development and confirmation of the hypothesis
by developing a multivariable psychological and
physiological data compilation. The suggested
data compilation would embrace: (1) Biographi-
cal events; (2) qualitative descriptions of be-
havior; (3) quantitative rating of behavior by
qualified observers; (4) self-observation profile;
(5) objective psychological test results; and (6)
physiological indices.

It was suggested that such a method would
enable psychologists to uncover multivariable,
interwoven relationships between psychic and
somatic forms of experience and behavior, and
could be used for clinical purposes and aptitude
diagnosis,

Szvitalski, H. Die Toten ohne Gesicht: Wie die
Kripo das Aussehen von Menschen rekon-
struiert, von denen es nur noch Knochen gibt.
(The faceless dead: How the Bureau of Crim-
inal Investigation reconstructs the appearance
of persons when only their bones are left.)
Stern (Hamburg), 49, 1970.

This article describes the method used to show
how the face of a murder victim was recon-
structed by a detective sergeant in the Wiesbaden
State Bureau of Criminal Investigation. The
author describes this case as well as others in
which criminologists have identified decomposed
bodies by covering the bones with flesh-colored
plastic. The method is based on the theory that
the shape of the skull of a person also shapes
his face, making it possible to identify the victim
as to appearance of mouth, nose, ears, and eyes.

Tabusse, L., H. Arnoux, and R. Bertoni. Troubles
de Vadaptation aeronautique et anomalies
électronystagmographiques. (Disturbances in
flight adaptation and electronystagmographic
anomalies.) Revue de Médecine Aéronautique
et Spatiale (Paris), 33 :23-27, 1970.

Observations were made of 13 subjects with
respect to peculiarities both in medico-psycho-
logical examination and examination of the
labyrinth. The study also deals in part with
factors associated with failure in pilot training.
Problems detected in training varied in nature
and in three cases air sickness was included.

The psychological investigation in each case
included a clinical interview backed up with the
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory

(MMPI), and the use of one or both of the fol-
lowing: Binois Pinchot vocabulary tests and the
D-48 test. The labyrinth exmination was per-
formed by use of an ENG recording from a
pendulum chair.

All 18 subjects are presented as individual
case observations with the treatment for each
listed. All cases showed a non-aptitude for
flight (11 of which developed among student
pilots). Three subjects displayed true psycho-
pathological symptoms, whilé motion sickness
was apparent in another three. The remainder
of the cases (seven) showed no somatic or psy-
chopathological symptoms. Occasional suspected
psychological conflicts were found to be related
to inaptitude in pilot training. For all the sub-
jects (except the three in which psychopathologi-
cal symptoms were found) anonfalies revealed
on the nystagmograms were multiple and varied,
and did not correspond with similar psychologi-
cal disturbances. For the three subjects display-
ing real psychopathological symptoms, the ENG
recording was very disturbed.

The authors felt that the student pilot must
develop a: new structural pattern on the level of
the psychomotor mechanisms, especially sensory
regulation, which are introduced during pilot
training. It was concluded that the ENG-
pendulum test alone was not an effective means
of diagnosis for non-adaptation to flight, but
could serve a function in the understanding and
prevention of its disturbances.

Terent’yev, V. G., Ye. Ye. Sheludyakov, and Ye.
S. Sviridova.

Peakyun HeppHoii H cepaedHo-cocysuictol cuctem
yenopeKa Ha BosselicTBHe aBitauHoHHOTO Wyma
(The reaction of the human nervous and
cardiovascular systems to the influence of
aviation noise.) Voyenno-meditsinskiy Zhur-
nal (Moscow), 55-58, 1969.

Ninety members of a flight engineering and
technical work staff who were constantly sub-
jected to noise were examined by a neuro-
pathologist and a therapist for adverse effects.
Observations were made before and after work
during a period of intense flights and again one
month later. Special attention was given to
observations of coordinography (observations of
movement and coordination), cephalography, and
plethysmography.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bertoni, R. Equilibration tests using pendulum chair applied to
flight personnel -...-.-----------------------------------------
Bertoni, R., and G. Bremond. The behavior of the equilibration ap-
paratus in aerobatics pilots --
Boutelier, C. Animal reactions to sonic booms _

Caporale, R., and L. Bianco. Effect of complex accelerations on the
vestibular apparatus —_.
Carré, R., J. C. Richart, J. Salvagniac, and F. Plas. Cardiological
examination and flying personnel: Their principal difficulties ______
Carré, R., J. C. Richart, J. Salvagniac, and F. Plas. Wolff, Parkinson,
and White’s syndrome and aptitude of flying personnel ------------

Chevaleraud, J., and P. Bouvery. On near and intermediate vision
among civil flight personnel -____--_..--------------------- _

