NASA Technical Memorandum 103902

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Director's Discretionary Fund

Report for FY 1991

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July 1992

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

(NASA-TM-I03902) DIRECTOR'S

DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT FOK FY

1991 (NASA) 107 p

N92-33106

Uncl as

G3/99 0120898

NASA Technical Memorandum 103902

Director's Discretionary Fund

Report for FY 1991

July 1992

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Ames Research Center

Moffett Field, California 94035-1000

INTRODUCTION

The Director's Discretionary Fund (DDF) at Ames Research Center was established to fund innovative, highrisk projects in basic research which would otherwise be difficult to initiate, but which are essential to our

future programs. A report is issued annually presenting summaries of individual projects within this

program.

These summaries are for both final and ongoing projects in Fiscal Year 1991. The narratives are presented

first, followed by an appendix. The appendix contains a brief description and the financial distribution and

status of each of the 40 projects. Five projects began at the end of the fiscal year so no narrative reports were

submitted, but their status reports appear in the appendiX.

The contents are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first investigator.

Any questions can be addressed to an investigator directly.

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CONTENTS

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................

Characterization of Vortex Impingement Footprint Using Non-intrusive Measurement Techniques .............

Bianca T. Anderson, Robert J. Geenen, and Mike Bowman

Feasibility Study for an X-ray Diffractometry Instrument with X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray

Photoelectron Spectroscopy Capabilities for Remote Planetary Missions ...........................................................

David F. Blake and Friedemann Freund

Radical Measurement by Zeman Spectroscopy (RAMZES): A Prototype Instrument for Airborne

In Situ Measurements of Radical Molecular Species ...............................................................................................

T. A. Blake, C. Chackerian, Jr., and J. R. Podolske

Polarization Measurement of the Infrared Emission Bands from PAH Molecules .............................................

Jesse Bregman, Yvonne Pendleton, Michael Werner, and David Rank

Feasibility of Light Emitting Diode Arrays as a Lighting Source for Plant Growth Chambers in Space .........

David Bubenheim, Raman Sargis, David Wilson, Mark Turner, and Peter Haddeland

Plasma Spraying of Nonoxide Ceramic Coatings Using a Constricted Arcjet

Jeffrey D. Bull and Paul Kolodziej - No narrative report (see appendix)

Origin of Life: Exploration of Water/Air Interface as a Reaction Zone for Condensations ..............................

Sherwood Chang and Michael Stronach

Human Exploration Demonstration Project ..............................................................................................................

Edward Chevers and David Korsmeyer

Propulsion Instrumentation Research Chamber ......................................................................................................

Timothy R. Conners, L. Dean Webb, SherylI A. Powers, and Ronald J. Ray

Scheduling Electrical Power for Ames Research Center .........................................................................................

Megan Eskey, Robin Orans, and Kimball Collins

A Resonant Ge:Ga Far Infrared Photoconductor .....................................................................................................

Jam Farhoomand, Robert E. McMurray, Jr., Kohei Itoh, Bill Knowtton, and Eugene Hailer

Fully Coupled Structural Deformations and Computational Fluid Dynamics: Direct Solutions

Using Newton's Method ...............................................................................................................................................

Fort Felker

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CONTENTS (Continued)

Immunological Effects of Gravitational Stress and Simulated Microgravity .......................................................

Danielle Goldwater, Diether Recktenwald, Robert Bargatze, Margo Peacock, Joan Vernikos,

Jutiann Evans, Tom Eames, and A. J. Robinson

Initiating a Model System Using Skin Cells to Study Spaceflight-Related Aging and Senescence ..................

Rose Grymes, Joan Vernikos, and Jennifer Chan

Domain Decomposition Approach to Solve Multidiscipiinary Fluid/Structure Interaction Problems ...........

Guru P. Guruswamy

An Iterative Image Rectification Scheme for Observational Astronomy ..............................................................

Michael R. Haas, Steven D. Lord, Michael Werner, and James H. Ramberg

Remote Sensing of Earth's Atmosphere and Surface Using a Digital Array Scanned Interferometer ..............

Philip D. Hammer, Francisco P. J. Valero, David L. Peterson, and William Hayden Smith

Fault Tolerance in Distributed Parallel Processing Architectures for Flight Crucial Systems ...........................

Philip Hamory

Development and Experimental Verification of a Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Recording System .....

Alan R. Hargens, Gita Murthy, Robert J. Marchbanks, Donald E. Watenpaugh, J.-Uwe Meyer,

and Natalya Eliashberg

An Airborne Infrared Scanner for Wild Fire Mapping and Monitoring ...............................................................

Edward A. Hildum, James Brass, Mark Haslerud, and Robert Higgins

Intelligent Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms for Automatic Telescopes ...............................................................

Butler Hine, Mark Drummond, John Bresina, Keith Swanson, Andy Philips, Rich Levinson,

and William Borucki

Control of Thermal Simulation Tests with Heat Flux ..............................................................................................

Thomas J. Horn, Chris Torrence, and John Gordon

Development of a Si(Li) Gamma Ray Detector Stack for Future Mars Mission Instruments ............................

G. Scott Hubbard, R. E. McMurray, Jr., C. P. McKay, P. Englert, R. Keller, and P. Wercinski

Controlling the Lifetime and Reaction Dynamics of High Energy Density Materials (HEDM)

by Modifying the Chemical Environment ..................................................................................................................

Winifred M. Huo

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CONTENTS (Continued)

Team Performance Analysis of Information Flow: Human-Centered Approach to Studying

Aerospace Groups ............................................................... i....... .... ...............................................................................

Barbara G. Kanki, Mary E. Danz, Kim Elsbach, Beth Veinott, Cheryl Irwin, and Rey Diaz

Development of Experimental Techniques for Thermoelastic Vibration Testing ................................................

Michael W. Kehoe and H. Todd Snyder

Application of Video Imaging for Data Acquisition and Processing of Rotorcraft Flow Visualization ..........

Cahit Kitaplioglu, Alexandra Swanson, and John Bluck

Stanford University-NASA Ames Research Center Global Change Institute ......................................................

James G. Lawless and W. Gary Ernst

The Search for Interstellar Molecules in Carbonaceous Meteorites

Narcinda R. Lerner and Sherwood Chang - No narrative report (see appendix)

Surface Temperature Field Mapping by Luminescence Imagingl ..........................................................................

B. G. McLachlan, J. H. Bell, J. Gallery, M. Gouterman, and J. B. Callis

The Laser Digitizer Project ...........................................................................................................................................

Marshal Merriam and Tim Barth

Detection of Autotrophic Life on Mars by Surveying for Oxygen .........................................................................

Bonnie O'Hara, Lynn Rothschild, and Lorraine Giver

Neurocomputer Development for Fast Processing of Massively Parallel Recordings from

Brain Cells -Developing a "Brain" to Study the Brain! ............................................................................................

A. J. Pellionisz and D. L. Tomko

Biologically Produced Magnetite and Its Relationship to the Banded Iron Formations .....................................

Deborah Schwartz, Rocco Mancinelli, Melisa White, and Verne Oberbeck

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Development of a Direct Measurement Transducer for the Oil Wedge Skin-Friction Technique

H. Lee Seegmiller - No narrative report (see appendix)

Accelerated Overset Grid Generation for Rapid Design Studies with CFD

Reese L. Sorenson, William R. Van Dalsem, and Joseph L. StegerNo narrative report (see appendix)

The Effects of Altered Gravity on Human Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements

Leland S. Stone and Malcohn Cohen - No narrative report (see appendix)

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CONTENTS (Concluded)

A Nonlinear Dynamical Approach to Numerical Method Development in CFD ...............................................

H. C. Yee, P. K. Sweby, A. Lafon, A. M. Stuart, and D. F. Grif_'ths

Climatology of the E1 Chichon Volcanic Cloud in the Stratosphere .....................................................................

Richard E. Young, O. B. Toon, and J. B. Pollack

Development of Excrescence Tolerance Criteria for Laminar Flow Wings at Low Subsonic Speeds ...............

Fanny Zuniga

Appendix ............................... ....... ;.................................................................................................. ................................

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Characterization of Vortex Impingement Footprint Using

Non-intrusive Measurement Techniques

Investigator(s)

Bianca T. Anderson,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273;

Robert J. Geenen, PRC Systems Services,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Other personnel involved

Mike Bowman, PRC Systems Services,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Objectives of the study

1. Characterize and verify the on-surface vortex

footprint using high frequency, nonintrusive measurement techniques. Define the vortex core, direction of

rotation, surface path, and vortex burst location•

2. Develop and refine data analysis techniques currently used in wind tunnels. Develop software to

• • ! .

automatically interpret data and provide quantitative

information on the vortical flow.

3. Disseminate measurement techniques and resultLug data base to aero-technical community for further

research and development.

Progress and results

Water tunnel flow visualization tests have been performed to document vortex patterns and to select

optimum vortex generator configuration for study.

Flat plate generators were selected as optimum and an

airfoil model is being set up for test with hot films in a

flow calibration facility. The flow calibration facility is

being set up for tests. Several noise sources were

found and are being eliminated for calibration tests.

Software development for analysis of data is currently

ongoing using hot-film data obtained from the F-16XL

Supersonic Laminar Flow program.

Significance of the results

Results to date are of no significance other than to

assist in identifying hot-film sensor layout and appropriate spacing for flow calibration tests and future

flight tests.

No reports of publications have resulted from the

study to date.
Feasibility Study for an X-ray Diffractometry Instrument

with X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray Photoelectron

Spectroscopy Capabilities for Remote planetary Missions

Investigator(s)

David F. Blake, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Friedemann Freund, San Jose State University,

San Jose, CA 95192,

Charles Bryson, Surface Interface Corp.,

Mountain View, CA 94041

Objectives of the study

The overall objectives of this study are to design, fabricate, and test a breadboard prototype of a combined

X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence instrument

suitable for planetary missions. The information that

this instrument collects from a sample (spacings

between atomic planes in crystal structures and major

element composition) should allow the mineralogic

identification of surface soils and other unconsolidated

fine-grained samples.

Progress and results

In the first year of the study, we have made progress

in both the conceptual design of the instrument and in

the fabrication of a suitable test bed for establishing its

performance characteristics. Charles Bryson and

Friedemann Freund and I have identified a suitable

geometry for the instrument, as well as an X-ray generation and collection strategy.

The geometry of the instrument will be that of a

microfocus X-ray camera, with an energy-dispersive

X-ray charge-coupled device in place of the film cassette. The camera arrangement minimizes the absolute

size of the instrument as well as providing for a collection geometry in which high-angle diffracted beams

can be recorded. A large solid angle of ColIection exists

for X-ray fluorescence detection. The X-ray source will

be a low-power X-ray tube, with a parafocusing crystal

used both to monochromate the source and to provide

the appropriate intensity of Cu X-rays at the sample.

We have installed a Philips X-ray generator (moved

from another building and put back in commission) in

my laboratory and have just completed a full checkout of the electronics and safety devices by an outside

contractor. The X-ray generator is now fully operational and only requires certification by Ames

Research Center safety personnel. We have two of the

old-style microfocus X-ray cameras, one to be used

with a film cassette to study the geometry of the

instrument, and the second to be modified to accept a

CCD in the second year of funding.

Significance of the results: None so far

Publications resulting from study: None so far

References: None so far
Radical Measurement by Zeman Spectroscopy (RAMZES):

A Prototype Instrument for Airborne In Situ Measurements

of Radical Molecular Species

Investigator(s)

T. A. Blake, 1 C. Chackerian, Jr., and J. R. Podolske

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

The purpose of this work is to develop a laboratory

prototype for an ultra-sensitive detector that can be

used for the quantitative measurement of free radical

molecular species which are found in very low concentrations in the Earth's stratosphere. The detection

scheme will exploit the selectivity which magnetic

rotation spectroscopy has for free radical molecular

species which are paramagnetic. The laboratory prototype will be used to determine sensitivity limits

affected by various of the apparatus' parameters such

as magnetic field homogeneity, polarizer efficiency,

quality of optical surfaces, and modulating schemes,

such that limiting factors on the instrumental sensitivity can be understood. Then it will be desirable to

incorporate a Herriott multiple reflec4ion cell to further

instrument can be increased by simultaneously

employing both right and left circular polarization

components. A similiar experiment, under the aegis of

the Ames/Stanford Institute for Global Change, is

under way to develop a magnetic rotation detector for

the hydroxide molecule. These experiments will be

done in the ultraviolet spectral region (309nm) with a

ring dye laser.

Progress and results

To date a number of items of equipment have been

ordered. These include a tunable diode laser to operate

at 1875 cm -1, a monochromator, a Brewster angle

polarizer, a quarter-wave plate, a HgCdTe IR detector,

a locking amplifier and a magnet power supply. In

addition a small solenoid was made, and its magnetic

field distribution was measured to test our understanding of the magnetic units and the equations

which describe the field. Trim coils were added to "flat

field" the solenoid. A resonant (tank) circuit was

designed to use with the solenoid and the AC magnet

power supply. A large diameter solenoid from Johns

increase the sensitivity and to use two infrared lasers Hopkins University was refurbished for use with the

simultaneously: one for the detection of nitrogen oxide OH experiment. Polarizers (309 nanometer) were

and the other for the detection of nitrogen dioxide, ordered for this experiment.

Further, we believe that the sensitivity of the

1NRC Postdoctoral fellow.
Polarization Measurement of the Infrared Emission Bands

from PAH Molecules

Investigator(s)

Jesse Bregman and Yvonne Pendleton,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Michael Werner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Pasadena, CA

Other personnel involved

David Rank, University of California,

Santa Cruz, CA

Laura Kay, Barnard College

Objectives of the study

In the 3-4gm spectral region, there are a series of sharp

emission bands at 3.29, =3.40, and =3.57gm, and an

underlying broad band stretching from about 3-3.8_tm.

The 3.29gm band is almost certainly from the C-H

stretch in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),

but the origin of the other bands has been debated in

the literature. The two most likely scenarios are either

that the 3.40 and 3.57gm bands arise from excited

states in the PAH molecules, or that these bands are

not produced by PAH's but are due to side chains of

non-aromatic organic radicals in linear molecules. The

broad underlying band is presumed to be due to the

overlap of many weak sharp bands, but little evidence

exists to support this view.

We proposed a new technique for studying the origins of the PAH emission bands by using polarized

light. PAH molecules are flat, and so the C-H stretching modes, which give rise to at least the 3.291am band,

occur in a well-defined plane. Thus, by comparing the

polarization of the 3.29gm band with that of the 3.40

and 3.57_tm bands, we expected to be able to determine whether the other bands also were due to the

same C-H stretch or to side groups in other molecular

species; in the latter case, they would not show the

same polarization. Observing a net polarization due to

this effect requires that the PAH molecules be aligned,

not randomly oriented. Other observations have

shown that interstellar grains are aligned by magnetic

processes; these are known to align graphite grains in

the interstellar medium and may also orient the PAH

molecules, which can be thought of as very small

graphite flakes. In addition, the platelike PAH

molecules may be subject to alignment by streaming or

dynamical effects.

Progress and results

Originally we planned to build a polarimeter to go in

front of an existing spectrometer. As we progressed

with the design, we realized that a much more sensitive approach would involve using a two-dimensional

infrared array in a spectrograph and measuring the

two orthogonal polarizations simultaneously. We

therefore have put most of our effort over the past

2 years into developing 2-D infrared arrays. In collaboration with David Rank at Lick Observatory, we have

succeeded in constructing two different 128x128 infrared array cameras, one for the 1-5_tm spectral region

and the second for the 5-18_m spectral region. These

cameras have the largest spatial coverage of any infrared cameras now operating beyond 2.5_tm, and they

will produce exciting and significant results.

These cameras have performed very well and have

resulted in some data that has been published. A picture of the center of our galaxy at 2.2_m appeared on

the cover of Laser Focus World (July 1991) along with

a short description of the photograph inside the magazine. In addition, data from the InSb camera was

included in a paper we just submitted to the Astrophysical Journal titled "Extended PAH Emission

Around IRAS 21282 + 5050." The manuscript would

not have been submitted without this data. We have

also constructed a polarlmeter and obtained some test

polarization data a few weeks ago. The cameras and

polarimeter will be operated at the Mr. Lemmon

observatory in Arizona starting on November 1, 1991,

and we expect to obtain polarized images through a

filter that isolates the strong PAH emission band at

3.3gm. Thus, the project is continuing and we will

soon have an initial indication of whether PAHs are

indeed polarized.

Significance of the results

We have found that the large organic molecules that

are found around certain astronomical sources are

formed more profusely than previously thought.
Feasibility of Light Emitting Diode Arrays as a

Lighting Source for Plant Growth Chambers in Space

Investigator(s)

David Bubenheim, Raman Sargis, David Wilson,

Mark Turner, and Peter Haddeland,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

To determine if light emitting diodes (LED) offer the potential solution to problems of power consumption, light

intensity, volume, and maintainability, which plague the design of all lighting systems for space-based plant

growth chambers.

Progress and results

Efficiency of electric power conversion to photosynthetically active

radiation (PAR) and delivery

Red LED Metal halide Fluorescent

Electrical conversion to PAR 11% 32%

PAR delivery efficiency 95% 80%

Total efficiency 10% 26%

12%

5O%

6%

Results of crop growth tests

1. At equal photosynthetic photon flux levels,

growth of wheat plants was suppressed when grown

under the reduced spectrum provided by the red or

red + far-red LED arrays as compared to white light.

2. The addition of far-red radiation to the red LED

environment did not affect biomass accumulation;

however, development was accelerated by approximately 7 days compared to the red and white light

envirom, nents. At harvest, 30 days after germination,

heads were emerging (indicating the end of the stem

elongation phase) in plants growing under the red +

far-red LED array; plants under the red and white

light treatments had just entered the stem elongation

phase.

3. Preliminary results of crop testing indicate that

while the photosynthetic capacity of plants grown

under the LED arrays is not equivalent to that of

plants grown under white light, the processes proceed

at a sufficient rate to allow growth and apparently

normal development.

4. LED arrays appear to be feasible for use in plant

growth chambers for physiological research in space.

Results thus far indicate that LED arrays would not be

an acceptable alternative for crop production devices,

but would be appropriate for study of development

processes in the microgravity environment.

5. The LED array characteristics of long operational

life, increased safety, consistent performance, and

reduced system volume, compared to traditional plant

lighting sources for space applications, had offset the

observed suppression in photosynthetic capacity of

plants in many situations.

Significance of results

The engineering advantages of LED arrays are:

• LEDs have a long life span (10 to 20 years)

• LEDs have improved delivery efficiency of

photosynthetic photons once converted from

electricity, compared with traditional lamps

• LEDs can operate on small amounts of power but

could utilize higher power input to supply greater

photosynthetic photon flux

• LEDs do not contain harmful gases, as

conventional sources do

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• LEDs can be packaged in an array taking up little

volume

Future work

Future work will emphasize two topics for completion

of the DDF project:

1. Complete the efficiency analysis defining

conversion efficiency of input power to photosynthetic

radiation and the delivery of that photosynthetic

radiation to plants for LED arrays and traditional plant

lighting sources.

2. Conduct crop growth tests with models of different crop types. Conduct seed-to-seed experiments with

wheat to determine that all phases of development

occur normally, and conduct similar growth evaluation tests with Soybeans and lettuce. Wheat is a model

monocot grain, soybean a dicot grain, and lettuce a

model salad crop.
Origin of Life: Exploration of Water/Air Interface as a

Reaction Zone for Condensations

Investigator(s)

Sherwood Chang, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Anastassia Kanavarioti, University of California,

Santa Cruz, CA

Other personnel involved

Michael Stronach (postdoctoral fellow) joins on

Oct 9, 1991.

Objectives of the study

To examine whether water/air interfaces on the early

Earth (such as occur in bubble formation at the sea

surface, in thermal springs and subaqueous natural

gas vents, in cloud droplets, aerosols) may have influenced the synthesis of biologically important

molecules.

Progress and results

We focused our attention on developing an apparatus

that will allow us to quantitatively test the effect of

water/air interface on a specific reaction, i.e., on the

reaction rate and the product distribution. To that

effect, we bubble nitrogen through small glass frits

that are inserted in 4 ml of reaction mixture placed

inside long glass test tubes. The test tubes are covered

with parafilm and are placed inside a thermostated

water bath. The first experiments were performed at

room temperature. We noticed that some evaporation

occurs, mainly because of the bubbling, and therefore

we included in the protocol the addition of a compound that serves as an indicator. All test tubes

contain the same amount of the indicator so that all the

measurements can be calibrated based on the amount

of this internal standard. In order to test this setup, we

performed a set of reactions with nucleotides that we

have investigated in the past, and for which we know

rates and products, as well as the method of analysis.

Some of the test tubes included a surfactant (tetramethyl ammonium phosphate) that dramatically

enhances the amount of water/air interfaces. For the

reaction tested, a hydrolysis reaction, neither the bubbling nor the surfactant had any significant effect. So

far, we proved to ourselves that it is possible to get

reliable quantitative results with the above protocol.

Future plans

We intend to test reactions such as (i) condensation of

amino acids to peptides, (ii) condensation of glycerol,

phosphate and fatty acids to form phospholipids, and

(iii) fixation or reduction of carbonate to form formaldehyde and/or formic acid using the above protocol

or modifications thereof as needed.

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Human Exploration Demonstration Project

Investigator(s)

Edward Chevers and David Korsmeyer,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

The Human Exploration Demonstration Project

(HEDP) is a multi-Division task that addresses the

advanced technology requirements necessary to

implement an integrated working and living environment for a planetary surface habitat. The HEDP project

began in the fall of 1991. The integrated environment

will consist of life support systems, physiological and

psychological monitoring of the flight crew, a virtual

environment workstation, and centralized data acquisition and habitat systems health monitoring. Artificial

intelligence programming techniques will be used

extensively to provide an automated environment for

the crew. There will be several robotic systems external to the habitat that perform activities to provide

representative workloads for the human subjects.

Figure 1. The robotic rover system and the lunar terrain simulator.

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Four basic goals for the Human Exploration

Demonstration Project have been established:

1. Provide a simulator for evaluation of technology

in an integrated system setting.

2. Create a realistic environment for introduction of

new technology.

3. Enhance the technology development and evaluation process through synergistic cooperation of multiple Ames divisions.

4. Identify promising technology concepts to programmatic Centers for new and existing NASA

projects.

Progress and results

Progress to date for the HEDP has focused upon two

areas: the development of a lunar exploration environment and the rehabilitation of the altitude chamber

in building N-239A. The lunar exploration environment consists of the two T-1 robotic rover systems, and

the preliminary lunar terrain simulator (see the figure),

The rehabilitation of the altitude chamber started in

the last quarter of 199L Now known as the

Controlled Environment Research Chamber (CERC), it

consists of a main chamber vessel and an attached airlock. The main chamber is a 16-ft diameter vertical

cylindrical vessel, the lower half of which extends into

a pit below the floor of Building N-239A. Two decks,

each having a working area of 165 sq ft, are contained

within the main chamber. It is envisioned that these

two decks would provide the necessary space for the

HEDP living environment. The uppermost of the two

decks is entered through the 8-ft diameter horizontal

cylindrical airlock. Access to the lower deck is

achieved from the upper deck using an internal, wallmounted ladder.

Significance of the results

The robotic rover system and the lunar terrain simulator were demonstrated at the Automation Sciences

Research Facility dedication ceremonies. They showed

the capabilities and strengths of an autonomous vehicle performing a wandering exploration task in a rocky

environment.

