal segment,
the thigh flaps and the thighs, where the female samplé had greater mean
values for volume and, in general, larger principal moments of inertia than
the male sample. The principal axes were similarly aligned for the male and
female data with few exceptions. The few exceptions noted, again like the
volume and moments data, appear to reflect sex-specific differential mass
distribution characteristics.

The multiple regression correlation coefficients of the anthropometry
for predicting the segmental volume and moments were, in general, somewhat
lower for the female sample thea those for the male data. Such differences
were, however, not large and may well be a function of the 'W' sample strategy
used in the male study.* In the selection of anthropometric variables as
predictors in the regression equations, a measure related to mass (weight,
circumference or skinfold) was generally selected as the first predictor and a
measure of iinearity (stature, segment length) as the second predictor. This
pattern was very similar to that seen in the male results with the major
difference being that in the women’s regression analysis circumferences,
rather than body weight, were selected far more often than in the male
analysis.

Reconfirmed in this study was the phenomenon of approximately - 10
percent overestimation of volumes obtained by stereophotometric techniques as
‘compared to measurements obtained by immersion techniques. Comparative
measurements undertaken in this study further r<cvealed that measured and
estimated moments of inertia about the whole body X axis differs by as much as
5.74%, but not always in the same direction. The results from a comparison of
25 subjects gives a mean delta percent of 0.153.

These results indicate a level of good agreement and do not suggest the
overestimation of inertial value that might be anticipated from the observed
overestimation of volumé by the photometric technique. The observed level of
agreement may, however, be spurious as the measured moments of total body
inertia may have an error, due to oscillatory rotation which is not through
the body center of mass. The error is proportional to the distance (body

* The ‘W' sample strategy calls for subsets drawn from three discontinuous
segments of the height-weight distribution to provide samples of equal size
from the center and both ends of the distributioa.

» 68



LEFT THIGH

LEFT THIGH

VOLUME

Xx MOMENT
Y MOMENT
Z MOMENT

oun

LEFT THIGH
MIOTHIGH
Crrc
242.33
228.37 +
253.27 +

LEFT THIGH
WEIGHT

5,036
4,312 +
261 +

LEFT THIGH
HEIGHT

5,631
3,033 +
e729 ¢

LEFT THIGH
MIOTHIGH
DEPTH
55,374
37,669 +
31,525 ¢

THE PRIVCIP

Xe AXIS 2
Y-AXIS 2
Z-AXIS

MINUS FLAPS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

MINUS FLAP VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM
STATURE WEIGHT EONS TANT
17630 ¢ 44.41 = 2,836
8,097 + 4,312 - 15369, 396
6;E89 ¢ 5,633 - 15236,061
“1,121 + 4,060 = 13£,025

MINUS FLAP VOLUME FROM?

STATURE AND WEIGHT
R SE EST
«890 10.8%
0848 17.2%
0339 192%
2873 232.9%

STATURE BITROCH SR CCNSTANT R SE EST
- 6371.00 1.915 9.4%
55055 - 14,002074% .942 7.9%
80.63 - 141.89 - 155450617 .950 7.5%
MINUS FLAP X MOMENT FROME
STATURE MIOTHIGH CONSTANT R SE EST
CIRC
- 165,963 .808 18.9%
6,097 - 152695396 1848 17.2%-
11,468 + 22,406 - 294539232 6692 140d%
MINUS FLAP Y 4OMENT FROMS
STATURE MIOTHIGH. CONSTANT R SE FST
crIRCc
- 2415915 4817 20.1%
85689 - 1,236,082 4839 19.2%
£0yf36 + ff, 894 ~ 275445942 2878 17 61%
MINUS FLAP Z MOMENT FROME
WEIGHT BITROCH BR CONSTANT R SE EST
- 6575370 .907 20.9%
19459 - $71,384 .916 1929%
23952 - 12,892 - 246,327 927 192.0%
AL MOMENTS OF INERTIA ®
RANGE MEAN SeDe
81,697 ~ 1,204,795 543,517 172,258
765772 = 15420,279 5515754 190,568
93,286 = 870,803 2555597 224,925

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TU ANATOMICAL AXES

C

x
x 15.26
Y 105.23
z 90.35

GSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES
Y z
74.89 88.69 STO. DEV. OF ROT. X = 2010
15631 88.45 STD. DEV. OF ROT. Y = 2.88
91-85 2.03 STQ. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 22.77



AR eee ale ote aM Om

MEAD
ANTHROPIMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN SD.
WEAD HT 135.6- 17.9 15.59 078
HEAD LTH 17.3~ 15.9 18.69 264
HEAD 3R 4307-1527 14.58 eh
BITRAGION BR
A208- 14.3 13.16 248
SAGITTAL ARC
B35- 4007 37-33 26312
BITRAG-COPON ARC
3100- 37.06 33691 1631
HEAD CIZC £2e1- 56.6 54.78 1426
HEAD VOLUME
RANGE MEAN SeBe
39346 - 495i46 3,894 267

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN $.0.
XeAaxIS 2043 - 005 74.08 053
Y-AXIS 7069 - 084 oft 035
Z-AXIS 202% - 479 3ou2 045

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

X-MEAN X-SeDe. YeoMEAN Y-S.D. Z-MEAN 7-S.De
WUCAALE 76.96 87 299 039 "2056 1.20
SELLION 3048 248 0.00 0.06 1.91 039
LEFT TRAGION 9.00 0.60 6.87 oGt 0.00 0.60
RIGHT TRAGION 0.00 6.00 -6.80 339 0.00 8.60
R INFRAORBITALE 6.98 039 7017 Lehd 9.00 0.00

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

HEAD

X-MEAN X-S.D.
2087 64

Y <HEAN
30

Y-SeDe
1.15

Z-HEAN
4.66

ZS eDe
258



PIGHT FIRFARM

RIGHT FIREARM PLUS HAND VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT

PLUS HAND:

REGRESSION

EQUATIONS

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT RR SE EST
VOLUME == 2.76 + 2299 - 150 1862 9.4%
X MOMENT = 1,022 ¢ 735 - 2565037 6843 1202%
Y MOMENT = 19834 % Po? - 255,501 2841 122%
2 MOMENT = 45 + 107 ¢ 29058 odo 1769%
RIGHT FORFARM PLUS HAND VGLUMF FRuUM:
EL ROM TIRC WRIST TLRO FOREARM + CONSTANT R SE EST
HAND LTH
112.39 - 1,45H10 1934
69.23 + 1.56 - 1693.96 .985
4.39 4 77.535 4 AT 77 + 2y23G082 904K Se
RIGHT FOXEARM PLUS HAND X MOMENT FRUME
FLB0W CIRC FORCARM # WRIST CI°C GONSTANT oR SE FST
HOUD LTH
1459402 - 2065479 4873 12.6%
11,322 + &,10u - Lb s525 67H Yo1Z
Pybsd 4 7926 & 7,314 - £oOs4t4 6942 767%
RIGHT FIFFARM FLUS HANG Y MOMENT FROM?
ELPO4 CIRC FORFAXM # WRIST C1X0 VLONSTANT Rk SE FST
Wand LTH
13,971 192,913 6526 1266%
19,237 ¢ @,ias - 443,406 6932 2.2%
7,222 7,94> + 7,142 - oP, 90S 6940 7ot%
PIGHT FIREARM PLUS HAND Z MOMENT FROME
MEOFOREARM FLROW CIRO WSiST CIRC CONSTANT  « SE EST
CIRS
1,376 - 195357 944 11.3%
770 + 767 - 255236 6958 969%
us7 + dot + 32. - 29,5375 2965 2.2%
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MAN Sede
X-AXIS 829250 - 232,531 251,183 33,530
Y-AXIS BJyt72 = 2275429 14R 9259 72,820
7oAXIS Gst75 - 199299 9943 3,333

PFINCTPAL AXES OF INESTIA WITH RESPFCT TU ANATOMICAL AXES

COSINE MATRIX

x
x 17.36
Y 74.33
Zz €2.72

Y r4
10t.43 99029 STo
17.€5 B7.9t sto
b3.89 3254 sTo.

EXPRESSED IN JEGREES

« DEV.

OF 20T.
« DEV. OF ROT.
BEV. OF ROT.