Gereb, G. Some psychological problems of monotony and stress
Kennholt, I., and M. Bergstedt. Attitudes toward the work and work-
ing conditions among traffic control personnel in the Aviation Ad-
ministration ~__-_..--------------------------------------------
Lafarge, J. P., M. Laplace, and J. Lebbe. Technical note: Applications
of gas chromato, maphy to examination of gases in the blood. I.
Determination of blood carbon monoxide content without prior
extraction __-__----.--.----------------------------------------
Lehmann, G., and J. Tamm. Modification of circulatory dynamics in
resting individuals under the effect of noises __--_-----------------
Mackensen, G. Investigations in the physiology of optokinetic nys-
tagmus — --
Miller, U. Experimental investigations regarding methods of rapidly
determining a human being’s performance as a controller and also
regarding the controllability of systems ~_-_----------------------

Radl, G. W. Investigations regarding quantification of the psychic
stress in simulated vehicle guidance tasks -.------.---------------

Rahlfs, V. W., and A. Schaaf. A psychometric study of noise stress --

Rossberg, G. Can the efficiency of the vestibular system be increased
by means of physical training? -...------------------------------
Shataloy, N. N., and M. A. Muroy. The influence of intensive noise
and _neuropsychic tension on the level of arterial pressure and the
incidence of hypertensive vascular disease _.-....-----------------

Steininger, K. Psychovegetative and neurovegetative stress syndromes
in flying personnel _~___------.----------------------------------
Szvitalski, H. The faceless dead: How the Bureau of Criminal In-

vestigation reconstructs the appearance of persons when only their
bones are left

Tabusse, L., H. Arnoux, and R. Bertoni. Disturbances in flight adap-
tation and electronystagmographic anomalies ~--~-----------------

Terent’yev, V. G., Ye. Ye. Sheludyakov, and Ye. S. Sviridova. The
reaction of the human nervous ‘and cardiovascular systems to the
influence of aviation noise ~..--.---------------------------------

Yannoulis, G., and K. A. Konstas. Blood-pressure changes in the
retinal artery after noise stress —

Page





Gereb, G. Cher einige psychologische Probleme
der Monotonie und der Belastung. (Some
psychological problems of montony and stress.)
Studia Psychologica (Bratislava), 10 :313-324,
1968.

Stress, as a function of monotonous situations,
was studied using methods whereby the fatigue
phenomenon was relatively minor in contrast to
the monotonous nature of the task. The author
developed a methodological procedure and model
experiments in two major areas: (1) A model
experiment for the establishment of a mono-
tonous state and its “bombardment”; and (2)
an experimental investigation of the reciprocal
effect of intensive stress and monotonous activity.

The first section, concerning the monotonous
state, evaluated several variables including
changed time conditions, varied activity units,
supplementary operations, and the turning on of
music of different rhythms. By introducing pro-
cedures requiring strong concentration both prior
to and after the monotonous state, the author
also studied the relationships between divided
attention, manual activity, and monotonous ac-
tivity. Some conclusions drawn were: (1) In
most cases, the most fatiguing activity did not
coincide with the most boring or monotonous
activity; (2) music distracted attention, but also
reduced the extent of boredom; (3) compared to
the base level, there were fewer mistakes made
when a task was given with a second set of in-
structions (given with emphasis) ; (4) there was
considerable performance deterioration with
musical background; (5) if the stimuli were
transmitted rhythmically (emphasized by means
of a metronome) improvement was evident; and
(6) introduction of pauses tended to reduce the
number of mistakes made.

In the second section, dealing with reciprocal
effects of intensive stress and monotonous ac-
tivity, the author studied both how heavy stress
affects monotonous activity connected with it and
to what extent the activity influenced the degree
of effectiveness of concentration, divided atten-
tion, and manual skill. Using a stereotometer,
the exact quantity of information absorbed and
worked out was obtained. These data showed
an essential difference between the rested state
and the stressed state and no difference in the
reciprocal effect between monotonous activity
and increased stress connected with strong con-

centration. Highly significant effects were noted
as follows: (1) With increased stress, the degree
of concentration required to perform the activity
increased; (2) values measured before monot-
onous activity were greater when compared to
the values of the rested state; (3) in the state
of fatigue, the level of performance was lower
than in the rested state; and (4) performance
level proved lower prior to monotonous activity
and was found to increase after a monotonous
task.

Kennholt, I, and M. Bergstedt. Attityder till
arbete och arbetsforhallanden bland trafi-
kledningspersonal vid luftfartsverket. (Atti-
tudes toward the work and working conditions
among traffic control personnel in the Aviation
Administration.) Personaladministrativa Ra-
det Report No. 21.109, Stockholm, 1971.

This study is a detailed report of attitudes and
conditions on the job among air traffic control
(ATC) personnel in Sweden. Included are the
purpose, background, and methods of investiga-
tion, contents of both a questionnaire and inter-
view, and an assessment by personnel of such
features of the work as professional status, en-
vironment and equipment, and actual working
conditions.

