The “City of Jackson” includes the municipality of Jackson, the Jackson Police 1

Department, and Officer Jeffrey Middleton in his official capacity.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2009-CA-00928-SCT

CITY OF JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI AND JACKSON

POLICE DEPARTMENT

v.

EDNA HARRIS, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS

ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF

DESMONDE HARRIS AND JAMES HARRIS,

INDIVIDUALLY

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/28/2009

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. W. SWAN YERGER

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: KIMBERLY BANKS

PIETER JOHN TEEUWISSEN 

CLAIRE B. HAWKINS

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: CHARLES R. MULLINS 

MERRIDA COXWELL 

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/05/2010

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE WALLER, C.J., LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ.

LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The City of Jackson appeals from a final judgment in favor of the wrongful-death 1

beneficiaries of Desmonde Harris, who died in a motor-vehicle accident involving a Jackson

police officer. The City of Jackson asserts that the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (MTCA)
Edna Harris filed the complaint in her individual capacity and as the administratrix 2

of the Estate of Desmonde Harris. 

The Beneficiaries sued Middleton in his individual and official capacity. Prior to 3

final judgment, Middleton was dismissed in his individual capacity.

2

precludes liability in this case because Harris’s death was the result of culpable-negligence

manslaughter. Alternatively, the City of Jackson argues that the trial judge erred in finding

it was the sole proximate cause of Harris’s death and in awarding the wrongful-death

beneficiaries $500,000 in damages. Finding no merit in these arguments, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment.

FACTS

¶2. Edna and James Harris (“Beneficiaries”) filed a wrongful-death suit against the City 2

of Jackson, alleging that it was liable for the grossly negligent and reckless driving of its

employee, Officer Jeffrey Middleton. The Beneficiaries alleged that Middleton was acting 3

in the course and scope of his employment when he operated his 1999 white Crown Victoria

at an excessive speed, without a siren or flashing flights, and collided with Harris’s 2000 red

Pontiac Grand Am. The Beneficiaries alleged that Middleton’s conduct was the sole

proximate cause of Harris’s death.

¶3. The City of Jackson filed its answer, in which it raised the affirmative defense of

immunity under the MTCA. The City of Jackson also moved for summary judgment,

claiming immunity under the MTCA. Notably, the City of Jackson listed the following

undisputed facts: At the time of the accident, (1) Middleton was a Jackson police officer
3

driving a City of Jackson patrol car; (2) Middleton struck Harris’s car as Harris was

attempting to turn left from Highway 18 onto Siwell Road; and (3) Middleton did not activate

his blue lights and siren.

¶4. The City of Jackson argued that it was immune from liability, because Middleton had

pleaded guilty to culpable-negligence manslaughter for the death of Harris and had been

ordered to serve two years in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The

City of Jackson further argued that Middleton could not be acting in the course and scope of

his employment if his conduct constituted the crime of culpable-negligence manslaughter.

¶5. In response, the Beneficiaries argued that Middleton’s conduct was within the course

and scope of his employment under Mississippi Code Section 11-46-5(2). The Beneficiaries

also argued that Middleton had acted with reckless disregard for the safety and well-being

of Harris, who was not engaged in criminal activity at the time of the accident.

¶6. The trial judge denied the motion for summary judgment, and the case proceeded to

a bench trial. The trial judge heard testimony from six individuals who had witnessed the

accident. James Noble testified that, on the evening of June 11, 2005, he and his girlfriend

were driving approximately 65 miles per hour on Highway 18 when a Jackson police car

passed them like they were “sitting still.” According to Noble, he and his girlfriend were

about a quarter of a mile from a stop light when the officer passed them, and the light was

yellow at that time. Noble stated that, in his opinion, the patrol car was traveling at least 100

miles per hour.
4

¶7. Noble testified that the light turned red and had been red for approximately twenty-tothirty seconds when the police car entered the intersection against the red light and “t-boned”

the passenger side of a red car that was attempting to turn left. Noble stated that the patrol

car had no emergency lights or siren activated. Noble also testified that he did not see any

brake lights on the squad car until it hit the red car. Noble testified that, upon impact, the

rear end of the squad car lifted approximately six or eight feet into the air. Noble stated that

he had checked on the drivers of both cars and found the officer breathing, but the driver of

the red car had no pulse.

¶8. Kelly Steverson testified that on June 11, 2005, she was traveling from Raymond to

Jackson with her boyfriend and sister, and her speed was approximately 65 miles per hour.