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Propulsion Instrumentation Research Chamber

Investigator(s)

Timothy R. Conners, L. Dean Webb,

Sheryll A. Powers, and Ronald J. Ray,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Objectives of the study

The major objective of our DDF task was to develop a

low cost facility for testing instrumentation designed

for use in propulsion systems. Many types of instrumentation designs in development promise a revolution in engine diagnostics and control, particularly

nonintrusive sensors. The Propulsion Instrumentation

Research Chamber (PIRC) was created to accelerate

the transition of these new systems from development

to the flight environment. The PIRC, designed to fit

between a bell-mouth and F100 turbofan engine on a

ground test stand, provides a low-cost facility for inlet

and engine face testing. It will accommodate different

types of instrumentation while subjecting the sensors

to the real-world environment of an operating engine.

Hands-on experience with new instrumentation can be

gained at a low cost per test.

Progress and results

Requirements and preliminary design for the PIRC,

shown below in a side view, were finalized in January

of 1991. The system design was balanced to provide a

suitable test facility for various types of instrumentation while keeping construction costs low. Final design

of the chamber was sub-tasked to PRC, Inc. It is

presently being manufactured by King Welding

(Camarillo, Ca) and is scheduled to be delivered to

Dryden by the end of October 1991. We are currently

formulating a plan for testing the PIRC at the Pratt &

Whitney engine test stand at Edwards AFB. Dryden

has at its disposal a non-flightworthy F100 turbofan

that would be available as the ground test engine.

Flight projects (F-18 HARV in particular) and Pratt &

Whitney have shown interest in using the facility to

test diagnostic instrumentation. We are also pursuing

a Phase II SBIR program for developing laser instrumentation for engine flow studies. The PIRC would

provide an ideal test facility if this program is

awarded.

Front Views

(Airflow into paper) _/

I

PIRC

Engine --

Hub

I I

Four test ports, two total pressure

probes: & two static.pressure pOrts

iocatea at each longitudinal station

FIO0 Engine

10
Scheduling Electrical Power for Ames Research Center

Investigator(s)

Megan Eskey and Robin Orans,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Kimball Collins, Sterling Software,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

based scheduling. Software developed for space shuttle ground operations scheduling was changed to

model most of the many domain parameters that are

necessary for effective optimization, and an architecture was developed for the final system. The initial

knowledge acquisition and modeling phase is nearly

complete. Domain knowledge is at a level of detail

greater than is presently used for power cost reduction. Data from actual tests is being converted for

evaluation.

Objectives of the study

The objective of this study is to investigate the application of constraint-based scheduling and iterative

improvement optimization techniques to the wind

tunnel operations domain. Aerodynamic testing at

Ames costs on the order of $1 million per month in

electrical power. Reduction of power and other costs is

achieved by scheduling tests in such a way as to optimize soft constraints, such as schedule length and

power cost, while satisfying hard constraints such as

wind tunnel availability. This is a constrained optimization problem for which there is no known practical algorithm for finding an exact solution .........

Approaches to finding good solutions are a current

area of research in artificial intelligence. This project

applies this recent research to wind _nneI scheduling

and contributes knowledge gained in this unique

domain.

Significance of the results

The wind tunnel domain is both more interesting and

more complex than originally estimated. It requires

modeling at a high level of detail, with a large number

of tasks and many on-the-fly calculations that affect

model state. The natural structure of the problem

appears excellent for certain refinements to the constraint satisfaction and iterative improvement

paradigms; hierarchical abstraction in particular, and

learning and probabilistic inference in general, might

prove to be of value in this domain.

Publications resulting from study

A brief overview of this work was presented at the

Information Sciences Applications to Aeronautics

Workshop at Ames in July, 1991. A more detailed

paper is being prepared.

Progress and results

This work is still in progress and continues under

Code RAF funding. Several techniques were developed to formulate the problem in terms of constraint11
A Resonant Ge:Ga Far Infrared Photoconductor

Investigator(s)

Jam Farhoomand, Orion TechnoScience,

Palo Alto, California

Robert E. McMurray, Jr., Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, California 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Kohei Itoh, Bill Knowlton, and Eugene Haller,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Objectives of the study

Quantum efficiency is perhaps the single most

important parameter of an infrared photoconductor.

Attempts to improve this parameter have lead the

investigators to devise methods of increasing the

absorption properties of detectors. We propose a

novel approach to achieve unit quantum efficiency

and enhance the photoconductive gain while at the

same time keeping the physical length of the

detector element small and the dopant concentration

low. This objective is accomplished by creating a

resonant absorption cavity internal to the detector

element. The figure shows a typical cross sectional

Incident radiation Partialy reflected

radiation

_Metallic layer for partial reflection "_ _/;'_;7/;Z,;Z'/Z/////_,

Transparent contact

Infrared-active layer

Transparent contact j,R= 1

g h'_i'dlif_"f&'_;Tio'_"q"6ff_;" ;gfig;:iio'd"_

"/_//////////////////_

Electrical

connection

Electrical

connection

Figure 1. A typical cross sectional diagram of a resonant infrared detector.

diagram of a resonant infrared detector. To demonstrate this concept, a standard Ge:Ga detector will

be thinned down to about 50 _tm with the front and

back surfaces parallel to within 0.5 _m across a

2 x 2 mm 2 area. The back surface of the detector

will be gold coated for 100% reflection. The front

surface will also be gold coated to achieve proper

reflectivity.

Progress and results

As part of this project, a theoretical study has been

carried out to determine under what conditions

improved quantum efficiency can be achieved. The

results of this study were better than expected and

have been published. The first step in fabrication of

the detector is to develop a precision lapping and

polishing technique to thin down the detector. Several germanium wafers have been used as test pieces

to perfect this process. The progress so far has been

excellent. With the present technique, one can produce wafers that meet the required specifications. It

is yet to be determined, however, whether this lapping and polishing technique would damage the

detector on a microscopic level. Design and development of a test setup have been concurrently under

way. The necessary optics, electronics, and ancillary

equipment have been fabricated and assembled. One

important and pivotal feature of the fabrication of

this detector is the deposition of the right thickness of gold on the front surface to achieve the

required reflectance. In doing so, extensive testing

has been carried out to determine the reflectivity of

gold as a function of its thickness. Further tests are

needed to develop a more reliable model.

Publications resulting from study

Farhoomand, J.; and McMurray, R. E.: "A Resonant

Infrared Photoconductor with Unit Quantum Efficiency," Proc. 16 th Int. Conf. on IR & MM Waves

(1991).

Farhoomand, J.; and McMurray, R. E.: "Design

Parameters of a Resonant Infrared Photoconductor

with Unity Quantum Efficiency," AppI. Phys.

Lett. 58, 622 (1991).

12
Fully Coupled Structural Deformations and Computational

Fluid Dynamics: Direct Solutions Using Newton's Method

Investigator(s)

Fort Felker, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

The principal objective of this research is to develop a

procedure for the direct solution of static aeroelasticity

problems. A direct solution obtains the equilibrium

solution without using a time-marching method. After

the direct solution method has been developed, its

accuracy, efficiency, and convergence properties are

studied using representative model problems.

Progress and results

The formulation of the new direct solution method has

been completed. A novel matrix-partitioning procedure has been developed which effectively embeds the

governing equations for the structure into the governing equations for the fluid dynamics. This matrix partitioning procedure reduces the computer time and

memory requirements by an order of magnitude for

two-dimensional problems.

The analysis has been demonstrated for a representative model problem. The flow in a two-dimensional,

transonic, convergent-divergent nozzle with flexible

walls was computed. The steady, two-dimensional,

Euler equations were used as the governing equations

for the fluid flow. A finite-volume approach was used,

with Roe's flux difference vector splitting. A simple

discrete spring model was used to represent wall flexibility. The deformation of the wall was linearly related

to the difference between the local internal wall pressure and a reference pressure, taken to be the exit

static pressure.

Calculations were first performed with rigid walls

in order to validate the direct solver for the basic fluid

dynamics. The agreement between the analysis and

the experimental data was very good, and convergence was typically achieved in 5 iterations or less.

Next, calculations were performed with flexible

walls. Figure I presents a comparison of the wall pressure ratio with and without wall flexibility. A comparison of the convergence histories obtained with and

without wall flexibility is shown in Fig. 2. Wall flexibility slows convergence, but the residual is still reduced

to machine zero in approximately ten iterations.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

_, rigid wall

flexible wall

O3 I I I

-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

X

Figure 1. Comparison of predicted wall pressure ratio with

rigid and flexible walls.

10 -2

10-3

10 -4

%

lo-S

CD

t-Y

10 -6

10 -7.

p _ rigid wall

\r-I - -C l-- flexible wall

12

%

"

10 -8 I I ' I ' I ' I ' I '

0 2 4 6 8 I0 12

iteration number

4

Figure 2. Comparison of convergence history with rigid and

flexible walls.

13
Significanceof the results

Thedirectsolutionapproachasbeendemonstrated

to be a viable alternative to the traditional time-march

procedure. The direct solution technique provides

converged results in 10 iterations or less. Conventional

techniques for static aeroelasticity problems can

require hundreds or thousands of iterations to achieve

convergence. Also, the use of Newton's method allows

for new capabilities, including the straightforward

addition of new physical phenomena into the model,

or optimization of the aeroelastic system.

Publications resulting from study

Felker, F. F.: "Fully-Coupled Structural Deformations

and Computational Fluid Dynamics: Direct Solutions Using Newton's Method," Proc. of the 4th

International Symposium on Computational Fluid

Dynamics, Davis, California, September 1991.

14
Immunological Effects of Gravitational Stress

and Simulated Microgravity

Investigator(s)

Danielle Goldwater, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Diether Recktenwald, Becton Dickinson

Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA 95131

Robert Bargatze and Margo Peacock,

Stanford University

Joan Vernikos, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Juliann Evans, Tom Eames, and A. J. Robinson,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

Our prior DDF research demonstrated that flow

cytometry and monoclonal antibody technology provided a reproducible and sensitive way to monitor

cellular indices of immune function in healthy ambulatory men.

The current research goal was to extend this technology to assess the impact of postural (orthostatic)

gravitational stress and bed rest simulation of spaceflight on the immune system. This is the first time

these techniques were applied to our -6 ° bed rest

model in the Ames Human Research Facility. Ultimately, such research is necessary to develop a reliable

ground-based model for the immunological adaptation to spaceflight and to test systematically the

hypothesis that spaceflight alters or suppresses the

immune system.

Rationale

Results from animal and human spaceflights suggest

varying degrees of immuno-suppression, from depletion of lymphocytes to altered lymphocyte function

and diminished cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity. These immune system changes may compromise defenses against bacterial and viral infections as

well as cancer.

However, interpretation of flight results is difficult

due to diverse methodologies, small subject numbers,

and variable flight conditions. Also, most astronaut

and animal samples were collected or evaluated in the

postflight period after the stresses of re-entry acceleration and landing. Immune function will become

increasingly crucial for astronaut health during prolonged space exposures and crew confinement in a

closed environment during Space Station, Lunar, or

Mars missions. A reliable technique is required to serially monitor such changes and increase scientific

understanding of the immunological adaptation to

long duration spaceflight.

Methods

Details of methods used in the investigation follow.

Subjects

Ten healthy men aged 35 to 50 years who were participating in an ongoing study "Preventing Orthostatic

Hypotension Resulting from Headdown (6 °) Bedrest

by Plasma Volume Expansion" (H.R. 77, Dr. Joan

Vemikos, Principal Investigator). Subjects were

selected for HR77 because of their demonstrated

propensity for fainting (orthostatic intolerance) after

prior bed rest microgravity simulation.

Protocol

1. Effect of gravitational stress (standing) on the

immune system: Prior to bed rest (BR), blood was

obtained during the recumbent control position (after

30 minutes of quiet rest, and again following 5 minutes, and finally 15 minutes in the standing position).

2. Effect of 7 days of BR on the immune system:

Blood was also obtained from resting subjects for flow

cytometry analysis during day 7 of --6 ° bed rest.

Results were compared to the recumbent control position Pre BR sample.

Flow cytometry

Monoclonal antibody staining (Becton Dickinson IMK

Plus Kit TM) of the huffy coat from EDTA blood from

each subject followed by flow cytometry (BD

FACSCAN TM) provided the breakdown of White

Blood Cell (WBC) proportional components as follows:

15
White blood Lymphocytes

cell differential

Neutrophils Natural

killer cells

Monocytes B cells

Lymphocytes T cells

Total T

lymphocytes

Activated T cells

Helper-inducer

cells (CD4)

Suppressorcytotoxic cells

(CDS)

Helper/

suppressor ratio

Statistical analyses were done using repeated measures ANOVA throughout the Stand Test or from

PreBR to BR, followed by appropriate post hoc paired

comparisons with each subject as his own control.

Results

Table I shows summary results for the Stand Test and

Bed Rest exposure, and details follow.

Table 1. Summary results of stand and bed rest

8TAN D -6° BED REST

H / S RATIO ,[, * H / S RATIO ,[. (trend)

HELPERS ,_, ('**at 15 min) HELPERS _ '(noA)

SUPPRESSORS _ _ SUPPRESSORS I" *

TOTALT CELLS _," TOTAL TCELLS • '

B CELLS ,_-** g CELLS t" (+39%)*

LYMPHS (DIFF) "]'(**at 15 min) LYMPHS (DIFF) ,J,

MONOS ,_** MONOS 4 _

NEUTROPHIL'S 4 _ NEUTROPHIL'S _ '

NATURAL KILLERS 1"" NATURAL KILLERS 1"

ACTIVATED T's 4 > ACTIVATED T's _ '

"P < 005 supine vs stand, or PreBR vs 8R

Pre BR stand test

Standing produced progressive significant changes in

some circulating immune cell populations after only

15 minutes in these male "Fainters." Notably, the

Helper/Suppressor lymphocyte ratio (H/S ratio or

CD4:CD8), a frequently used index of immunological

health and prognosis in AIDS patients, progressively

decreased over the course of standing (fig. 1). This was

primarily due to the decreased proportion of Helper T

cells. Although the H/S ratio decrease was statistically

significant, the mean ratio itself remained in the normal range >1.0. The progressive pattern of change visible as early as 5 minutes of standing characterized

other significant cell population decreases for total T

lymphocytes, total B lymphocytes and monocytes, and

increases for natural killer (NK) cells.

Bed rest

After 7 days of -6 ° head down BR, analogous to a

Shuttle flight, circulating Suppressor T lymphocytes

increased significantly by 25% (p = 0.034) over PreBR

levels (fig. 2). Helper T cells were unchanged. The net

effect was a decrease of the Helper/Suppressor lymphocyte ratio in 6 of 10 Subjects, although the group

mean ratios were not statistically lower (-14%, ns)

after BR. The general lymphocyte fraction of WBC

decreased in 8 of 10 subjects (group mean-12%, ns).

The proportion of B lymphocytes increased significantly by 39% (p = 0.043) after BR. NK cells increased

in 7 of 10 subjects (+29%, ns).

o

.w#,a

3

bQ.

¢)

}4"

_2

19

t

Supine S' Stancl 15' Stand"

Mean + SE

* RM ANOVA P<0.02

q4 L £

Figure 1. Effect of standing on HelperSuppressor ratio.

16
5O

40

0

Q,

_ 2O

0

a.

lO

Fig 2- PRE _R BED RESTrtes

Figure 2. Suppressor lymphocytes.

Summary and Significance

MEAN + SE

N =10

* +25 %, p=0.036

This research demonstrated the sensitivity and

reliability of flow cytometry technology to detect

subtle transient, progressive changes in immune

cell populations during 15 minutes of standing, as

well as changes after 7 days of bed rest simulation

of microgravity in the Ames Human Research

• The rapidity of this response suggests that this

system is more labile than previously thought.

Caution is therefore necessary before attributing

spaceflight immune system changes to microgravity rather than the gravitational stress of

re-entry.

• The response of the immune system to bed rest

was qualitatively different from the response to

orthostatic stress.

• After 7 days of bed rest simulation of microgravity, both Suppressor T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes significantly increased. The tendency for NK

ceils to increase in both conditions may reflect a

nonspecific stress response.

• These results are consistent with some of the previous spaceflight and simulation results. Increased

B and NK ceils have been seen in cave isolation

studies and in Soviet rat and human space studies.

The finding of elevated Suppressor T ceils after BR

is consistent with the decrease in delayed type cell

mediated immunity reported from U.S. flights.

........................... cell mediated immunity induced by

Facility. These results are important for development of a reliable ground-based research model of

the immunological adaptation to spaceflight.

• Since whole blood was not available, we developed a technique for use of residual white blood

cells ("buffy coat") from the "throw away" portion

of the sample remaining after plasma harvesting.

This technique should be useful for blood sampling and analysis in the microgravity or office environment when blood is limited.

• The change from the recumbent to the standing

position in this group of otherwise healthy

"Fainters" progressively altered proportions of

circulating immunocytes over the course of

15 minutes.

• These changes may reflect the importance of neuroendocrine influence (catecholamines, corticosteroids) on the immune system, especially in these

men with demonstrated cardiovascular and autonomic lability.

bed rest alone may contribute to opportunistic

infections or delayed recovery in some patients

who are traditionally treated with bed rest or hospital confinement.

• Studies such as this enhance understanding of

immune system responses to autonomic or orthostatic stress and to bed rest inactivity, with

possible implications for insight into immunosuppressive disorders (such as AIDS) and interpretation of tests used for serial monitoring of immunosuppressed patients. For example, these results

suggest that patients should be positioned in a

standardized manner prior to each blood draw for

serial prognostic or therapeutic Helper/

Suppressor (CD4/CD8) ratio monitoring.

• We hope to confirm and extend these results in

future studies.

17
Initiating a Model System Using Skin Cells to Study

Spaceflight-Related Aging and Senescence

Investigator(s)

Rose Grymes and Joan Vernikos,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Jennifer Chan," Mills College, Oakland, CA,

Patrick Suen," Stanford University, Stanford, CA

Objectives of the study

Observation of mammalian cells during and after

exposure to spaceflight conditions has revealed

changes in metabolism, proliferative cycling, and

growth factor responsiveness similar to changes chak:

acteristic of senescent cultured cells at 1-g. Cells

termed senescent may have expended their replicative

potential through extensive passage in vitro; may be

derived from chronologically aged individuals; or may

be isolated from patients with advanced aging disorders. Werner's syndrome is one such disorder, and

exhibits nearly all the phenotypic and biochemical

markers of aging, with the notable exception of neurologic degeneration and senility. Many of the clinical

symptoms of this disease relate to the skin and connective tissue.

In culture, dermal fibroblasts from Wemer's syndrome patients demonstrate altered expression of the

gene collagenase I. Collagen represents the single most

important connective tissue macromolecule, and

makes up 90% of the dry weight of the dermis. Collagen remodeling (to accommodate growth and wound

repair) and removal (in degenerative joint conditions)

is accomplished through the activity of collagenase I, a

matrix metalloprotease. Werner's syndrome fibr0biasts

constitutively over-express this enzyme, and yet fail to

respond to normal inducers of its synthesis. As the

disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder

(implying a single underlying mutation), understanding the cause of this abnormal regulation of collagenase could be central to the pathology of both

Werner's syndrome and normal aging. The limited

data available on the behavior of mammalian cells cultured in space indicate many similarities between

senescent cells and spaceflight-grown cells. The model

of Werner's syndrome fibroblasts in vitro was investigated to further decipher the root causes of senescence,

"Summer pre-med ;tudent interns supported by this project.

and to permit prediction of the responses of ceils and

(potentially) humans to spaceflight-related stresses.

Progress and results

During the first year Of these studies, we examined the

hypothesis that the failure of Werner's syndrome

fibroblasts to respond to growth factors resulted from

a primary defect in the recognition sequences of the

hereditary material (DNA). Normal recognition

sequences were introduced into these cells and into

appropriate young and aged control cells using

recombinant DNA techniques. A functional assay was

used to determine the response of the cellular machinery to these externally supplied sequences. The

Werner's Synclrome ceIIs were persistently _esponsive, while both young and aged controls responded

normally. We concluded that the defect of Wemer's

syndrome did not lie in the primary sequence of this

recognition element. However, parallel experiments

indicated that other components of the signal transfer

system were unusually regulated in this disease.

We initiated a study of these components. Growth

factors normally interact with receptors at the ceU

membrane. The occupied receptor then signals the

presence of the growth factor via a cascade of internal

chemical and enzymatic mediators. In Werner's syndrome, the receptors for the particular growth factor

under study, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),

appear normal in number and affinity for ligand. They

initiate the first reaction in the signal transfer pathway,

but the signal is not received in the nucleus by the

hereditary material. As indicated above, the original

hypothesis stated that the signal was not received due

to a mutation in the control recognition sequences.

This hypothesis proved untenable. However, we discovered abnormal levels in Wemer's syndrome ceils of

two proteins, c-los and c-jun, which combine to form

the recognition factor controlling the collagenase I

gene.

In the second year, we extended our studies to a different pathway regulating c011agenase I expression.

Collagenase I, and the entire matrix metalloprotease

gene family, can be suppressed by glucocorticoid

treatment. This effect, in addition to the induction of

enzyme by the growth factor PDGF, is caused by

interactions between nuclear factors and DNA recognition elements. To further pinpoint observable defects

in Werner's syndrome cells, we investigated the pathway of hydrocortisone suppression of collagenase I

18
synthesis.Resultsshowthat,unlikethePDGFinduc- centcellssuggestthevalueofWerner'ssyndromeasa

tivepathway,thehydrocortisonesuppressivepathway modelsystem.Furthermore,theaccessibilityofskin

operatesapparentlynormallyinWerner'ssyndrome tissuebyrelativelynoninvasiveproceduresenhances

andagedcells. Interestingly, Wemer's syndrome

fibroblasts synthesize, as a baseline, up to ten times the

normal amount of collagenase I, yet they are more sensitive than normal cells to hydrocortisone shutdown.

Synthesis of collagenase I was reduced 79-92% in

hydrocortisone-treated Werner's syndrome cells, versus a repression of only 56-58% in aged normals.

We developed one unusual result. PDGF normally

induces collagenase I expression, while Werner's syndrome cells are unresponsive. However, Werner's

syndrome fibroblasts pre-treated with hydrocortisone,

then exposed to hydrocortisone with PDGF, showed

additive suppression (18-52%).

Significance of results

Werner's syndrome, in addition to the biochemical

the attraction of dermal cell systems. In Werner's syndrome, we find a cultured cell model with several

defined anomalies and a single underlying genetic

defect. Current techniques allow indepth study of both

.... the expressed abnormalities and the DNA defect.

Results indicate the general utility of this model for

studying hypotheses related to spaceflight effects on

mammalian systems. In addition, our results have

added significantly to an understanding of the relationship between gene expression and both aging and

genetic disease.

Publications resulting from study

Presented papers:

R. A. Grymes, Regulation of the collagenase I gene in

Werner's syndrome, Western Regional Meeting of

phenotype of excess collagenase I synthesis, is charac- the Society for Investigative Dermatology, Feb. 1991.

terized by chromosome breakage. Many, but not all, of

these breakage events have been observed near the

collagenase I gene on the long arm of chromosome 11.

The DNA, or hereditary material, is normally maintained in a condensed and protected structure. It is

unwrapped piecemeal during DNA replication; portions are unwrapped as needed for the expression of

R. A. Grymes, Type I collagenase gene regulation in

Werner's syndrome fibroblasts, National Meeting of

the Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 1991.

R. A. Grymes, Platelet-derived growth factor signal

transduction in fibroblasts of an aging disorder:

Werner's syndrome, Gordon Conference on Biological Structure and Gene Expression, July 1991.

selected genes. One could speculate that breakage of Abstracts and papers:

the DNA locale at the collagenase I control recognition

sequence unwraps this area, allowing for increased

sensitivity to interactions with nuclear factors. This

might occur in addition to a defect involving inappropriate regulation of the nuclear factors c-los and c-jun.

Recently, Kerppola and Curran (Cell 66:317-326, 1991)

reported that binding of Fos:Jun heterodimers bends

the DNA in a different fashion than does binding by

Jun:Jun homodimers. The Fos:Jun configuration is

favored; however high protein concentrations of Jun

result in the production of the homodimer moiety.