X= 1.479
Y= 2658
Z = 10.94


LEFT THIGH! REGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT THIGH VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
CONSTANT

STATURE WEE GHT
VOLUME = 56.00 + u5.6E
X MOMENT = 26,130 ¢ 9,759 -
Y MOMENT = 24,743 + 11,623 ~-
Z MOMENT = 1,39% + 7,219 -
LEFT THIGH VOLUME FROM$
UPPER THIGH STATURE MIOTHIGH
circ cIRe
352011 -
323.69 + 81.50 -
121054 + 98.79 + 220293 =
LEFT THIGH X MOMENT FROM?
WEIGHT TH3GH LTH MINTHIGH
CIRC
12,036 -
10,060 + 67,466 -
6,338 + 72,08u + 79,816 -
LEFT THIGH Y MOMENT FROM?
WEIGHT THIGH LTH MIDTHIGH
cIRc
13,835 -
12,451 + 65,050 -
o,297 + T0407 + 34,973 ~
LEFT THIGH Z MOMENT FROME
: BUTTOCK MIOTHIGH STATURE
CIRS circ
21,032 -
11,529 ¢ 19,043 -
9,572 + 20,607 + 6,330 -

THE PRINCIFAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE

K-AXIS €50,958 - 23654,115
Y-AXIS 672,533 - 3,091,913
Z-AXIS 189,825 - 154%31,042

6236

G y20ty311 o
& 1635722 «

7223095 «

CONSTANT

10,685./6
225337269
24558064

CONSTANT

317,566
22092584
35679,806
CONSTANT

hob,09e6
259675913
Gy i27,212
CONSTANT
1,£90,720

4,€23,302
2,829,189

MEAN

1,385,762 409
194635267 465
513,207 223

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TC ANATO!
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

R SE FSI

e214 8.9%

883 13.9%
B91 1405%
908 18.5%

R SE EST

2917) Bo7%
2941 7.5%
0963 Beb%

R SE &ST

0817 1742%
e914 12.5%
0927 11.5%

R SE EST

6864 17.0%
0910 13.2%
0328 12.0%

R SE FST

©9235 17.8%
0935 15.6%
0949 14.1%

Sede
2251
2060
9785

MICAL AXES

x Y Zz
x 16.57 76.31 80.84 STH. DEV. OF ROT. X = 1.90
Y 103.87 13.87 89.97 STD. GEV. OF ROT. ¥ = 3.59
Z 98.86 92.22 9.16 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 13.63

55



NECK£ REGRESSION EQUATIONS

NECK VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATU?F ANU HEIGHT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE €ST

VOLUME = 10.04 ¢# 2021 - 43047 .650 12.9%
X MOMENT = 220 + 35 = 305357 645 23.2%
Y MOMENT = 200 + Wwe 335955 641 22.0%
Z MOMENT = lite 89 - 16,002 69% 20.6%
NECK VOLUME FROME
STATURE NECK CiRC NECK LTH CONSTANT R SE EST
12.34 - 19252.2% 1.601 13.4%
10025 + 29.10 - 19543633 2685 12.4%
Goth + 23.57 ¢ 14.26 - 19658.66 .694 12.4%
NECK X MOMENT FROM?
STATURE NECK CIRC NECK BR CONSTANT R SE EST
232 - 369745 26566 2467%
233 + dhe - 45,005 678 22.3%
230 + 309 + 877 - 46,070 686 22.3%
NECK Y 4OMENT FROME
STATURE NECK CIRC NECK LTH CONSTANT R SE EST
330 - wO,1E1 6553 22.9%
272 + 329 - 485234 636 21.5%
2e7 ¢ 671 + 455 - 5is322 0648 21.5%
NECK Z MOMENT FROMS
NECK CIRC STATURE NECK LTH CONSTANT R SE EST
1,368 - 309499 6748 18.6%
1,252 + 146 - 50,236 «776 1861% ‘
1,360 * 123 ¢ 410 - 335554 784 18.1% :
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN S.D.
X-AXIS 52545 - 18,731 1053860 3,075
Y-AXIS 6,196 - 215923 13,064 3,957 :
Z-AXIS 7e4h4t = 25,010 1h 9443 4,949 F

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN JEGREES

x Y z
x 8.38 89.69 61.53 STO. CEVse OF ROT. X = 16607
Y 69.98 2094 $2.94 STD. GEV. OF ROT. Y = 15675
z 36.3b 87.99 8.88 STD. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 16.36



Thorax Length = Cervicale Height uinus Tenth Rid Height

Abdomen Length = Tenth Rib Height minus Iliac Crest Height
Pelvis Length = Iliac Crest Height minus
Gluteal furrow Height
Thigh Flap Length = Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Height minus
Gluteal Furrow Height
Thigh Length = Trochanteric Height minus Tibiale Height
Calf Length = TiBiale Height minus Sphyrion Height

Forearm and Hand Length = Radiale-Stylion Length pius Hand Length

Summary Statistics

The summary statistice in the following table (A-1) lists, for each
variable, the wean, standard deviation (STD DEV), @ measure of symmetry in
distribution (V-1), a measure of kurtosis in distribution (V-II}, coefficient
of variation (V), minimum dimensional value CMENIMUM), maximum dimensional
value (MAX), and number of test subjects (N).* The weight valies are

expressed in kilograms and ali dimensional values are expressed in
centimeters.

* For a discussion of the sethods used in computing these summary statistics,
see Clauser et a1. (1972), in particular Section IV, The Statistical Measures.



TABLE 13

LEFT FORESRM PLUS HAND

ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE SEAN SoDe
FOREARM ¢ HAND LTH

S5ee- 4303 40.15 1.90
ELBOW CIRC

2BeT— 202 Sheb2 1.69%
MIDFOREARM CIRC

17.7 2760 214.22 2229
WRIST CIRC

13.6- 19-0 15.72 1216
MIDFOREGRM BR

57> 302 7213 76
WRIST BR 368- $6.9 &.75 034
HAND CIRC 16c5= 20066 18.66 292
ELBOW BR LT

Beir O65 5.92 037
HAND BR 6e7T- 8.65 7076 240
META III-DACT LTH

7.6- 10.2 3.99 051
HAND LTH 15.0 1922 17.08 -.84

iL FARM+H §=YOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.D.
786 - 15748 1,258 227

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN S.De
X-AXES oh - 2030 4037 035
Y-AXIS 79 - cohk 1043 038
Z-AXIS -15.37 - 212.05 713.84 095

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEARN X"SeDo Y=4EAN YeoSo8. Z-MEAN 2Z+S.0.

LEFT OLECRANON 83 283 ~ 3.21 $1 1.93 ohh
L RADIAL STYLOID 0.00 0.00 5.50 042 $22.82 1.27
L YLNAR STYLOID 0.00 - 90.00 0.80 0.90 -22.95 1.13
LEFT RADIALE 0.00 9.00 0.00 6.00 C200 a.00
LEFT OACTYLION 72.06 2.39 2.22 1681 39.48 2.02

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
XeMEAN X-SoDe Y=MEAN YoS.De Z-MEAN Z2-S.0.

LEFT EL30% 2047 2023 -1.82 4.75 1.39 1.01

LEFT WRIST 1016 3.54 2.88 2036 -23.12 1.63


Hip Breadth: subject stands erect, heels together.
With s beam caliper, measure the horizental distance
across the greatest lateral protrusions of the hips.

Iliac Crest Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feet,
looking straight ahead. With an anthropometer,

measure the vertical distance from the flcor to the
right iliocristale landmark.

Knee Breadth (Bone): subject sits with legs dangling.
With a spreading caliper, measure the maximum breadth
of the knee across the femoral epicondyles exerting
sufficient pressure to compress the tissue. Measure
both the right and left knees.

Knee Circumference: subject stands erect, legs
slightly apart, weight evenly distributed on both
feet. With a tape perpendicular to the long axis of
the leg and passing over the middle of the patella,
measure the circumference of the knee.

Mastoid Height: subject stands erect, heels together,
weight equally distributed on both feet, head in the
Frankfort plane. With an anthropometer, measure the
vertical distance from the floor to the mastoid
landmark.

Metacarpale LIlI-Dactylion Length: subject extends
hand but does not hyper-extend fingers. Dorsal hand
surface is up. With a beam caliper parallel to the
long axis of digit III, measure the distance from the
metacarpale III landmark to dactylion.

Midforearm Breadth: subject stands, arms in the ana-
tomical position. With a beam caliper perpendicular
to the long axis of the forearm, measure the breadth
of the arm at the midforearm landmark.

Midforearm Circumference: subject stands, arms held
in the anatomical position. With a tape perpencicular
to the long axis of the forearm and at the level of
the midforearm landmark, weasure the circumference -of
the forearm.

Midsegittal Chest Depth: subject stands erect,
looking straight shead, right arm raised to allow
placement of instrument. With a body caliper, measure
the horizontal depth of the torso in the widsagittal
plane at the level of the bustpoint landmark.


ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN SD.
THIGH LTH 35.6= 4769 41.15 2.514
BITROCH BR

27 oi- 368 31.63 1.39
BUTTOCK CIRC

83.5-130.2 100.08 9.69
KNEE BR LT

7e%- 10.0 8.82 57
UPPER THIGH CIRC

4605" T3505 S544 5.65
MIOTHIGH CIRC

39.9- 69.0 51.92 5.
KNEE CIRC 30.7- 44.5 36697 2.6
MIOTHIGH DEPTH

12Z264- 23.5 16.50 2.605
GLUT FURROW OPTH

Ated~ Zeb 18632 2.09
BUTTOCK DEPTH

18.1- 36.7 24.12 3.49

L THI-F VOLUME
RANGE MEAN S.De
3.70% - 12,156 @a2it 12432

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN $.B.
X-AXIS 3218 - 1.01 074 087
Y-AXIS “9.59 - 3.22 "6.76 84
Z-AXIS -24686 - 718.07 721.76 1.51

COCATION GF THE ANATOMICAL CANGHARKS FROK THE ANATOMICAL AKIS ORIGIN
X@MEAN X-SeDe YOMEAN YoSe0. Z-MEAN Z=SeDe

L TROCHANTERION 6.90 0.09 9.090 0.00 0.09 0.00
L LAT FEM CONDYL 0.00 0-60 0.00 0.00 38.35 2.34
L MEO FEM CONOYL 0.00 0.00 ~-1£1.58 1629 =-39.72 2023
LEFT TISIALE 2645 092 ~8.96 Lo10 -4i642 2.35
LEFT FISULARE w1644 290 we1d0 %o50 -42.23 2048


Midehigh Circumference: subject stands erect, legs
slightly apart, weight evenly distributed on botk
feet. With a tape perpendicular to the long axis of
the leg and at the level of the midthigh landmark,
Weasure ine circumference of the thigh.

