Threats had been voiced in local grog shops against the canal
by disgruntled laborers, who believed Hale would not pay them for
their last week's work. Dungan, however, did not foresee any imme-
diate danger. '

These fresh labor troubles had been precipitated by the failure
of the Trustess to see the project through to completion, Bad weather
(a succession of snow, sleet, and rain storms), along with the labor
difficulties, frustrated Fisk's rosy prediction that the "S0-mile
section’ would be opened to navigation by June 15, On June 3 the
stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company were notified
that 41f the labor force was doubled all work necessary for admission
of water to the entire waterway could be accomplished by July 1.73

This proved impossible. Meanwhile, the time limit for the com-
pletion of the canal had been extended to July 1 and then to August 1.
It was in vain, however, for in July the Trustees’ resources had been
exhausted and work again stopped. The Board promptly declared the
contract abandoned and negotiated a new one with Michael Byrne of
Frederick County, who 12 years before had contracted to build Lock
Nos.59-66, providing for the completion of the canal for $3,000 in

cash and $21,000 in bonds, Reporting this development, the Cumberland

72. Dungan to Fisk, July 17, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer),

73. 22nd Annual Report (1850), 13-15.

SS


on a firm financial footing through an appropriation of $8,000,600 of
which the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake § Ohio Canal each
received $3,000,000. Because of the tightness of the international
money market in 1837 and the years immediately following, the Com-
panies were unable to dispose of the state bonds (the form Maryland
assistance invariably took) at the premium required by law or even at
par. ‘Thus the large subscription was not fully effective and did not
prevent the rise of a new crisis in railroad and canal finances, The
Baltimore § Ohio being in a stronger position financially and having
the advantage of full use of its line as far as completed was not as
seriously affected as the Canal Company. The Canal Company had hypoth-
ecated the bonds at levels well below par, in return for bank loans,
incurring the wrath of state leaders for so doing. Thus three years
were to pass before means were provided to resume work on the waterway.
Meanwhile, the Baltimore 4 Ohio, being in a stronger economic position,
was able to continue with the construction of its line toward the Ohio
River.

Early in May 1843 the Board of Directors of the Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal Company established ground rules under which a contract for

the completion of the ditch could be negotiated.”

5. Proceedings cf the President and Board of Directors, G, 38-40.

22




Lock No,63 1/3

Excavation of pit
Excavation of
towpath
Embankment at
head of towpath 684,3
Excavation at berm
Embankment, earth §
slate 1,945.0
Embankment Proper:
(Embkt. of slate
against berm 2,288
wail)
(Embkt. of slate
against towpath
wall) 1,374.4

293.9

7.9

122.2

2,209.9

792

601.5

1,212,3

622,2

3,716.1

799.9

1,345.9

Total 6,292.6

Lock No,.64 2/3

Excavation of pit
Excavation at

head of towpath
Embankment at head

of towpath 960
Excavation connection

at berm

424

$55.6

42.5

122.6

3,803.4

74.2

1,117.5

195.2

1,834.5

1,119.6

282

Embkt, connection 1,306.S (at berm, earth and slate)

Embankment Proper:
(Embkt. of slate
against berm
wall) 2,288
(Embkt, of slate
against tow-
path wall) 1,640.3

5781.5

1,749.4

1,160

599.8

Total 6,194.8

Lock No. 66

Excavation of pit
Excavation at head
of towpath for

connection

720.7

2,253.1

46,8

64

1,386.9

2,015.2

212.8

T, 401.6

1,676.8

3,501.2

5,945.1

259.3



King and Livingston, when advised of the difficulty, suggested
that it was possible that the wicket (paddle) gate was not strong
enough and that therefore the Company should have A. & J. tilicott
add to its thickness.”

In 1852 King and Livingston agreed to cut their price for the
wicket (paddle) gates. Writing President Mercer on June 5, 1832,
Livingston announced that they would now Supply the Company with
their patent cast iron paddle or wicket gate for five and one-half
cents per pound. If the Company should introduce the horizontal
paddle, they would have them cast accordingly.

In the past, they admitted, four or five of the 3 1/2-foot
wicket gates had been broken, This had been caused, they theorized,
by an "insufficient quantity of metal in them," so a small quantity
added to the thickness would make them safe. Indeed, the firm was
willing to grant a one year's warranty.

King and Livingston on August 25, 1832, notified the Board that
if it had not accepted their June 5 quotation for wicket (paddle) gates,
they wished to withdraw it. Because of a recent price rise of cast-

iron, they found that they could not afford to make deliveries at the

price quoted."

5, King to Ingle, April 21, 1831(Ltrs, Recd., C & 0 Co.),
6. Livingston to Mercer, June 5, 1832(Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.).

7. Xing & Livingston to Board, Aug. 25, 1832 (Ltrs. Reed., © & O Co.),

74


If the immediate construction of Dam No.7? should be agreed upon,
the present plan might be executed for all but two or three of these
locks. The ashler and coping could then be prepared at the quarries
near Hancock and boated up the canal upon the completion of Dam No.7.
Only a short time would be needed to put up the locks, after ail the
materials had been prepared. If, however, the decision was to dis-
pense with the building of Dam No.7, the Company would either have to
build rubble locks or temporary wooden locks.