Aberrant regulation of the quantities of c-fos and c-jun

messages, which would lead to unusually high levels

of Jun, were our findings in the Werner's syndrome

cells.

As mentioned above, similarities between Werner's

syndrome cells and spaceflight-exposed mammalian

cells, chronologically aged cells, and cultured senesGrymes, R. A.; Chan, J.; Suen, P.; and Bauer, E. A.:

Regulation of the collagenase I gene in Werner's

syndrome, Clinical Research, vol.39, no. 1.

Grymes, R. A.; Chan, J.; Suen, P.; and Bauer, E. A.:

Type I collagenase gene regulation in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 96, no. 4, p. 539.

Altman, J.; Chan, J.; Grymes, R. A.; and Bauer, E. A.:

Collagenase expression in progeroid fibroblasts:

Hydrocortisone suppression (submitted to Clinical

Research), Oct. 1991.

Grymes, R. A.; Altman, J.; Chan, J.; Suen, P.; Vernikos,

J.; and Bauer, E. A.: Induction and suppression of

collagenase I synthesis in a progeroid cell strain

(manuscript in preparation).

19
Domain Decomposition Approach to Solve Multidisciplinary

Fluid/Structure Interaction Problems

Investigator(s)

Guru P. Guruswamy, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

Develop efficient interfacing techniques between fluid

zonal grids and structural sub-domains (substructures). These new interface techniques will be

tested on simple model problems. Procedures to use

this development to solve larger three-dimensional

problems associated with complex geometries, such as

full aircraft, will be addressed at the end of this

research.

Progress and results

During this period, interfacing techniques are developed for wing-type configurations. The flow is modeled using the finite-difference (FD) method with a

single C-H type grid. The structural properties of the

wing are modeled using a finite-element (FE) wingbox-type model in which the surface of the wing is

modeled using triangular membrane elements. An

interfacing routine to transfer information from FD

fluid's grid to FE structural grid is developed. The

procedure is demonstrated by computing thermal

stresses of a wing at supersonic flow conditions. This

demonstrates the use of the present development for

configurations that canbe modeled using single zones.

Significance of the results

The present results demonstrate the application of the

basic idea of interfacing the information between FD

fluid grids and FE structural nodes for wings. This will

serve as a stepping stone to the domain-decomposition

approach for complex configurations. This work wilt

be extended for wing-body configurations with two

sub-structures, one for the wing and another for the

body. First, results will be demonstrated for a singlezone FD grid and two-zone structural FE model. Then

they will be extended for a two-zone FD grid, and

aeroelastic computations will be made for a typical

flexible wing-body configuration.

Publications resulting from study: None so far

References: None so far

2O
An Iterative Image Rectification Scheme

for Observational Astronomy

Investigator(s)

Michael R. Haas, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Steven D. Lord, University of California,

Santa Cruz, CA

Other personnel involved

Michael Werner, SIRTF Project Scientist,

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

James H. Ramberg, Physics Graduate Student,

San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA

of polarization of the input data. We used the algorithm to reconstruct images that were based partially

upon test distributions of polarized emission and also

on actual far-infrared astronomical polarimetry observations of the Galactic Center and the Orion Nebula.

The algorithm was implemented on a VAX 8600. In all

cases convergence was reached after about 200 iterations. The figure shows the algorithm acting on a

"double image" of the Galactic Center, observed at a

wavelength of 100 micrometers. The reconstruction

successfully retrieved the polarization angle and flux

at each pixel, to about 1%.

Objectives of the study

The objective is to explore the use of a numerical

image rectification algorithm which has the ability to

enhance the spatial resolution of astronomical images.

This algorithm, the Richardson-Lucy Maximum Likelihood algorithm, can be used to sharpen images by

removing the blurring effects of a telescope's aperture.

In a specific application, we have used this algorithm to correct the "double images" that will result as

part of future Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)

polarimetry measurements. The double images are

caused by use of a Wollaston Prism, an otherwise

advantageous polarization measuring device which

allows for time-efficient observations. Extraction of the

polarized information requires rectification of the focal

plane image. We have assessed the feasibility of the

numerical image reconstruction technique to postprocess the polarimeter's output and recover the

image polarization information.

Progress and results

In this project, we have performed simulations and

gauged the performance of the algorithm with respect

to variations in important astrophysical parameters

such as: spatial resolution, signal to noise, and degree

Significance of the results

When this project was initiated two years ago, it was

predicted that algorithms such as the Richardson-Lucy

algorithm would prove very useful in improving

astronomical images. Currently the algorithm is

demonstrating its utility as the premier algorithm for

correcting the Hubble Space Telescope images for distortion due to spherical abberation. We have also

demonstrated its usefulness in reconstructing SIRTF

images, allowing for time-efficient polarimetry. Further applications include spatial resolution enhancements of spectroscopic maps.

Publications resulting from study

S.D. Lord, J. H. Ramberg, and M. Wemer (1991) "MIPS

Polarimetry: Considerations in Using a Wollaston

Prism for Extended Source Observations," SIRTF

Polarimetry Working Group Report.

References

The Restoration of Hubble Space Telescope Images

and Spectra, (1990) Proc. of the Space Telescope Science Institute Workshop, Baltimore, Editors: R. L.

White and R. J. Allen.

21
i0 I0

0 0

-i0 -i01

-lO 0 i0

I 1.1-. l.l.ie-_

_ ::::'::!]]],_,

:!iiii!

::.': : '. :

-10

':::::' ---I i iii! :

0 i0 20

Focal Plane Image True Intensity

and Polarization

P= 3.2 %]

"1"1- "_' "._MI_ .... 1.1.1 _. t I.l.i.l.l.l..'_-_il-I-I-t-i-I I I--_ I- - •- r : :.".-:_,_,_.,_... :'/. I.:: : __ _ ..... : : :: :._,",._I1,,,,.,, :: :. :: : _1

i0 _-- _._ii_".'_::::' --AIO- ::;:::::::_------"_I:_._.::::::: .if

P !° !

................ _" - -J _'- _.":':_ ._i_ -_

--::"! ' -d

:,.::: ::: q ",_._:::::: , :: ::::

_2!_ili'-!i 10 iiiiiii. _.iiiiiiiii_ 10 ................... -10 ..:iL:'2!"iii!ii : i iF_[ii :ili ii

-_o o 1o 2o -Io o lo 20 -_o o 1o 20

Iteration i Iteration 2 Iteration 200

The Galactic Center at lOOgm

The "double image" of the Galactic Center shown in the top le/t /rame above was used as a test distribution for the

Richard-Lucy algorithm. In the top right frame, the true intensity and poIarization /ield are shown, where the length o/a

vector indicates the degree o/polarization.

Iterations I, 2, and 200 o/the Richardson-Lucy algorithm are shown below. The reconstruction converges at a rate

proportional to the magnitude o/the smallest yquctuations in the image. In situations like this, where the data have a large

dynamic range, many (200) iterations are required. FinaI intensity errors of lO--6 are accompanied by polarization errors of

10 -2 in this test. Some of the_ errors can be seen as non-zero vectors in the lower left in Iteration 200.

22
Remote Sensing of Earth's Atmosphere and Surface

Using a Digital Array Scanned Interferometer

Investigator(s)

Philip D. Hammer, Francisco P. J. Valero, and

David L. Peterson, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

William Hayden Smith, Washington University,

St. Louis, MO

Objectives of the study

Understanding complex and variable environmental

phenomena inherent in Earth's atmosphere, global

climate, and biogeochemical processes requires spatial,

spectral, and temporal observations which are both

extensive and detailed. Thus the motivation is clear for

designing simple, versatile, and cost effective imaging

spectrometers for Earth remote sensing applications

with high spatial and spectral resolution, fast temporal

response, and high detection sensitivity.

The primary objective of our study is to evaluate the

capabilities of the DASI (digital array scanned interferometer) class of instruments for measuring terrestrial radiation fields, particularly in the visible to midinfrared. DASIs have much potential as future generation remote sensing instruments. They are capable of

high throughput, sensitivity, and spectral resolution,

and have the potential for field-of-view spatial discrimination (an imaging spectrometer). The compactness, low weight, power economy, and simplicity of

design and operation of DASIs make them particularly

suitable for ground and airborne platform-based

remote sensing. DASIs show promise of overcoming

some of the shortcomings of equivalent aperture

grating-based imaging spectrometers such as FLI,

ASAS, AIS, and AVIRIS.

The ultimate objective stemming from this study is

to produce and deploy a versatile field instrument

which may be applied toward a variety of atmospheric

and surface problems.

Progress and results

data was acquired with both CCD and experimental

NICMOS (1-2.5 micron sensitivity) two-dimensional

detector arrays. Progress with optics ray tracing software for simulating DASI operation has been made.

Such simulations are essential for determining and

optimizing the design in order to fully realize the

potentials of DASIs.

Analysis software is under development for DASI

cube-type images. An atmospheric optical path simulation software package, MODTRAN, is now operational. MODTRAN, together with radiative transfer

software incorporating the scattering and absorption

effects of clouds, is aiding the planning of experiments

and the simulation of future measurement analysis.

A science plan for field observations of clouds using

a DASI was developed as a result of preparing a proposal to the NOAA Global change program. The

application of DASIs for remote sensing of plant biochemical content is being studied and opportunities

such as the Biome sensor (being formulated at NASA

Ames) are being explored.

-Laboratory work with our university collaborator,

Win. H. Smith, has begun at Ames, and a DASI prototype is under construction for field observations. We

have initiated a collaboration with an atmospheric

Iidar group for informal participation in project FIRE,

which could yield coordinated multi-sensor measurements of cirrus clouds leading to a case study.

Significance of the results

The engineering data have revealed that the best

choice of DASI optical configuration is a common path

interferometer. That configuration is characterized by

its stability and absence of critical sensitivity to alignment, although it is less capable of achieving high

spectral resolution. Since the science problems of most

interest to us in the near term involve the spectroscopy

of condensed phase matter, low resolution is adequate.

In formulating our science plans, we determined

that the visible to 2.5 micron spectral region is of key

Below is a summary of our first year's progress, cover- value for future planned field studies because of ready

ing developments in hardware and software engineering, data reduction and analysis procedures, development of science strategies and collaborations, and

plans for participation in future field experiments.

Benchtop laboratory testing and measurements using

a DASI with a common path configuration have been

made at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri,

and Ball Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado. Engineering

availability of detectors, relative ease of operation, and

high potential for science yields. A specific approach

for retrieving information about clouds from spatially

and spectrally (1-2.5 micron) resolved measurements

of the solar aureole is being explored. The possibility

of contributing to a coordinated multi-sensor case

study of cirrus clouds (FIRE) is especially promising in

terms of the science yield.

23
Publicationsresulting from study

• Seminar given at Oregon State University at

Corvallis, Oregon, November 1990

• Poster & abstract at Airbome Geoscience workshop,

San Diego, CA, January 1991

• Discussion of DASI applications for vegetative

canopy studies was presented at the Workshop

on Remote Sensing of Plant Biochemical Content,

Marshall CA, March 1991

• Article on DASI potentials and applications submitted to Journal of Imaging Science, October 1991

• Abstract submitted for AGU meeting, San Francisco

(to be held December 1991)

References

1. Smith, W. H.; and Schempp, W. V.: "Digital Array

Scanned Interferometers," Exp. Astron. 1:389-405,

1991.

2. Smith, W. H.: U.S. Patent No. 4,976,542.

3. Vane, G. (Ed.): "Imaging Spectroscopy II," Proc.

SPIE, 834: 2-43, 1987.

4. Peterson, D. L. et al.: "Remote Sensing of Forest

Canopy and Leaf Biochemical Contents," Rein.

Sens. Environ,, 24:85-108, 1988.

5. Starr, D. O.: "A Cirrus-Cloud Experiment: Intensive

Field Observations Planned for FIRE," Bull.

Amer. Meteo. Soc. 68: 119-124, 1987.

6. Jinhuan, Q.; Hongqi, W.; Xiuji, Z.; and Daren, L.:

"Experimental Study of Remote Sensing of

Atmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution by

Combined Solar Extinction and Forward Scattering Method," Advances in Atmospheric

Sciences 2: 307-315, 1985.

24
Fault Tolerance in Distributed Parallel Processing

Architectures for Flight Crucial Systems

Investigator(s)

Philip Hamory,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Objectives of the study

To study the fault tolerance of transputer-based networks for use in flight crucial systems.

Flight systems are evolving into sophisticated, integrated systems that require substantial computational

power. Parallel processing is one way to provide that

power. A distributed architecture has potential advantages of fault tolerance and facilitated expandability.

The transputer is a state-of-the-art 32-bit microprocessor with a multitasking kernel specifically

designed for parallel processing. Transputers have

four high-speed serial communication links which

allow them to be networked without a common bus.

Hence they are well suited for distributed architectures and have potential reliability advantages.

Progress and results

The work is now complete at the DDF level. The

research has been successful, and followon research

objectives have been identified.

The research explored the fundamental principles

associated with fault tolerance of transputer networks.

Code was written in occam, a parallel processing language for which the transputer was specifically

designed. More common language compilers exist for

the transputer but were not used in this research. The

network topology studied is shown in the diagram.

NETWORKTOPOLOGY

PO

Computer I

_anage

rl) [llnk2.1n} (llnk3.ouI)

return seild2

O_kl,OUt) _ IIIrlKl.lnl

send1

Note: Processors PO and P1 are drawn as different sizes only for clarity in this

drawing. They are In actuality identical processors, both TSOOs.

The network consists of two 25 MHz T800 transputers

and a Personal Computer (PC). The PC is used solely

for keyboard interface and display. The network runs

four processes in parallel: three on processor 0 (P0)

and one on processor I (P1). The two transputers are

connected to each other by three links: two redundant

links from P0 to P1 and one from P1 to P0. It is the tolerance to the failure of one of the redundant links that

has been explored specifically.

Key discoveries

1. One way to make the network tolerant to link failures is to decouple the intertransputer communications from other processor functions.

2. An acknowledgement from the decoupler to the

manager is required.

3. The ALT construct facilitates management of a

failed link from the side of the receiving process.

4. The ALT construct must be nested in order to

give all communications the opporunity to finish.

More on the key discoveries

In transputers, communications do not proceed until

both the transmitting and receiving processes are

ready. Thus, without protection, the two processes

would find themselves in suspended animation, i.e.

hanging, in the event of a link failure. Two sets of

techniques are used to provide fault tolerance: one for

the transmitting end and one for the receiving end.

On the transmitting end, the principal process, the

manager in this case, is protected from link failures by

scapegoats called decouplers. The manager passes

information to the funnel through the decouplers. In

the event of a link failure, the decoupler hangs and the

manager continues unharmed. For the decoupling to

work properly, the decoupler must provide an

acknowledgement to the manager. The manager

detects link failures by the absence of this

acknowledgement.

For the receiving side, occam comes with a construct

called the alternation (ALT). Within this construct only

one process is required to finish for the entire construct

to finish. Use of the ALT construct in a nested fashion

gives opportunities for all redundant communications

to finish while providing immunity from link failures.

Significance of the results

Transputer-based networks appear to be viable platforms for flight crucial systems. The exploration of

25
fundamental principles associated with the fault tolerance of transputer networks resulted in four key discoveries. Processes on the transmitting end of a communication link can be made tolerant to the failure of

that link by using a decoupling transmission process.

Processes on the transmitting end of a communication

link can be made tolerant to the failure of that link by

using the ALT construct with timers.

Transputer-based networks have the advantage of

straightforward reversion from primary links to secondary links. Because of the parallel processing nature

of the transputer, system throughput is not degraded

by redundancy management.

The successes of this research indicate that

transputer-based networks show promise for flight

crucial applications.

26
Development and Experimental Verification of a

Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Recording System

Investigator(s)

Alan R. Hargens, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Gita Murthy, Bionetics

Robert J. Marchbanks,

University of Southhampton

Donald E. Watenpaugh, Bionetics

Progress and results

Compared to upright-seated posture, 0° horizontal, 6 °

HDT, and 15 ° HDT produced TMD changes of

317 + 112, 403 + 114, and 474 + 112 nl (means + S.E.),

respectively (Fig. 1). Furthermore, postural transitions

from 0° horizontal to 6° HDT and from 6° to 15° HDT

generated significant volume changes.

Other personnel involved

J.-Uwe Meyer and Natalya Eliashberg,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

Headaches and space motion sickness commonly

reported during exposure to microgravity may be a

consequence of or exacerbated by increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Recent studies document increased

ICP in rhesus monkeys exposed to simulated microgravity, as modelled by 6° head-down tilt (HOT). The

invasive nature of ICP techniques has prevented basic

studies involving the measurement of this variable in

humans. The objective of this study, therefore, was to

develop and test a noninvasive technique to examine

alterations of ICP during acute 6° HDT in humans.

Although the results of our initial transcranial

acoustic technique were inconclusive, another noninvasive technique, tympanic membrane displacement

Significance of the results

Our results indicate that simulated microgravity (6 °

HDT) increases ICP based on the relationship that

exists between TM displacement and ICP. ICP

increases from about 2 mm Hg to 17 mm Hg when

going from upright to 6° HDT postures, respectively.

Evaluation of ICP by the TMD technique depends

upon a normal middle ear, intact stapedial muscle

reflex contraction, and a patent duct. Although the

technique does not provide absolute ICP measurements, mean TM displacement allows interpolation of

ICP to already obtained normal and abnormal ICP

values.

ICP is potentially a critical parameter for understanding physiological changes during actual and

simulated microgravity. Increased ICP may affect

middle and inner ear function and may thereby cause

or augment headaches and space motion sickness in

microgravity. These conditions are experienced by

many astronauts during initial exposure to microgravity and adversely impact crew performance during

(TMD) technique provided reliable and useful results_ Shuttle flights.

The TMD technique, developed by Robert

Marchbanks, is based on the principle that movement

of the ear drum or tympanic membrane (TM), induced

by the stapedial muscle reflex, produces slight but significant volume displacements that can be measured

with a special computer-based instrument. The TM is

attached to three bones of the middle ear. The third

bone, stapes, is in turn attached to the oval window of

the inner ear. The oval window interfaces with the

inner ear fluid. This fluid pressure is essentially equal

to ICP due to a direct connection created by a duct.

Alterations in ICP (and inner ear pressure) relate to the

TM inward or outward displacements depending on

whether ICP has increased or decreased, respectively.

TM displacements were measured by a volume dis3oo

2oo1

l°°1

0

-100

| -2o0

-3o0

.-4.00 _ - , - , - , . - , . ,

90 0 -6 -15 -(_ 0 90

placement transducer probe attached to a head set. posture (degrees)

The probe was tightly sealed into the ear canal.

Movements of the TM, and hence changes in ICP, were Figure 1. Tympanic membrane displacement response with

compared in various postures within each subject, various postures.

27
During HDT, increased blood pressure in the head

elevates capillary pressure, which may be responsible

for facial swelling, blood vessel distension, and

increased ICP. If ICP is sufficiently high (>30 mm Hg),

it may reduce brain blood flow and deprive brain tissue of nutrients, causing decreased performance in

microgravity. This study of simulated microgravity

should be extended to actual microgravity (KC-135 or

Shuttle missions).

Publications resulting from study

1. Hargens, A. R.; Parazynski, S.; Aratow, M.; Meyer,

J.-U; Crenshaw, A; and Whalen, R: Exercise and

tissue-fluid shift studies at NASA Ames Research

Center. Advances in Bioengineering 15:155-156,

1989.

2. Hargens, A. R.; Parazynski, S.; Aratow, M.; Meyer,

J.-U; Crenshaw, A; and Whalen, R: Exercise and

tissue-fluid shift Studies at NASA Ames Research

Center. 110th ASME Winter Annual Meeting,

p. 77, 1989.

3. Hargens, A.R: Upright posture and cranial

hemodynamics in humans and other "tall"

animals. Commentary in behavioral and brain

sciences 13:359-360, 1990.

4. Murthy, G.; Marchbanks, R. J.; Watenpaugh, D. E.;

Meyer, J.-U.; Eliashberg, N.; and Hargens, A. R.:

Increased intracranial pressure in humans during

simulated microgravity. Transactions of 13th

Annual IUPS Commission on Gravitational

Physiology, San Antonio, Texas. The Physiologist

34:257(48.i), 1991.

5. Murthy, G., Marchbanks, R. J.; Watenpaugh, D. E.;

Meyer, J.-U.; N. Eliashberg, and Hargens, A. R.:

Increased intracranial pressure in humansduring

simulated microgravity. The Physiologist 36

(supplement), 1992.

28
An Airborne Infrared Scanner for

Wild Fire Mapping and Monitoring

Investigator(s)

Edward A. Hildum and James Brass,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA

94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Mark Haslerud, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Robert Higgins,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Objectives of the study

Our objective was to design and build a low cost multichannel digital scanner for monitoring the impacts of

wild fire on ecosystem and atmospheric processes

with potential application for fire management and

mapping.

Progress and results

We have designed and fabricated mechanical hardware, electronic and computer controls, and optical

components to build an infrared imaging scanner. The

individual components now require assembly and

testing before actual use. The scanner will provide four

visible/infrared channels for gathering imagery from

an airborne platform. Onboard capabilities will

include real-time data display and limited image processing. Scanner parameters can be modified by an

operator to adapt to different applications. Further

image processing will be accomplished by using a

dedicated ground facility that incorporates data processing, communications, and hard-copy production.

Interface hardware for deploying this scanner on

several small aircraft exists or is being fabricated, and

there is interest in mounting the scanner on the NASA

C130 and ER-2 medium- and high-altitude platform

aircraft. A twin-engine Navajo owned by the Los

Angeles County Fire Department has been extensively

modified to accommodate the scanning system. The

National Center for Atmospheric Research is currently

fabricating a mounting kit for their King Air research

aircraft to support fire research in the United States

and Brazil.

The original optical design utilized a Kennedy optical configuration but included only a single imaging

channel. A new optical train has been designed and

fabricated to provide up to four imaging channels

spanning the visible red to the thermal infrared

regions. Several novel techniques were used to modify

the single channel instrument to a multi-spectral scanner. Two new detectors, a "sandwich" detector for the

thermal infrared region, and an indium-galliumarsenide (InGaAs) photodiode for the near infrared

have been added. These detectors significantly reduce

the space required to provide additional spectral

channels. Diamond-turned aspheric optics have been

used to redirect and re-collimate the incoming light,

allowing multiple spectral bands to be directed to their

respective sensors.

........ A key innovation incorporated in the new scanner is

its ability to be controlled by an integral microcomputer system. Most other multi-spectral scanners do

not take advantage of available computer technology

to provide onboard processing and control. Our system utilizes state-of-the-art helical-scan digital tape

recorder technology to record imagery in digital

machine-readable form. All sensor functions are controlled by the onboard CPU, and real-time image processing and display is managed by a smart video

graphics coprocessor. To facilitate deployment on a

variety of airborne platforms, the scanner system

includes a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver

and a pitch/roll gyroscope for aircraft attitude and

location sensing. Two unique capabilities being tested

on this system are a new delta-sigma digitizer and a

digital scan-motor speed controller. These innovations

have potential for updating similar systems on Ames

medium- and high-altitude aircraft.

Significance of results

While no actual flight data will be collected until

spring, this instrument is an integral part of two major

research efforts examining the impact of fire on terrestrial and atmospheric processes. The unique capability

provided by this system is its ability to accommodate

multiple aircraft platforms with few modifications.

A working coalition between three government

agencies has emerged as a result of this project. Ames

Research Center, the U.S. Forest Service, and the L.A.

County Fire Department have provided resources and

expertise for building and operating our scanner.

Requests have also been noted from the University of

Washington, NCAR, and EPA for use of this instrument for environmental monitoring. This instrument

has also become a focal point fora NASA

29
commercializationprogram for the development of a

remote sensing system for disaster assessment. This

program involves not only the public, but private

sector, including the state of California and Terra-Mar

Resource Information Service.