Steverson stated that a patrol car passed her like she was “sitting still,” and that in her

opinion, the car had exceeded 100 miles per hour. Steverson stated that she did not see any

blue lights or hear an emergency siren. Steverson testified that the traffic signal was red

when the officer entered the intersection, and that she did not see any brake lights before the

collision.

¶9. Andrew Slade testified that he was traveling west on Highway 18 when a squad car

passed him at a high rate of speed. Slade testified that the squad car had not activated its blue

lights or siren, and he believed that the car was traveling in excess of 100 miles per hour.

Slade stated that he did not see the collision, but when he topped the hill leading to the

intersection, he saw there was an accident and a red light.
5

¶10. Bobbie Slade testified that she was traveling with her husband on Highway 18 toward

Jackson. She stated that a police car “flew past” and was going more than 100 miles per hour

without any blue lights or a siren. Slade testified she did not see the collision, but that she

had checked on the occupants of both cars when she arrived at the scene. Slade testified that

she had thought both occupants were dead.

¶11. Michelle Feazell testified that she was traveling on Highway 18 when a squad car

passed her. Feazell stated that she was slowing down for the yellow signal light when the

officer passed her car. She testified that the light was red when the officer entered the

intersection and hit a red car as it was trying to make a left turn. Feazell also stated that the

officer had not activated any lights or a siren, and that the intersection was lit with street

lights. Feazell testified that she checked only on the officer, who was unconscious.

¶12. Kawanda Allen testified that she was riding with her cousin, Feazell, when a squad

car passed them at a high speed, shaking their car. Allen stated that she did not see any blue

lights or hear a siren. According to Allen, they were about fifty to sixty yards from the

intersection when the squad car passed them. Allen stated that the light was red when the

squad car entered the intersection.

¶13. Jeffrey Middleton testified that in June 2005, he was working the 2 p.m.-to-10 p.m.

shift. On the night of the accident, he had responded to a traffic incident involving a drunk

driver. He had transported the impaired driver to the Hinds County Correctional Facility and

had left the facility a few minutes after 10 p.m. to head to the hospital, where the other driver

was being treated.
The Beneficiaries admitted into evidence a report written by Sergeant Cotton, in 4

which he concluded that Middleton had had a red light and Harris had had a green arrow.

In his report, Cotton also concluded that the preimpact speed of the police car was either 98

or 99 miles per hour.

6

¶14. Middleton testified that it was a cool, clear night and that traffic was extremely light

on Highway 18. Middleton stated that he only remembers seeing a red car turning in front

of him and a traffic signal showing a green light. Middleton testified that he suffered a head

injury in the accident and as a result, could not remember any other details of that night. He

also stated that he was on overtime at the time of accident. Middleton testified he was

terminated from his job because of the accident, and that he had pleaded guilty to culpablenegligence manslaughter for Harris’s death.

¶15. Sergeant Samuel Gardner with the Jackson Police Department conducted an internal

affairs investigation regarding the accident. Gardner testified that he had concluded

Middleton was on duty at the time of accident and that Middleton had committed offenses

including careless driving and homicide. Sergeant Joseph Cotton testified as an expert in the

field of accident reconstruction. He stated that Middleton’s preimpact speed was 98 miles 4

per hour and his impact speed was 87 miles per hour. Cotton also stated that the road bore

preimpact skid marks, indicating that Middleton had activated his brakes.

¶16. The trial court also heard testimony from Edna and James Harris, who testified about

the loss of their son. Edna and James testified that James was their youngest child and only

son, who was twenty-three at the time of his death. Edna stated that Harris had graduated

from high school and had finished trade school to be a barber. Edna stated that Harris had
Koerber testified on behalf of the Beneficiaries. The State did not offer any expert 5

witnesses.

7

planned to open a barber shop with his sister, who is a beautician. Edna also testified that

the funeral costs were $7,037 and the headstone cost $636.

¶17. The trial court accepted James Koerber as an expert witness in the field of tax,

economics, and finance. Koerber testified that he calculated Harris’s lost earnings to be 5

$345,000. Koerber testified that Harris had a life expectancy of 53.1 years, with an annual

wage of $21,420 as a barber in Mississippi. Koerber also stated that he had used a

consumption factor of 49.33 percent in his calculations. Koerber testified that he had relied

upon methods and calculations that are generally accepted within the economic community.