The authors focused on dissatisfactions voiced
by controller personnel about a number of condi-
tions. Air traffic personnel felt that the ATC
administration under-evaluated the staff and that
viewpoints which the staff presented were given
no hearing. “The biggest problem in the profes-
sion” was cited as: The administration’s way of
functioning as concerns personal policy, organi-
zationally and in planning, as well as in its rela-
tions with employees. Differences in attitudes
appeared among various groups of employees,
particularly among different age groups (the
older groups on the whole were more positive—
or less negative—than the younger groups).

The authors felt that the expressions of dis-
satisfaction which appeared in both forms oi
interviews should be given more detailed analysis
by the ATC administration and that future plan-
ning should involve better cooperation between
the administration and ATC personnel.

Lafarge, J. P., M. Laplace, and J. Lebbe. Note
technique: Applications de la chromatographic
en phase gazeuse 4 l’examen des gaz du sang


AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF RECENTLY TRANSLATED MATERIAL. VIII.

Bertoni, R. Les épréuves d’quilibration &
Vaide du fauteuil pendulaire appliquées au
personnel navigant. (Equilibration tests using
pendulum chair applied to flight personnel.)
Revue de Médecine A€ronautique et Spatiale
(Paris), 38:67-70, 1971.

This study is concerned with the neurological
reflex of the labyrinth as indicated by nystagmus
produced from the pendulum chair test. Two
specific areas were studied: (1) Sensitivity
(evaluated by intensity and duration of sensa-
tion); and (2) the labyrinth reflex (produced in
the form of nystagmus and recorded by means
of electronystagmographic methods).

Two hundred pilots were tested as subjects.
No distinction was made as to type of aircraft
piloted or between civilian and military pilots.
Distinction was made as.to age and the number
of hours flown. Three groups were formed from
resulting data: (1) Those with a normal range
of nystagmus; (2) those with slow nystagmus
action, labyrinthine reaction below normal; and
(3) those with gross nystagmus, labyrinthine
reaction above normal. It was found that the
largest. proportion (55%) of the subjects had
reactions close to what was considered normal.
The author confirmed that there was a tendency
toward hypoexcitability among experienced per-
sonnel. However, this trend tended to change
toward hyperexcitability as age was increased.
The author concluded that, on the whole, laby-
rinth reflexes remain undisturbed by the profes-
sion of aviation.

Bertoni, R., and G. Bremond. Le comportement
de Vappareil d’équilibration chez les pilotes
@acrobatie aérienne. (The behavior of the
equilibration apparatus in aerobatics pilots.)
Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale
(Paris), 33:29-31, 1970.

This paper documents labyrinthine studies con-
ducted in 1967-1968 with 12 pilots of the French

aerobatics squadron. The centrifugal pendulum
test was used to test equilibration. Some sub-
jects were also given caloric tests to confirm re-
sults of rotatory tests. Three groups were dif-
ferentiated on the basis of nystagmus tractings:
(1) Normal response from six subjects (a single
anomaly was that the vestibular threshold was
greatly elevated above normal in half of the
subjects); (2) clear hypoexcitability with very
abrupt changes in recorded tracings from two
subjects; and (3) significant hyperexcitability
from four subjects whose tracings resembled
pathological ones. The tracings had not changed
upon re-examination a year later.

Conclusions drawn were that labyrinth reac-
tions found in proven pilots show great diversity,
and that there is no nystagmus pattern peculiar
to aviators. Moreover, there was no relation be-
tween the age of the pilots, aeronautical experi-
ence, and characteristics of the eye movement
tracings. On the whole, the tracings were all
qualitatively much deteriorated as a consequence
of harmful aeronautical factors,

Boutelier, C. Réactions animales au bang sonique.
(Animal reactions to sonic booms.) Revue de
Médecine Aé€ronautique et Spatiale (Paris),
34:79-81, 1970.

Observations were made of the Jéricho-Focali-
zation operation dealing with animal experi-
mentation. The article is specifically concerned
with the behavior of army dogs (German Shep-
herds) subjected to high-intensity (500 to 1200
N/m?), frequent sonic booms. Included is a brief
review of the literature pertaining to animal
reactions when subjected to sonic booms.

Eleven dogs were tested over a two-day period.
On the first day, the influence of sonic booms
on cardiac frequency and behavior of dogs at
rest was observed. The second day was devoted
to studying the influence of booms on condition-
ing. The three types of conditioning used were:





syndrome, based upon the not insignificant risk
of paroxysmal tachycardia and the coexistence of
cardiopathies which are sometimes difficult to
diagnose.

With respect to systolic murmurs, the authors
describe the mechanographic techniques employed
in the interpretation of murmurs. Three types
of systolic murmurs are distinguished: (1) In-
fundibulopulmonary murmur (Tripier-Devie
murmur); (2) the cardiopulmonary murmur
(Potain’s murmur); and (3) obstructive cardio-
myopathy.