Publications resulting from study

Terra Mar press release: "Terra-Mar and NASA Collaborate on Natural Disaster Assessment," Jan. 23,

1991.

Brass, J.; Hildum, E; and Riggan, P.: "Use of Remote

Sensing Technology for Fire Management Applications," Proceedings of the National Fire Management Conference, Woodside, CA, May 1991.

D. Walklet, "Fighting Forest Fires With Remote Sensing," Photonics Spectra, Aug. 1991, p.66.

30
Intelligent Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms for

Automatic Telescopes

Investigator(s)

Butler Hine, Mark Drummond, John Bresina,

Keith Swanson, Andy Philips, Rich Levinson, and

William Borucki, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

There are many NASA mission scenarios in which the

unattended autonomous operation of a scientific

instrument is desired because of the expense of an insitu human operator. This is especially true for astronomical observations, in which the method of data

acquisition is well suited to automatic operation.

Automatic Photoelectric Photometry is currently performed with ground-based robotic telescopes at various sites around the world. These robotic telescopes

Future plans

1992: Benchmark performance increase in the use of

new scheduling algorithms in existing simulated control systems. Hold workshop on the testing of an

autonomous telescope in Antarctica as a Lunar mission precursor.

1993: Apply scheduling algorithms to field use and

measure their performance. Acquire an automatic telescope locally for fault diagnosis and health monitoring

research.

1994 and beyond: Implement an Antarctic-based

robotic telescope as a Lunar mission precursor.

Publications resulting from study

1. "Development of a Simplified Operations and Management Structure," B. Hine and R. Genet, 1990

Workshop on Small Robotic Telescopes on the

perform unattended photometric measurements of Moon.

stars for periods ranging from weeks to months, 2. "The APT Planning and Scheduling Manifesto,"

scheduling their observations from target lists and pri- M. Drummond, J. Bresina, K. Swanson,

orities decided ahead of time by astronomers. A. Philips, and R. Levinson, 1991 NASA ARC

Although robotic telescopes are currently in opera- Technical Report #FIA-91-24, in preparation.

tion, they are not very sophisticated with respect to 3. "Multi-Use Lunar Telescopes" R.M. Genet, D. R.

efficient target scheduling, health monitoring, or self- Genet, D. L. Talent, M. Drummond, B. Hine, L. J.

maintenance. While these capabilities are desirable for Boyd, and M. Trueblood, to appear as a chapter

ground-based operation at easily accessible sites, they in the ASP Conference series book Robotic

are critical for operation in space or other relatively Telescopes in the 1990s, A. Filippenko (ed).

inaccessible sites. This project is an attempt to transfer

current state-of-the-art technology in the areas of intelligent scheduling and health monitoring to the operation of automated telescopes. It is a collaborative effort

between individuals and groups working in telescope

design and control, intelligent scheduling, health

monitoring and fault diagnosis, and astronomy.

Progress and results

• Developed a high fidelity Automatic Photometric

Telescope (APT) simulator, designed to allow the

in-house development and testing of advanced

planning and scheduling control software.

• Developed a prototype Interactive Scheduling

Tool, which was put to immediate use in preparing the fall 1991 observing schedule for an operating APT.

31
Control of Thermal Simulation Tests with Heat Flux

Investigator(s)

Thomas J. Horn,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Other personnel involved

Chris Torrence and John Gordon,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Objectives of the study

The objective of this study is to develop the ability to

use heat flux sensors for data acquisition in and control

of thermal simulation tests in the Thermostructures

Research Facility (TRF) and Liquid Hydrogen Structures Research Facility (LHSTF) at Ames Dryden Flight

Research Facility. Direct measurement of heat flux is

required when testing many advanced structures such

as cryogenic fuel tanks and actively cooled structures.

Actively cooled structures will be tested by varying the

heat absorbed by the structure while the cooling system

keeps the structure at a relatively constant temperature. This eliminates the possibility of using temperature measurements in the feedback control loop of the

heating system as is currently done.

This study will define minimum specifications for

use in future purchases of heat flux sensors for various

test articles. These specifications will include particular

types and models of heat flux sensors well suited for

use in given temperature and/or heat flux ranges. The

study will also result in the development of systems

and procedures required to calibrate heat flux sensors

for use in the TRF and LHSTF. Onsite calibration is

critical for heat flux sensors used in the control loop

during hazardous tests such as those conducted in the

TRF and LHSTF. Data acquisition and control system

hardware and software modifications required in order

to use heat flux sensors will also be identified and

implemented.

Progress and results

Progress to date includes the completion of low temperature (<500 ° F) heat flux gage tests and the initiation

of high temperature (<1600 ° F) heat flux gage tests with

the pulsed radiant heating system used in the TRF and

LHSTF. A furnace for use as a heat flux gage calibration system has been delivered and acceptance

tests have been completed. Open loop heat flux control

has also been established permitting tests to be performed independent of temperature time histories.

Initial test results show that the pulsed radiant heating system utilized in the TRF and LHSTF may not

cause severe problems in controlling to a heat flux profile. The amplitude of the variations caused by the

pulsed heating are much less than the heat flux increment between heating power levels. This could reduce

the need for different heating power controllers or

smoothing algorithms in the control software.

Initial tests have also resulted in the identification of

several heat flux sensors well suited for use in the TRY

and LHSTF. Several such sensors will be used during

tests of the Generic Research Cryogenic Tank in late

1992.

Testing to date of water cooled heat flux sensors

indicates that they sense heat from the structure

reflected by the heater reflector. This gives a false high

reading of heat flux as the structure temperature

exceeds that of the heat flux sensor. It may be possible

to correct for this effect, but sensors which operate at

the same temperature as the structure are more desirable. Cooled gages may be required in order to test

advanced structures, such as those manufactured from

carbon-carbon, above the useful operating temperatures of currently available sensors.

Heater reflector

Cooled

Sensor

Hot structure

Figure 1. Heat reflection to cooled sensor.

32
Development of a Si(Li) Gamma Ray Detector Stack for

Future Mars Mission Instruments

Investigator(s)

G. Scott Hubbard, R. E. McMurray, Jr., and

C. P. McKay, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

P. Englert, San Jose State University

Other personnel involved

R. Keller and P. Wercinski,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

Develop, test, and compare to numerical model predictions, a novel lithium-drifted Silicon [Si(Li)] gamma

ray detector package. A large-scale, flight version of

this detector package would be a key element in an

elemental measurement instrument for future Mars

missions. Use of Si will allow operation at ambient

Mars temperature, an enormous advantage when

compared to proposed germanium gamma ray detectors which require cooling to ~100K. Development of

this detector package would provide high resolution

detection of gamma rays with energies in the million

electron volt (MeV) range, a unique accomplishment

for Si(Li) devices. During the DDRF research effort, we

fabricated and tested a Si(Li) detector stack consisting

of approximately 4-5 planar Si(Li) detectors each 5 mm

thick. Testing was conducted as a function of temperature, with special attention to Mars ambient at the

Viking Sites. Results were compared to a Monte Carlo

model which predicts the spectral peaks resulting

from gamma ray interactions with Silicon.

Progress and results

In order to improve the peak-to-background ratio, we

employed an anti-coincidence technique which we

have labeled the "split-stack" procedure. Figure 1

shows a cross section view of the experimental setup

of the detector stack. The signals from the amplifiers

are summed as though the stack were continuous. The

outputs are also routed and converted to digital signals which are checked for coincidence within a certain time window. If this criteria is met then the output

is fed into the ADC unit and acts as a gat e signal, and

the summed signal from the amplifiers is accepted and

counted. For last year's proposal, a contiguous detector volume was used to validate the predicted detector

e

capability from the Monte Carlo simulation and as a

baseline in determining the improved peak to background ratio expected from the split-stack configuration. We developed a split stack of four detectors. The

effect of the split was optimal with 1 and 3 detectors,

the single detector being closest to the gamma source.

Coincidence between the two halves of the split stack

consists of requiring that as a photon enters the stack,

some Of its energy must be deposited in each half of

the stack. This technique rejects those events of partial

absorption preferentially over those events of complete absorption. In figure 2 we see the comparison

between Monte Carlo predictions and the experimental setup. The full energy peak to Compton

Cross Sectional View of Detector Stack

(Current Experimental Arrangement)

Delrin Retaining

Aluminum vacuum Si Detectors

shroud

Aluminum Foil

Contacts Signal

Bias (+600V) Source (662 keV)

Boron Nitride Thermal _ Aluminum baseplate

contact

0 1,0 2.0

SCALE (cm)

Figure 1. Experimental split-stack detector configuration.

33
i

8

t000.1 -_......-- Full Spectrum

0

i ,

0.0 02 0.4

_., Split Stack

•_,c ""Cs Photopeak

;' %: (662 keY)

/

"'

• /' _ .'% FWHM

_^,",__.,,/:d 'I_ '_"- _-_o_v)

06 0.8

Sl(LI) Detector Stack

Total Thickness = 1.g_ cm

(Each device - 5 mm thick)

Radius of active area = 0.g8 cm

-- Monte Carlo simulation

• =,, Experimental d=a

048 1.44

Split Stack Geometry

10

ENERGY (Mev)

Figure 2. Comparison of experimental and Monte Carlo simulation for split-stack configuration.

background was _mproved in the lab by a factor of 6;

correlating well with the Monte Carlo simulations.

The key features of the data also compare well with

the computer prediction. The model predicts a better

full energy peak because it does not include the effects

of noise from various sources. Other improvements

were observed by requiring that the minimum energy

deposited in each half of the stack be above some

threshold. As a result, a further improvement of the

peak to background was achieved by employing lower

level energy discrimination to both the halves of the

split Stack, where counts are rejectedbelow 100 keV in

either section of the split stack. _ improvement is

shown in figure 3.

An experimental run was also conducted using two

peaks were comparable with the Compton edges and

the high energy peak at 1.275 MeV was visible. Also

the Compton edges which varied in height significantly in the sum spectrum were brought within the

same order of magnitude in the coincidence spectrum.

The results are shown in figure 4.

A second cryostat has been developed for variable

temperature work. The second baseplate had a smaller

radius and was thicker to house a heating element.

The retaining mechanism is identical. Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory has started work on temperature

characterization of detector devices. They have measured leakage current variation in temperature for a

number of devices. The results show a steady drop in

leakage current with temperature to a lower instrusources having three energies. These sources were mentation limit of a few tenths of picoamps.

Cs 137 (662 keV) with Na22(551 keV and 1.275MeV). ....

The experimental results were quite encouraging. Publications resulting from study

Although the summed data showed the three Paper accepted for presentation at the next Nuclear

Compton edges, the full energy peak, s were difficult to Science Society Symposium, November 4-9, 1991.

observe. When coincidence was used, the full energy

34
>

J

1000.

800.

600.

400.

20O

0

0.0 0.1

Si(I I) Detector Stack

Total Thickness = 1.92 cm

(Each device ~ 5 mm thick)

Radius of active area = 0.98 cm

..... Monte Carlo simulation

• ,,, Experimental data

137Cs Photopeak

(662 keV)

/

#

_j,. ""_ t'l-- (~ I 0 keV)

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

ENERGY (Mev)

Figure 3. Comparison of experimental and Monte Carol simu_at_6nfor split-stack configuratiori with 100 keV energy

discrimination.

8OO

>

0

0

6OO

400.

200,

0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 06 0_7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Compton Peak

(51 lkeV) Compton Peak

(1275 keV)

_(6i_l_ll i_ f keV_(EllkgYev_e: / !;

*_ Full Energy Pc

:_: (662keV) jl_ -

ENERGY (Mev)

Figure 4. Experimental results for a multiple energy gamma ray source.

35
Controlling the Lifetime and Reaction Dynamics of

High Energy Density Materials (HEDM) by

Modifying the Chemical Environment

Investigator(s)

Winifred M. Huo, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

This project investigates how the chemical environment can be modified to stabilize potential HEDM

candidates so their energy may be harvested for

propulsion. Fluorine azide (FN3) is used as a prototype molecule to illustrate the general principle.

The energy content of FN3 is higher than that of

its dissociation products, N 2 + NF. Thus it decomposes spontaneously except for the existence of an

energy barrier to dissociation. The stability of this

molecule is directly related to where the potential

energy surface of the ground state (1A') crosses that

of the lowest excited state (3A'). If the crossing

occurs after the dissociation barrier, then the

molecule is relatively stable. By contrast, if the crossing occurs before the dissociation barrier, the

molecule may decompose via the highly repulsive

3A" surface, and the rapid dissociation generates a

detonation wave. The latter mechanism is the source

of the explosive nature of FN 3 in the condensed

phase.

The present study makes use of this surface crossing property in FN 3 dissociation. The clusters FN 3-

(H2)3 and FN3-O 2 are examined using the CASSCF

method to determine the dissociation pathways of

FN 3 in the presence of H2 and 02. Figure I shows

that FN 3 should dissociate very rapidly in the presence of H2 because its ground state potential surface

crosses the excited state surface before the dissociation barrier. Thus FN 3 is unstable if it is stored in

liquid H 2. On the other hand, figure 2 shows that

FN 3 in the presence of 02 should remain relatively

stable because the two surfaces cross outside the

barrier.

This study demonstrates that materials may be

produced which have high energy densities as well

as stability. More specifically, the present results

indicate that it is possible to store FN 3 in liquid 02

and generate a highly energetic but relatively stable

oxidizer.

The results of this study were presented at the

workshop "Performance Enhancement for Hypervelocity Airbreathing Propulsion," July 29-31, 1991, at

NASA Langley Research Center.

I Fig. 1 /

5 , 1 1 I I , I .

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

FN-NN Bond Length (A)

__'o 15

>- 10

="

bJ

5

Fig. 2 \

- _1 A,

/ 5A"

i I i i ,

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

FN-NN Bond Length (A)

36
Team Performance Analysis of Information Flow:

Human-Centered Approach to

Studying Aerospace Groups

Investigator(s)

Barbara G. Kanki, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Mary E. Danz, University of Central Florida

Other personnel involved

Kim Elsbach, Beth Veinott, and Cheryl Irwin,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Rey Diaz,

John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899

Objectives of the study

Research Objectives: (1) DeveIop team performance

measures and methods for tracking information flow

operations in any way (see Lincoln and Guba, 1985;

Cook and Campbell, 1979). On the other hand, we

selected the Level IV Payload Operations as a case

study because it represented the result of a highly successful management decision; namely to utilize civil

service engineers to accomplish this work with handson support from contractor technicians. This approach

was highly successful in terms of new engineer development, team building, and consistently high quality

technical work.

Phase II focuses on the analysis of communication

interface within and between operations teams and the

way in which written documentation supports the

information management. We chose to focus on Mission Sequence Tests (MST) both at Level IV and

Level III/II, beginning with STS 42/IML. Currently,

in Level IV payload processing, and (2) identify group we have procedures, documents and audiotapes for

communication patterns (both verbal and written) that

facilitate effective information flow. Such patterns

occur both within and between payload processing

teams and will focus on the way in which written documentation supports the information management

associated with the task.

Applied Objectives: (1) Identify positive aspects of

payload team interaction patterns; develop strategies

and recommendations which maintain or promote

effective team interface and information management,

(2) recommend advanced technology concepts/aids

for facilitating effective information flow, and

(3) assess how results and methodology can be transferred and generalized to other shuttle operations and

to aircraft maintenance operations.

Progress and results

Our technical approach was a three-phase case study

in which Phase I consisted of field observations and

interviews for defining the research focus and development of methodology. We conducted this preliminary data gathering within the Level IV Payload Processing Operations Division and observed the ongoing

tests associated with STS 40/SLS mission. Because we

were attempting to design a study with both scientific

and applied objectives, this preliminary information

gathering phase was both time consuming and complicated. Data gathering as well as data analysis are

more problematic in fully operational settings because

the research cannot intrude upon or disrupt actuaI

IML Level IV MST and will be acquiring IML

Level III/II MST as well as observations from

STS45/ATLAS MST.

ARC researchers are focusing on describing and

assessing "standard" procedures for managing information by comparing "scripted" (procedure derived)

and actual communications that take place during

MST. We have developed a coding system for characterizing the procedures as well as the way in which

procedures are actually carried out during the test. For

example, some of the codes that describe scripted

commands and responses are as follows:

Commands

Perform operation X

Verify X

Quality operation X

Status X

Responses

Operation complete

X verified

Quality operation complete

Status is m

Much of the communication that takes place during

MST is unscripted, however, and often represents

trouble shooting processes, aspects of task management, and strategies for handling deviation and

delays. Non-scripted codes include numerous categories of question-answer sequences as well as unsolicited task clarifications and suggestions. Much of the

coding methodology is based upon work conducted at

ARC in studying crew communication and coordination on the flightdeck (see Foushee and Manos, 1981;

Kanki and Foushee, 1989).

37
Everytroubleshooting process, by its very nature,

can expect to confront a variety of problems, from

inoperative equipment to unexpected delays and

unavailable resources, to simple misunderstandings of

the task at hand. Our communication analysis will

focus on how the team members handle deviations

from procedure, both formally and informally. We

expect to identify and characterize successful coping

strategies for resolving a variety of online anomalies.

UCF researchers are focusing on the development of

recommendations and technology aids for promoting

effective team interface and information flow. Specifically, this part of the project has been analyzing the

paper communication related to the MST including

pre-TAP (Test and Assembly Procedures) documents

and deviations. The format of the TAP document was

reviewed based on observations during the MSTs and

successful team strategies. A series of laboratory tests

focusing on specific format recommendations for

enhancing readability, legibility, and navigation qualities of the TAP is being designed.

Finally, a software-based information support system was conceptualized using sample prototyping

methods. Progress to date on this system is the identification of desirable supporting functions, and a series

of screens which simulate these functions. The system

would allow personnel to access current changes and

status of MST, including deviations, quality activity,

and overall progress of the time slice. Currently, feedback from the operational community is being

enlisted.

Phase III will consist of integrating the results determined in both the ARC and UCF portions of the

Phase II work. In addition, a significant objective of

this final phase of the case study is to determine the

generalizability of results and methodology to other

aerospace domains. Specifically, we are interested in

(a) other aspects of shuttle processing, such as those

performed in the Orbiter Processing Facility, and

(b) aircraft maintenance facilities, such as those performed by commercial transport companies, military

transport, and aircraft manufacturers.

Significance of the results

Although the project is ongoing, we expect the results

to accomplish several goals. From a methodological

perspective, we expect to develop a means for evaluating team performance and tracking information flow

which is generalizable to other aerospace domains.

Specific to the Level IV Payload Operations domain,

we expect the following research products: (a) recommendations regarding successful team coping strategies for resolving online anomalies and deviations and

,_romoting effect!-'e team interface and information

management, (b) recommendations for procedure

design changes within the organizational and documentation guidelines, and (c) development of a prototype information support system in which both static

and dynamic information regarding persons, operations, and facilities are more accessible.

Publications resulting from study

W. Rock (Manager of the Technology and Advanced

Projects Office, KSC) briefed the project to the

Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel, Kennedy Space

Center, FL, Oct. 1990.

Invited presentation entitled "Maintenance Team

Performance and Information Flow in Shuttle Processing Operations" at the AIA.A/NASA/FAA/HFS Conference, Challenges in Aviation Human Factors: The

National Plan, Vienna, VA, Jan. 1991.

Workshop conducted for the Crew Factors group

and other researchers working in the KSC operational

environment, July, 1991. Projects discussed included:

1. Modeling the NASA Test Director/Remington,

Kessel, ARC

2. Information Flow and Team Performance during

Mission Sequence Test (MST): Communication

Analyses/Kanki, Elsback, Veinott, Irwin, ARC

3. Information Flow and Team Performance during

Mission Sequence Test (MST): MST Procedure

Aids/Danz, Univ. Central Florida

4. Multi-Cultural Work Groups at KSC/Reyes, UC

Santa Barbara

5. Astronaut Science Advisor: Human Factors Lessons

Learned / Statler/ARC

References

European Space Agency. Spacelab News Reference.

NASA, KSC. CS-EED Employee Reference Handbook.

Payload Processing Operations.

NASA, KSC. User's Guide to Spacelab Payload Processing, Oct. 1986.

NASA, KSC. Work Authorization Documentation

Handbook. #KCA-HB-0018.0

NASA, MSFC. STS Investigator's Guide, Oct. 1989.

Cook, T. D.; and Campbell, D. T.: QuasiExperimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for

Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979.

Foushee, H. C.; and Manos, K. L.: Information Transfer within the Cockpit: Problems in Intracockpit

Communications. In C. E. Billings and E. S. Cheaney

(Eds.), Information Transfer Problems in the Aviation System, NASA TP 1875, 1981.

Kanki, B. G.; and Foushee, H. C.: Communication as

Group Process Mediator of Aircrew Performance.

Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,

vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 402-410.

38
Lincoln,Y.S.; and Guba, E. G.: Naturalistic Inquiry,

Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985.

O'Neal, M.; and Manahan, M.: Spacecraft Crew Procedures from Paper to Computers. Fourth Annual

Workshop on Space Operations, Applications, and

Research, vol. II, no. 3103, 1991.

Schmager, B.: The Importance of Human Interaction in

Batch Production Control. In: Designing for Everyone, Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1991.

Wright, C.; and Aitken, D.: A Human Factors

Approach to Range Scheduling for Satellite Control.

4th Ann. Workshop on Space Operations, Applications and Research, vol. II, no. 3103, 1991.

Zimrnerman, C.; and Campbell, J.: Fundamentals of

Procedure Writing, Columbia, MD: GP, 1988.

39
Development of Experimental Techniques

for Thermoelastic Vibration Testing

Investigator(s)

Michael W. Kehoe,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

H. Todd Snyder, PRC Systems Service

Objectives of the study

The overall objective of this research was to develop

experimental techniques to conduct vibration testing

on structures subjected to high temperatures. Specific

objectives include developing test specimen mounting

fixtures that would not affect structural and thermal

boundary conditions, determining optimal high temperature instrumentation devices, and conducting

high temperature tests on simple structures to create

an experimental data base for analysis verification.

Progress and results

Experiments have been designed at the Ames Dryden

Flight Research Facility to measure the modal characteristics of structures at elevated temperatures. Initial

test articles consisted of simple, fiat plates and panels

but will eventually progress in complexity as the

effects of heat on the modal characteristics are better

understood. Structures that have been tested to data

and the maximum temperature at which modal data

was acquired are shown in table 1.

A schematic of the heater control thermocouple

data acquisition equipment, and the accelerometer

data acquisition equipment are shown in figure 1.

Thermal control of the oven, which is used to heat the

test articles, is accomplished with a digital, adaptive,

closed-loop system. The power control computer

receives feedback temperature information from the

thermocouples located on the test article. The power

output levels for the rectifier power controllers that

provide energy to illuminate the quartz heating lamps

in the oven are continually adjusted to maintain

Table 1. Test article and the maximum temperature at

which mode data was acquired

Test article Maximum

temperature

Flat aluminum plate 700°F

Flat composite plate 375°F

Built-up aluminum structure 800°F

Rene'41,titanium honeycomb ]panel 1400°F

monllor Analysi_

Operatlona_

monitoring

and contr

_ f o_.

Figure 1. Experimental equipment.

precise temperature control in the oven. The satellite

computer also acquires the thermocouple data for display and storage. The modal analysis computer system

acquires the accelerometer data for display, analysis,

and storage.

An enclosed oven is used to heat the test article to

the desired temperature profile. The oven is divided

into three heating zones. Uniform heating can be

accomplished by heating all zones to the same temperature; nonuniform heating can be accomplished with

each zone at a different temperature; and transient

heating is accomplished by heating an end zone at a

specified heating rate. The current oven is designed for

a maximum temperature of 1500 ° F and a maximum

heating rate of 7° F per second.