As an alternative to his chief's proposal, Morris on August 18
notified Fisk that in constructing Locks Nos.60 to 66 the Company
should adhere to the plan prepared in 1835, when the difficulties of
securing suitable stone for them was foreseen. He accordingly advanced
a proposal to build these locks of rubble masonry, with the queins and
coping of cut limestone. The rubble masonry could be secured in the
vicinity of the locks, and the cutstone could be purchased from Hantz's
quarry, near Hancock, taking advantage of periods when the Potomac was
navigable for barges to transport the stone upstream,

The bond in these rubble locks, from front and rear, "to be headers

and stretchers alternately and to be suitably broken by each necessary

15. Fisk to Board, June $8, 1839 (Ltrs.Recd., C & 0 Co.},

12



VIL.

LOCK GATES

Information on modifications of the lock gates made in-the period
immediately before the gates were installed in the Tunnel Hollow locks
is found in the correspondence of the Division Superintendents with
Chief Engineer Fisk. It is probable that these modifications were in-
corporated in the gates for Lock Nos.62-66,

Superintendent Stone of the Hancock Division, on March 21, 1846,
reported that the lock gates on his division had been modified in ac-
cordance with Fisk's latest instructions, All now had cast iron frames,
while the arms had been framed with a shoulder of 2 inches on the upper
side, which would prevent the breaking of the tenons of the ams.”

Superintendent Elgin of the Harpers Ferry Division reported on
April 26, 1848, that he had taken measurements of the shoe for the
lock gates. The diameter of the shoe was six inches, with a 3 1/2-
inch recess with a depth of 2 inches for the pivot to work in, ‘The
weight of those in use was 24 pounds. The pivots had flanges with a
diameter of 6 inches. He would prefer them to have an 8-inch diameter,
with 4 houses for bolts with sunken heads, it took about 130 spikes
to each gate or S20 to a set of gates. There were about eight S-inch

spikes to a pound. The collar to the cast iron valve weighed 9 pounds.”

1. Stone to Fisk, March 21, 1846{Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer}.

2. Elgin to Fisk, April 26, 1848(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

70


The small force employed by Ritner 4 Co. at the quarry soon
dispersed and drifted off to other jobs. On April 27, 1846, Dungan
complained to Fisk that all work on his division had been suspended
since the 24th, except on Section 324. He urged Fisk to "insist upon
an adequate force being immediately put upon the work in general, the
Tunnel in particular, to insure its completion in the time specified
by the contract 1°

In accordance with Dungan's suggestion, Fisk notified Gwynn §& Co.
on May 19 that their attention "must he mainly directed to the Tunnel,
the Town Creek Aqueduct, Dam No.8 and guard lock, the locks and mason-
ty in general."

The stockholders learned in June 1846 that work on the "SO-mile
section" had been resumed in November. From the spirit manifested by
the subcontractors, high hopes were engendered that the work would be
prosecuted with "vigor and energy." The Board of Directors’ expecta~
tions were quickly shattered. While there was no way of “ascertaining
the actual expenditure," as of May 1 only $85,384 had been paid out on
estimates submitted by Chief Engineer Fisk. Of this sum less than

$4,000 had been disbursed for work on the Tunnel and masonry,

21. Dungan to Fisk, April 27, 1846 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer),
Thompson, the subcontractor on Section No. 324, had three nands and
two carts at work,

22, Fisk to Gwynn & Co., May 19, 1876(Ltrs. Sent, Chief Engineer).

29



SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON THE 50-MILE SECTION, APRIL 10, 1850

98

g ra z
a o o S n ”
Br 2 a é 3 ca 8 8
‘2 3 = a § ” = 3) iS)
ae S |e |B ts o | £18 a | 3
o | & u z § 6 5 8 a I o £ 8 $. S$ 8
3s g § gs Hy 4 i oO we 2 w 3 a z B z
Locks Nos. } @ | © ied 2) = = a s a e 2 & a # a a
$9 1 2 3 4 1 1
60 6 1 2 9
61 1 1
63-66 9 3 6 14 2 3 1 39 10 4 2 2
Work had been sukpended in March on the 1i-lo.
SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON THE SO-MILE SECTION, APRIL 27, 1850
Locks Nos.
7] F
59 2 2 4 1 9
60 4 2Z 4 i oe 2 1 1
$1 1 7 1 5 10 3 2 30 17 6 2 3
63-66 6 2 9



Fisk two weeks later was able to notify the Board that there
were upwards of 700 laborers employed on the ''5Q-mile section,'' and
men were Teporting in such numbers as to justify him in concluding
that there is "a reasonable probability of the canal being finished
within the contract rime "36

The contractors to whom the Composite Locks had been sublet
by Hunter, Harris & Co, seemingly dragged their feet, In Mid-August
they were slowed by heavy rains. Buell § Watt's puddle ditch at the
Tunnel] Hollow locks at that time was down to bedrock and partially
excavated, Steritt at Lock No.67 had salvaged some of Ritner's plank,
which had been washed into a drift by the flood of 1846, Dungan
caused an uproar when he had refused to accept these timbers as floor-
ing or sheeting. A compromise was effected when Dungan told him he
would receive the heart.>!

