| Anesthesia and Analgesia for Companion and Laboratory AnimalsAnimal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library |
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**ISSN:  1052-5378**
***Quick Bibliography Series*, QB 95-12 January 1989 - January 1995  Updates  QB 94-18 362 citations in English from AGRICOLA March 1995**

*Compiled By:***Tim Allen**Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351**Go to:** About the *Quick Bibliography Series*Document Delivery InformationNational Agricultural Library Cataloging RecordSearch StrategyAuthor IndexSubject IndexNational Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Allen, Tim   Anesthesia and analgesia for companion and laboratory animals : January 1989-January 1995.   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-12)   1. Animal anesthesia--Bibliography. 2. Laboratory animals-- Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-12 Search Strategy   Line Description   ---- -----------   1.   anesthe? or anasthe? or anaesthe? or analges? or pain?        or distress or tranquil? or anxiolytic? or        neuroleptanalges? or paralytic? or hypnotic? or        sedative? or neuromuscular(W)block? or hypothermia   2.   rabbit? or dog or dogs or cat? or puppy or puppies or        kitten? or rat or rats or mouse or mice or        guinea(W)pig? or hamster? or gerbil? or ferret? or        vole? or rodent? or primate? or monkey? or squirrel? or        fish? or frog? or amphibian? or xenopus or bufo   3.   (S1 and S4)/title   4.   S4 and PY=1989:1995   5.   S4 and LA=English  1                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.P76 Acupuncture-produced surgical analgesia--physiology, indications, techniques, and limitations. Klide, A.M. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1992 Mar. Problems in veterinary medicine v. 4 (1): p. 200-206; 1992 Mar.  In the series analytic: Veterinary acupuncture / edited by A. M. Schoen.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Domestic animals; Anesthesia; Surgery; Mode of action; Acupuncture; Restraint of animals   2                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Acute effects of a gamma-glutamylated derivate of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine on renal function and ultrasturcture in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: site- specific toxicity involving S1 and S2 cells of the proximal tubule. Ridgewell, R.E.; Krejci, M.E.; Koechel, D.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (5): p. 840-846; 1992 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cysteine; Derivatives; Renal function; Ultrastructure; Kidneys; Toxins; Toxicity  Abstract:  It has been established that L-gamma-glutamylated derivatives of alpha-amino acids are delivered more efficiently to the kidneys than are the parent alpha-amino acids. Therefore, we synthesized L-gamma-glutamyl-S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (L-gamma- glutamyl-L-DCVC), the simplest L-gamma-glutamylated derivative of the nephrotoxic alpha-amino acid S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L- cysteine (L-DCVC), and investigated its effects on renal function and ultrastructure in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Intravenous doses of 23.15 and 92.60 micromoles of L- gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC/kg of body weight induced significant increases in urinary protein output and significant decreases in the clearance of inulin during the 6-hour post-injection period. Changes were not observed in any of the other 13 renal function variables or in the 11 plasma and blood variables that were monitored throughout the same period. Both doses of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC induced renal ultrastructural lesions in the S1 and S2 cells of the canine proximal tubule; the remaining 8 cell types downstream and the glomeruli were not damaged. The onset and magnitude of renal function changes and the cell types affected by L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC were virtually identical to those observed previously following IV administration of equivalent doses of L-DCVC to pentobarbital- anesthetized dogs. Rapid removal of the L-gamma-glutamyl group from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-DCVC (ie, deglutamylation) resulting in formation of the parent alpha-amino acid, L-DCVC, can best explain the extreme similarity in the nephrotoxic profiles of these 2 toxicants.   3                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis in a dog after halothane anaesthesia and administration of flunixin meglumine and trimethoprim-sulphadiazine. McNeil, P.E. London : The Association; 1992 Aug15. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (7): p. 148-151; 1992 Aug15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Postoperative complications; Nephritis; Renal failure; Halothane; Anesthesia; Flunixin; Trimethoprim; Sulfadiazine; Ischemia; Case reports   4                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Adaptation of human oscillometric blood pressure monitors for use in dogs. Hunter, J.S. Jr; McGrath, C.J.; Thatcher, C.D.; Remillard, R.L.; McCain, W.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (9): p. 1439-1442; 1990 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Monitors; Blood pressure; Measurement; Modification; Veterinary equipment  Abstract:  Two digital oscillometric human blood pressure measuring devices were modified and evaluated as blood pressure monitors in 12 healthy anesthetized dogs. Direct arterial pressures were measured via cannulation of the dorsal pedal artery and were correlated with indirect measurements through an inflatable cuff placed over the dorsal pedal artery below the hock joint of the contralateral limb. Direct and indirect measurements were compared for systolic, diastolic, and calculated mean arterial pressures. Blood pressure ranges between 215/145 mm of Hg and 65/30 mm of Hg were obtained, using combinations of halothane, phenylephrine, calcium, and IV administered fluids. Machine A was found to be insufficient for clinical application, on the basis of correlation coefficients between direct and indirect pressures of 0.78, 0.65, and 0.74 for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, respectively. Higher correlation coefficients between direct and indirect pressures (0.77, 0.87, and 0.87, respectively) were obtained with machine B. The results of the study reported here suggest machine B may be an effective blood pressure monitoring device in anesthetized dogs.   5                                      NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs. Smith, J.A.; Gaynor, J.S.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (7): p. 1111-1115; 1993 Apr01.  Paper presented at the symposium on "Animals and the environment: Impacts on veterinary medicine," Boston, Massachusetts.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Adverse effects; Diazepam; Anesthesia   6                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A alpha 2-Adrenergic receptor agonist effects on supraventricular and ventricular automaticity in dogs with complete atrioventricular block. Day, T.K.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (1): p. 136-141; 1993 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Agonists; Narcotic antagonists; Xylazine; Ventricles  Abstract:  Complete atrioventricular block was induced in 26 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists, xylazine and medetomidine, on supraventricular and ventricular automaticity. Prazosin and atipamezole, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, were administered to isolate alpha 1- or alpha 2- adrenoceptor effects. Six dogs served as controls and were given glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and esmolol (50 to 75 microgram/kg/min, IV) to induce parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Eight dogs were given sequentially increasing doses of xylazine (n = 5), 0.000257 mg (10(-9)M) to 25.7 mg (10(-4)M) and medetomidine (n = 3), 0.000237 mg (10(-9)M) to 2.37 mg (10(-5) < M) after parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade. Twelve dogs were given xylazine (n = 6, 1.1 mg/kg, IV) or medetomidine (n = 6, 0.05 mg/kg, IV) after parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade. Three dogs given xylazine and 3 dogs given medetomidine were administered prazosin (0.1 mg/kg, IV) followed by atipamezole (0.3 mg/kg, IV). The order of prazosin and atipamezole was reversed in the remaining 3 dogs given either xylazine or medetomidine. Complete atrioventricular block and administration of glycopyrrolate and esmolol resulted in stable supraventricular and ventricular rates over a 4-hour period. Increasing concentration of xylazine or medetomidine did not cause significant changes in supraventricular or ventricular rate. Xylazine and medetomidine, in the presence of the alpha- adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin (alpha(1)) and atipamezole (alpha(2)), did not cause significant changes in supraventricular or ventricular rate. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists do not induce direct alpha 1-or alpha 2-adrenoceptor- mediated depression of supraventricular or ventricular rate in dogs with complete atrioventricular block.   7                                  NAL Call. No.: RA1270.P35A1 Alteration in the tranquilizing potency of chlorpromazine in rats exposed chronically to the insecticide, endosulfan. Paul, V.; Balasubramaniam, E.; Kazi, M. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1966-; 1994 Nov. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology v. 53 (5): p. 655-662; 1994 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Endosulfan; Chlorpromazine; Exposure; Interactions; Neurophysiology; Animal behavior; Rats   8                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Alterations in the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine after xylazine or medetomidine administration in halothane- anesthetized dogs. Lemke, K.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12): p. 2132-2138; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Epinephrine; Arrhythmia; Xylazine; Medetomidine; Halothane; Parasympatholytics  Abstract:  Eight dogs (12.5 to 21.5 kg) were assigned at random to each of 3 groups that were not given glycopyrrolate (HS, HX, HM) and to each of 3 groups that were given glycopyrrolate (HGS, HGX, HGM). Dogs were anesthetized with halothane (1.31% end-tidal concentration), and ventilation was controlled (P(CO2) 35 to 40 mm of Hg end-tidal concentration). Glycopyrrolate was administered IV and IM at a dosage of 11 micrograms/kg of body weight, each. Saline solution, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM), or medetomidine (15 micrograms/ kg, IM) was administered 10 minutes after baseline arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) determination. Redetermination of the ADE at the same infusion rate was started 10 minutes after drug administration. Arrhythmogenic dose was determined by constant infusion of epinephrine at rates of 1.0 and 2.5 micrograms/kg/min. The ADE was defined as the total dose of epinephrine inducing at least 4 ectopic ventricular depolarizations within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion or within 1 minute after the end of the infusion. Total dose was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. Statistical analysis of the differences between baseline ADE and posttreatment ADE for groups HS, HX, and HM was performed by use of one-way ANOVA. Mean +/- SEM baseline ADE values for groups HS, HX, and HM were 1.50 +/- 0.11, 1.49 +/- 0.10, and 1.57 +/- 0.22 micrograms/kg, respectively, and for groups HGS, HGX, and HGM were 3.37 +/- 0.61, 3.10 +/- 0.75, and 3.04 +/-0.94 micrograms/kg, respectively. Differences for groups HS, HX, and HM were -0.02 +/- 0.15, -0.00 +/- 0.14, and -0.21 0.17 micrograms/kg, respectively, and for groups HGS, HGX, and HGM, were -0.59 +/- 0.26, -0.41 +/-  0.15, and -0.58 +/- 0.20 micrograms/kg, respectively. Differences among groups HS, HX, and HM, or among groups HGS, HGX, and HGM were not significant. We conclude that without and with cholinergic blockade in halothane-anesthetized dogs: preanesthetic dosages of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM) or medetomidine (15 micrograms/kg, IM) do not enhance arrhythmogenicity, and at these dosages, there is no difference in the arrhythmogenic potential of either alpha 2- adrenoceptor agonist.   9                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Alterations in the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine after xylazine or medetomidine administration in isoflurane- anesthetized dogs. Lemke, K.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12): p. 2139-2144; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Epinephrine; Arrhythmia; Xylazine; Medetomidine; Parasympatholytics; Inhaled anesthetics  Abstract:  Eight dogs (body weight, 12.5 to 21.5 kg) were assigned at random to each of 3 treatment groups (IS, IX, IM) that were not given glycopyrrolate and to each of 3 groups that were given glycopyrrolate (IGS, IGX, IGM). Dogs, were anesthetized with isoflurane (1.95% end-tidal concentration), and ventilation was controlled (PCO2, 35 to 40 mm of Hg end- tidal concentration). Glycopyrrolate was administered IV and IM at a dosage of 11 micrograms/kg of body weight, each.Saline solution, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM), or medetomidine (15 micrograms/kg, IM) was administered 10 minutes after baseline ADE determination. Redetermination of the ADE at the same infusion rate was started 10 minutes after drug administration. Arrhythmogenic dose was determined by constant infusion of epinephrine at rates of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. The ADE was defined as the total dose of epinephrine that induced at least 4 ectopic ventricular depolarizations within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion, or within 1 minute after the end of the infusion. Total dose was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. Statistical analysis of the differences between baseline and treatment ADE values was performed by use of one- way ANOVA. Mean +/- SEM baseline ADE values for groups IS, IX, and IM were 1.55 +/- 0.23, 1.61 +/-0.28, and 1.95 +/- 0.65 micrograms/kg, respectively. Differences for groups IS, IX, and IM were -0.12 +/- 0.05, -0.31 +/- 0.40, and -0.17 +/- 0.26, respectively. Differences for groups IGS, IGX, and IGM could not be calculated because arrhythmias satisfying the ADE criteria were not observed at the maximum infusion rate of 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. Differences among groups IS, IX, and IM were not significant. We conclude that in isoflurane- anesthetized dogs: preanesthetic dosages of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM) or medetomidine (15 micrograms/kg, IM) do not enhance arrhythmogenicity, and at these dosages, there is no difference in the arrhythmogenic potential of either alpha 2- adrenergic receptor agonist.   10                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 An alternative drug combination for use in declawing and castrating cats. Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 Nov. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (11): p. 1061-1065; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Anesthetics; Intramuscular injection; Castration; Claws; Surgical operations   11                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Anaesthesia and central nervous system disease in small animals. I. general considerations. Court, M.H.; Dodman, N.H.; Norman, W.M.; Seeler, D.C. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Jul. British veterinary journal v. 146 (4): p. 285-295; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Central nervous system; Nervous system diseases; Hypertension; Surgical operations; Physiopathology; Blood flow; Treatment   12                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Anaesthesia and central nervous system disease in small animals. II. anaesthetic management for specific diseases and procedures. Court, M.H.; Dodman, N.H.; Norman, W.M.; Seeler, D.C. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Jul. British veterinary journal v. 146 (4): p. 296-308; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Nervous system diseases; Central nervous system; Neoplasms; Head; Injuries; Spinal diseases; Diagnostic techniques   13                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Anaesthesia for small animal patients with disease of the hepatic, renal or gastrointestinal system. Dodman, N.H.; Seeler, D.C.; Court, M.H.; Norman, W.M. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1989 Jan. British veterinary journal v. 145 (1): p. 3-22; 1989 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Liver diseases; Kidney diseases; Digestive system diseases   14                                    NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Anaesthetic effects of chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane in adult male rats. Field, K.J.; White, W.J.; Lang, C.M. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1993 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 27 (3): p. 258-269; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthetics  Abstract:  Chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane were evaluated and compared for onset, duration and depth of anaesthesia, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, nociception and mortality in adult male rats. Chloral hydrate (300 and 400 mg/kg) severely depressed the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Duration of anaesthesia was linearly related to dose, and anaesthetic depth and analgesia were excellent. Pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) produced a short period light surgical anaesthesia. Moderate to severe respiratory and cardiovascular depression occurred. Duration of anaesthesia was not related to dose. Urethane (1.2 and 1.5 g/kg) caused moderate cardiovascular depression. In addition, mortality was high at the 1.5 g/kg dose. Duration of anaesthesia was greater than 24 h for most animals. Anaesthesia depth and analgesia were excellent.   15                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Anaesthetic management of the traumatized small animal patient. Norman, W.M.; Dodman, N.H.; Court, M.H.; Seeler, D.C. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1989 Sep. British veterinary journal v. 145 (5): p. 410-425; 1989 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Trauma; Anesthesia; Physiopathology; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Central nervous system   16                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Anaesthetic regimes for cataract removal in the dog. Young, S.S.; Barnett, K.C.; Taylor, P.M. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 May. The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (5): p. 236-240; 1991 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cataract; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Muscle relaxants; Halothane; Nitrous oxide; Thiopental; Preoperative care; Surgery   17                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs: epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. Pascoe, P.J.; Dyson, D.H. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 141-147; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pain; Analgesics   18                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Analgesia and behavioral responses of dogs given oxymorphone- acepromazine and meperidine-acepromazine after methoxyflurane and halothane anesthesia. Sawyer, D.C.; Rech, R.H.; Adams, T.; Durham, R.A.; Richter, M.A.; Striler, E.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (8): p. 1361-1368; 1992 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pethidine; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Halothane; Methoxyflurane; Pain; Drug effects; Blood pressure; Pulse rate  Abstract:  This study was designed to test analgesia, duration, and cardiovascular changes induced by meperidine (MEP) and oxymorphone (OXY) following methoxyflurane (MOF) and halothane (HAL) anesthesia. Eight healthy dogs were given atropine and acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with thiamylal and maintained with 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of MOF or HAL for 1 hour during controlled ventilation. Eight treatments were given with each anesthetic: 3 with MEP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, IV), 3 with oxymorphone (OXY; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg, IV), and 2 placebos with sterile water. Test drugs were given at the end of anesthesia when early signs of recovery were evident. Minimal threshold stimulus/response nociception was assessed by use of an inflatable soft plastic colonic balloon. Blood pressures and pulse rate were measured with a noninvasive monitor. Meperidine and OXY were found to be effective analgesics and could be reversed with naloxone. Intravenous administration of 2.0 mg of MEP/kg provided analgesia for 36 +/- 6 minutes and 39 +/- 15 minutes after MOF and HAL, respectively. In contrast, OXY was effective at all 3 doses with effects of IV administration of 0.2 mg of OXY/kg lasting 154 +/- 13 minutes and 152 +/- 12 minutes, after MOF and HAL, respectively. Analgesia could not be demonstrated after anesthesia for acepromazine, MOF, or HAL. Blood pressure was not changed by either anesthetic nor was it influenced by MEP or OXY. Pulse rate was significantly depressed by the higher doses of OXY following HAL, but was not changed by MEP following either anesthetic. This study demonstrated the longer duration of analgesia of OXY. In addition, we could not find that analgesia was provided by either MOF or HAL following recovery from anesthesia.   19                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine. Conzemius, M.G.; Brockman, D.J.; King, L.G.; Perkowski, S.Z. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (4): p. 291-298; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Safety; Efficacy; Pain; Surgical operations; Intravenous injection; Injection; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Blood; Gases; Body temperature; Electrocardiograms   20                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a comparison of morphine, selective intercostal nerve block, and interpleural regional analgesia with bupivacaine. Thompson, S.E.; Johnson, J.M. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (1): p. 73-77; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Postoperative care; Morphine; Pain; Blood; Ph; Gases   21                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Analgesic activity and respiratory effects of butorphanol in sheep. Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Amin, A. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 51 (1): p. 19-23; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Analgesics; Dosage; Pain; Respiratory gases; Mechanical stimulation; Heat tolerance  Abstract:  The analgesic drug butorphanol tartrate has proved useful clinically in horses and dogs but its analgesic profile had not yet been investigated in sheep. This study was initiated to determine the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive activity of butorphanol (at the dose rates 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1) in sheep. The drug produced significant analgesia in the thermal lest system, the duration of which was dose related but no significant elevation in mechanical pressure thresholds could be detected. In a further set of experiments the dose rate was increased to 0.4 mg kg-1 and mechanical testing was repeated. There was still no clinically significant elevation in pressure thresholds. At a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 the drug had no detectable effect on respiratory blood gas tensions. Behavioural changes were severe if a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 was exceeded.   22                                     NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Analgesic activity of certain flavone derivatives: a structure-activity study. Thirugnanasambantham, P.; Viswanathan, S.; Mythirayee, C.; Krishnamurty, V.; Ramachandran, S.; Kameswaran, L. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1990 Feb. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 28 (2): p. 207-214; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Flavonoids; Derivatives; Structure activity relationships; Analgesics; Mice   23                                    NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the bark of Hymenaea martiana. Neves, M.C.A.; Neves, P.C.A.; Zanini, J.C. Jr; Medeiros, Y.S.; Yunes, R.A.; Calixto, J.B. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1993 Sep. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 7 (5): p. 356-362; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hymenaea; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts; Bark; Pharmaceutical products; Medicinal properties; Inflammation; Edema; Pain; Blood vessels; Rats   24                                    NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity in acute and chronic conditions of Trema guineense (Schum. et Thonn.) Ficalho and Trema micrantha Blume extracts in rodents. Barbera, R.; Trovato, A.; Rapisarda, A.; Ragusa, S. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1992 May. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 6 (3): p. 146-148; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Trema; Plant extracts; Analgesics; Antiinflammatory agents; Pharmacology; Rats   25                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47 Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of chasmanthera dependens. Onabanjo, A.O.; John, T.A.; Sokale, A.A.; Samuel, O.T. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1991 Feb. International journal of pharmacognosy v. 29 (1): p. 24-28; 1991 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Menispermaceae; Medicinal plants; Pharmaceutical products; Plant extracts; Alkaloids; Tannins; Cardiac glycosides; Medicinal properties; Analgesics; Antiinflammatory agents; Drug toxicity; Mice   26                                    NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of Scoparia dulcis L. extracts and glutinol in rodents. Freire, S.M. de F.; Emim, J.A. da S.; Lapa, A.J.; Souccar, C.; Torres, L.M.B. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1993 Nov. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 7 (6): p. 408-414; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Scoparia dulcis; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts; Flavonoids; Pharmaceutical products; Triterpenoids; Medicinal properties; Inflammation; Pain; Fever; Rats; Mice   27                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47 Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Mucuna pruriens. Iauk, L.; Galati, E.M.; Kirjavainen, S.; Forestieri, A.M.; Trovato, A. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1993 Aug. International journal of pharmacognosy v. 31 (3): p. 213-216; 1993 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mucuna pruriens; Medicinal properties; Plant extracts; Leaves; Fruits; Trichomes; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Pain; Fever; Inflammation; Rats; Mice   28                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P697 Analgesic and behavioural effects of Morinda citrifolia. Younos, C.; Rolland, A.; Fleurentin, J.; Lanhers, M.C.; Misslin, R.; Mortier, F. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1990 Oct. Planta medica v. 56 (5): p. 430-434; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Morinda citrifolia; Roots; Plant extracts; Analgesics; Pharmaceutical products; Medicinal properties; Mice; Naloxone   29                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P697 Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia hirta. Lanhers, M.C.; Fleurentin, J.; Dorfman, P.; Mortier, F.; Pelt, J.M. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Jun. Planta medica v. 57 (3): p. 225-231; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Euphorbia hirta; Plant extracts; Pharmaceutical products; Mice; Rats; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Antiinflammatory agents   30                                     NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Analgesic effect of Momordica charantia seed extract in mice and rats. Biswas, A.R.; Ramaswamy, S.; Bapna, J.S. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Jan. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 31 (1): p. 115-118; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Momordica charantia; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts; Analgesics; Mice; Rats   31                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Analgesic effects of acupuncture in thoracolumbar disc disease in dogs. Still, J. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1989 May. The Journal of small animal practice v. 30 (5): p. 298-301. ill; 1989 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Acupuncture; Spinal diseases; Pain   32                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 The analgesic effects of administering fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of cats. Duke, T.; Komulainen Cox, A.M.; Remedios, A.M.; Cribb, P.H. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (2): p. 143-148; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Fentanyl; Medetomidine; Drug effects; Conduction anesthesia; Efficacy; Pain; Limbs; Vomiting; Adverse effects   33                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Analgesic therapy. Hansen, B.D. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 16 (7): p. 868-875; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Pain; Analgesics; Drug therapy; Dosage; Agonists; Postoperative care; Osteoarthritis   34                            NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Anesthesia and control of pain responses during surgery of the eye. Hartsfield, S.M. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 338-347, 361; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cataract; Surgical operations; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Pain; Eyes; Analgesics; Opioids; Drugs; Dosage; Muscle relaxants; Postoperative care; Postoperative complications; Inhaled anesthetics   35                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.V523 Anesthesia and pain control. Bednarski, R.M. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1989 Nov. The Veterinary clinics of North America : Small animal practice v. 19 (6): p. 1223-1238; 1989 Nov.  In the series analytic: Critical care / edited by R.B. Kirby and G.L. Stamp.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Pain; Emergencies   36                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.P76 Anesthesia for head and neck surgery. Hartsfield, S.M.; Jacobson, J.D. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1991 Jun. Problems in veterinary medicine v. 3 (2): p. 123-141; 1991 Jun.  In the series analytic: Head and Neck Surgery / edited by C.S. Hedlund.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Head; Neck; Preoperative care; Fasting; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Analgesics; Respiration; Air flow; Tubes; Postoperative care; Monitoring   37                               NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Anesthesia of amphibians and reptiles. Bush, M. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 103-105; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Amphibia; Reptiles; Anesthesia   38                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Anesthesia of pups and kittens. Grandy, J.L.; Dunlop, C.I. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (7): p. 1244-1249; 1991 Apr01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pups; Kittens; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Age differences; Pharmacokinetics; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Liver; Kidneys; Thermoregulation   39                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Anesthetic and medical management of acute hemorrhage during surgery. Wagner, A.E.; Dunlop, C.I. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 40-45; 1993 Jul01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Horses; Hemorrhage; Surgery; Anesthesia; Medical treatment; Blood volume; Losses; Hematocrit; Blood proteins   40                                    NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Anesthetic and nephrotoxic effects of Telazol in New Zealand white rabbits. Brammer, D.W.; Doerning, B.J.; Chrisp, C.E.; Rush, H.G. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Oct. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (5): p. 432-435; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Injectable anesthetics; Intramuscular injection; Renal failure; Toxicity; Anesthesia; Complications  Abstract:  Telazol was evaluated as an anesthetic for rabbits. Two groups of five rabbits each were injected intramuscularly with 32 or 64 mg/kg of Telazol, and the depth and duration of anesthesia period monitored. At both doses, the righting reflex was lost within 2 minutes postinjection. Animals in both groups responded to noxious stimuli for the duration of the anesthesia. Hematology and urinalyses were performed daily for 7 days postinjection. Hematologic parameters remained unchanged in both groups. In the high-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels increased 1 day postinjection and continued steadily throughout the week. Elevations in urine protein and the presence of casts correlated with this increase. In the low-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased and protein was present in the urine of four of five rabbits beginning approximately 5 days postinjection. Histologically, severe renal tubular necrosis was evident 7 days postinjection in all high-dose rabbits and in three rabbits in the low-dose group. Our results indicate that Telazol does not produce analgesia in rabbits and is nephrotoxic at both 32 and 64 mg/kg. We conclude that Telazol is contraindicated for use in rabbits.   41                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.A5 Anesthetic and surgical management of intrathoracic segmental tracheal stenosis utilizing high-frequency jet ventilation. Whitfield, J.B.; Graves, G.M.; Lappin, M.R.; Toombs, J.P.; Crowe, D.T.; Bjorling, D.E. Golden, Colo. : The Association; 1989 Jul. The Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association v. 25 (4): p. 443-446. ill; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Trachea; Thorax; Abnormalities; Resection   42                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Anesthetic breathing circuits for cats and small dogs. Romatowski, J. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1990 Feb. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 12 (2): p. 183-187, 190-193. ill; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Apparatus; Tubes; Circuits; Breathing; Resistance to air flow; Air flow; Heat loss   43                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.V523 Anesthetic considerations for the geriatric patient. Paddleford, R.R. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1989 Jan. The Veterinary clinics of North America : Small animal practice v. 19 (1): p. 13-31; 1989 Jan.  In the series analytic: Geriatrics and gerontology / edited by R.T. Goldston.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Geriatrics; Anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacodynamics; Anesthesia   44                                    NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Anesthetic requirement of isoflurane is reduced in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Cole, D.J.; Marcantonio, S.; Drummond, J.C. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Sep. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (5): p. 506-509; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Hypertension  Abstract:  The isoflurane requirement to keep 50% of rats (Rattus norvegicus) unresponsive to noxious stimuli (MAC) was determined in age matched Sprague-Dawley (SD, n = 8), Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR, n = 8) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY, n = 8) strains. Following induction and orotracheal intubation, each rat received isoflurane (1.65% end-tidal) for 120 minutes. Physiologic parameters were similar except for expected differences in mean arterial pressure (148 +/- 13mmHg-SHR group, 101 +/- 10mmHg-SD group and 94 +/- 12mmHg- WKY group [mean +/- standard deviation]). Anesthetic equilibration was verified by infrared analysis of end-tidal gases. MAC was then determined in each rat by the tail clamp method and a group MAC calculated.   45                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. Faggella, A.M.; Aronsohn, M.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jan01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (1): p. 56-62; 1993 Jan01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kittens; Castration; Ovariectomy; Anesthesia; Guidelines; Safety; Adverse effects; Anesthetics   46                               NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Anesthetics and analgesics in rabbits. Hobbs, B.A. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 64, 63, 62, 61; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthetics; Analgesics   47                     NAL Call. No.: 41.2 G3642 1989 [no. 16] Antagonisation der Xylazin-Ketamin Neuroleptanalgesie und ihrer Nebenwirkungen durch Yohimbin und 4-aminopyridin bei der Katz / eingereicht von Jurgen Wittker  [Antagonization of Zylazine/Ketamine neurleptanalgesia and its side effects through yohimbin and 4-amino pyridin in cats]. Wittker, Jurgen Giessen : [s.n.]; 1989. 98 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  English summary.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-98).  Language:  German   48                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Antagonism by flumazenil of midazolam-induced changes in quantitative electroencephalographic data from isoflurane- anesthetized dogs. Keegan, R.D.; Greene, S.A.; Moore, M.P.; Gallagher, L.V. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (5): p. 761-765; 1993 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Benzodiazepines; Narcotic antagonists; Anesthetics; Electroencephalography  Abstract:  Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was assessed in 5 dogs anesthetized with 1.6% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane and after subsequent administration of the benzodiazepine midazolam (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IV). Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia. Effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (0.04 mg/kg, IV), on QEEG in midazolam-isoflurane- anesthetized dogs was determined. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, esophageal temperature, arterial pH and blood gas tensions, end-tidal CO2 concentration, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were monitored throughout the study. A 21-lead linked-ear montage was used for recording the EEG data. Quantitative EEG data were stored on an optical disk for later analysis. Values for absolute power of EEG were determined for delta, theta, alpha, and beta-frequencies. Cardiovascular variables remained stable throughout the study. Midazolam administration was associated with decreased absolute power in all frequencies of EEG at all electrode sites. Administration of flumazenil antagonized midazolam- induced decreased absolute power of EEG in all frequencies at all electrode sites. We conclude that QEEG provides a noninvasive, objective measure of midazolam- and flumazenil- induced changes in cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia.   49                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats by administration of yohimbine, tolazoline, or 4-aminopyridine. Komulainen, A.; Olson, M.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 585-588; 1991 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Xylazine; Yohimbine; 4-aminopyridine; Drug antagonism; Dosage; Adverse effects  Abstract:  Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine (85 mg of ketamine/kg of body weight and 15 mg of xylazine/kg, IM) anesthesia in rats by yohimbine (YOH; 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, IP), tolazoline (TOL; 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg, IP), 4- aminopyridine 4-AP; 1 or 5 mg/kg, IP), or a combination of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine (YOH:4-AP, 1 mg/kg:1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg:1 mg/kg, IP) was studied. All dosages of YOH, TOL, 4-Ap, and YOH:4-AP reduced the time to appearance of corneal and pedal reflexes. Only TOL was effective in reducing time to appearance of the crawl reflex and recovery time. Yohimbine, 4-AP, YOH:4-AP, and TOL were effective in reversing respiratory depression caused by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, but anesthetic-induced hypothermia was not antagonized. When given to non-anesthetized rats, the antagonists had little influence on respiratory rate, but all antagonists caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in core body temperature for at least 90 minutes. When YOH was used as an anesthetic antagonist at dosage of 20 mg/kg, 20% mortality was observed and was attributable to acute respiratory arrest. The use of 4-AP and YOH:4-AP at the dosages studied induced moderate to severe muscular tremors. In conclusion, TOL at dosage of 20 mg/kg given IP, appears to be an appropriate antagonist for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats.   50                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Antagonistic activities of atipamezole, 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine against medetomidine/ketamine-induced anaesthesia in cats. Verstegen, J.; Fargetton, X.; Zanker, S.; Donnay, I.; Ectors, F. London : The Association; 1991 Jan. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (3): p. 57-60; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Drug antagonism; Narcotic antagonists; Yohimbine; 4-aminopyridine; Anesthetics; Ketamine   51                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P697 Anti-infammatory and analgesic effects of an aqueous extract of Harpagophytum procumbens. Lanhers, M.C.; Fleurentin, J.; Mortier, F.; Vinche, A.; Younos, C. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1992 Apr. Planta medica v. 58 (2): p. 117-123; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Harpagophytum procumbens; Plant extracts; Pharmaceutical products; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Rats; Mice   52                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47 Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antibacterial activity of Astragalus siculus Biv. Bisignano, G. \u University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Iauk, L.; Kirjavainen, S.; Galati, E.M. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., 1991-; 1994 Oct. International journal of pharmacognosy : a journal of crude drug research v. 32 (4): p. 400-405; 1994 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Astragalus; Medicinal plants; Medicinal properties; Plant extracts; Antibacterial properties; Inflammation; Pain; Fever; Rats; Mice   53                                     NAL Call. No.: 500 N484 Antinociceptive effects of pyridoxine, thiamine, and cyanocobalamin in rats. Bartoszyk, G.D.; Wild, A. New York, N.Y. : The Academy; 1990. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 585: p. 473-476; 1990.  In the series analytic: Vitamin B6 / edited by K. Dakshinamurti.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cyanocobalamin; Pyridoxine; Thiamin; Dosage effects; Pain; Rats   54                                    NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Antioedema and analgesic actions of Diodia scandens extracts in rats and mice. Akah, P.A.; Okogun, J.I.; Ekpendu, T.O. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1993 Jul. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 7 (4): p. 317-319; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rubiaceae; Medicinal plants; Pharmaceutical products; Plant extracts; Leaves; Medicinal properties; Inflammation; Edema; Analgesics; Pain; Mice; Rats   55                                     NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental study. Bhattacharya, S.K.; Mitra, S.K. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Aug. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (1): p. 87-92; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Panax pseudoginseng; Roots; Diazepam; Anxiety; Behavior; Rats  Abstract:  The putative anxiolytic activity of the white and red varieties of ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, was investigated in rats and mice using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of diazepam. Pilot studies indicated that single-dose administration of ginseng had little to no acute behavioral effects, hence the two varieties of ginseng were administered orally at two dose levels twice daily for 5 days, while diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered acutely. White and red varieties of ginseng (20 and 50 mg/kg) showed positive results when tested against several paradigms of experimental anxiety. Both were effective in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests and reduced conflict behaviour in thirsty rats and footshock-induced fighting in paired mice. Ginseng also attenuated pentylenetetrazole-induced decrease in rat brain MAO activity, confirming its anxiolytic activity since this has been proposed to be an endogenous marker for anxiety. The effects induced by white and red ginseng (50 mg/kg X 5 days) were comparable to those induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg).   