Each test article is suspended in the oven by a combination of elastic bungee chord and steel cable. The

portion of the suspension system that was inside the

oven was made of steel to withstand the heat. The

length of the steel cable was made as short as possible

to avoid affecting the plate's modal characteristics.

The test articles are excited by means of an instrumented impact hammer. Impact excitation was provided to the structure under test by striking a rod

which is attached to the plate and protruded through

an opening in the oven. This type of excitation provided a way to excite the test article in the shortest

amount of time which was essential during transient

heating. A typical test with one oven heating zone firing is shown in figure 2.

The test article vibration response to excitation is

typically measured by accelerometers. These devices

are not normally designed to function in environments

40
ORIGINAL PAGE

BLACK AND WHITE PHO-I-OGRAPH

Figure 2. Enclosed oven heating an aluminum plate.

of extremely high temperatures. The accelerometers

that can withstand high temperatures are generally

very heavy with respect to the weight of the article

being tested and therefore have a large effect on the

modal characteristics of the structure. Typical light

weight accelerometers, such as the devices used for the

current series of tests, are generally rated to a maximum temperature of approximately 550 ° F. For temperatures above 550 ° F, other types of measurement

devices are required.

Laser vibrometers have been successfully used to

measure the vibratory response of test articles heated

to 1400°F. Figure 3 show the use of the laser vibrometer during a typical test. A laser vibrometer measures

the doppler shift of the beam of light reflected from the

test article to determine the velocity of the vibration.

_@'_!_;_, •

:_: - ..i:??_.

=::=

ili "

Figure 3. Thermoelastic vibration testing with a laser

vibrometer.

This device can be used to a much higher temperature

since it is a nonintrusive device. One disadvantage of

using a laser vibrometer is that the ones currently

available on the commercial market are single pixel

devices. This restricts current testing to uniform heating since the vibrometer must be moved from test

point to test point to acquire the vibratory response

data. Response data that must be acquired simultaneously for all test points on the entire test structure,

such as for nonuniform and transient heating tests,

cannot be accomplished with the laser vibrometers

that are currently available. Research and development of a multi-pixel laser vibrometer is ongoing. It is

likely that such a device will be available for hot structures vibration testing in 1992.

Analytical predictions of frequencies and mode

shapes of the test articles tested to date have been performed. A comparison of experimental and analytical

data is shown in figure 4. This comparison provides

some insight into the need of providing an experimental data base for comparison with analytical predictions. The analytical predictions shown in the figure

were preliminary calculations and show that some discrepancy between the two sets of data exists at the

higher temperatures. The data indicate that as the

temperature of the structure increased, the modal frequency decreased. The preliminary predictions

obtained from the analysis indicate more of a decrease

in frequency at the higher temperature than what was

actually measured. Each analysis used finite-element

modeling to determine the change in vibration frequency caused by various temperature profiles. The

analyses not only modeled the change in modulus of

elasticity caused by the increased temperature but also

$0

7O •

5O

O

tu 30

lie

IL

2O

10  ̧

0

0 200 400 600

TEMPERATURE (°F)

8OO

Figure 4. Predicted and experimental data comparison.

41
thethermalstresses caused by the large temperature

gradients. Additional experimental data acquired to

date have indicated that the damping of flat plates and

panels increases as the temperature increases and that

the mode shapes do not vary with temperature.

Significance of the results

The application of this experimental data base can be

used to validate and develop confidence in the analytical procedures used to determine the characteristics

and structural integrity of a structure at elevated

temperatures.

Publications

1. Thermoelastic Vibration Testing. NASA

TM-101742, Apr. 1991.

2. Determination of Effects of Heating on Modal

Characteristics of an Aluminum Plate With

Application to Hypersonic Vehicles. NASA TM4274, Apr. 1991.

3. High Temperature Ground Vibration Test Techniques, Soc. for Experimental Mechanics Conference, Bethel Conn., Nov. 1991.

- =

42
Application of Video Imaging for Data Acquisition and

Processing of Rotorcraft Flow Visualization

Investigator(s)

Cahit Kitaplioglu, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Alexandra Swanson, Sterling Software

John Bluck, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

The objective of this study is to implement an imaging

system capable of supporting various flow visualization methodologies (such as the wide-field shadowgraphy technique and smoke flow visualization) for

real-time data acquisition and storage of high resolution flow field structures. This research will have a

Center-wide impact by making new and innovative

imaging technology available for (1) basic fluid

dynamics research on vortex instabilities and breakdown studies and (2) applied research to aeronautical

components or vehicles.

A specially configured video imaging system was

designed inhouse and contracted out to Uniforce Sales

and Engineering. The system was delivered Sep. 26,

1991, and includes the following:

1. a computer control unit to send a trigger to the

strobes and cameras

2. two high resolution asynchronous video cameras

3. two frame grabber boards and software written to

drive the boards

4. a computer platform for housing the boards and

processing digitized images.

The system is installed in the 40- by 80-Foot Wind

Tunnel. It is currently being checked out to verify

asynchronous image capture for various rpm conditions. Full frame image acquisition and high resolution

image quality are also being examined. Modifications

will be made to the image processing software in order

to automate data reduction of the simultaneously

acquired image pairs. Image pairs will be used to

resolve accurate three-dimensional rotor wake

measurements.

Once the system is completely checked out, it will

be readied for shadowgraph and smoke flow visualization testing to examine the detailed wake structure

for the following upcoming tests in the National FullScale Aerodynamics Complex: 1) the 7/38-scale V-22

rotor system, 2) full-scale S-76 rotor system, and 3)

small-scale Blade Vortex Interaction test.

43
Stanford University-NASA Ames Research Center

Global Change Institute

Investigator(s)

James G. Lawless, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

W. Gary Ernst, Stanford University

Objectives of the study

The graduate research program in global change, a

parallel development to the new undergraduate program in Earth System Science, has been organized

jointly by Ames Research Center and Stanford University (School of Earth Sciences and the Office of the

Dean for, Research).

This program will be expanded to include personnel

from other NASA laboratories and Bay Area scientific

and technical institutions, such as the Monterey Bay

Aquarium Research Institute, Carnegie Institution for

Biological Research, Electric Power Research Institute,

SRI International, U.S. Geological Survey, and the

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Significance of the results

A world-class research program on global change will

be made possible with relatively small increases in cost

through this synergism.

Progress and results

The effort began in the spring of 1991 with a series of

lectures by scientists and engineers from both Ames

and Stanford. The research projects started that

summer.

The initialresearch projectssupported by Ames and

Stanford are:

• Surface Coatings, Varnishes, and Sub-soil Structures

in Deserts as Indicators o/Global Climate Change

Donald Windeler, PhD candidate in Remote

Sensing

R. J. P. Lyon, Professor of Applied Earth Science

David L. Peterson, Ecosystem Science and Technology, Ames

• Ecosystem Controls over Biogenic Hydrocarbon

Emission

Manuel T. Lerdau, PhD candidate in Biological

Sciences

Peter M. Vitousek, Professor of Biological Sciences

Harold A. Mooney, Professor of Biological

Sciences

Pamela Matson, Ecosystem Science and Technology, Ames

Hanwant Singh, Atmospheric Chemistry and #

Dynamics, Ames

• Prototype Development/or an Ultrasensitive OH

Detector

Michael DiRosa, PhD candidate in Mechanical

Engineering

Ronald K. Hanson, Professor of Mechanical

Engineering

Charles Chackerian, Atmospheric Physics

Research, Ames

James Podolske, Atmospheric Chemistry and

Dynamics, Ames

• Remote Estimation of Vegetation Biomass using

AIRSAR

Mark L. Imhoff, PhD candidate in Biological

Sciences

Harold A. Mooney, Professor of Biological

Sciences

Peter M. Vitousek, Professor of Biological Sciences

Pamela Matson, Ecosystem Science and Techno.1-

ogy, Ames

• Numerical Flow Simulation Study/or In-flight Atmospheric Sampling Measurements

Erik Monsen, PhD candidate, Aeronautics and

Astronautics

Robert W. MacCormack, Professor of Aero and

Astronautical Engineering

Mark A. Kritz, Atmospheric Chemistry and

Dynamics, Ames

Rudolf F. Pueschel, Atmospheric Physics research,

Ames

• Molecular and Isotopic Characteristics of Oceanic Carbon: Implications/or Global Variability o/Atmospheric and Ocean C02

Margaret J. Bac, PhD candidate in Geology

James C. Ingle, Professor of Geology

David J. DesMarais, Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Ames

Gregory H. Rau, Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry,

Ames

• Influence o/Temperature on Soil Carbon Pools

Alan R. Townsend, PhD candidate in Biological

Sciences

Peter M. Vitousek, Professor of Biological Sciences

44
David J. DesMarais, Planetary Biology, Ames

Chris Potter, Ecosystem Science and Technology,

Ames

Pamela Matson, Ecosystem Science and Technology, Ames

The 1991-92 Stanford-NASA Ames Global

Change/Earth System Science Seminar Series began

this fall. Ames is hosting the following seminars featuring speakers from Stanford:

October 11: Jonathan Roughgarden, Departments of

Biological Sciences and Geophysics, Stanford University. "Mesoscale Oceanographic Feature Control

Ecosystems of the Intertidal Zone."

October 25: Peter M. Vitousek, Department of BioNovember 8: Chris Field, Carnegie Institution.

"Global Carbon Balance from a Single Leaf

Perspective."

November 22: Peter Brewer, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. "The Oceans in the Global

Carbon Cycle."

December 13: John Weyant, Energy Modeling

Forum, School of Engineering, Stanford University.

Topic to be announced.

In addition, the first graduate Student Research

Forums will be held at Stanford, November I and 15,

1991, where results to-date will be presented and

discussed.

logical Sciences, Stanford University. "Global Changes

and the Nitrogen Cycle."

45
Surface Temperature Field Mapping

by Luminescence Imaging

Investigator(s)

B. G. McLachlan, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

J. H. Bell, J. Gallery, M. Gouterman,

and J. B. Callis,

University of Washington

Objectives of the study

Assess the feasibility of developing a temperature

sensitive luminescent coating that is compatible with

the previously developed pressure sensitive luminescent coating. The ultimate goal being the development

of a luminescent coating capable of simultaneous surface pressure and temperature field measurement.

Progress and results

A molecule has been identified that is both a suitable

temperature sensor and compatible with the current

pressure sensitive paint matrix. The temperature

response characteristics of this material are being

identified through static calibration tests.

The use of the temperature sensitive coating alone

for heat transfer studies is being evaluated through

static (heated body) and wind tunnel tests. In these

tests temperature measurements using conventional

sensors are simultaneously being made for comparison

to the luminescent paint data. The methodology and

apparatus for making field measurements of tem-perature over a surface have been developed. Quantitative

temperature measurement using the luminescent temperature paint has been demonstrated.

The first step in incorporating the temperature sensitive material into the pressure sensitive paint, producing one coating providing simultaneous pressure

and temperaturefield measurement, has been taken.

Static calibration of this dual pressure/temperature

formulation to define its characteristics is under way.

From these calibration tests, the formulation is being

adjusted to maximize the dynamic range of each individual sensor. Preparations for wind tunnel tests to

evaluate the dual sensor coating are under way.

Significance of the results

The paint method outlined here has a number of

advantages over current conventional temperature

measurement methods. The foremost advantage is that

it provides a measurement of the continuous temperature field over a surface, unlike conventional methods

which provide information at discrete points only. A

major benefit is that it reduces wind tunnel model cost

since it avoids the installation of conventional temperature sensors. The paint method also displays cost

advantages when compared to infrared imaging

methods, being far cheaper to construct and implement. The reversible and reuseable nature of the paint

is also a beneficial aspect that must not be overlooked.

The development of the dual pressure/temperature

paint will bring a unique capability to aerodynamic

testing by providing a means of mapping the thermodynamic environment over an aerodynamic surface.

46
The Laser Digitizer Project

Investigator(s)

Marshal Merriam and Tim Barth,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Introduction

The field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is

dedicated to computing performance characteristics of

an aircraft, solely from its shape. Specifying the shape

precisely is the hard part. By some accounts, the surface definition step takes 70% of the man hours

expended in CFD. This project strives to reduce the

surface definition time, in some cases by more than an

order of magnitude.

Many aircraft are designed by computer; their

shapes are already available in machine readable form.

When this is not the case (for example, when a wind

tunnel model has been modified) some way must be

found to specify the shape in a machine readable form.

One way is to use a 3D digitizer.

This device can provide coordinates of surface

points at rates exceeding 14,500 per second. Thus it is

possible to digitize an entire model in a few minutes.

The accuracy of measurement on a fiat white surface is

advertised at 0.005 inches. This corresponds to less

than 1/8 inch on a full scale aircraft.

Although the digitizer provides measured points

rapidly, it does not produce a surface. At a minimum,

a triangular faceted polyhedral approximation to the

aircraft shape is required. With the point densities

made possible by the digitizer, this approximation can

be quite good. What is missing is connectivity information; which points are connected to which. This

information can be recovered using either of two algorithms implemented under the project.

Description of laser digitizer

Laser digitizers perform the same function as a coordinate measuring machine but use optics instead of a

mechanical probe. Given two coordinates (say x and y)

they measure the third (z). The lack of physical contact

permits measurement of soft surfaces (such as people)

and avoids measurement errors due to friction

between the probe and the model.

The greatly reduced mechanical inertia of the laser

digitizer results in much higher sampling rates. A

typical scan requires a few seconds and produces

128,000 data points. For reference, a theodolite survey

of a full scale aircraft at Ames required several days to

produce about 12,000 data points.

The optics consist of a laser beam and one or more

CCDs (eyes). Conceptually the laser illuminates the

model and a laser spot on the model is seen by at least

one of the eyes (see fig. 1). The intersection of the line

of sight and the laser beam establishes the coordinates

of a point on the model surface. In one model, the laser

beam is moved very quickly along one axis by means

of a mirror. Our digitizer is slightly different in that

the moving mirror is replaced by a laser sheet which is

................. of CCDs.

Illumination of different parts of the model is

accomplished by means of a traversal mechanism. This

is a large, solidly built, machinist's table which holds

the model (see fig. 2).

Algorithms for triangulating surfaces

The laser digitizer provides a large number of surface

measurements from several different viewpoints. The

task at hand is to construct a topologically correct surface that incorporates all the measured data, the socalled surface reconstruction problem. In this initial

effort, surfaces are represented as triangular faceted

polyhedra.

Two methods are described here. Both make use of

Delaunay triangulation, either in 2D or 3D. The 3D

Delaunay triangulation has been ported to the

128 processor iPSC/860 parallel supercomputer as

part of this project. Speeds equivalent to a Cray Y-MP

processor have been obtained so far. This work is still

in progress, and further speed-ups of an order of magnitude are anticipated.

Laser CCD Array

/ il.......... ==.-

I ]iiii;iiiil ii!i:.j "

:':!ii!i?'::!!i!i!!!iiiiilii;'

I!__I,..'iil!i!:! :'iii!i!i!'!i!ii'i!_'

Image of CCD array on laser line ... iiil:iiiiiiiiiiii_]

Figure 1. Optical setup for a laser digitizer.

47
Figure 2. Photograph of Cyberware Laser Digitizer and Iris

Workstation.

Carpet plotting

Perhaps the easiest and quickest way to obtain a threedimensional triangulation is to use a carpet plot (sometimes called a range map). This is the traditional way

of plotting a function of two variables. In this case the

distance from the scanner to the model (the range) is

platted as a function of the other two coordinates.

This approach is less straightforward when the

measurements are not taken on a Cartesian grid. As

before, the range (z) can be plotted as a function of the

other two coordinates (x and y). This leaves the problem of providing a two-dimensional connectivity

between points to replace the implied connectivity of a

Cartesian grid. Delaunay triangulation is used here.

Delaunay triangulation of scattered data in two

dimensions is a classical problem. Such a triangulation

can be carried out efficiently and robustly. Even on a

workstation, speeds of 500 points/second have been

demonstrated. Once this triangulation is available,

carpet plotting is straightforward. In figure 3, an

unstructured carpet plot is used to render the planform on an F-117A.

This method is very quick, but its usefulness

depends on combining many carpet plots. This, in

turn, reduces to a problem in polyhedron intersection.

Pruning the convex hull

Another way to obtain surface triangulation is to begin

with a Delaunay tesselation of all the points measured.

This leads to a set of tetrahedra which fill all the space

up to the convex hull of the points. Usually some of

Figure 3. Rendering of an F-II7A planform from an

unstructured carpet plot (280,000 points).

these tetrahedra will lie partially or completely outside

of the aircraft and should be deleted (pruned). These

tetrahedra can be identified with line-of-sight information available from the scanner; they lie along the path

of the laser for a particular surface point. Therefore

they must be at least partially outside the aircraft.

After pruning, the remaining surface triangles provide a good representation of the surface. Figure 4

depicts this process in two dimensions. Figure 5 shows

the aft end of an F-117A model reconstructed by this

process. This technique was originally suggested in the

context of computer vision. More recently, it was

independently derived as a part of this project.

Algorithms for flow solution

A large number of algorithms have been proposed and

demonstrated in two space dimensions for solving the

Euler and Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured

grids. Several of these algorithms have been extended

to three space dimensions using meshes composed of

tetrahedral volumes. These algorithms vary in sophistication from Glerkin-like formulations with added

artificial dissipation to upwind algorithms utilizing

Riemann solver-based flux functions and high order

reconstruction.

Current problems and future work

This paper describes work in progress. Nevertheless, it

can be said with some certainty that this approach will

48
Viewlines

Figure 4. A two-dimensional representation of pruning.

Figure 5. A solid model of an F-117A tail section obtained

by pruning.

This will dramatically improve the reconstructed surfaces. Second, the speed of the surface reconstruction

process and the flow solvers can be dramatically

increased by moving all the software to the iPSC/860,

a massively parallel machine. Finally, we have plans to

automatically construct surface patches, surface grids,

and volume grids (unstructured) using the reconstructed surface as input. Using the existing flow

solvers, we will achieve the dream of a fully integrated

solution process from model to solution.

The major effect of a large improvement in solution

time is to reduce the cost of simulations. This in turn

wilI allow CFD to be used much more widely as a

design tool. Today CFD is uneconomic except on the

largest projects. If the project doesn't involve hundreds

of millions of dollars, CFD probably won't be used.

Lowering this threshold by two orders of magnitude

admits many more applications. Among the new

applications might be low flush toilets, windmills,

general aviation, automobile racing, and windloading

of large structures.

Publications and acknowledgements

More information can be found in several recent publications resulting from this project. Specifically see: 3D

CFD In a Day, the Laser Digitizer Project. Marshal L.

Merriam and Timothy J. Barth. AIAA-91-1654, AIAA

22nd Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Dynamics, and Lasers

Conference, June 24-26, 1991, Honolulu, Hawaii; and

Surface Reconstruction From Scattered Data Through

provide suitable surface definitions if sufficiently accu- Pruning of Unstructured Grids, Cathy M. Maksyrniuk

rate data can be obtained from the scanner. Right now, and Marshal L. Merriam. AIAA-91-1584, AIAA 10th

errors of two types are causing problems. First, there is

a significant random component to the error. Most of

that seems to be due to the laser speckle, a subtle optical effect. This makes the surface appear rough, almost

corrugated. Second, there appear to be alignment

problems between scans. These are potentially fixable,

but currently are around 0.080 inches, a huge error.

Work continues on removing such errors.

In the coming year, work will proceed in several

areas. First of all, reducing scan errors is a top priority.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference,

June 24-27, 1991, Honolulu, Hawaii.

The authors would like to acknowledge the work of

Catherine Maksymiuk who implemented and continues to improve the pruning algorithm, Kumaran

Kalyanasundaram who implemented the polyhedron

intersection algorithm, and Amar Gandhi who ported

a flow code to the iPSC/860.

49
Detection of Autotrophic Life on Mars

by Surveying for Oxygen

Investigator(s)

Bonnie O'Hara, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Lynn Rothschild,TGS Technology,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

Lorraine Giver, TGS Technology,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, currently

Ph.D. candidate, Indiana University

Objectives of the study

To conduct experiments leading to instrument definition for detecting autotrophic life on Mars. It is anticipated that the instrument will survey the surface of

Mars for a byproduct of carbon fixation, oxygen. This

instrument would be of use to exobiology and to

human exploration of Mars.

Progress and results

Carbon fixation, which is coupled to the process that

produces oxygen in autotrophic organisms, was studied during a diurnal cycle in several microbial mats.

The mats studied live in the intertidal in Baja California. One was a cyanobacterial mat composed primarily

of Lyngbya, the other a mat that occurs several millimeters beneath the sand so is not apparent from the surface. Results of carbon fixation studies can now be

expressed in terms of oxygen evolution.

In addition, an oxygen meter has been obtained to

conduct experiments to determine if changes in oxygen can be detected from the surface of the mats.

Significance of the results

The results show that significant amounts of carbon

fixation occur in these communities. During the second year we will determine how the oxygen evolved

during photosynthesis can be measured from the

surface.

Publications resulting from study

Lynn J. Rothschild & Lorraine J.Giver. Carbon fixation

in a cryptic microbial mat."A source of organic carbon

for beach ecosystems. Manuscript in preparation.

c

E

O

.-l

5OO

4OO

300

200

IO0

0

t

6 12 18

time of day (h)

24

Figure 1. Diurnal pattern of carbon fixation in a "cryptic"

intertidal microbial mat. Carbon jqxation was determined by

assessing incorporation of I4C03- into acid-stable

compounds at four different sites.

50
Neurocomputer Development for Fast Processing of

Massively Parallel Recordings from Brain CellsDeveloping a "Brain" to Study the Brain!

Investigator(s)

A. J. PeUionisz and D. L. Tomko,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Progress and results

A prototype neurocomputer has been constructed in

the form of a Macintosh IIfx microcomputer, hosting a

LEVCO parallel processor board featuring the INMOS

Transputer. This system, together with the parallel

processing algorithm developed by Pellionisz for

analysis of multielectrode data, is presently operational. Basic research aspects of the project were presented in the invited lectures at the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks in Helsinki (1),

in the International Conference on Volume Transmission, in Stockholm (2), and in the International Conference on Head Control in Fontainebleau (4). Based on

the developed technique for neurocomputer analysis

of electrophysiological data from experimental animals, a collaborative project was established with J.R.

Bloedel (Phoenix, AZ). A primary pilot-project was

completed to demonstrate the ability of the system to

discern functional geometry of neural firings in biological neural networks (3). Application of the technique

to vestibulo-oculomotor systems is facilitated by estabhshing the structural geometry of such systems (7).

The impact of the technique of revealing neural

geometry from biological (vestibular) systems was

presented in invited lectures at two International Conferences: one on vestibular systems, in Palo Alto (5);

and one on vestibular control of movement and

posture, in Switzerland (6).

Full list of publications during FY 91

1. Pellionisz, A. (1991) Discovery of Neural Geometry

by Neurobiology and its Utilization in Neurocomputer Theory and Development. International

Conference on Artificial Neural Networks,

Helsinki, Finland; T. Kohonen et al., eds.; North

Holland, 485-493.

2. Pellionisz, A. (1991) The Geometry of Massively

Parallel Neural Interconnectedness in Wired and

Wireless Volume Transmission. K. J. Fuxe and

L. Agnati, eds., Stockholm, Sweden. Raven Press,

New York, 557-568.

3. Pellionisz, A. J. and Bloedel, J. R. (1991) Functional

Geometry of Purkinje Cell Population Responses

as Revealed by Neurocomputer Analysis of

Multi-Unit Recordings. Soc. Neurosci Absts.,

New Orleans, LA.