Scant progress was made in September by Buell & Watt. When they
learned of this situation from Chief Engineer Fisk, the Trustees
scolded the contractors for the Tunnel Hollow Composite Locks, Buell,
in reply, complained on October 7 that "sickness has both disabled my

force during the past 6 weeks or 2 months, and rendered an increase

36. Fisk to Coale, June 2, 1848 (Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co).

37. Dungan to Fisk, Aug. 1b, 1848 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer}.

35


Two months later, in February 1839, Morris, in response to an
inquiry from Byrne, advised the contractor that he could subcontract
the Lock No,62 foundations, If he should do so, Byrne was to bear
in mind that the "timbers &c" were to be similar to those called for
in the foundations of Lock Nos.60 and 61 except: (a) all the 29-foot
Sticks were to be 31 feet in length; (b} all the 32-foot sticks to be
of 34-foot lengths; and (c) the remaining timbers to be increased in
length one foot each,i.e,, the 51's becoming 52, the 49 1/2's to be
50 1/2, etc, Longitudinal timbers beneath the front of the lock wall
were to be of the usual length.

Because of the changes in length of the foundation timbers,
Byrne was to see that sheet piling of six-foot lineal length was used
in the lock, besides the 42 square feet of 2-inch plank used for sheet-

ing in Locks Nos.6@ and 62,

He would also contract for the lumber for the mitre sills and
platforms; the specifications to be similar to those enumerated on
December 15 for the five locks.

Timber for Lock No.62, as well as that for the other locks in
the series Nos.60-66, was to be delivered by early summer.

In contracting for the floor planking, Byrne was to be certain

that no planks exceeded eight inches in width and that all were free

of sap.

60



These arrangements were threatened by the withdrawal of the
Barings, because of the tightness of the international money market,
but it was anticipated that local capitalists could be persuaded to
step into the breach. Three men (Allen 8, Davis, Nathan Hale, and
Horatio Allen), acting as agents for the contractors, were able to
carry the negotiations to a successful conclusion.

The Board in the fall of 1847 drew up and executed a mortgage of
the Company's revenue. Phineas Janney of Alexandria, W. W. Corcoran
of Washington, David Henshaw and George Morcy of Boston, and Horatio
Allen of New York were named by the Board as representatives of the
28 New York, Boston, and Washington capitalists who had undertaken
the sale of the bonds, By the terms of the final agreement, the
financiers agreed to take $500,000 of the bonds and the subcontractors
$200,000, in addition to the $400,000 already pledged by the State of
Virginia and the District cities.”

Work was resumed on November 18, 1847, under a modified contract.
The old company was reorganized and a new one succeeded to its con-

tract with the Canal Board. Gwynn and Cunningham retired, but the re-

28, Miles! Register, 68, No. 19 (July 10, 1847), 293; Proceedings
of the President and Board of Directors, H, 92-95; 20th Annual Report
(1848), 3-4.

29, Proceedings of the President and Board of Directors, H, 94-96;
20th Annual Report (1848), 5-6.

32


Iv,

EXCAVATIONS AND EMBANKMENT FOR LOCKS NOS.62-66

In Janvary 1848 Assistant Engineer Dungan forwarded to Chief
Engineer Fisk calculations of the excavation and embankment needed
for Locks Nos,62-66, Dungan, in making his estimates, had assumed
the bottom for lock pits "63 1/3, 64 2/3, & 66 is 2.41 and for 67,

1,141." The levels of rock at each lock were:

Levels of Rock at Each Lock

Lock No. 63 1/3
Tail, level of rock = 2.3 or 127.3B rock base,

Lock, level of rock 89 ft. up 0.4 or 125.48 rock base,
Head, level of rock 89 ft. up 0.7 or 124.38 assumed.

Lock No,64 2/3

Tail, level of rock = 0.9 or 115.98 assumed by drill, about a ft,
below the bed of drain,

Head, level of rock = 2.1 or 112.9B assumed by drill.

Lock No. 66

1.4 or 103.6B rock base.
5.3 or 99.7B rock base.