¶18. After the trial, the judge entered his findings of fact and conclusions of law and final

judgment. The judge found that Harris was not engaged in any criminal activity at the time

of his death and that he was traveling south on Highway 18, attempting to make a left turn

on a green arrow. He further found that Middleton had entered the intersection against a red

light with a preimpact speed of 99 miles per hour and an impact speed of 87 miles per hour.

The judge found that Harris had been afforded no opportunity to avoid the accident, due to

Middleton’s speed. He concluded that Middleton had been acting in the course and scope

of his employment when he recklessly disregarded the safety of others and caused Harris’s

death. The judge ruled that the Beneficiaries were entitled to damages for loss of society and

companionship, and he also accepted Koerber’s testimony that Harris’s lost earnings
Miss. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Durn, 861 So. 2d 990, 994 (Miss. 2003). 6

Id. The City of Jackson argues that this Court should afford less deference to the trial

7

judge’s findings of fact because he adopted verbatim the findings of fact and conclusions of

law submitted by the Beneficiaries. But the record does not contain the findings of fact and

conclusions of law submitted by each party. In fact, this Court denied the City of Jackson’s

motion to expand the record to include the findings of fact and conclusions of law submitted

by each party. Therefore, we will apply a manifest-error standard of review.

L.T. ex rel. Hollins v. City of Jackson, 145 F. Supp. 2d 750 (S.D. Miss. 2000).

8

City of Jackson v. Powell, 917 So. 2d 750 (2005). 9

8

amounted to $345,000. The judge awarded the Beneficiaries $500,000 in compensatory

damages.

DISCUSSION

I. Whether the MTCA precludes liability against a governmental entity where

the employee’s conduct constituted a criminal offense.

¶19. “Immunity is a question of law[,]” and this Court conducts a de novo review of the

application of the MTCA. Furthermore, “[a] circuit court judge sitting without a trier of fact 6

is given the same deference with regard to his fact finding as a chancellor, and his findings

are safe on appeal when they are supported by substantial, credible, and reliable evidence.”7

¶20. The City of Jackson argues that the MTCA waives immunity under certain limited

circumstances, and that no waiver exists under Mississippi Code Section 11-46-7(2) for a

criminal offense. It argues that an employee cannot be acting in the course and scope of

employment when the employee’s actions constitute culpable-negligence manslaughter. In

support of its argument, the City of Jackson cites L.T. ex rel. Hollins v. City of Jackson and 8

City of Jackson v. Powell.

9
L.T. ex rel. Hollins, 145 F. Supp. 2d at 757. 10

Id. 11

Powell, 917 So. 2d at 72-73. 12

Id. at 72-73. 13

See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-5(2) (Rev. 2002).

14

9

¶21. In L.T. ex rel. Hollins, the district court held that the City of Jackson was not liable

for the actions of an on-duty police officer who had sexually assaulted a young woman.10

The court found that the officer’s sexual misconduct was not in furtherance of the employer’s

business so as to be within the scope and course of employment. Likewise, in Powell, this 11

Court found the City of Jackson immune from liability where a police officer acted with

malice by using excessive force on an arrestee. The Court interpreted Mississippi Code 12

Sections 11-46-5(2) and 11-46-7(2) and found that the employee had acted outside the scope

and course of employment by acting with malice.13

¶22. Conversely, the Beneficiaries argue that L.T. ex rel. Hollins and Powell are

distinguishable, because the governmental employees in those cases committed intentional

torts, not traffic offenses. The Beneficiaries argue that the City of Jackson fails to cite

Mississippi Code Section 11-46-5(2), which waives immunity for traffic violations that

constitute criminal offenses. The Beneficiaries further argue that the phrase “culpable 14

negligence” is synonymous with “reckless disregard” under the MTCA.
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-7(1) (Rev. 2002).

15

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-7(2) (Rev. 2002) (emphasis added). 16

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-5(2) (Rev. 2002) (emphasis added). 17

10

¶23. Under Mississippi Code Section 11-46-7, the MTCA provides the exclusive civil

remedy for tort actions against the state, its political subdivisions, and its employees.15

Section 11-46-7 further provides that:

For the purposes of this chapter, an employee shall not be considered as acting

in the course and scope of his employment and a governmental entity shall not

be liable or be considered to have waived immunity for any conduct of its

employee if the employee’s conduct constituted fraud, malice, libel, slander,

defamation or any criminal offense.