4. Pellionisz, A. J. (1991) Multidimensional Geometry

Intrinsic to Head Movements around Distributed

Centers of Rotation: A Neurocomputing

Paradigm. 2nd Symposium on Head Control,

Fontainebleau, France; A. Berthoz, W. Graf and

P. Vidal, eds.; Oxford University Press, 316-329.

5. Pellionisz, A. and Tomko, D. (1991) Geometrical

Aspects of the Vestibulo-Cerebellar Neurocomputer. Palo Alto, CA; B. Cohen, F. Guedry and

D. Tomko, eds.; New York Academy, in

preparation.

6. Pellionisz, A. J., C. Ramos, D. L. Tomko and J. R.

Bloedel (1991) A Geometrical Approach to the

Vestibular Control of Movement and Posture.

Natural and Artificial Control of Hearing and

Balance, Rheinfelden, Switzerland, Elsevier.

7. Macknick, S., A. Pellionisz and D. Tomko (1991)

Geometry of the Vestibulo-Oculomotor System of

Squirrel Monkey, in preparation.

51
Biologically Produced Magnetite and Its Relationship

to the Banded Iron Formations

Investigator(s)

Deborah Schwartz, Rocco Mancinelli, and

Melisa White, SETI Institute,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Verne Oberbeck, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study are to identify

characteristics of biologically produced magnetite

and determine if these characteristics are unique to

biologically produced magnetite or if they are also

typical of magnetite produced abiotically. Additionally, through this study, we will obtain information on the characteristics of magnetite found in _e

Gunflint Banded Iron Formation and determine the

relationship between biologically produced magnetite and the magnetite found in the Gunflint

Formation.

Progress and results

To date, we have successfully isolated magnetite

from the sole magnetite-producing organism

available through the American Type Culture

Collection. We have also successfully isolated

magnetite from a type of marine magnetotactic

bacteria that has never before been isolated.

Morphological, crystallographic, geochemical, and

thermal analyses of these biologically produced

magnetite crystals have begun. A sample of the

Gunflint Banded Iron Formation from Ontario,

Canada, has been obtained. Morphological,

crystallographic, geochemical, and thermal analyses

of magnetite grains from the Gunflint have begun.

Significance of results

Only preliminary results have been obtained thus

far. These results do not appear to conflict with our

hypothesis that biologically produced magnetite

may be related to magnetite found in the Banded

Iron Formation.

References: None so far

52
A Nonlinear Dynamical Approach to Numerical Method

Development in CFD

Investigator(s)

H. C. Yee, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

P. K. Sweby, University of Reading,

Reading, England

A. Lafon, ONERA-CERT, Toulouse, France

A. M. Stuart, University of Bath, Bath, England

D. F. Griffiths, University of Dundee,

Dundee, Scotland

Objectives of the study

The underlying objectives of this research is to lay the

foundation for the utiliTation of the dynamics of

numerics in algorithm development for computational

fluid dynamics (CFD). The intent is

1. to reveal the logistics, methodology, and usages

of nonlinear dynamics for CFD,

2. to complement the commonly used linearized

stability theory in CFD,

3. to investigate the possible sources of errors and

slow convergence and nonconvergence of steady-state

numerical solutions when using the time-dependent

approach to the steady states,

4. to guide the construction of appropriate iteration

methods, relaxation procedures, or preconditioners for

convergence acceleration strategies in numerically

solved boundary-value problems of nonlinear partial

differential equations (PDEs) (since most of these

methods can be viewed as approximations of a timedependent PDE), and

5. to provide a better judgement and enhance the

understanding of flow visualization of numerical data,

such as lines of separations and attachment points.

Referring to the last issue, if the governing PDE

and/or its discretized counterparts possess higher

than three-dimensional (or infinite dimensional)

dynamical behavior, the projections of these higher

dimensional dynamics onto a 2-D or 3-D topology can

lead to misinterpretation of flow types. Referring to

the third issue, in many CFD computations, the

steady-state equations are PDEs of the mixed type and

a time-dependent approach can avoid the complication of dealing with elliptic-parabolic or elliptichyperbolic types of PDEs. However, new uncertainty

on the accuracy of the numerical solution arises. This

uncertainty is due to the fact that a boundary value

problem has been transformed into an initialboundary value problem with unknown initial data.

Approach and relevance

The tool that is utilized for the current analysis

belongs to a new multidiscip!inary field of study in

numerical analysis, sometimes referred to as "The

Dynamics of Numerics." Here, the dynamics of

numerics means the dynamical behavior of numerical

schemes. To study the dynamical behavior of a numerical scheme means to study the local and global

asymptotic behavior and bifurcation phenomenon of

the nonlinear difference equations resulting from finite

discretization of a differential equation (DE), subject to

the variation of parameters such as the time step, grid

spacing, and numerical dissipation coefficient.

At the present time, this new interdisciplinary topic

remains the property of an isolated discipline with all

too little effort spent in pointing out an underlying

generality that could make it adaptable to diverse

fields of applications. Aside from truncation error and

machine round-off error, a more fundamental distinction between the continuum and its discretized counterparts for genuinely nonlinear behavior is new

behavior in the form of spurious stable and unstable

asymptotes (such as spurious steady states, periodic

orbits, limit cycles or numerical chaos) that can be created by the numerical method. Another important fact

is that the use of linearized analysis as a guide to

studying strongly nonlinear PDEs is insufficient and

can lead to misleading results.

Linearized stability analysis (with the initial data

sufficiently close to the exact solution) usually can

supply only part of the nonlinear stability behavior

(e.g., before a bifurcation point occurs) since linearized

stability is a local phenomenon. Only a bifurcation

analysis can elucidate a more complete nonlinear stability behavior. To obtain a global picture of the nonlinear stability of the bifurcation part of the analysis,

one has to resort to more sophisticated mathematical

tools, such as local and global bifurcation theories.

An overview of the major results

Utilizing the mathematical tools of nonlinear dynamics

to analyze model nonlinear problems and problems

containing nonlinear source terms, the following phenomena have been observed (refs. 1-11).

1. With the same initial data, time step, grid spacing

and spatial discretization, but different time discretizations, the resulting schemes can converge to

different stable steady-state numerical solutions

(refs. 2-4). Moreover, it is possible that none of these

53
numerical solutions is a close approximation to the

true solution of the continuum since spurious steadystate numerical solutions can occur below as well as

above the linearized stability limit of the scheme. The

unique property of the separate dependence of solutions on initial data for the individual continuum and

its discretized counterparts is important for employing

a time-dependent approach to the steady state in

strongly nonlinear fluid dynamics problems and problems containing nonlinear source terms.

2. Because spurious stable steady-state numerical

solutions can be introduced by the spatial discretizations as well as time discretizations (refs. 3 and 4), the

commonly used "residual test" for convergence in the

tions. Consequently the occurrence of spurious steadystate solutionseoeyond the linearized stability limit is

not just secondary, but might be as important as the

occurrence of spurious steady states below the linearized stability limit. This is compounded in practical

situations in which the exact linearized stability limit

usually is not computed; but instead, a frozen coefficient procedure at each time step with a fixed grid

spacing is used to estimate the true stability limit of

the algorithm. Therefore, in practical computations

erroneous numerical results can easily be achieved

unknowingly.

7. The knowledge gained from the finite-difference

method analysis of problems without nonlinear source

time-dependent approach to the steady state might be terms does not carry over to the problems containing

misleading. If the scheme happens to produce spuri- nonlinear source terms. This is evident from the results

ous steady-state numerical solutions (due to spatial

discretizations), these spurious solutions would still

satisfy the residual and L2 norm tests in a deceptively

smooth manner (refs. 1-5).

3. Spurious limit cycles and spurious higherdimensional tori can be generated by finite discretizations of nonlinear PDEs containing zero source terms.

The existence of stable spurious limit cycles or higherdimensional tori might be one of the contributing factors in nonconvergence of the time-dependent

approach to the steady state.

4. The occurrence of spurious asymptotes is independent of whether the DE possesses a unique steady

state, or has additional periodic solutions, and/or

exhibits chaotic phenomena. The form of the nonlinear

DEs and the type of numerical schemes are the determining factors (refs. 1 and 2).

5. It is not just the occurrence of stable spurious

numerical solutions that causes difficulty. These spurious features of the discretizations often occur bug can

be unstable; i.e., they d6not appear as an actuai _

(sphrious) solution because one usually cannot obtain

an unstable asymptotic solution by mere time integration. However, far from being benign, they can have

severe detrimental effects on the basins of attraction of

the true solutions for the particular method. This

causes slow convergence or possibly even nonconvergence from a given set of initial data even though the

data might be physically relevant (refs. 1,9,11).

6. When linearized stability limits are used as a

guide for a time step constraint for highly coupled

nonlinear system problems, this time step might

exceed the actual linearized stability limit of the coupled equations. In particular, when one tries to stretch

the maximum limit of the linearized allowable time

step for highly coupled nonlinear systems, most likely

all of the different types of spurious asymptotes can be

_chieved in practice depending on the initial condipresented in references 1, 3 and 4.

8. The existence of spurious steady-state numerical

solutions sometimes can be linked to the numerical

phenomenon of incorrect propagation speeds of discontinuities in time-accurate computations (ref. 3).

9. The manner in which the source term is discretized can drastically affect the stability of the

steady-state numerical solutions even when the same

spatial and time discretizations are used for the convective part of the reaction-convection equation (refs. 3

and 4).

10. Grid refinement or reduction in the time step

does not necessarily result in an improved stability

and/or accuracy when the dynamical behavior of the

scheme and/or initial data are not known (refs. 3

and 4).

Significance of results

Although more theoretical development and extensive

numerical experimentation are needed, we believe that

these findings could have important implications in

the interpretation of numerical results from existing

computer codes and widely used CFD algorithms in

combustion, reacting flows, and certain turbulence

models in compressible Navier-Stokes computations.

In spite of the limited knowledge in hand, we believe

it is of importance to know the nonlinear dynamical

behavior of the various schemes before their actual use

for practical applications. Otherwise, it might be very

difficult to assess the accuracy (spurious or otherwise)

of the solution when the numerical method is the sole

source of the understanding of the physical solutions.

Even though the understanding of the topic is still at

an early stage; nevertheless, we believe nonlinear

dynamics plays a vital role in algorithm development

in CFD.

54
References

1. Yee, H. C.; Sweby, P. K..; Griffiths, D. F.:

"Dynamical Approach Study of Spurious

Steady-State Numerical Solutions for Nonlinear

Differential Equations, Part I, The Dynamics of

Time Discretizations and its Implications for

Algorithm Development in Computational

Fluid Dynamics," NASA TM-102820, April

1990, also J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 97 (1991).

2. Yee, H. C.; and Sweby, P. K.: "Dynamical

Approach Study of Spurious Steady-State

Numerical Solutions for Nonlinear Differential

Equations, Part l'I, The Dynamics of Numerics

of Systems of 2 X 2 ODEs and its Connections to

Finite Discretizations of PDEs," to appear.

3. Lafon, A.; and Yee, H. C.: "Dynamical Approach

Study of Spurious Steady-State Numerical

Solutions for Nonlinear Differential Equations,

Part III, The Effects of Nonlinear Source Terms

and Boundary Conditions in ReactionConvection Equations," NASA TM-103877, Ju!y

1991.

4. Lafon, A.; and Yee, H. C.: "Dynamical Approach

Study of Spurious Steady-State Numerical

Solutions of Nonlinear Differential Equations,

Part IV, Stability vs. Numerical Treatment of

Nonlinear Source Terms," ONERA/CERT

Technical Memorandum, to appear.

5. Sweby, P. K.; Yee, H. C.; and Griffiths, D. F.: "On

Spurious Steady-State Solutions of Explicit

Runge-Kutta Schemes," Numerical Analysis

Report 3/90, March 1990, Univ. of Reading,

also to appear, IMA J. of Numerical Analysis.

6. Griffiths, D. F.; Stuart, A. M.; and Yee, H. C.:

"Numerical Wave Propagation in Hyperbolic

Problems with Nonlinear Source Terms,"

University of Bath Report, March 1991, also to

appear, SIAM J. of Numerical Analysis.

7. Yee, H. C.: "A Nonlinear Dynamical Approach to

Algorithm Development in Hypersonic CFD,"

Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Davis,

Calif., Sep. 9-12, 1991.

8. Lafon, A.; and Yee, H. C.: "Nonlinear ReactionConvection BVPs vs. Their Finite Difference

Approximations: Spurious Steady-State

Numerical Solutions," Proceedings of the 4th

International Symposium on Computational

Fluid Dynamics, Davis, CA, Sep. 9-12, 1991.

9. Yee, H. C.; and Sweby, P. K.: "On Reliability of

the Time-Dependent Approach to Obtaining

Steady-State Numerical Solutions," Proceedings

of the 9th GAMM Conference on Numerical

Methods in Fluid Mechanics, Lausanne,

Switzerland, Sep. 25-27, 1991.

10. Sweby, P. K..; and Yee, H. C.: "On Spurious

Asymptotic Numerical Solutions of 2 X 2

Systems of ODEs," Numerical Analysis Report

7/91, August 1991, University of Reading,

England.

11. Griffiths, D. F.; Stuart, A. M.; Sweby, P. K.; and

Yee, H. C.: "Stability of Spurious Steady-State

Solutions of Runge-Kutta and Related Methods

for PDEs," in preparation.

55
Climatology of the E1 Chichon Volcanic Cloud

in the Stratosphere

Investigator(s)

Richard E. Young, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Other personnel involved

O. B. Toon and J. B. Pollack,

Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

We have now been able to simulate stratospheric

wind and temperature fields for the first several

months immediately following the eruption of El

Chichon. The results appear to be representative of the

observed stratospheric winds and temperatures. We

are now in the process of conducting transport computations for the E1 Chichon eruption. Once these are

completed, we will do the same for Mt. Pinatubo and

then compare the results.

Objectives of the study

To numerically simulate the behavior of the E1

Chichon volcanic aerosol cloud in the Earth's stratosphere and compare the results to observed cloud

climatology.

Progress and results

During FY 91 several numerical and procedural problems were solved, and stratospheric simulations were

begun with the purpose of doing passive tracer studies

of the E1 Chichon volcanic aerosol cloud. These passive

tracer simulations will be followed by fully interactive

simulations in which the radiative effects of the volcanic aerosols will be accounted for. The passive tracer

calculations serve as a base to which comparisons can

be made in order to assess the climatological effects of

the volcanic aerosol cloud in the stratosphere. In addition, the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo provides another

opportunity to model stratospheric processes and the

climatic effects of vocanic eruptions. Comparisons will

be made between simulations for E1 Chichon and Mt.

Pinatubo in order to understand why the two volcanic

clouds behaved differently after the eruptions.

Significance of the results

The tracer studies now being done for the E1 Chichon

and Mt. Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds will provide

important information on transport processes in the

stratosphere and how such processes vary from year

to year. Such knowledge can be used in other applications, for example the dispersion of aerosols emitted

by High Speed Civilian Transport aircraft.

Publications resulting from study

Based on the successful stratospheric simulations of

the months following the volcanic eruption, a proposal for further work has been submitted to the

newly formed NASA Volcano Climate Interaction

Program.

Papers for presentation at Professional Society Meetings, Seminars, Symposia, Other Important Forums:

A paper describing our results is being readied for

presentation at the AGU Chapman Conference on

Climate, Volcanism, and Global Change, to be held

in March of 1992.

56
Development of Excrescence Tolerance Criteria for

Laminar Flow Wings at Low Subsonic Speeds

Investigator(s)

Fanny Zuniga,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

A laminar flow transition flight experiment was conducted on the PIK20E self-launching sailplane. The

objective of this experiment was to investigate the

effects of excrescences, such as forward and aft

facing steps, on laminar to turbulent boundary layer

transition. In addition, the maximum allowable size

of the excrescences which does not cause premature

transition will be defined in order to extend and

evaluate current tolerance criteria for a laminar flow

wing at low subsonic speeds.

Sixteen single-element hot-film sensors were used

to detect laminar flow over the test section of the

wing, refer to figure 1. High-frequency data of

1500 samples/sec for a maximum of 8 hot-film

signals were recorded and stored onto an onboard

data acquisition computer.

Fifteen flight tests have been completed which

include smooth wing and aft facing step configurations. All test points were recorded at steady, level

flight conditions. Chord Reynolds numbers ranged

from 0.6 to 2.3 million, and true velocities ranged

from 59 to 126 knots. Aft facing steps were simulated

by using plastic vinyl sheets of incremental sizes

until the maximum allowable height of the step was

reached without causing premature transition. The

steps were tested at three different chord locations of

10.5%, 24.4%, and 42.6% chord.

Figure 2 shows preliminary results from the data

analysis completed thus far. Transition location, x/c,

is plotted against chord Reynolds number for the

three different chord locations in this figure. The

results from the smooth flight indicate natural

transition occurring at 61% chord at the test section.

The results for the aft step configuration at 10.5%

chord show transition location moving forward for

increasing chord Reynolds number and increasing

step height as expected. Similar trends are evident

for the results at 24.4% chord and 42.6% chord. The

maximum allowable step height for each chord

location has not yet been defined as of the writing of

this report.

The results of this investigation will provide

aircraft manufacturers with manufacturing tolerances for excrescences on laminar flow wings.

Definition of excrescence tolerance is most likely as

important to aircraft manufacturers as demonstrating that laminar flow control is a feasible and worthwhile concept.

i|

121 7 TO ROOT

,,11---- /226" LE SWEEP

_ ,

/

!

180

40

577"

TEST SECTION

BOUNDARY _

SENSORS _11111111111111

OTY,B "_,,_1111111111111111_ SURFACEOFA,RrO,L

• ,'jO I ' ! ALONG SURFACE

HOT FILMy

• COMPENSATOR

DETAIL OF HOT FILM

IO0

SEPARTION

t

FLATTENED OUT.

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE

ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES

Figure 1. Test section &taft.

57
x/c

transition

location

1.o

09

08

07

0,6

0.5

o.4

03

02

ol

oo

hol- lilm

lo_tJon$ smoolh

.01S in.

, ; , _ . ,N aft step

3 location

Rex 10

Figure 2(a) Transition location for aft step configuration

at 10.5% chord.

x]c

transition

location

o,r° I

smooth

09 _ .m5_.

08 hot film

location# -II- 0_ _'1

--Q- OG2[n

Oe I _ • _ + hoI-hlm sensors

O4

O3

_-4"_ ........

"_ a_ step

01 _- "location

o,o [ _ • •

O0 10 20 3.0

Re x 10 s

Figure 2(b). Transition location for aft step conJiguration

at 24.4% chord.

_rC

transition

location

lO

og _ smooth

hoT-fiEm "--'--Am O_2in.

08 -Iocalionl

07 t_t __ 015 in. .02 in.

O4 _

0.3 aft step

location

02

0!

°°oo ' _ ' ' I ' ' .0 2 0 30

Re x 10 e

Figure 2(c). Transition location for aft step configuration

at 42.6% chord.

At the present time, flight testing is continuing to

better define the transition location and to improve

the overall quality of the data. Forward facing steps

and simulated gap configurations will also be tested.

Future plans consist of attaining flow-visualization

data to supplement the hot-film data and using

multi-element sensors to better define transition

location.

58
APPENDIX

For each of 40 projects sponsored in FY 1991, a brief description and the financial distribution and status follow.

Included are the status reports on five projects that began at the end of the fiscal year and have no narrative

reports. The reports are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the first investigator.

59

N/LRA

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Characterization of Vortex Impingement Footprint Using Non-instrusive Measurement Techniques

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Bianca T. Anderson, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273,

Robert J. Geenen, PRC Systems Services, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility,

Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991 Initiationyear PL91 Expected completion date FY92

Funding authorized in FY91 $,t0,000

Funds requested for FY92, if any $40.000

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

$4,000

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitionedto other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Characterize the on-surface vortex footprint using hJgh-Erequency nozlintrusive measurement techniques, and

develop software to analyze the data.

F'Y91applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc. None.

Planned future work

Sensor calibration testing, flight testing, software verification and data analysis.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Bianca T. Anderson 0_.- Code XRA MS D-2045 Phone (805"J258-3701

6I

P_O[NG PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
NASA

AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

33tie of Investigation Feasibility Study for an X-ray Diffractometry Instrument with X-ray Fluorescence and

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Capabilities for Remote Planetary Missions

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) David F. Blake, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 11. 1991 Initiation year FY91 Expected completion date FY92

Funding total priorto FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 $35,000

Estimated expended in FY91:$35,000 Funds requested for FY92, ifany

In-house $25,000

Contracts (identify) $10,000 (to Dr. Charles Bryson, Surface Interface, Inc.)

Grants (identify)

$35,000

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other 0dentify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The purpose of this study is to design, fabricate, and test a breadboard instrument prototype of a combined X-ray

diffraction and X-ray fluorescence instrument suitable for planetary missions. The information that this instrument

collects from a sample (spacings between atomic planes in crystals and major element composition) should allow the

mineralogic identification of surface soils and other unconsolidated fine-grained samples.

F-Y91applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

In the second year of the project, we will interface a charge-coupled device (CCD) in place of the film cassette in the

microfocus X-ray camera. In addition, we will experiment using a second microfocus camera to determine the optimum

flux rate for powder diffraction analysis.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by David F. Blake Org. Code SSX MS 23%4 Phone (415) 604-4816

62
N/LRA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Radical Measurement by Zeman Spectroscopy (RAMZES): A Prototype Instrument for

Airborne In Situ Measurements of Radical Molecular Species

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) T. A. Blake, C. Chackerian, Jr., and j'. R. Podotske, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report =,_E_,7,Zj,.9_oj_

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in F'Y91:

In-house $40,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear _ Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 _r_,O.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any $_40.000

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in F'Y92

Purpose of investigation

The purpose of this work is to develop a laboratory prototype for an ultra-sensitive detector which can be used for

the quantitative measurement of free radical molecular species which are found in very low concentrations in the Earth's

stratosphere. The laboratory prototype will be used to determine sensitivity limits affected by various of the apparatus'

parameters such as magnetic field homogeneity, polarizer efficiency, quality of optical surfaces, and modulating

schemes, such that limiting factors can be understood.

F-'Y91applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

Simultaneous two species detection using both right and left polarizations (for noise reduction) for each molecular

species.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Charles Chackerian, |r. Orq. Code SGP MS 245-4 Phone f415) 604-6300

63
N/LRA AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Polarization Measurement of the Infrared Emission Bands from PAH Molecules

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Jesse Bregman and Yvonne Pendleton, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Michael Werner, JetPropulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA

Date of report Oct, 1991

Funding total priorto FY91 _?R ('kclfl

Estimated expended in F'Y91: $35,000

In-house $19,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify) $16,000

Initiation year FY89 Expected completion date FY91

Funding authorized in FY91 $35,000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

University Consortium with D. Rank, UCSC

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

No FY92 funds.

Purpose of investigation

To measure the polarization from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAIl) molecules in order to determine

1. if in fact the molecular emission is from PAHs.

2. if the emission bands in the 3.3-3.4 micron region are from the same bonds in the molecules.

The main activity has been devoted to developing infrared array technology, specifically array cameras, to allow the

observations to be performed.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Photograph of the galactic center appeared on the cover of Laser Focus World magazine and a short article was

published in the magazine. A paper has been submitted to the Astrophysical Journal entitled "Extended PAH Emission

Around Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS 21282 + 505" which includes data from the camera developed during this

project.