Tail, level of rock
Head, level of rock

Lock Excavation §& Embankment

Lock No.62 Embankment Excavation
cubic yards Cu, Yds. Cu. Yds, Cu.Yds. Total
Rock Loose Slate Earth Cu. Yds.
Farth Excavation (to be done) 300-300
Earth Embankment 8,500

(to be done)

63



fiegh! fda Livi Ci leasad bg 3? p30

Ghat SALLE Ligs
Milka Fac y

fe
. Wiheecetertle terete te tose a.
Aste bee be nvate Jolene tet Gow Oli Or ftevyy tf THe Shegtonn
Mee AY er Claw tiene, tesa nte ret Jari & Jee Ahlan,
Ware Oot hale al ph attln Le file atawt TE home Att tectet: Afifi
vt hw toe ten, al AI Ahan hte FP tals Pogue On gee ae 0 ff eaweres on,
wie Sentatid mht. Phe, olinn gti Slut On be péiore Fo
al Oe <p fiwtsee Ferd it :
OO carer Billa HO LF trercen Ei Loewen,

akg beeline, AS DS Sleteads Pewee plo Repoleg BecetneeT nmesne
Ce Bacto, ‘

Wee »

 pever! Tle. htt. te Lhe pore’ Latt ented te ates g Fu
We 6 lny diawte emwte ad OF tent tele Fe bree OO pgp cia bape
“,

(Fi8@ crate, ate anrety Oraedtly Morais 140. FE.
hed Codd SF Meni ewan wena. restge paren.

OHer ed ttt wpletttnt Ei he tagfe ena Fleet wopewen ict nat fareticded
Y Riaieg Comes pleatled CF Jeevan auras Maartnie olen, Ot. 6 eetemd

0 vnc if a ee eBts Chl), AON S tan Kal MoE the a ele By nm
Jttlairy Whi. Kitts Thi whin nay Fomor,
Was feg AML Cop .
TOY dayeat
PLATE T1L
Byrne's Trensmittal Letter ete.

ae



and pulling 285 carts, 20 scoops, 13 ploughs, 11 two-horse wagons, 3
three-horse wagons, 28 four-horse wagons, 1 six-horse wagon, 5 one-
horse railway cars, 14 two-horse railway cars, 10 three-horse rail-
way cars, id drays, 4 brick-making machines, and several cranes,

The railway cars were being employed to remove rock and trans-
port bricks and other materials at the tunnel; in the transportation
Of stone from quarries to Lock No,58, the locks in Tunnel Hollow, the
Oldtown Locks, and the Town Creek Aqueduct. The total length of
these temporary railways was nearly nine miles. They were of great
assistance, as they expedited the work by reducing the number of
horses and enabling the contractors to carry on their work more eco-
nomically than if they hauled in wagons over the public road network.

As of June 1, Fisk estimated there remained to be done on the
locks:

Work Work Done Work to be Done Total

Locks $74,308 $153,523 $287,831 46

On June 30 Fisk visited the Tunnel and saw that the recent hot,
humid weather had slowed work by keeping many of the men “in-doors."
More alarming, however, was the discovery that large numbers of labor-
ers had walked off their jobs and had gone to work for the Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad, which was pushing construction west of Cumberland

toward the Tygart River Valley. As the railroad paid 87 1/2 cents

46, 22st Annual Report (1849), 25.

4)


XII.

CARPENTER'’S SHOP

A diligent search of Record Group 79, Papers Chesapeake and Ohio
Canal Company, at the National Archives has faiied to turn up any docu-
ments containing data on the Lock No.66 Carpenter's Shop. Archie Fran-
zen, in his Historic Structures Report, "Survey Report for Lock #66
Complex," December 1967, discusses the background of the Carpenter's
Shop, describes its present condition, and gives its dimensions.

We concur in Architect Franzen's recommendation that as "so little
is known of the operation of the carpenter's shop, it might be best to
remove the existing fabric remains and stabilize the masonry foundation

rather than reconstruct it,"

Bae

82



paid as follows:

Ashler per superficial foot... ...... -$ 1,10
l-foot coping per lineal foot... ..-,.. +. 2,20
2-foot coping per lineal foot... ....-. 3.30
Quoins per foot vein including &¢ the ashler

upon them per foot vein. . 2...) ++ ~~ 11,00
Backing per perch... .- ee ee ee ees 2,20

Project Engineer Dungan would use these figures to calculate the
money due Byrne on his contract and then draw up two estimates--one
for Locks Nos.59 to 66, and the other for roads, railroad cars, and
tracks built to facilitate the construction of these eight locks,
Three thousand dollars had been budgeted by the Board of Directors
for construction of facilities ta get the stone from the quarries to
the lock sites in Tunnel Hollow and below.”

These locks were to be buiit in accordance with specifications
formulated by Chief Engineer Fisk and his staff in 1837, A copy of
the specifications is found in Appendix A,

As the stone for the locks in Tunnel Hollow would have to be
hauled from the quarry in Twigg Hollow, above the Lock No.61 site,
Byrne turned a crew under James Lambie to building a railway on which
horse cars would he employed. Work on the railway lagged, and it was
February 28, 1839, before Lambic reported that $2,206.12 1/2 had been

expended on it. He broke down the costs into categories, which were

6. Fisk to Morris, Feb. 11 & May 30, 1838 (Ltrs. Recd., Morris).



FOREWORD

This report has been prepared to satisfy in part the research
needs as enumerated in RSP CHOH-H-12, Historic Structures Report,
Parts I and II, Locks on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, As proposed
by Acting Park Superintendent Robert W. Bell, this report was to be
a thorough historic study of all lift locks along the C & 0 Canal to
insure that there will be "an accurate and historic restoration" of
those locks which it is administratively determined to restore.