Midthigh Depth: subject stands erect, heels together,
weight equally distributss on-both feet. With a bean
caliper, measuré the horizontsl depth cf the thigh at
the midthigh landmark.

Beck Breadth: subject stands erect, head in the
.Frankfort plane. With a beam caliper, measure the
“maximum horizontal breadth of the neck supericr to the
trapezius muscles.

Weck Circumference: subject site, head in the Frank~
fort plene. With a tepe in ea plane perpendicular to
the long axis of the neck and passing across the
ericoid cartilage landmark, measure the circumference
of the neck.

Omphalion Height: subject stands erect, heels
together, weight equally distributed on both feer,
loskics straight ahead. With an anthropometer,
measure the vertical distence from the floor to the

omphalion.

Posterior Calf Skivfold: subject stands with right
leg om chair, eslf musclee relaxed. Pick up a skin-
folé on the posterior calf superior to the calf land-
wsrk and parallel to the long axis of the calf. Using
@ Lange skinfold caliper, measuze the thickness of the
fold at the calf landmark.

Radigle-Stylic= Length: subject standa erect, looking
straight shead. arme in the anatomical position. With
@ beem caliper parellel to the long axis of the
forearm, measure the distance between the radiale and
stylion igndmerks.

Szgittel Arc: subject sits, looking streight ahead.
With a tape held as close to the scalp as possible,
measure the surface distance in the midsagittal plane
from the glabelia landmark to nuchsle. Repeat with
cap on and use the lightest pressure possible.

4-13


RIGHT UPFER ARK& REGRESSION EQUATIONS
RIGHT UPPER ARM VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT

VOLUME = 2045 + 11.91 - 518 ©

X MOMENT = 1,386 ¢ 671 - 230,522 «

Y MOMENT = 1,162 + 805 - 20@,a0t o«

Z MOMENT = 7139 ¢ 319 = 39337 o
RIGHT UPPER ARM VOLUME FROME

WEIGHT ELBOW CIRC ACROM-RAC CONSTANT

LTH

12.13 ad 152.87

8e24 + 61-26 - 1100.28

7.33 + 67.63 + 19049 + 1714.08

RIGHT UPPER ARK X MOMENT FROM?

WEIGHT ACKON*RAD AICEPS SR CONSTANT
LTH FLXD RT

735 - 2ayS571

640+ = 6232 ° 188,066

193 + 6,110 3,265 - 2755694

PIGHT UPPER ARM Y MOMENT FROKE

WEIGHT ACRON-PAD BICEPS GR CONSTANT
LTH FLXO RT

903 - 365156

7?7e + 5432 - 1785606

234 4 7,618 + 35826 - 280,694

RIGHT UPPER ARM Z MOMENT FROME

BICE9S CR WEIGHT BICEPS CK CONSTANT
FUXD RT PLXB RT
2,338 - 48,280
19326 ¢ 145 - 392484
2,813 + 152 - 1,546 - 40,350
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN
KeAXTS 40,756 - 156,869 87 471 25
Y-AXIS 42,687 - 1753200 915966 a?
195453 8

Z-AXIS 7,789 - %2,1E8

R -SE EST
957 weP%
919. 1206%
931 1163%
953 16.5%

R SE EST

0956 6.7%
0967 5.9%
0970 5.7%

R SE EST

0879 16.06%
0945 9.6%
0956 8.7%

R SE EST

0393 13.2%
0945 967%
$02 8.6%

R SE EST

0956 13 e8%
0972 1102%
0976 10 04%

S.0-
2276
9645
2920

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED
x Y z
x 28.64 6201% 83-86
4 218.51 29227 83.9%
z 92.52 98.26 8.64

IN DEGREES

STO. OEV. OF
STO. DEV. OF
$70. OEV. OF

ROTs X = 2686
ROTe Y= 204%
ROT. Z = 12.70


The basic enthrupometry done in this study is consistent with
measurements made in the 1980 adult mele study, although certain minor changes
were wade for this study (see Appendix A).

The anthropometric survey team was trained by members of the survey
team who conducted the original male survey to assure reasonable. duplication
of techniques for locating anatomical landmarks and measuring the san::
dizensions.

A @etailed description of all landmarke and measurements, a3 weil a8
Sumasry statiatice, appear in Appendix A.

Stereophotogravmetry

After the anthropometric measurements were taken, each subject was

- prepared for stereophotogrammetry. Landmarks, originally marked in pencil,

were covered with round stick-on markers. Those landmarks Located on the side

of the body or body segsent, or otherwise not visible to the cameras, were
marked with offset targets.

When the markers were in place, two pairs — stereoplates, front and
back, were made on each subject and immediately developed before the subject
was released to assure that the plates were of ussble quality. [f not, the
subject was re-photographed.

The stereophotagraphic and optical analyzer systems used in this study
were the same as those used throughout the earlier program studies and are
described in detail by Herron (1974) and Herron et al. (1976) at the Texas
Institute for Rehabilitation and Research.

Validation Studies

Because of the innovative nature of the combined measurement techniques
used in these stodies, and some unexplained data relationships revealed in the
earlier phases of this long range program, this study included additional
tests to validate the measurement procedures. Selected anthropometric and
stereophoto measuroments were duplicated to test the variability of human
perception and operational functions. Twelve subjects were selected for a
variety of experimental control tests; four of the 12 became the control
subjects participating in all experihental teating and duplication procedures.
The remaining eight subjects of this \group participated in a series cf direct
measurements to determine (1) total body density, (2) total body inertia, sad
(3> partial body volumes for comparison with those determined
stereometrically. In addition, a comparigon of stereometrically derived
linear body dimensions with those measured anthropometricelly was made on 32
variables for the entire study sample. The detailed protocol and results of
these experimental procedures are presented in Appendix B of this report.



—_—————————— error

“ARTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE
"BI TROCH BR

MEAN

a 27 oie 36.8
HIP BR 30.9- 45.4
‘BUTTOCK CIRC
- 8325-13022
UPPER THIGH CIRC
46.5- 73.6
GLUT FURROW OPTH
1het-
BUTTOCK DEPTH
18.i-
KNEE SR RT
75
MIDTHIGH CIRC
3969
KNEE CIRC 30.7-
MIOTHIGH OEPTH
_ 12042
THIGH LTH 35.6-

31.63
37.25

106.08
59 ebb
24.6 18.92
3507 26.12
18.9 6.81

69.0
445

51.92
36.97

16.50
4i.15

23.5
4769

R THIGH VOLUME
RANGE MEAN
$,831 - 17,522 16,076

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF V'

RANGE
X*AXIS 4988 = 051
Y-AXIS 5663 - 975
Z-AXIS: -17.55 = -13.67

SD.

1-99
. 3a34

969
£263
2.00
3049

057

5 e4t
2084

2.05
2.54

$.D.
25136

OLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

MEAN SoD.
-1.76 1.12
7.16 279
715.57 1.9006

SOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

X@MEAN
R TROCHANTERION 0.00
R LAT FEM CONDYL 0.00
R MEG FEM CONDOYL 0.08
RIGHT TIBIALE 1.99

71.34

RIGHT FIBULARE

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROI

K-MEAN
PIGHT HIP 6.39
RIGHT KNEE “273

X-SeDe YoMEAN Y-SeDo Z-MEAN 7Z-S.0.
5.00 3.00 0.90 9.06 9.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 38.41 2.30
6.00 13.39 1.28 -60.01 2021

270 3.00 1.615 -41.75 2034
285 ~e61 029 942052 2051

O FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

K-SeDe Y-MEAN Y-SeDe Z-MEAN 7Z-S.0.
2613 GGT 4 B4 234 +38
1612 e620 4059 -- 38.88 2034


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ANTHROPONETRY
OF SEGMENT RANGE
RAD-STYLION LTH
20-b- 2
€LBOH CIRC
20.3- 2
MIOFOREARM CIRC
; 177-2
WRIST CIRC
13.6- 1
MIDFOREARM SR
5 eTo
HRIST BZ 3-8
ELBOW AR LT
Seto

LF ARM
RANGE

552 - 1,386

LOCATION OF THE C
RA
1017
223
79.86

XoAXLS
YeAXIS
Z-AXIS

MEAN
5o7 23.07
Get 2a eee
7e0 21022
9.9

9.2
5.9

15.72

713
4.75

605

VOLUME
MEAN
923

ENTER OF
NGE-

- 2.93
- 2016
- 6.87

5.92

TAREE 1

LEFT FOREAR

S$.D.
1e2.
2294
2029
2016

076
034

037

Sed.
135

VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS OKIGIN
. MEAN
1.81

79

-8.53

SeDe
033
055
265

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

LEFT OLECRANON

& MEO HUM EPICON
L RADIAL STYLOID
& ULNAR STYLOID
LEFT RAOTALE

XomMEAN
083
4.64
9.00
0000
0.00

x

“S20.
083
1.12
0.69
0.00
0.00

YoMEAN Y-S.0. Z-MEAN 2-5.9.
-3.21 061 1.93 0%
-3.91 1.46 1.05 60
5.50 42 222682 1.027
0.90 0.00 22.95 1013
0.00 0.00 0.00 c.00

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROID FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXTS ORIGIN
K-MEAN XSeDo

LEFT EL50W
LEFT WRIST

2047
Lelo

2223
3.54

YoMEAK YoSe0. Z=-MEAN Z-SeDe
71062 1.75 1.39 1-01
2.68 1.36 23.10 1063



IIL RBSULTS

Data analysis in this study provided information on (1) the locations
s relative to the anatomical axis origin, (2) principal axes of
inertia with respect to the anatomical sxec, (3) principal moments of inertia,
(4) segment volumes, and (5) regression equations to predict volume and
woments from standard anthropometry. These data are defined end described in
Tables 1-25.

