October 17, 2005 Page 1 of 4 

FACT SHEET 

Information About Influenza Pandemics 

Pandemic: A Worldwide Outbreak of Influenza 

An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of disease that occurs when a new influenza A virus appears or 

“emerges” in the human population, causes serious illness, and then spreads easily from person to person 

worldwide. Pandemics are different from seasonal outbreaks or “epidemics” of influenza. Seasonal 

outbreaks are caused by subtypes of influenza viruses that already circulate among people, whereas 

pandemic outbreaks are caused by new subtypes, by subtypes that have never circulated among people, 

or by subtypes that have not circulated among people for a long time. Past influenza pandemics have led 

to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss.

Appearance (Emergence) of Pandemic Influenza Viruses 

There are many different subtypes of Influenza or “flu” viruses. The subtypes differ based upon certain 

proteins on the surface of the virus (the hemagglutinin or “HA” protein and the neuraminidase or the “NA” 

protein).

Pandemic viruses emerge as a result of a process called "antigenic shift,” which causes an abrupt or 

sudden, major change in influenza A viruses. These changes are caused by new combinations of the HA 

and/or NA proteins on the surface of the virus. Changes results in a new influenza A virus subtype. The 

appearance of a new influenza A virus subtype is the first step toward a pandemic; however, to cause a 

pandemic, the new virus subtype also must have the capacity to spread easily from person to person. 

Once a new pandemic influenza virus emerges and spreads, it usually becomes established among people 

and moves around or “circulates” for many years as seasonal epidemics of influenza. The U.S. Centers for 

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have large surveillance 

programs to monitor and detect influenza activity around the world, including the emergence of possible 

pandemic strains of influenza virus.

Influenza Pandemics during the 20th Century 

During the 20th century, the emergence of several new influenza A virus subtypes caused three 

pandemics, all of which spread around the world within a year of being detected.

• 1918-19, "Spanish flu," [A (H1N1)], caused the highest number of known influenza deaths. 

(However, the actual influenza virus subtype was not detected in the 1918-19 pandemic). More 

than 500,000 people died in the United States, and up to 50 million people may have died 

worldwide. Many people died within the first few days after infection, and others died of secondary 

complications. Nearly half of those who died were young, healthy adults. Influenza A (H1N1) 

viruses still circulate today after being introduced again into the human population in 1977. 

• 1957-58, "Asian flu," [A (H2N2)], caused about 70,000 deaths in the United States. First 

identified in China in late February 1957, the Asian flu spread to the United States by June 1957. 
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• 1968-69, "Hong Kong flu," [A (H3N2)], caused about 34,000 deaths in the United States. This 

virus was first detected in Hong Kong in early 1968 and spread to the United States later that year. 

Influenza A (H3N2) viruses still circulate today. 

Both the 1957-58 and 1968-69 pandemics were caused by viruses containing a combination of genes from 

a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus. The 1918-19 pandemic virus appears to have an 

avian origin.

Stages of a Pandemic 

WHO has developed a global influenza preparedness plan, which defines the stages of a pandemic, 

outlines the role of WHO, and makes recommendations for national measures before and during a 

pandemic. The phases are:

Interpandemic period 

Phase 1: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. An influenza virus subtype that 

has caused human infection may be present in animals. If present in animals, the risk of human infection 

or disease is considered to be low.

Phase 2: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. However, a circulating animal 

influenza virus subtype poses a substantial risk of human disease.

Pandemic alert period 

Phase 3: Human infection(s) with a new subtype, but no human-to-human spread, or at most rare 

instances of spread to a close contact.

Phase 4: Small cluster(s) with limited human-to-human transmission but spread is highly localized, 

suggesting that the virus is not well adapted to humans.

Phase 5: Larger cluster(s) but human-to-human spread still localized, suggesting that the virus is 

becoming increasingly better adapted to humans but may not yet be fully transmissible (substantial 

pandemic risk).

Pandemic period 

Phase 6: Pandemic: increased and sustained transmission in general population.

Notes: The distinction between phases 1 and 2 is based on the risk of human infection or disease 

resulting from circulating strains in animals. The distinction is based on various factors and their relative 

importance according to current scientific knowledge. Factors may include pathogenicity in animals and 

humans, occurrence in domesticated animals and livestock or only in wildlife, whether the virus is enzootic 

or epizootic, geographically localized or widespread, and other scientific parameters.

The distinction among phases 3, 4, and is based on an assessment of the risk of a pandemic. Various 

factors and their relative importance according to current scientific knowledge may be considered. Factors 
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may include rate of transmission, geographical location and spread, severity of illness, presence of genes 

from human strains (if derived from an animal strain), and other scientific parameters. 

Vaccines to Protect Against Pandemic Influenza Viruses 

A vaccine probably would not be available in the early stages of a pandemic. When a new vaccine against 

an influenza virus is being developed, scientists around the world work together to select the virus strain 

that will offer the best protection against that virus. Manufacturers then use the selected strain to develop 

a vaccine. Once a potential pandemic strain of influenza virus is identified, it takes several months before 

a vaccine will be widely available. If a pandemic occurs, the U.S. government will work with many partner 

groups to make recommendations guiding the early use of available vaccine.

Antiviral Medications to Prevent and Treat Pandemic Influenza 

Four different influenza antiviral medications (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir) are 

approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment and/or prevention of 

influenza. All four usually work against influenza A viruses. However, the drugs may not always work, 

because influenza virus strains can become resistant to one or more of these medications. For example, 

the influenza A (H5N1) viruses identified in human in Asia in 2004 and 2005 have been resistant to 

amantadine and rimantadine. Monitoring of avian viruses for resistance to influenza antiviral medications 

continues.

Preparing for the Next Pandemic 

Many scientists believe it is only a matter of time until the next influenza pandemic occurs. The severity of 

the next pandemic cannot be predicted, but modeling studies suggest that the impact of a pandemic on 

the United States could be substantial. In the absence of any control measures (vaccination or drugs), it 

has been estimated that in the United States a “medium–level” pandemic could cause 89,000 to 207,000 

deaths, 314,000 and 734,000 hospitalizations, 18 to 42 million outpatient visits, and another 20 to 47 

million people being sick. Between 15% and 35% of the U.S. population could be affected by an influenza 

pandemic, and the economic impact could range between $71.3 and $166.5 billion.

Influenza pandemics are different from many of the threats for which public health and health-care 

systems are currently planning:

• A pandemic will last much longer than most public health emergencies and may include “waves” of 

influenza activity separated by months (in 20th century pandemics, a second wave of influenza 

activity occurred 3 to 12 months after the first wave). 

• The numbers of health-care workers and first responders available to work can be expected to be 

reduced. They will be at high risk of illness through exposure in the community and in health-care 

settings, and some may have to miss work to care for ill family members. 

• Resources in many locations could be limited, depending on the severity and spread of an influenza 

pandemic. 

Because of these differences and the expected size of an influenza pandemic, it is important to plan 

preparedness activities that will permit a prompt and effective public health response. The U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) supports pandemic influenza activities in the areas of 

surveillance (detection), vaccine development and production, strategic stockpiling of antiviral 
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medications, research, and risk communications. In May 2005, the U.S. Secretary of HHS created a multiagency National Influenza Pandemic Preparedness and Response Task Group. This unified initiative 

involves CDC and many other agencies (international, national, state, local and private) in planning for a 

potential pandemic. Its responsibility includes revision of a U.S. National Pandemic Influenza Response 

and Preparedness Plan. 

For more information, visit www.cdc.gov/flu, 

or call CDC at 800-CDC-INFO (English and Spanish) or 888-232-6348 (TTY).