A. statistical survey over a 12-year period
showed that observations of elasticity of the arte-
rial wall produced the highest rate of unfitness
for flying personnel; the rate for this reason was
30% and was a particularly prominent cause
between the ages of 40 and 50.

Carré, R., J. C. Richart, J. Salvagniac, and F.
Plas. Syndrome de Wolff-Parkinson et White
et aptitude au personnel navigant. (Wolff,
Parkinson, and White’s syndrome and apti-
tude of flying personnel.) In: Busby, D. E.
(Ed.), Recent advances in aerospace medicine.
Proceedings of the 18th International Congress
of Aviation and Space Medicine, Amsterdam,
1969. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Com-
pany, 75-79, 1970.

The Wolff - Parkinson - White syndrome
(WPW), a bundle branch block with short PR
intervals in young subjects predisposed to par-
oxysmal tachycardia, was studied from the point
of view of medico-aeronautic expertise. A work-
ing definition of the WPW syndrome is given
including characteristic electrical signs which
schematically distinguish principal types. The
authors also note clinical variations in borderline
cases.

Thirty-nine cases of WPW were observed.
Thirty-two WPW cases were permanent and
seven cases were intermittent. The incidence of
WPW syndrome was calculated to be 1.6/1000
which compares well with American statistics.

Applicants who show  electrocardiographic
anomaly have been declared unfit for duty as fly-
ing personnel in France. Justification is based
on the following arguments: (1) The risk of
paroxysmal tachycardia is variously appraised,
producing a diversity of results (three cases were
diagnosed by the authors) ; (2) it has been shown

that the WPW syndrome can occur in patho-
logical hearts exhibiting acquired cardiopathies,
and in acquired congenital cardiopathies of var-
jous causes; and (8) the pathogenesis of the
WPW syndrome is summarized as a double ven-
tricular activation, one that is normally effected
by physiological channels and other abnormal
activation of ventricular origin.

An intermittent case of WPW allowed the
authors to show that the electromechanical in-
terval (Q leg of thé apexogram) was elongated.
It was concluded that in the case of WPW the
time of neural conduction is prolonged and that
these individuals have neural excitation and con-
duction problems. The latter two findings were
additional reasons for concluding that individ-
uals so affected are unfit for duties as flying
personnel.

Chevaleraud, J., and P. Bouvery. A propos de
la vision de prés et de la vision intermédiaire
chez les navigants civils. (On near and inter-
mediate vision among civil flight personnel.)
Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale
(Paris), 87 :22-24, 1971.

Results are presented from anonymous ques-
tionnaires on the use of corrective lenses which
were given to 182 civilian aviation personnel,
over 40 years of age, during regular clinical ex-
aminations. The questionnaire provided infor-
mation as to the type of visual problems en-
countered and of corrections presently employed.
Conclusions drawn from the results were: (1)
Few of the subjects were rationally equipped for
performing their work; (2) bifocal lenses were
used little; and (3) trifocals, considered by some
aviation opthalmologists to be the ideal solution,
were not being used at all.

The authors discuss the difficulties involved
in fitting personnel with proper lenses, and the
various methods by which to ascertain maximum
efficiency. A major problem noted was that a
large part of the work of the pilot and the flight
engineer requires intermediate vision (60-80
centimeters), a distance for which glasses are not
often adapted. The authors concluded that for
maximum results to be achieved, pilots should
inform their opthalmologists carefully about
working conditions and that it may be necessary
to obtain two prescriptions, one for extended
ground work, and the other for aeronautical
work.



TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

Tr Report No. 2. Government Accession Ne. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
FAA-AM-73- 19

@. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: ANNOTATED December 1973
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLY TRANSLATED MATERIAL, 6, Performing Organization Code
VIII.

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Gregory N. Constant, D. R. Goulden, M.S., and
E. Jean Grim, B.S.

. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.

FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P. 0. Box 25082 TT. Contract or Grant No.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addres=
Office of Aviation Medicine OAM Report
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S. W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, D. C. 20591

15. Supplementary Notes
This research was conducted under Tasks No. AM-A-73-PSY-33 and AM-D-74-PSY-33.

16. Abstract
An annotated bibliography of translations of foreign-language articles is
presented. The 22 listed entries are concerned with studies of equilibration
tests, vestibular function, optokinetic nystagmus, electronystagmography,
cardiovascular reactions to noise stress, stress and performance, aptitudes
for flying, facial reconstruction techniques in the identification of human
remains from accidents, attitudes and performance of air traffic controllers,
techniques for determining levels of carbon monoxide in the blood, noise, vision,
cardiology, flight safety, and animal responses to sonic booms. Procedures for
obtaining copies of the translations are included.