When research for the subject RSP was undertaken, it was appar-
ent that in the time allocated for the project it would be impossible
te prepare a Historic Structures Report to encompass ail the locks on
the canal. It was therefore determined to focus this report on the
Composite Locks, as Lock No.66, which is to be restored in Fiscai Year
1968, is of this type. RSP CHOH-H-12 accordingly deals exclusively with
the Composite Locks, A Supplemental RSP will have to be prepared and
scheduled for the Masonry Locks.

A number of persons have assisted in the preparation of this
report, Particular thanks are due to Superintendent Dean McClanahan
and Supervisory Ranger Robert Bell for their assistance at the site;
to Architect Archie Franzen for sharing his knowledge of construction
techniques on the canal; to Frank Sarles for reading the manuscript;
and to Mrs. Lucy Pope Wheeler for her painstaking work at the type-

writer, and editorial assistance.

Washington, 1D, C,
March 21, 1968



Hereafter, no section of the lock masonry Would be raised higher
than eight feet “until it is all raised to that height, including the
dry wails below the lock,

Dungan on April 28, 1849, reported that Buell § Watt had com
menced hauling stone for their locks the previous October 30, Since
then they had hauled: in November, 24 loads; in December, 36; in
January, 31 1/2; in February, 21; in March, 33; and in April, 73. The
stone averaged two perches to the load, so that by the end of April
457 perches of stone had been quarried and hauled for the Tunnel
Hollow locks.

To insure the completion of those locks by the deadline, Dungan
urged the contractors to increase deliveries. By employing three cars
instead of two, they should be able to haul 288 perches per month;
using six cars, $76 perches for the same period, and using 12 cars,
1,152 perches. In six months 12 cars would be able to shuttle 6,912
perches from the quarry to the construction sites. According to his
calculations, 6,800 perches of stone were required for the four locks, “2

Buell § Watt promised to do what they could to expedite deliveries.

A number of stone cutters and masons were added to the payroll.

42. Fisk to Dungan, Dec. 2, 1848(Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.)

42, Mungan to Board, Apri2 28, 1849 (Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.),

38


ing and longitudinal sills for tock flumes,} Verbal instructions on
this matter, or his memorandum on the subject has been lost, because
a diligent search of Record Group 79 has failed to turn up Fisk's
reply to Dungan's letter of February 14.

Dungan was instructed by Fisk on May 2, 1850, that if the work
in the flumeway at Lock No.62 was ‘firm and close the paving could [be]
dispensed with, except for a distance of . , . 20 feet at the upper
ent." If, however, it would not hold water, it would have to be paved
and grouted. Fisk was of the opinion that for the time being the
greater part of the paving could be dispensed with? A test showed,

as Fisk had anticipated, that the paving could he dispensed with.

3. Fisk to Dungan, May 2, i8b0{Ltrs. Keed., C & 0 Co.).

69


DATA 10 BE PAINTED ON LOCKS AND GATES

The Board on July 1, 1831, ordered that the distance between
the locks be measured and marked on the lower ends of the locks.*

The Board on August 17, 1836, ordered the number of each lock
to be painted upon the balance beam of the lower gate, and also the

height above tidewater, *

1. Proceedings of the President and Board of Directors, 8, 399.

2. Ibid., B, 122,

77



412/> -219

THE ~
OMPOSITE LOCKS

ESAPEAKE & OHIO CANAL NATIONAL MONUMENT

Historic Structures Report
Historical Data Section

PLEASE RETURN TO:

March 31, 1968 TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER

DENVER SERVICE CENTER

B&W Scans NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

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Ellwood Morris had resigned, and Assistant Engineer Henry M.
Dungan had succeeded him as assistant engineer in charge of the Tunnel
Division. Dungan in 1845 maintained his office at his home on the
Virginia side, near Baker's Store, which was about one-half mile aboye
the Baltimore §& Ohio's Paw Paw Tunnel. With the contract with Gwynn
& Co. about to be signed, Chief Engineer Fisk laid plans to beef up
his corps of engineers, A numbex of former employees, who had been
laid off and were interested in returning to work, were recalled, 17

On October 12 Dungan notified Fisk that he had encountered no
difficulty in recruiting hands for his engineering force at 7S¢ per
day. By spring, however, he doubted whether he could have “suitable
hands . . . for less than $1 per working day.

After studying the data forwarded by his assistant engineers,
Fisk found that the Company had on its payroil three Engineering Parties,
a Superintendent of Masonry, and one Superintendent of Sections, The
number of axemen and chainmen per party varied. Each party was headed
by an assistant engineer, whose salary was $1,100 per year, The men
holding these positions were. the following: John A, Byers, H. M. Dungan,
and T, L, Patterson; Joseph Knode was Superintendent of Sections, and
A. B. MacParland was Superintendent of Masonry. MacFarland’s pay was

the same as the Assistant Engineers, while Knode was paid $33.33 per

1]. Fisk to Turner, Oct. 6, 1845, and Fisk to Patterson, Sept. 29,
1845 (Ltrs. Sent, Chief Engineer}.