Planned future work

We will continue to improve the performance of the cameras and use them for astronomical observations both from

the ground and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. We will also pursue polarization measurements of PAH emitting

regions to determine if PAH emission is indeed polarized.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by |esse Br_egman Org. Code SSA MS 245-6 Phone (415) 604--6136

64
NASA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Feasibility of Light Emitting Diode Arrays as a Lighting Source for Plant Growth Chambers in Space

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) David Bubenheim, Raman Sargis, David Wilson, Mark Turner, and Peter Haddeland,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Jan. 1992

Funding total priorto FY91 ¢_.___'1

Estimated expended in F"Y91:$35,000

In-house $35,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear FY00 Expected completion date F'Y92

Funding authorized in FY91 $35,000

Funds requested for FY92, ifany

Status of study [] Completed in FY91 [] Terminated in FY91

If continued in F'Y92 [] with funds remaining? [] with FY92 funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.) 199-61/107-20

to Program (name?) CELSS/SSF Centrifuge Project to Other (identify)

Purpose of investigation

[] Continued in FY92

To determine if light emitting diodes (LED) offer the potential solution to problems of power consumption, light

intensity, volume, and maintainability which plague the design of all lighting systems for space-based, plant growth

chambers.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Biological testing with LED arrays engineered during the initial 18 months of DDF-supported work is in progress

during the last 6 months of the project and will continue with support from other sources to fully define the potential for

application.

A report is in preparation which describes the engineering aspects and preliminary biological results of our work.

Presentation of final results is planned for the 1992 meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology.

A poster presentation at the ARC Annual DDF Happy Hour describing initial biological results from the LED studies

was selected as one of a small number (approximately 6) For display at Dryden.

Planned future work

Determine acceptability of LED arrays in meeting experimental requirements for conducting Space Biology and

Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) related plant research.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by David Bubenheim O.rg.,Code SAR MS 239-11 Phone (415) 604-3209

65
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Plasma Spraying of Nonoxide Ceramic Coatings Using a Constricted Arcjet

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Jeffrey D. Bull and Paul Kolodziej, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 24. 1991 Initiationyear FY91 Expected completiondate FY92

Funding total pdor to FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 _25.000

Estimated expended in FY91:$25,000 Funds requested for F'Y92, if any _40,000,

In-house $6,580 - Materials plus sample analysis

Contracts (identify) $18,420 $16,220 (Constricted Arc-jet Plasma Spraying Services (3 days),

Grants (identify) Aerotherm Corp., Mountain View, CA) and $2,200 (Fluidized Bed Power Feeder

Rental and Support, Babitt Bearing Co., Inc., San Jose, CA)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

1. To demonstrate that a cohesive and adherent zirconium diboride (ZrB=) coating can be plasma sprayed using a

constricted arc plasma (CAP).

2. To illustrate the advantages of CAP relative to conventional low-pressure plasma spraying by showing that

(a) the diboride coating retains the stoichiometry of the original power; (b) a higher degree of control of the plasma

effluent can be maintained resulting in reproducible coatings; (c) a much higher throughput can be achieved; and (d) this

process produces coatings with improved properties.

3. To show the benefits of hot-wall versus cold-wall plasma spraying.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The project was funded in June 1991. Since that time the necessary arrangements (contracts and purchases) were

made. Preliminary studies of the plasma-spraying process in a constricted arc have been completed. Initial parameters

for CAP spraying have been generated.

Planned future work

Our arrangement with Aerotherm Corp. is such that we are to "piggy back" on an experiment. When a slot opens up

(present - June 1992) we will do our experiments, analyze the coatings and write up the results.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

No narrative report

Prepared by [effrey D. Bull Org, Code RTM MS 234-1 Phone (415) 604-5377

- 66
N/LRA

AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

T'_le of Investigation Origin of Life: Exploration of Water/Air Interface as a Reaction Zone for Condensations

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Sherwood Chang, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Anastassia Kanavariofi and Michael Stronach, University of California,

Santa Cruz, CA 95064

Date of report Oct. 4. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:$40,000

In-house $7,000

Contracts (identify) $33,000 (NCA 2-650)

Grants (identify)

FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 _40.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any $27,000

FY93

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in F'Y92

Purpose of investigation

To examine whether water/air interfaces on the early Earth (such as occur in bubble formation at the sea surface, in

thermal springs and subaqueous natural gas vents, in cloud droplets, and aerosols) influenced the synthesis of biologically important molecules.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The work was started in June and only preliminary results are available at this point.

Planned future work

To test reactions such as (i) condensation of amino acides to peptides, (ii) condensation of glycerol, phosphate and

fatty acids to form phospholipids, and (iii) fixation of carbonate to formaldehyde or formic acid, in the presence and in

the absence of water/air interfaces. To establish the effect of the latter on reaction rates and product distribution.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by A. Kanavarioti Orq. Code SSX MS 239-4 Phone (415) 604-5733

67
N/ ,A

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Human Exploration Demonstration Project

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Edward Chevers and David Korsmeyer, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report 2/21/92 Initiation year

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house $242,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

FYgl Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 . $242.00fi

Funds requested for F-Y02, if any $227.000

FY94

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The Human Exploration Demonstration Project (HEDP) is a multi-Division effort to address the advanced technology requirements necessary to implement an integrated working and living environment for a planetary surface habitat.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The lunar terrain simulator and the robotic rover systems were demonstrated for the Automation Sciences Research

Facility (ASRF) dedication ceremony.

Planned future work

Continued development of the HEDP living and working environments.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by David ]. Korsmey¢r Org. Code F[ MS 269-1 Phone (4153 604-3114
Ames Reseamh Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Propulsion Instrumentation Research Chamber (PIRC)

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Timothy R. Conners, L. Dean Webb, Sheryll A. Powers, and Ronald J. Ray,

Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in F'Y91:$35,000

In-house $4,000

Contracts (identify) $3,000: PRC Inc.,

Grants (identify)

Oct. 7. 1991 Initiationyear FY91 _ Expected completion date

Funding authorized in F'Y91 _35.000

Funds requested for F'Y92, if any _35.000

$28,000: King Weld

FY92

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in F'Y91

..... [] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The primary purpose of our investigation was to develop a facility for testing advanced instrumentation for use in

propulsion systems. The PIRC has been designed to be mounted ahead of an F100 turbofan engine mounted in a ground

test stand (a type of pseudo inlet). Propulsion-type sensors can be easily attached to the PIRC and exposed to the airstream entering the engine. Installation techniques, signal quality, and sensor response to the real engine environment

wit be studied. The PIRC will be used as a low-cost method to accelerate the transition of propulsion instumentation,

including nonintrusive laser-based sensors, to flight use.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The PIRC is currently being manufactured and is scheduled for delivery to Dryden at the end of this month.

Planned future work

The F-18 HARV program as well as Pratt & Whitney have shown interest in using the PIRC to test new types of

instumentation. In addition, more generic type research is planned using nonintrusive laser systems. The feasibility and

usefulness of using lasers in the propulsion environment wit be studied. Additional funding is requested to offset engine

fuel and other test costs and to procure pressure and temperature transducers as well as additional analysis equipment.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Timothy R. Conners Ora. Code X]_ MS D-2112 Phone (805) 258-3324

69
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Scheduling Electrical Power for Ames Research Center

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Megan Eskey, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Kimbal Collins, Sterling Software

Robin Orans, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991 Initiationyear _ FY91 Expected completion date FY93

Funding total priorto FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 $53.000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Funds requested for FY92, if any

GS-13 at 10 hr per week GS-14 at 10 hr per month

Sterling NAS-2-13210, Task 013, 44 K

$100.000

Status of study [] Completed in F-Y91 [] Terminated in FY91 [] Continued in FY92

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining? [] with F-Y92funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.) R&D 5055929_ R&D 5055984_ and R&PM 30-02-80P: Non-energy utility

funds

to Program (name?) to Other (identify)

Purpose of investigation

The objective of this work was to study the application of constraint-based scheduling and iterative improvement

optimization techniques to the wind tunnel operations domain. Aerodynamic testing at Ames costs on the order of

$1 million per month in electrical power. Reduction of power and other costs is achieved by scheduling tests in such a

way as to optimize soft constraints, such as schedule lengths and power cost, while satisfying hard constraints such as

wind tunnel availability.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

A brief overview of this work was presented at the Information Sciences Applications to Aeronautics Workshop in

July 1991.

Planned future work

Continuation of work described above.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Megan Eskey Or0. Code FIA MS 244-17 Phone (415") 604-4863

=

7O
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation A Resonant Ge:Ga Far Infrared Photoconductor

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Jam Farhoomand, Orion TechnoScience, Pale Alto, CA

Robert E. McMurray, Jr., Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 8. 1991 Initiationyear FY91 Expected completion date FY92

Funding authorized in F'Y91 _;35.000

Funds requested for F-Y02, ifany $_40.000

$25,000

$10,000, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Status of study [] Completed in F"Y91 [] Terminated in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining? _- [] with FY92 funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?) to Other 0dentify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

An experimental feasibility study of fabricating a resonant Ge:Ga far infrared photoconductor with enhanced characteristics such as unit quantum efficiency, improved photoconductive gain, responsivity, and noise equivalent power.

FY91 applications of results, patents, repeals/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

*Theoretical study completed

*Initial preparation of germanium test wafers according to the required specifications has been successfully

completed.

*The test dewar, including the necessary optical components and electronic circuitry, has been assembled.

*A patent disclosure has been filed with the Ames patent office. Filing an application is currently under way.

*Following manuscripts have been published: 1) J. Farhoomand and R. E. McMurray, "A resonant IR

Photoconductor with Unit Quantum Efficiency," Prec. 16th Int. Conf. on IR & MM Waves (1991), 2) J. Farhoomand and

R. E. McMurray, "Design Parameters of a Resonant IR Photoconductor with Unity Quantum Efficiency," Appl. Phys. "

Lett. 58, 622, 1991. Complete fabrication of detector. Conduct tests to evaluate detector performance.

Planned future work

For studies terminated before F"Y91(any accomplishments/appllcationsnot previously reported)

Prepared by ]'am Farhoomand/Robert McMurray Ore. Code SFO MS 244-10 Phone (_=.153604-3412

71
N/ A

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Fully Coupled Structural Deformations and Computational Fluid Dynamics: Direct Solutions Using

Newton's Method

investigator(s) (show affiliation) Fort F. Felker, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Sep. |9. 1991 Initiationyear FY91 Expected completiondate FY92

Funding total prior to F'Y91 Funding authorized in FY91 $40,000

Estimated expended in FY91: Funds requested for FY92, ifany $40.000

in-house $40,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in F'Y92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitionedto other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The objectives of this research are to: (1) develop a procedure for the direct solution of static aeroelasticity problems,

and (2) to investigate the accuracy, efficiency, and convergence properties of the method for representative model

problems.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Interim results were published as: "Fully-Coupled Structural Deformations and Computational Fluid Dynamics:

Direct Solutions Using Newton's Method," by Fort F. Fe]ker, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Davis, California, September 1991.

Planned future work

Future work will extend both the structural and fluid dynamics models. The fluid dynamics will be extended to use

the Navier-Stokes equations, and the structural model will be extended to use a finite element method.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Fort F. Felker Oq:l. Code _ MS T-042 Phone (415) 604-6096

72
AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Immunological Effects of Gravitational Stress and Simulated Microgravity

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Danielle Goldwater, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000;

Diether Recktenwald, Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA 95131; Robert Bargatze and

Margo Peacock, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Joan Vemikos, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report _h[oxJ.J.Jg_ Initiationyear FYg0 Expected completiondate FY92

Funding total priorto FY91 $,35..000 Funding authorized in FY91 t_35.000

Estimated expended in FY91: $30,000 Funds requested for FY92, ifany

In-house $15,000

Contracts (identify) $5,000 Bionetics $3,000 Becton Dickinson

Grants (identify) $7,000 (JRI - Univ. LoulsviUe)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91 [] Terminated in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining? [] with FY92 funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.) 142-20

to Program (name?) to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

To adapt flow cytometry/monoclonal antibody technology in order to assess the impact of postural (orthostatic) gravitational

stress and bed rest simulation of spaceflight on the immune system. The working hypothesis is that prolonged spaceflight induces

immunosuppression. A reliable technique is required to serially monitor such changes and increase scientific understanding of

the immunological adaptation to long duration spaceflight.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Highly successful investigation. Demonstrated sensitivity and reliability of flow cytometry technology to detect subtle

transient, progressive changes in immune cell populations during 15 minutes of standing, as well as changes after 7 days of bed

rest simulation of microgravity in Ames Human Research Facility. Also, since whole blood often not available, developed technique for use of residual white blood cells ("buffy coat") from "throw away" portion of sample remaining after plasma harvesting. Results applicable to:

1. Blood sampling and analysis in the microgravity or office environment when whole blood isn't available;

2. Development of a reliable ground-based research model for the immunological adaptation to spaceflight;

3. Improved interpretation of post-flight immune system changes (microgravity vs. re-entry stress);

4. Understanding of immune system responses to autonomic stress and bedrest inactivity with possible implications for

insight in immunosuppressive disorders such as AIDS; and

5. Potential application to the general phenomenon of opportunistic infections and immunosuppression in bedridden or

hospitalized patients. Papers in preparation.

Award

Selected by Ames Basic Research Council as one of 8 best research posters for FY91.

Planned future work

Interpretation of orthostatic results in context of endocrine changes. Analysis of data obtained during 3 additional ARC

studies (J. Vemikos, PI) involving countermeasures. Specific study to verify whole blood vs. residual buffy coat technique. Extend

results in new bed rest, countermeasure, acceleration and spaceflight studies.

Prepared by Dani Goldwater Om. Code SL MS 223-3 Phone (415) 604-4044

73
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Initiating a Model System Using Skin Cells to Study

Spaceflight-Related Aging and Senescence

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Rose Grymes and Joan Vernikos, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 3. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total pdor to FY91 $?q.,qn7

Estimated expended in F-'Y91:$31,874

In-house $17,118.15

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify) $14,755.85

FYg0 Expected completion date b-'Y9_

Funding authorized in FY91 $31,874

Funds requested for F-'Y92,if any

NASA-Ames University Consortium Joint Research Interchange (NCA2-483)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in F'Y92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

We have investigated growth factor responsiveness, cell cycle regulation, and transcriptional control in a strain of

senescent ceils (Werner's syndrome) and in normal cells. Werner's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by specific precocious aging. Pathologic changes occur in the skin and connective tissue. The regulated expression

of matrix metalloproteases, like collagenase I, is a critical function in skin cells. Cultured Werner's syndrome skin cells

show a unique defect in collagenase I expression. Some animal cell behaviors following spaceflight or simulated

microgravity mimic those of aging.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Awards: Best Postdoctoral Research, Western Regional Meeting, Society for Investigative Dermatology, 1991.

Papers presented: Regulation of the Collagenase I Gene in Werner's Syndrome, R. A. Grymes, Western Regional Meeting, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Feb. 1991.1

Type I Collagenase Gene Regulation in Werner's Syndrome Fibroblasts, R. A. Grymes, National Meeting, Society for

Investigative Dermatology, May 1991.2

Planned future work

Publication: Induction and suppression of collagenase I synthesis in a progeroid cell strain, R. A. Grymes, J. Altman,

J. Chan, P. Suen, E. A. Bauer, manuscript in preparation.

Proposal submitted: Space Biology Program, Code SBR, NASA Headquarters, Sep. 1, 1991.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Not applicable

tPublished in Clinical Res. 39(1), IL A. Grymes, J.Chan, P. Suen, E. A. Bauer, 1991.

2published in J. Invest. Derm. 96(4):539, K A. Grymes, J. Chan, P. Suen, E. A. Bauer, 1991.

Prepared by Rose G.ry'mes Org. (_0de SL MS 239-11 Phone (4157 604-3239

74
N/LR/X

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Domain Decomposition Approach to Solve Multidisciplinary Fluid/Structure Interaction Problems

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Guru P. Guruswamy, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 7.. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total priorto FY91 if)40.000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify) A new grant to MCAT Institute (in-house)

b"Y91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in F'Y91 ._tfl:O00

Funds requested for F"Y92, ifany $40.000

FY93

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with F-'Y92funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Develop efficient interfacing techniques between fluid zonal grids and structural sub-domains (sub-structures).

These new interface techniques will be tested on simple model problems. Procedures to use this development to solve

larger three-dimensional problems associated with complex geometries, such as full aircraft, will be addressed at the end

of the research.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc

During this period, interfacing techniques are developed for wing-type configurations. The flow is modeled using

the finite-difference (FD) method with a single C-H type grid. The structural properties of the wing are modeled using a

finite-element (FE) wing-box-type model in which the surface of the wing is modeled using triangular membrane

elements. An interfacing routine to transfer information from FD fluid's grid to FE structural grid is developed. Thermal

stresses are computed for supersonic flow conditions. This demonstrates the use of the present development for configurations that can be modeled using single zones.

Planned future work

This work will be extended for wing-body configurations with two sub-structures, one for the wing and another for

the body. First, results will be demonstrated for a single-zone FD grid and two-zone structural FE model.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Guru P. Gm'uswamy Ore. Code RFA MS 258-1 Phone (415) 604-6329

?5
N/LRA

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of investigation An Iterafive Image Rectification Scheme for Observational Astronomy

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Michael R. Haas, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Steven D. Lord, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA

Date of report Oct. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91 $23,000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify) $35,000

Initiationyear FYgO Expected completion date FY91

Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (numberq)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in F-'Y92

Purpose of investigation

To explore the use of a numerical image rectification scheme which has the ability to remove the loss of spatial

resolution caused by a telescope's aperture.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

"MIPS Polarimetry: Considerations in Using a Wol]aston Prism for Extended Source Observation."

Report of SIRT Polarimetry Working Group.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applicationsnot previously reported)

Under Contract with the SIRTF Polarimetry Working Group (G. Rieke, U. AZ).

Prepared by Michael R, Haas Org. Code SSA MS. 245-6 Phone (415_ 604-5511

76
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Remote Sensing of Earth's Atmosphere and Surface Using a Digital Array Scanned Interferometer

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Philip D. Hammer, Francisco P. J. Valero, and David L. Peterson,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

William Hayden Smith, Washington University, St. Louis, MO

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991 Initiationyear FY91 Expected completion date FY93 ....

Funding total priorto FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 $45_000

Estimated expended in F-'Y91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Funds requested for FY92, if any " $25.000

$23,000

$22,000 (Consortium agreement with Washington University; $11,000 of this amount is an

advance to cover FY92)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitionedto other funding, to RTOP (number?,)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in F-'Y92

Purpose of investigation

The objective of our study is to evaluate the capabilities of the DASI class of instrttments for measuring terrestrial radiation

fields, particularly in the visible to mid-infrared. DASIs are capable of high throughput, sensitivity, and spectral resolution,

and have the potential for field-of-view spatial discrimination (an imaging spectrometer). Thus they have much potential as

future-generation remote .4ensing instruments. The ultimate objective stemming from this study is to produce and deploy a

versatile field instrument which may be applied toward a variety of atmospheric and surface problems.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports]publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

- Seminar given at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, November 1990

- Poster and abstract at Airborne Geoscience Workshop, San Diego, CA, January 1991

- Discussion of DASI applications for vegetative canopy studles was held at the workshop on remote sensing of

plant biochemical content, Marshall, CA, March 1991

- Article on DASI potenials and applications submitted to Journal of Imaging Science, October 1991

- Abstract accepted for AGU meeting, San Francisco, CA (to be held December 1991)

Planned future work

Intensive instrument development work is planned for FY92. Application of DASIs for remote sensing of plant

bioc.hemical content is being studied and opportunities such as the Biome sensor (being formulated at NASA Ames) are

being explored. We have initiated a collaboration with an atmospheric lidar group for informal participation in project

FIRE, which could yield coordinated multi-sensor measurements of _ clouds leading to a case study. A specific

approach for retrieving information about clouds from spatially and spectrally (1-2.5 micron) resolved measurements of

the solar aureole is being explored.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applicationsnot previously reported)

Prepared by Philip D, I-Jammer Ore_.Code SGP MS 245-4 Phone (415) 604-3383

77
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Fault Tolerance in Distributed Parallel Processing Architectures for Flight Crucial Systems

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Philip Hamory, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report Oct. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91

• Estimated expended in F-Y91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear

$35.000

FYg0 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91

Funds requested for F'Y92, if any

PL91

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

Iftransitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

To study the fault tolerance of transputer-based networks for use in flight crudal systems.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applicationsnot previously reported)

Prepared by Philip Hamory 0r_. Code XRF MS D-2205 Phone (805) 258-3090

78
N/LRA

Ames Reseamh Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Development and Experimental Verification of a Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Recording System

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Alan R. Hargens, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000;

Gita Murthy, Bionetics; Robert J. Marchbanks, University of Southhampton; and

Donald E. Watenpaugh, Bionetics

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991 Initiation year FYg0 Expected completion date FY91

Funding authorized in FY91 _35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

Funding total priorto FY91 _3_¢;.000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house $10,645

Contracts (identify) $24,355

Grants (identify)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in F'Y91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FYg2

Purpose of investigation

To examine alterations of intracranial pressure during simulated microgravity, in humans, using a noninvasive

tympanic membrane displacement technique.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The results were presented at the 13th annual ILrPS meeting, San Antonio, Texas.

Abstract - The Physiologist 34:257(48.1), 1991

Manuscript - The Physiologist 36 (supplement), 1992

Planned future work

Flybidize the noninvasive device

Utilize this technique to study long term effects of simulated microgravity on intracranial pressure

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Gita Murthy O.rg. Cod(? SL MS 239-11 Phone (415] 604-5747

79
N/LRA AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation An Airborne Infrared Scanner for Wild Fire Mapping and Monitoring

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Edward A. Hildum, James Brass, and Mark Haslerud,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Robert Higgins, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report Qct. 199],

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

$35,000

Initiationyear FYgO Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

FY92

Status of study [] Completed in F'Y91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

Iftransitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Support through Riverside Firre Lab.

Purpose of investigation

Designing and building a low cost multichannel digital scanner for monitoring the impacts of wild fire on ecosystem

and atmospheric processes with potential application for fire management and mapping.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Terra-Mar press release: "Terra-Mar and NASA Collaborate on Natural Disaster Assessment," Jan. 23, 1991.

J. Brass, E. Hildum, and P. Riggan, "Use of Remote Sensing Technology for Fire Management Applications,"

Proceedings of the National Fire Management Conference, Woodside, CA, May 1991.

D. Walklet, "Fighting Forest Fires with Remote Sensing," Photonics Spectra, Aug. 1991, p. 66.

Planned future work

Complete assembly and testing by Mar. 1992. Deploy the scanner on the Los Angeles County Navajo aircraft. Fly

scanner in Brazil in July and/or Sept. 1992 on NCAR King-Air or Ames C130,

For studies terminated before F-'Y91(any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by E. Hildum/|. Brass Om. (_9de EES MS 213-15 Phone (415/604-4069

8O
NASA

AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Intelligent Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms for Automatic Telescopes

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Butler Hine, Mark Drummond, John Bresina, Keith Swanson, Andy PhiUps, Rich Levinson,

and Bill Boruc]d, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 28. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in F'Y91:$35,000

In-house $8,400

Contracts (identify) $24,600 AutoScope Corp.

Grants (identify)

FY91 Expected completion date FYg_

Funding authorized in FY91 $35,000

Funds requested for FY92, if any $40:000

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in F'Y92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in F'Y91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

There are many NASA mission scenarios in which the unattended autonomous operation of a scientific instument is

desired because of the expense of an in-situ human operak_r_ ks is especially true for astronomical observations, in

which the method of data acquisition is well suited to automatic operation. This project is an attempt to transfer current

state-of-the-art technology in the areas of intelligent scheduling and health monitoring to the operation of fully automated telescopes, thereby increasing their efficiency and robustness.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Applications: A prototype Interactive Scheduling Tool was used to prepare a fall 1991 observing sequence for

anoperating Automated Photoelectric Telescope (APT).

Developments: An Automatic Telescope simulator was developed for use in software development.

Papers: "Development of a simplified operations and management structure" B. Hine I990 Workshop on

Small Robotic Telescopes on the Moon. "The APT Planning and Scheduling Manifesto" M.

Drummond, J. Bresina, K. Swanson, A. Philips, R. Levinson, 1991 NASA ARC TR# FIA-91-24.

"Multi-use Lunar Telescopes" Genet, Genet, Talent, Drummond, Hine, Boyd, Trueblood, in

preparation.