56                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6425 Aquarium fish medicine. Carter, C.J.; Nieves, M.A. Ames : Iowa State University, 1959-; 1993. Iowa State University veterinarian v. 55 (1): p. 10-16; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ornamental fishes; Aquarium fishes; Pets; Pet care; Diagnostic techniques; Fish diseases; Anesthesia; Drug therapy   57                            NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Assessment of analgesia by catecholamine analysis: resopnse to onychectomy in cats. Benson, G.J.; Lin, H.C.; Thurmon, J.C.; Olson, W.A.; Tranquilli, W.J. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 436-439, 476-477; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Analgesics; Catecholamines; Postoperative care; Surgical operations; Drug effects   58                                    NAL Call. No.: QL55.L342 Assessment of discomfort in laboratory rodents. Beynen, A.C.; Baumans, V.; Herck, H. van; Stafleu, F.R. Potters Bar : Universities Federation for Animal Welfare; 1989. Laboratory animal welfare research : rodents : proc of a symposium organized by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, held at the Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, Univ of London, Egham, Surrey, 22nd April 1988. p. 64-70; 1989.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rodents; Laboratory animals; Animal welfare; Pain; Clinical examination   59                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Assessment of methadone as an anaesthetic premedicant in cats. Dobromylskyj, P. London : British Veterinary Association; 1993 Dec. The Journal of small animal practice v. 34 (12): p. 604-608; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Preanesthetic medication; Methadone; Dosage; Dosage effects; Duration; Adverse effects; Respiration rate; Heart rate; Respiration   60                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1I43 The assessment of pain in the burned child and associated studies in the laboratory rat. Osgood, P.F. Washington, D.C. : Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council; 1991. I.L.A.R. news v. 33 (1/2): p. 13-18; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Children; Pain; Evaluation   61                                    NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Assessment of the hypnotic/sedative effects and toxicity of Passiflora edulis aqueous extract in rodents and humans. Maluf, E.; Barros, H.M.T.; Frochtengarten, M.L.; Benti, R.; Leite, J.R. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Dec. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 5 (6): p. 262-266; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Passiflora edulis; Leaves; Plant extracts; Medicinal properties; Drug toxicity; Folk medicine; Mice; Rats; Man   62                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Atracurium administration, as an infusion, to induce neuromuscular blockade in clinically normal and temporarily immune-suppressed cats. Ilkiw, J.E.; Forsyth, S.F.; Hill, T.; Gregory, C.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Nov01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197 (9): p. 1153-1156; 1990 Nov01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Muscle relaxants; Infusion; Immunosuppression; Cyclosporins; Prednisolone; Drug combinations   63                                    NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Atraumatic endotracheal intubation in small rabbits. Conlon, K.C.; Corbally, M.T.; Bading, J.R.; Brennan, M.F. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Mar. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (2): p. 221-222. ill; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Trachea; Tubes; Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia; Laboratory methods   64                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Atrial fibrillation in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Freeman, L.C.; Ack, J.A.; Fligner, M.A.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1): p. 174-177; 1990 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Heart diseases  Abstract:  Programmed electrical stimulation techniques were used to evaluate the effects of halothane and isoflurane on induction of atrial fibrillation in anesthetized dogs. Experiments were performed in 16 dogs anesthetized with alpha- chloralose. Critically timed premature stimuli were applied to the right atrial appendage and Bachmann bundle to determine the atrial fibrillation threshold, defined as the minimal current required to induce rapid, irregular atrial electrical activity of at least 8 seconds' duration. Atrial fibrillation thresholds were determined at baseline (0.0% inhalational anesthetic), 0.5 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), and 1.0 MAC of halothane (n = 8) and isoflurane (n = 8). In the absence of inhalation anesthetic, it was significantly (P < 0.01) easier to induce atrial fibrillation at the Bachmann bundle vs the right atrial appendage. Atrial fibrillation threshold at the Bachmann bundle was not affected by increasing concentrations of halothane, but was increased by 1.0 MAC of isoflurane (P < 0.05). It was concluded that at 1.0 MAC isoflurane, but not halothane, has antifibrillatory effects in atrial tissue.   65                                    NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34 Attempts to gauge the relative importance of pre- and postsynaptic effects of morphine on the transmission of noxious messages in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Lombard, M.C.; Besson, J.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989 Jun. Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v. 37 (3): p. 335-345. ill; 1989 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Spinal cord; Morphine; Neurophysiology; Neurons; Pain   66                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Autonomic and cardiovascular effects of neuromuscular blockade antagonism in the dog. Clutton, R.E.; Boyd, C.; Flora, R.; Payne, J.; McGrath, C.J. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1992 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 21 (1): p. 68-75; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Nervous system; Drug combinations; Cardiovascular system; Drug effects   67                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Barotrauma in a cat. Manning, M.M.; Brunson, D.B. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1994 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 205 (1): p. 62-64; 1994 Jul01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Lungs; Trauma; Internal pressure; Anesthesia; Lung ventilation; Accidents; Case reports   68                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical application of the anesthetic in several laboratory animal species. Davis, J.A.; Greenfield, R.E.; Brewer, T.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8): p. 1322-1326; 1993 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Benzocaine; Adverse effects; Topical application; Methemoglobinemia; Species differences  Abstract:  In a screening study, a common benzocaine- containing anesthetic was topically applied to the following species: dogs (n = 11), domestic shorthair cats (n = 38), Long-Evans rats (n = 22), Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11), ferrets (n = 6), rhesus monkeys (n = 10), cynomolgus monkeys (n = 10), owl monkeys (n = 10), New Zealand White rabbits (n = 18), miniature pigs (n = 9), ICR mice (n = 4), C3H mice (n = 4), and C57BL/10SnJ mice (n = 24). All animals, except mice and rats, received a 2-second spray to the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx for an estimated dose of 56 mg. A 2-second spray to rodents' oral mucous membranes delivered too great a volume of fluid for these animals; therefore, an equivalent dose was applied to the oral mucosa membranes by use of a 23- gauge needle and syringe. Initial (baseline) blood samples, as well as 4 blood samples taken every 15 minutes after drug application, were analyzed for methemoglobin (MHb), using an oximeter. Positive MHb response (> 3 SD above baseline) was seen in individuals of all groups. The study was repeated in dogs several months later to confirm low response. Response to benzocaine spray was observed in most animals tested, with response peaking between 15 and 30 minutes after dosing. Positive MHb response ranged from 3.5 to 38%, was detected in > 95% of individual animals, and ranged from 15 to 60 minutes after drug administration. Responses were variable because of the screening nature of the study and the topical route of drug administration, but the highest responses were observed in rabbits and cats, and the lowest were seen in mice and dogs. Methemoglobin could be a confounding variable for several types of studies; investigators should consider this toxicity of benzocaine-containing topical anesthetics and use appropriate alternative methods or drugs (ie, lidocaine).   69                                    NAL Call. No.: 447.8 Am3 Blunted effect of ANP on hematocrit and plasma volume in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Valentin, J.P.; Sechi, L.A.; Humphreys, M.H. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society, 1898-; 1994 Feb. American journal of physiology v. 266 (2,pt.2): p. R584- R591; 1994 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Diabetes mellitus; Experimental diabetes; Peptides; Hematocrit; Blood volume; Blood pressure; Blood sugar; Guanosine monophosphate; Rats  Abstract:  Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) infusion increases hematocrit and decreases plasma volume by inducing a transfer of plasma fluid from the vascular to the interstitial compartment. Diabetes mellitus is associated with resistance to the renal actions of ANP. We explored the possibility that the extrarenal responses to ANP may also be altered in the diabetic state by measuring changes in arterial pressure and hematocrit during infusion of ANP (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 for 45 min) into anesthetized, acutely nephrectomized rats 2-3 wk after induction of diabetes from intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg). Blood glucose was significantly elevated in diabetic rats when compared with control and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Arterial pressure during ANP infusion decreased similarly in control, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats (by 7.6 +/- 1.6, 9.6 +/- 1.9, and 8.2 +/- 2% respectively; all P < 0.002). In control rats, hematocrit increased progressively to a maximum value of 9.5 +/- 0.9% as a result of the infusion, corresponding to a decrease in plasma volume of 16.3 +/- 1.3%. In contrast, the ANP-induced increase in hematocrit was markedly blunted in diabetic rats (1.6 +/- 0.8%; P < 0.0001 vs. ANP infusion in control rats). Reducing the hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by insulin therapy restored the increase in hematocrit in response to ANP (8.5 +/- 1.1%; P < 0.0001 vs. ANP infusion in diabetic rats and P = NS vs. control rats). ANP infusion increased plasma ANP levels to the same extent in the three groups, whereas plasma guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) was significantly less in diabetic as compared with control and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Acute reduction of hyperglycemia did not restore the ANP-induced increase in hematocrit (1.3 +/-2.2%; P = NS vs. ANP infusion in diabetic rats). This study demonstrates that 1) the effect of ANP on hematocrit and fluid distribution is blunted in STZ-induced diabetes, while its hypotensive action is preserved, and 2) restoring the glucose levels to normal in diabetic rats by chronic but not by acute insulin treatment normalizes the hemoconcentrating effect of exogenously administered ANP. Such a defect is reflected in a blunted plasma cGMP concentration after ANP infusion in STZ-diabetic rats and may contribute to the altered body fluid physiology in this condition.   70                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Butorphanol does not reduce the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane in dogs. Quandt, J.E.; Raffe, M.R.; Robinson, E.P. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (2): p. 156-159; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Opioids; Halothane susceptibility; Drug effects; Dosage effects; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Anesthesia   71                                     NAL Call. No.: 428 C763 Carbon dioxide: an alternative to ether as an anesthetic in a plague surveillance program. Ramirez, J.A.; Hall, F.; Fujioka, K.K. Sacramento, Calif. : The Association; 1991. Proceedings and papers of the annual conference of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association v. 59: p. 86-88; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: California; Spermophilus beecheyi; Disease vectors; Anesthetics; Carbon dioxide; Monitoring; Rodent control   72                                    NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Carbon dioxide as a short-term restraint anaesthetic in rats with subclinical respiratory disease. Fenwick, D.C.; Blackshaw, J.K. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 23 (3): p. 220-228; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Inhaled anesthetics; Oxygen; Anesthesia; Carbon dioxide; Respiratory diseases; Safety; Restraint of animals  Abstract:  The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) with, and without, oxygen (O2) as a short-term restraint anaesthetic for Wistar rats in which subclinical respiratory disease was endemic, was assessed in 3 separate experiments. In the first, rats were placed in a CO2 atmosphere generated from solid CO2 chips in a 701 plastic bin, and removed at time intervals ranging from 0 to 120 s after disappearance of the pedal reflex. Eight of 25 rats died, including 2 which were removed immediately the pedal reflex disappeared; it was concluded that CO2 without O2 was not a suitable short-term anaesthetic for rats. In a second study, rats were anaesthetized in atmospheres of 50:50 and 80:20 (CO2:O2) provided from commercially available cylinders, in 2 different environments--a 3.41 glass jar and a 171 plastic bin. Rats became excited in the plastic bin but not the glass jar. Rats in the glass jar displayed visible depression and cessation of whiskers movement significantly more quickly in the 80:20 (CO2:O2) than in the 50:50 mixture (4.2 +/- 0.98 s, n = 6, and 66.0 +/- 4.9 s, n = 6 vs 13.8 +/- 2.77 s, n = 5 and 152.0 +/- 20.8 s, n = 5, respectively). Rats in the 171 plastic bin lost their pedal reflexes in a mean 41.5 +/- 4.55 s (n = 11) in the 50:50 mixture and in a mean 30.9 +/- 6.38 s (n = 11) in the 80:20 (CO2:O2) group. Those left in the 50:50 mixture for 60 s and 180 s after disappearance of their pedal reflexes, recovered these reflexes in 20.2 +/- 0.44 s and 21.5 +/- 7.23 s respectively after removal from the gas. Respiration and heart beat ceased in one rat remaining in the 50:50 mixture after 13 min 10 s. No untoward effects occurred in rats left in the 50:50 mixture for 180 s after disappearance of the pedal reflex, but 2 died when left for an equivalent period in the 80:20 mixture. In the third study, examples of the practical use of a 50:50 mixture as a short term restraint anaesthetic are described. It was concluded that this mixture was a cheap, safe, and effective means of sh   73                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiobascular effects of intravenous bolus administration and infusion of ketamine-midazolam in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Jacobson, J.D.; Hartsfield, S.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (10): p. 1715-1720; 1993 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Ketamine; Benzodiazepines; Drug combinations; Inhaled anesthetics; Boluses; Intravenous injection; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system  Abstract:  Cardiovascular effects of IV administered ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) were determined in 12 healthy isoflurane-anesthetized (1.7% end-tidal concentration) dogs. Six dogs received a ketamine-midazolam combination (K-M) as a bolus over 30 seconds and 6 dogs received K-M as an infusion over 15 minutes. Ketamine-midazolam combination as a bolus and an infusion caused early significant (P < 0.05) reductions in mean systemic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke index, which returned to baseline values near the end of the study. Heart rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in dogs of the infusion group and returned to the baseline value near the end of the study. One dog died after K-M bolus administration. Mean maximal decreases from baseline for systemic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke index were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in dogs of the bolus group than in dogs of the infusion group; therefore, cardiovascular effects of K-M after infusion were less severe than those after bolus. Base excess and pHa decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the infusion group, although similar changesoccurred in both groups. Four dogs were maintained with 1.7% end-tidal isoflurane to determine temporal effects of isoflurane; these dogs did not receive K-M. Increases in heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indexes were significant (P < 0.05) at various sample collection intervals, particularly during the later stages of the study. Isoflurane anesthesia effectively blocked the cardiostimulatory properties of K-M. Ketamine-midazolam combination should be used cautiously during isoflurane anesthesia, and administration by slow infusion may be safer than by rapid bolus administration.   74                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Cardiopulmonary and behavioral effects of combinations of acepromazine/butorphanol and acepromazine/oxymorphone in dogs. Cornick, J.L.; Hartsfield, S.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jun15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (12): p. 1952-1956; 1992 Jun15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Opioids; Neuroleptics; Intravenous injection; Intramuscular injection; Drug combinations; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Blood; Ph; Bicarbonates; Oxygen; Carbon dioxide   75                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary, anesthetic, and postanesthetic effects of intravenous infusions of propofol in Greyhounds and non- Greyhounds. Robertson, S.A.; Johnston, S.; Beemsterboer, J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (6): p. 1027-1032; 1992 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Injectable anesthetics; Breeds; Crossbreds; Intravenous injection; Cardiovascular system; Recovery; Anesthesia; Adverse effects  Abstract:  The cardiopulmonary, anesthetic, and postanesthetic effects of an iv infusion of the hypnotic agent propofol were assessed in 6 Greyhounds and 7 non-Greyhounds. After IM injection of acetylpromazine and atropine, a bolus injection of propofol sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation (mean +/-SEM = 4.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg of body weight in Greyhounds; 3.2 +/-  0.1 mg/kg in non-Greyhounds) was administered, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 0.4 mg/kg/min for 60 minutes, during which time dogs breathed 100% oxygen. In 23% of all dogs (3 of 13), apnea developed after initial bolus administration of propofol. Arterial blood pressure was well maintained in all dogs, but heart and respiratory rates were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the infusion in Greyhounds. In Greyhounds, mild respiratory acidosis developed after 45 minutes, whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension was increased at all times after propofol administration in non- Greyhounds. In all dogs, PCV and total plasma proteins were unaffected by propofol. Rectal temperature decreased during treatment. Muscle tremors were observed in approximately 50% of dogs (in 3 of 6 Greyhounds and 3 of 7 non-Greyhounds) during and after infusion of propofol. Non-Greyhounds lifted their heads, assumed sternal recumbency, and stood 10 +/- 1, 15 +/- 3, and 28 +/- 5 minutes, respectively, after the end of the infusion; in Greyhounds, the corresponding times were 36 +/- 4, 43 +/- 6, and 63 +/- 7 minutes.   76                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane anesthesia in cats. Grandy, J.L.; Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Curtis, C.R.; Heath, R.B. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (10): p. 1729-1732. ill; 1989 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Anesthesia; Halothane; Ventilation; Respiration rate; Cardiovascular system  Abstract:  The cardiopulmonary effects of 2 planes of halothane anesthesia (halothane end-tidal concentrations of 1.78% [light anesthesia] and 2.75% [deep anesthesia]) and 2 ventilatory modes (spontaneous ventilation [SV] or mechanically controlled ventilation [CV]) were studied in 8 cats. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in O2 only, and each cat was administered each treatment according to a Latin square design. Cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency, and PaO2, PaCO2, and pH were measured during each treatment. Stroke volume, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance were calculated. A probability value of less than 5% was accepted as significant. In the cats, cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume were reduced by deep anesthesia and CV, although only the reduction attributable to CV was significant. Systemic arterial pressure was significantly reduced by use of deep anesthesia and CV. Respiratory frequency was significantly lower during CV than during SV. Arterial P(O2) was significantly decreased at the deeper plane of anesthesia, compared with the lighter plane. At the deeper plane of anesthesia, arterial P(CO2) and pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly lower during CV than during SV. The deeper plane of halothane anesthesia depressed cardiopulmonary function in these cats, resulting in hypotension and considerable hypercapnia. Compared with SV, CV significantly reduced circulatory variables and should be used with care in cats. Arterial blood pressure was judged to be more useful for assessing anesthetic depth than was heart rate or respiratory frequency.   77                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane in hypovolemic dogs. Pascoe, P.J.; Haskins, S.C.; Ilkiw, J.E.; Patz, J.D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (1): p. 121-126; 1994 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Hypovolemia; Anesthesia; Blood pressure  Abstract:  Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane administration were studied in hypovolemic dogs. Baseline cardiopulmonary data were recorded from conscious dogs after instrumentation. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm of Hg was achieved. Blood pressure was maintained at 60 mm of Hg for 1 hour, by further removal or replacement of blood. Halothane was delivered by face mask, dogs were intubated, then halothane end-tidal concentration of 1.13 +/- 0.02% was maintained, and cardiopulmonary effects were measured 3, 15, 30, and 60 minutes later. After blood withdrawal and prior to halothane administration, systemic vascular resistance index, oxygen extraction, and base deficit increased. Compared with baseline values, these variables were decreased: mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, mixed venous oxygen tension, mixed venous oxygen content, venous admixture, arterial bicarbonate concentration, and mixed venous pH. At all times after intubation, arterial and venous oxygen tensions and mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions were increased. Three minutes after intubation, base deficit and mixed venous carbon dioxide tension increased, and mean arterial pressure and arterial and venous pH decreased, compared with values measured immediately prior to halothane administration. Fifteen minutes after intubation, systemic vascular resistance index decreased and, at 15 and 30 minutes, mean arterial pressure and arterial and venous pH remained decreased. At 60 minutes, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure were increased and mixed venous pH was decreased, compared with values measured before halothane administration. Results of this study indicated that induction of anesthesia with halothane and maintenance at an end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.13% induced significant changes in blood pressure, with minimal effects on cardiac output and pulmonary function, when administered to hypovolemic dogs.   78                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 The cardiopulmonary effects of placing fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of isoflurane- anesthetized cats. Duke, T.; Komulainen Cox, A.M.; Remedios, A.M.; Cribb, P.H. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (2): p. 149-155; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Fentanyl; Medetomidine; Conduction anesthesia; Inhaled anesthetics; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Respiratory gases; Bicarbonates; Ph; Blood   79                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary responses to experimentally induced gastric dilatation in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Chapman, P.L.; Grandy, J.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (6): p. 938-943; 1992 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Inhaled anesthetics; Stomach diseases; Cardiovascular system; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Respiration  Abstract:  Gastric dilatation was experimentally induced in 6 anesthetized dogs maintained with constant-dose isoflurane in oxygen. An intragastric balloon was used to distend the stomach with a constant 30 mm of Hg for 3.5 hours. The PaCO2, was maintained between 35 and 45 mm of Hg, using intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Cardiopulmonary measurements prior to stomach distension (baseline) were compared with measurements taken during 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 hours of stomach distension by analyzing the change from baseline in a randomized-block analysis with each dog as a block. After distending the stomach, cardiac index increased (P < 0.01) from 1.5 to 3.5 hours. Stroke volume did not change, thus the increase in the, cardiac index was attributable to an increase in heart rate. During inflation, increases were observed in systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, and right atrial pressure. Respiratory frequency was unchanged; however, to maintain PaCO2, constant, it was necessary to progressively increase peak airway pressure. Although PaO2, tended to decrease during gastric dilation, the dogs were never hypoxemic. These results indicate that when our methods are used to maintain a constant anesthetic dose of isoflurane in oxygen, an observed increase in cardiovascular performance is expected. This differs from other studies in anesthetized dogs that have shown reduction in cardiovascular performance following gastric dilatation.   80                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Cardiorespiratory effects of combined midazolam and butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Gross, M.E.; Smith, J.A.; Tranquilli, W.J. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 159-162; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Neuroleptics; Drug combinations; Anesthesia   81                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid-tranquilizer combinations in dogs. Jacobson, J.D.; McGrath, C.J.; Smith, E.P. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (4): p. 299-306; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Opioids; Neuroleptics; Drug combinations; Drug effects; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Blood; Ph; Gases; Arrhythmia; Anesthesia   82                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiorespiratory effects of glycopyrrolate-butorphanol- xylazine combination, with and without nasal administration of oxygen in dogs. Jacobson, J.D.; McGrath, C.J.; Ko, C.H.; Smith, E.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (6): p. 835-841; 1994 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Drug combinations; Parasympatholytics; Analgesics; Xylazine; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system; Oxygen  Abstract:  Cardiopulmonary consequences of IV administered glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg of body weight), followed in 11 +/- 2 minutes by butorphanol (0.2 mg/ kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg), were evaluated in 6 dogs, with and without nasal administration of oxygen (100 ml/kg/min). Glycopyrrolate caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and cardiac index and significant (P < 0.05) decreases in stroke index. Subsequent administration of butorphanol and xylazine was associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PaCO2, venous admixture, oxygen extraction ratio, and hemoglobin concentration. It caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in cardiac index, stroke index, breathing rate, minute volume index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption. Mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, tidal volume index, and minute volume index were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs were breathing room air. The arterial and venous PO2, and PCO2, and venous oxygen content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and the arterial and venous pH, and oxygen consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) lower when oxygen was administered. Pulsus alternans and S-T segment depression were observed in dogs of both groups. Ventricular premature contractions were observed in 1 dog breathing room air. All dogs were intubated briefly 15 minutes after administration of butorphanol and xylazine. Time to first spontaneous movement was 45 minutes. All dogs remained in lateral recumbency without physical restraint for 60 minutes.   83                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiorespiratory effects of induction and maintenance of anesthesia with ketamine-midazolam combination, with and without prior administration of butorphanol or oxymorphone. Jacobson, J.D.; McGrath, C.J.; Smith, E.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (4): p. 543-550; 1994 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Benzodiazepines; Drug combinations; Preanesthetic medication; Opioids; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Drug effects  Abstract:  Cardiorespiratory effects of an IV administered bolus of ketamine (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) and midazolam (0.375 mg/kg) followed by IV infusion of ketamine (200 micrograms/kg/min) and midazolam (10 micrograms/ kg/min) for 60 minutes was determined in 6 dogs. Ketamine-midazolam combination was administered to dogs on 3 occasions to determine effects of prior administration of IV administered saline solution (1 ml), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), or oxymorphone (0.1 mg/kg). The infusion rate of ketamine and midazolam was decreased by 25% for anesthetic maintenance after opioid administration. There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory variables after saline solution or butorphanol administration; however, oxymorphone caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in mean arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and breathing rate. Bolus administration of ketamine-midazolam combination after saline solution caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, mean pulmonary blood pressure, venous admixture, and significant decreases in stroke index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, arterial and mixed venous oxygen tension, arterial oxygen content, and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Opioid administration was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) lower values than was saline administration for heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and arterial and mixed venous pH and with higher values for stroke index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and arterial and mixed venous carbon dioxide tension. Prior oxymorphone administration resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) values for mean pulmonary blood pressure, venous admixture, and arterial and mixed venous carbon dioxide tension, and the lowest values for arterial oxygen tension, and arterial and mixed venous pH. Each treatment provided otherwise uncomplicated anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Time to extubation, sternal recumbency, and walking with minimal ataxia was similar for each treatment.   84                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiorespiratory effects of intravenous bolus administration and infusion of ketamine-midazolam in dogs. Jacobson, J.D.; Hartsfield, S.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (10): p. 1710-1714; 1993 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Ketamine; Drug combinations; Benzodiazepines; Drug effects; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Respiration; Duration; Adverse effects  Abstract:  Twelve healthy dogs were used to determine the cardiorespiratory effects of IV administered ketamine (10 mg/kg of body weight) and midazolam (0.5 mg/ kg). Half the dogs received a ketamine-midazolam combination (K-M) as a bolus over 30 seconds and the other half received the K-M as an infusion over 15 minutes. Induction of anesthesia by use of K-M was good in all dogs. Ketamine-midazolam combination as a bolus or infusion induced minimal cardiorespiratory effects, except for significant (p < 0.05) increases in mean heart rate and rate-pressure product. The increase in heart rate was greater in dogs of the infusion group. Mild and transient respiratory depression was observed in dogs of both groups immediately after administration of K-M, but was greater in dogs of the bolus group than in dogs of the infusion group. Duration of action of K-M for chemical restraint was short. Salivation and defecation were observed in a few dogs. Extreme muscular tone developed in 1 dog after K-M bolus administration.   85                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Cardiorespiratory effects of the intravenous administration of Tiletamine-zolazepam to dogs. Hellyer, P.; Muir, W.W. III; Hubbell, J.A.E.; Sally, J. Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (2): p. 160-165; 1989 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Respiration; Heart rate; Benzodiazepine; Cycloheximide; Anesthetics; Drug combinations   86                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of propofol adminsitration in hypovolemic dogs. Ilkiw, J.E.; Pascoe, P.J.; Haskins, S.C.; Patz, J.D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12): p. 2323-2327; 1992 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Dosage effects  Abstract:  Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol were studied in hypovolemic dogs from completion of, until 1 hour after administration. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm of Hg was achieved. After stabilization at this pressure for 1 hour, 6 mg of propofol/kg of body weight was administered IV to 7 dogs, and cardiopulmonary effects were measured. After blood withdrawal and prior to propofol administration, oxygen utilization ratio increased, whereas mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen tension, and mixed venous oxygen content decreased from baseline. Three minutes after propofol administration, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, oxygen utilization ratio, venous admixture, and arterial and mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions increased, whereas mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen tension, mixed venous oxygen content, arterial and mixed venous pH decreased from values measured prior to propofol administration. Fifteen minutes after propofol administration, mixed venous carbon dioxide tension was still increased; however by 30 minutes after propofol administration, all measurements had returned to values similar to those measured prior to propofol administration.   87                                    NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Cardiovascular changes in unanesthetized and ketamine- anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 2.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation. Jauchem, J.R.; Frei, M.R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jan. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (1): p. 70-75; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Radiation; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Body temperature; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Strain differences  Abstract:  Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation, first while unanesthetized and then while anesthetized with ketamine (150 mg/kg, I.M.). Irradiation at a power density of 60 mW/cm2 (whole-body average specific absorption rate of approximately 14 W/kg) was conducted for sufficient duration to increase colonic temperature from 38.5 to 39.5 degrees C. The time required for the temperature increase was significantly longer in the anesthetized state. During irradition, heart rate increased significantly both with and without anesthesia, while mean arterial blood pressure increased only when the rats were unanesthetized. The heart rate increase in the anesthetized state contrasts with a lack of change in a previous study of Fischer rats. This difference between anesthetized Sprague- Dawley and Fischer rats should be considered when comparing cardiovascular data obtained from these two strains of rats.   88                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Cardiovascular effects of a continuous two-hour propofol infusion in dogs: comparison with isoflurane anesthesia. Keegan, R.D.; Greene, S.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Nov. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (6): p. 537-543; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Injectable anesthetics; Inhaled anesthetics   89                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol administration in isoflurane-O2 anesthetized healthy dogs. Tyner, C.L.; Greene, S.A.; Hartsfield, S.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (8): p. 1340-1342; 1989 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Cardiovascular system; Drug effects; Anesthetics  Abstract:  Cardiovascular consequences of butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) administration during isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration) anesthesia were determined in mechanically ventilated healthy dogs. Butorphanol administration caused significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reductions in mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures; cardiac output; and rate-pressure product.   90                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol in halothane- anesthetized dogs. Greene, S.A.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Tyner, C.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8): p. 1276-1279; 1990 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Halothane; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Detoxicants  Abstract:  Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and responses associated with subsequent administration of naloxone (0.04 mg/kg, IV) were studied in halothane (1.2% end-tidal concentration)-anesthetized dogs. Transient, but statistically significant (P < 0.05), decreases in heart rate, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures, and rate-pressure product were observed after butorphanol administration. Cardiac index, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly. Except for the decrease in heart rate, changes in the values of the cardiovascular variables measured after butorphanol administration did not appear to be clinically relevant. Sixty minutes after butorphanol administration, naloxone was given. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate, arterial blood pressures, cardiac index, and rate-pressure product, along with dysrhythmias were observed. Stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged after administration of naloxone. Naloxone administration was associated with changes indicative of increased myocardial oxygen consumption.   91                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular effects of vasopressors in halothane- anesthetized dogs before and after hemorrhage. Curtis, M.B.; Bednarski, R.M.; Majors, L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (11): p. 1859-1865; 1989 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Anesthesia; Sympathomimetics; Vasoconstrictor agents; Hemorrhage; Cardiovascular system  Abstract:  Exogenously administered vasopressors (sympathomimetics) were evaluated in halothane-anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of these drugs on cardiovascular function before and after hemorrhage. Six dogs were anesthetized with thiamylal sodium (20 mg/kg of body weight) and halothane (1.25 minimal alveolar concentration) in 100% oxygen. After instrumentation, cardiac output, systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and an index of cardiac contractility (dP/dT) were measured. Stroke volume, cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), rate-pressure product, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated. Epinephrine (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 micrograms/kg/min [low, medium, and high doses, respectively]) and dobutamine (1, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min [low, medium, and high doses, respectively]) were infused. Methoxamine was given in a bolus of 0.22 mg/kg, IV. All measurements were taken at 2.5 minutes after infusion, and were repeated after removal of 40% of the estimated blood volume. Dobutamine administered at the low dose before hemorrhage increased SAP and dP/dT. At the high and medium dose, dobutamine significantly increased CI, dP/dT, and SAP with no significant change in HR or SVR. The medium dose of epinephrine was the most effective dose of epinephrine at increasing key variables (CI, SI, dP/dT). The response of CI and SI to this dose was not significantly different from the changes seen with high-dose administration of dobutamine. The dP/dT was significantly lower with epinephrine than with dobutamine, and SVR and HR were unchanged with epinephrine, except at the low dose, which decreased SVR. Methoxamine significantly decreased CI, SVR, and HR, whereas SVR and SAP were increased significantly. After hemorrhage, the only variables that had a significant change in the absolute magnitude of the response to a drug, relative to the response before hemorrhage, were a significantly reduced abi   92                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular effects of vasopressors in isoflurane- anesthetized dogs before and after hemorrhage. Curtis, M.B.; Bednarski, R.M; Majors, L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (11): p. 1866-1871; 1989 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Sympathomimetics; Vasoconstrictor agents; Hemorrhage; Cardiovascular system  Abstract:  Exogenously administered vasopressors (sympathomimetics were evaluated in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of these drugs on cardiovascular function before and after hemorrhage. Six dogs were anesthetized with thiamylal sodium (20 mg/kg of body weight) and isoflurane (1.25 minimal alveolar concentration) in 100% oxygen. After instrumentation, cardiac output, systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and an index of cardiac contractility (dP/dT) were measured. Stroke volume, cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), rate-pressure product, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated. Epinephrine (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 micrograms/kg/min [low, medium, and high doses, respectively]) and dobutamine (1, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min [low, medium, and high doses, respectively]) were infused. Methoxamine was given in a bolus of 0.22 mg/kg, IV. All measurements were taken at 2.5 minutes after infusion, and were repeated after removal of 40% of the estimated blood volume. Before hemorrhage, administration of high doses of dobutamine and medium and high doses of epinephrine were equally effective at increasing CI and SI. The dP/dT was increase to the greatest degree by administration of high doses of dobutamine. Administration of the low dose of dobutamine increased dP/dT, whereas administration of the low dose of epinephrine increased CI, HR, and SI, and decreased SVR. The HR and SVR were not increased by administration of any dose of dobutamine or of the medium and high doses of epinephrine. However, methoxamine increased SVR and decreased HR. Methoxamine decreased CI, SI, and dP/dT, but increased systemic arterial pressure to the same degree as that attributed to administration of high doses of dobutamine and epinephrine. After hemorrhage, effectiveness of the drugs in eliciting a response was unchanged, except for a decreased ability of dobutamine to increase rate-pressure product. Fur   93                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Cardiovascular function and serum catecholamine concentrations after anesthesia and surgery in the dog. Rawlings, C.A.; Tackett, R.L.; Bjorling, D.E.; Arnold, T.H. Jr Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (4): p. 255-260; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Pain; Thermoregulation; Cardiovascular system; Catecholamines; Blood serum; Blood flow; Body temperature   94                                    NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Cardiovascular responses to intracerebroventricular infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid in anesthetized strain 13 guinea pigs. Liu, C.T.; Guo, Z.M. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (3): p. 275-279; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Guinea pigs; Cerebrospinal fluid; Infusion; Cerebral ventricles; Internal pressure; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Drug delivery systems  Abstract:  The cardiovascular effects of constant intracerebroventricular infusion in anesthetized strain 13 guinea pigs were studied. Bilateral cerebroventricles of the animals were catheterized stereotaxically with two 20-gauge blunt needles, penetrating 5 to 6 mm into the skull. Baseline cerebroventricular pressure values were 1.3 +/- 0.6 mmHg. After artificial cerebrospinal fluid was infused into the left ventricle at 0.5 ml/h, left cerebroventricular pressure increased to 8.1 +/- 1.6 mmHg (P < 0.01), while right cerebroventricular pressure reached 5.6 +/- 2.2 mmHg within 20 minutes. No significant changes in mean blood pressure or heart rate were observed. When intracerebroventricular infusion rate increased to 5.0 ml/h, cerebrospinal fluid pressures of left and right cerebroventricles increased to 40.0 +/- 4.8 and 38.4 +/- 4.7 mmHg within 10 minutes from baseline values of 1.5 +/- 0.5 and 1.7 +/- 0.7 mmHg, respectively. Simultaneously, mean blood pressure and heart rate increased from 72 +/- 4 to 101 +/- 9 mmHg and from 195 +/- 11 to 218 +/- 17 beats/min, respectively. However, 30 to 50 minutes later, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure decreased abruptly, and two of four animals died. We suggest that this technique with a low infusion rate (< 0.5 ml/h) can be used to deliver certain drugs into the brain ventricles directly without producing undesirable effects on blood pressure or heart rate.   95                              NAL Call. No.: SF406.C35  1992 The Care and use of amphibians, reptiles, and fish in research. Schaeffer, Dorcas O.; Kleinow, Kevin M.; Krulisch, Lee Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.), School of Veterinary Medicine Bethesda, Md. (4805 St. Elmo Ave., Bethesda 20814) : Scientists Center for Animal Welfare,; 1992. vii, 196 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.  Proceedings from a SCAW/LSUSVM- sponsored conference ... held April 8-9, 1991 in New Orleans, Louisiana ...  November 1992.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Amphibians as laboratory animals; Reptiles as laboratory animals; Fish as laboratory animals   96                                    NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Changes in cardiopulmonary variables and platelet count during anesthesia for total hip replacement in dogs. Otto, K.; Matis, U. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (4): p. 266-273; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Hips; Prostheses; Anesthesia; Platelet count; Surgery; Methodology; Adhesives; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system   97                                    NAL Call. No.: QP631.N37 Characteristics of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from short-necked clams (Tapes japonica) in Mikawa Bay. Okumura, M.; Yamada, S.; Oshima, Y.; Ishikawa, N. New York, NY : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1994. Natural toxins v. 2 (3): p. 141-143; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japan; Cabt; Clams; Tapes; Plankton; Toxins; Toxicity; Bioassays; Mice   98                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456 Children's pets (excluding the rabbit). Taylor, N.R. London : Wright; 1990. The Veterinary annual (30): p. 335-341; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hamsters; Golden hamsters; Cricetulus; Phodopus; Gerbils; Meriones libycus; Meriones unguiculatus; Guinea pigs; Mice; Mus musculus; Rats; Rattus norvegicus; Pet care; Anesthesia; Antibiotics; Dosage; Water intake; Antifungal agents; Antiparasitic agents   99                                    NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Cisternal CSF and serum concentrations of morphine following epidural administration in the dog. Valverde, A.; Conlon, P.D.; Dyson, D.H.; Burger, J.P. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Mar. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (1): p. 91-95; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Morphine; Conduction anesthesia; Blood serum; Cerebrospinal fluid   100                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in cats. Vaha-Vahe, A.T. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1990 Apr. The Journal of small animal practice v. 31 (4): p. 193-197; 1990 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Analgesics; Detoxicants; Drug antagonism; Drug effects; Adverse effects; Dosage effect   101                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 The clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in the dog. Vaha-Vahe, A.T. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 13 (2): p. 198-205; 1990 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Narcotic antagonists; Dosage; Drug antagonism; Adverse effects   102                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Clinical evaluation of propofol as an intravenous anaesthetic agent in cats and dogs. Morgan, D.W.T.; Legge, K. London : The Association; 1989 Jan14. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 124 (2): p. 31-33; 1989 Jan14.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Dogs; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Safety; Adverse effects; Pharmacology   103                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Clinical observations on medetomidine/ketamine anaesthesia and its antagonism by atipamezole in the cat. Young, L.E.; Jones, R.S. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1990 May. The Journal of small animal practice v. 31 (5): p. 221-224; 1990 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Ketamine; Drug antagonism; Antagonists   104                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Closed system delivery of halothane and isoflurane with a vaporizer in the anesthetic circle. Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Sep. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (5): p. 353-356; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Halothane; Surgical equipment   105                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Coaxial anaesthetic circuits in small animals. Cullen, L.K. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1989 May. The Journal of small animal practice v. 30 (5): p. 294-297; 1989 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Circuits; Values; Gases; Flow   106                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Comparative effects of xylazine and propofol on the urethral pressure profile of healthy dogs. Combrisson, H.; Robain, G.; Cotard, J.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12): p. 1986-1989; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Xylazine; Injectable anesthetics; Drug effects; Urethra; Pressure  Abstract:  The effects of 2 drugs, xylazine and propofol, on the urethral pressure profile were compared. Seven female dogs were sedated by administration of one drug, then the other, and urethral variables were measured. In the dogs sedated with propofol, the mean +/- SD, maximal urethral closure pressure (51 +/- 7.4 cm of H2O) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the value when dogs were sedated with xylazine (23.3 +/- 7.6 cm of H2O). Results were compared with those obtained by various authors, in particular for nonsedated dogs. It is concluded that propofol is a good drug for investigation of the urethral pressure profile, whatever its effect on maximal urethral closure pressure.   107                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Comparative hemodynamic effects of halothane and halothane- acepromazne at equipotent doses in dogs. Boyd, C.J.; McDonell, W.N.; Valliant, A. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 55 (2): p. 107-112; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Cardiovascular agents; Hemodynamics; Anesthesia; Phenothiazines; Neuroleptics; Dosage effects   108                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A comparative study of medetomidine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia in dogs. Moens, Y.; Fargetton, X. London : The Association; 1990 Dec08. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127 (23): p. 567-571; 1990 Dec08.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Drug combinations; Xylazine; Agonists; Safety; Adverse effects; Dosage effects   109                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in rabbits, sheep, and dogs. Ilkiw, J.E.; Benthuysen, J.A.; McNeal, D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 581-584; 1991 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Sheep; Rabbits; Analgesics; Pharmacokinetics; Species differences; Anesthesia  Abstract:  The central arterial pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, a short-acting opioid agonist, were studied in rabbits, sheep, and dogs after short-duration infusion of the drug. Alfentanil was infused until a set end point (high- amplitude, slow-wave activity on the EEG) was reached. This required a larger alfentanil dose and a higher alfentanil arterial concentration in sheep, compared with rabbits and dogs. The plasma concentration-time data for each animal were fitted, using nonlinear regression, and in all animals, were best described by use of a triexponential function. In this study, differences in the disposition kinetics of alfentanil among the 3 species were found for only distribution clearance and initial distribution half-life. In dogs, compared with rabbits and sheep, the first distribution half-life was longer, probably because of pronounced drug-induced bradycardia (mean +/- SD, 48 +/-21 beats/min). Distribution clearance was faster in sheep, compared with dogs, also probably because of better blood flow in sheep. Elimination half-life was similar in all species (rabbits, 62.4 +/- 11.3 minutes; sheep, 65.1 +/- 27.1 minutes; dogs, 58.3 +/- 10.3 minutes). This rapid half-life resulted from a small steady- state volume of distribution (rabbits, 908.3 +/- 269.0 ml/kg; sheep, 720.0 +/- 306.7 ml/kg; dogs, 597.7 +/- 290.2 ml/kg) and rapid systemic clearance (rabbits, 19.4 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg; sheep, 13.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min/kg; dogs, 18.7 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg). On the basis of these pharmacokinetic variables, alfentanil should have short duration of action in rabbits, sheep, and dogs. This may be beneficial in veterinary practice where rapid recovery would be expected after bolus administration for short procedures or after infusion for longer procedures.   110                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparison of arrhythmogenic doses of epinephrine in heartworm-infected and noninfected dogs. Venugopalan, C.S.; Holmes, E.; O'Malley, N.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (11): p. 1872-1876; 1989 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Adrenalin; Anesthetics; Heart diseases; Dirofilaria immitis; Nematode control  Abstract:  The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was determined in heartworm-infected and noninfected (control) dogs during thiamylal-induced and halothane-maintained anesthesia to assess the myocardial sensitization. The ADE in heartworm-infected dogs (2.42 +/- 0.26 micrograms/kg of body weight) was significantly lower than that for the controls (3.36 +/- 0.29 micrograms/kg). After 2 weeks, ADE was determined again in these dogs after atropine treatment. Atropine treatment lowered the ADE to 1.76 +/- 0.33 micrograms/kg and 1.77 +/- 0.19 micrograma/kg in heartworm- positive and negative dogs, respectively. After 2 weeks more the ADE was determined after administration of prazosin, an alpha 1-antagonist. Only 2 of 6 controls and 3 of 6 heartworm- positive dogs had arrhythmias after a threefold increase of ADE. The mean ADE in the dogs that responded to treatment were 7.4 micrograms/kg and 7.2 micrograms/kg for heart worm- positive and negative dogs, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that ADE in heartworm-infected dogs were lower than those in the control dogs, which makes the heartworm- infected dogs more vulnerable to arrhythmia during anesthesia. Atropine did not protect the dogs of either group. However, prazosin protected the dogs of both groups by significantly increasing the threshold of the ADE. On the basis of our findings, to reduce the risk of arrhythmia, we suggest that routine screening of dogs for heartworm infection be done before anesthetics are used.   111                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in propofol- and thiopental-anesthetized eucapnic dogs. Wooten, T.L.; Lowrie, C.T. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 148-150; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cerebrospinal fluid; Anesthesia   112                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Comparison of direct and indirect blood pressure measurement in anesthetized dogs. Sawyer, D.C.; Brown, M.; Striler, E.L.; Durham, R.A.; Langham, M.A.; Rech, R.H. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (2): p. 134-138; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Blood pressure; Pulse rate; Measurement; Tarsus; Carpus; Monitors; Catheters; Aorta  Abstract:  This study was conducted to determine whether blood pressures and pulse rate could be determined accurately by indirect measurements from the front and hind legs of 15- to 40-kg dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Indirect measurements from each animal were compared to direct measurements obtained from a catheter placed into the abdominal aorta via the femoral artery at four ranges of systolic pressure. When systolic pressure was above 80 mm Hg, indirect measurements were either the same as direct measurements or slightly lower. However, when systolic pressures were below 80 mm Hg, indirect systolic pressure measurements were 6 to 15% higher than direct measurements. Larger differences in diastolic pressures were found, which resulted in differences in mean pressure. The most accurate measurements were found when the cuff width- to-limb circumference ratio was between 0.4 and 0.6 and when systolic pressure was between 80 and 100 mm Hg.   113                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 A comparison of endotracheal and intravenous routes for atropine administration in anaesthetised dogs. Bor, A.; Jones, R.S.; Richards, D.L.S. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 Apr. The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (4): p. 180-182; 1991 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Atropine; Intravenous injection; Trachea; Application methods; Heart rate; Dosage   114                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Comparison of indirect and direct blood pressure measurement in the anesthetized dog. Sawyer, D.C.; Brown, M.; Striler, E.L.; Durham, R.A. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 27-30; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Blood pressure   115                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparison of inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in anesthetized dogs with barrel-shaped thorax vs dogs with deep thorax. Clercx, C.; Brom, W.E. van den; Vries, H.W. de Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (7): p. 1097-1103; 1991 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Thorax; Conformation; Anesthesia; Ratios; Lungs; Gravity; Lung ventilation  Abstract:  Interregional, as well as intraregional (local), distributions of the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio were analyzed in the lungs of 20 prone anesthetized healthy dogs- -10 dogs with barrel-shaped thorax (Beagles) and 10 dogs with deep thorax (Greyhound-type dogs)--using 99mTc inhalation- perfusion lung scintigraphy. Dorsoventral and lateral views were analyzed. In both types of dogs, the ratio between the mean inhalation and perfusion values (interregional mismatching factor) decreased from craniad to caudad and the decrease was more sustained in the right than in the left lung. However, the total decrease was less in Greyhound-type dogs than in Beagles (cranial-to-caudal decrease of 14 and 27%, respectively, in the left lung, and 62 and 56%, respectively, in the right lung). The dorsal-to-ventral distribution of interregional mismatching factor was different in the 2 types of dogs. In Beagles, it increased from dorsal to ventral zones by about 50% of the initial dorsal zone value, whereas in Greyhound-type dogs, only a slight dorsal- to-ventral decrease was evident, with the exception of the more ventral zone. Differences in the intraregional mismatching factor (rho) indicated that the intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion inequalities were more pronounced within the caudal regions and within the ventral zones of the lungs in both types of dogs, and in the more cranial zones in the lungs of Beagles. However, the degree of intraregional mismatching was generally lower in Greyhound-type dogs. Thus, the gravitational force is not the dominating determinant of interregional or intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion ratio distributions in the lungs of anesthetized prone dogs. Its influence is modulated by other factors morphologic characteristics, such as the shape and size of the thorax, and body weight of the dog. In particular, the height of the thorax in Greyhound-type dogs could permit the gravitational force to exert a more determinant influence than it does in Beagle   116                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 A comparison of ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine anesthesia in the rabbit. Lipman, N.S.; Marini, R.P.; Erdman, S.E. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Jul. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (4): p. 395-398; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Ketamine; Xylazine; Preanesthetic medication; Neuroleptics  Abstract:  Parenteral anesthetic combinations such as ketamine and xylazine have become the agents of choice for anesthesia in the rabbit, because they are effective, easily administered and inexpensive. A number of recent reports have recommended including acepromazine in this combination, but a critical evaluation of this combination in the rabbit has not been reported. Five adult New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine (35 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) with or without acepromazine (0.75 mg/kg). The study was conducted in a double blind fashion, where each rabbit was administered both combinations at a minimum of 7 day intervals. Physiologic parameters were evaluated including heart rate, respiratory rate, central arterial blood pressure, pedal, palpebral and postural reflex activity. The duration of general anesthesia, estimated by the time elapsed between the loss and return of the palpebral reflex, was greater (mean = 99 +/- 20 minutes) when acepromazine was employed in the combination compared to (mean = 77 +/- 5 minutes) when ketamine/xylazine were used alone. Mean central arterial blood pressure reached a lower level when acepromazine was utilized (mean = 46 +/- 8 mm/Hg) than when it was not (mean = 57 +/- 12 mm/Hg.) The addition of acepromazine in a ketamine/xylazine combination resulted in a 28% longer period of anesthesia, a 19% lower mean central arterial blood pressure and a 32% longer recovery of postural reflexes. The ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine combination is a useful regimen for normovolemic animals when anesthetic duration greater than that produced by ketamine/xylazine alone is required.   117                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparison of left ventricular ejection fractions determined in healthy anesthetized dogs by echocardiography and gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Sisson, D.D.; Daniel, G.B.; Twardock, A.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (11): p. 1840-1847. ill; 1989 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Ventricles; Anesthesia; Echocardiography; Radionuclides; Radiography; Regression analysis  Abstract:  Left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) of 8 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were calculated by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) and by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) prior to and during constant IV infusion of isoproterenol. Mean LVEF (+/- SD), determined with RVG by use of an automatic edge detection algorithm (RVG-auto) to define the left ventricular region of interest increased from a resting value of 53.5% (+/- 4.9%) to 71.9% (+/-6.8%) during isoproterenol infusion. Mean LVEF, determined with RVG by use of visual inspection (RVG-manual) to define the left ventricular region of interest increased from a resting value of 51.6% +/- 3.8% to 67.0% +/- 5.6% during isoproterenol infusion. Using 2-DE and the bullet formula to calculate left ventricular volume (LVV = 5/6 X cross-sectional area X length), mean LVEF increased from 52.3% (+/- 3.50) to 74.7% (+/- 5.0%). Using 2-DE area measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 48.9% (+/- 5.1%) to 69.5% (+/- 6.0%). Using M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular diameter measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 52.3 (+/- 9.0%) to 78.3% (+/- 8.1%). Before and during isoproternol infusion, the mean LVEF values calculated by RVG agreed closely with mean LVEF values calculated from M-mode and 2-DE. Correlation coefficients determined from linear regression analysis of LVEF by echocardiography vs LVEF by radionuclide ventriculography ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. Correlation coefficients were higher and SEM were lower when LVEF was determined by RVG-manual, rather than by RVG-auto methods and when LVEF was calculated from 2-DE measurements, rather than from M-mode measurements.   118                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels. Pettifer, G.R.; Dyson, D.H. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 57 (2): p. 99-105; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Medetomidine; Fentanyl; Droperidol; Analgesics; Restraint of animals; Nontarget effects; Body temperature; Respiration rate; Heart rate; Blood chemistry; Respiratory gases; Lactic acid   119                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 A comparison of medetomidine-propofol and medetomidine- midazolam-propofol anesthesia in rabbits. Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquili, W.J.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Oct. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (5): p. 503-507; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations   120                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparison of several combinations for anesthesia in rabbits. Hobbs, B.A.; Rolhall, T.G.; Sprenkel, T.L.; Anthony, K.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (5): p. 669-674; 1991 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Injectable anesthetics; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Body temperature; Reflexes; Safety  Abstract:  Few safe and effective anesthesia regimens have been described for use in rabbits, partially because of the susceptibility of this species to sometimes fatal respiratory depression. Although inhalant anesthetics are generally safer than injectable anesthetics, their use may be limited by lack of equipment or facilities. This study was conducted to compare effects of several injectable anesthetics in rabbits on response to noxious stimuli, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Six injectable anesthetic combinations were administered to rabbits: xylazine-ethyl-(l-methyl-propyl) malonyl-thio-urea salt (EMTU), ketamine-EMTU, xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine- acepromazine-ketamine (XAK), ketamine-chloral hydrate, and ketamine-xylazine. All combinations induced a depression of respiratory rate. Although rectal temperature values were reduced to some degree in each group, the most profound hypothermia was induced by XAK. The combination that induced the longest duration of anesthesia was XAK. It was concluded that XAK was preferable for longer periods of anesthesia (60 to 120 minutes), although it induces severe hypothermia. For short periods of anesthesia, xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine- EMTU, or ketamine-xylazine were deemed adequate; however, xylazine-EMTU induced the best survivability and consistency.   121                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 A comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, carprofen and flunixin following laparotomy in rats. Liles, J.H.; Flecknell, P.A. Oxford [England] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-; 1994 Aug. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 17 (4): p. 284-290; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Flunixin; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Laparotomy; Drug combinations; Body weight; Feed intake; Water intake; Locomotion; Pain   122                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Comparison of the efficacy of three premedicants administered to cats. Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.; Honeyman, V.; Rahn, J.E. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jul. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (7): p. 462-464; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Preanesthetic medication; Drug combinations; Drug effects; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Catheters   123                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of halothane alone and halothane combined with epidurally administered morphine for anesthesia in ventilated dogs. Valverde, A.; Dyson, D.H.; Cockshutt, J.R.; McDonell, W.N.; Valliant, A.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (3): p. 505-509; 1991 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Halothane; Morphine; Hemodynamics; Drug combinations  Abstract:  The hemodynamic effects of 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane alone (1.6% end-tidal) and 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane (1.1% end-tidal concentration) combined with epidurally administered morphine were compared during controlled ventilation in 10 dogs used on 2 occasions and randomly allocated to 2 groups. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume, left ventricular work, and pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs of the morphine-treated group before administration of morphine. After epidural administration of morphine (0.1 mg/kg of body weight diluted in 0.26 ml of saline solution/kg), hemodynamic changes were not observed, and the aforementioned variables remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than values in dogs of the halothane only group. Compared with halothane (1.6%) alone, the reduction in halothane end-tidal concentration (1.1%) associated with epidurally administered morphine is beneficial in maintaining hemodynamic function.   124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and papaveretum in the dog. Nolan, A.; Reid, J. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep04. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (10): p. 240-242; 1993 Sep04.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents; Opioids   125                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 A comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of flunixin and papaveretum in the dog. Reid, J.; Nolan, A.M. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 Dec. The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (12): p. 603-608; 1991 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Flunixin; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Pain; Drug effects   126                                   NAL Call. No.: SF901.V47 A comparison of three local anaesthetic techniques for skin biopsy in dogs. Henfrey, J.I.; Thoday, K.L.; Head, K.W. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergammon Press, Inc; 1991. Veterinary dermatology v. 2 (1): p. 21-27; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Local anesthesia; Lidocaine; Epinephrine; Cutaneous application; Local anesthetics; Skin; Biopsy; Adverse effects; Artefacts   127                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Comparison of xylazine with tiletamine-zolazepam (Telazol) and xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in rabbits. Popilskis, S.J.; Oz, M.C.; Gorman, P.; Florestal, A.; Kohn, D.F. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jan. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (1): p. 51-53; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Ketamine  Abstract:  Although widely used to provide short term anesthesia, ketamine-xylazine does not always produce satisfactory anesthesia. We compared the efficacy of ketamine- xylazine to tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine for producing surgical anesthesia in rabbits. Four of six rabbits receiving ketamine-xylazine and all of the 12 animals given tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine were anesthetized successfully. The mean surgical anesthesia time in the ketamine-xylazine group was 35 +/- 6 minutes as compared to the tiletamine- zolazepam-xylazine group, 72 +/- 8 minutes (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the interval between the injection of the different anesthetic mixtures and the loss of either the righting reflex, the jaw reflex or the toe web pinch reflex. Respiratory rates and arterial oxygen partial pressure were higher in the ketamine-xylazine group (p < 0.05). However, in both groups arterial blood pressure and arterial PO2 were lowered, while arterial PCO2 was elevated. No nephrotoxicity occurred. Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine provides effective surgical anesthesia in rabbits and in many cases may be preferable to conventional ketamine-xylazine regimen.   128                                  NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725 Conditioned inhibition of analgesia. Wiertelak, E.P.; Watkins, L.R.; Maier, S.F. Austin, Tex. : Psychonomic Society; 1992 Nov. Animal learning & behavior v. 20 (4): p. 339-349; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pain; Rats  Abstract:  Stimuli that predict the occurrence of aversive events come to elicit conditioned analgesia. Experiments 1A and 1B examined the possibility that conditioning can inhibit analgesia when stimuli are paired in a backward fashion with a shock US (Pavlovian CS-s). Analgesia conditioned in response to shock context exposure was reversed during the CS- (light) presentation after four sessions. The ability of the CS- to function as a conditioned inhibitor of analgesia was then evaluated in both summation (Experiment 1A) and retardation- of-acquisition testing (Experiments 1A and 1B). The results support the conclusion that a stimulus presented after shock in a backward fashion comes to be a conditioned inhibitor of analgesia. Experiments 2A and 2B examined the assumption that the results obtained with our pain sensitivity measure (tailflicking in response to radiant heat) reflect changes in responsiveness to painful input, rather than a general motor inhibition or general insensitivity to sensory input. In Experiment 2A, tailflick responding to painful and nonpainful input was compared in animals receiving either morphine or saline. In Experiment 2B, tailflick responding to painful and nonpainful input to the tail was compared in both the shock and a neutral context. in both experiments, only the painful input yielded changes in responsivity. The results support the conclusion that the alterations in pain sensitivity produced by the CS- for shock represents a conditioned inhibition specific to pain.   129                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Current trends in rodent anesthesia and analgesia. Wixson, S.K. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 35-58; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rodents; Anesthesia; Analgesics   130                                   NAL Call. No.: QH345.B47 Detection of paralytic shellfish poisons by HPLC. Nagashima, Y.; Noguchi, T.; Hashimoto, K. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1989. Bioactive molecules v. 10: p. 311-318; 1989.  In the series analytic: Mycotoxins and phycotoxins '88 / edited by S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno. Proceedings of the Seventh International IUPAC Symposium August 16-19, 1988, Tokyo, Japan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japan; Shellfish; Food poisoning; Toxins; Algae; Detection; Liquid chromatography; Marine areas   131                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Development of an opiate-based anaesthetic technique for use in dogs with cardiomyopathy. Williamson, H.A.; Cumming, D.V.E.; Cobb, M.A.; Pattison, C.W.; Yacoub, M.H.; Clayton Jones, D.G. London : The Association; 1991 Nov02. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129 (18): p. 398-400; 1991 Nov02.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Fentanyl; Halothane; Nitrous oxide; Cardiomyopathy; Safety   132                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Dietary fish oil does not alter glucose tolerance in conscious rats. Behme, M.T.; Dupre, J.; Holub, B.J.; Philbrick, D.J. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 123 (12): p. 2085-2089; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fish oils; Glucose tolerance; Supplements; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Docosenoic acids; Phospholipids; Liver; Pancreas; Pancreas islets; Blood plasma; Insulin; Rats  Abstract:  We examined the effect of dietary fish oil (MaxEPA) and sunflower seed oil on glucose tolerance in male Wistar rats. Semipurified diets containing 100 g oil/kg diet were administered for 30 d. The fish oil diet contained 26 g (n-3) fatty acids, 16 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 10.4 g docosahexaenoic acid/kg diet. Phospholipids from liver, pancreas, and pancreatic islets were enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids by the fish oil diet. in unfed pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, both basal plasma insulin concentration and insulin responses to intravenous glucose were significantly lower for Ash oil-fed rats although glucose responses were similar; however, incremental excursions in plasma insulin over the basal concentrations did not differ. intravenous glucose tolerance was also examined in conscious unfed rats under minimal restraint. Responses of plasma glucose and insulin were similar for fish oil- and sunflower oil-fed groups. Furthermore, in another experiment, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were similar for conscious rats provided with either 100 g fish oil or corn oil/kg nonpurified diet. Thus, glucose-induced insulin secretion is lower in rats fed fish oil than in rats fed sunflower oil, when tests are conducted in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals but not when tests are performed in conscious rats; there was no effect on plasma glucose in either anesthetized or nonanesthetized rats. Therefore, substitution of (n-3) for (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue phospholipids does not alter plasma glucose or insulin in conscious male Wistar rats.   133                                   NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34 Differentiating analgesic and non-analgesic drug activities on rat hot plate: effect of behavioral endpoint. Carter, R.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Nov. Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v. 47 (2): p. 211-220; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Analgesics; Assays; Animal behavior   134                                  NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1X4 Distribution in female rats of an anaesthetic intravenous dose of 14C-propofol. Simons, P.J.; Cockshott, I.D.; Douglas, E.J.; Gordon, E.A.; Knott, S.; Ruane, R.J. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Oct. Xenobiotica v. 21 (10): p. 1325-1335; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Intravenous injection; Pharmacokinetics; Animal tissues; Distribution; Females; Rats  Abstract:  1. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-propofol (9 mg/kg) were administered to female rats for measurement of tissue levels of total 14C and propofol from 2 min to 24 h post-dose; wholebody autoradiography was studied at 6 min, 2 h and 24 h post-dose, and also involved 15-day pregnant rats. 2. The blood propofol concentration-time profile was fitted by a tri- exponential function corresponding to a three-compartment open model. Data show rapid distribution during the mixing period into highly perfused tissues and muscle, comprising the central compartment, and slower uptake into less well-perfused skin and adipose tissues comprising the deeper compartments. 3. The initial decline in blood propofol concentration was associated with redistribution (t(1/2) 4 min), the second decline (15-240 min post-dose) was associated with metabolism (t(1/2) 33 min) and the third decline reflected slow depletion of drug from deep tissue compartments (t(1/2) 6.4 h). 4. Blood and brain propofol concentrations on waking (at 7 min post- dose) were 4 micrograms/ml and 9 micrograms/g respectively; the model shows that, at this time, 30% of the dose was lost from the central compartment by redistribution and a similar amount by metabolism. 5. Tissue profiles of total 14C and propofol diverged for highly perfused tissues (other than brain) because of slow clearance of metabolites, accentuated by enterohepatic recirculation.   135                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Distribution of material injected intramuscularly in dogs. Autefage, A.; Fayolle, P.; Toutain, P.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (6): p. 901-904. ill; 1990 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Radioactive iodine; Intramuscular injection; Muscles; Distribution; Pharmacokinetics  Abstract:  A radiopaque marker was injected, using needles of various lengths, into the cervical musculature, the lumbar epaxial musculature, and the cranial and caudal muscular masses of the thighs of anesthetized dogs. After this procedure, the dogs were euthanatized and deep-frozen. The bodies were then sectioned, and the slices were radiographed to determine the fate of the injected material. Material that was injected into the neck or caudal region of the thigh was determined to be located in the muscle bellies or dispensed throughout the intermuscular fascial sheaths. In contrast, material injected into the lumbar area and cranial region of the thigh was located entirely in the muscle bellies. It was concluded that the best sites for injection in dogs are the lumbar epaxial musculature or the quadriceps femoris muscle when IM administration is imperative.   136                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.A5 Does ketamine provide adequate visceral analgesia when used alone or in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, or butorphanol in cats?. Sawyer, D.C.; Rech, R.H.; Durham, R.A. Lakewood, Colo. : The Association; 1993 May. Journal v. 29 (3): p. 257-263; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ketamine; Analgesics; Diazepam; Dosage; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Abdomen; Cats   137                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33 Dorsal metatarsal, penile, and sublingual vein injections of anesthetized rats using a simplified inhalation anesthetic. Martinic, G.; Taylor, J. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 Jan. Lab animal v. 22 (1): p. 38-44; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia   138                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs. Sawyer, D.C.; Rech, R.H.; Durham, R.A.; Adams, T.; Richter, M.A.; Striler, E.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (11): p. 1826-1830; 1991 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Pain; Subcutaneous injection; Dosage; Dosage effects  Abstract:  Butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg of body weight, and placebo) was given sc to 8 healthy unmedicated dogs to determine its efficacy for visceral analgesia, using a colonic balloon for minimal threshold nociceptor stimulation. Degree of sedation; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure; and pulse rate were recorded. The highest 3 dosages, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg, were found to be most effective, with 0.8 mg/kg the only dosage that was significantly different from control responses at the 45-minute interval. Duration of analgesia ranged from 23 to 53 minutes for all 6 dosages and dosing durations were not significantly different from one another. Blood pressures did not change, but pulse rate was significantly decreased by 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. We concluded that butorphanol is an effective visceral analgesic of relatively short duration in the dog.   139                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Dose-response of intravenous butorphanol to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs. Houghton, K.J.; Rech, R.H.; Sawyer, D.C.; Durham, R.A.; Adams, T.; Langham, M.A.; Striler, E.L. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Jul. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 197 (3): p. 290-296; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Dosage; Dosage effects; Duration; Blood pressure; Pulse rate; Intravenous injection  Abstract:  This study was designed to determine the effective analgesic dose of butorphanol administered intravenously to obtund visceral nociception, as well as to determine duration of this effect. Additionally, cardiovascular changes and sedative effects were defined. Eight healthy dogs were each given five doses of butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) plus a sterile water placebo intravenously in a randomized blinded format. Antinociception was assessed using an inflatable Silastic balloon inserted into the colon. Blood pressures and pulse rates were measured with a noninvasive monitor. The greatest efficacy and longest duration of antinociception were produced by 0.4 mg/kg of butorphanol, with a duration of 38 +/- 9 min. Arterial blood pressure and pulse rate did not vary at antinociceptive doses. Mild sedation was observed at all doses, which generally lasted longer than the antinociceptive effects. These data suggest that butorphanol can be given alone intravenously to provide visceral antinociception lasting 30-45 min without significant side effects.   140                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Drug therapy in cats: a therapeutic category approach. Boothe, D.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 May15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 196 (10): p. 1659-1669; 1990 May15.  Third of a series.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Drug therapy; Antiinfective agents; Analgesics; Antihistaminics; Antiinflammatory agents; Hormones; Anthelmintics; Drugs   141                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Duration of analgesia induced by epidurally administered morphine and medetomidine in dogs. Branson, K.R.; Ko, J.C.H.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Benson, J.; Thurmon, J.C. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993 Sep. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 16 (3): p. 369-372; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Medetomidine; Morphine   142                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Duration of etomidate-induced adrenocortical suppression during surgery in dogs. Dodam, J.R.; Kruse-Elliott, K.T.; Aucoin, D.P.; Swanson, C.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (5): p. 786-788; 1990 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Surgical operations; Corticotrophin  Abstract:  Plasma cortisol concentrations were compared in canine surgical patients given etomidate (2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) or thiopental sodium (12 mg/kg, IV) for anesthetic induction. Blood samples to determine plasma concentrations of etomidate were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after induction. Adrenocortical function was evaluated before surgery by use of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests. Dogs in both induction groups had high plasma cortisol concentrations after induction. Dogs given thiopental had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 hours after induction. Dogs given etomidate had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 5, 6, and 8 hours after induction. A comparison of plasma cortisol concentrations determined at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after induction with thiopental or etomidate revealed a higher (P < 0.05) concentration in dogs given thiopental. The disposition of etomidate was best described by a 2-compartment model, with a redistribution half-life of 0.12 +/- 0.04 minute and a terminal half-life of 1.70 +/- 0.27 minute. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not correlate with plasma etomidate concentrations. We conclude that, compared with thiopental, a single bolus injection of etomidate reduces the adrenocortical response to anesthesia and surgery from 2 to 6 hours after induction. Because cortisol concentrations were significantly higher than baseline, and because cardiopulmonary function is maintained after a single bolus injection of etomidate, it can be considered a safe induction agent in dogs.   143                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 An easily constructed anaesthetic face mask for dogs. Pearson, M.R.E. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Nov06. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (19): p. 477; 1993 Nov06.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia   144                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.V34 1990 Efeitos da administracao de cloridrato de ketamina na atividade geral e na sensibilidade convulsiva de ratos  [Effects of ketamine hydrochloride on open-field behavior and seizure susceptibility of rats]. Valadao, Carlos Augusto Araujo 1990; 1990. 137 leaves : ill. ; 31 cm.  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-137).  Language:  Portuguese  Descriptors: Veterinary anesthesia   145                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.9 AM37 The effect of anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral joints. Aronson, E.; Kraus, K.H.; Smith, J. Raleigh, N.C. : American College of Veterinary Radiology; 1991 Jan. Veterinary radiology v. 32 (1): p. 2-5. ill; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Radiography; Hips; Hip dysplasia; Anesthesia; Joints (animal); Classification   146                                   NAL Call. No.: SF724.T72 Effect of chloramphenicol on duration of xylazine/pentobarbitone anaesthesia in dogs. Adetunji, A.; Adewumi, J.O.A. Ibadan, Nigeria : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan; 1990. Tropical veterinarian v. 8 (3/4): p. 149-155; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia   147                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effect of gentamicin administration on the neuromuscular blockade induced by atracurium in cats. Forsyth, S.F.; Ilkiw, J.E.; Hildebrand, S.V. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (10): p. 1675-1678; 1990 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Gentamicin; Muscle relaxants; Anesthetics; Recovery; Drug combinations  Abstract:  Atracurium besylate, a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, was administered as an infusion to 8 anesthetized cats in which neuromuscular blockade was assessed, using the train-of-four response. Once 50% depression of the first-twitch (T1) response was achieved, the infusion was held constant for 60 minutes before being discontinued and the recovery time was determined. The time for recovery was recorded as the time for the train-of-four ratio (T4 ratio) to increase from 50% to 75%. After recovery, atracurium infusion was reinstituted and the cats were again maintained for 60 minutes at 50% depression. A single bolus of gentamicin sulfate (2.0 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IV, and the infusion was continued for another 60 minutes before it was discontinued and the time for recovery was recorded. Within 1 minute of gentamicin administration, the mean +/= SD T1 response decreased from 49 +/- 5% to 33 +/- 8% of baseline and the T4 ratio decreased from 28 +/- 19% to 14 +/-  11%. Peak effect occurred at 5 minutes, with a T1 response of 29 +/- 6% of baseline and a T4 ratio of 13 +/- 12%. By 60 minutes after gentamicin administration, the T1 response had increased to 38 +/- 7% of baseline and the T4 ratio had increased to 21 +/- 13%. The time for recovery significantly (P less than 0.03) increased from 9.9 +/- 3.4 minutes during the control study to 18.1 +/- 10.7 minutes during the gentamicin study. In this study, gentamicin potentiated the neuromuscular blockade induced by atracurium and increased the recovery time. Residual blockade, observed after gentamicin administration was reversed with edrophonium.   148                                     NAL Call. No.: QR1.L47 Effect of heterologous paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin- enzyme conjugates on the cross-reactivity of a saxitoxin enzyme immunoassay. Usleber, E.; Dietrich, R.; Martbauer, E.; Terplan, G. Oxford :; 1994 Jun. Letters in applied microbiology v. 18 (6): p. 337-339; 1994 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Toxins; Food poisoning; Shellfish; Enzyme immunoassay; Cross reaction   149                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effect of medetomidine on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. Hall, L.W.; Lagerweij, E.; Nolan, A.M.; Sear, J.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (1): p. 116-120; 1994 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Injectable anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics; Medetomidine; Preanesthetic medication; Drug effects; Anesthesia  Abstract:  Pharmacokinetic variables of propofol were investigated in 6 mixed-breed dogs, and the effect of medetomidine (10 microgram/kg of body weight) on these kinetics was investigated using a two-way crossover design. On 2 occasions, dogs received either a bolus dose of propofol sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation, followed by an infusion of propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min) for 120 minutes, or medetomidine (10 microgram/kg, IM), 15 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia as described, followed by infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min). Dogs given medetomidine received atipamezole (50 microgram/kg, IM) at the end of the 120-minute propofol infusion. Blood propofol concentration was measured, using high- performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Mean elimination half-life, blood clearance, mean residence time, and mean volume of distribution at steady state, were 486.2 minutes, 34.4 ml/kg/min, 301.8 minutes, and 6.04 L/kg, respectively, in the absence of medetomidine, and 136.9 minutes, 36.2 ml/kg/min, 215.1 minutes, and 3.38 L/kg, respectively, in the presence of medetomidine. Mean time to walking without ataxia was 174 minutes in the nonpremedicated dogs (with a median blood propofol concentration of 2.2 microgram/ml) and was 160 minutes in the premedicated dogs in which median blood propofol concentration was 1.03 microgram/ml.   150                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effect of midazolam preanesthetic administration on thiamylal induction requirement in dogs. Tranquilli, W.J.; Graning, L.M.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Moum, S.G.; Lentz, E.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (5): p. 662-664; 1991 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Dosage; Requirements; Tubes; Trachea  Abstract:  The thiamylal sparing effect of midazolam was studied in 30 healthy Beagle and mixed-breed dogs. Using a replicated Latin square design, all dogs were given placebo (saline solution) and 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg of midazolam/kg of body weight prior to IV administration of thiamylal sodium. The 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg dosages significantly decreased the amount of thiamylal required to obtund swallowing reflex and easily achieve endotracheal intubation. Midazolam at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg reduced thiamylal requirement by 16.4% and 18.9%, respectively, whereas the 0.05 mg/kg dosage decreased thiamylal requirement by only 6.8%. The 0.2 mg/kg dosage did not further decrease thiamylal requirement beyond that achieved with the 0.1 mg/kg dosage of midazolam. This study demonstrates that the preanesthetic IV administration of midazolam reduces the thiamylal dose necessary to accomplish intubation. The optimal preanesthetic dosage (lowest dosage with significant effect) was 0.1 mg/kg.   151                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 The effect of mouse euthanasia technique on subsequent lymphocyte proliferation and cell mediated lympholysis assays. Howard, H.L.; McLaughlin-Taylor, E.; Hill, R.L. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Sep. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (5): p. 510-514; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Euthanasia; Lymphocyte transformation; Cytotoxic t lymphocytes; Methoxyflurane; Pentobarbital; Carbon dioxide; Halothane; Dislocations  Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that specific euthanasia methods have on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation (LP) and the induction of alloantigen specific cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Mice were euthanatized by cervical dislocation (CD), or anesthesia with methoxyflurane or pentobarbital followed by CD (M-CD or P-CD respectively), CO2 overexposure (CO2-OD) or halothane overexposure (H-OD). Mitogenic lymphoproliferation was increased in cells derived from mice euthanatized by M-CD and P-CD. In contrast, the cytolytic profile of CTL derived from mice euthanatized by P-CD, CO2-OD and H-OD was decreased. The results of this study show that euthanasia techniques involving the use of methoxyflurane, pentobarbital, CO2 and halothane affect in vitro lymphoproliferation and CTL function. We conclude that the method of euthanasia influences certain immunologic parameters and selection of a particular technique should be given careful consideration.   152                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Effect of posture and anaesthesia on the distribution of pulmonary perfusion and lung configuration in beagle dogs. Clercx, C.; Brom, W.E. van den; Vries, H.W. de London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 Nov. Research in veterinary science v. 47 (3): p. 359-366. ill; 1989 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Posture; Anesthesia; Lungs; Ratios; Blood flow   153                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effect of preanesthetic medication on ease of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in anesthetized dogs. Donaldson, L.L.; Leib, M.S.; Boyd, C.; Burkholder, W.; Sheridan, M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (9): p. 1489-1495; 1993 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Endoscopy; Duodenum; Drug combinations; Anesthesia; Electrocardiograms  Abstract:  The effects of preanesthetic medication on ease of duodenal endoscopic intubation in dogs was evaluated. One of 12 combinations of preanesthetic medications (using atropine, glycopyrrolate, morphine, meperidine, acepromazine, and 0.9% NaCl solution) was administered IM to each of 12 dogs in a trial. Twelve endoscopic trials were performed so that each dog received each treatment combination once. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal administered IV and maintained with halothane vaporized in oxygen. Electrocardiographic recordings, indirect blood pressure measurements, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressures, and halothane concentrations were monitored during the anesthetic period. The ease with which the fiberoptic endoscope was passed into the proximal portion of the duodenum was qualitatively scored on the basis of time and maneuvering effort. None of the preanesthetic combinations made intubation of the duodenum significantly easier than that with 0.9% Nacl solution (control).Only the combination of morphine and atropine induced gastropyloric conditions that resulted in significantly higher (more difficult) endoscopic scores than those after preanesthetic medication with 0.9% NaCl solution.   154                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 The effect of pre-ovulatory anaesthesia on ovulation in laparoscopically inseminated domestic cats. Howard, J.G.; Barone, M.A.; Donoghue, A.M.; Wildt, D.E. Colchester : The Journal; 1992 Sep. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 96 (1): p. 175-186; 1992 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Intrauterine insemination; Ovulation; Laparoscopy; Anesthesia; Preovulatory period; Pmsg; Hcg; Pregnancy; Conception rate; Embryonic development   155                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Effect of thiopentone and propofol on lower oesophageal sphnicter and barrier pressure in the dog. Waterman, A.E.; Hashim, M.A. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov. The Journal of small animal practice v. 33 (11): p. 530-533; 1992 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Thiopental; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia; Esophageal sphincter; Internal pressure; Preanesthetic medication   156                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Effect of tiletamine/zolazepam sedation on intradermal allergy testing in atopic dogs. Codner, E.C.; Lessard, P.; McGrath, C.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Dec15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201 (12): p. 1857-1860; 1992 Dec15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Skin tests; Atopy; Anesthetics; Benzodiazepines; Allergens; Hypersensitivity; Temperament; Adverse effects; Histamine; Extracts   157                                   NAL Call. No.: SF901.V47 The effect of tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesis on the response to intradermally injected histamine in cats. Mueller, R.S.; Ihrke, P.J.; Kass, P.H.; Bettenay, S.V. Oxford, U.K. : Pergammon Press, Inc; 1991. Veterinary dermatology v. 2 (3/4): p. 119-123; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Histamine; Injection   158                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced diuresis in rats. Mohammad, F.K.; Ahmed, F.A.; Al-Kassim, N.A.H. Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology; 1989 Feb. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 31 (1): p. 13-15; 1989 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Xylazine; Diuresis; Drug antagonism; Anesthetics; Rats   159                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 An effective combination of anaesthetics for 6-h experimentation in the golden Syrian hamster. Reid, W.D.; Davies, C.; Pare, P.D.; Pardy, R.L. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Apr. Laboratory animals v. 23 (2): p. 156-162; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Golden hamster; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Pentobarbital; Urethane; Chloralose; Anesthesia  Abstract:  The anaesthetics described for use in hamsters to date are suitable for the perfomance of short-term experimentation. However, an anaesthetic regimen was required which would provide a stable preparation for 6 h and hence, a suitable combination was developed. In the first set of experiments, the effect of anaesthetics (chloralose, urethane, and pentobarbital) were examined alone and in combination on arterial blood measurements. In the second set of experiments the effect of the combination of anaesthetics on arterial blood measurements and minute ventilation was examined for up to 6 h. Chloralose, urethane and pentobarbital when used alone in the hamster were considered inadequate for our needs. Chloralose did not produce adequate surgical anaesthesia whereas urethane and pentobarbital resulted in marked respiratory depression. Urethane also produced a trend toward metabolic acidosis. In contrast, the combination of agents resulted in surgical anaesthesia and the arterial blood measurements were adequate. Further, the use of the combination of anaesthetics in hamsters resulted in a stable preparation where arterial blood measurements and minute ventilation were maintained in a good range for up to 6 h. The combination of chloralose, urethane and sodium pentobarbital in hamsters should prove useful in long-term non-recovery experimentation which requires early surgical intervention, minimal respiratory depression and an even depth of anaesthesia.   160                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effects of abdominal insufflation with nitrous oxide on cardiorespiratory measurements in spontaneously breathing isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Gross, M.E.; Jones, B.D.; Bergstresser, D.R.; Rosenhauer, R.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8): p. 1352-1358; 1993 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Abdomen; Nitrous oxide; Techniques; Cardiovascular system; Respiration; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Laparoscopy  Abstract:  Cardiorespiratory effects of abdominal insufflation were evaluated in 8 dogs during isoflurane anesthesia. Each dog was studied 3 times, in 1 of the following orders of insufflation pressures: 10-20-30, 20-30-10, 30-20-10, 10-30-20, 20-10-30, and 30-10-20 mm of Hg. Anesthesia was induced by use of a mask, dogs were intubated, and anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After instrumentation, baseline values were recorded (time 0), and the abdomen was insufflated with nitrous oxide. Data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after insufflation. The abdomen was then desufflated, with recording of data continuing at 35 and 40 minutes. Mean arterial pressure increased at 5 minutes during 20 mm of Hg insufflation pressure, and from 20 to 30 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Tidal volume decreased from 5 to 30 minutes during 10 and 20 mm of Hg pressures, and from 5 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Minute ventilation decreased at 10 and 20 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure. End-tidal CO2 concentration increased from 5 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressure. The PaCO2 decreased at 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Values for pH decreased from 10 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressures. The PaO2 decreased from 20 to 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Percentage decrease in tidal volume was greater at 5 and 15 minutes with 30 mm of Hg pressure. Differences in percentage increase in end tidal CO2 concentration were observed among the 3 pressures from 5 to 30 minutes. Although significant, these changes do not preclude use of laparoscopy if insufflation pressure > 20 mm of Hg is avoided.   161                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of acepromazine, pethidine and atropine premedication on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in anaesthetised cats. Hashim, M.A.; Waterman, A.E. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Aug14. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (7): p. 158-160; 1993 Aug14.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Preanesthetic medication; Esophageal sphincter   162                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effects of altered arterial carbon dioxide tension on quantitative electroencephalography in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Smith, L.J.; Greene, S.A.; Moore, M.P.; Keegan, R.D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (4): p. 467-471; 1994 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Electroencephalography; Carbon dioxide; Hypercapnia; Respiratory disorders; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Blood; Ph; Gases; Halothane  Abstract:  Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in 6 dogs anesthetized with 1.8% end-tidal halothane, under conditions of eucapnia, hypocapnia, and hypercapnia. Ventilation was controlled in each condition. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, core body temperature, arterial pH, blood gas tensions, end-tidal CO2 tension, and end-tidal halothane concentration were monitored throughout the study. A 21-lead linked-ear montage was used for recording the EEG. Quantitative electroencephalographic data were stored on an optical disk for analysis at a later date. Values for absolute power of the EEG were determined for delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequencies. Hypocapnia was achieved by hyperventilation. Hypercapnia was achieved by titration of 5% CO2 to the inspired gas mixture. Hypercapnia was associated with an increase in the absolute power of the delta band. Hypocapnia caused an increase in the absolute power of delta, theta, and alpha frequencies. Quantitative electroencephalographic data appear to be altered by abnormalities in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis in halothane-anesthetized dogs may obscure or mimic electroencephalographic abnormalities caused by intracranial disease.   163                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Effects of amitraz on nerve conduction and neuromuscular transmission in anaesthetised dogs. Cullen, L.K.; Reynoldson, J.A. London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Mar. Research in veterinary science v. 48 (2): p. 162-164; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Amitraz; Ataxia; Adverse effects; Neurons; Conductivity; Velocity; Transmission   164                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs (verapamil, propranolol and lignocaine) on the electrocardiogram and haematology in adrenaline-induced arrhythmias in dogs anaesthetized with halothane. Kitaa, J.M.A.; Mitema, E.S. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1994 Jul. The British veterinary journal v. 150 (4): p. 365-376; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Myocardial depressants; Propranolol; Lidocaine; Drug effects; Electrocardiograms; Hematology; Arrhythmia; Halothane; Anesthesia; Epinephrine  Abstract:  Twenty adult (1-3 year old) mongrel dogs of either sex were used to study the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs in adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. The dogs were divided randomly into four groups of five dogs each (n = 5), anaesthetized with halothane and pretreated intravenously (i.v.) with verapamil 0.1 mg kg-1, propranolol 0.06 mg kg-1, or lignocaine 4 mg kg-1 while the controls received sterile physiological saline. Adrenaline (4 micrograms kg-1) was administered i.v. 10 min after drug pretreatments. Lead II of the ECG was recorded and blood collected for haematology. Ventricular fibrillations preceded by ventricular tachycardia occurred in the control dogs and three died within one minute of adrenaline administration. The predominant arrhythmias were ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, and second degree heart block. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in T wave amplitude was observed in the control group from 0.16 +/- 0.05 mV to 0.43 +/-0.09 mV while only minimal increases were noted in the drug pretreated groups and there were no deaths. Data obtained from this study suggest that verapamil when administered early compares well with propranolol in the control of adrenaline-induced ventricular arrhythmias in the dog. Lignocaine when administered early prior to the induction of the arrhythmias protected against death but not arrhythmias. Drug pretreatments did not have any clinically significant effects on electrocardiographic parameters.   165                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on esophageal, gastric, and tracheal pH in anesthetized dogs. Roush, J.K.; Keene, B.W.; Eicker, S.W.; Bjorling, D.E. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 19 (1): p. 88-92. ill; 1990 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Atropine; Ph; Esophagus; Stomach; Trachea; Heart rate; Anesthesia; Respiration rate   166                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 The effects of buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol alone or following halothane anaesthesia on food and water consumption and locomotor movement in rats. Liles, J.H.; Flecknell, P.A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 26 (3): p. 180-189; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Halothane; Analgesics; Locomotion; Food consumption; Water intake; Pain  Abstract:  Locomotor activity and food and water consumption are potentially indices of post-operative pain in laboratory rodents, but it is important to establish whether these variables are directly affected by opioid analgesics or by halothane anaesthesia in normal rats. The effects of three opioids, buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol administered alone or following halothane anaesthesia, were studied in groups of normal non-operated adult Wistar rats. All 3 analgesics affected food intake and activity levels, but had little or no effect on water intake. Buprenorphine caused a significant elevation of activity levels and a reduction in food intake at clinical doses (0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg s/c. Nalbuphine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake but had a smaller stimulatory effect on locomotion. Butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake and elevation in activity. These results suggest that water consumption is likely to be a more reliable variable to use when assessing post-operative pain and the efficacy of analgesics in rats.   167                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Effects of chloramphenical, cimetidine and phenobarbital on and tolerance to xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Nossaman, B.C.; Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah, S. Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology; 1990 Jun. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 32 (3): p. 216-219; 1990 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Ketamine; Chloramphenicol; Cimetidine; Phenobarbital; Tolerances   168                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Effects of combinations of medetomidine/pethidine when used for sedation and pre-anaesthetic medication in dogs. Bartram, D.H.; Young, L.E.; Diamond, M.J.; Gregg, A.S.; Jones, R.S. London : British Veterinary Association; 1993 Nov. The Journal of small animal practice v. 34 (11): p. 554-558; 1993 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Drug combinations; Dosage; Medetomidine; Pethidine; Subcutaneous injection; Intramuscular injection; Anesthesia; Narcotic antagonists; Heart rate   169                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effects of ephedrine on cardiobascular function and oxygen delivery in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Wagner, A.E.; Dunlop, C.I.; Chapman, P.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (11): p. 1917-1922; 1993 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Ephedrine; Inhaled anesthetics; Dosage; Hemodynamics; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system; Oxygen; Hemoglobin  Abstract:  The hemodynamic effects of 2 dosages of ephedrine were studied in 6 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane only (end- tidal concentration equivalent to 1.5 times minimum alveolar concentration). Following instrumentation, baseline (time 0) measurements included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output, and blood gas tensions. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), and oxygen delivery and consumption (DO2 and VO2, respectively) were calculated. Three dogs were given ephedrine IV at a dosage of 0.1 mg/ kg of body weight, and 3 dogs were given ephedrine IV at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg. Measurements were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Each dog then received the alternate dosage of ephedrine, and measurements were again recorded at the same intervals. Effects of ephedrine varied with dosage. Neither dosage was associated with significant changes in pH, PaO2, PaCO2, VO2, or respiratory rate. Ephedrine at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg caused transient significant increases in MAP, CI, SV, CaO2, and DO2, significant decreases in HR and SVR, and a late, slight decrease in CaO2. Ephedrine at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg caused a greater and more prolonged increase in MAP, as well as increases in CI, SV, and SVR, and a decrease in HR. The higher dosage of ephedrine also caused a pronounced increase in hemoglobin concentration and CaO2, resulting in a 20 to 35% increase in DO2 throughout the 60-minute experiment.   170                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. Nolan, A.M.; Reid, J.; Grant, S. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993 Sep. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 16 (3): p. 335-342; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics   171                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate in dogs with complete atrioventricular block. Day, T.K.; Muir, W.W. III Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 May. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (3): p. 206-212; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Arrhythmia; Drug effects   172                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Effects of hepatic P-450 enzyme inhibitors and inducers on the duration of xylazine + ketamine anesthesis in broiler chickens and mice. Roder, J.D.; Akkaya, R.; Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah, S.; Burrows, G.; Qualls, C.W. Jr Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Apr. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (2): p. 116-118; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Xylazine; Anesthesia; Agonists; Ketamine; Enzyme activators; Liver; Microsomes; Enzyme inhibitors; Mice   173                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effects of mechanical and pharmacologic manipulations on portal pressure, central venous pressure, and heart rate in dogs. Swalec, K.M.; Smeak, D.D.; Brown, J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (8): p. 1327-1335; 1991 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Internal pressure; Cardiovascular system; Heart rate; Surgery; Catheters; Portal vein; Blockage; Anesthesia; Bandages; Consciousness; Correlation; Propranolol  Abstract:  Central venous pressure (CVP), portal pressure (PP), and heart rate (HR) were monitored in 6 female, sexually intact, middle-age Beagles during temporary portal vein obstruction, anesthetic recovery, abdominal bandaging, and propranolol administration. Intraoperative baseline PP was 7.3 mm of Hg (+/- 1.7 SD). Portal pressure was significantly increased throughout portal vein occlusion, but returned to baseline values 2 minutes after release of the ligature. Central venous pressure was significantly decreased throughout portal vein occlusion, but did not differ significantly from baseline values 3 minutes after release of the portal vein ligature. Portal pressure increased significantly (8 +/- 3.3 mm of Hg) over baseline values after application of an abdominal bandage; however, CVP did not change significantly. During postoperative monitoring, CVP and PP did not change significantly from respective 18-hour mean postoperative values in resting dogs. At 60 and 75 minutes after surgery, heart rate was significantly increased over the 18-hour mean. Portal pressure and CVP, respectively, were significantly increased over intraoperative baseline values in the first hour and the first 8 hours after surgery. Postoperative CVP and HR were significantly correlated. Individual measurements of PP in dogs that were abdominal pressing during barking or defecation were significantly increased (9 +/- 3 mm of Hg) above measurements taken after cessation of abdominal press. Portal pressure measurements in standing dogs decreased 7.5 +/-  2 mm of Hg, compared with measurements of the same dog in lateral recumbency. Central venous pressure was inaccurate in dogs performing abdominal press. Portal pressure did not decrease significantly from baseline after injection of propranolol (2 mg/kg, IV). Central venous pressure was significantly decreased at 2.5 and 3.0 hours after propranolol injection, and HR was significantly decreased from 1 to 3.5 hours after injection. Heart rate quickly   174                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Effects of pentobarbital and ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia on somatosensory, brainstem auditory and peripheral sensory-motor responses in the rat. Goss-Sampson, M.A.; Kriss, A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991 Oct. Laboratory animals v. 25 (4): p. 360-366; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Pentobarbital; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Bioelectric potential; Brain stem; Peripheral nerves; Electrophysiology  Abstract:  Somatosensory, brainstem auditory evoked and peripheral sensory-motor responses were recorded in rats anaesthetized with either pentobarbital or a ketamine-xylazine combination. This was carried out in order to assess which of these agents degraded responses to a lesser extent and thus would be more suitable for monitoring experimental effects. Neither of the anaesthetic agents affected peripheral sensory or motor conduction, nor were there any interpeak latency changes of the early components of the brainstem auditory response. However, pentobarbital anaesthesia resulted in an increase in latency of the initial positive component of the somatosensory cortical evoked potential and attenuation of the following negative component. During the recovery stages of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia the longer latency evoked potential components were observed to emerge.   175                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 The effects of prolonged ketamine-xylazine intravenous infusion on arterial blood pH, blood gases, mean arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature and reflexes in the rabbit. Wyatt, J.D.; Scott, R.A.W.; Richardson, M.E. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1989 Sep. Laboratory animal science v. 39 (5): p. 411-416; 1989 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Veins; Injections; Ketamine; Xylazine; Arteries; Blood ph; Gases; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Rectum; Temperatures; Reflexes  Abstract:  The prolonged and safe maintenance of general anesthesia in rabbits with commonly used injectable agents is difficult. Protracted, stable anesthesia with short recovery time has been described in humans using continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine with or without sedatives, muscle relaxants and paralytics. This study evaluated the anesthetic plane achieved and respiratory and cardiovascular effects produced with a ketamine-xylazine intravenous infusion in New Zealand White rabbits. Ten female rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscularly administered ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) after the preanesthetic, baseline measurements of arterial blood pO2, pCO2 and pH and heart and respiratory rates were recorded. The above parameters as well as mean arterial blood pressure, righting, palpebral, pedal, and jaw reflexes were monitored ten minutes after the intramuscularly administered dosage and throughout 4 hours of infusion. Results showed moderate hypotension (21.2% deviation from normal, p less than 0.008) and profound hypoxemia (45% deviation from baseline, p less than 0.001) 10 minutes after the intramuscularly administered induction dosage. Then, the 4 hour infusion of ketamine (1 mg/minute) and xylazine (0.1 mg/minute) was started. Hypotension progressed (49.1% deviation from normal, p less than 0.008), but hypoxemia and hypercarbemia gradually improved with no resultant change (p greater than 0.1) in arterial pH. There was no significant change (p greater than 0.1) in respiratory rate but varying qualities of respiration were observed. Both mean arterial pO2 and pCO2 values returned to baseline within 20 minutes after completion of infusion. Heart rate and rectal temperature remained stable during the trial. The righting reflex was abolished in all rabbits throughout the study. The other reflexes that were lost initially slowly returned to most rabbits by the end of infusion. It was concluded that ketamine-xylazine co   176                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effects of sedation of intradermal skin testing in flea- allergic dogs. Beale, K.M.; Kunkle, G.A.; Chalker, L.; Cannon, R. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Jan01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197 (7): p. 861-864; 1990 Jan01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Xylazine; Ketamine; Neuroleptics; Analgesics; Skin tests; Histamine; Allergies; Siphonaptera; Hypersensitivity   177                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Effects of some hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers and inhibitors on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia. Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah, S.; Qualls, C.W. Jr Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology; 1989 Dec. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 31 (6): p. 532-534. ill; 1989 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Anesthesia; Xylazine; Ketamine; Enzymes; Inhibitors; Rats; Adverse effects   178                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on xylazine- ketamine anesthesia. Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah, S. Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology; 1990 Feb. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 32 (1): p. 19-22; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Xylazine; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Diabetes; Insulin; Rats; Blood glucose   179                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 The effects of surgical procedures, halothane anaesthesia and nalbuphine on locomotor activity and food and water consumption in rats. Flecknell, P.A.; Liles, J.H. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991 Jan. Laboratory animals v. 25 (1): p. 50-60; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Surgery; Anesthesia; Halothane; Opium; Feed intake; Water intake; Locomotion  Abstract:  A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of surgical procedures on food and water intake and spontaneous locomotor activity in laboratory rats. The influence of anaesthesia with halothane and administration of the opioid analgesic nalbuphine was investigated in normal rats and in animals which underwent either unilateral nephrectomy or jugular vein cannulation. Both nephrectomy and jugular cannulation were associated with a significant reduction in food and water consumption and a depression in locomotor activity levels. The reduction in activity following nephrectomy was reversed by administration of 6 doses of nalbuphine at 4 hourly intervals. Administration of nalbuphine at the same dose rate following halothane anaesthesia in normal rats resulted in a stimulation of activity. The prevention of the depressant effects of surgery by this opioid appears to be due to its stimulatory effect rather than a specific analgesic action. The degree of depression of food and water consumption after nephrectomy was significantly reduced following 6 doses of nalbuphine. This beneficial effect of repeated administration of an opioid may be related to the compound's analgesic action.   180                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 The effects of surgical stimulus on the rat and the influence of analgesic treatment. Liles, J.H.; Flecknell, P.A. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Nov. The British veterinary journal v. 149 (6): p. 515-525; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pain; Surgery; Abdomen; Analgesics; Opioids; Food intake; Water intake; Body weight; Locomotion; Rats  Abstract:  The effects of three graded mid-line abdominal operations were investigated in rats. All of the surgical procedures caused a significant reduction in food and water consumption, body weight and locomotor activity. Animals which had the skin incision alone showed significantly less depression of food and water consumption and body weight than groups which underwent laparotomy. The detrimental effects on water consumption and body weight could he significantly reduced by the administration of the opioid analgesic buprenorphine (TEMGESIC, Reckitt & Colman) (0.05 mg kg-1, s.c.). The stepped response to graded surgery, and the reduction of the depressant effects of surgery on food and water consumption by buprenorphine, suggest that some of these changes may be related to the presence of pain after an operation.   181                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Effects of thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine, and nitrous oxide on EEG spike activity and convulsive behavior during enflurane anesthesia in atropinized cats: effect of increasing inhalant concentrations. Hikasa, Y.; Kubota, M.; Takase, K.; Kakuta, T.; Ogasawara, S. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (4): p. 311-317; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia   182                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Effects of thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine, and nitrous oxide on EEG spike activity and convulsive behavior during enflurane anesthesisa in spontaneously breathing atropinized cats: effect of surgical depth. Hikasa, Y.; Kojima, N.; Takase, K.; Ogasawara, S. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (4): p. 318-325; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia   183                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazine-ketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats. Hashim, M.A.; Waterman, A.E. London : The Association; 1991 Aug17. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129 (7): p. 137-139; 1991 Aug17.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Esophageal sphincter; Internal pressure; Thiopental; Injectable anesthetics; Ketamine; Xylazine; Adverse effects   184                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4 Effects of undernutrition during suckling on novelty-induced analgesia in young and adult rats. Vendite, D.; Rocha, J.B.T.; Souza, D.O. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1990 Feb. Physiology & behavior v. 47 (2): p. 393-395; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Suckling; Undernutrition; Analgesics; Protein energy malnutrition   185                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Effects of urethane, alphaxolone/alphadolone, or halothane with or without neuromuscular blockade on survival during repeated episodes of global cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Holder, D.S. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Apr. Laboratory animals v. 26 (2): p. 107-113; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Urethane; Halothane; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Blood pressure; Survival; Ischemia; Muscle relaxants; Lung ventilation  Abstract:  The effect of 4 anaesthetic regimes on blood pressure and survival was investigated during repeated episodes of cerebral ischaemia in the rat induced by diathermy of the vertebral arteries and reversible occlusion of the carotid arteries. The best results were obtained with inspired halothane with neuromuscular blockade and artificial ventilation, followed in order by halothane, intravenous alphaxolone/alphadolone, and intraperitoneal urethane with spontaneous ventilation.   186                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 The effects of various anesthetics on tissue levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in rats. Kasten, T.; Colliver, J.A.; Montrey, R.D.; Dunaway, G.A. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Jul. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (4): p. 399-401; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthetics; Fructose-bisphosphatase; Kidneys; Brain; Heart; Muscles; Liver; Euthanasia  Abstract:  We report that the short-term use of various anesthetic agents prior to decapitation causes alteration of the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in kidney, brain, heart, muscle, and liver. These data indicate that even light anesthesia can not be used when levels of this metabolite are to be determined. Also, it appears that the use of any of these anesthetics can profoundly alter glucose utilization in many tissues.   187                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Effects of yohimbine on bradycardia and duration of recumbency in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized ferrets. Sylvina, T.J.; Berman, N.G.; Fox, J.G. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Mar. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (2): p. 178-182; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ferrets; Ketamine; Xylazine; Yohimbine; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Duration; Intramuscular injection; Drug antagonism  Abstract:  Eleven adult ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg, IM) and xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg, IM). Fifteen minutes post- ketamine/xylazine injection, ferrets were treated with yohimbine hydrochloride at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, or an equal volume of physiologic saline, intramuscularly. Each ferret served as its own control by randomly receiving both treatments with a minimum interval of 2 weeks between treatments on any one ferret. At 15 minutes post- ketamine/xylazine injection, mean heart rate measurements for both treatment groups were 27% less than the mean heart rate measurement reported for unanesthetized ferrets. Intramuscular administration of yohimbine antagonized the ketamine/xylazine induced bradycardia in 10 of the 11 ferrets, (p = 0.0001). In yohimbine treated ferrets, an increase in mean heart rate measurement was noted 5 minutes after the intramuscular administration of yohimbine, and followed, over the next 15 minutes, by a progressive increase in mean heart rate. However, a corresponding decrease in mean heart rate measurement was observed in saline treated controls. Fifteen minutes after the injection of yohimbine, the mean heart rate measurement of yohimbine treated animals had increased to 194 beats per minute. This mean heart rate measurement is nearly 30% greater than the mean heart rate of 150 beats per minute measured at 15 minutes post-saline injection in saline treated controls. Also, yohimbine treatment significantly reduced duration of recumbency in 10 of 11 ferrets (p = 0.0001). Mean duration of recumbency for yohimbine treated ferrets was 41 +/- 9.7 minutes, whereas mean duration of recumbency for saline treated ferrets was determined to be 80 +/- 11.4 minutes. Intramuscular administration of yohimbine effectively reverses ketamine/xylazine induced bradycardia and significantly reduces duration of recumbency in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized ferrets.   