18. Dungan to Fisk, Oct. 12, 1845 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief @ngineer).

27


EE E-~ ?_?_?_ I EE OE

Appendix A {cont'd}

kof tho masonry nya

‘our londrest and fordyth
Mn te ugper

le wine hall epliy Inet

veil wide the

Below Mie wppiay sili
ireetion of the tock, and :

luctaliedl fa

@ feet cach inc

<ul lovee wing shall duseend win fet in ite [easel
aint, “Phu comspail upper wing in like manner dovceails nia inches.
corven around, as ip roproapited on the plan that lay bees calibilcd, into a alc
sd ands welve fect below the upper paint of she lock wiazoney, ricasuting in the
‘tard comer futme te upper antraaco to tho fume, and ix foroned ond cars
tin Jock moapery.  vut Isyel tho same lens
wie] then connects with a straight wall ¢anniac out at right amcles 19 the leew
‘ot ure ymepoacs of &

FLUME.
fumeccrall stall bo 24 great ne in'tha judgment of the E; :
fs: ill bo of timber of fhe sam dimoasions line used in whip Jock foun:

laced fengthwise af dhe nd directly weder ite free, » foot square white oak tic
sich will be a row of sheet pillng. similur to that for the lock. Upon this timbce, a1
¢ timbers of th auine kind, ten fot in Jungll, apd Projecting out two foot beh.
fsundation, which alall ba one foot fower tina ihe Jock foundation, will bo tilt #1 fun
wingewall of tha Inck, kit ahall bo carried on of wxisane,

15, the widili and depth of which will bo greater er fess in ptopariian te
che qeanlity of water to bo passed theotigh, a6 shall be Jetcrmined by tho Enyincor, "Tien toy ef ta
ive ta the full height of the leek wall, with aa epeniog ar note eft through it, On tke ace edu of
there will bo Jeft a racess, far tha parpose of reeciving a feane of woud wark. Tho Vetiont ef Us

I. ot wi

caped with stene pluced oa adga, ai extentiing four fear ino the wall and wo feut xc
The width of the luck will bo Sficien (cot at tho bertons, woh perpendicular walls on tho fac, excty
les kere wild Le a batter of one huncredih ol u cot to tua faye rey on eucle wall ix Ite miele

ae tho Engiwut may direct, to nothing tho gates. ‘Tha wales of the |
al, will be seven feet dick at the byizert and for tuet thick ona level wikis Ia bet wm ol
He Coping excel Hal Jur setuuteo® feed jp enh aysinat Ihy ower gales, meawuring upwards fom a pairt Lve
Lr below the appr side of the moin sitl, u >» sam ® poim the same distonea buiow the upp: side of Iw
i Htleuding, op to th im with she upper wings, the hack of tio mein walls at Wowtse
dbalf Sort fear the front lin wall 1 tho shambar, aad at tho top under the oping ‘¢ ahal
cuscited Sone te sate Hing, These thickness, hawever, may bo increased ar timin-whed, a4 lea"
seqvira or justify. To caising the walls they shall bo diminishad in thickuess |v a half incl
Uy whtce oflacts eo arranged as te make precisely thu samo oeount of masonry ar Uv: it wern tr
unl font te Lattom #9 the top thickness.
chuf the four recesses for une gutes, for aix feat of caeie height aut for their whats ices. Jt, Uiare shal.
the bollow qvcite aod otkct work shalt be mado (0 eo orm florote.

FACE STONE.
RU aun, and aueb us sliall be approved 6° vy the Eugi-

bateur, 4a
batter ew
n

nivil recess of Sour inchos ia doy

1G, The s:0ne winil be of a qualiny 9 enduro rhe frost a:

peer nr Superintendent of nevsonry.
luce stuney except the ellaw queins snd

wing, shal Le wult seabiled in their sae,
iF, $0 slent, by taking off of each of ths scabbled surfaccs onu Laff inch, a parses
ery raxpeet inigtit ba had. La other wards, the bode, tho joints, aad
plot 3s tho Leds, joints, aod (sen of cut aiona in ave:

H header oe bya
dar. Aud, ie lay

re belaw,
: ekcons of tia fuce af wie Lower courae oF stoa

cosrae of piaukiag being wm i
30, Na cuuesn shall ba Teas &
hed. thy thickness of

sliail bo coe >

ve Tess alert
course is greater than eigtileea juches, ten aha stzateher

shall not be les diye te foe wipe
front thy

wu rae thee fro
 antke it in bol
inadens sina pot ba 1 the Lage Teas

iy incies, All of the Leaders shalt
face: of dic wall d

Tenth Ibeoeg lout ita oltg
(iw course, nel ia 10
IF ot less thue forly j
we by loss Hau eighloen inches
v3 Tuer 9

iether bu

upon cach otler theumzhout th)

eslinates uf wore done oid wm
'« and ap. Tuculers be

ne wi nuy munny be paid upon such portion vf cha stretchers us sliall oxesei 4

co for caeh lend

o young stint all bu closely cutulerousiiout ir lec, their beds, ant lvir joivts

ic Antlow shall bo tho Imader, and the half’ Leltvu the atrciches, 0 that

wl stevichers, The straight part of thy *whaln hnluew? iv the reecss afialt avr be test

hs wilth as they du
terialy pre par

Es

8



The cost of the timber for Locks Nos ,62-66, which required no cribs,
would be $21 a lock, ‘Timber for Locks Nos.61-66 would be received
at Fair Play and be delivered to the sites by scow,

Byers at this time agreed to finish Lock No.60, the timber for
which would cost $500 delivered.