The axis systems illustrated in the perspective drawings accompanying
each table are identified by directional lebels. The set labelled Xg,.Yg, and
2g, designates the anatomical axis system. The set labelled X,, Yp» and 2p,
designates the principal axis system. The stcadard error of estimate (SE EST)
accompanying the regression equations in these tables is expreesed as a
percentage of the mean value. All other values are expressed as follows:

Principal moments in gram centimeters squared (gm cn2),
Volumes in cubic centimeters (cc)

Weights in pounds (lbs)*

Skinfolds in millimeters (mm)

Other dimensional values in centimeters (cm)

The cut planes associated with each segment or segment composite are
identified by the shaded areas in the illustrations.

Results of the validation studies can be found in Appendix B.

* Unit pounds are used to maintain consistency with the earlier report
(McConville ez al. 1980). If the subject's wass is given in kg, the
regression coefficient for weight in these tables should be multiplied by
2.205.

17



RIGHT THIGH, RIGHT THIGH MINUS FLAP, ond RIGHT HIP FLAP

2 axiea - vector from leteral femoral epicondyle
to trocheaterion.

Y axis - normal froz Z axis to medi2i
femcral epicondyle.

X axis - Y x Z.
Origin ~ at trochanterion.

RIGHT CALF

2 axis - vector from sphyrion to tibiale.

Y axis - normal frow lateral malleolus
to Z axis.

X axis - ¥ x 2.

Origin - at tibiale.

RIGHT FOOT

Z axis - superiorly directed vector normal to
the X-Y plane formed by metatarsal i,
wetatersal V, and posterior calcanecus.

X axis - vector from posterior calcaneous to
normally projected position of toe 2
on X-Y plane.

Y exis - 2% x.

Origin - at the intersection of the X axie and
the normal gassing through metatarsal
Phalange I.

LEFT THIGH, LEFT THIGH MINUS FLAP, and LEFT HIP FLAP

2 axis ~ vector from latersl femoral epicondyle
to trochanterion.

Y axis - normal from medial femoral epicondyle
to Z avis.

X axis - Y x Z.

Origia - at trochanterion.

12



@NTARQPOMETRIC AND HASS DISTRISUTICN
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADULT FEMALE

INTRODUCTION

The research reported here is part of a series of studies designed to
obtain information about mass distribution characteristics of the living human
body and its segments, and to establish a reliable meane for estimating these
Properties from easily measured body dimenaions.

Over the years investigators have developed a number of laborious
gethods for determining total bedy mass and moments of inertia of individuals
(Ignazi et al. 1972, Samtchi et al. 1963); comparable data for segments of the
bedy have been avaiiable only through the study of cadavers (Braune and
Fischer 1892, Dempster 1955). The use of sterecphotogrammetry (Herron et al.
1976) now makes possible the methematical segmentation of living subjects, and
provides a means for méasuring mass distribution properties on body segments
&3 well as om the total body. 7

A somvenient and eccurate method for obteining sass distribution data
for living populations would be of great veiue in the construction of human
body anslogues used in auto crash research, the design of aircraft ejection
Seats, the construction of artificial limbs and in many other related
endeavore.

Thus, the goals of this series of masa distribution studies are not
just to add to the available data, but to pursue still simpler and more
readily accessible means of obtaining such data on a larger scele than is
offered by setereophotogrammetry, # sophisticated, highly complex and very
expensive technology. To this end, stereophotogrametry has been used in this
study of women, as it was used in the companion men's study (McConville et al.
1980), to develop and validate a series of regression equetions for predicting
mass distribution characteristics of the total body end its segments from
anthropometric body measurements —- which can be obtained by equipment no more
complicated than 3 set of calipers and a tape measure.

In the earlier experimental phases of the program, the use of human
cadaver subjects by Chandler et al. (1975), provided verifiable comparisons of
derived photometric values and directly measured values. On the basis of
these couparative relationships, a series of predictive reqreesion equations
was develaped and canfirmed by a later <tudy of living children (Chandler et
al. 1978) and the wore recent adult male study by McCoaville et sl. (1980).
The specific research described in this report is based on 46 adult female
subjects, selected to approximate the range of stature and weight combinations
found im the general United Stetes female population.



TOTAL BODYS REGRESSICN EQUATIONS

TOTAL BODY VOLUNE AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND
STATURE WEIGHT CONSFANT
VOLUME = 742298 + 487-229 + Ty4OR
X MOMENT = 152705395 + &73y772 - 17357169949
Y MOMENT = 415212,510 # 419,917 - 169,700,927 .
Z MOMENT = -23,656 + 137,098 - 359175115
TOTAL BODY VOLUME FROM?
WEIGHT WAIST CIRC BUSTPOINT- CCNSTANT
BUS TPOINT
483.45 * 1,012.47
459.89 + 54.74 - 414.89
409.35 ¢ 62.23 - 272 286 + 2561.39
TOTAL BODY X MOMENT FROMS
WEIGHT STATURE WAIST CIRG CONSTANT
587,371 + 9,102,809
4735772 + 152705395 ~ 17957169949
46,175 + 1_ 080,502 - 3625409 - 142,947,665
TOTAL BODY Y MOMENT FROME
WEIGHT STATURE WAIST CIRC CONSTANT
5285349 + 105715,238
415,917 + i,212,510 - 109,706,327
599,571 + 1,020,986 - 377,734 ~ 13153055160
TOTAL BOOY Z MOMENT FROME
WEILGAT TENTH RIB BUSTPOINT= CONSTANT
BR BUS TPOLNT
1345936 - Fah32e283
113,655 * 219,115 - 10,0515730
2175433 ¢ 232,308 - 111,957 - 8,908,090

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN

WEIGHT

R SE EST
993 164%
986 3.3%

983 3.6%
985 5.6%

R SE EST
0997 104%
2998 1.4%
0998 143%

R Se EST
0908 803%
2986 3.2%
vG3L 207%

R SE EST
0597 = BeF%
29835 3.6%
390 268%

R SE FST
2985 58%
e387 £43%
295d 562%
SoD.

K-AXIS 5390223463 - 146552%,531 GiyR63933d 175895,959
YoARXIS 4931155918 - 134,380,707 545953 55P4 15,245,528
Z-AXIS 55829,991 - 23,963,725 11,586,858 3,741,128

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH KRESFECT TO ANATOMICAL AXFS

COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN JEGFEES

x Y Z
x 13.14 89.76 103.14 STO. DEV. GF
Y 90.33 oh 90.29 STG. DEV. OF
Zz 26086 89065 13.14 >TJ. DEV. OF

67

ROT. K = 2.01
R0T. Y = 7.16
ROT. Z= 1.9%



ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGHENT RANGE MEAN $.0.
THORAX LTH

23eh- 4026 36616 2.618
MIDSAG CHEST DPTH

13-5- 2320 17.661 1471
BIACROMIAL BR

33e5~- #002 36079 163
CHEST BR 2562- 3668 28.64% 2.29
BUSTPT -3USTPT

13.9- 22.2 18.82 1.272
TENTH RIB BR

21-0- 33.3 25.67 2.99
TENTH RIB CIRC

B2c0-10E.2 75294 10043
SUSSCAPJLAR .SKFLD

eb- 462 1252 078

BUST CIRC 82.0-122.38 95641 8.15

THORAX VOLUME
RANGE MEAN SoDo
123718 = 209724 18,17> 3,567

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME F204 THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN SeDe
KeAXIS 3.76 - Be 2e% Geli 1.04
YoAXIS we 61 - 056 702 023
Z-AXIS 13243 - 18.69 16.52 1.13

LOCATION OCF THE ANATOMICAL LANOMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN X"SeDe Y-"EAN Y=-S.D. Z-MEAN Z-S.0.

CERVICALE 0.06 6.60 0.00 0.00 36.05 2030
LEFT ACROMIALE 2063 1657 17079 1.80 29078 2.30
RIGHT ACROMIALE 2048 1662 -17.86 1.07 29250 2.12
10TH RIIMIDSPINE 0.00 0.00 0000 ag.00 6.09 0.90

SUPRASTERNALE 10.75 095 9.00 0.08 23.39 1294

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENT20ID FROM THE ANATOHICAL AXIS ORIGIN
KeMEAN X=SeDe YoMEAN YrSeD. ZeMEAN Z-S.00

NECK 2004 093 “008 1.88 36010 2027
THORAX 8034 i. 29 ef 2 08h o&% 051
RIGHT SHOULDER 2.93 2035 16043 1288 22078 1.93
LEFT SHOULDER Ge31 2033 16.70 1.48 22092 2.04



10th rib midspine (origin)
cervicale .
suprasternale

wre
one

Z axis ~ vector from i0th Rib Midspine to Cervicale
X axis ~ normal from Z axis to Suprasternale

| ~
Y axis ~Zx X

Figure 2. Anatomical axis system for the thorax segment.