16

However, Mississippi Code Section 11-46-5 provides that:

For the purposes of this chapter an employee shall not be considered as acting

within the course and scope his employment and a governmental entity shall

not be liable or be considered to have waived immunity for any conduct of its

employee if the employee’s conduct constituted fraud, malice, libel, slander,

defamation or any criminal offense other than traffic violations.

17

¶24. We find that the City of Jackson is liable for Middleton’s conduct under the plain

language of Section 11-46-5(2). While Section 11-46-7(2) provides immunity for “criminal

offenses,” Section 11-46-5(2) specifically excludes “traffic offenses” from this immunity.

Middleton’s guilty plea to culpable-negligence manslaughter does not change the fact that

Middleton caused Harris’s death by violating the traffic laws of this state. Middleton’s

conduct constituted speeding and running a red light, traffic offenses that are misdemeanors
See Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-201 (Rev. 2004) (declaring that breach of traffic 18

offenses and rules of the road are misdemeanors); Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-309 (Rev. 2004)

(declaring that drivers must obey traffic lights); Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-501 (Rev. 2004)

(declaring that “no person shall operate a vehicle on the highways of the state at a speed

greater than sixty-five (65) miles per hour”).

Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-205 (Rev. 2004). 19

See Miss. Dep’t of Public Safety v. Durn, 861 So. 2d 990 (Miss. 2003) (finding state 20

trooper acted in reckless disregard of safety of others by traveling at excessive speed in area

of limited visibility and numerous businesses); City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So. 2d 373

(Miss. 2000) (finding City of Jackson police officer acted with reckless disregard for safety

of others by speeding without use of sirens or blue lights en route to dinner); Maye v. Pearl

River County, 758 So. 2d 391 (Miss. 1999) (finding sheriff acted with reckless disregard for

safety of others by backing his patrol car up an incline to the entrance of a parking lot

without being able to see incoming traffic).

11

(and, as such, “criminal offenses”) under our Code. Furthermore, “[n]o driver of any 18

authorized emergency vehicle shall assume any special privilege . . . except when such

vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or in the immediate pursuit of an actual

or suspected violator of the law.” It is undisputed that Middleton was not operating his 19

vehicle in response to any emergency or in pursuit of a suspect, but that he was traveling to

the hospital to provide insurance information to an injured driver.

¶25. Furthermore, we agree with the Beneficiaries that L.T. ex rel. Hollins and Powell are

distinguishable, as those cases do not involve any type of traffic violation. This Court has

upheld governmental liability in cases where its officers have committed traffic offenses

resulting in motor-vehicle accidents. In these cases, the Court analyzed another provision 20

of the MTCA, Mississippi Code Section 11-46-9, which specifically addresses police

conduct and provides that:
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(c) (Rev. 2002) (emphasis added). 21

Turner v. City of Ruleville, 735 So. 2d 226, 230 (Miss. 1999); see also Maye v.

22

Pearl River County, 758 So. 2d 391, 394-95 (Miss. 1999) (quoting the Fifth Circuit Court

of Appeals’ definition of “reckless disregard”).

12

(1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and

scope of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim . . . .

. . .

(c) Arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a

governmental entity engaged in the performance or execution of duties

or activities relating to police or fire protection unless the employee

acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of any person

not engaged in criminal activity at the time of injury.

21

The Court, in Turner v. City of Ruleville, announced the following definition of “reckless

disregard”:

While we agree that reckless disregard would encompass gross negligence, we

hold that reckless disregard is a higher standard than gross negligence by

which to judge the conduct of officers.

“Disregard” of the safety of others is at least negligence if not gross

negligence. Because “reckless” precedes “disregard,” the standard is elevated

. . . “reckless,” according to the circumstances, “may mean desperately

heedless, wanton or willful, or it may mean only careless, inattentive or

negligence.” [Black’s Law Dictionary 1270 (6th ed. 1991)]. In the context of

the statute, reckless must connote “wanton or willful,” because immunity lies

for negligence. And this Court has held that “wanton” and “reckless

disregard”are just a step below specific intent. See Evans v. Trader, 614 So.