The ironwork (bolts and spikes} for the cribs and fenders would
be forged by Mr. Stiles at his shop near Lock No.62.7

George , Merchant proposed to build the cribs for Locks Nos, 60
and 61 for $25 each, and the fenders for Locks Nos,60-66 for $35 each,
all the materials and a boat to be provided by the Canai company.”
His price was considered teo high and was rejected, Fisk now directed
Dungan to carry out this project with day labor. Carpenters who would
do the work for what the Company would pay were scarce. On February 8&
Dungan, observing that the carpenters scheduled to work on the pivot
bridge had not arrived, inquired, “Would it be possible to send enough
up from Washington also to put up the cribs and fenders? By the end
of the week, he added, 411 the timbers, except those for Lack No. 60,
would be on hand.° The carpenters soon arrived, and on March 3, Treas-
urer Ringgold forwarded Dungan a draft to pay for their services and

for the timber and ironwork, ©

3. Dungan to Fisk, Jan. 20, 165i(itrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).
4, Merchant to Fisk, Jan. 23, 1851(Ltrs. Reed., Chief Engineer),
5. Oungan to Fisk, Feb, 6, 1851(Ltrs. Recd,, Chief Engineer).

6. Ibid., March 3, (Ltrs. Recd,, Chief Engineer),
79



They would be :

Towpath Wall Berm Wall
Coping = 12 inches Coping = 12 inches
1 = 12 inches 11 = 12 inches
2 = 13 inches 12 = 13 inches
3 = 14 inches 13 = 14 inches
4 = 15 inches 14 = 15 inches
5 = 16 inches 2S = 16 inches
6 = 17 inches 16 = 18 inches
7 = 18 inches 17 = 19 inches
8 = 20 inches 18 = 20 inches
9 = 22 inches 19 = 21 inches
10 = 24 inches 20 = 23 inches

183 inches 183 inches
Joints - 2 inches Joints - 2 inches
T85 inches TSS inches

Thus, the height of the walls would be 15 5/12 feet or 185 inches.
Consequently, it would be necessary for Byrne to have his stone cut~
ters "cut the several courses to the exact heights named, as they
will increase by the joints in settling so as to rise the altitude
we want,!!

Byrne would also see that in each of the gate recesses, a smali
sub-recess (four inches deep, six feet in height, and of the same
length as the main recess} was built. The under side of this sub-
recess would be at "the bed of the mitre sill both at the upper and
lower gates."' At the tail of the lock, the four-inch recess would be
formed on the towpath side by a six-inch check along the lower bed of
Course No.7 for the length of the main recess, and on the berm side
by an eight-inch check along the lower bed of Course No.17, the length

of the main recess. At the head of the lock the four-inch recess



leaders threatened to push on to the Tunnel. On April 22, Dungan
warned Fisk that if the men were not paid by the 30th, there would be
a general strike that would put a stop to all work on his division, e

On April 23, and again on the 24th, the men at the Tunnel had
struck and had marched down the towpath to Lock No.61, stopping all
hands still at work. Dungan was told by Haines and Murray that Upton,
who was one of the leaders, had endeayored to secure a gallon of
brandy to treat the men after they had stopped work in Tunnel Hollow,
The strikers appeared to be acting under the influence of the con-
tractors! creditors, who expected the bondholders to pay the arrears
to insure completion of the canal. The strikers, it seemed, planned
to hold peaceable possession and voiced no threats. Several men,
satisfied that the projects would be shut down for some time, took
their bundles and left the canal.

Piper , one of the foremen, promised to get the men back to work
on Monday the 28th. Dungan, however, feared that Piper would be un-
able to make good on his promise. If the strikers did not return to
their jobs in the near future, it was feared that the rest of the
hands would walk off’ Apparently, Piper knew his people better than
Dungan, because most of them were back on the job at the Composite Locks

and the Tunnel on April 28.

62. Dungan to Fisk, April 13 and 22, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

63, Dungen to Fisk, April 25, 1850(Ltrs, Recd., Chief Engineer).

50


«APrendia

Yanscl. Mat deus Bete

Shar PAUSE
AE, birhaal ans
Condon cbio mila § OIC
oan Ohi .

A bane, frsed tokan Fie. heighb 2, hin Certs of

wrk te bt co? a ‘

M Bebo

More Readhetthaléc Wer. Wale

wherwgn m Mle agen 6 Ming

Co) Mews CR oa a 2
a

ea Wy ~ av
vos wow id
a = i.
fa 4 a A , eT
Suen r «tb nw te Mo
_ 6.4 6. kk Grasse),
yoo Do-%
if a ra
Fe a De Fo.
a + 2b wo gh
Wo 3
orcaute pohly. Din Benly =_ 2d.
Ws vcdy Ws Jacks

'
46 emis ter Atel. PF BO Cape ttt cm ofl:

oh. Whole Bedgl ft

pf tte apo oe) Oe
Matt wilt the on oath wide is fs 0r- 125 etoile.
Abita oh bs .