PELVIS#

PELVIS VOLUME ANO MOMENTS FROM

REGRESSION EQUATIONS

STATURE AKO WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CINSTANT R SE EST
VOLUME == “97.57 # 118.96 + 9,097 2952 10.1%
X MOMENT = -10,629 © 16,383 + 338,759 953 15.6%
Y MOMENT = 719,910 ¢ 17,024 + 19536,661 946 21.1%
Z MOMENT = -279129 © 26554F # 198755223 2.958 16.9%
PELVIS VOLUME FROME
WEIGHT STATUPE SUPRAILIAC CONSTANT & SE £ST
SKINFOLD
110024 - 49403095 1938 11.63%
118.96 - 97-57 + 9,097230 1952 10.1%
107.20 + 84030 + 526.80 + 7637.48 1956 9.7%
PELVIS X MOMENT FROMS
alIGiT BISPINOUS BUTTOCK CONSTANT R= SE EST
BR DEPTH
159415 + — £9270,824 09bH 1667%
13,279 + 285174 -  LyE24y047 1953 15.5%
3,636 + 26527 & 36,817 = 159229238 .9f9 16.7%
PELVIS ¥ MOMENT FROME
BUTTICK WEIGHT STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
OEPTH
1225196 - 292205067 «926 2662%
72,424 © 8,725 ~ 195075133 «937 22.60%
43,219 © 11,563 - 15,564 ¢ 5679274 4951 2002%
PELVIS Z MOMENT FROM?
WEIGHT STATURE SUPRAILIAC CONSTANT R SE EST
SKINFOLD
2451290 - 29156,967 .935 20.5%
263546 = 27,129 + 19875,223 .958 16.9%
23,6114 - 74,064 # 1223921 + 195355882 1963 16.01%
THE PPINCTPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN SeDe
XeAXTS 3633285 - 253385946 9945158 4515562
Y-AXIS 25354590 - 25473,799 727,256 4605136
Z-AXIS 434,686 - 3557%,032 15261,623 713,023

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT 70 ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y
x 2077 90.37
Y 83-62 37
z 874 2€ S0eCt

z
92.7% STO.
90.00 STO.
2074 STD.

UEV. OF ROT. X = 1286
DEV. OF ROT. Y = 10047
DEVe OF ROT. Z = 5027



In 15 of the 25 comparisons, the stereophotometrically estimated
principal moment exceeded the measured X moment by percentages (f+ } ranging
from a low of 0.07 percent to a high of 5.74 percent (subject #28) (Table
B-3). In the 10 cases where the estimated principal moments underestimated
the measured X moments, the underestimates ranged from a low of 6.23 percent
to a high of 5.74 percent (subject #14). The mean percent, while positive,
approached zero (0.153 percent) with a standard deviation of 3.10 percent. It
must be noted that in the experimental determination of the total body moment
of inertia, any error in the location of the center of gravity will result in
an overestimation of the measured moment as:

Iyx (observed) = Ixy (absolute) + d2¥

where d is the distance of the measured from the true center of gravity and M
is the total body mass.

A reinterpretation of the observed correspondence in the (measured vs.
estimated) moments given the positive error in measured moments would mean
that the error associated with the term (d2TM) is, on the average, equal to the
overestimation of moments due to the observed %10 percent overestimation of
volume. An alternative interpretation would be that the error term in the
measured woments is negligible and the estimating of the moments from volume,
using a segment density of 1 gm cm? (an underestimation of segment density),
in essence, reduces the effects on the computed mements of the overestimation
of volume.

Comparative Anthropometry

The complete set of anthropometric measurements was taken twice on each
of four subjects in order to determine the accuracy of these measurements.
The second set of measurements was taken within one or two days of the first.
For each of the dimensions on a given subject, the second measurement was
subtracted from the first. The results indicate that for each subject the
differences were reasonably small, with a mean A value of 1.07 percent. This
translates to an average difference of 4.32 mm and a standard deviation of
4.91 mm. The differences ranged from zero to 30 percent, with the largest
percentage differences appearing in the skinfolds (e.g. 30 percent value for
anterior thigh skinfold = 9 mm).

B-5


NOs

ov ana We wn

“

elated
ny

eed
we

oe
NO

rhe
wo

2a

2
2

22
23
24
25

26
27
28
23
34

34
32
33
34
35

36
37
38
33
43

VARIABLE NAME

AGE

HIGHEST KNOKN HT
USUAL HEIGHT
WEIGHT AT 48 YRS
WEIGHT AT 23 YRS

RECENT HT CHANGE
WEIGHT

SUPINE STATURE
STATURE
CERVICALE HEIGHT

FRAGION HEIGHT
MASTOID HEIGHT
ACROMION HEIGHT
SUPRASTERNALE HT
BUSTPCINT HEIGHT

TENTH RIB HEIGHT
ILIAC CREST HT
OMPHEALION HEIGHT
ASTS HEIGHT
SYMPHYSION HT

TROCHANTERION HT
GLUTEAL FURROW HT
TIBIALE HEIGHT
FIBULARE HEIGHT
SPHYFION HEIGHT

FOOT SREAOTH
FOOT LENGTH
ANKLE SREADTH
CALF OEPTH
MIOTHIGH DEPTH

GLUT FUPROK DPTH
BUTTOCK DEPTH
ACROM RAD LTH
R&O=STYLION LTH
NECK SREAOTH

BIACROMIAL BROTH
CHEST BREADTH
BUSTPT=B8USTPT
TENTH RIB SREADTR
WAIST SREADTH

SUMMARY STATISTICS

HEAN STD DEV V-I ¥-IT

3162 Te 233 1074
6907 £706 2.6612.93
S2e1 4208 1653 5.05
5526 2403 2.9526. 92
5708 Se& 1.69 5.6%

9 -3.7 S294 F.6d
63.9 12.5 285 He GS
163.4 6-1 -.38 2.713
2161.2 Bei 047 2.37
138.7 5.6 +635 2.8.

145.8 Se? 9443 2077
245.6 5eT 22h 2.72
131.6 Se3 -.28 2.55
134.5 5e3 -2 41 3682
12604 5e0 we 02 263%

202.5 4e% 92 36 2.82
97.6 4e9 me23 Se it
2549 Heh 24S 3207
3307 beS -.28 2e7%
81.2 4eZ 9226 3-32

&3.6 &3 7.08 7.35
Tie? 3.5 240 2698
4202 Ze2 2235 3624
4009 @et rei? 3.73

6.3 o% relS 2676
3.2 26 weld 3692
23.5 de2 ~e2t 3.03
Sah eh 241 2.92
10.6 of 250 6427

1625 2.8 «97 4.54

18.3 268 027 3.35
2401 3.5 1.96 6.35
2907 2.7 -232 3.644%
23.4 ie3 2G5 2.646

46.5 a? «74 3,38
35.8 1.8 016 2654
280E 2.3 4225 5.40
18.6 2.7 3-217 3.83
2527 3.8 235 3,27

aed eed 253 2.32

¥Y MINIMUM MAX

23504%
2502%
20.6%
2B. 4%
4622%

B.0%
19.6%
Be 7%
3.7%
&elZ

3.8%
3.9%
ue TZ
Lae 4
He 3%

4.3%
Beuk
4.5%
500%
5.3%

5eix
&. 8%
Beek
5.0%
Seix

6.22%
5eik
7.29%
8.7%
1224%

21.9
G22
40.8
37.2
42.8

“4.5
24.3
248.2
24564
324.6

L3<05
3ied

tise?

118.3
135.6

S2.t
84.6
BS.L
rates
65.3

Tick
S222
35.8
34.8

Sa2

4508
LS402
138.9
2i4e3

B0e7

Set
20569
£74.56
47203
188.7

15965
156.5
Lanes
142.5
127¢5

iitet
i67.4
103.3
83.8
B0e%

S4e%
W709
4605
43.5

728

1907
26.2

Ges
B4eS
23.5

248
35.7
3228
2527
1265

R242
3635
2202
33.2

40.6

46
&S
46
uk

13
RE

L6
46

bE
46

ge
46

4s
as
&é
aE
46

46
46

aS
46

£5
a6
46
ko
&E

46
£6
LE
&6
&b

&e
&6

&6
4S


fm illustration of both principal end anatomical axis systeas on @
three-dimensional model of the thorax segzent is pictured in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Three-dimensional model of the thorax. Avanetomicel axis
system; P=principal axis system.

The original anatowical axis system for each segment and segment
composite is as follows:

¥ axis - vector from right tragion to left tragion.
X axis - normal from Y axis to right infraorbitale.

Z axis - Xx ¥.
Origin - intersection of ¥ axis and @ noreal
passing through sellion.



and adjacent leg areas, may be attributed to the limited capability of the
experimental techniques for discriminating small volumes. Relative
consistency of accumulative volume values, for most subjects, usually occurs
above the knee level of total stature. At this level (approximately 202
level) and above, the mean differences at each accumulative volume level for
all subjects ranged from 8.00 to 9.83 percent. The absolute mean differential
values for each subject at all volume levels ranges from 5.00 to 16.00 percent
with a composite mean value of 9.55 percent.

It is apparent within the limitations of the small sample presented
here, that a consistent trend of 2 nine to 10 percent overestimation of volume
by stereophotometrics seems to occur with consistency. Ascertaining why this
should occur is beyond the scope of this study.