2d 955, 958 (Miss. 1993). The Court held in Evans that in order to defeat an

immunity defense under the common law, the plaintiff would have to show

that the officer entertained a specific intent. “It would suffice to show that [the

officer] acted with wanton and reckless disregard for [the plaintiff’s] safety.”22

¶26. Notably, the term “reckless disregard” has a similar definition to culpable-negligence

manslaughter. In Chandler v. State, this Court defined culpable-negligence manslaughter

as:
Chandler v. State, 946 So. 2d 355, 361 (Miss. 2006). 23

13

“‘[T]he conscious and wanton or reckless disregard of the probabilities of fatal

consequences to others as a result of the wilful creation of an unreasonable risk

thereof.’” Evans v. State, 562 So. 2d 91, 94 (Miss. 1990) (citing Smith v.

State, 197 Miss. 802, 20 So. 2d 701, 701 (1945)). This Court more recently

defined manslaughter by culpable negligence as “such gross negligence . . . as

to evince a wanton or reckless disregard for the safety of human life, or such

an indifference to the consequences of an act under the surrounding

circumstances as to render such conduct tantamount to willfulness.” Shumpert

v. State, 935 So. 2d 962, 967 (Miss. 2006) (citing Evans v. State, 562 So. 2d

91, 95 (Miss. 1990)).23

¶27. We find that substantial evidence supports the trial judge’s findings that Middleton

was on duty and responding to a non-emergency call when he drove approximately 98 miles

per hour through a red light as Harris was attempting to make a left-hand turn. Every witness

(except Middleton) testified that Middleton had been driving at an excessive speed without

his emergency lights or siren. Several witnesses saw the collision and testified that

Middleton had disregarded a red light when he had proceeded through the intersection and

collided with Harris. Furthermore, the City of Jackson did not argue at trial or on appeal that

Harris was engaged in any criminal activity at the time of the accident. So we agree with the

trial court that Middleton acted with reckless disregard for the safety of others under Section

11-46-9(1)(c). His actions fall within the definition of reckless disregard pronounced by this

Court in the City of Ruleville. As such, the trial court was correct in holding the City of

Jackson liable for Middleton’s actions that occurred in the course and scope of his

employment.
See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 63-3-505, 63-3-805 (Rev. 2004). 24

See Miss. Mun. Liability Plan v. Jordan, 863 So. 2d 934, 940 (Miss. 2003) 25

(“[W]here a party fails to raise an issue before the trial court, we are procedurally barred

from considering that issue.”). 

Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-805 (Rev. 2004). 26

14

II. Whether the trial court erred in failing to make a finding of contributory

negligence and in assessing a damages award of $500,000.

¶28. The City of Jackson argues it established that Harris was a proximate contributing

cause of the accident, and that the trial judge should have apportioned fault. It argues that

Harris was contributarily negligent because he violated Mississippi Code Sections 63-3-805

and 63-3-505. It further argues that the Court erred in awarding damages in the amount of

$500,000. Conversely, the Beneficiaries argue the trial judge’s findings are entitled to

deference and that these code sections support the City of Jackson’s liability.24

¶29. The City of Jackson did not argue Section 63-3-505 before the trial court, and as such,

it is procedurally barred from raising this argument on appeal. But the City of Jackson did 25

argue Harris’s liability under Section 63-3-805, which provides in relevant part that:

The driver of a vehicle shall stop as required by this chapter at the entrance to

a through highway and shall yield the right-of-way to other vehicles which

have entered the intersection from said through highway or which are

approaching so closely on said through highway as to constitute an immediate

hazard.26

¶30. The trial judge found that Harris had entered the intersection on a green arrow and

could not have avoided the collision. The trial judge further found that Middleton was solely

at fault in speeding through the intersection against a red light. The trial judge’s findings
See McNeil v. Hester, 753 So. 2d 1057, 1075 (Miss. 2000); see also Miss. R. App. 27

P. 28(a)(6) (“The argument shall contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the

issues presented, and the reasons for those contentions, with citations to the authorities,

statutes and parts of the record relied on.”).

15

show that Middleton, not Harris, violated Section 63-3-805. The trial judge’s findings of fact

are entitled to a manifest-error standard of review, and we cannot say the trial judge

manifestly erred in assigning 100 percent of the fault to the City of Jackson. Furthermore,

the City of Jackson is procedurally barred from contesting the award of $500,000, because

it failed to cite any authority in support of this assignment of error.27

CONCLUSION

¶31. We affirm the trial court’s judgment and hold that the City of Jackson is liable to the

Beneficiaries in the amount of $500,000.

¶32. AFFIRMED.

WALLER, C.J., CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH, CHANDLER

AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, P.J., AND KITCHENS, J., NOT

PARTICIPATING.