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement
Trans lations Availability is unlimited. Document may
Vestibular Function be released to the National Technical
Noise Information Service, Springfield, Virginia
Stress 22151, for sale to the public.
Cardiology

T9. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif, (of this page) Ti. No. of Pages | 22. Price
Unclassified Unclassified 9 $3.00

Form DOT F 1700.7 (s-69)



keit von Systemen. (Experimental investiga-
tions regarding methods of rapidly determin-
ing a human being’s performance as a controller
and also regarding the controllability of sys-
tems.) In: Gubser, F. (Ed.), Aviation psycho-
logical research: Western European Associa-
tion for Aviation-Psychology, 8th Conference,
Zurich, September 2-5, 1969. Zurich: Swissair
AG, 228-253, 1970.

This series of investigations aimed at securing
a method of objectively evaluating the suitability
of control systems for human beings and finding
a unified procedure for judging individual per-
formance capability in the human being as he
functions as a controller. The dynamic behavior
of man in this function was difficult to describe.
Description by means of the linear transmission
theory remains unsatisfactory because that theory
does not take into account the non-linear and
non-constant characteristics of man.

A series of experiments was begun to find
easily measured parameters whose values pro-
vided a criterion of performance-capacity and
stress in man, as well as the controllability of a
system. Several groups of subjects (pilots and
non-pilots) were placed in a simple simulator and
required to perform various pursuit and com-
pensatory tracking tasks. A forcing function,
with varying amplitudes and frequencies, drove
the tracking device. After each experiment, an
analog computer furnished the mean square
error, stick-velocity, and other measures of per-
formance. The results show mathematical inter-
relationships which in part contradict the linear
transmission theory. However, they justify the
hope that the new, unconventional formulations
will enable scientists to calculate the dynamic
behavior of man,

Radl, G. W. Untersuchungen zur Quantifizier-
ung der  psychischen Beanspruchung _ bei
simulierten Fahrzeugfuehrungsaufgaben. (In-
vestigations regarding quantification of the
psychic stress in simulated vehicle guidance
tasks.) In: Gubser, F. (Ed.), Aviation psy-
chological research: Western European Asso-
ciation for Aviation-Psychology, 8th Confer-
ence, Zurich, September 2-5, 1969. Zurich:
Swissair AG, 177-202, 1970.

This article treats the development of tests
which would enable more precise, quantitative

judgments of momentary psychic stress accom-
panying simple and complex vehicle guidance
tasks. Working under the hypothesis that a
relation exists between the complexity of the
task and the degree of psychic stress, the author
attacked the problem in four major areas: (1)
Observation and evaluation of performance
efficiency at secondary tasks assigned in addition
to primary control-task work; (2) development
of rating techniques for the explicit purpose of
obtaining judgments of psychic stress experi-
enced by the subjects; (3) evaluation of physiolo-
gical data obtained from observations during the
simulation experiments (heart rate, eye-blink,
and electromyogram readings); and (4) obser-
vation and evaluation of performance of complex
tasks (both primary and secondary tasks). De-
tails about each task and variations in the simu-
lation procedures were extensively described. In
addition, descriptions of the secondary-task
performance data (stick guidance and stabilizing
acceleration system), rating scales, and evalua-
tion of physiological quantities were presented.

Among the statistically significant findings
were the following: (1) Low correlations for
control error and stick activity, and between
eye-blink frequency and stick activity; (2) mod-
erate correlations for control error and eye-blink
frequency, and for control error and rating judg-
ment; and (3) a very high correlation between
eyelid frequency and rating judgment.

The author concluded that the methods used
would all provide desired routes toward a quan-
tification of psychic stress during simulated
guidance tasks. It was also found that respira-
tory frequency, eye-blink frequency and electro-
myogram readings tended to vary in accordance
with task difficulty. These results agreed with
the author’s initial hypothesis and were suited
to serve as measures of psychic stress. Heart-
beat frequency (selected from random samples),
however, showed no connection with task-diffi-
culty during individual portions of the test
experiments.

Rahlfs, V. W., and A. Schaaf. Eine psycho-
metrische Untersuchung der Lastigkeit von

Ger&uschen. (A psychometric study of noise
stress.) Acustica (Stuttgart), 24 :340-346,
1971.

A wide range of synthetic noises (wide-band
noises with a narrow-band noise component


I. Determination de l’poxycarbonémie sans
extraction préalable. (Technical note: Appli-
cations of gas chromatography to examination
of gases in the blood. I. Determination of
blood carbon monoxide content without prior
extraction.) Archives des Maladies Profes-
stonelles, de Médecine du Travail et de Sécurité
Sociale (Paris), 31:201-208, 1970.

The authors sought to find an analytical
method capable of detecting and determining,
without the risk of physical-chemical interfer-
ences, carbon monoxide in the appreciably dif-
ferent environment of normal blood samples.
The method used for determination of carbon
monoxide contained in the blood was gas chro-
matography. The article describes methods, pro-
cedures, operating conditions, qualitative anal-
yses, quantitative analyses, and statistical exam-
inations, Some advantages of this system are:
(1) Its sensitivity range enables chronic intoxi-
cations to be studied; (2) it requires only a
small amount of blood (0.1 cm*), making it
applicable to small animal experimentation;
and (3) by using an ultrasonic detector, only
several microliters of blood are required mak-
ing this approach convenient to use when it
is impossible to effect venous punctures. Other
advantages noted were high specificity (enabling
carbon monoxide to be determined without error,
especially during the process of blood decomposi-
tion) and great. simplification in comparison with
conventional methods.