Comparative Total ‘Body Inertia

Tests were conducted to determine total body moment of inertia about an
X axis of a fully extended body position. Inertial measurements were limited
to the X axis because of the difficulty of accommodating other positions for
reasonable experimental controls. The position tested is defined as the
supine anatomical position with bilateral abduction of extended arms and legs.
This position approximates that assumed by the subject for stereophotography.
All tests were conducted in the CAMI leboratories utilizing a torsion pendulum
(Space Electronics, Inc., Model XR-250) with a removable subject platform and
peripheral electronic counter to measure oscillation periods. The rigid,
lightweight platform was fitted with a centered mounting poet for a balanced
horizontal attachment to the pendulum. Am electric hoist, vertically aligned
above the platform and pendulum centers, was used to lift the platform and
subject for individual and composite balancing. The platform, disconnected
from the pendulum, was first raised by the hoist to clear the pendulum
mounting post then lowered a small distence onto support blocks at both ends
for subject mounting and slignment. The subject was guided to a supine
position on the platform so that her approximate center of gravity was near to
that of the platform. The loaded platform was then raised a small distance
from the support blocks aud stabilized to visually check the vertical
alignment of the platform pivot post and the pendulum post receptacle. This
Procedure was repeated, if necessary, to shift the subject's position for
proper alignment of the post and receptacle. The balanced platform was then
lowered onto the pendulum and locked. The hoist cables were removed and the
platform set in motion to check the range of motion. At least six complete
test runs were made for each subject to obtain values for averaging. A test
was considered complete after any three sequential counts of oscillation
periods did not vary more than 0.1 percent. If the timer did not indicate
three valid sequential counts within 10 or more oscillation periods, the
platform was stopped and restarted for another test run. Altogether, a total
of 25 subjects were tested.

B-4



TABLE B-5

COMPARISO#S OF VARIABILITY ZH DERIVED DATA TECHNIQUES FROM
DUPLICATE ANALYSES OF SINGLE STEREOQPHOTOGRAPHIC SETS AND
SINGLE ARALYSES OF SEQUENTIAL SERIES OF STEREOPHOTOGRAPHIC
SETS WITH CONTROL SUBJECTS

Percent variation of total range in derived
wetses of single and duplicate enslyses

Stéreophotometric
Bata Type and Subject Sabject Subject Subject
Analysis Procedure 7 22 32 li

STATURE

2. Single analyses of
sequential photo sets 0.67 0.02 0.13 0.02

2. Duplicate analysis of
singte photo set 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.04

TOTAL BODY VOLUME

1. Single analyses of
sequential photo sets 1.69 0.24 1.09 1.51

2. Duplicate analysis of —
single photo set 2.12 1.84 0.65 1.73

TOTAL BODY INERTIA

1. Single analyses cf
sequential. photo sets 2.67 1.24 1.97 3.04

2. Duplicate anelysis of
single photo set 2.58 2,64 0.16 2.23



LEFT FLAPS PEGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT FLAP VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE ANDO WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT RSE FST
VOLUME = 38.70 # 21.26 = S400 6797 14.4%
X MOMENT = 1,926 + 11399 - 3675143 2802 24.2%
Y MOMENT = 2,211 + 29244 = 4745098 2848 22.1%
Z MOMENT = 2,238 + 33259 - 558,922 2804 22-20%
LEFT FLAP VOLUME FROM
UPPER THIGH THIGH FLAP STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
CIR LTH
130.41 - 3,919.65 .820 13.5%
99.55 + 196.32 - 5,611.38 384 11-22%
96.20 + 153.06 # 23.37 - 69522640 1593 10.9%
LEFT FLAP x MOMENT FROM
HIP 3R THIGH FLAP ANT THIGH CONSTANT R SE EST
LTH ' SKINFOLO
13,876 - 376,203 831 22.3%
11,259 + 95115 - 442,532 2855 20.3%
9,270 + 10,624 ¢ 9,507 - 425,078 .875 19.9%

LEFT FLAP Y MOMENT FROME
UPPE2 THIGH THIGH FLAP GLUT FURROW CONSTANT R SE EST

cIRS LTH DEPTH
12,334 - £38,160 863 20.8%
9,030 ¢ 16,316 - 678,743 4915 16.8%
14,795 15,187 - 13,739 - £88,344 .919 10.6%
LEFT FLAP Z MOMENT FRONS
UPPE2 THIGH THIGH FLAP HIP BR CONSTANT & SE EST
cIRS LTH
17,465 - 776,979 882 20.3%
14,576 + 18,373 - 935,336 916 17.5%
9,545 + 16,394 + 9,750 = 303,787 6323 17.1%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RENGE MEAN Sede
XwAXITS 523640 - 320,199 140,585 555714
YoAXIS 70,003 - 430,634 198,568 60,837
Z-AXIS S5,144 - 372,623 2645161 111,545 -

PRINCIPAL AXES GF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Zz
x 16.32 74.97 79.77 STO. DEVe OF ROT. KX = %e02
Y 1907.35 22.86 75.62 STG. DEVe GF ROT. Y = 4023
z 95-69 166078 17.78 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 12.20

63



Fotational axis to center of sass) squered, end is always positive. This
error could thus offset the error from the volume overestimation to give the
favorable moment comparison observed.

Duplicate measurements on selected subjects were meade to test the
accurscy of both measuring techniques—-anthropometry and stereophoto. With

few exceptions, measuring errors were found to be within acceptable levels of
tolerance within techniques. .

The results of thie study and the earlier companion volume on a male
sauple provide researchers in aodeling and biomechanics with better methods
than previously available for estimating the physical sass distribution
Properties of individuals and groupe based on body size and proportions.

69



14

Planes of segmentation for the totel body.

Figure 4,

I
i]



TABLE B-3

COMPARISON OF MEASURED K MOMENTS AND STERECMETRICALLY ESTIMATED
PRINCIPAL X MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR THE TOTAL BODY

Measured Ix, Estimated Ixy

Sub ject Weight Stature
tk By Com) (gm cm2 x 102) (gin cm? x 102) A A&

2? 42.5 147.7 507,920 530,262 22,342 4.40
35 45.6 152.6 604 490 592,233 -12,257 -2.03
33 50.2 163.6 808,650 802,856 - 5,794 -G.72
36 50.5 156.3 717,530 758,710 41,180 5.746
42 50.6 161.9 779,850 792,078 12,228 1.57

7* 53.3 159.6 802,278 806 486 4,208 0.52
22* 54.8 160.2 770,980 789,816 18,836 2.44
38 58.0 160.3 846,450 850,074 3,624 0.43
37 59.0 162.5 893,430 907 ,637 14,207 1.59
13 59.1 158.3 804 850 824,715 19,865 2.47
28 59.2 157.3 819,800 835,072 15,272 1.88
23 60.2 160.7 867,790 860,723 - 7,067 ~0.82
30 60.9 152.3 835,820 800,620 -35,200 ~¢.21
21 61.4 161.5 875,090 912,771 37,681 4.31

8 62.1 166.5 996,130 941,083 “49,047 ~4.95
32 62.5 165.8 969,870 966, 309 - 3,561 ~0.37
39 63.4 166.4 947,960 945,792 - 2,168 -0.23
i 65.2 165.6 4,021,400 1,027,252 5,852 0:57
40 65.8 169.1 1,002,680 1,043,791 41,111 4.10
31e 67.8 157.2 896,670 904,959 8,289 0.92
Li 70.6 172.3 1,152,680 1,153,494 814 0.07
4h 76.9 166.3 1,060,240 1,068,075 - 7,835 -0.74
46 78.6 156.8 1,029,900 994,433 -35,467 -3.44
14 86.5 169.5 1,387,000 1,307,312 -79,688 5.74
45 94.9 162.0 1,286,790 1,217,320 -69,470 -5.40

* Experimental control subjects



HEADS AEGRESSION EQUATIONS

HEAD VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
STATURE WET GHT CONSTANT R SE EST

VOLUME = 71.25 + etd + 35463 6450 663%

X MOMENT = 7334 ¢ 476 + 15f,137 2419 17.1%

Y MOHENT = 725 ¢ 357 + 1432627 409 11.8%

2 MOMENT = 220 ¢ 8b & 92,585 6154 15.0%

HEAD VOLUME FROM
HEAD CIRC HEAD HT STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
147.95 - 4161623 266% 562%
108.73 + 137.28 - 49202024 6754 %eb%
132.35 + 163.75 ~ 13.73 + 39722051 0799 423%

HEAD X MOMENT FROM?
HEAD HT HEAD 5R STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
219364 - 172,855 .567 1504%
163909 + 175129 - 3535147 4.609 14.9%
195152 + 179142 = 723 + 27155&5 282k 14.9%

HEAD Y MOMENT FROM?
HEAD CIRC MEAD HT STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
12,736 = $05,983 635 9.9%
3s7A4 & 10,4612 - £09,109 .706 9.2%
11,792 + 12,566 - 1,092 - 4705950 743 5.d%

HEAD Z MOMENT FROM? ,
HEAD CIRC HERG 3P STATURE CONSTANT R SE EST
89746 - 338,644 4503 13.0%
9,995 - 9,252 - 2725580 1534 12.8%
11,158 - 9,989 =~ 521 - 254,325 1550 12.8%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MEAN $.0.