188                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Efficacy of the intranasal route for administration of anesthetic agents to adult rabbits. Robertson, S.A.; Eberhart, S. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 44 (2): p. 159-165; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Application methods; Anesthetics; Ketamine; Xylazine; Dosage; Efficacy; Duration; Adverse effects; Drug combinations  Abstract:  Anesthetic agents were administered to adult rabbits by using the intranasal route. Six sedative or anesthetic protocols were studied as follows: group 1 (n = 12), 2.0 mg midazolam/kg body weight (BW); group 2 (n = 8),25.0 mg ketamine/kg BW; group 3 (n = 8), 10 mg of combination of tiletamine and zolazepam/kg BW, group 4 (n = 10), 3 mg xylazine/kg BW and 10 mg ketamine/kg BW, group 5 (n = 8), 1.0 mg midazolam/kg BW and 25 mg ketamine/kg BW; and group 6 (n = 6), 0.3 ml of a combination of fentanyl and droperidol/kg BW All drugs were diluted to a final volume of 0.4 ml/kg BW and an equal volume was administered with a catheter-tipped syringe into each nostril. Time to onset and duration of sedation or anesthesia were recorded. Muscle relaxation was graded as poor, fair, or excellent on the basis of flexibility of limbs. Presence or absence of a toe pinch response was recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and hemoglobin saturation were measured before and at 5-min intervals after drug administration. The mean onset times for groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 3.0, 1.2, 2.5, 2.0, and 0.8 min, respectively The mean duration of action was 24.6, 36.7, 44.4, 35.2, and 52.5 min for midazolam, ketamine, tiletamine/zolazepam, xylazine/ ketamine, and midazolam/ketamine, respectively. All protocols resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory rate. Hemoglobin saturation decreased in all groups except group 1. There was no significant change in heart rate after administration of midazolam, ketamine alone, or xylazine/ketamine. Heart rate increased significantly following tiletamine/zolazepam and midazolam/ketamine administration. Fentanyl/droperidol administration was associated with a rapid onset of severe bradycardia and apnea with a mortality rate of 50%. The intranasal route is a pain-free method of drug administration. Administration of midazolam alone provided good sedation and muscle relaxation. If analgesia is required, administration of xylazine plus ketamine is recommended. The intranasal administration of fentanyl/droperidol, at the dose studied, cannot be recommended.   189                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Efficacy of tribromoethanol anesthesia in mice. Papaioannou, V.E.; Fox, J.G. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1993 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 43 (2): p. 189-192; 1993 Apr.  Paper presented at a conference entitled "The Scid Mouse in Biomedical and Agricultural Research," August 5-7, 1992, Guelph, Canada.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Anesthetics; Adverse effects  Abstract:  We undertook a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and suitability of tribromoethanol (0.2 ml/10 g body weight of a 1.2% solution) as a surgical anesthetic in mice. We compiled records of embryo transfer during a 2.5-year period (1989-1991) and examined mice subjected to several other procedures requiring anesthesia. We documented a low rate of mortality and morbidity (< 1%) and the absence of any significant abdominal adhesions or inflammatory response. The rapid induction and recovery, adequate surgical plane of anesthesia, and lack of complications make this anesthetic effective and simple to use. Precautions necessary to prevent decomposition of the anesthetic, storage in the dark at 4 degrees C, were minimal.   190                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Elective gonadectomy in dogs: A review. Salmeri, K.R.; Olson, P.N.; Bloomberg, M.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (7): p. 1183-1192; 1991 Apr01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Bitches; Castration; Ovariectomy; Age; Sex hormones; Biological development; Skeleton; Obesity; Animal behavior; Secondary sexual traits; Urinary tract; Anesthesia; Disease resistance   191                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Enantioselectivity in the anaesthetic effect of ketamine in dogs. Deleforge, J.; Davot, J.L.; Boisrame, B.; Delatour, P. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Dec. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (4): p. 418-420; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Ketamine; Enantiomers; Anesthesia; Intravenous injection; Tolerance; Metabolites; Drug effects; Dosage   192                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Epidural opioid administration for postoperative pain relief in the dog. Dodman, N.H.; Clark, G.H.; Court, M.H.; Fikes, L.L.; Boudrieau, R.J. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 274-277, 310-311; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Postoperative care; Pain; Analgesics; Local anesthesia; Morphine; Opioids; Clinical experience   193                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Epidural vs. intramuscular oxymorphone analgesia after thoracotomy in dogs. Popilskis, S.; Kohn, D.; Sanchez, J.A.; Gorman, P. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Nov. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (6): p. 462-467; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Thorax; Surgical operations; Pain; Analgesics; Conduction anesthesia; Intramuscular injection   194                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Evaluation of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam as an anesthetic for ferrets. Payton, A.J.; Pick, J.R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1989 May. Laboratory animal science v. 39 (3): p. 243-246; 1989 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ferrets; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Evaluation; Safety  Abstract:  A combination of equal parts by weight of tiletamine hyrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride was evaluated clinically in 12 adult male ferrets. Two dosage levels of 12 mg/kg and 22 mg/kg were evaluated. Both doses produced excellent immobilization, the length of which was dose dependent. However, only the higher dose consistently produced good muscle relaxation. Excessive pain upon injection was not noted nor was residual lameness evident. Electrocardiagraphically, notching of the QRS complex was noted on both doses. Anesthesia with poor analgesia occurred at the lower dose, while ferrets receiving the higher dose showed more variability in the degree of analgesia. It was concluded that this combination administered intramuscularly provided excellent immobilization, variable muscle relaxation and a generally smooth induction and recovery. At the higher dose, analgesia was adequate for minor surgical procedures of short duration.   195                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Evaluation of accuracy of pulse oximetry in dogs. Jacobson, J.D.; Miller, M.W.; Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Knauer, K.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (4): p. 537-540; 1992 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Blood; Hemoglobin; Oxygen; Estimation; Meters; Probes; Accuracy; Carbon dioxide  Abstract:  The accuracy of a pulse oximeter was evaluated over a wide range of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, using 2 probes (finger probe and ear probe) and 2 monitoring sites (tongue and tail) in anesthetized dogs. The arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2) measured directly with a multiwavelength spectrophotometer was compared with saturation estimated by pulse oximetry (SpO2). Linear regression analysis of the pooled data from 399 simultaneous measurements of SpO2 and SaO2 indicated a highly significant correlation Of SpO2 with SaO2 (r = 0.97; P less than or equal to 0.0001). Although the mean difference (+/- SD) between SpO2 and SaO2 for pooled data was small (-0.06 +/- 6.8%), SPO2 tended to underestimate high SaO2 values (greater than or equal to 70%) and to overestimate low SaO2 values (< 70%). When SaO2 values were greater than or equal to 70%, the ear probe applied to the tail was less accurate (produced a significantly greater SpO2-SaO2 difference) than the ear probe on the tongue, or the finger probe at either site. When SaO2 values were less than or equal to 50%, the finger probe applied at the tail was more accurate (produced significantly smaller SpO2-SaO2 differences) than the ear probe at either site. When SaO2 values were less than or equal to 70%, high arterial carbon dioxide tension (greater than or equal to 60 mm of Hg) was associated with greater overestimation of SaO2.   196                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Evaluation of anesthetic protocols for neutering 6- to 14- week-old pups. Faggella, A.M.; Aronsohn, M.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1994 Jul15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 205 (2): p. 308-314; 1994 Jul15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Puppies; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Castration; Ovariectomy; Hysterectomy; Postoperative complications; Adverse effects; Sex differences   197                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Evaluation of atropine, glucagon, and metoclopramide for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in dogs. Matz, M.E.; Leib, M.S.; Monroe, W.E.; Davenport, D.J.; Nelson, L.P.; Kenny, J.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (12): p. 1948-1950; 1991 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Duodenum; Endoscopy; Atropine; Glucagon; Drugs; Intestinal motility  Abstract:  Modification of gastroduodenal motility has been proposed to aid endoscopic examination of the duodenum in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the following pharmacologic agents for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in 6 clinically normal dogs: metoclopramide HCl (0.2 mg/kg of body weight), atropine sulfate (0.045 mg/kg), glucagon (0.06 mg/kg), and isotonic saline solution. In a randomized, blinded, crossover design, the ease of endoscopic duodenal intubation was qualitatively scored by 3 endoscopists (in random order), using the following scale: immediate entry; rapid entry-moderate manipulation; difficult entry-multiple attempts; and no entry after 2 minutes. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane. The 4 agents were diluted to a fixed volume and randomly administered. Duodenal intubation was attempted 2 minutes after IV injection of 1 of the agents. Four endoscopic procedures (1 for each agent) were performed on each dog with a minimum of 5 days between each procedure. In this study, no agent facilitated endoscopic duodenal intubation at the dose used. Instead, atropine and metoclopramide made duodenal intubation significantly more difficult, compared with use of saline solution. Difference between intubation after administration of glucagon and saline solution was not seen. On the basis of our findings, the use of these agents for facilitating endoscopic duodenal intubation is not recommended. In addition, in this study, we found that experience in endoscopic intubation is an important factor in determining the ease of duodenal intubation.   198                            NAL Call. No.: SH156.9.L46 1993 Evaluation of five anesthetics on striped bass. Lemm, Carol A. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,; 1993. ii, 10 p. ; 28 cm. (Resource publication (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) ; 196.).  Includes bibliographical references (p. 9-10).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal anesthesia; Fishes; Striped Bass; Anesthetics   199                                   NAL Call. No.: SF895.P76 An evaluation of five different sedative/anaesthetic regimens for H-reflex recording in the dog. Malik, R.; Pearson, M.R.B.; Ho, S. Santa Barbara, CA : Brillig Hill, Inc; 1992. Progress in veterinary neurology v. 3 (3): p. 87-90; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Australia; Dogs; Reflexes; Anesthesia; Greyhounds; Fentanyl; Droperidol; Xylazine; Ketamine; Halothane   200                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Evaluation of Greyhound susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia using halothane-succinylcholine anesthesia and caffeine-halothane muscle contractures. Cosgrove, S.B.; Eisele, P.H.; Martucci, R.W.; Gronert, G.A. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Oct. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (5): p. 482-485; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Susceptibility; Adverse effects   201                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 Evaluation of ketamine-xylazine in Syrian hamsters. Payton, A.J.; Forsythe, D.B.; Dixon, D.; Myers, P.H.; Clark, J.A.; Snipe, J.R. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1993 Apr. Cornell veterinarian v. 83 (2): p. 153-161; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hamsters; Anesthesia   202                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Evaluation of locomotor activity and food and water consumption as a method of assessing postoperative pain in rodents. Flecknell, P.A.; Liles, J.H. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 482-488, 505-506; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Rodents; Pain; Postoperative complications; Postoperative care; Locomotion; Anesthetics; Analgesics; Water intake; Drug effects; Surgical operations; Food intake; Adverse effects   203                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 An evaluation of medetomidine/ketamine and other drug combinations for anaesthesia in cats. Verstegen, J.; Fagetton, X.; Donnay, I.; Ectors, F. London : The Association; 1991 Jan12. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (2): p. 32-35; 1991 Jan12.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Ketamine; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Adverse effects   204                                   NAL Call. No.: SF895.P76 Evaluation of periosteal nociception in the cat. Mandsager, R.E.; Raffe, M.R. Santa Barbara, CA : Brillig Hill, Inc; 1991. Progress in veterinary neurology v. 2 (4): p. 237-242; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Pain; Bone fractures; Experiments; Bones; Periosteum; Models; Analgesics   205                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Evaluation of telazol-xylazine as an anesthetic combination for use in Syrian hamsters. Forsythe, D.B.; Payton, A.J.; Dixon, D.; Myers, P.H.; Clark, J.A.; Snipe, J.R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Oct. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (5): p. 497-502; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hamsters; Anesthesia; Anesthetics   206                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of a low dose of acetaminophen following surgery in dogs. Mburu, D.N. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Mar. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (1).: p. 109-111; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Acetaminophen; Antiinflammatory agents; Postoperative care; Dosage; Swelling; Pain   207                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Evaluation of the Doppler ultrasonic method of measuring systolic arterial blood pressure in cats. Grandy, J.L.; Dunlop, C.I.; Hodgson, D.S.; Curtis, C.R.; Chapman, P.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (7): p. 1166-1169; 1992 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Blood pressure; Ultrasonic devices; Ultrasound; Arteries  Abstract:  The accuracy of the Doppler technique for indirect systolic blood pressure measurement was assessed in 16 anesthetized cats. Eight cats were anesthetized with isoflurane and 8 were anesthetized with halothane. Anesthetic depth and mode of ventilation were varied to obtain a wide range of arterial blood pressure. A Doppler transducer was placed on the palmer surface of the left fore-limb over the common digital branch of the radial artery to detect blood flow, and a blood pressure monitoring cuff with a width 37% the limb circumference was placed half way between the elbow and the carpus. To enable direct arterial pressure measurements, the left femoral artery was catheterized and the blood pressure waveforms recorded simultaneously. Systolic blood pressure measured by use of the Doppler ultrasonic technique was significantly lower than that obtained from the femoral artery catheter. Using linear regression, we determined a clinically useful calibration adjustment for Doppler indirect blood pressure measurement in cats: femoral systolic pressure = Doppler systolic pressure + 14 mm of Hg.   208                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 An evaluation of three intravenous anesthetic regimens in New Zealand rabbits. Borkowski, G.L.; Danneman, P.J.; Russell, G.B.; Lang, C.M. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 May. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (3): p. 270-276; 1990 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Injectable anesthetics; Ears; Anesthesia; Intravenous injection; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Responses; Blood; Gases  Abstract:  Intravenous anesthetics can be readily administered to rabbits through the marginal ear vein. In this study, three intravenous anesthetic protocols were evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits. The three anesthetic regimens were: (a) pentobarbital (40 mg/kg); (b) ketamine-xylazine (25-5 mg/kg); (c) midazolam-xylazine-alfentanil (1-1-0.1 mg/kg). The anesthetics were injected slowly over defined time intervals. Reactions to noxious stimuli were determined before and after administration of the anesthetics. Additionally, the effects of the anesthetic agents on the rabbit's cardiopulmonary system were evaluated. Rabbits anesthetized with midazolam- xylazine-alfentanil did not have a pedal withdrawal or ear pinch reflex throughout the testing period. The ketamine- xylazine combination produced a shorter duration of non- responsiveness to noxious stimuli. Rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital had the greatest variability in response to noxious stimuli. Apnea occurred in at least one rabbit in each group. A side effect unique to the midazolam-xylazine- alfentanil group was the occurrence of opisthotonus or seizure activity during or shortly after the administration of alfentanil. Hypotension, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis were characteristic of the cardiopulmonary effects of the anesthetics. When choosing an anesthetic regimen for rabbits, intravenous infusion should be considered as an option. Advantages include ease of administration, possibility of redosing as required, and minimal requirements for equipment. Disadvantages of intravenous anesthetic infusion in rabbits include potential for lethal overdose and metabolic alterations after administration.   209                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Evaluation of three midazolam-xylazine mixtures preliminary trials in dogs. Tranquilli, W.J.; Gross, M.E.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 19 (2): p. 168-172; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Benzodiazepines; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Yohimbine; Drug antagonism; Narcotic antagonists; Anesthesia; Central nervous system   210                                  NAL Call. No.: SF991.A1C3 The experimental use of diazepam for epidural anesthesia in dogs. Kumar, R.V.S.; Ramakrishna, O.; Haragopal, V.; Sundar, N.S.; Digraskar, S.U. Santa Barbara, CA : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co., 1990-; 1994 May. Canine practice v. 19 (3): p. 20-23; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Diazepam; Conduction anesthesia; Dosage; Drug effects; Safety; Hemodynamics; Reflexes   211                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Fentanyl and medetomidine anaesthesia in the rat and its reversal using atipamazole and either nalbuphine or butorphanol. Hu, C.; Flecknell, P.A.; Liles, J.H. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Jan. Laboratory animals v. 26 (1): p. 15-22; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Fentanyl; Agonists; Antagonists; Opioids; Drug combinations  Abstract:  The intraperitoneal injection of anaesthetic agents is a simple and convenient method of anaesthetizing rats. However, all of the anaesthetic combinations in current use which are administered by intraperitoneal injection produce prolonged sedation, and full recovery of consciousness may take several hours. Fentanyl, a micro agonist opioid, and medetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist were mixed and administered as a single intraperitoneal injection. Combinations of 300 microgram/300 microgram/kg and 300 microgram/200 microgram/kg of fentanyl/medetomidine were shown to produce surgical anaesthesia in the rat. This anaesthetic regimen produced significant respiratory depression (P < 0.01) and animals did not regain their righting reflex until 193 +/- 21 min (mean +/- 1 SD) after injection. Administration by intraperitoneal injection of atipamezole, a specific alpha 2- adrenoceptor antagonist (1 mg/kg) mixed with a micro antagonist/k agonist opioid (nalbuphine, 2 mg/kg or butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg), resulted in a rapid (< 8 min) reversal of anaesthesia and the associated respiratory depression, and apparent full recovery of consciousness.   212                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1I43 Gas anesthesia setup for methoxyflurane use in small rodents. Rich, S.; Grimm, C.; Wong, K.; Cesar, L. Washington, D.C. : Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council; 1990. I.L.A.R. news v. 32 (1): p. 17. ill; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rodents; Methoxyflurane; Anesthesia   213                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1I43 Gas anesthesia setup for methoxyflurane use in small rodents. Rich, S.; Grimm, C.; Wong, K.; Cesar, L. Washington, D.C. : Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council; 1990. I.L.A.R. news v. 32 (1): p. 17; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rodents; Anesthesia; Methoxyflurane   214                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4 Glycemic control of pain threshold in diabetic and control rats. Lee, J.H.; McCarty, R. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1990 Feb. Physiology & behavior v. 47 (2): p. 225-230; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Glycemia; Pain; Rats; Experimental diabetes; Blood glucose; Alloxan; Nervous system diseases   215                                NAL Call. No.: Slide no.436 Guinea pigs biology and use in research..  Guinea pigs : biology and use in research Tambrallo, L. J.; Fish, R. E. University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Agricultural Library (U.S.) Seattle, WA : Produced and distributed by the Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources, University of Washington,; 1992. 67 slides : col. + 1 sound cassette (23 min.) + 1 guide. (Laboratory animal medicine and science. Series 2 ; V-9023).  Developed for the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine.  Sound accompaniment compatible for manual and automatic operation.  Accompanying guide includes script.  Portions of this project were funded by a grant from the National Agricultural Library.  Covers sources and strains, normal behavior, unique anatomical and physiological features, reproduction, uses in research, and how to recognize and control pain.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Guinea pigs as laboratory animals; Laboratory animals   216                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Hemodynamic and anesthetic effects of etomidate infusion in medetomidine-premedicated dogs. Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Olson, W.A.; Vaha-Vahe, A.T. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (6): p. 842-846; 1994 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Medetomidine; Drug combinations; Injectable anesthetics; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthesia; Hemodynamics; Drug effects; Dosage; Adverse effects  Abstract:  Hemodynamic and analgesic effects of medetomidine (15 microgram/kg of body weight, IM) and etomidate (0.5 mg/kg, IV, loading dose; 50 micrograms/kg/min, constant infusion) were evaluated in 6 healthy adult Beagles. Instrumentation was performed during isoflurane/ oxygen-maintained anesthesia. Before initiation of the study, isoflurane was allowed to reach end-tidal concentration less than or equal to 0.5%, when baseline measurements were recorded. Medetomidine and atropine (0.044 mg/kg) were given IM after recording of baseline values. Ten minutes later, the loading dose of etomidate was given IM, and constant infusion was begun and continued for 60 minutes. Oxygen was administered via endotracheal tube throughout the study. Analgesia was evaluated by use of the standard tail clamp technique and a direct-current nerve stimulator. Sinoatrial and atrial-ventricular blocks occurred in 4 of 6 dogs within 2 minutes after administration of a medetomidine-atropine combination, but disappeared within 8 minutes. Apnea did not occur after administration of the etomidate loading dose. Analgesia was complete and consistent throughout 60 minutes of etomidate infusion. Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.05) increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased cardiac output. Etomidate infusion caused a decrease in respiratory function, but minimal changes in hemodynamic values. Time from termination of etomidate infusion to extubation, sternal recumbency, standing normally, and walking normally were 17.3 +/- 9.4, 43.8 +/- 14.2, 53.7 +/- 11.9, and 61.0 +/- 10.9 minutes, respectively. All recoveries were smooth and unremarkable. We concluded that this anesthetic drug combination, at the dosages used, is a safe technique in healthy Beagles.   217                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Hemodynamic effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate in isoflurane-xylazine-anesthetized dogs. Lemke, K.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 163-169; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Drugs; Hemodynamics   218                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Hemodynamic effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (7): p. 1106-1109. ill; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Male animals; Anesthesia; Halothane; Ventilation; Drug effects; Blood pressure; Heart output; Heart rate  Abstract:  Hemodynamic effects of spontaneous ventilation, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and high- frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) were compared in 6 dogs during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with IV thiamylal Na and was maintained with halothane (end-tidal concentration, 1.09%). During placement of catheters, dogs breathed spontaneously through a conventional semiclosed anesthesia circuit. Data were collected, and dogs were mechanically ventilated, using IPPV or HFOV in random order. Ventilation was adjusted to maintain PaCO2 between 38 and 43 mm of Hg during IPPV and HFOV. Cardiac index, aortic blood pressure, and maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure were significantly (P less than 0.05) less during HFOV than during spontaneous ventilation, whereas right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure were significantly greater during HFOV than during spontaneous ventilation. During IPPV, only the maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure was significantly less than that during spontaneous ventilation.   219                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Hemodynamic effects of intravenous midazolam-xylazine- butorphanol in dogs. Gross, M.E.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 19 (2): p. 173-180; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Benzodiazepines; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Hemodynamics; Anesthesia   220                                   NAL Call. No.: SF778.J68 High-frequency jet ventilation in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs and cats via transtracheal and endotracheal tube routes. Haskins, S.C.; Orima, H.; Yamamoto, Y.; Patz, J.D. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub; 1991 Jul. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care v. 1 (2): p. 55-60; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Lung ventilation; Veterinary equipment   221                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Hypotension produced by rapid intravenous administration of chloramphenicol in anaesthetised dogs. Sangiah, S.; Burrows, G.E. London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 Jan. Research in veterinary science v. 46 (1): p. 62-66; 1989 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Chloramphenicol; Intravenous feeding; Anesthesia; Hypotension; Models; Infants; Calves   222                                  NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725 The immediate-shock deficit and postshock analgesia: implications for the relationship between the analgesic CR and UR. Fanselow, M.S.; Landeira-Fernandez, J.; DeCola, J.P.; Kim, J.J. Austin, Tex., Psychonomic Society; 1994 Feb. Animal learning & behavior v. 22 (1): p. 72-76; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Pain; Conditioned reflexes  Abstract:  Rats received a 3-sec, 1-mA footshock either immediately or 3 min after placement in a chamber. Postshock pain sensitivity was assessed with the formalin test. The animals that received the 3-min delay between placement and shock showed an analgesic response compared with no-shock controls. The immediate-shock animals did not. Thus the immediate-shock deficit, previously reported for freezing and defecation, also occurs for analgesia. This suggests that shock levels sufficient to condition analgesia are not necessarily sufficient to produce analgesia as an unconditional response. As with freezing, there is a dissociation between conditional and unconditional responses in the fear-conditioning system. Increasing immediate-shock levels to 6 sec, 2 mA produced a transient unconditional analgesia. For analgesia, a conditional response is more readily produced than an unconditional response.   223                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 An improved method of endotracheal intubation in rabbits. Bechtold, S.V.; Abrutyn, D. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (6): p. 630-631; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Trachea; Tubes; Laboratory methods; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthesia   224                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Induction techniques and maintenance systems for isoflurane in cats. Sawyer, D.C.; Durham, R.A.; Striler, E.L.; Langham, M. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 21-25; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Inhaled anesthetics   225                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Influence of anesthetic regimens on the perioperative catecholamine response associated with onychectomy in cats. Lin, H.C.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Olson, W.A.; Bevill, R.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (10): p. 1721-1724; 1993 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Surgery; Opioids; Drug combinations; Neuroleptics; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine  Abstract:  Plasma catecholamine concentrations in response to onychectomy were examined in 27 cats receiving different anesthetic regimens. Each cat was anesthetized with a dissociative-tranquilizer combination, and onychectomy was performed on 1 forefoot. One week later, each cat was anesthetized with the same dissociative-tranquilizer combination plus either butorphanol or oxymorphone, and onychectomy was performed on the other forefoot. Four treatment groups were studied: tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-1 cats, ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-2 cats, tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-3 cats, and ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-4 cats. All drug combinations were administered IM. Central venous blood samples were drawn for catecholamine analysis after injection of drug(s), after onychectomy, and 1, 2, and 4 hours after injection. Tiletamine-zolazepam alone or tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol prevented epinephrine release for 2 hours after injection of drug(s). Norepinephrine concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline after onychectomy for tiletimine-zolazepam-butorphanol and at 4 hours for tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine- zolazepambutorphanol. After onychectomy, there was no difference in epinephrine values between tfletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone. Ketamine-acepromazine prevented increases in norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations for up to 2 hours after surgery. Addition of butorphanol to ketamine-acepromazine decreased norepinephrine values immediately after onychectomy. Addition of oxymorphone to ketamine-acepromazine resulted in lower epinephrine values 4 hours after surgery.   226                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 The influence of buprenorphine or bupivacaine on the post- operative effects of laparotomy and bile-duct ligation in rats. Liles, J.H.; Flecknell, P.A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1993 Oct. Laboratory animals v. 27 (4): p. 374-380; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Analgesics; Postoperative care  Abstract:  The post-operative effects of laparotomy and common bile-duct ligation were investigated in rats. Bile-duct ligation caused a significant reduction in food and water consumption, body weight and locomotor activity in the immediate post-operative period. Animals which underwent laparotomy in which bile-duct ligation was not carried out (sham operated groups) had significantly less depression of food and water consumption and body weight than groups which underwent bile-duct ligation. The detrimental effects on food and water consumption and body weight could be significantly reduced by the administration of buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg, s/c), but not by infiltration of the surgical wound with the long-acting local anaesthetic agent, bupivacaine. The reduction of the depressant effects of surgery on food and water consumption by the opioid analgesic buprenorphine suggests that some of these changes may be related to the presence of post-operative pain.   227                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Influence of cholinergic blockade on the development of epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Lemke, K.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (1): p. 61-66; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Epinephrine; Arrhythmia; Anesthetics   228                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Influence of sedative and anesthetic agents on intradermal skin test reactions in dogs. Moriello, K.A.; Eicker, S.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (9): p. 1484-1488; 1991 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Neuroleptics; Skin tests; Drug effects  Abstract:  To determine the effects of 9 sedative/anesthetic drug protocols on intradermal skin testing, an experimental state of type-I hypersensitivity was created. Intradermal skin tests were performed on 6 dogs, using positive and negative controls and a series of tenfold dilutions of ASC-1 allergen prior to drug administration. Approximately 4 hours later, the dogs were given 1 of the following drugs: acepromazine (low dose and high dose); ketamine hydrochloride with diazepam; thiamylal; oxymorphone; halothane; methoxyflurane; or isoflurane. The intradermal skin test then was repeated, and was scored objectively and subjectively. Objective scores were unaffected by any of the drugs. Subjective scores were affected in that acepromazine decreased wheal size and the induration of the intradermal skin test reaction sites.   229                                   NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Inhibition of A23817-induced release of leukotriene B4 in mouse whole blood ex vivo and human polymorphonuclear cells in vitro by the cannabinoid anaglesic cannabidiol. Formukong, E.A.; Evans, A.T.; Evans, F.J.; Garland, L.G. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Dec. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 5 (6): p. 258-261; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cannabis sativa; Cannabidiol; Analgesics; Neutrophils; Blood; Leukotrienes; Biosynthesis; Metabolic inhibitors; Mice; Man   230                                  NAL Call. No.: RC262.C5N8 Inhibition of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by limonin 17-beta-D-glycopyranoside. Miller, E.G.; Gonzales-Sanders, A.P.; Couvillon, A.M.; Wright, J.M.; Hasegawa, S.; Lam, L.K.T. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1992. Nutrition and cancer v. 17 (1): p. 1-7; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Carcinogenesis; Inhibition; Antineoplastic agents; Limonin; Hamsters  Abstract:  Limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and nomilinic acid 17-beta-D- glucopyranoside, three limonoid glucosides isolated from oranges, were tested for cancer chemopreventive activity. Eighty female Syrian hamsters were divided into four equal groups. The left buccal pouches of the animals in each group were pretreated topically with two applications of water (Group I) or a 3.5% solution of limonin 17-beta-D- glucopyranoside (Group II), nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Group III), or nomilinic acid 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Group IV). After this initial treatment, the left buccal pouches of 16 hamsters from each group were painted five times per week. Two or three times per week the pouches were treated with a 0.5% solution of the carcinogen 7, 12-di-methylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in mineral oil. On alternate days, the pouches were treated with water (Group I) or a 3.5% solution of limonin 17-beta-D- glucopyranoside (Group II), nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, or nomilinic acid 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The 16 remaining animals were used as controls. These hamsters were treated five times per week, one day with mineral oil and the next with either water (Group I) or one of the 3.5% solutions of the limonoid glucosides (Groups II-IV). After 15 weeks (71 applications), the hamsters were killed. Multiple tumors were common in the animals treated with DMBA; however, the animals treated with limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside exhibited a 55% decrease in average tumor burden. Further comparisons between Groups I and II showed that this reduction in tumor burden was mainly due to a decrease in tumor mass. The results for Groups III and IV showed that nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside and nomilinic acid 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside were ineffective as inhibitors of DMBA-induced buccal pouch neoplasia.   231                                  NAL Call. No.: SF910.5.V4 Injectable anaesthetic agents for cats. Dyson, D.H.; Allen, D.G. Stuttgart : F.K. Schattauer Publishers; 1992 Aug. Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology : V.C.O.T. v. 5 (3): p. 128-130; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthetics; Injectable anesthetics; Xylazine; Ketamine; Thiopental; Pethidine; Diazepam; Benzodiazepines   232                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Injectable anesthetic agents for cats. Dyson, D.H.; Allen, D.G. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 May. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 32 (5): p. 314-316; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia   233                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Introduction of anaesthesia in dogs and cats with propofol. Weaver, B.M.Q.; Raptopoulos, D. London : The Association; 1990 Jun23. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 126 (25) AGL: p. 617-620; 1990 Jun23.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Adverse effects   234                     NAL Call. No.: 41.2 H198 1990 [no.128] Kapnometrie und Kapnographie zur Uberwachung der Anasthesia beim Hund [Anesthesia monitoring by capnometry and capnography in the dog]. Brass, Andrea Maria Hannover : [s.n.],; 1990. 117 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  English and Portuguese summaries.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-117).  Language:  German   235                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Ketamine/xylazine/butorphanol: a new anesthetic combination for rabbits. Marini, R.P.; Avison, D.L.; Corning, B.F.; Lipman, N.S. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (1): p. 57-62; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Neuroleptics; Opioids; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Blood; Gases; Reflexes  Abstract:  Ketamine is often used in combination with tranquilizers to produce surgical anesthesia in rabbits. While generally effective, there is considerable variation in the depth and duration of anesthesia achieved with ketamine combinations. Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid that is widely used in a variety of other species. In this study, the commonly used ketamine (35 mg/kg)/xylazine (5 mg/kg) combination is compared with ketamine (35 mg/kg)/xylazine (5 mg/kg)/butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg). Rabbits were anesthetized on consecutive weeks with one of the two regimens. Physiologic parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and arterial blood gases (pH, PO2, PCO2) were measured throughout anesthesia. Loss of palpebral, pedal and righting reflexes were recorded and reflexes were subsequently evaluated. The addition of butorphanol prolonged reflex loss to 140% (X = 68 min +/- 20 SEM) of control for palpebral reflex; 506% (X = 52 min +/- 18 SEM) of control for pedal reflex; and 159% (X = 128 min +/- 21 SEM) of control for righting reflex. Addition of butorphanol to ketamine/ xylazine resulted in mild alterations in the physiologic changes traditionally associated with this combination. Butorphanol can be safely added to the ketamine/xylazine combination in rabbits and results in moderate increases in the duration of reflex loss.   236                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Kinetics of uptake and effects of topical indomethacin application on protein concentration in the aqueous humor of dogs. Spiess, B.M.; Mathis, G.A.; Franson, K.L.; Leber, A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (7): p. 1159-1163; 1991 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Indometacin; Topical application; Body fluids; Eyes; Protein content; Pharmacokinetics  Abstract:  The pharmacokinetic properties of indomethacin and its effects on aqueous protein values were studied in 15 clinically normal Beagles. The dogs were treated every 6 hours with 1% indomethacin suspension in 1 eye, with the other eye serving as a control. After 24 hours, the dogs were anesthetized and samples of aqueous humor (AH) were drawn by aqueocentesis at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after initial paracentesis. Additional samples were drawn at the time of euthanasia, 180 (6 dogs) and 360 minutes (9 dogs) minutes after initial paracentesis. Blood samples were obtained at each treatment and at each aqueocentesis. The eyes were enucleated after dogs were euthanatized. Aqueous protein concentrations and indomethacin concentrations in AH, plasma, and different ocular tissues were determined. Topical indomethacin administration had no effect on baseline protein concentrations of AH. It reduced protein concentrations in AH significantly at all times after initial aqueocentesis. This reduction was approximately 30%. Indomethacin in the AH is mostly protein-bound. Concentrations were 350 ng/ml in primary AH and 1,305 ng/ml in secondary AH, 90 minutes after initial aqueocentesis. Free-drug concentrations were relatively constant at about 220 ng/ml. Indomethacin administered topically is readily absorbed by the ocular adnexae, reaching a steady-state concentration of 25 ng/ml in blood plasma 18 hours after the start of treatment. Plasma concentrations were 50 times lower than therapeutically effective concentrations. High indomethacin concentrations were found in the cornea only. Low concentrations were found in the iris and ciliary body, the lens, and in the choroid. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that topically administered indomethacin is effective in reducing protein concentrations in secondary AH and is rapidly eliminated from the eye.   237                               NAL Call. No.: DISS F1991212 Klinische Erprobung des neuen Sedativums und Analgetikums Medetomidin und seine Antagonisierung durch Atipamezol beim Hund  [Clinical investigation of the new sedative and analgesic drug medetomidine and its antagonism by atipamezol in the dog]. Kramer, Sabine Hannover : [s.n.],; 1991. 142, [192] p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Summary in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-142).  Language:  German   238                                   NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3 Lactic acidosis: effect of treatment on intracellular pH and energetics in living rat heart. Zahler, R.; Barrett, E.; Majumdar, S.; Greene, R.; Gore, J.C. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 May. American journal of physiology v. 262 (5,pt.2): p. H1572- H1578; 1992 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Lactic acidosis; Bicarbonates; Alkali treatment; Myocardium; Energy metabolism; Hemodynamics; Ph; Rats  Abstract:  Systemic acidemia may impair cardiac contractility and predispose to arrhythmias. Moreover, bicarbonate treatment may further depress cardiac performance and increase mortality. Whether changes in myocardial intracellular pH or energy metabolism underlie this diminished performance has not been clarified in the in vivo setting. Thus we investigated the effect of lactic acidosis and two proposed treatments on myocardial energetics and intracellular pH in anesthetized living rats. A previously validated 31P-labeled nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopic technique using saturating pulses was used to follow myocardial intracellular pH, phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi). After obtaining baseline values, we infused lactic acid to achieve a level > 5 mM. We then added an infusion of either bicarbonate (n = 7) or saline (n = 5). During lactic acid infusion, arterial pH declined (from 7.27 to 7.07, P < 0.0001), but myocardial intra-cellular pH did not change (7.13 vs. 7.07, P not significant). The ratio of PCr to Pi, however, decreased with acidemia (from 3.13 to 2.24, P = 0.004), suggesting impaired energy metabolism. Compared with saline, bicarbonate infusion restored systemic pH (from 7.08 to 7.29), but myocardial pH was unaltered. In addition, PCr/Pi declined further following bicarbonate treatment (1.41 vs. 2.42, P = 0.08) but not following saline. Thus, despite reversal of systemic acidemia, bicarbonate treatment was associated with more severe impairment of energy metabolism than saline. This suggests a mechanism for previously reported adverse cardiac effects of bicarbonate treatment.   239                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Long term anesthesia using a continuous infusion guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in cats. Brown, M.J.; McCarthy, T.J.; Bennett, B.T. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jan. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (1): p. 46-50; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Safety; Dosage; Duration  Abstract:  Cats (Felis catus) were anesthetized with a solution containing guaifenesin, ketamine and xylazine (GKX) in 0.9% saline. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous (IV) injection and was maintained for 6 hours by IV infusion. Heart rate, respiratory rate and PvO2 did not change significantly during the 6 hour monitoring period and remained consistently within the published normal ranges for cats. Although the PvCO2 did not change significantly, many values were abnormal. Venous pH decreased to slightly below normal values. Lead 11 ECG tracings showed no abnormalities. Loss of response to pedal pinch and jam, tone indicates maintenance of a surgical plane of anesthesia and adequate muscle relaxation throughout the 6 hour anesthetic period. Cats exhibited voluntary motor movement and were in sternal recumbency in just over 2 hours and were showing no residual clinical effects of the anesthesia 16 hours later. Although a transient mild acidosis was observed, we conclude that GKX provides a safe, effective and easily administered anesthetic regime for cats for periods up to 6 hours.   240                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Long-term anaesthesia with alfentanil and midazolam for lung transplantation in the dog. Flecknell, P.A.; Hooper, T.L.; Fetherstony, G.; Locke, T.J.; McGregor, C.G.A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 23 (3): p. 278-284; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Lungs; Transplantation; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Cardiac output; Blood pressure  Abstract:  An anaesthetic regime was developed for lung transplantation in the dog using a continuous infusion of alfentanil and midazolam. This combination of agents provided excellent analgesia and also produced loss of consciousness. Cardiovascular stability was well maintained over a 24-h period of anaesthesia following lung transplantation. Although no animals were allowed to recover from anaesthesia in the present series, the regime described is likely to be suitable for recovery anaesthesia, particularly since both of the agents used can be reversed with specific antagonists.   241                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 A low cost tail-cuff method for the estimation of mean arterial pressure in conscious rats. Zatz, R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Mar. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (2): p. 198-201. ill; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Blood pressure; Estimation; Tail; Veterinary equipment  Abstract:  Methods utilized in the determination of systolic tail-cuff pressure (TCP) in awake rats are aimed at detecting the earliest possible tail pulsations as the cuff is deflated. In the method described in this study, a small, inexpensive electret microphone is used as a sensor, connected to the tail by a piece of rubber tubing. This design provides selective attenuation of tail pulsations appearing as the cuff is deflated between systolic and mean arterial pressures. In this manner, tail pulsations are detected only when the cuff pressure is lowered below the mean arterial pressure, thus providing an estimation of the latter. The method was validated in prewarmed awake normotensive and hypertensive rats by simultaneous comparison with directly measured systolic and mean pressures or with a conventional tail-cuff method. Validation studies were also carried out in anesthetized rats undergoing wide variations of arterial pressure by parenteral injections of norepinephrine or nitroprusside. Close agreement was observed between TCP determined with this method and directly obtained mean, but not systolic, pressure. Thus, the method described in this study constitutes an inexpensive alternative to conventional tail-cuff methods. Mean, rather than systolic pressure, appears to be evaluated in the conscious rat by employing this method.   242                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Malignant hyperthermia in dogs. Nelson, T.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Mar15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (6): p. 989-994; 1991 Mar15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Hyperthermia; Susceptibility; Muscles; Halothane; Caffeine; Progeny; Calcium ions   243                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Measurements of left and right ventricular pressures and their derivatives by transcutaneous puncture in rats. Hamlin, R.L. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (1): p. 34-35; 1992 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Ventricles; Blood pressure; Determination; Recordings  Abstract:  Eighteen rats were anesthetized with xylazine/ketamine and placed in right lateral recumbency, and a small incision was made in the skin of the left hemithorax. A 21-gauge, 1-inch, short-beveled hypodermic needle, attached directly to a pressure transducer filled with degassed saline solution, was advanced through the incision into the left ventricle and then advanced through the septum into the right ventricle. High-fidelity tracings of right and left ventricular pressures and their derivatives were obtained through this approach in 13 rats. In 5 rats, measurements of right ventricular pressures were obtained by additional right ventricular puncture through the incision in the left hemithorax. Right and left ventricular pressures were recorded on single occasions in 18 rats, twice at 2-week intervals in 6 rats, and 3 times at 2-week intervals in 3 rats. Minimal hemopericardium was observed, but most rats had evidence of hemorrhage on the visceral pericardium. Left and right ventricular pressures can be measured rapidly, safely, and repeatedly in anesthetized rats by this method.   244                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Measuring how dogs respond to Telazol-xylazine combinations. Sanders, E.; Short, C.E.; Keegan, R.; Tracy, C.H. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989 Feb. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (2): p. 222-227; 1989 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Xylazine; Neuroleptics; Drug combinations; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Respiration; Duration   245                                   NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Mechanism of antiinflammatory and antithermal burn action of CPase from Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger in rats and mice. Obata, M.; Ito, S.; Beppu, H.; Fujita, K.; Nagatsu, T. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1993. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 7: p. S30-S33; 1993.  In the special issue: Proceedings of the International Congress of Phytotherapy.  Meeting held on October 15-19, 1991, Seoul, Korea.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Aloe arborescens; Carboxypeptidases; Medicinal properties; Pharmaceutical products; Inflammation; Burns; Edema; Wounds; Blood vessels; Abdomen; Rats; Mice   246                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Medetomidine, a new sedative-analgesic for use in the dog and its reversal with atipamezole. Clarke, K.W.; England, G.C.W. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1989 Jun. The Journal of small animal practice v. 30 (6): p. 343-345, 347-348; 1989 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Neuroleptics; Xylazine; Detoxicants; Adverse effects   247                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Medetomidine as a premedicant in dogs and its reversal by atipamezole. Young, L.E.; Brearley, J.C.; Richards, D.L.S.; Bartram, D.H.; Jones, R.S. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov. The Journal of small animal practice v. 31 (11): p. 554-556, 557-559; 1990 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Halothane; Nitrous oxide; Thiopental; Anesthesia; Narcotic antagonists; Recovery   248                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam for anaesthesia in dogs and its reversal by atipamezole. Verstegen, J.; Petcho, A. London : The Association; 1993 Apr03. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132 (14): p. 353-357; 1993 Apr03.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Narcotic antagonists   249                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Median effective dosage of propofol for induction of anesthesia in dogs. Watney, G.C.G.; Pablo, L.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12): p. 2320-2322; 1992 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Dosage  Abstract:  The median effective dosage (ED50) of propofol for induction of anesthesia was determined in 25 dogs premedicated with acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, and in 35 unpremedicated dogs. The ED50 was found to be 2.2 mg/kg in premedicated dogs and was 3.8 mg/kg in unpremedicated dogs. The mean +/- SD total dosage of propofol required to induce anesthesia in premedicated animals was 2.8 +/- 0.5 mg/kg and was 4.7 +/- 1.3 mg/kg in unpremedicated animals. Signs of excitement were observed in 5 of the unpremedicated dogs, but in none of those that were premedicated.   250                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 A method for assessing noxious stimuli in anesthetized dogs. Moore, M.P.; Greene, S.A.; Keegan, R.D. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 439-446, 477; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Electroencephalography   251                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 A method for controlled hindlimb hypothermia in small animals. Pynn, B.R.; Fish, J.S.; Plyley, M.J.; McKee, N.H. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1989 May. Laboratory animal science v. 39 (3): p. 260-262. ill; 1989 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Mice; Limbs; Hypothermia; Control methods   252                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 A modified anaesthetic induction chamber for rats. Gwynne, B.J.; Wallace, J. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 26 (3): p. 163-166; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Laboratory equipment; Halothane; Oxygen; Waste gases  Abstract:  The anaesthetic induction chamber for rats described in this paper has been designed for use in conjunction with a controlled delivery of halothane/O2 mixture and an anaesthetic scavenger system. Using this system rapid induction of anaesthesia is achieved using low levels of anaesthetic vapour without risk to the operator.   253                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Monitoring of blood gas parameters and acid-base balance of pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in routine experimental conditions. Barzago, M.M.; Bortolotti, A.; Omarini, D.; Aramayona, J.J.; Bonati, M. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Apr. Laboratory animals v. 26 (2): p. 73-79; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Pregnancy; Blood; Gases; Acid base equilibrium; Anesthesia  Abstract:  Blood gas parameters and acid-base balance values were determined in adult pregnant New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in standard laboratory housing conditions and during anaesthesia with an association of ketamine-chlorpromazine, administered before surgical procedures. All the variables were also studied in adult non- pregnant female, used as controls. No differences in pH, sO2c, O2Hb, COHb, sO2m and a-vDO2 were found between pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits in physiological conditions and during anaesthesia. Ketamine-chlorpromazine and pregnancy seemed to change the other parameters used to assess the acid-base balance and the oxygenation conditions. Anaesthesia affected only Hb, O2Ct, O2Cap, C2O2 and P50. The additive effect of pregnancy and anaesthesia modified pCO2, PO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BEb, SBC, BEecf, A-aDO2, RI, MetHb, RHb, CaO2 and CvO2. The patterns described are close to those of other species, suggesting the New Zealand rabbit might be a reliable animal model for monitoring selected variables.   254                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Morphine-isoflurane interaction in dogs, swine and Rhesus monkeys. Steffey, E.P.; Baggot, J.D.; Eisele, J.H.; Willits, N.; Woliner, M.J.; Jarvis, K.A.; Elliott, A.R.; Tagawa, M. Oxford [England] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-; 1994 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 17 (3): p. 202-210; 1994 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pigs; Macaca mulatta; Morphine; Inhaled anesthetics; Species differences; Interactions; Pharmacokinetics; Anesthesia; Pharmacodynamics   255                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Muscle relaxants in canine anaesthesia. 1. History and the drugs. Jones, R.S. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1992 Aug. The Journal of small animal practice v. 33 (8): p. 371-375; 1992 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; History; Suxamethonium   256                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Muscle relaxants in canine anaesthesia 2: Clinical application. Jones, R.S. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1992 Sep. The Journal of small animal practice v. 33 (9): p. 423-429; 1992 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants   257                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. Lorenzetti, B.B.; Souza, G.E.P.; Sarti, S.J.; Filho, D.S.; Ferreira, S.H. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Aug. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (1): p. 43-48; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cymbopogon citratus; Myrcene; Analgesics; Essential oils; Chromatography; Folk medicine; Rats  Abstract:  Oral administration of a infusion of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) fresh leaves to rats produced a dose- dependent analgesia for the hyperalgesia induced by subplantar injections of either carrageenin or prostaglandin E2, but did not affect that induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. These results indicate a peripheral site of action which was confirmed with the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves. Silica gel column fractionation of the essential oil allowed the identification of myrcene as the major analgesic component in the oil. Identification of the components was made by thin-layer chromatography and checked by mass spectrometry. The peripheral analgesic effect of myrcene was confirmed by testing a standard commercial preparation on the hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandin in the rat paw test and upon the contortions induced by intraperitoneal injections of iloprost in mice. In contrast to the central analgesic effect of morphine, myrcene did not cause tolerance on repeated injection in rats. This analgesic activity supports the use of lemongrass tea as a "sedative" in folk medicine. Terpenes such as myrcene may constitute a lead for the development of new peripheral analgesics with a profile of action different from that of the aspirin-like drugs.   258                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Nephrotoxicity in dogs associated with methoxyflurane anesthesia and flunixin meglumine analgesia. Mathews, K.A.; Doherty, T.; Dyson, D.H.; Wilcock, B.; Valliant, A. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Nov. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 31 (11): p. 766-771; 1990 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Methoxyflurane; Flunixin; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Adverse effects; Kidney diseases; Uremia; Renal function   259                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Nephrotoxicity of tiletamine in New Zealand white rabbits. Doerning, B.J.; Brammer, D.W.; Chrisp, C.E.; Rush, H.G. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Jun. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (3): p. 267-269; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Injectable anesthetics; Muscle relaxants; Kidneys; Drug toxicity; Dosage; Histopathology; Intramuscular injection  Abstract:  Tiletamine and zolazepam, the two constituents of Telazol, were evaluated independently to determine mine which agent was responsible for the nephrotoxicity caused by Telazol in New Zealand White rabbits. Five rabbits were injected i.m. with 32 mg/kg of tiletamine, four animals received 7.5 mg/kg of tiletamine, and five rabbits received 32 mg/kg of zolazepam. Urinalysis was performed and blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were monitored for 7 days postinjection. In all five rabbits injected with the high dose of tiletamine, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine rose by 3 days postinjection and increased steadily throughout the week. By 4 days postinjection, urine protein and glucose were elevated and cellular and protein casts were present. No serum chemistry or urine abnormalities were detected in rabbits receiving low doses of tiletamine, zolazepam, or in the four control rabbits. All animals were euthanized and necropsied at 7 days postinjection. Histopathology showed severe renal tubular necrosis in all five rabbits injected with 32 mg/kg tiletamine. Mild nephrosis was present in three of four rabbits injected with 7.5 mg/kg of tiletamine. No lesions were present in the zolazepam-injected or control rabbits. The results of this study show that tiletamine is the constituent responsible for the nephrotoxicity of Telazol in rabbits. They further demonstrate that doses commonly used for anesthetic induction or restraint can produce renal lesions in rabbits.   260                                   NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34 Neurokinin and NMDA antagonists (but not a kainic acid antagonist) are antinociceptive in the mouse formalin model. Murray, C.W.; Cowan, A.; Larson, A.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Feb. Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v. 44 (2): p. 179-185; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Animal models; Antagonists; Pain; Substance p; Aspartic acid; Receptors; Opioids; Formaldehyde; Tests   261                                   NAL Call. No.: 391.8 T66 Neuromuscular blocking activity of a glycosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus. Mustafa, M.R.; Hadi, A.H.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Toxicon v. 28 (10): p. 1237-1239; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Asclepiadaceae; Plant composition; Seeds; Plant extracts; Glycosides; Nerve tissue; Muscle tissue; Neurophysiology; Paralysis; Rats; Chicks; Frogs  Abstract:  Crude glycoside extracts from the plant. Sarcolobus globosus, were tested on the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm, chick biventer cervicis and frog rectus abdominis preparations. Nerve-stimulated twitches were inhibited by the extract. The muscle paralysis was not similar to that by curare-like blockers as it was not reversed by neostigmine or by a tetanus. Although contractures to acetylcholine or carbachol were not affected by 0.6 mg/ml of the extract, higher concentration of the extracts (3 mg/ml) depressed the log dose response curve of acetylcholine and carbachol. The results suggest that the neuromuscular blocking effect of the extracts is either dose-dependent or due to a mixture of toxins with presynaptic or postsynaptic actions.   262                                    NAL Call. No.: 450 P697 Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Soulimani, R.; Fleurentin, J.; Mortier, F.; Misslin, R.; Derrieu, G.; Pelt, J.M. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Apr. Planta medica v. 57 (2): p. 105-109; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Melissa officinalis; Plant extracts; Essential oils; Analgesics; Mice   263                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 A new anesthetic agent for use in the gerbil. Hrapkiewicz, K.L.; Stein, S.; Smiler, K.L. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1989. Laboratory animal science v. 39 (4): p. 338-341; 1989.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gerbils; Anesthesia; Anesthetics  Abstract:  Gerbils have been neglected in published reports on anesthesia. This study compared several dosages of Telazol used for anesthesia in the gerbil. Each group of animals injected with Telazol was evaluated for onset and duration of anesthesia and analgesia. Results showed Telazol to be a safe anesthetic and when dosed at 60 mg/kg to be suitable for major surgical procedures. Lower dosages of Telazol, in contrast, provided immobility and analgesia suitable for less nocioceptive and noninvasive experimental manipulations. Dosages of Telazol required for surgical depth of analgesia and anesthesia were accompanied by a prolonged recovery time. Gerbils should be monitored closely to insure a safe recovery when using the higher dosages.   264                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 A new technique for surgery of the caudal vena cava in dogs using partial venous inflow occlusion. Hunt, G.B.; Malik, R.; Bellenger, C.R.; Pearson, M.R.B. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 May. Research in veterinary science v. 52 (3): p. 378-381; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Vena cava; Blockage; Venous circulation; Surgery; Hemodynamics; Metabolism; Duration; Safety  Abstract:  The haemodynamic and metabolic effects of caudal vena cava occlusion were evaluated in six normal anaesthetised dogs. Each animal underwent a single eight minute episode of caudal vena cava occlusion. The procedure was well tolerated by all the dogs. Systolic arterial pressure was reduced by 62 +/-  5 per cent and the heart rate increased by 11 +/- 3 per cent. There was rapid haemodynamic recovery after the release of occlusion, all cardiovascular parameters returning to normal spontaneously within five minutes. Caudal vena cava occlusion is therefore safe for periods of up to eight minutes in normal dogs. This technique allows repair of caudal vena caval lesions without necessitating systemic heparinisation and the use of cavoatrial conduits.   265                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33 Nonhuman primate analgesia. Rosenberg, D.P. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1991 Oct. Lab animal v. 20 (9): p. 22, 24, 26, 29-32; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Primates; Analgesics   266                                   NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34 Noradrenergic and opioid systems interact to alter the detection of noxious thermal stimuli and facial scratching in monkeys. Thomas, D.A.; Anton, F.; Kenshalo, D.R. Jr; Williams, G.M.; Dubner, R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers,; 1993 Oct. Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v. 55 (1): p. 63-70; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pain; Macaca   267                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Pain and analgesia in dogs and cats. Potthoff, A.; Ames, IA; Carithers, R.W. Lawrenceville, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1989 Aug. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 11 (8): p. 887-890, 892-894, 895, 897. ill; 1989 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Pain; Analgesics; Adverse effects; Antiinflammatory agents; Physiology   268                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Pain and anxiety behaviors of dogs during intravenous catheterization after premedication with placebo, acepromazine oroxymorphone. Light, G.S.; Hardie, E.M.; Young, M.S.; Hellyer, P.W.; Brownie, C.; Hansen, B.D. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (4): p. 331-343; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preoperative care; Anxiety; Pain   269                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Pain control with medetomidine in dogs, cats, and laboratory animals. Vainio, O. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 213-219, 222-223; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Laboratory animals; Rats; Mice; Pain; Tests; Drugs; Drug effects; Physiological functions   270                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Pain. II. Control of pain in animals. Sackman, J.E. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Feb. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (2): p. 181-187, 190-192; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Analgesics; Pain; Opium alkaloids; Receptors; Narcotic antagonists; Antiinflammatory agents; Arachidonic acid; Mode of action; Treatment; Dosage   271                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Pain: its perception and alleviation in dogs and cats. 1. The physiology of pain. Sackman, J.E. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (1): p. 71-75, 79. ill; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Pain; Physiology; Peripheral nerves; Animal anatomy; Endorphins; Analgesics; Neurotransmitters   272                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Parenteral anticholinergics in dogs with normal and elevated intraocular pressure. Frischmeyer, K.J.; Miller, P.E.; Bellay, Y.; Smedes, S.L.; Brunson, D.B. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1993 May. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (3): p. 230-234; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Eyes; Glaucoma; Anesthesia   273                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in rabbits. Portnoy, L.G.; Hustead, D.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (4): p. 541-543; 1992 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Analgesics; Pharmacokinetics; Half life; Intravenous injection; Subcutaneous injection  Abstract:  The pharmacokinetic properties of butorphanol tartrate were determined in 7 rabbits after iv and sc injection (0.5 mg/kg of body weight). A 2-compartment model (biexponential) best represented the concentration vs time curve after IV injection. The half-life was calculated to be 1.64 hours via IV administration, whereas SC injection resulted in an elimination half-life of 3.16 hours.   274                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in cats. Wertz, E.M.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Davis, L.E.; Koritz, G.D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (2): p. 281-285; 1990 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Anesthetics; Injections; Anesthesia; Pharmacokinetics  Abstract:  Pharmacokinetic variables of etomidate were determined after IV administration of etomidate (3.0 mg/kg of body weight). Blood samples were collected for 6 hours. Disposition of this carboxylated imidazole best conformed to a 2- (n = 2) and a 3- compartment (n = 4) open pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacokinetic values were calculated for the overall best-fitted model, characterized as a mixed 2- and 3- compartmental model. The first and most rapid distribution half-life was 0.05 hour and a second distribution half-life was 0.35 hour. Elimination half-life was 2.89 hours, apparent volume of distribution was 11.87 +/- 4.64 L/kg, apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 4.88 +/- 2.25 L/kg, apparent volume of the central compartment was 1.17 +/- 0.70 L/kg, and total clearance was 2.47 +/- 0.78 L/kg/h.   275                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered pethidine in dogs and the influence of anaesthesia and surgery. Waterman, A.E.; Kalthum, W. London : The Association; 1989 Mar25. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 124 (12): p. 293-296; 1989 Mar25.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Pharmacokinetics; Intramuscular injection; Blood plasma   276                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs premedicated with acepromazine and maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide. Reid, J.; Nolan, A.M. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993 Dec. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 16 (4): p. 501-505; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Injectable anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics   277                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Pharmacokinetics of propofol in mixed-breed dogs and Greyhounds. Zoran, D.L.; Riedesel, D.H.; Dyer, D.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (5): p. 755-760; 1993 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Greyhound; Crossbreds; Anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics; Anesthesia; Recovery; Breed differences  Abstract:  Pharmacokinetics and recovery characteristics of propofol in Greyhounds and mixed-breed dogs were compared. In all dogs, disposition of propofol was adequately described by a 2-compartment open model, with a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase. When findings in Greyhounds were compared with those in mixed-breed dogs, significant differences were observed in mean concentrations of propofol in blood, recovery characteristics, and estimates for apparent volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, and total body clearance. In addition, Greyhounds recovered from anesthesia at higher concentrations of propofol than did mixed-breed dogs. A secondary peak in blood propofol concentration was observed in 8 of 10 Greyhounds and in 5 of 8 mixed-breed dogs. This peak corresponded to the time of return of the righting reflex.   278                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Pharmacologic features of butorphanol in dogs and cats. Hosgood, G. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Jan01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 196 (1): p. 135-136; 1990 Jan01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Analgesics; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Adverse effects   279                                   NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 A pharmacological evaluation of Baphia nitida Lodd (Leguminosae) ethanolic extract on rats and mice. Onwukaeme, D.N.; Lot, T.Y. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Dec. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 5 (6): p. 254-257; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Nigeria; Baphia; Leaves; Plant extracts; Medicinal plants; Traditional medicines; Antipyretics; Analgesics; Antidiarrhea agents; Anticonvulsants; Pharmacology; Rats; Mice   280                                    NAL Call. No.: 475 J824 Picogram level determination of meditomidine in dog serum by capillary gas chromatography with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Vuorilehto, L.; Salonen, J.S.; Anttila, M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989 Dec29. Journal of chromatography v. 497: p. 282-287; 1989 Dec29.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Serums; Analgesics; Determination; Gas chromatography; Mass spectrometry   281                                   NAL Call. No.: SF895.P76 A pilot study of the effects of anesthesia with isoflurane, thiopental, methohexital, propofol, or nitrous oxide on magnetic motor evoked potentials in the dog. Young, S.S.; Sylvestre, A.M. Santa Barbara, CA : Brillig Hill, Inc; 1992. Progress in veterinary neurology v. 3 (3): p. 91-94; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ontario; Dogs; Thiopental; Nitrous oxide; Anesthesia; Barbiturates; Halogenated hydrocarbons   282                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Platelet aggregation in dogs after sedation with acepromazine and atropine and during subsequent general anesthesia and surgery. Barr, S.C.; Ludders, J.W.; Looney, A.L.; Gleed, R.D.; Erb, H.N. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (11): p. 2067-2070; 1992 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beagle; Dogs; Platelets; Aggregation; Atp; Anesthesia; Halothane; Luminescence; Luciferase  Abstract:  Platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release were measured by use of the impedance method in blood samples obtained from 25 adult female Beagles before and after sedation with acepromazine (0.13 mg/kg of body weight) and atropine (0.05 mg/kg), and during general anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced by IV administration of thiamylal (average dosage, 2.1 mg/kg, range, 1.2 to 4.2 mg/kg) and was maintained with halothane in oxygen. Samples of jugular venous blood were obtained from each dog, using citrate as anticoagulant. Platelet count was done on each sample. Platelet aggregation and ATP released from the aggregating platelets were measured within 2.5 hours of sample collection, using a whole-blood aggregometer. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen was used as aggregating agent. For each aggregating agent, platelet aggregation and ATP release were measured over 6 minutes. After sedation with acepromazine and atropine, significant (P < 0.01) reduction was observed in platelet count (from median values of 341,000 cells/microliter to 283,000 cells/microliter) and in the ability of platelets to aggregate in response to ADP (from 14.0 to 7.0 Ohms). During the same period, maximal release of ATP in response to collagen also was reduced (from 5.56 micromoles to 4.57 micromoles; P < 0.01); however, this difference ceased to be significant when ATP release was normalized for platelet count. During general anesthesia and surgery (200 minutes after sedation), platelet count and aggregation responses to ADP and collagen had returned to presedation values. None of the dogs in this study appeared to have hemostasis problems during surgery. In conclusion, sedation with acepromazine and atropine induces measurable inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation that resolves during subsequent general anesthesia and surgery. Transient inhibition of platelet aggregation is not manifested by a change in gross hemostasis during surgery.   283                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.8 L62 Possible participation of endogenous opioid peptides on the mechanism involved in analgesia induced by vouacapan. Duarte, I.D.G.; Ferreira-Alves, D.L.; Nakamura-Craig, M. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1992. Life sciences v. 50 (12): p. 891-897; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Medicinal plants; Seeds; Plant extracts; Opioid peptides; Analgesics; Mode of action; Rats; Mice  Abstract:  The involvement of opioid peptides in the mechanism of action of vouacapan, a new experimental compound extracted from seeds of Pterodon poligalaeflorus Benth, was investigated both in mice utilizing acetic acid writhing response and in rats utilizing inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan and modified Randall-Selitto method. Vouacapan, in both models, caused a dose-dependent analgesia when injected p.o., s.c. and i.p. The analgesic effect was partially blocked by naloxone, nalorphine and n-methyl-nalorphine. Significant tolerance to analgesic effect was observed following repeated administration of vouacapan or morphine. On the last day of treatment, cross administration revealed symmetrical and asymmetrical cross-tolerance between vouacapan and morphine, in rats and mice, respectively. We conclude that a release of endorphins could be involved in the analgesic mechanism of vouacapan in both models studied.   284                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Post-operative analgesia following thoracotomy in the dog: an evaluation of the effects of bupivacaine intercostal nerve block and nalbuphine on respiratory function. Flecknell, P.A.; Kirk, A.J.B.; Liles, J.H.; Hayes, P.H.; Dark, J.H. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991 Oct. Laboratory animals v. 25 (4): p. 319-324; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Postoperative care; Pain; Analgesics; Duration; Blood; Gases  Abstract:  Pain following thoracotomy reduces pulmonary ventilation in man and a similar effect is believed to occur in animals. The effects of two analgesic regimens on arterial blood gas parameters were studied in dogs following thoracotomy. Post-operative analgesia was provided with intermittent nalbuphine, either alone or in combination with an intercostal nerve block using bupivacaine. Arterial blood gas analysis was carried out at 4, 8 and 16 h post- operatively, both before the administration of nalbuphine and again 30 min later. Animals which received nalbuphine alone had a significant rise in arterial oxygenation following administration of this analgesic. This effect was not observed at 4 and 8 h postoperatively in dogs which had an intercostal block with bupivacaine, but was seen at 16 h post-operatively when it could be anticipated that the effects of bupivacaine would have waned. These results suggest that intercostal block with bupivacaine can provide analgesia for over 8 h, and that the duration of action of nalbuphine in controlling post- operative pain in the dog is probably less than 4 h.   285                                  NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33 Post-operative analgesia in rabbits and rodents. Flecknell, P.A. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1991 Oct. Lab animal v. 20 (9): p. 34-37; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Postoperative care; Pain; Analgesics   286                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and pethidine in dogs. Lascelles, B.D.X.; Butterworth, S.J.; Waterman, A.E. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Feb19. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (8): p. 187-191; 1994 Feb19.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pethidine; Analgesics   287                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Postoperative catecholamine response to onychectomy in isoflurane-anesthetized cats: effect of analgesics. Benson, G.J.; Wheaton, L.G.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Olson, W.A.; Davis, C.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 May. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (3): p. 222-225; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Surgical operations; Postoperative care; Catecholamines; Morphine; Xylazine; Salicylates; Pain   288                                  NAL Call. No.: SF601.V523 Postoperative epidural analgesia. McMurphy, R.M. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1993 Jul. The Veterinary clinics of North America : Small animal practice v. 23 (4): p. 703-716; 1993 Jul.  In the series analytic: Stifle surgery / edited by James K. Roush.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Conduction anesthesia   289                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Potency of rapidly acting barbiturates in dogs, using inhibition of the laryngeal reflex as the end point. Turner, D.M.; Ilkiw, J.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (4): p. 595-597; 1990 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Barbiturates; Thiopental; Larynx; Reflexes; Anesthesia; Dosage effect  Abstract:  Thiopental, thiamylal, and methohexital were administered to 30 dogs to determine equipotent doses necessary to inhibit laryngeal reflexes. The doses studied were 7.1, 10.0, 14.1, 20.0, and 28.3 mg of thiopental/kg of body weight; 5.7, 8.0, 11.3, 16.0, and 22.6 mg of thiamylal/kg; and 3.5, 5.0, 7.1, 10.0, and 14.1 mg of methohexital/kg. At 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 minutes after injection, the presence or absence of the laryngoscopic reflex, pedal reflex, and jaw tone were recorded. The times for return of each reflex, as well as the ability to walk 10 steps without assistance, were also recorded. Using the method of least squares, a probit analysis was performed on the quantal responses at 1 minute. The effective dose in 50% of the population for the laryngoscopic reflex was chosen as the end point for intubation, and the computed doses necessary to achieve this end point were 19.4 mg of thiopental/kg, 18.4 mg of thiamylal/kg, and 9.7 mg of methohexital/kg. When potencies of the drugs were compared with that of thiopental (1), thiamylal was found to be equipotent (1.06) and methohexital twice as potent (2.0). At the accepted clinical dose, recovery times for thiopental (71.1 +/- 7.2 minutes) and thiamylal (75.3 +/- 7.7 minutes) were similar, and twice that for methohexital (33.9 +/- 4.6 minutes).   290                                  NAL Call. No.: Z7994.L3A5 Precision-cut guinea-pig liver slices as a tool for studying the toxicity of volatile anaesthetics. Ghantous, H.N.; Fernando, J.; Morgan, S.E.; Gandolfi, A.J.; Brandel, K. Nottingham : Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments; 1990 Nov. Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA v. 18: p. 191-199; 1990 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal testing alternatives; Liver; Anesthetics  Abstract:  Cultured precision-cut liver slices retain normal liver architecture and physiological biochemical functions. Hartley male guinea-pig liver slices have proven to be a good model for studying the biotransformation and toxicity of halothane. This system was used to evaluate the biotransformation and toxicity of different volatile anaesthetics (halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane), and compare their effects to those of new anaesthetics (desflurane). Liver slices (250-300 micrometers thick) were incubated in sealed roller vials, containing Krebs Henseleit buffer at 37 degrees C under 95% O2:5% CO2 atmosphere. Volatile anaesthetics were delivered by volatilisation after pre-incubation for 1 hour to produce a constant concentration in the medium. Production of the metabolites, trifluroacetic acid and fluoride ion, was measured. Intracellular potassium ion content, protein synthesis and secretion were determined as indicators of viability of the slices. The rank order of biotransformation of anaesthetics by the liver slices was halothane > sevoflurane > isoflurane and enflurane > desflurane. The rank order of hepatotoxicity of these anaesthetics was halothane > isoflurane and enflurane > sevoflurane and desflurane. Halothane is the anaesthetic which is metabolised furthest and has the most toxic effect, while desflurane is the least metabolised anaesthetic and has the least toxicity. This in vitro cultured precision-cut liver slice system appears to be suitable for studying the biotransformation of volatile anaesthetics and correlating its role in the resulting toxicity.   