Lehmann, G., and J. Tamm. Wher Veriinder-
tingen der Kreislaufdynamik des ruhenden
Menschen unter Einwirkung von Gerituschen.
(Modification of circulatory dynamics in rest-
ing individuals under the effect of noises.)
Internationale Zeitschrift ftir angewandte
Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitsphysiologie
(Berlin), 16 :217-227, 1956.

The effects of sounds of varying intensities and
frequencies were studied for fluctuations in re-
sponse of the human circulatory system. Cir-
culatory investigations were carried out using
the ballistocardiogram and the Wezler-Boeger
method with a total of 34 experimental subjects
exposed to noise. The noise was in the form of
white sounds in the octaves 200-400, 400-800,
800-1600, and 3200-6400 Hz. Some industrial
sounds were also included. The majority of the
subjects exhibited an increase in arterial flow

resistance and a decrease in stroke volume for
all sounds with an intensity of 90 phon. In the
800-6400 Hz range, a definite reduction in cir-
culatory reactions was observed with 60 phon
being the starting point of decreasing intensity.

Mackensen, G. Untersuchungen zur Physiologie
des optokinetischen Nystagmus. (Investiga-
tions in the physiology of optokinetic nystag-
mus.) Albrech v. Graefes Archiv fiir Oph-
thalmologie (Leipzig), 155 :284-313, 1954.
This paper describes the use of optokinetic

nystagmus as an aid in clinical investigations
and to differentiate the various types of elicited
nystagmus among different individuals. It is
limited to individual differences produced by
optokinetic nystagmus within two fields: very
large and very small stimuli.

The subjects were all examined under identical
conditions, using a rotating cylinder (large
stimulus) and rotating loop (small stimulus).
Electronystagmography was used to record ny-
stagmus. Twenty experimental subjects were
used to establish the mean value of nystagmus
measures, while standard deviations provided an
indication of variability. Deviations included
the following details: (1) curve height (above
height of maximum); (2) shape of the curve
(determined by position of the maximum point) ;
and (8) constancy and regularity of curve.
Tables and frequency distributions were con-
structed to indicate mean and maximum values
of the frequency, amplitude, and strength of
nystagmus for both the rotating device and the
rotating strip.

Individual peculiarities of optokinetic nystag-
mus could be distinguished by observing the
behavior of nystagmus to the left and right of
each subject. (Right and left nystagmus were
generally found to be equally strong with some
exceptions.) Clarity of observation was especi-
ally true in cases of large deviations from the
mean. The subjects tended to have high- or
low- frequency nystagmus for both the rotating
cylinder and rotating loop. Frequency and am-
plitude were mutually compensating; it was
determined that high frequency and low ampli-
tude and high amplitude and low frequency
tended to correlate highly with each other.

Miller, U. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur
schnellen Bestimmung der Leistungsfaehigkeit
des Menschen als Regler sowie der Steuerbar-



Slight demand on attention (warm-up exercises),
greater demand (searching procedure), and very
great demand (guarding an object).

Results were divided into two major areas, the
first being the influence of the frequency of sonic
booms. Subdivisions of this area included heart
rate, the behavior of dogs at rest, and behavior
while being trained. It was found that heart
rate was influenced only slightly and can be com-
pared to that observed in man. However, the
sonic booms had a considerable influence on the
behavior and conditioning of the dogs, the reac-
tions of which can be summarized in three parts:
Fear or flight reaction depending on the dog’s
psychological state; a reaction of unoriented
aggressiveness; and a reaction of aggressiveness
directed toward the plane or any other object or
individual the dogs were not accustomed to see-
ing. If the dog failed in focusing his attention,
his nervousness increased.

The second major area investigated the rela-
tionships between sonic boom overpressure and
behavior. No relation between the disturbances
of behavior and the intensity of the booms was
found.

The author felt that the observations need to
be confirmed on greater numbers of animals, tak-
ing into account the fact that different animal
species are more excitable than others. The
author also felt work should be done in the area
of the effects of less intense booms on domesti-
cated animals.

Caporale, R., and L. Bianco. L’apparato vesti-
bolare e le accelerazioni complesse. (Effect of
complex accelerations on the vestibular appa-
ratus.) Rivista di Medicina Aeronautica e
Spaziale (Rome), 33:24-39, 1970.