X-AXIS 463,016 - 2212662 160,208 29,519

YoAXKIS 243,050 - 2505344 169,317 23,996

Z-AXIS 103,241 - 205,082 14605438 20,a61

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Z
x 42.19 91223 47283 STBo DEV. OF ROT. X = 3422 ‘
Y 66.8% 1.32 89037 STO. DEV. OF ROT. Y = 8022 t
Zz 132.17 69.69 2017 STO. DEV. OF RCT. Z = 3.462% ‘



inti

itl ea al

TABLE 16

RIGHT FOOT
ANTHROPOMETRY
OF SEGNENT RANGE MEAN SoD.
SPHYRION HT
5e2- 700 6026 638
FOOT BR 9 -7.5- 2007 9422 57
FOOT LTH 203- 26.2 23.54 1419
ANKLE BR 4e4- 6.305037 = o2
ANKLE CIRC
18.2- 2407 21645 1.39
BALL OF FOOT CIRC
1904- 2565 22.80 1624
ARCH CIRC 19.9- 25.7 23.24 elt
R FOOT VOLUME
RANGE MEAN = SD
968 673 103

aad =

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN

RANGE MEAN Sod.
X-AXIS -8.50 - 5.53 27022 ob&
Y-AXIS -.27 - 98 ohh 28
Z-AXIS 045 - 1.57 41.02 030

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS GRIGIN

X“MEAN X"*Se00. YoMEAN YmS.0-. Z-MEAN 25.0.
RIGHT SPHYKION 710.55 284 4.09 048 4.31 243
R METATARSAL V 72.09 58 "4.7 50 0.00 0.00 -
R METATARSAL I 6.00 0.00 429 045 0.00 0.09
RIGHT TOE IT 5a? 054 9.00 9.06 7280 o4t
R POS CALCANEUS 717.57 098 0.00 0.08 8.00 0.00

LOCATION OF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
Z-MEAN Z*Se536
4.58

XeMEAN
712.814

XeS Deo
1.73

YoMEAN Y¥-SeDe

RIGHT ANKLE 1.63 1.56

ty



creas

and thorax segmeats were submerged. The limits of instrumentation sensitivity
couid not detect small changes associated with typical, shallow breathing. A
problem of subject buoyancy did occur with some subjects. When this occurred,
the subject was instructed to ebduct her arms fully to contact the tank walls
and stabilize herself. The endpoint for maximum submersion was the cervicale
landmark. After a brief pause at this level to stabilize the water level, the
subject was asked ‘o inhale for maximum chest expansion and hold her breath.
This maneuver produced maximum volume displacement for the submerged portions
of the body. Because of the slow rate of submersion and the necessity of
brief stabilizing periods, total body submersion measurements were not
attempted.

Total Body Density Technique

Total body density experiments for each of the subjects were conducted
at the University of Oklahoma Human Performance Laboratory. Each subject was
transported to the laboratory for testing within one hour following the
stereophotographic procedures. She was weighed, tested for vital lung
capacity and residual lung volume, and then positioned onto the submerged tank
sect. A vertical seat adjustment was made to allow the entire head to be
above the water surface in an erect sitting position. Prior to the test runs,
the subject practiced iowering her head for complete submersion and forcibly
exhaling to her maximum capacity. Multiple test runs of this procedure were
conducted on each subject for averaging the underwater weight vaiues. These
tests provided information to determine total body density for calculating
total body volume.

Comparative Volumetric Data

The stereophotometric analysis included calculations of the
accumulative percentage of body volume as a function of distance from the
floor as a percentage of totai stature. Volume comparisons could be made
between specific reference levels for the partially submerged subject and the
derived stereometric values.

Body volume data presented in Tables B-1 and B-2 compare total body
volume and partial body volumes, respectively. Results show that greater
total body volumes are estimated by the stereophotometrics in all cases.
Differences range from 7.76 to 12.35 percent with a mean value of 10.01
percent. Comparisons of partia! body volumes, shown in Table B-2, are made at
10 percent intervals from the tenth to eightieth percent levels of composite
(accumulative volume) stature. These comparisons also confirm the phenomenon
of volume overestimation by the stereophotometric technique, as compared to
results obtained by water immersion, and by about the same percentage. Not
unexpectedly, the differential] values of smaller composite segment volumes are
erratic and inconsistent with those of larger accumulative volumes. The
differences occurring with the smaller volume measurements, typically the feet


KIGHT FOREARM8 REGRESSION EQUATIONS
RIGHT FIREARM VOLUME ANO, MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
STATURE WE TIGHT CONSTANT Kk SE EST
VOLUME = 083 + 5.94 45 860 10.8%
X MOMENT = 426 + 289 = 685105 801 1763%
Y HOMENT = 437? + 267 685262 787 1707%
2 MOMENT = “54 + 3 + 29087 2863 20.2%
RIGHT FOREARM VOLUME FROMS
ELBOs CIRC WRIST CIRC RAL-STYLION CONSTANT R SE EST
LTH
93.26 - Te3H2061 29TH 725%
66.25 + 47.70 - 21,481.53 6944 7.0%
61.12 + 53042 ¢ 18099 = 19635.29 1.952 GoE%
RIGHT FOREARM X MOMENT FRUME
FL304 CIRC PAN-STYLION WRIST CIRC CONSTANT R SE EST
LTH
5,000 - 819607 4838 15.5%
4y$a2 ¢ 3,411 - 1565393 .896 12.8%
3,124 + 35268 + 23296 - 146,361 .903 12.°%
RIGHT FIREARM Y MOMFNT FROME
EL6O4 CIRC RAR-STYL TIN WRIST CIRC CONSTANT R SE EST
Lin
&,795 - 755134 .319 16.3%
&,031 + 3,229 - 1325450 .388 13.2%
2,772 + 3,386 + 23279 = 141,367 .896 12.9%
RIGHT FORFAR“ Z MOMENT FROMS
MIDFOREARM. ELBOW CIRC WRIST CIRC CCNSTANT xR SE EST
circ
1,212 - 185186 .940 13.6%
655 ¢ 706 - 235594 .955 11.9%
439 + 663 + 406 - 255640 1.957 11.7%
THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RENGE ME AN Sed.
X-AXIS 19,3966 ~- 7dySL5 41,3946 11,666
YeAXIS 19,096 - 75,205 3357650 119147
7-AXIS 3,445 ~ 15,553 79529 29948

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO ANATOMICAL AXES
- COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

x Y Zz
x 25452 115.06 94.53 STO. DEV. OF
Y 65.83 25064 93.59 STO. CFV. OF
Zz 62-26 86.12 473 STD. DEV. OF

31

ROT. X = 2672
RUT. Y= 2235
ROT. Z = 12.81



Bead plane: A simple plane that passes through the right
and left gonion points and nuchale.

Beck plane: A compound plane in which a horizontal
plane originates at cervicale and passes anteriorly to
intersect with the second plane. The second plane
originates at the lower of the two clavicale iandmarks
and passes superiorly at a 45 degree «ngle to intersect
the horizontal plane.

Thorax plane: A simple transverse plane that originates
at the 10th rib midspine landmark end passes hori-
zontally through the torso.

Abdominal plane: A siuple transverse plane originating
az the higher of the two iliocristale landmarks end
continuing horizontally through’ the torso. |

Hip plane: A simple plane originating midsagittally
on the perineal surface and passing superiorly
and laterally midway between the anterior superior
iliac spine and trochaaterion landmarks, paralleiling
the right and left inguinal ligements.

Thigh flap plane: A simple plane originating at the
gluteal furrow landuark and passing horizontally
through the thigh. .

Knee. plane: A simple plane originating at the lateral
femoral epicondyle and passing horizontally through
the knee.

Ankle plane: A simple plane originating at the sphyrior
landmark and passing horizontally through the ankle.

Shoulder plane: A simple plane originating at the
acrowion landmark and passing inferiorly and medially
through the anterior end posterior scye point
marks at the axillary level.

15



LEFT FOGTS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT FOUT VOLUME AND MOMENTS FROM STATURE AND WEIGHT
STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE EST

VOLUME = 9.22 + 1.50 - 1,016 43806 9.0%

X MOMENT = 106 + 19 - 14,885 6758 16.64%

Y MOMENT = 536 + 7 745035 2049 12.4%

Z MOMENT = $22 + 80 - 71,333 1839 1206%

LEFT FOOT VOLUME FROM :
BALL OF SPHVKION FOOT LTH CONSTANT R SE EST i
FOOT CIRC aT :
63.192 - Po4e4e 6754 909% :
52.11 + 103.95 - 19156042 1839 8.3% :
32.05 + 93042 % 32044 - 29409056 687 721% :

4

LEFT FOOT X MOMENT FROME {
BALL OF SPHYRION FOOT LTH CONSTANT R SE EST .
FooT CIRC HT .

636 - 135109 755 16.3%
6764 + 1,259 - 179976 2632 13.9%
492 ¢ 1,160 + 303 - 205342 6656 13.1%

LEFT FOOT Y MOMENT FROME
FOOT LTH SPHYRION HT ANKLE CIRC CONSTANT R SE FST

357385 - 655793 6646 12.4%

3,331 ¢ 4,088 - 61,897 .890 10.7% :

2,785 ¢ 4,251 ¢ 1,065 - 91,523 .923 9.1% :
LEFT FOOT Z MOMENT FROM? . :

FOOT LTH BALL OF SPHYRION CONSTANT R SE EST

Foot CIRC HT

35800 - 66:604 853 11.8%

29726 + 1,722 - 733190 .992 9.8%

25536 ¢@ 1,522 ¢ 23754 - 88,574 .921 9.0%

THE PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

RANGE MEAN Seo
X*AXIS 2,672 - 5,980 55266 1,293
Y-AXIS 12,112 - 37,991 23183 S314
Z-AXIS 12,635 - 395542 245154 55376

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITK RESPECT YO ANATOMICAL AXES
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN DEGREES

et

x Y Zz
x 6047 90.33 95.46 STO. DEV. OF ROT. X = 13.36
Y G1047 16011 106-04 STOo DEV. OF ROT. Y= 2631
Zz 83.71 73.83 17.36 STD. DEV. OF ROT. Z = 2463



Detailed descriptions of the eubject selection, enthropometric and
stereophoto data collection, and data analysis procedures are given in
sections I. and II. Section IZI contains results of the study, including
Summary statistics on selected body measurements, location of center of
volume, principal moments and principal axes of inertia,* and a series of
regression equations for predicting volume and moments. Data are given for
the total body and for 24 segments and segment combinations. A discussion of
the findings appears in section IV.