291                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Preliminary screening of methanolic extracts of Celastrus paniculatus and Tecomella undulata for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. Ahmad, F.; Khan, R.A.; Rasheed, S. Ireland : Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd; 1994 May. Journal of ethnopharmacology v. 42 (3): p. 193-198; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Celastrus paniculatus; Flowers; Tecomella undulata; Plant extracts; Medicinal plants; Analgesics; Antiinflammatory agents  Abstract:  Flowers of Celastrus paniculatus and whole plant of Tecomella undulata were extracted individually in absolute methanol. Using the hot water tail immersion test in mice and carrageenan induced pedal edema in rats, both extracts were tested for their oral analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials. Results showed that C. paniculatus had both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, while T. undulata had only analgesic potential when compared with aspirin.   292                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Preliminary studies on the antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Calotropis procera root extract. Basu, A.; Chaudhuri, A.K.N. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Mar. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 31 (3): p. 319-324; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calotropis procera; Roots; Plant extracts; Analgesics; Antiinflammatory agents; Edema; Mice; Rats  Abstract:  A chloroform-soluble fraction from Calotropis procera roots showed significant dose-related antiinflammatory activity in rats using the pharmacologic models of carrageenin-induced pedal oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formaldehyde-induced arthritis. In addition, significant analgesic potential was demonstrated using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.   293                                   NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 A preliminary study of Cedronella canariensis (L.) var. canariensis extracts for antiinflammatory and analgesic activity in rats and mice. Lopez-Garcia, R.E.; Rabanal, R.M.; Darias, V.; Martin-Herrera, D.; Carreiras, M.C.; Rodriguez, B. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Dec. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 5 (6): p. 273-275; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Canary Islands; Labiatae; Plant extracts; Medicinal plants; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Drug toxicity; Folk medicine; Rats; Mice   294                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Prescription and use of analgesics in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital: 258 cases (1983-1989). Hansen, B.; Hardie, E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 May01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (9): p. 1485-1494; 1993 May01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Analgesics; Pain; Prescriptions; Frequency; Postoperative care   295                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Primate anesthesia. Bacher, J.D. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 60, 59, 75-78; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Primates; Anesthesia   296                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.P76 Problems and complications associated with endocrine surgery in the dog and cat. Matthiesen, D.T.; Mullen, H.S. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1990 Dec. Problems in veterinary medicine v. 2 (4): p. 627-667; 1990 Dec.  In the series analytic: Endocrinology / edited by R. Nichols.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Surgical operations; Neoplasms; Preoperative care; Postoperative complications; Endocrine diseases; Metastasis; Pancreas; Adrenal glands; Animal anatomy; Parathyroid; Thyroid gland; Anesthesia; Preanesthetic medication; Pituitary; Literature reviews   297                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with mammary dysplasia in New Zealand white rabbits. Lipman, N.S.; Zhao, Z.B.; Andrutis, K.A.; Hurley, R.J.; Fox, J.G.; White, H.J. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 44 (2): p. 114-120; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Pituitary; Adenoma; Dysplasia; Mammary glands; Prolactin; Histopathology; Case reports  Abstract:  Nine aged (mean age = 3.2 years) nulliparous New Zealand white rabbit does were found to have markedly enlarged teats. The teats were frequently engorged with fluid but were not hot and did not cause signs of pain. The number of affected teats per animal ranged from 1 to 8 (mean = 4). The teats and associated glandular tissue were typically discolored grey, blue, or greenish black (n = 6). Prolactin concentrations were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Serum prolactin concentrations ranged from 22.4 ng/ml to 2.21 p micrograms/ml (mean = 397.3 ng/ml), which was 10- to 1000-fold greater than normal values in nonpregnant rabbits. Conventional radiography of the skull of six rabbits did not reveal pituitary enlargement. Necropsy revealed an enlarged pituitary gland and sella turcica in six of nine does. The diaphragma sellae had ruptured in two rabbits. All nine rabbits had pituitary acidophil adenomas. The neoplastic portions of the pituitaries were diffusely immunoreactive when stained immunohistochemically for prolactin. In contrast, only small clusters of five to seven cells stained positively in normal pituitaries selected as controls. Histologic examination of the mammary glands revealed numerous large, dilated cystic spaces containing proteinaceous fluid. Many cysts had numerous papillary epithelial infoldings. The cystic dilations extended into and included the teat canal producing the gross appearance. Prolactin-secreting acidophil adenomas have not been previously reported in the rabbit, and the association with mammary dysplasia is unique.   298                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456 Propofol anaesthesia in the dog and cat. Jones, R.S. London : Wright; 1990. The Veterinary annual (30): p. 200-202; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Anesthesia; Anesthetics   299                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Pulsus alternans during halothane anesthesia in a dog. Bailey, J.E.; Muir, W.W. III; Skarda, R.T. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (1): p. 79-84; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ohio; Dogs; Halothane; Pulse rate; Anesthesia; Surgery; Pyloroplasty   300                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Quantitative electroencephalography for measurement of central nervous system responses to diazepam and the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs. Greene, S.A.; Moore, M.P.; Keegan, R.D.; Gallagher, L.V. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Sep. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (3): p. 259-266; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Diazepam; Antagonists; Drug antagonism; Electroencephalography; Measurement   301                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Quantitative electroencephalography for monitoring responses to noxious electrical stimulation in dogs anesthetized with halothane or with halothane and morphine. Greene, S.A.; Moore, M.P.; Keegan, R.D.; Gallagher, L.V.; Rosenthal, J.C. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 459-465, 478-479; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pain; Electrical stimulation; Anesthetics; Central nervous system; Electroencephalography; Morphine; Halothane; Animal experiments   302                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Quantitative electroencephalography in dogs anesthetized with 2.0% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane anesthesia. Moore, M.P.; Greene, S.A.; Keegan, R.D.; Gallagher, L.; Gavin, P.R.; Kraft, S.L.; DeHaan, C.; Klappenbach, K. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 551-560. ill; 1991 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Electroencephalography; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Brain; Physiological functions  Abstract:  Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in dogs under controlled, 2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthetic conditions, and each variable at each electrode site was tested for normal distribution. With the quantitative electroencephalographic system used, 16 values for each of 21 electrode sites were evaluated. Absolute power ratios also were evaluated. The methods for quantitative electroencephalographic recording and analysis appear to be readily adaptable to the dog. Most of the data do not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, distribution-free nonparametric statistics should be used when looking for differences under experimental or clinical conditions. Quantitative electroencephalography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive method that could be used to evaluate brain function under anesthetic, clinical, and experimental settings.   303                                NAL Call. No.: Slide no.379 Rabbits introduction to use in research..  Rabbits, introduction to use in research Van Hoosier, G. L.; DiGiacomo, R. F. University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources Seattle, WA : produced and distributed by University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources,; 1990. 46 slides : col. + 1 sound cassette (19 min.) + 1 guide. (Laboratory animal medicine and science. Series 2 ; V-9001).  Publication date on guide: 1991. Sound accompaniment compatible for automatic and manual operation.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits as laboratory animals; Animal welfare  Abstract:  Presents laws and guidelines, historical use in research and testing, development of alternatives, attributes as research animals, recognition of pain and disease, and signs and significance of common diseases.   304                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Reduction of isoflurane anesthetic requirement by medetomidine and its restoration by atipamezole in dogs. Ewing, K.K.; Mohammed, H.O.; Scarlett, J.M.; Short, C.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (2): p. 294-299; 1993 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Medetomidine; Inhaled anesthetics; Dosage; Narcotic antagonists; Anesthesia; Drug antagonism  Abstract:  The isoflurane-sparing effect of the alpha 2- adrenergic agonist medetomidine (30 micrograms/kg of body weight, IV) was tested in 7 dogs, using a blinded, randomized- block study design. The baseline minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was 1.18 vol% (95% confidence interval [0.97,1.39]). Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.003) reduced isoflurane MAC by 47.2%. Atipamezole (0.3 mg/kg, IV), an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, completely reversed the effect of medetomidine on isoflurane MAC. Atipamezole alone did not significantly alter isoflurane MAC. After medetomidine administration, marked bradycardia developed in all dogs and persisted for more than 2 hours. Mean arterial blood pressure increased acutely, but later decreased, and hypotension persisted for more than 2 hours. Atipamezole reversed the bradycardic and hypotensive effects of medetomidine. Results of this study indicate that medetomidine may be useful in clinical cases in which isoflurane MAC-reduction is desirable and that atipamezole might be used to reverse desirable and undesirable effects of medetomidine during isoflurane anesthesia.   305                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Relative effects of xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine- ketamine, and xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital combinations and time-course effects of the latter two combinations on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in dogs. Tokuriki, M.; Matsunami, K.; Uzuka, Y. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1): p. 97-102; 1990 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Xylazine; Atropine; Ketamine; Pentobarbital; Drug combinations; Drug effects; Brain; Electric potential  Abstract:  Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded in 4 dogs to analyze the relationship between acoustic stimulus intensities and peak latencies of each wave, and to investigate the relative effects of xylazine-atropine- ketamine, and xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital combinations and the time-course effects of the latter 2 drug combinations on BAEP. Click stimulations fixed at a stimulus rate of 10/s and a frequency of 4 kHz were delivered at intensities ranging from 10- to 110-dB sound pressure level (SPL) in 10-dB steps for analyzing the relationship between the acoustic stimulus intensities and the peak latencies and at an intensity of 110- dB SPL for investigating the effects of the sedative and the anaesthetic drug combinations and their time-course effects on BAEP. Waves I and VI were identified with stimulus intensity of greater than or equal to 50-dB SPL. Wave VII was observed in some records, but was excluded from statistical analysis. As intensity was increased from 50- to 110-dB SPL, the latency decreased for all waves during xylazine-atropine-ketamine anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in the peak latencies of each wave in BAEP among xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine-ketamine, and xylazine- atropine-pentobarbital combinations 20 minutes after drug administration, except that the latency of wave VI during xylazine-atropine sedation was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than that detected during xylazine-atropine-ketamine or xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital anesthesia. There were no significant changes in peak latencies of waves I, II, III, V, and VI for 90 minutes after administration of the xylazine- atropine-ketamine combination and for 120 minutes after administration of the xylazine-atropine-pentobarbital combination. It was concluded that BAEP did not change over time after xylazine-atropine-ketamine or xylazine-atropine pentobarbital administration.   306                                  NAL Call. No.: SF405.5.A3 The relief of pain in cold-blooded vertebrates. Arena, P.C.; Richardson, K.C. Canberra, A.C.T. : Australian Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching; 1990. ACCART news v. 3 (1): p. 1-4; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Vertebrates; Fishes; Amphibia; Reptiles; Pain; Anesthesia; Anesthetics   307                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics. Smith, W. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1993 Jan. Laboratory animals v. 27 (1): p. 30-39; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Injectable anesthetics  Abstract:  Xylazine, ketamine, methohexitone and alphadalone/alphaxalone, were administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or intravenously to mice, rats, guineapigs and rabbits. Times for disappearance and reappearance of reflexes were recorded, and duration of loss of reflex. Delivering a predetermined dose gave a varying individual response, ranging from inadequate anaesthesia to death. Using reflexes to assess depth of anaesthesia was of limited value. Reflex movements to noxious stimuli generally persisted even at dose rates that caused prolonged recovery times and death. Conversely, in rats there was no response to a cutaneous stimulus in some animals even though recumbency was almost restored.   308                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Reversal of atracurium neuromuscular block with neostigmine in the dog. Jones, R.S. London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Jan. Research in veterinary science v. 48 (1): p. 96-98; 1990 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Neostigmine; Drug antagonism; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; Time; Dosage effect   309                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 Reversal of fentanyl/fluanisone neuroleptanalgesia in the rabbit using mixed agonist/antagonist opioids. Flecknell, P.A.; Liles, J.H.; Wootton, R. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Apr. Laboratory animals v. 23 (2): p. 147-155; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Fentanyl; Neuroleptics; Opium; Drug antagonism; Drug synergy  Abstract:  The reversal of the neuroleptanalagesic combination of fentanyl/fluanisone using mixed agonist/antagonist opioids has been investigated in the rabbit. All of the compounds studied (naloxone, nalbuphine, meptazinol, butorphanol, buprenorphine, pentazocine, doxapram) reversed the respiratory depression and sedation produced by fentanyl/fluanisone. Fentanyl/fluanisone produced profound analgesia for 180 min, which was rapidly and completely antagonized by naloxone. The mixed agonist/antagonist opioids produced a reduction in the degree of analgesia but, in contrast to naloxone, analgesic activity persisted from 120 min (meptazinol) to 420 min (buprenorphine). Administration of buprenorphine to rabbits anaesthetized with fentanyl/fluanisone and midazolam confirmed that the reversal of respiratory depression was accompanied by the return of arterial pH, PCO2 and PCO2 to preanaesthetic values. The use of neuroleptanalgesic anaesthetic regimens, which have been shown to provide effective surgical anaesthesia, combined with reversal using a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid to provide postoperative analgesia, appears to be a valuable refinement of current laboratory animal anaesthetic practice.   310                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Reversal of medetomidine sedation by atipamezole in dogs. Vainio, O.; Vaha-Vahe, T. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Mar. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 13 (1): p. 15-22; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Drug antagonism; Narcotic antagonists; Adverse effects   311                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Review of pharmacology of medetomidine and detomidine: two chemically similar alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonists used as veterinary sedatives. MacDonald, E.; Virtanen, Raimo New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 181-191, 198-199; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Rats; Agonists; Pharmacology; Pharmacokinetics; Veterinary medicine; Analgesics; Central nervous system; Drug effects; Xylazine; Endocrine system; Cardiovascular system; Alpha-adrenergic receptors   312                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Sao Paulo. II. Costa, M.; Di Stasi, L.C.; Kirizawa, M.; Mendacolli, S.L.J.; Gomes, C.; Trolin, G. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1989 Nov. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 27 (1/2): p. 25-33; 1989 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Brazil; Medicinal plants; Screening tests; Analgesics; Lippia; Piper; Tillandsia usneoides; Mice   313                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine in dogs. Vainio, O.; Vaha-Vahe, T.; Palmu, L. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1989 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 12 (2): p. 225-231; 1989 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Drug effects   314                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Sedative efficacy of droperidol and diazepam in the rat. Quinn, R.H.; Danneman, P.J.; Dysko, R.C. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1994 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 44 (2): p. 166-171; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Droperidol; Diazepam; Dosage; Efficacy; Animal welfare; Restraint of animals; Laboratory methods; Diagnostic techniques; Pain  Abstract:  Droperidol and diazepam were evaluated for sedative properties in 12 male Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). Over a period of several weeks, each rat was treated subcutaneously with 0.5 mg droperidol/kg, 2.0 mg droperidol/kg, 5.0 mg diazepam/kg, 15.0 mg diazepam/kg, and physiologic saline according to a randomized schedule. After each treatment, the animals were evaluated for their response to a series of four common clinical manipulations (tail-vein bleeding, orbital bleeding, teeth clipping, and toenail bleeding) at five time points over the 90 min following the injection. Rats were scored on the basis of their responses to each manipulation. Response to cardiac puncture was assessed once in each animal immediately prior to euthanasia. Histologic lesions associated with subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of these drugs were evaluated in a separate group of animals. Results indicate that both droperidol and diazepam (at either dose) allow easier manipulation for toenail bleeding and teeth clipping when compared with saline control. There was no advantage in using these sedatives for tailvein bleeding. Orbital bleeding could not be performed humanely with either drug. Diazepam at a dose of 15.0 mg/kg allowed humane cardiac puncture. Subcutaneous injection of diazepam or 2.0 mg droperidol/kg resulted in various degrees of inflammation revealed by histologic examination, although no clinical signs were associated with these lesions. Subcutaneous administration of droperidol at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg is recommended for nonpainful, noninvasive manipulations as it provides adequate sedation for most procedures without inducing the subcutaneous inflammation observed with diazepam or 2.0 mg droperidol/kg. Diazepam at a dose of 15.0 mg/kg appears to be a humane alternative to general anesthesia for cardiac puncture.   315                                   NAL Call. No.: RS164.P59 Sedative hypnotic action of Pala Papua, Myristica argentea, in mice. Takahashi, S.; Uekane, A.; Otsuka, K.; Shigenobu, K. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons; 1991 Apr. Phytotherapy research : PTR v. 5 (2): p. 72-75; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Myristica argentea; Myristica fragrans; Seeds; Essential oils; Plant extracts; Traditional medicines; Pharmacology; Mice   316                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Selecting the right analgesics: indications and dosage requirements. Tranquilli, W.J.; Fikes, L.L.; Raffe, M.R. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989 Jul. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (7): p. 692-697; 1989 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Analgesics; Dosage effect; Anesthetics; Pain   317                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Side effects of etomidate in dogs. Muir, W.W. III; Mason, D.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 May15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 194 (10): p. 1430-1434; 1989 May15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Diazepam; Morphine; Drugs   318                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 A simple laryngoscopic technique for the endotracheal intubation of rabbits. Macrae, D.J.; Guerreiro, D. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Jan. Laboratory animals v. 23 (1): p. 59-61. ill; 1989 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Larynx; Trachea; Endoscopy  Abstract:  A safe and reliable technique for the endotracheal intubation of rabbits is described. Direct laryngoscopy is followed by intubation of the trachea with a fine catheter, and subsequent advancement of the endotracheal tube over this catheter.   319                             NAL Call. No.: SF991.M22  1994 Small animal anesthesia canine and feline practice. McKelvey, Diane; Hollingshead, K. Wayne St. Louis : Mosby,; 1994. xviii, 332 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Mosby's fundamentals of veterinary technology).  Includes bibliographical references and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Veterinary anesthesia   320                                  NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1X4 Species differences in blood profiles, metabolism and excretion of 14C-propofol after intravenous dosing to rat, dog and rabbit. Simons, P.J.; Cockshott, I.D.; Douglas, E.J.; Gordon, E.A.; Knott, S.; Ruane, R.J. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Oct. Xenobiotica v. 21 (10): p. 1243-1256; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Intravenous injection; Drug metabolism; Excretion; Species differences; Rabbits; Rats  Abstract:  1. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-propofol (7-10 mg/kg) to rat, dog and rabbit, or an infusion dose (0.47 mg/kg per min for 6 h) to dog were eliminated primarily in urine (60-95% dose); faecal elimination (13-31%) occurred for rat and dog, but was minimal (< 2%) for rabbit. 2. After bolus administration, blood 14C concentrations were maximal (8-30 micrograms equiv./ml) at 2-15 min; these declined rapidly during the 0-2 h period and thereafter more slowly. Propofol concentrations were maximal (4-16 micrograms/ml) at 2 min and the profiles were best fitted by a tri-exponential (rat and dog) or bi-exponential (rabbit) equation. Duration of sleep ranged from 5 to 8 min. 3. Infusion of 14C-propofol in dog gave a blood 14C concentration of 117 micrograms equiv./ml at the end of the 6 h infusion period; this declined at a similar rate to that after the bolus dose. Propofol concentration on termination of infusion was 13 micrograms/ml; thereafter, propofol concentrations declined less rapidly than after the bolus dose. Waking occurred about 44 min post-infusion. 4. Propofol was cleared by conjugation of the parent molecule or its quinol metabolite; hydroxylation of an isopropyl group also occurred in rat and rabbit. Biliary excretion leading to enterohepatic recirculation, and in turn increased sulphate conjugation, occurred in rat and dog, but not rabbit, resulting in a marked interspecies variation in drug clearance and metabolite profiles.   321                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Static thoracic compliance as a measurement of pulmonary function in dogs. King, L.G.; Drobatz, K.J.; Hendricks, J.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1597-1601; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Thorax; Elasticity; Measurement; Normal values; Diagnostic value  Abstract:  Thoracic compliance measurements by use of readily available equipment were determined to be practical and safe in dogs. Twenty healthy dogs (age 1 to 16 years, weight 2.3 to 49.5 kg) were anesthetized for routine procedures such as dentistry or neutering. The animals were first hyperventilated to reduce pulmonary atelectasis, to check for leakage at the endotracheal tube cuff, and to induce mild hypocarbia, thus minimizing voluntary respiratory efforts. Total thoracic compliance measurements were calculated as the difference between exhaled volumes at static inspiratory pressures of 15 and 20 cm of H2O, divided by the pressure difference, and expressed as a function of body weight. The procedure was easy, took 5 to 10 minutes, and caused no recognizable ill effects in any of the dogs studied. Mean total thoracic compliance was 42.25 +/- 32 ml/cm of H2O. There was a significant correlation with weight, but no significant relationship was seen between compliance and age, or gender. The mean weight-adjusted total thoracic compliance was 1.85 +/-  0.56 ml/cm of H2O/kg. In studies in a small group of dogs with documented respiratory tract disease, 4 of 7 had a mean compliance > 2 SD below the normal range. Thus, this test may become part of the routine workup of any animal being anesthetized for procedures such as bronchoscopy to evaluate respiratory tract disease. Routine monitoring of animals on ventilators could provide early warning of complications such as pneumonia, pleural effusion, or pulmonary edema.   322                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Studies on the role of adrenergic receptors in a model of tonic pain. Tasker, R.A.R. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 155, 164, 175-176; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Rats; Pain; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Drugs; Testing; Drug effects; Analgesics; Yohimbine; Dosage; Methoxamine   323                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Surface-induced hypothermia in dogs: 19 cases (1987-1989). Moon, P.F.; Ilkiw, J.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Feb01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (3): p. 437-444; 1993 Feb01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Surgery; Ischemia; Disease prevention; Hypothermia; Cooling; Adverse effects; Case reports   324                                NAL Call. No.: aHV4701.A952 Surgery in rodents: risk of potential hypo- and hyperthermia. Romanovsky, A.A. Beltsville, MD : National Agricultural Library, AWIC, 1990-; 1993 Oct. Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter v. 4 (4): p. 7; 1993 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rodents; Surgery; Risk; Hyperthermia; Hypothermia; Anesthesia; Complications   325                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Surgical and anesthetic management of puppies and kittens. Hosgood, G. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Mar. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (3): p. 345-348, 350-353, 356-359; 1992 Mar.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Puppies; Kittens; Preoperative care; Surgery; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Liver; Kidneys; Age differences; Case reports; Anesthetics; Metabolism; Monitoring; Body temperature regulation; Pharmacokinetics; Sutures; Postoperative care; Antibiotics; Bandages; Literature reviews   326                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Surgical techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. Aronsohn, M.G.; Faggella, A.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jan01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (1): p. 53-55; 1993 Jan01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kittens; Castration; Ovariectomy; Postoperative complications; Anesthesia; Age   327                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma: technique, complications, and results in six dogs. Gilson, S.D.; Withrow, S.J.; Orton, E.C. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1994 May. Veterinary surgery v. 23 (3): p. 195-200; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Neoplasms; Adrenal medulla; Adrenalectomy; Nephrectomy; Resection; Vena cava; Anesthesia; Complications; Survival; Prognosis; Case reports   328                                    NAL Call. No.: SF985.F4 Suspected adverse reaction to xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in a cat. Raptopoulos, D.; Papazoglou, L.; Galatos, A. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Co; 1993 Jul. Feline practice v. 21 (4): p. 29-29; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Xylazine; Ketamine; Adverse effects   329                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Suspected malignant hyperthermia after halothane anesthesia in a cat. Bellah, J.R.; Robertson, S.A.; Buergelt, C.D.; McGavin, A.D. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Nov. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (6): p. 483-488; 1989 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cat; Halothane; Anesthesia; Hyperthermia; Case studies   330                                    NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Tabernaemontana crassa as a traditional local anesthetic agent. Agwu, I.E.; Akah, P.A. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1990 Aug. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 30 (1): p. 115-119; 1990 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Frogs; Tabernaemontana crassa; Medicinal plants; Folk medicine; Local anesthetics; Reflexes   331                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Thermal burns in four dogs during anesthesia. Dunlop, C.I.; Daunt, D.A.; Haskins, S.C. Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 May. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (3): p. 242-246. ill; 1989 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Burns; Hypothermia   332                                   NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Thiamylal- and halothane-sparing effect of diazepam in dogs. Muir, W.W. III; Bednarski, L.; Bednarski, R. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Mar. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (1).: p. 46-50; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Diazepam; Preanesthetic medication; Halothane; Anesthetics; Dosage   333                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Thiamylal-sparing effect of midazolam for canine endotracheal intubation. A clinical study of 118 dogs. Greene, S.A.; Benson, G.J.; Hartsfield, S.M. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (1): p. 69-72; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Washington; Illinois; Texas; Dogs; Benzodiazepines; Anesthesia; Surgery; Neuroleptics   334                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Time of death of CNS tumor-bearing rats can be reliably predicted by body weight-loss patterns. Redgate, E.S.; Deutsch, M.; Boggs, S.S. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jun. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (3): p. 269-273; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Neoplasms; Central nervous system; Mortality; Timing; Prediction; Weight losses  Abstract:  A request by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for an alternative to death as an end point in a cancer research project using a rat brain 9L tumor cell model led to a search for reliable criteria for predicting time of death in this type of experiment. These experiments evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of radiation alone, continuous intracerebral infusions of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) alone, and a combination of both therapies. We found that a characteristic pattern of body weight changes occurs after injection of 9L tumor cells into the brain ventricles or parenchyma. The initial phase was characterized by a loss of body weight which appeared to be related to surgery and, in the irradiated groups, to the subsequent doses of radiation under anesthesia on days 4, 6, and 7. After this initial phase (phase 1), a second period of weight change (phase 2) which was characterized by an overall gain of body weight interrupted temporarily in 76 out of the 149 rats by reversible episodes of weight loss of 1 to 5 days duration. The length of this phase 2 weight gain period was significantly extended by XRT-IUDR treatment in the rats with intraparenchymal tumors. The third and final phase consisted of a period of irreversible weight loss which may be related to cachexia. The third phase was similar in duration for control, XRT, IUDR and XRT-IUDR groups of rats and had a mean length of 9.8 +/- 0.27 days. Since the duration of this third phase was independent of treatment and significantly longer than the reversible episodes of weight loss in phase 2, it was predictive of the mean time of death in a group of rats. When the end of phase 2 was reliably determined, the time of death could be predicted to be 9.8 +/- 0.27 days later on average. This method accurately predicted the time of death in a pooled series of experiments in which death was used as an endpoint.   335                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Tissue response to intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of ketamine and xylazine in rats. Smiler, K.L.; Stein, S.; Hrapkiewicz, K.L.; Hiben, J.R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Jan. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (1): p. 60-64. ill; 1990 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Ketamine; Xylazine; Intramuscular injection; Intraperitoneal injection; Anesthesia; Lesions; Strain differences; Muscles; Necrosis  Abstract:  Ketamine-xylazine is a widely accepted anesthetic combination for laboratory animals. Although frequently recommended for administration by intramuscular (IM) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes, the potential for tissue damage following either route of administration in the rat has not been investigated. This study evaluated tissue damage after IM use at two doses in Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. Tissue reactions following IP injections of ketamine-xylazine were compared to lesions produced by IM injections in animals euthanatized on 1, 3 and 14 days post-injection. Results showed muscle necrosis present in nearly all ketamine-xylazine injected limbs. Intraperitoneal injections produced no significant lesions in the peritoneal cavity when careful IP injection techniques were used. Ketamine-xylazine should not be administered by the IM route for survival procedures in these two widely used strains of rats.   336                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Total venous flow occlusion in the normothermic dog: a study of haemodynamic, metabolic and neurological consequences. Hunt, G.B.; Malik, R.; Bellenger, C.R.; Pearson, M.R.B. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 May. Research in veterinary science v. 52 (3): p. 371-377; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Venous circulation; Veins; Blockage; Surgery; Metabolism; Hemodynamics; Nervous system; Duration; Safety  Abstract:  The acute haemodynamic and metabolic repercussions of total venous inflow occlusion were evaluated in six normal dogs, each of which underwent two four minute occlusions and one eight minute occlusion at normothermia. A further three dogs underwent a single eight minute period of occlusion and were allowed to recover from anaesthesia. Total venous inflow occlusion was well tolerated by all animals. They remained in sinus rhythm at the completion of occlusion, and unassisted haemodynamic recovery occurred rapidly. Recovery was quicker after four minutes than after eight minutes. There was no clinically detectable neurological impairment in three dogs which were allowed to recover.   337                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5 Training adult male rhesus monkeys to actively cooperate during in-homecage venipuncture. Reinhardt, V. Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Apr. Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technology v. 42 (1): p. 11-17; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Macaca mulatta; Blood sampling; Training of animals  Abstract:  A training technique is described for ensuring the active cooperation of adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during in-homecage venipuncture. Five single-housed and 10 pair-housed males (average age 8 years) were the subjects of the study. On average, 13 training sessions (range 2-26) were necessary to get a male to voluntarily present a leg in a specially designed opening of the door and to display no resistance during venipuncture. Total time spent with a male until he presented a leg ranged from 16 to 74 minutes, with an average of 40 minutes. Neither the trainer nor the animals received any injuries during the training. Once trained, all males cooperated during in-homecage venipuncture not only with the trainer but also with the attending caretakers. One to two minutes were required to draw a blood sample. It was concluded that training adult male rhesus monkeys to actively cooperate during in-homecage venipuncture increases the scientific value of research by reducing undue distress reactions associated with immobilization. Since the animals cooperate rather than resist, in-homecage venipuncture also minimizes the risk of injury.   338                                     NAL Call. No.: S67.P82 Transportation of warmwater fish: procedures and loading rates. Jensen, G.L. Baton Rouge, La.? : The Service; 1991 Oct. Publication - Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service (2463): 2 p.; 1991 Oct.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fishes; Transport of animals; Salt; Anesthetics; Water hardness; Temperature; Loading   339                                   NAL Call. No.: SH151.S62 Transportation of warmwater fish--procedures and loading rates. Jensen, G.L. Stoneville, Miss. : Southern Regional Aquaculture Center; 1990 Jun. SRAC publication (392): 2 p.; 1990 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fishes; Transport of animals; Salt; Anesthetics; Water hardness; Temperature; Loading   340                                   NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Trigger points in 48 dogs with myofascial pain syndromes. Janssens, L.A.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (4): p. 274-278; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Pain; Lameness; Anesthetics; Analgesics   341                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 The use lignocaine-prilocaine local anaesthetic cream for pain-free venepuncture in laboratory animals. Flecknell, P.A.; Liles, J.H.; Williamson, H.A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1990 Apr. Laboratory animals v. 24 (2): p. 142-146; 1990 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Local anesthetics; Local anesthesia; Lidocaine; Intravenous injection; Ointments  Abstract:  An assessment was made of the effects of topical application of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA cream) in a number of species of laboratory animals. Application of EMLA cream enabled percutaneous insertion of catheters into the cephalic vein in dogs and cats and the marginal ear vein in rabbits without causing any detectable pain or discomfort. Application to the tail in rats prior to percutaneous cannulation of the lateral tail vein did not produce a significant reduction in the behavioural responses to venepuncture. EMLA cream represents a useful refinement of current techniques for intravenous injection in some species, and is especially valuable when the procedure is to be undertaken by an inexperienced operator.   342                                  NAL Call. No.: SF991.A1C3 Use of a bite plate to relieve a painful malocclusion in a male miniature poodle. Crossley, D.A. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Co; 1992 Sep. Canine practice v. 17 (5): p. 17-20; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Mouth diseases; Pain; Dentistry; Case reports   343                              NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Use of analgesic for postsurgical pain in dogs and cats. Sawyer, D.C. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 93-99; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Analgesics   344                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1 The use of electronarcosis as anaesthetic in the cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). II. The effects of changing physical and electrical parameters on the narcotizing ability of alternating current. Barham, W.T.; Schoonbee, H.J.; Visser, J.G.J. Pretoria : South Africa, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply; 1989 Dec. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 55 (4): p. 205-215; 1989 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Freshwater fishes; Electric current; Narcosis; Anesthetics   345                                  NAL Call. No.: SF910.5.V4 Use of epidural morphine in the dog for pain relief. Valverde, A.; Dyson, D.H.; McDonell, W.N.; Pascoe, P.J. Stuttgart : F.K. Schattauer Publishers; 1989 Jun. Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology : V.C.O.T. v. 2 (2): p. 55-58. ill; 1989 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Morphine; Pain; Conduction anesthesia   346                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Use of ketamine-HCl anesthesia in studies of chylomicron- triglyceride metabolism in the rat. Brown, C.M.; Layman, D.K. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Mar. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (2): p. 183-185; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Chylomicron lipids; Lipid metabolism; Skeletal muscle; Heart; Kidneys  Abstract:  Ketamine with 10% acepromazine (Km/Ac) was evaluated for use in an investigation of plasma chylomicron- triglyceride clearance in rats. Clearance rate and the half- life of radiolabeled (14C) chylomicron triglycerides plus tissue uptake of 14C-fatty acids were equal in Km/Ac anesthetized and non-anesthetized rats. Km/Ac was found to be a suitable anesthesia in rats for the study of plasma chylomicron-triglyceride clearance.   347                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Use of low-flow and closed-system anesthesia. Wagner, A.E.; Bednarski, R.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Apr01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (7): p. 1005-1010; 1992 Apr01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Anesthesia; Oxygen; Flow   348                                   NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the relief of pain in laboratory rodents and rabbits. Liles, J.H.; Flecknell, P.A. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Oct. Laboratory animals v. 26 (4): p. 241-255; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Mice; Rabbits; Pain; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Dosage; Adverse effects  Abstract:  The data concerning the use of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and evidence for their efficacy in laboratory rats and mice are reviewed. This information is then extrapolated to clinical situations and dose rates that take account of ulcerogenic side effects are recommended. NSAIDs have the potential to be a very useful group of analgesics and should always be considered when attempting to provide pain relief in laboratory animals.   349                                   NAL Call. No.: 391.8 F73 Use of ophthalmic topical anaesthetics. Seabaugh, V.M.; Chambers, W.A.; Green, S.; Gupta, K.C.; Hill, R.N.; Hurley, P.M.; Lambert, L.A.; Lee, C.C.; Lee, J.K.; Liu, P.T. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1993 Feb. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association v. 31 (2): p. 95-98; 1993 Feb.  Workshop on "Updating Eye Irritation Test Methods: Proposals for Regulatory Consensus," held September 26-27, 1991, Washington, D.C.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Eyes; Anesthetics; Irritant properties; Testing; Topical application; Rabbits   350                           NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Use of opioids in providing postoperative analgesia in the dog: a double-blind trial of pethidine, pentazocine, buprenorphine, and butorphanol. Waterman, A.E.; Kalthum, W. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 466-476, 479; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Opioids; Postoperative care; Analgesics; Trials; Pethidine; Anesthetics; Drug effects   351                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.J62 Use of the laboratory rabbit in the small animal student surgery laboratory. Boothe, H.W.; Hartsfield, S.M. Blacksburg, Va. : The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges; 1990. Journal of veterinary medical education v. 17 (1): p. 16-18; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Veterinary education; Surgery; Rabbits; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Learning experiences; Animal anatomy; Animal testing alternatives   352                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Using bupivacaine hydrochloride for lumbosacral epidural analgesia. Heath, R.B.; Broadstone, R.V.; Wright, M.; Grandy, J.L. Lawrenceville, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1989 Jan. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 11 (1): p. 50-52, 54-55. ill; 1989 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Limbs; Surgery; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Loins; Spines   353                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Vaporizer in circle for delivery of isoflurane to dogs. Bednarski, R.M.; Gaynor, J.S.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Mar15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (6): p. 943-948; 1993 Mar15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Vaporization; Veterinary equipment; Drug delivery systems; Safety   354                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292 Vecuronium infusion in the dog. Jones, R.S.; Young, L.E. London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 Oct. The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (10): p. 509-512; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Muscle relaxants; Anesthesia; Dosage; Neostigmine; Atropine   355                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in dogs and cats anesthetized with tiletamine/zolazepam and halothane. Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (9): p. 1468-1470; 1990 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Epinephrine; Dosage; Arrhythmia; Halothane; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia  Abstract:  The ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was determined in 6 dogs anesthetized with halothane alone or with halothane after injection of tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ). Respiratory rate and tidal volume were controlled and sodium bicarbonate was administered to maintain arterial pH and blood gas values within reference range. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded during determination of the ADE. The ADE (mean +/- SD) was no different during anesthesia with use of halothane alone (8.9 +/-  4.3) than it was when injections of TZ preceded administration of halothane (6.7 +/- 2.8). Tiletamine/zolazepam was also administered IV immediately after determination of the ADE during halothane-induced anesthesia. The TZ administered in this manner did not alter the ADE. Blood pressure and heart rate were significantly greater during infusion of epinephrine than immediately prior to infusion. The administration of TZ did not alter blood pressure response. The ADE was also determined in 6 cats anesthetized with halothane preceded by administration of TZ. The ADE (mean +/- SD) was 0.7 +/-0.23 microgram/kg, a value similar to that reported for cats during anesthesia with halothane alone.   356                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 The veterinarian's responsibility: assessing and managing acute pain in dogs and cats. I. Johnson, J.M. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 May. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (5): p. 804-807; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Pain; Treatment; Animal welfare; Postoperative care   357                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 The veterinarian's responsibility: assessing and managing acute pain in dogs and cats. II. Johnson, J.M. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jun. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (6): p. 911-916, 921; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Pain; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Opioids; Drug combinations; Postoperative care   358                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 What anesthetic induction drugs can be used in place of thialylal?. Ko, J.C.H.; McGrath, C.J.; Kenny, J.E. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1994 Apr. Veterinary medicine v. 89 (4): p. 318-319, 322, 324; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Neuroleptics; Opioids; Drug combinations; Methodology   359                                  NAL Call. No.: RA1199.A49 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of the responses of cultured rabbit trigeminal ganglion neurons to capsaicin--an irritant and neurotoxin. Baumann, T.K.; LaMotte, R.H. New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc; 1989. Alternative methods in toxicology v. 7: p. 57-66. ill; 1989.  In the series analytic: In vitro toxicology: new directions / edited by A.M. Goldberg. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal testing alternatives; Models; In vitro; Capsaicin; Neurotoxins; Pain; Neurons; Recording   360                                   NAL Call. No.: 447.8 Am3 X-linked hypophosphatemic Gy mice: renal tubular maximum for phosphate vs. brush-border transport after low-P diet. Thornton, S.W.; Tenenhouse, H.S.; Martel, J.; Bockian, R.W.; Meyer, M.H.; Meyer, R.A. Jr Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society, 1898-; 1994 Feb. American journal of physiology v. 266 (2,pt.2): p. F309- F315; 1994 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hypophosphatemia; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Deprivation; Diet; Nutrient transport; Kidneys; Mice  Abstract:  We examined the effect of the X-linked hypophosphatemic Gy mutation on the maximal renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (Tm(P)) and compared the effects of phosphate deprivation on both Tm(P) and Na+-dependent phosphate transport in renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Adult female normal and Gy mice were fed a control (1.0% P) or low-phosphate (0.03% P) diet for 5 days. For Tm(P) measurement, anesthetized mice were infused intravenously with [3H]inulin and increasing increments of phosphate (0, 0.27, 0.54, and 1.08 micromoles/min). Tm(P) was significantly reduced in Gy mice on the control diet. Normal mice responded to the low-phosphate diet by raising their Tm(P) [2.35 +/- 0.12 (n = 9) vs. 3.71 +/- 0.16 (n = 9) micromoles/ml glomerular filtrate, mean +/- SE, P < .001], whereas in Gy mice, the change was not significant [1.46 +/- 0.10 (n = 10) vs. 1.70 +/- 0.11 (n = 10)]. In contrast, Gy mice did respond to phosphate restriction by increasing the initial-rate Na+- dependent phosphate transport in the renal BBMV [314 +/- 11 (n = 5) vs. 1,105 +/- 157 (n = 5) pmol.mg protein-1.6 s-1, P < 0.01] as did normal mice [583 +/- 64 (n = 5) vs. 1,692 +/- 203 (n = 5) pmol.mg protein-1.6 s-1, P < .01]. In conclusion, the adaptive increase in Na+-phosphate cotransport in the brushborder membrane of the proximal tubule is not sufficient for the overall increase in Tm(P) in the whole kidney in response to dietary phosphate deprivation.   361                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Xylazaine or medetomidine premedication before propofol anaesthesia. Cullen, L.K.; Reynoldson, J.A. London : The Association; 1993 Apr10. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132 (15): p. 378-383; 1993 Apr10.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics   362                                  NAL Call. No.: 391.8 T662 Xylazine-induced pulmonary edema in rats. Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah, S.; Qualls, C.W. Jr; Cowell, R.L.; Mauromoustakos, A. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 May. Toxicology and applied pharmacology v. 108 (3): p. 417-427; 1991 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Xylazine; Drug toxicity; Lungs; Edema; Etiology; Rats  Abstract:  Inhibitors of cytochrome P450, such as SK&F 525-A, prolong the duration of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia and cause pulmonary edema (PE) and death in rats. To determine the cause of PE, Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of xylazine (21 mg/kg, im) alone or in combination with ketamine (45 mg/kg, im) and/or SK&F 525-A (50 mg/kg, ip) and percentage lung to body weight (%LW/BW) ratios (as an indicator of PE) were compared. The results indicated that xylazine caused PE which was independent of ketamine and was enhanced by SK&F 525-A. Subsequently, it was determined that 42 mg/kg xylazine, im, is an optimal edemagenic dose. Xylazine (42 mg/kg, im) increased the %LW/BW ratio as compared to control. Pleural effusion (PLE) of various amounts was observed in 75% of the animals. The pleural fluid to serum protein ratio for xylazine was similar to that obtained for alpha-naphthylthiourea (5 mg/kg, ip). Extensive serous PLE and alveolar edema with hemorrhage were found at necropsy in xylazine-treated rats. Pretreatment with yohimbine (4.2 mg/kg), prazosin (20 mg/kg), tolazoline (20 mg/kg), yohimbine (4.2 mg/kg) plus prazosin (20 mg/kg), atropine (20 mg/kg), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (7.8 g/kg), allopurinol (50 mg/kg), superoxide dismutase (20,000 U/kg), catalase (20,000 U/kg), BW755C (50 mg/kg), ibuprofen (50 mg/kg), cystathionine (100 mg/kg) plus taurine (100 mg/kg) did not affect the %LW/BW ratio. PLE was increased by yohimbine, yohimbine plus prazosin, and allopurinol, reduced by DMSO, and not changed in other groups. The results indicate that xylazine caused increased-permeability PE characterized by rapid onset, cellular damage and protein-rich pleural fluid. PE may not be mediated by adverse cardiovascular effects of xylazine and oxygen radicals are possibly involved in its etiology. **Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Author Index Abrutyn, D. 223 Ack, J.A. 64 Adams, T. 18, 138, 139 Adetunji, A. 146 Adewumi, J.O.A. 146 Agwu, I.E. 330 Ahmad, F. 291 Ahmed, F.A. 158 Akah, P.A. 54, 330 Akkaya, R. 172 Al-Kassim, N.A.H. 158 Allen, D.G. 231, 232 Ames, IA 267 Amin, A. 21 Amouzadeh, H.R. 167, 172, 177, 178, 362 Andrutis, K.A. 297 Anthony, K.L. 120 Anton, F. 266 Anttila, M. 280 Aramayona, J.J. 253 Arena, P.C. 306 Arnold, T.H. Jr 93 Aronsohn, M.G. 45, 196, 326 Aronson, E. 145 Aucoin, D.P. 142 Autefage, A. 135 Avison, D.L. 235 Bacher, J.D. 295 Bading, J.R. 63 Baggot, J.D. 254 Bailey, J.E. 299 Balasubramaniam, E. 7 Bapna, J.S. 30 Barbera, R. 24 Barham, W.T. 344 Barnett, K.C. 16 Barone, M.A. 154 Barr, S.C. 282 Barrett, E. 238 Barros, H.M.T. 61 Bartoszyk, G.D. 53 Bartram, D.H. 168, 247 Barzago, M.M. 253 Basu, A. 292 Baumann, T.K. 359 Baumans, V. 58 Beale, K.M. 176 Bechtold, S.V. 223 Bednarski, L. 332 Bednarski, R. 332 Bednarski, R.M 92 Bednarski, R.M. 5, 35, 91, 104, 218, 347, 353, 355 Beemsterboer, J. 75 Behme, M.T. 132 Bellah, J.R. 329 Bellay, Y. 272 Bellenger, C.R. 264, 336 Bennett, B.T. 239 Benson, G.J. 8, 9, 57, 119, 150, 209, 216, 217, 219, 225, 227, 274, 287, 333 Benson, J. 141 Benthuysen, J.A. 109 Benti, R. 61 Beppu, H. 245 Bergstresser, D.R. 160 Berman, N.G. 187 Besson, J.M. 65 Bettenay, S.V. 157 Bevill, R.F. 225 Beynen, A.C. 58 Bhattacharya, S.K. 55 Bisignano, G. \u University of Messina, Messina, Italy 52  Biswas, A.R. 30 Bjorling, D.E. 41, 93, 165 Blackshaw, J.K. 72 Bloomberg, M.S. 190 Bockian, R.W. 360 Boggs, S.S. 334 Boisrame, B. 191 Bonati, M. 253 Boothe, D.M. 140 Boothe, H.W. 351 Bor, A. 113 Borkowski, G.L. 208 Bortolotti, A. 253 Boudrieau, R.J. 192 Boyd, C. 66, 153 Boyd, C.J. 107 Brammer, D.W. 40, 259 Brandel, K. 290 Branson, K.R. 141 Brass, Andrea Maria 234 Brearley, J.C. 247 Brennan, M.F. 63 Brewer, T.G. 68 Broadstone, R.V. 352 Brockman, D.J. 19 Brom, W.E. van den 115, 152 Brown, C.M. 346 Brown, J. 173 Brown, M. 112, 114 Brown, M.J. 239 Brownie, C. 268 Brunson, D.B. 67, 272 Buergelt, C.D. 329 Burger, J.P. 99 Burkholder, W. 153 Burrows, G. 172 Burrows, G.E. 221 Bush, M. 37 Butterworth, S.J. 286 Calixto, J.B. 23 Cannon, R. 176 Carithers, R.W. 267 Carreiras, M.C. 293 Carter, C.J. 56 Carter, R.B. 133 Cesar, L. 212, 213 Chalker, L. 176 Chambers, W.A. 349 Chapman, P.L. 79, 169, 207 Chaudhuri, A.K.N. 292 Chrisp, C.E. 40, 259 Clark, G.H. 192 Clark, J.A. 201, 205 Clarke, K.W. 246 Clayton Jones, D.G. 131 Clercx, C. 115, 152 Clutton, R.E. 66 Cobb, M.A. 131 Cockshott, I.D. 134, 320 Cockshutt, J.R. 123 Codner, E.C. 156 Cole, D.J. 44 Colliver, J.A. 186 Combrisson, H. 106 Conlon, K.C. 63 Conlon, P.D. 99 Conzemius, M.G. 19 Corbally, M.T. 63 Cornick, J.L. 74 Corning, B.F. 235 Cosgrove, S.B. 200 Costa, M. 312 Cotard, J.P. 106 Court, M.H. 11, 12, 13, 15, 192 Couvillon, A.M. 230 Cowan, A. 260 Cowell, R.L. 362 Cribb, P.H. 32, 78 Crossley, D.A. 342 Crowe, D.T. 41 Cullen, L.K. 105, 163, 361 Cumming, D.V.E. 131 Curtis, C.R. 76, 207 Curtis, M.B. 91, 92 Daniel, G.B. 117 Danneman, P.J. 208, 314 Darias, V. 293 Dark, J.H. 284 Daunt, D.A. 331 Davenport, D.J. 197 Davies, C. 159 Davis, C.A. 287 Davis, J.A. 68 Davis, L.E. 274 Davot, J.L. 191 Day, T.K. 6, 171 DeCola, J.P. 222 DeHaan, C. 302 Delatour, P. 191 Deleforge, J. 191 Derrieu, G. 262 Deutsch, M. 334 Di Stasi, L.C. 312 Diamond, M.J. 168 Dietrich, R. 148 DiGiacomo, R. F. 303 Digraskar, S.U. 210 Dixon, D. 201, 205 Dobromylskyj, P. 59 Dodam, J.R. 142 Dodman, N.H. 11, 12, 13, 15, 192 Doerning, B.J. 40, 259 Doherty, T. 258 Donaldson, L.L. 153 Donnay, I. 50, 203 Donoghue, A.M. 154 Dorfman, P. 29 Douglas, E.J. 134, 320 Drobatz, K.J. 321 Drummond, J.C. 44 Duarte, I.D.G. 283 Dubner, R. 266 Duke, T. 32, 78 Dunaway, G.A. 186 Dunlop, C.I. 38, 39, 76, 79, 169, 207, 331 Dupre, J. 132 Durham, R.A. 18, 112, 114, 136, 138, 139, 224 Dyer, D.C. 277 Dysko, R.C. 314 Dyson, D.H. 17, 99, 118, 122, 123, 231, 232, 258, 345 Eberhart, S. 188 Ectors, F. 50, 203 Eicker, S.W. 165, 228 Eisele, J.H. 254 Eisele, P.H. 200 Ekpendu, T.O. 54 Elliott, A.R. 254 Emim, J.A. da S. 26 England, G.C.W. 246 Erb, H.N. 282 Erdman, S.E. 116 Evans, A.T. 229 Evans, F.J. 229 Ewing, K.K. 304 Fagetton, X. 203 Faggella, A.M. 45, 196, 326 Fanselow, M.S. 222 Fargetton, X. 50, 108 Fayolle, P. 135 Fenwick, D.C. 72 Fernando, J. 290 Ferreira, S.H. 257 Ferreira-Alves, D.L. 283 Fetherstony, G. 240 Field, K.J. 14 Fikes, L.L. 192, 316 Filho, D.S. 257 Fish, J.S. 251 Fish, R. E. 215 Flecknell, P.A. 121, 166, 179, 180, 202, 211, 226, 240, 284, 285, 309, 341, 348 Fleurentin, J. 28, 29, 51, 262 Fligner, M.A. 64 Flora, R. 66 Florestal, A. 127 Forestieri, A.M. 27 Formukong, E.A. 229 Forsyth, S.F. 62, 147 Forsythe, D.B. 201, 205 Fox, J.G. 187, 189, 297 Franson, K.L. 236 Freeman, L.C. 64 Frei, M.R. 87 Freire, S.M. de F. 26 Frischmeyer, K.J. 272 Frochtengarten, M.L. 61 Fujioka, K.K. 71 Fujita, K. 245 Galati, E.M. 27, 52 Galatos, A. 328 Gallagher, L. 302 Gallagher, L.V. 48, 300, 301 Gandolfi, A.J. 290 Garland, L.G. 229 Gavin, P.R. 302 Gaynor, J.S. 5, 353 Ghantous, H.N. 290 Gilson, S.D. 327 Gleed, R.D. 282 Gomes, C. 312 Gonzales-Sanders, A.P. 230 Gordon, E.A. 134, 320 Gore, J.C. 238 Gorman, P. 127, 193 Goss-Sampson, M.A. 174 Grandy, J.L. 38, 76, 79, 207, 352 Graning, L.M. 150 Grant, S. 170 Graves, G.M. 41 Green, S. 349 Greene, R. 238 Greene, S.A. 48, 88, 89, 90, 162, 250, 300, 301, 302, 333  Greenfield, R.E. 68 Gregg, A.S. 168 Gregory, C.R. 62 Grimm, C. 212, 213 Gronert, G.A. 200 Gross, M.E. 80, 160, 209, 219 Guerreiro, D. 318 Guo, Z.M. 94 Gupta, K.C. 349 Gwynne, B.J. 252 Hadi, A.H.A. 261 Hall, F. 71 Hall, L.W. 149 Hamlin, R.L. 243 Hansen, B. 294 Hansen, B.D. 33, 268 Haragopal, V. 210 Hardie, E. 294 Hardie, E.M. 268 Hartsfield, S.M. 34, 36, 73, 74, 84, 89, 90, 195, 333, 351  Hasegawa, S. 230 Hashim, M.A. 155, 161, 183 Hashimoto, K. 130 Haskins, S.C. 77, 86, 220, 331 Hayes, P.H. 284 Head, K.W. 126 Heath, R.B. 76, 352 Hellyer, P. 85 Hellyer, P.W. 268 Hendricks, J.C. 321 Henfrey, J.I. 126 Herck, H. van 58 Hiben, J.R. 335 Hikasa, Y. 181, 182 Hildebrand, S.V. 147 Hill, R.L. 151 Hill, R.N. 349 Hill, T. 62 Ho, S. 199 Hobbs, B.A. 46, 120 Hodgson, D.S. 76, 79, 207 Holder, D.S. 185 Hollingshead, K. Wayne 319 Holmes, E. 110 Holub, B.J. 132 Honeyman, V. 122 Hooper, T.L. 240 Hosgood, G. 278, 325 Houghton, K.J. 139 Howard, H.L. 151 Howard, J.G. 154 Hrapkiewicz, K.L. 263, 335 Hu, C. 211 Hubbell, J.A.E. 85 Humphreys, M.H. 69 Hunt, G.B. 264, 336 Hunter, J.S. Jr 4 Hurley, P.M. 349 Hurley, R.J. 297 Hustead, D.R. 273 Iauk, L. 27, 52 Ihrke, P.J. 157 Ilkiw, J.E. 62, 77, 86, 109, 147, 289, 323 Ishikawa, N. 97 Ito, S. 245 Jacobson, J.D. 36, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 195 Janssens, L.A.A. 340 Jarvis, K.A. 254 Jauchem, J.R. 87 Jensen, G.L. 338, 339 John, T.A. 25 Johnson, J.M. 20, 356, 357 Johnston, S. 75 Jones, B.D. 160 Jones, R.S. 103, 113, 168, 247, 255, 256, 298, 308, 354 Kakuta, T. 181 Kalthum, W. 275, 350 Kameswaran, L. 22 Kass, P.H. 157 Kasten, T. 186 Kazi, M. 7 Keegan, R. 244 Keegan, R.D. 48, 88, 162, 250, 300, 301, 302 Keene, B.W. 165 Kenny, J.E. 197, 358 Kenshalo, D.R. Jr 266 Khan, R.A. 291 Kim, J.J. 222 King, L.G. 19, 321 Kirizawa, M. 312 Kirjavainen, S. 27, 52 Kirk, A.J.B. 284 Kitaa, J.M.A. 164 Klappenbach, K. 302 Kleinow, Kevin M. 95 Klide, A.M. 1 Knauer, K.W. 195 Knott, S. 134, 320 Ko, C.H. 82 Ko, J.C.H. 10, 119, 141, 216, 358 Koechel, D.A. 2 Kohn, D. 193 Kohn, D.F. 127 Kojima, N. 182 Komulainen Cox, A.M. 32, 78 Komulainen, A. 49 Koritz, G.D. 274 Kraft, S.L. 302 Kramer, Sabine 237 Kraus, K.H. 145 Krejci, M.E. 2 Krishnamurty, V. 22 Kriss, A. 174 Krulisch, Lee 95 Kruse-Elliott, K.T. 142 Kubota, M. 181 Kumar, R.V.S. 210 Kunkle, G.A. 176 Lagerweij, E. 149 Lam, L.K.T. 230 Lambert, L.A. 349 LaMotte, R.H. 359 Landeira-Fernandez, J. 222 Lang, C.M. 14, 208 Langham, M. 224 Langham, M.A. 112, 139 Lanhers, M.C. 28, 29, 51 Lapa, A.J. 26 Lappin, M.R. 41 Larson, A.A. 260 Lascelles, B.D.X. 286 Layman, D.K. 346 Leber, A. 236 Lee, C.C. 349 Lee, J.H. 214 Lee, J.K. 349 Legge, K. 102 Leib, M.S. 153, 197 Leite, J.R. 61 Lemke, K.A. 8, 9, 217, 227 Lemm, Carol A. 198 Lentz, E.L. 150 Lessard, P. 156 Light, G.S. 268 Liles, J.H. 121, 166, 179, 180, 202, 211, 226, 284, 309, 341, 348 Lin, H.C. 57, 225 Lipman, N.S. 116, 235, 297 Liu, C.T. 94 Liu, P.T. 349 Livingston, A. 21 Locke, T.J. 240 Lombard, M.C. 65 Looney, A.L. 282 Lopez-Garcia, R.E. 293 Lorenzetti, B.B. 257 Lot, T.Y. 279 Lowrie, C.T. 111 Ludders, J.W. 282 MacDonald, E. 311 Macrae, D.J. 318 Maier, S.F. 128 Majors, L. 91, 92 Majumdar, S. 238 Malik, R. 199, 264, 336 Maluf, E. 61 Mandsager, R.E. 204 Manning, M.M. 67 Marcantonio, S. 44 Marini, R.P. 116, 235 Martbauer, E. 148 Martel, J. 360 Martin-Herrera, D. 293 Martinic, G. 137 Martucci, R.W. 200 Mason, D.E. 317 Mathews, K.A. 258 Mathis, G.A. 236 Matis, U. 96 Matsunami, K. 305 Matthews, N.S. 195 Matthiesen, D.T. 296 Matz, M.E. 197 Mauromoustakos, A. 362 Mburu, D.N. 206 McCain, W.C. 4 McCarthy, T.J. 239 McCarty, R. 214 McDonell, W.N. 107, 123, 345 McGavin, A.D. 329 McGrath, C.J. 4, 66, 81, 82, 83, 156, 358 McGregor, C.G.A. 240 McKee, N.H. 251 McKelvey, Diane 319 McLaughlin-Taylor, E. 151 McMurphy, R.M. 288 McNeal, D. 109 McNeil, P.E. 3 Medeiros, Y.S. 23 Mendacolli, S.L.J. 312 Meyer, M.H. 360 Meyer, R.A. Jr 360 Miller, E.G. 230 Miller, M.W. 195 Miller, P.E. 272 Misslin, R. 28, 262 Mitema, E.S. 164 Mitra, S.K. 55 Moens, Y. 108 Mohammad, F.K. 158 Mohammed, H.O. 304 Monroe, W.E. 197 Montrey, R.D. 186 Moon, P.F. 323 Moore, M.P. 48, 162, 250, 300, 301, 302 Morgan, D.W.T. 102 Morgan, S.E. 290 Moriello, K.A. 228 Mortier, F. 28, 29, 51, 262 Moum, S.G. 150 Mueller, R.S. 157 Muir, W.W. 5 Muir, W.W. III 6, 64, 85, 104, 171, 218, 299, 317, 332, 353, 355 Mullen, H.S. 296 Murray, C.W. 260 Mustafa, M.R. 261 Myers, P.H. 201, 205 Mythirayee, C. 22 Nagashima, Y. 130 Nagatsu, T. 245 Nakamura-Craig, M. 283 Nelson, L.P. 197 Nelson, T.E. 242 Neves, M.C.A. 23 Neves, P.C.A. 23 Nieves, M.A. 56 Noguchi, T. 130 Nolan, A. 124 Nolan, A.M. 125, 149, 170, 276 Norman, W.M. 11, 12, 13, 15 Nossaman, B.C. 167 O'Malley, N.A. 110 Obata, M. 245 Ogasawara, S. 181, 182 Okogun, J.I. 54 Okumura, M. 97 Olson, M.E. 49 Olson, P.N. 190 Olson, W.A. 8, 9, 57, 119, 216, 217, 219, 225, 227, 287 Omarini, D. 253 Onabanjo, A.O. 25 Onwukaeme, D.N. 279 Orima, H. 220 Orton, E.C. 327 Osgood, P.F. 60 Oshima, Y. 97 Otsuka, K. 315 Otto, K. 96 Oz, M.C. 127 Pablo, L.S. 249 Paddleford, R.R. 43 Palmu, L. 313 Papaioannou, V.E. 189 Papazoglou, L. 328 Pardy, R.L. 159 Pare, P.D. 159 Pascoe, P.J. 17, 77, 86, 122, 345 Pattison, C.W. 131 Patz, J.D. 77, 86, 220 Paul, V. 7 Payne, J. 66 Payton, A.J. 194, 201, 205 Pearson, M.R.B. 199, 264, 336 Pearson, M.R.E. 143 Pelt, J.M. 29, 262 Perkowski, S.Z. 19 Petcho, A. 248 Pettifer, G.R. 118 Philbrick, D.J. 132 Pick, J.R. 194 Plyley, M.J. 251 Popilskis, S. 193 Popilskis, S.J. 127 Portnoy, L.G. 273 Potthoff, A. 267 Pynn, B.R. 251 Qualls, C.W. Jr 172, 177, 362 Quandt, J.E. 70 Quinn, R.H. 314 Rabanal, R.M. 293 Raffe, M.R. 70, 204, 316 Ragusa, S. 24 Rahn, J.E. 122 Ramachandran, S. 22 Ramakrishna, O. 210 Ramaswamy, S. 30 Ramirez, J.A. 71 Rapisarda, A. 24 Raptopoulos, D. 233, 328 Rasheed, S. 291 Rawlings, C.A. 93 Rech, R.H. 18, 112, 136, 138, 139 Redgate, E.S. 334 Reid, J. 124, 125, 170, 276 Reid, W.D. 159 Reinhardt, V. 337 Remedios, A.M. 32, 78 Remillard, R.L. 4 Reynoldson, J.A. 163, 361 Rich, S. 212, 213 Richards, D.L.S. 113, 247 Richardson, K.C. 306 Richardson, M.E. 175 Richter, M.A. 18, 138 Ridgewell, R.E. 2 Riedesel, D.H. 277 Robain, G. 106 Robertson, S.A. 75, 188, 329 Robinson, E.P. 70 Rocha, J.B.T. 184 Roder, J.D. 172 Rodriguez, B. 293 Rolhall, T.G. 120 Rolland, A. 28 Romanovsky, A.A. 324 Romatowski, J. 42 Rosenberg, D.P. 265 Rosenhauer, R.R. 160 Rosenthal, J.C. 301 Roush, J.K. 165 Ruane, R.J. 134, 320 Rush, H.G. 40, 259 Russell, G.B. 208 Sackman, J.E. 270, 271 Sally, J. 85 Salmeri, K.R. 190 Salonen, J.S. 280 Samuel, O.T. 25 Sanchez, J.A. 193 Sanders, E. 244 Sangiah, S. 167, 172, 177, 178, 221, 362 Sarti, S.J. 257 Sawyer, D.C. 18, 112, 114, 136, 138, 139, 224, 343 Scarlett, J.M. 304 Schaeffer, Dorcas O. 95 Schoonbee, H.J. 344 Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.), School of Veterinary Medicine 95 Scott, R.A.W. 175 Seabaugh, V.M. 349 Sear, J.W. 149 Sechi, L.A. 69 Seeler, D.C. 11, 12, 13, 15 Sheridan, M. 153 Shigenobu, K. 315 Short, C.E. 244, 304 Simons, P.J. 134, 320 Sisson, D.D. 117 Skarda, R.T. 299 Smeak, D.D. 173 Smedes, S.L. 272 Smiler, K.L. 263, 335 Smith, E.P. 81, 82, 83 Smith, J. 145 Smith, J.A. 5, 80 Smith, L.J. 162 Smith, W. 307 Snipe, J.R. 201, 205 Sokale, A.A. 25 Souccar, C. 26 Soulimani, R. 262 Souza, D.O. 184 Souza, G.E.P. 257 Spiess, B.M. 236 Sprenkel, T.L. 120 Stafleu, F.R. 58 Steffey, E.P. 254 Stein, S. 263, 335 Still, J. 31 Striler, E.L. 18, 112, 114, 138, 139, 224 Sundar, N.S. 210 Swalec, K.M. 173 Swanson, C.R. 142 Sylvestre, A.M. 281 Sylvina, T.J. 187 Tackett, R.L. 93 Tagawa, M. 254 Takahashi, S. 315 Takase, K. 181, 182 Tambrallo, L. J. 215 Tasker, R.A.R. 322 Taylor, J. 137 Taylor, N.R. 98 Taylor, P.M. 16 Tenenhouse, H.S. 360 Terplan, G. 148 Thatcher, C.D. 4 Thirugnanasambantham, P. 22 Thoday, K.L. 126 Thomas, D.A. 266 Thompson, S.E. 20 Thornton, S.W. 360 Thurmon, J.C. 8, 9, 10, 57, 119, 141, 150, 209, 216, 217, 219, 225, 227, 274, 287 Tokuriki, M. 305 Toombs, J.P. 41 Torres, L.M.B. 26 Toutain, P.L. 135 Tracy, C.H. 244 Tranquili, W.J. 119 Tranquilli, W.J. 8, 9, 10, 57, 80, 141, 150, 209, 216, 217, 225, 227, 274, 287, 316 Trolin, G. 312 Trovato, A. 24, 27 Turner, D.M. 289 Twardock, A.R. 117 Tyner, C.L. 89, 90 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 198 Uekane, A. 315 University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources 303 University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Agricultural Library (U.S.) 215 Usleber, E. 148 Uzuka, Y. 305 Vaha-Vahe, A.T. 100, 101, 216 Vaha-Vahe, T. 310, 313 Vainio, O. 269, 310, 313 Valadao, Carlos Augusto Araujo 144 Valentin, J.P. 69 Valliant, A. 107, 258 Valliant, A.E. 123 Valverde, A. 99, 123, 345 Van Hoosier, G. L. 303 Vendite, D. 184 Venugopalan, C.S. 110 Verstegen, J. 50, 203, 248 Vinche, A. 51 Virtanen, Raimo 311 Visser, J.G.J. 344 Viswanathan, S. 22 Vries, H.W. de 115, 152 Vuorilehto, L. 280 Wagner, A.E. 39, 169, 347 Wallace, J. 252 Waterman, A.E. 21, 155, 161, 183, 275, 286, 350 Watkins, L.R. 128 Watney, G.C.G. 249 Weaver, B.M.Q. 233 Wertz, E.M. 274 Wheaton, L.G. 287 White, H.J. 297 White, W.J. 14 Whitfield, J.B. 41 Wiertelak, E.P. 128 Wilcock, B. 258 Wild, A. 53 Wildt, D.E. 154 Williams, G.M. 266 Williamson, H.A. 131, 341 Willits, N. 254 Withrow, S.J. 327 Wittker, Jurgen 47 Wixson, S.K. 129 Woliner, M.J. 254 Wong, K. 212, 213 Wooten, T.L. 111 Wootton, R. 309 Wright, J.M. 230 Wright, M. 352 Wyatt, J.D. 175 Yacoub, M.H. 131 Yamada, S. 97 Yamamoto, Y. 220 Young, L.E. 103, 168, 247, 354 Young, M.S. 268 Young, S.S. 16, 281 Younos, C. 28, 51 Yunes, R.A. 23 Zahler, R. 238 Zanini, J.C. Jr 23 Zanker, S. 50 Zatz, R. 241 Zhao, Z.B. 297 Zoran, D.L. 277  
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document

Subject Index  4-aminopyridine 49, 50 Abdomen 136, 160, 180, 245 Abnormalities 41 Accidents 67 Accuracy 195 Acetaminophen 206 Acid base equilibrium 253 Acupuncture 1, 31 Adenoma 297 Adhesives 96 Adrenal glands 296 Adrenal medulla 327 Adrenalectomy 327 Adrenalin 110 Adverse effects 5, 32, 45, 49, 59, 68, 75, 84, 100, 101, 102, 108, 126, 156, 163, 177, 183, 188, 189, 196, 200, 202, 203, 216, 233, 242, 246, 258, 267, 278, 310, 317, 323, 328, 348 Age 190, 326 Age differences 38, 325 Aggregation 282 Agonists 6, 33, 108, 172, 211, 311 Air flow 36, 42 Algae 130 Alkali treatment 238 Alkaloids 25 Allergens 156 Allergies 176 Alloxan 214 Aloe arborescens 245 Alpha-adrenergic receptors 6, 311, 322 Amitraz 163 Amphibia 37, 306 Amphibians as laboratory animals 95 Analgesics 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 46, 51, 54, 57, 82, 89, 90, 100, 101, 109, 118, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 138, 139, 140, 166, 176, 180, 184, 192, 193, 202, 203, 204, 226, 229, 246, 257, 262, 265, 267, 270, 271, 273, 278, 279, 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 293, 294, 311, 312, 313, 316, 322, 340, 343, 348, 350, 352, 357 Anesthesia 1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 56, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 136, 137, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 194, 196, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 223, 232, 233, 235, 239, 240, 242, 244, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 263, 272, 274, 275, 277, 281, 282, 287, 289, 295, 296, 298, 299, 302, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 313, 314, 317, 318, 324, 326, 327, 329, 331, 333, 335, 346, 347, 351, 352, 354, 355, 358 Anesthetics 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 34, 35, 36, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 64, 71, 85, 86, 89, 102, 103, 110, 127, 136, 142, 147, 150, 156, 158, 159, 160, 170, 185, 186, 188, 189, 194, 198, 202, 203, 205, 227, 228, 231, 233, 240, 244, 249, 263, 274, 275, 277, 290, 298, 301, 302, 306, 310, 316, 317, 320, 325, 332, 338, 339, 340, 344, 349, 350, 353, 361 Animal anatomy 271, 296, 351 Animal anesthesia 198 Animal behavior 7, 133, 190 Animal experiments 301 Animal models 260 Animal testing alternatives 290, 351, 359 Animal tissues 134 Animal welfare 58, 303, 314, 356, 357 Antagonists 103, 211, 260, 300 Anthelmintics 140 Antibacterial properties 52 Antibiotics 98, 325 Anticonvulsants 279 Antidiarrhea agents 279 Antifungal agents 98 Antihistaminics 140 Antiinfective agents 140 Antiinflammatory agents 24, 25, 29, 51, 140, 206, 267, 270, 291, 292, 293, 348 Antineoplastic agents 230 Antiparasitic agents 98 Antipyretics 27, 29, 279, 293 Anxiety 55, 268 Aorta 112 Apparatus 42 Application methods 113, 188 Aquarium fishes 56 Arachidonic acid 270 Arrhythmia 8, 9, 81, 164, 171, 227, 355 Artefacts 126 Arteries 175, 207 Asclepiadaceae 261 Aspartic acid 260 Assays 133 Astragalus 52 Ataxia 163 Atopy 156 Atp 282 Atropine 113, 165, 197, 305, 354 Australia 199 Bandages 173, 325 Baphia 279 Barbiturates 281, 289 Bark 23 Beagle 282 Behavior 55 Benzocaine 68 Benzodiazepine 85 Benzodiazepines 48, 73, 83, 84, 156, 209, 219, 231, 333 Bicarbonates 74, 78, 238 Bioassays 97 Bioelectric potential 174 Biological development 190 Biopsy 126 Biosynthesis 229 Bitches 190 Blockage 173, 264, 336 Blood 19, 20, 74, 78, 81, 162, 195, 208, 229, 235, 253, 284 Blood chemistry 118 Blood flow 11, 93, 152 Blood glucose 178, 214 Blood ph 175 Blood plasma 132, 275 Blood pressure 4, 18, 19, 69, 70, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 87, 94, 112, 114, 139, 162, 171, 175, 185, 207, 208, 218, 235, 240, 241, 243, 244 Blood proteins 39 Blood sampling 337 Blood serum 93, 99 Blood sugar 69 Blood vessels 23, 245 Blood volume 39, 69 Body fluids 236 Body temperature 19, 74, 87, 93, 118, 120, 162, 208 Body temperature regulation 325 Body weight 121, 180 Boluses 73 Bone fractures 204 Bones 204 Brain 186, 302, 305 Brain stem 174 Brazil 312 Breathing 42 Breed differences 277 Breeds 75 Broilers 172 Burns 245, 331 Cabt 97 Caffeine 242 Calcium ions 242 California 71 Calotropis procera 292 Calves 221 Canary Islands 293 Cannabidiol 229 Cannabis sativa 229 Capsaicin 359 Carbon dioxide 71, 72, 74, 151, 162, 195 Carboxypeptidases 245 Carcinogenesis 230 Cardiac glycosides 25 Cardiac output 240 Cardiomyopathy 131 Cardiovascular agents 107 Cardiovascular system 15, 38, 66, 70, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 160, 169, 173, 240, 311, 325 Carpus 112 Case reports 3, 67, 297, 323, 325, 327, 342 Case studies 329 Castration 10, 45, 190, 196, 326 Cat 11, 12, 13, 15, 35, 41, 42, 43, 76, 100, 102, 105, 140, 233, 267, 274, 278, 316, 329 Cataract 16, 34 Catecholamines 57, 93, 287 Catheters 112, 122, 173 Cats 10, 32, 33, 36, 39, 50, 57, 59, 62, 67, 78, 80, 103, 122, 136, 147, 154, 157, 161, 181, 182, 183, 203, 204, 207, 220, 224, 225, 231, 232, 239, 269, 270, 271, 287, 288, 294, 296, 298, 319, 328, 343, 347, 355, 356, 357 Celastrus paniculatus 291 Central nervous system 11, 12, 15, 209, 301, 311, 334 Cerebral ventricles 94 Cerebrospinal fluid 94, 99, 111 Chicks 261 Children 60 Chloralose 159 Chloramphenicol 167, 221 Chlorpromazine 7 Chromatography 257 Chylomicron lipids 346 Cimetidine 167 Circuits 42, 105 Clams 97 Classification 145 Claws 10 Clinical examination 58 Clinical experience 192 Complications 40, 324, 327 Conception rate 154 Conditioned reflexes 222 Conduction anesthesia 32, 78, 99, 193, 210, 288, 345 Conductivity 163 Conformation 115 Consciousness 173 Control methods 251 Cooling 323 Correlation 173 Corticotrophin 142 Cricetulus 98 Cross reaction 148 Crossbreds 75, 277 Cutaneous application 126 Cyanocobalamin 53 Cycloheximide 85 Cyclosporins 62 Cymbopogon citratus 257 Cysteine 2 Cytotoxic t lymphocytes 151 Dentistry 342 Deprivation 360 Derivatives 2, 22 Detection 130 Determination 243, 280 Detoxicants 90, 100, 246 Diabetes 178 Diabetes mellitus 69 Diagnostic techniques 12, 56, 314 Diagnostic value 321 Diazepam 5, 55, 136, 210, 231, 300, 314, 317, 332 Diet 360 Digestive system diseases 13 Dirofilaria immitis 110 Disease prevention 323 Disease resistance 190 Disease vectors 71 Dislocations 151 Distribution 134, 135 Diuresis 158 Docosenoic acids 132 Dogs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 48, 64, 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 176, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199, 200, 206, 209, 210, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 227, 228, 233, 236, 240, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 284, 286, 288, 289, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 308, 310, 313, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 336, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361 Domestic animals 1 Dosage 21, 33, 34, 49, 59, 98, 101, 113, 136, 138, 139, 150, 168, 169, 188, 191, 206, 210, 216, 239, 249, 259, 270, 304, 314, 322, 332, 348, 354, 355 Dosage effect 100, 289, 308, 316 Dosage effects 53, 59, 70, 86, 107, 108, 138, 139 Droperidol 118, 199, 314 Drug antagonism 49, 50, 100, 101, 103, 158, 187, 209, 300, 304, 308, 309, 310 Drug combinations 10, 62, 66, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 108, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 147, 153, 159, 168, 174, 188, 194, 196, 203, 209, 211, 216, 219, 225, 235, 239, 244, 258, 305, 357, 358 Drug delivery systems 94, 353 Drug effects 18, 32, 57, 66, 70, 73, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 100, 106, 122, 125, 149, 164, 169, 171, 191, 202, 210, 216, 218, 228, 269, 305, 311, 313, 322, 350 Drug metabolism 320 Drug synergy 309 Drug therapy 33, 56, 140 Drug toxicity 25, 61, 259, 293, 362 Drugs 34, 140, 197, 217, 269, 317, 322 Duodenum 153, 197 Duration 59, 84, 139, 187, 188, 239, 244, 264, 284, 336 Dysplasia 297 Ears 208 Echocardiography 117 Edema 23, 54, 245, 292, 362 Efficacy 19, 32, 188, 314 Eicosapentaenoic acid 132 Elasticity 321 Electric current 344 Electric potential 305 Electrical stimulation 301 Electrocardiograms 19, 153, 164 Electroencephalography 48, 162, 250, 300, 301, 302 Electrophysiology 174 Embryonic development 154 Emergencies 35 Enantiomers 191 Endocrine diseases 296 Endocrine system 311 Endorphins 271 Endoscopy 153, 197, 318 Endosulfan 7 Energy metabolism 238 Enzyme activators 172 Enzyme immunoassay 148 Enzyme inhibitors 172 Enzymes 177 Ephedrine 169 Epinephrine 8, 9, 126, 164, 225, 227, 355 Esophageal sphincter 155, 161, 183 Esophagus 165 Essential oils 257, 262, 315 Estimation 195, 241 Etiology 362 Euphorbia hirta 29 Euthanasia 151, 186 Evaluation 60, 194 Excretion 320 Experimental diabetes 69, 214 Experiments 204 Exposure 7 Extracts 156 Eyes 34, 236, 272, 349 Fasting 36 Feed intake 121, 179 Females 134 Fentanyl 32, 78, 118, 131, 199, 211, 309 Ferrets 187, 194 Fever 26, 27, 52 Fish as laboratory animals 95 Fish diseases 56 Fish oils 132 Fishes 198, 306, 338, 339 Flavonoids 22, 26 Flow 105, 347 Flowers 291 Flunixin 3, 121, 125, 258 Folk medicine 61, 257, 293, 330 Food consumption 166 Food intake 180, 202 Food poisoning 130, 148 Formaldehyde 260 Frequency 294 Freshwater fishes 344 Frogs 261, 330 Fructose-bisphosphatase 186 Fruits 27 Gas chromatography 280 Gases 19, 20, 81, 105, 162, 175, 208, 235, 253, 284 Gentamicin 147 Gerbils 98, 263 Geriatrics 43 Glaucoma 272 Glucagon 197 Glucose tolerance 132 Glycemia 214 Glycosides 261 Golden hamster 159 Golden hamsters 98 Gravity 115 Greyhound 277 Greyhounds 199 Guaifenesin 239 Guanosine monophosphate 69 Guidelines 45 Guinea pigs 94, 98 Guinea pigs as laboratory animals 215 Half life 273 Halogenated hydrocarbons 281 Halothane 3, 8, 16, 18, 64, 76, 77, 90, 91, 104, 107, 123, 131, 151, 162, 164, 166, 171, 179, 185, 199, 218, 242, 247, 252, 282, 299, 301, 329, 332, 355 Halothane susceptibility 70 Hamsters 98, 201, 205, 230 Harpagophytum procumbens 51 Hcg 154 Head 12, 36 Heart 186, 346 Heart diseases 64, 110 Heart output 218 Heart rate 19, 59, 70, 74, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87, 94, 113, 118, 120, 122, 162, 165, 168, 171, 173, 175, 187, 208, 218, 235, 244 Heat loss 42 Heat tolerance 21 Hematocrit 39, 69 Hematology 164 Hemodynamics 107, 123, 169, 210, 216, 217, 219, 238, 264, 336 Hemoglobin 169, 195 Hemorrhage 39, 91, 92 Hip dysplasia 145 Hips 96, 145 Histamine 156, 157, 176 Histopathology 259, 297 History 255 Hormones 140 Horses 39 Hymenaea 23 Hypercapnia 162 Hypersensitivity 156, 176 Hypertension 11, 44 Hyperthermia 242, 324, 329 Hypophosphatemia 360 Hypotension 221 Hypothermia 251, 323, 324, 331 Hypovolemia 77 Hysterectomy 196 Illinois 333 Immunosuppression 62 In vitro 359 Indometacin 236 Infants 221 Inflammation 23, 26, 27, 52, 54, 245 Infusion 62, 94 Inhaled anesthetics 9, 34, 63, 72, 73, 78, 79, 88, 169, 171, 224, 254, 304 Inhibition 230 Inhibitors 177 Injectable anesthetics 40, 75, 88, 106, 120, 149, 155, 183, 208, 216, 231, 232, 259, 276, 307, 355 Injection 19, 157 Injections 175, 274 Injuries 12 Insulin 132, 178 Interactions 7, 254 Internal pressure 67, 94, 155, 173, 183 Intestinal motility 197 Intramuscular injection 10, 40, 74, 135, 168, 187, 193, 259, 275, 335 Intraperitoneal injection 335 Intrauterine insemination 154 Intravenous feeding 221 Intravenous injection 19, 73, 74, 75, 113, 134, 139, 191, 208, 273, 320, 341 Irritant properties 349 Ischemia 3, 185, 323 Japan 97, 130 Joints (animal) 145 Ketamine 49, 50, 73, 83, 84, 87, 103, 108, 116, 127, 136, 167, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 187, 188, 191, 199, 203, 231, 235, 239, 305, 328, 335, 346 Kidney diseases 13, 258 Kidneys 2, 38, 186, 259, 325, 346, 360 Kittens 38, 45, 325, 326 Labiatae 293 Laboratory animals 58, 68, 202, 215, 269, 285, 307, 311, 322, 341 Laboratory equipment 252 Laboratory methods 63, 223, 314 Lactic acid 118 Lactic acidosis 238 Lameness 340 Laparoscopy 154, 160 Laparotomy 121 Larynx 289, 318 Learning experiences 351 Leaves 27, 54, 61, 279 Lesions 335 Leukotrienes 229 Lidocaine 126, 164, 341 Limbs 32, 251, 352 Limonin 230 Lipid metabolism 346 Lippia 312 Liquid chromatography 130 Literature reviews 296, 325 Liver 38, 132, 172, 186, 290, 325 Liver diseases 13 Loading 338, 339 Local anesthesia 126, 192, 341 Local anesthetics 126, 330, 341 Locomotion 121, 166, 179, 180, 202 Loins 352 Losses 39 Luciferase 282 Luminescence 282 Lung ventilation 67, 115, 185, 220 Lungs 67, 115, 152, 240, 362 Lymphocyte transformation 151 Macaca 266 Macaca mulatta 254, 337 Male animals 218 Mammary glands 297 Man 61, 229 Marine areas 130 Mass spectrometry 280 Measurement 4, 112, 300, 321 Mechanical stimulation 21 Medetomidine 8, 9, 32, 78, 118, 141, 149, 168, 216, 304 Medical treatment 39 Medicinal plants 23, 25, 26, 30, 52, 54, 279, 283, 291, 293, 312, 330 Medicinal properties 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 52, 54, 61, 245 Melissa officinalis 262 Menispermaceae 25 Meriones libycus 98 Meriones unguiculatus 98 Metabolic inhibitors 229 Metabolism 264, 325, 336 Metabolites 191 Metastasis 296 Meters 195 Methadone 59 Methemoglobinemia 68 Methodology 96, 358 Methoxamine 322 Methoxyflurane 18, 151, 212, 213, 258 Mice 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 52, 54, 61, 97, 98, 151, 172, 189, 229, 245, 251, 260, 262, 269, 279, 283, 292, 293, 312, 315, 348, 360 Microsomes 172 Mode of action 1, 270, 283 Models 204, 221, 359 Modification 4 Momordica charantia 30 Monitoring 36, 71, 325 Monitors 4, 112 Morinda citrifolia 28 Morphine 20, 65, 99, 123, 141, 192, 254, 287, 301, 317, 345 Mortality 334 Mouth diseases 342 Mucuna pruriens 27 Mus musculus 98 Muscle relaxants 16, 34, 62, 147, 185, 255, 256, 259, 308, 354 Muscle tissue 261 Muscles 135, 186, 242, 335 Myocardial depressants 164 Myocardium 238 Myrcene 257 Myristica argentea 315 Myristica fragrans 315 Naloxone 28 Narcosis 344 Narcotic antagonists 6, 48, 50, 101, 168, 209, 247, 248, 270, 304, 310 Neck 36 Necrosis 335 Nematode control 110 Neoplasms 12, 296, 327, 334 Neostigmine 308, 354 Nephrectomy 327 Nephritis 3 Nerve tissue 261 Nervous system 66, 336 Nervous system diseases 11, 12, 214 Neuroleptics 74, 80, 81, 107, 116, 176, 225, 228, 235, 244, 246, 309, 333, 358 Neurons 65, 163, 359 Neurophysiology 7, 65, 261 Neurotoxins 359 Neurotransmitters 271 Neutrophils 229 Nigeria 279 Nitrous oxide 16, 131, 160, 247, 281 Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents 121, 124 Nontarget effects 118 Norepinephrine 225 Normal values 321 Nutrient transport 360 Obesity 190 Ohio 299 Ointments 341 Ontario 281 Opioid peptides 283 Opioids 34, 70, 74, 81, 83, 124, 180, 192, 211, 225, 235, 260, 350, 357, 358 Opium 179, 309 Opium alkaloids 270 Ornamental fishes 56 Osteoarthritis 33 Ovariectomy 45, 190, 196, 326 Ovulation 154 Oxygen 72, 74, 82, 169, 195, 252, 347 Pain 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 65, 93, 121, 125, 128, 138, 166, 180, 192, 193, 202, 204, 206, 214, 222, 260, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 284, 285, 287, 294, 301, 306, 314, 316, 322, 340, 342, 345, 348, 356, 357, 359 Panax pseudoginseng 55 Pancreas 132, 296 Pancreas islets 132 Paralysis 261 Parasympatholytics 8, 9, 82 Parathyroid 296 Passiflora edulis 61 Pentobarbital 151, 159, 174, 305 Peptides 69 Periosteum 204 Peripheral nerves 174, 271 Pet care 56, 98 Pethidine 18, 168, 231, 286, 350 Pets 56 Ph 20, 74, 78, 81, 162, 165, 238 Pharmaceutical products 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 51, 54, 245 Pharmacodynamics 43, 254, 278 Pharmacokinetics 38, 43, 109, 134, 135, 149, 170, 236, 254, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 311, 325 Pharmacology 24, 102, 279, 311, 315 Phenobarbital 167 Phenothiazines 107 Phodopus 98 Phosphates 360 Phospholipids 132 Phosphorus 360 Physiological functions 269, 302 Physiology 267, 271 Physiopathology 11, 15 Pigs 254 Piper 312 Pituitary 296, 297 Plankton 97 Plant composition 261 Plant extracts 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 52, 54, 61, 261, 262, 279, 283, 291, 292, 293, 315 Platelet count 96 Platelets 282 Pmsg 154 Portal vein 173 Postoperative care 20, 33, 34, 36, 57, 192, 202, 206, 226, 284, 285, 287, 294, 325, 350, 356, 357 Postoperative complications 3, 34, 196, 202, 296, 326 Posture 152 Preanesthetic medication 5, 36, 59, 83, 116, 122, 149, 150, 153, 155, 161, 165, 168, 216, 223, 247, 296, 332, 361 Prediction 334 Prednisolone 62 Pregnancy 154, 253 Preoperative care 16, 36, 268, 296, 325 Preovulatory period 154 Prescriptions 294 Pressure 106 Primates 265, 295 Probes 195 Progeny 242 Prognosis 327 Prolactin 297 Propranolol 164, 173 Prostheses 96 Protein content 236 Protein energy malnutrition 184 Pulse rate 18, 112, 139, 299 Puppies 196, 325 Pups 38 Pyloroplasty 299 Pyridoxine 53 Rabbits 40, 46, 63, 109, 116, 119, 120, 127, 175, 188, 208, 223, 235, 253, 259, 273, 297, 309, 318, 320, 348, 349, 351 Rabbits as laboratory animals 303 Radiation 87 Radioactive iodine 135 Radiography 117, 145 Radionuclides 117 Ratios 115, 152 Rats 7, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 44, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 65, 69, 72, 87, 98, 121, 128, 132, 133, 134, 137, 158, 166, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 211, 214, 222, 226, 238, 241, 243, 245, 251, 252, 257, 261, 269, 279, 283, 292, 293, 311, 314, 320, 322, 334, 335, 346, 348, 362 Rattus norvegicus 98 Receptors 260, 270 Recording 359 Recordings 243 Recovery 75, 147, 247, 277 Rectum 175 Reflexes 120, 175, 199, 210, 235, 289, 330 Regression analysis 117 Renal failure 3, 40 Renal function 2, 258 Reptiles 37, 306 Reptiles as laboratory animals 95 Requirements 150 Resection 41, 327 Resistance to air flow 42 Respiration 36, 59, 79, 84, 85, 160, 244 Respiration rate 19, 59, 74, 76, 78, 118, 120, 122, 165, 208, 235 Respiratory diseases 72 Respiratory disorders 162 Respiratory gases 21, 78, 118 Respiratory system 15, 38, 70, 77, 78, 83, 96, 325 Responses 208 Restraint of animals 1, 72, 118, 314 Risk 324 Rodent control 71 Rodents 58, 129, 202, 212, 213, 324 Roots 28, 55, 292 Rubiaceae 54 Safety 19, 45, 72, 102, 108, 120, 131, 194, 210, 239, 264, 336, 353  Salicylates 287 Salt 338, 339 Scoparia dulcis 26 Screening tests 312 Secondary sexual traits 190 Seeds 261, 283, 315 Serums 280 Sex differences 196 Sex hormones 190 Sheep 21, 109 Shellfish 130, 148 Siphonaptera 176 Skeletal muscle 346 Skeleton 190 Skin 126 Skin tests 156, 176, 228 South Africa 344 Species differences 68, 109, 254, 320 Spermophilus beecheyi 71 Spinal cord 65 Spinal diseases 12, 31 Spines 352 Stomach 165 Stomach diseases 79 Strain differences 87, 335 Striped Bass 198 Structure activity relationships 22 Subcutaneous injection 138, 168, 273 Substance p 260 Suckling 184 Sulfadiazine 3 Supplements 132 Surgery 1, 16, 39, 96, 173, 179, 180, 225, 264, 299, 323, 324, 325, 333, 336, 351, 352 Surgical equipment 104 Surgical operations 10, 11, 19, 34, 36, 57, 93, 142, 193, 202, 275, 287, 296, 351 Survival 185, 327 Susceptibility 200, 242 Sutures 325 Suxamethonium 255 Swelling 206 Sympathomimetics 91, 92 Tabernaemontana crassa 330 Tail 241 Tannins 25 Tapes 97 Tarsus 112 Techniques 160 Tecomella undulata 291 Temperament 156 Temperature 338, 339 Temperatures 175 Testing 322, 349 Tests 260, 269 Texas 333 Thermoregulation 38, 93 Thiamin 53 Thiopental 16, 155, 183, 231, 247, 281, 289 Thorax 41, 115, 193, 321 Thyroid gland 296 Tillandsia usneoides 312 Time 308 Timing 334 Tolerance 191 Tolerances 167 Topical application 68, 236, 349 Toxicity 2, 40, 97 Toxins 2, 97, 130, 148 Trachea 41, 63, 113, 150, 165, 223, 318 Traditional medicines 279, 315 Training of animals 337 Transmission 163 Transplantation 240 Transport of animals 338, 339 Trauma 15, 67 Treatment 11, 270, 356 Trema 24 Trials 350 Trichomes 27 Trimethoprim 3 Triterpenoids 26 Tubes 36, 42, 63, 150, 223 Ultrasonic devices 207 Ultrasound 207 Ultrastructure 2 Undernutrition 184 Uremia 258 Urethane 159, 185 Urethra 106 Urinary tract 190 Values 105 Vaporization 353 Vasoconstrictor agents 91, 92 Veins 175, 336 Velocity 163 Vena cava 264, 327 Venous circulation 264, 336 Ventilation 76, 218 Ventricles 6, 117, 243 Vertebrates 306 Veterinary anesthesia 144, 319 Veterinary education 351 Veterinary equipment 4, 220, 241, 353 Veterinary medicine 311 Vomiting 32 Washington 333 Waste gases 252 Water hardness 338, 339 Water intake 98, 121, 166, 179, 180, 202 Weight losses 334 Wounds 245 Xylazine 6, 8, 9, 49, 82, 106, 108, 116, 127, 158, 167, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 187, 188, 199, 209, 219, 231, 235, 239, 244, 246, 287, 305, 311, 328, 335, 362 Yohimbine 49, 50, 187, 209, 322  
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*The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9512.htm, April 19, 1998*