This is a study of the phenomena occurring
in the vestibular apparatus when a subject is dis-
placed from the axis of rotation and is subjected
to accelerated or decelerated rotary movement,
ie., the effect on the labyrinth of imparted an-
gular acceleration combined with centrifugal
acceleration. The study consists of two parts:
(1) A consideration of the dynamic problems
involved in the study of complex accelerations
from a physical and mathematical approach; and
(2) an experimental contribution to the problem
of complex accelerations involving the use of the
Stille-Werner rotating chair and an electrony-
stagmograph.

In complex accelerations, the duration of
nystagmus did not change significantly with a
variation in distance from the axis of rotation;
the number of beats in the accelerative phase
was consistently lower than the number in the
decelerative phase. When the subject was placed
away from the axis of rotation, the velocity of
the slow phase was found to be greater during
acceleration than during deceleration; this dif-
ference decreases as the distance from the axis of
rotation increases. The variations are also dis-
cussed in the light of the current state of knowl-
edge about vestibular reactions and behavior.

Carré, R., J. C. Richart, J. Salvagniac, and
F. Plas. Expertise cardiologique et personnel
navigant: ses principales difficultés, (Cardi-
ological examination and flying personnel:
Their principal difficulties. ) In: Busby, D. E.
(Ed.), Recent advances in aerospace medicine.
Proceedings of the 18th International Con-
gress of Aviation and Space Medicine, Amster-
dam, 1969. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing
Company, 68-74, 1970.

Included in this study are observations regard-
ing electrocardiographic anomalies, difficulty in
interpretation of systolic murmurs, and aspects
related to the elasticity of the arterial wall.

The problems of electrocardiographic anom-
alies (anomalies of repolarization) are discussed
from the viewpoint of instability over time or
when the subject is under the influence of var-
ious functional tests. Four types of tests were
used: (1) Exertion test—the Martinet (20 deep
knee-bends) or 150-watt exertion exercise (5
min) on an ergometric bicycle; (2) depression
test—20 min at an altitude of 8,000 m; (3) in-
jection of 0.8 mg of tartrate of ergotamine; and
(4) ingestion of 6 g of potassium chloride.
Because of inconsistencies among the results of
the four tests, the authors drew no final conclu-
sions. They did, however, cite a rule used when
electrocardiographic anomalies were discovered
in a subject, viz., if repolarization anomalies were
found during an initial examination, the pilot
was declared temporarily unfit, giving doctors
more time to work the case. In re-examination,
pilots were either declared fit when tests showed
no coronary problems, or were classified as tem-
porarily unfit if there was the least doubt about
coronary soundness. Included in this diagnosis
of unfitness was the Wolff, Parkinson, and White




The majority of the staff members subjected
to the influence of noise with an intensity of
130 dB and more complained of general fatigue,
reduced working capability, headaches, ringing
in the ears, etc. During the course of clinical
examinations, accelerated pulse, increased re-
activity of the cardiovascular system to physical
load, and moderate increases in systolic and
diastolic pressure were noted. General excit-
ability, tremor of the fingers, excitability of the
tendinous reflexes, and stable red dermographism
also were noted. It was determined that the
described symptoms developed more frequently
with people in whom head trauma, neurocircula-
tory dystonia, hyperthyroid, and other related
illnesses had previously been noted.

An additional 15 subjects were exposed to
noise under laboratory conditions and were
examined for clarification of data. A similar
procedure to that applied in examining the
engineering/technical personnel was employed
with reactions observed to noise at levels of
100-102 dB, 110-112 dB, 118-120 dB, and 120
dB and over.

It was established that noise of high intensity
was irritating to the nervous and cardiovascular
systems of man and could cause both physiologi-
cal (e.g., reduction of hearing) and pathological
(e.g., increased arterial wall pressure, disappear-
ance of vasomotor reflexes) changes. In addi-
tion, it was found that with an increase in noise

intensity and duration of exposure, changes in
the organism increased and were retained for a
longer period of time after the end of exposure.

The authors recommend strict medical check-
ing of those working under similar conditions
and that emphasis should be given to more effec-
tive methodological procedures of examination.

Yannoulis, G., and K. A. Konstas. Netzhautar-
teriendruck-Verinderungen nach Lirmbelas-
tung. (Blood-pressure changes in the retinal
artery after noise stress.) Acta Oto-Laryn-
gologica (Stockholm), 57 :217-223, 1964.

The blood pressure in the retinal artery was
continuously monitored in 28 persons with nor-
mal hearing under noise stress. The retinal
pressure was compared to pressure in the brachial
artery. In the majority of cases, a drop in retinal
blood pressure could be observed (found to be
significant in 43% of all cases) five minutes
after the beginning of noise stress. The pressure
in the brachial artery measured at the same time
proved almost unchanged. The drop in blood
pressure in the central retinal artery was re-
garded as a consequence of vasodilation in the
region of carotid circulation. It has been shown
that a vasoconstriction takes place in the vessels
of the skin and it was assumed that the two
basically different circulatory reactions are par-
tial manifestations of the same reflex of the
vasomotor center under the influence of noise.