Descriptions of sll 92 anthropometric measurements and of the landmarks
used to obtain them ere given in Appendix A. Appendix B. describes a series of
duplicate and alternative testing procedures which were undertaken tc validate
the measuring techniques used in this series of studies.

* Tue term "moments-of inertia" is used throughout this report; however, the
computed moments are based on an assessment of volume and an aesumption of
constant density.



NO.

VARIABLE NAME

SHEE CIRC

CALF CIRC,RT
ANKLE CIRC

ARCH CIRC

BALL OF FOOT CIRC

CALF ECIRC,LT
SUBSCAPULAR SKFLD
TRICEPS SKINFOLD
BICEPS SKINFOLD
SUPRAILIAC SKFLO

ANT THIGH SKFLO
POST CALF SKFLCD
HEAS LTH CAP
HEAD BROTH CAP
HEAD CIRC 1 CAP

HEAD CIRC 2 CAP
SAGITTAL ARC CAP
BITRAG-COR ARC CAP

SUMMARY STATISTICS

MEAN STD DEV veI
B7oG eB BZ
3504 Bez BS
24.6 04-246
2302 9 ded 059
2208 9 402 0 25
35.8 365 4.43
ied 28 4640
208 7) 69?
102 25 BS
409 08 ok
Sei te 38
2.5 28 62h
19.8 28 256
1566 «5418
5607 te3 AS
56.5 465 0 OL
33.Z 0 deh oP
Beet 205 22

Veil

2.88
5.92
208%
3.65
3.28

Be 4B
eid
4. 84
3.45

3025

2023
2055
3.22
2eS1
2.58

2245
2.58
3.524

Vv MINIMUM MAX

Vo%%
3.i%
6.52%
&e bX
523%

3.7%
52.6%
33.9%
462.0%
434%

31.2%
3B.4%
&el%
3eiz
203%

206%
3.6%
4_ 22%

30.7
28.2
182
13-9
19.4

2852
06
3

on

+8

det

1.2
160%
2406
54.4

S302
B7ed
32.5

4h05
470%
2407
25e7
25.5

5006
he2
hel
208
402

52
Heol
2228
2605
5309

59.8
4205
40.3



TARLE 10

LEFT UPPER SFM

ANTHROPCMETRY :
OF SEGMENT RANGE MEAN SUD.
ACROM-RAD LTH
25 06° 3266 29674 2-65
AXILLARY ARM CIRC
24.8 = 40.1 30.26 3.7%
BICEPS CR RLXO LT
22.0- 4009 27.71 3.85
BICEPS CR FLXD LT
22.4- 42.3 26.60 3.63
ELGOW CR 206F- 29.2 24.42 12.69%
AXILLARY ARM OEPTH
8e2- 15.4 11.38 1459
BICEPS OPTH RLXO .
Telm 12.9 926 1427
ELBOW BR LT
Bel- 6.5 5.92 037
TRICEPS SKINFOLD
09> beh 2208 068
BICEPS SKINFCLD
o3- 2.8 1.17 05S

LU ARM VOLUME
RANGE MEAN SeOe
920. - 2,903 15556 360

LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF VOLUME FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS OkIGIN

RANGE MEAN SeDe
K-AXIS 7064 - 1026 69 045
YoAXIS -3.69 - 91.77 -2.76 042
Z-AXIS 718.73 - 713.25 715.84 1.09

LOCATION OF THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X“MEAN X=SeDe Ye4EAN Y=SeDe Z-MEAN Z-S.0.

LEFT ACROMIALE 0.09 9.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 6.00
LEFT OLECKANON 72028 233 -3.76 «53 -28260 1.66
& NED HUM EPICON 0.60 0.00 -7.17 099 =-28.85 1078
L-LAT HUM EPICON 0.00 6-00 6.00 0.03 -28.05 1662
LEFT RADIALE 202 °40 2287 055 -29.93 1.67

LOCATION GF THE CUT CENTROIO FROM THE ANATOMICAL AXIS ORIGIN
X-MEAN. X-S.e0- Yo*EAN Y-SoBe Z°HEAN Z2=-S.0.

LEFT SHOULDER we4d 2.03 72.39 266 76.52 73

LEFT EL30N -087 2.58 ~%e13 033) $28.50 1.62



Comparative Stereophotcgrammetry

To determine the accuracy of the etereophotc techniques, three
sequential sets of dats photographs were produced for comparise: with each
other. In addition, a duplicate anslysis cf a fourth photographic set was
wade. Table B-4 compares the differences in stature, total body volume, and
total body inertia for four subjects, each photographed three times.
Percentage difference values* vary from 0.02 to 0.13 percent for stature, 0.26
to 1.69 nercent for total body volume, and 1.24 to 3.04 percent for total body
inertia. To further test the validity of the photometric technique, Table B-S
compares the results of the duplicate anelysis frow the film sets of the four
control subjects. This table first compares the dimensional differences,
expressed as percentages, in the three separate, original stereophotometric
analyses, then compares the difference between s duplicate dimensions?
analysis of a single photographic set. Differences remain inconrequential.

Comparison of Anthropometric Values with Stereophoto Values

A comparison of sterecnetrically obtained linear body dimensions vith
those measured by manual. anthropometric techniques was made on the 31
variables that were determined to be compsrable for the entire study sample.
This comparison was an effort to ideatify a possible cause in the phenomenon
of volume overestimation by stereometric techniques. The approach was to
treat results of the twe experimental techniques as matched samples and
compare the differences. The summary data for the sample are listed in Table
B-6 as the (1) mean differences, (2) standard deviation of the differences,
(3) a percentage comparison of the two mean values (stereophotometrics as a
percent of anthropometrics), and (4) a significance statistic (P value}. The
P value statistic is included to indicate the significance of the mean value
shift. Since the anthropometric landmarks were used to position the targets
and offzets for steresphotography, there should be no differences between the
two measures because of individual interpretation of landmarks. The
differences between the weans, using standard scores

EA

2= Anthropometric SD

* Percentage difference was calculated as the renge (maximum sinus miniaun) of
observed values divided by the mean value x 100.



LEFT FOREARMS REGRESSION EQUATIONS

LEFT FOREARM VOLUME AND MUMENTS FROM STATURE

ENO WEIGHT

STATURE WEIGHT CONSTANT R SE FST
VOLUME = «19 ¢ 6.0 + 39°) «6KBI 11-24%
% MOMENT = 422 ¢ 30b - 6499605 6635 17.8%
Y MOMENT = 464 ¢ 286 = 75917H = 6789 1d68%
Z MOMENT = sol + on + 3,3id e874 23.1%
LEFT FOREARM VOLUME FROME
ELS0W CIRC RAD-STYLION MIPFOREKRTMM CONSTANT R SE EST
LTh CIRC
32.97t - Ay5G2.14 6924 324%
83.37 + 20.15 - 19299069 4929 8.9%
30.56 + 3€ 41 + 49049 19713220 6965 7.0%
LEFTY FOREARM X MOMENT FROM3
EL304 CIPC RAD-STYLIGN MIDFGREAR4 CONSTANT xr SE E&ST
LTH CrRc
5,077 ~ 225776 B14 1702%
44276 ¢ 34780 - 249,524 0594 13 64%
1,278 + Gyod% + 2,549 10,327 2.909 1207%
LEFT FOREARM Y MOMENT FROM
ELBOW CIRC RAC-STYLIGN MIDFUREGRY CONSTANT R SE EST
LTH CIRC
45793 - 775374 6785 18.7%
3,910 + +354 ~ 149,518 «bSe 14.3%
379 + #306 + 2,594 ~ 130,027 .699 13.¢%
LEFT FOREARM Z MOMENT FROME
MIOFIREARM ELSOW CERC MIULFORE&24 CONSTANT Kk SE &ST
cIRe BR
1,137 - 17,305 .9451 1%08&%
625 + 712 - 23,358 1947 13.2%
1,957 ¢ S6F - 1,242 ~ 229583 .9o1 12.8%
THE PrIVCTPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA
RANGE MEAN Sede
XeAXIS 17,917 - 73,321 G1 9197 12,036
YeAXIS 17,132 - 75s 313 39,672 119844
Z-AXIS 3,021 - 418,305 7 9285 2,916

PRINCIPAL AXES OF INERTIA WITH RESFELCE T&G ANATOMICAL AXEZS
COSINE MATRIX EXPRESSED IN JEGREES

x
x 26e11
Y 112,64
Zz &2.16

Y z
6oe41 94.59 STD.
24 05% 61.92 STO.
96.37 10.15 sT3.

OFV. OF
DEV. OF
DEW. OF

ROT. X = 3.22
ROT. Y= 2636
ROT. 2 = 12.93

Cn eres

RED