Planned future work

Benchmark performance increase in the use of new scheduling algorithms in existing control systems. Hold a workshop on the testing of an autonomous telescope in Antarctica as a lunar mission precursor. Apply scheduling algorithms

to field use and measure their performance.

For studies terminated before F'Y91 (any accomplishments/applicatlons not previously reported)

Prepared by Butler Hine O.rg. Code FIC MS 269-3 Phone (415) 604-4379

81
N/LSA

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Control of Thermal Simulation Tests with Heat Flux

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Thomas J. Horn, Ames Dryden Right Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report Oct. 18. 1991

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

$35,000

Initiation year FY90 Expected completion date FY95

Funding authorized in FY91 $35t000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

Status of study [] Completed in FY91 [] Terminated in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining? [] with FY92 funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.) 505-63

to Program (name?) to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Develop the ability to use heat flux sensors for data acquisition and/or control of thermal simulation tests in the

Thermostructures Research Facility and Liquid Hydrogen Structures Test Facility. This includes the identification and

establishment of appropriate sensor specifications, calibration methods, and data acquisition and control system hardware and software.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

1. Poster presentation at the 1st Thermal Structures Conference at the University of Virginia

2. Influencing the design of the next generation Data Acquisition and Control System being developed for the

Thermostructures Research Facility and Liquid Hydrogen Structures Test Facility.

3. Added capability to generate step changes in heat flux with the existing Data Acquisition and Control System.

Planned

1.

2.

3.

4.

future work

Continue evaluation of heat flux sensors at high temperatures and flux levels.

Develop the heat flux calibration facility as an operational tool.

Use heat flux sensors on Generic Research Cryogenic Tank.

Evaluate fiberopfic sensors

For studios terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Thomas |. Horn Ore. Code XRS MS D-48202A Phone (805'J258-2232

82
N/LRA

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title o! Investigation Development of a Si(Li) Gamma Ray Detector Stack for Future Mars Mission Instruments

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) G. Scott Hubbard, R. E. McMurray, Jr., C. P. McKay, R. Keller, and P. Wercinski,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

P. Englert, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA

Date of report Oct. 11. 1991

Funding total priorto F'YOl _35-000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

$35,000

Initiationyear FYg0 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 _'_5.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

FY91

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in b"Y92 [] withfunds remaining?

Iftransitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Develop, test, and compare to numerical model predictions, a novel lithium-drifted Silicon [Si(Li)] gamma-ray

detector package. A large-scale, flight version of this detector package would be a key element in an elemental measurement for future Mars missions. Use of Si will allow operation at ambient Mars temperature, an enormous advantage

when compared to proposed germanium gamma ray detectors which require cooling to ~100K. Development of this

detector package would provide high resolution detection of gamma ray with energies in the million electron volt (MeV)

range, a unique accomplishment for SiCLi) devices.

FY91 applications of results, patents, raports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Paper accepted for presentation at Nuclear Science Symposium, November 4-9, 1991.

Planned future work

Continue measurements of resolution as a function of temperature; propose further efforts to NASA HQ, Code SL

and Code RC; submit proposal to PIDDP Research Announcement in December 1991.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by G. Scott Hubbard Orcj. Cede SFI MS 244-10 Phone (415) 604-5697

83
N/k. h

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Controlling the Lifetime and Reaction Dynamics of High Energy Density Materials (HEDM) by

Modifying the Chemical Environment

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Winifred M. Huo, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 11, 1991 Initiation year FY91 Expected completion date FY92

Funding total priorto FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 $40.00fl

Estimated expended in F-Y91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Funds requested for FY92, if any

$38,000 Convex computer support, $2,000 NCD terminal

$40.000

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

This project investigates how the chemical environment can be modified to stabilize potential HEDM candidates and

to harvest their energy for propulsion. FN 3 and Td N 4 are two prototype molecules used to illustrate the general

principle.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The results of this investigation were presented at the workshop on "Performance Enhancement for Hypervelocity

Airbreathing Propulsion," July 29-31,1991, at NASA Langley Research Center. The title of the talk is "Enhancement of

Hypervelocity Propulsion From a Computational Chemistry Viewpoint."

This proposal received the Jack N. Nielson award.

Planned future work

A detailed study of the dissociation of FN 3, FN3H z, FN302, and FNaN 2 using CCSD(T) and MCPF methods is

progress. These calculations are designed to benchmark previous CASSCF studies. These methods will also be used to

study possible synthesis pathways of TdN 4.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Winifred M. Huo O_.. Code RTC MS 23_0-3 Phone (415) 604-6161

84
N/LRA

AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Team Performance Analysis of Information Flow: Human-Centered Approach to Studying

Aerospace Groups

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Barbara G. Kanki, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Mary Danz, University of Central Florida

Date of report

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Oct. 10. 1991 Initiationyear

$30.000 ($15.000 DDF)

FY90 Expected completion date FY92

Funding authorized in FY91 _,1_5.000 (.$_5..000 DDF)

Funds requested for FY92, ifany $75,000

$100,000

$35,000 University of Central Florida

Status of study [] Completed in FYOl

If continued in F'Y92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitionedto other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with F'Y92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of Investigation

To develop a methodology for evaluating team performance and tracking information flow using payload operations at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (Level IV experiments integration) as a testbed for identifying effective communication strategies and for developing aids for information management. Testbed results and methodology will then be

assessed for their transfer into both airline transport maintenance and shuttle operations.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Invited presentation entitled "Maintenance Team Performance and Information Flow in Shuttle Processing Operations" at the AIAA/NASA/FAA/HFS Conference: Challenges in Aviation Human Factors: The National Plan, Jan. 1991,

Vienna, VA.

Conducted a mini-workshop for researchers working the KSC operational environment, July 1991

1. Modeling the NASA Test Director/Remington, Kessel, ARC

2. Information Flow and Team Performance during Mission Sequence Test: Communication Analyses/Kanki,

Elsbach, Veinott, Irwin, ARC and MST Procedure Aids/Danz, University of Central Florida

3. Multi-cultural Work Groups at KSC/Reyes, UC Santa Barbara

4. Astronaut Science Advisor: Lessons Learned/Staffer, ARC

Planned future work

Extension of methodology into other aerospace operational enviroru-nents: collaboration with KSC in orbiter processing facility; collaboration with Danz, University of Central Florida, with aircraft maintenance teams.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Barbara Kanki Org. Code FLT MS 262-4 Phone (415_ 6(34-5785

85
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Development of Experimental Techniques for Thermoelastic Vibration Testing

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Michael W. Kehoe, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

H. Todd Snyder, PRC Systems Services

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991 Initiation year FY89 Expected completion date FY91

_35,000 Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

$35,000 (PRC - Support Engineering)

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Status of study [] Completed in F-Y91

If continued in F-Y92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?) NASP

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The objective was to research and develop experimental techniques to conduct vibration testing on structures

subjected to high temperatures.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Reports/Publications

1. High Temperature Ground Vibration Test Techniques

2. Determination of the Effects of Heating on Modal Characteristics of an Aluminum Plate With Application to

Hypersonic Vehicles.

Planned future work

Testing of more complex materials

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by _ Mike Kehoe Ore, Code XRDV MS D-2112 Phone (805-')258-3708

86
N/k.qA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Application of Video Imaging for Data Acquisition and Processing of Rotorcraft How Visualization

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Cahit Kitaplioglu, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Alexandra Swanson, Sterling Software

John Bluck, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Oct. 10. 1991 Initiationyear

$25,000

FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in F'Y91 _;25.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

FY92

Status of study [] Completed in FY91 [] Terminated in F--Y91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining? [] with FY92 funds?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?) 505-59'36(G_..Tn_er, Code RF)

to Program (name?) Advanced Concepts to Other (identify)

Purpose of investigation

[] Continued in FY92

The objective of this study is to implement an imaging system capable of supporting various flow visualization

methodologies (such as the wide-field shadowgraphy technique and smoke flow visualization) for real-time data acquisition and storage of high resolution flow field structures. This research will have a Center-wide impact by making new

and innovative imaging technology available for basic fluid- dynamics research on vortex instabilities and breakdown

studies.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

The system is currently installed in the 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel and is being checked out to verify asynchronous

image capture for various rpm conditions. Full frame image acquisition and high resolution image quality are also being

examined. Modification will be made to the image processing software in order to automate data reduction of the

simultaneously acquired image pairs. Image pairs will be used to resolve accurate three-dimensional rotor wake

measurements.

Planned future work

Once the system is completely checked out, it will be readied for shadowgraph and smoke flow visualization testing

to examine the detailed wake structure for upcoming tests in the National Fttll-Scade Aerodynamics Complex.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Alexandra Swanson Orq. Code FFR MS T-042 Phone (415) 604-6856

87
I lh5A

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Stanford University-NASA Ames Research Center Global Change Institute

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) James G. Lawless, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

W. Gary Ernst, Stanford University

Date of report Oct. 31. 199I

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $4Z500

Funds requested for FY92, if any

FY93

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Initiate joint Stanford University-NASA Ames Research Center Global Change Institute studies.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports]publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

(See narrative in this report).

Planned future work

Continuation plus proposal writing.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Tames G. Lawless Orc:j.Code SG MS 239-20 Phone (415) 604-5900

88
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation The Search for Interstellar Molecules in Carbonaceous Meteorites

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Narcinda R. Lemer and Sherwood Chang,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house $40,000

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 _000

Funds requested for FY92, ifany _,000

FY93

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in F'Y92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with F-Y02funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

To measure the D/H ratio of organic compounds in meteorites.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

Measuring D/H ratio of organic compounds in meteorites.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

No narrative report

Prepared by Narcinda R. Lemer Org. Code RTC MS 239-4 Phone (415) 604-6941

89
N/LRA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Surface Temperature Field Mapping by Luminescence Imaging

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) B. G. McLach]an, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

J. H. Bell, J. Gallery, M. Gouterman, and J. B. Ca]iis, University of Washington

Date of report Oct. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear F'Y90 Expected completiondate

$37:400 Funding authorized in FY91 $32.600

Funds requested for FY92, if any

$16,300

$16,300 (IV[.Gouterman and J. B. Callis, Univ. of Washington)

F'Yq2

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with F'Y92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Assess the feasibility of developing a temperature sensitive luminescent paint for surface temperature field measurement in aerodynamic testing that is compatible with the previously developed pressure sensitive luminescent paint.

F'Y91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Report in preparation.

Planned future work

Incorporate the temperature sensitive material into the pressure sensitive paint producing one coating capable of

simultaneous pressure and temperature field measurement.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by _ B. G. McLach]an Oro. Code RFR MS 260-1 Phone (415) 604-4142

9O
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation The Laser Digitizer Project

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Marshal L. Merriam and Timothy J. Berth, Ames Research Center,

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 11. 1991 Initiationyear

Funding total prior to FY91 $_:tY_O

Estimated expended in FY91:$35,000

In-house $21,339

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

FY90 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $35,000

Funds requested for F-Y92, if any

FY92

$8,326 SJSU/NASA Ames R&D Program

$5,335 Consortium: Iowa State NCA2-596

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

Purpose of investigation

[] Terminated in FY91 [] Continued in FY92

[] with FY92 funds? No funds needed in FY92

to Other (identify)

To show how a laser digitizer can be used to get surface geometry from models.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

3D CFD in a Day, The Laser Digitizer Project, AIAA-91-1654, Marshal L. Merriam and Timothy J. Berth, AIAA 22rid

Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Conference, June 24-26, 1991, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Surface Reconstruction from scattered data through pruning of unstructured grid. AIAA-91-1584, Catherine M.

Maksymiuk and Marshal L. Merriam, AIAA 10th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, June 24-27, 1991,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

Surface Definition Using Multiple Carpet Plots. Consortium Report, August 1991.

Planned future work

Integration of surface definition with grid generation and flow solvers.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Marshal L. Merriam Oro. Code RFTC MS 202A-1 Phone (415) 604-4737

91
AmesResearchCenter DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Detection of Autotrophic Life on Mars by Surveying for Oxygen

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Bonnie O'Hara, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Lynn Rothschild, TGS Technology, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report 10/11/91

Funding total prior to FY91

Estimated expended in FYgl:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear

$5,OOO

$30,000 (TGS Technology)

F'Y91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any $40_000

FY92

Status of study [] Completed in F'Y91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?).

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The purpose of this investigation is to conduct experiments leading to instrument definition for detecting autotrophic life on Mars. Specifically, the proposed instrument would survey the surface of Mars for a byproduct of photosynthesis, oxygen. This study tests the feasibility of this approach by testing for oxygen evolution from autotrophic microbial

communities on Earth.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

One manuscript in preparation: Carbon Fixation in a Cryptic Microbial Mat

Planned future work

Determine the rates of carbon fixation in several other microbial systems under ambient and increased carbon

dioxide. Determine oxygen evolution directly from these samples. Determine flight instrumentation compatible with

oxygen evolution results.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by Lynn Rothschild Or9. Code SSS MS 239-12 Phone (415) 604-6525

92
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Neurocomputer Development for Fast Processing of Massively Parallel Recordings from Brain

Cells - Developing a "Brain" to Study the Brain!

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) A. J. Pellionisz and D. L. Tomko, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 21. 1991

Funding total pdor to FY91 _35:f}00

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

$35,000

Initiation year FYg0 Expected completion date FY92

Funding authorized in FY91 _35,000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?= 0

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

15urpose of investigation

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

The objective of this project is to develop a prototype neurocomputer for fast processing of simultaneous arrays of

neurophysiological data, much as brain circuits do themselves_ Such arrays of data arise from simultaneous records of

electrical activity from multiple brain cells. A limiting function in this understanding is the analysis of activities of an

array of neurons in a network. The neurocomputer prototype assists such parallel data processing. The objective is to

combine a conventional microcomputer host with a Transputer parallel processor. Algorithms and software are developed for data analysis and processing based on the tensor network theory of CNS function developed by Pellionisz.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Pellionisz, A. (1991) Discovery of Neural Geometry by Neurobiology and its Utilization in Neurocomputer Theory

and Development. Intl. Conf'. on Artificial Neural Networks. Helsinki, Finland. T. Kohonen (et al.), eds., North Holland,

485-493.

Pellionisz, A. J. and J. R. Bloedel (1991) Functional Geometry of Purkinje Cell Population Responses as Revealed by

Neurocomputer Analysis of Multi-Unit Recordings. Soc. Neurosci. Absts., New Orleans, LA.

Pellionisz, A. and Tomko, D. (1991) Geometrical Aspects of the Vestibulo-Cerebellar Neurocomputer. Palo Alto, CA,

B. Cohen, F. Guedry and D. Tomko, eds., New York Academy, see full list of publications in "narrative."

Planned future work

Complete software development and prepare publications.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by A.I. Pellionisz Or.q Code SL MS 261-3 Phone (415) 604-4821

93
NASA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Biologically Produced Magnetite and Its Relationship to the Banded Iron Formations

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Deborah Schwartz, Rocco Mancinelli, and Melisa White, SETI Institute,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Verne Oberbeck, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 11. 1991

Funding total prior to FY91 Funding authorized in FY91

Estimated expended in FY91 :

In-house $9,490

Contracts (identify) $8,448- SET[,

Grants (identify)

Initiation year FY91 Expected completion date FY92

$33.0O0

Funds $37.5O0 requested for FY92, if any

$15,062 - SJSU

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

The purpose of this investigation is to identify characteristics of biologically produced magnetite and determine if these

characteristics are unique to biologically produced magnetite or if they are also typical of magnetite produced abiotically.

Additionally, through this study, we will obtain information on the characteristics of magnetite found in the Gunflint

Banded Iron Formation and determine the relationship between biologically produced magnetite and the magnetite

found in the Gunflint Formation.

F'Y91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Only preliminary results have been achieved thus far. Organisms used in this study take months to grow.

Planned future work

Continue characterization of magnetite extracted from magnetotactic bacteria (Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum and a

marine magnetotactic bacteria isolated by us), and from the Gunflint Formation, using electron microscopy and energy

dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. Compare and contrast results obtained.

Continue literature study of magnetite found in other Banded Iron Formations. Determine relationship between biologically-produced magnetite and magnetite found in the Banded Iron Formations.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by _ Deborah _chwartz Ore. Code SSS MS 239-12 Phone (415) 604-3668

94
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Development of a Direct Measurement Transducer for the Oil Wedge Skin-Friction Technique

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) H. Lee Seegmiller, Ames ResearchCenter_ Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 10. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiation year FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

$12,563.00 (instrument purchases)

FY93

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Develop new technology to obtain skin-friction measurements in locations and conditions not now accessible.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

For studies terminated before F-Y91(any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

No narrative report

Prepared by H. Lee Seegmiller Orq. Code RFE MS 229-1 Phone (415) 6(34-6211

95
AIASA

AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Accelerated Overset Grid Generation for Rapid Design Studies with CFD

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Reese L. Sorenson and William R. Van Dalsem,

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Joseph L. Steger, University of California, Davis

Date of report Oct. 22. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91 : $40,000

In-house

Contracts (identify) $5,002

Grants (identify) $34,998

Initiation year FY91 Expected completion date FY93

_40,000

$40.000

Funding authonzed in FY91

Funds requested for FY92, ifany

ICE Contract for computer hardware

University Consortium NCA2-655

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

To provide software tools allowing simplified mesh decomposition methods to be used in Chimera grid generation,

allowing fast mesh generation and re-generation.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

Develop software as described in University Consortium Agreement

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

No narrative report

Prepared by Reese L. Sorenson Orq. Code RFA MS T045-2 Phone _4!5) 604-4471

96
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation The Effects of Altered Gravity on Human Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Leland S. Stone and MalcoIm Cohen, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Sept. 30. 1991 initiation year FY91 Expected completion date FY92

Funding total prior to FY91 Funding authorized in FY91 $40.000

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Funds requested for FY92, if any $40.000

$40,000 (also $60,000 RTOP funds used)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in F'Y92

Purpose of investigation

To measure smooth-pursuit eye movements during centrifugation in order to examine directly the effect of gravity

on the sensory processing (both visual and vestibular) underlying the control of a voluntary coordinated movement with

minimal Coriolis or biomechanical artifacts.

F'Y91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Have ordered eye-tracker and appropriate data acquisition system. Will begin study when equipment arrives in

early 1992.

Planned future work

To measure smooth-pursuit eye movements in both 1-g and hyper-g environment using the 20g centrifuge.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

No narrative report

Prepared by Leland S. Stone Orq. Code SL MS 262-2 Phone (415) 604-3240

97
AmesResearch Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation A Nonlinear Dynamical Approach to Numerical Method Development in CFD

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) H. C. Yee, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000; P. K. Sweby,

University of Reading, Reading, England; A. Lafon, ONERA-CERT, Toulouse, France; A. M. Stuart, University of Bath,

Bath, England; and D. F. Griffiths, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland

Date of report Oct. 28. 1991 Initiationyear FY90 Expected completion date FY91

Funding total priorto FY91 _'{5.Dflf) Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Estimated expended in FY91: $35,000 Funds requested for FY92, if any

In-house Ames Associate (from ONERA/CERT, France, one year)

Contracts (identify) visiting scientists via Sterling Software

Grants (identify)

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] withfunds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

Utilize non-linear dynamics theory to investigate problems of steady-state numerical solutions in CFD.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications,papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Eleven publications issued or in process, nine presentations and lectures. (See narrative in this report.)

Planned future work

Although analytical explanations of the permissibility of spurious numerical solutions have been uncovered, avoiding

these phenomena in practical computations will be difficult. Improvement in this direction is a subject of ongoing

research.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

(See narrative in this report.)

Prepared by H.C. Yee Org. (;ode RF MS 202A Phone (415) 604-4769

98
Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Climatology of the E1 Chichon Volcanic Cloud in the Stratosphere

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Richard E. Young, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

Date of report Oct. 1991

Funding total prior to F'Y91

Estimated expended in FY91:

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear ._._]_(.9_ Expected completion date

_,35,000 Funding authorized in FY91 ,_;_35.000

Funds requested for FY92, if any

$10,000

$25,000 (Space Research Institute, for Programming Support)

FY91

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?.)

to Program (name?)

Purpose of investigation

[] Terminated in FY91

[] withFY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

To numerically simulate the behavior of the E1 Chichon volcanic aerosol cloud in the Earth's stratosphere and compare the results to observed cloud climatology.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reports/publications, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Paper to be submitted to AGU Chapman Conference 0n Climate, Volcanoes, and Global Change, March 23-27, 1992.

Planned future work

Have submitted proposal to NASA's Volcano Climate interaction Program to fund further modeling of El Chichon

and Mr. Pinatubo volcanoes.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/appiicati0ns not previously reported)

Prepared by Richard E. Young Org. Code SST MS 245-3 Phone (415) 604-5521

99
NASA

Ames Research Center DIRECTOR'S DISCRETIONARY FUND REPORT

Title of Investigation Development of Excrescence Tolerance Criteria for Laminar Flow Wings at Low Subsonic Speeds

Investigator(s) (show affiliation) Fanny A. Zuniga, Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 93523-0273

Date of report Oct. 1991

Funding total priorto FY91

Estimated expended in FY91:$35,000

In-house

Contracts (identify)

Grants (identify)

Initiationyear FY91 Expected completion date

Funding authorized in FY91 $35.000

Funds requested for F-Y92, if any $40.000

F['92

Status of study [] Completed in FY91

If continued in FY92 [] with funds remaining?

If transitioned to other funding, to RTOP (number?)

to Program (name?)

[] Terminated in FY91

[] with FY92 funds?

to Other (identify)

[] Continued in FY92

Purpose of investigation

To eva]uate and extend current criteria used to define excrescence tolerances for a laminar flow wing at low subsonic speeds.

FY91 applications of results, patents, reportsJpublicatlons, papers at meetings, any awards received, etc.

Planned future work

Right testing is continuing. Future plans consist of completing the initial test matrix in order to meet the objectives

of the investigation. Also, use of multi-element sensors is planned in order to improve quality of data.

For studies terminated before FY91 (any accomplishments/applications not previously reported)

Prepared by _ga Org, Code XRA MS D-2045 Phone ,(805) 258-2021

100

Form Approved

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMSNo.ozo4.o ee

Publicreportingburdenforthiscoiieclionof information is estimated toaverage 1 hourper response,includingthe timeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdata sources,

gatheringandmaintain|rig the data needed,and completingand reviewingthe collectionof information.Send commentsregardingthisburdenestimate or any otheraspect ofth_s

collectionof information,including suggestionsfor reducingthis burden,toWashingtonHeadquartersServices, Directoratefor Information Operationsand Reports,1215 Jefferson

DavisHighway,Suite 1204. Arlington,VA 22202-4302, andto the Office of Managsmen_and Budget,PaperworkReductionPr0_ect(0704-0t88}, Washington,DC 20503.

1. AGEI_C_f USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2, REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

July 1992 Technical Memorandum, Fiscal year 1991

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Director's Discretionary Fund Report for FY 1991

6. AUTHOR(S)

Ames-Moffett and Ames-Dryden Investigators

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Ames Research Center

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

5. FUNDINGNUMBERS

307-51-50

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

A-91218

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NASA TM- 103902

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Point of Contact: John T. Howe, Ames Research Center, MS 200-16, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(415) 604-5500

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified-Unlimited

Subject Category - 99

13. ABSTRACT (Max/mum 200 words)

This technical memorandum contains brief technical papers describing research and technology

development programs sponsored by the Ames Research Center Director's Discretionary Fund during fiscal

year 1991 (Oct. 1990 through Sep. 1991). An appendix provides administrative information for each of the

sponsored research programs.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

Director's Discretionary Fund, Space science, Life science, Aeronautics,

Space and terrestrial applications

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 •

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

A06

16, PRICE CODE

110

19, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACt

OF ABSTRACT

i

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribedby ANSI Std Z39-1S