NOTICE

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufac-
turers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are
considered essential to the object of this report.



FOREWORD

This annotated bibliography of recently translated, selected research
papers is presented as a scientific service of the Civil Aeromedical Institute.
The aims of the publication are: (a) to provide interested researchers with
information concerning translations of foreign-language articles as soon as
the translations are available; and (b) to prevent duplication of translation
costs and efforts.

In achieving these aims, bibliographic listings such as the present one
are necessarily limited in number. They are also limited by the range of
activities represented in the agency preparing the material. Thus, selective
factors exist. Further, no attempt is made to evaluate the scientific worth of
a given article. By providing a central repository from which such translated
material can be obtained, however, it is hoped that interested scientists will
derive otherwise unavailable benefits.

Copies of the translated material cited in this report may be obtained by
writing to the address below. Please provide the librarian with the complete
reference information.

Department’ of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aeromedical Institute Library
AAC-101A,

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125





superimposed), often found in both domestic and
industrial machines, formed the basis for this
research, A scale of impression of annoyance was
obtained through a method of paired compari-
sons by asking subjects which of two paired
noises seemed more pleasant. The annoyance
was scaled and its dependence on order of stim-
ulus presentation and intensity of individual
noise components was investigated. Procedural
methods pertaining to the scaling method, com-
position of the test noises, arrangements for
recording noises, presentation of noises, and re-
liability tests are also detailed.

The authors determined that annoyance in-
creases with increasing frequency of the super-
imposed components, and also with increasing
intensity as a function of frequency. Intensity
and frequency showed only 0.05 correlation,
suggesting that annoyance can be unidimensional.

Rossherg, G. Regulation, Leistungsfahigkeit
und Trainierbarkeit des Vestibularissystems.
(Can the efficiency of the vestibular system be
increased by means of physical training?)
Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica (Basel),
38 :278-288, 1971.

Vestibular reactions following rotatory stimuli
presented at different levels of intensity to 18
subjects (athletes and gymnasts) before, during,
and after physical training were studied to see
if the efficiency of the vestibular system could be
increased by means of the training. The increas-
ing effect of training on the vestibular system
was a progressive depression of vestibular reac-
tions (post-rotatory nystagmus) leading to tem-
porary abolition of nystagmic movements, While
the training effect lasted, there appeared sub-
jectively an increased security in balance exer-
cises and objectively an improvement in gym-
nastic achievement. The author concluded that
although evaluations of the induced reactions
were relative to each individual case, dexterity
improved in general and was especially evident
in exercises on the bar, the horse, and the trampo-
line.

Shatalov, N. N., and M. A. Murov.

BJIHAHHE HHTEHCHBHOFO WYMA H HEPBHO-
NCHXHYECKOFO HANPAKEHHA
HA YPOBEHb APTEPHAJIBHOrO JABJIEHHA
H YACTOTY FHNEPTOHHYECKON BOESHH

(The influence of intensive noise and neuro-
psychic tension on the level of arterial pressure
and the incidence of hypertensive vascular
disease.) Klinicheskaia Meditsina (Moscow),
48 :70-73, 1970.

Research conducted on the effect of noise and
neuropsychic tension on the level of arterial pres-
sure and the incidence of hypertensive disease
is reported. Data are based on 3,930 subjects,
the majority of whom (62.4%) were young and
middle aged (20-39 years). Subjects were di-
vided into four groups depending upon the
character of their work. [Extensive statistics on
levels of systolic and diastolic pressure indices
with respect to age, sex, group, and reliability
variance are presented. The same procedure was
followed for hypertension incidence.

Conclusions indicate that industrial noise
caused an increase in systolic pressure (up to
age 40) and an increase in incidence of hyper-
tension in comparison to the control group. The
action of noise as an industrial factor was found
to be equal to neuropsychic tension in the degree
of their effects on frequency of development of
hypertensive disease. The combined action of
both industrial factors tended to increase vas-
omotor activity in conjunction with hypertensive
disease incidence.

Steininger, K. Psycho- und neurovegetative
Belastungssyndrome beim fliegenden Personal.
(Psychovegetative and neurovegetative stress
syndromes in flying personnel.) In: Gubser,
F. (Ed.), Aviation psychological research:
Western European Association for Aviation-
Psychology, 8th Conference, Zurich, Septem-
ber 2-5, 1969. Zurich: Swissair AG, 284-296,
1970.

This article concerns a discussion of psycho-
vegetative and neurovegetative stress syndromes
among flying personnel based upon the following
hypothesis: Organic or nonorganic psychovege-
tative morbid personality disorders have psychic
conditions of origin which manifest certain signs
long before the outbreak of illness. The psychic
behavior pattern of the psychovegetatively dis-
ordered personality is marked beforehand by
inclination to anxiety and/or by unmastered
feelings of inadequacy, as well as by inability
to relax and gain perspective in regard to one-
self and the environment. The author urges