10 Corvettes Onatreed highh } . WS
Moraate for bint nb He rele Gotta edad. Be
ae

SS Mal A ete. be res fore cot the dnmak. ensary te lhe avaed
hecohts Manat, ct Paty lutte rearacate> bu, Mee. Aials le selling wnat

be ne tae abbthde toe. wacts /
W


Fisk reported that the thickness of the lock gates at the rub
post was 12 inches, and at the toe post ten inches.

The breast wall of Locks Nos.1-25 were directly under the upper
mitre sill, and rose up nearly to the bottom of the upper level (its
front being in a line with the downstream side of the main sill}. The
upper gates of these locks were therefore shorter.

The breast wall of the remainder of the locks was entirely above
the upper gates, The upper gates of these locks were consequently

the longer ones, 3

3. Fisk to Pickrell, Jan, 10, 1850{Ltrs. Sent, Chief Engineer),

71


maining partners, Hunter and Thompson, continued with the addition of
a third partner, Thomas Harris. 2°

The Board of Directors now authorized various economy measures to
facilitate the early completion of the canal, It was determined to
adopt the proposal submitted by Chief Engineer Fisk in 1839 to sub-
stitute kyanized wood for cutstone in a number of the locks. The con-
struction of lock-keepers' quarters and the arching of the Paw Paw
Tunnel were to be deferred till after the canal was formally opened
to Cumberland, 2 All efforts were now to be concentrated on the single
object of completing the canal to Cumberland in some manner at the
earliest possible date. >"

Cement for masonry along the "S0-mile section" would be supplicd
by Hunter, Harris & Co. A contract was signed with George Shafer, who
ran a mill below Dam No.6, “to burn, grind, and deliver at the mill
120,000 bushels [of cement] at the rate of 12,000 bushels per month,
if required." A second contract was negotiated with Charles Locker

of Cumberland for 60,000 bushels at the rate of 6,000 bushels per month. 2°

30, 20th Annual Report(1848), 7-8,

31. Proceedings of the President and Board of Directors, G, 255.
32. Sanderlin, History of the C & 0 Canal, 157-158.

33. 20th Annual Report (1848), 20.

33


270 bushels; and the Potomac Mill, 1$0 bushels, By October 21, Lynn's
fourth kiln with a capacity of 120-bushels would be in produetion.””

Hunter, Harris & Co, now encountered great difficulty in raising
Capital. Work accordingly continued to drag, and in December they
were compelled to ask the Board for another extension. The Board,
meeting in Baltimore, extended the time limit of Hunter, Harris & Co.
for completing the "S0-mile section" from December 26 to April 1. In
granting this extension the Board agreed to defer the "laying of the
stone coping of the locks, and other pieces of work, not necessary
for the commencement of navigation . , . until after the admission
of water, to facilitate’ their transportation. These deferred pro-
jects, it was held by Chief Engineer Fisk, could always be undertaken
at a season of the year not calculated to interfere with navigation
on the waterway. >>

Work done by Hunter, Harris & Co. as of January 1, 1849, totaled
$583,202, while work to a value of $382,927 had been accomplished dur-
ing 1849. Thus the value of work completed as of January 1, 1850,
was $966,036.

To complete the "50-mile section", using the 1845 estimates,

would cost $235,528. Fisk informed the Board at this time that $163,138

50, Fisk to Board, Oct. 2, 1849 (Ltrs Sent, Chief Engineer);
famberland Civilian, Ict. 12, 1849.

51. Cumberland Civilian, Feb. 22, 1850.

44


By the evening of March 14 all the men on the ''50-mile section,”
except those at Cumberland and those at the Tunnel Hollow locks, were
back on the job. Hale was confident, however, that the strike at
those two points would soon be over, He waS correct, as the men were
back at work on the morning of the i?th.

There was labor unrest again in April, as the Trustees failed
to meet their obligations, On the 9th the men working on the Oldtown
locks struck, and came marching down the towpath from Lock No.68 with
a flag. A letter was handed to one of Dungan's men that evening, noti-
fying him that all hands from Cumberland to Town Creek had ceased to
work and were determined to "prevent the completion of the canal till”
they received their back pay for the period, January through March,
‘The people at the Tunnel and the locks below were asked to join in
the demonstration.

A storm kept the strikers in their shanties on the l0th, so there
was no trouble. Dungan, concluding that the strikers would use the
day to recruit, wrote Fisk urging steps be taken to prevent another
march by the disgruntied workers, before the strike spread to the
men employed on the Tunnel and at Locks Nos.62-66.°

On the 12th the “rioters'' were out in force, and they marched

from Oidtown to Section 325, where they halted al! work, and their

60. Fisk to Coale, March 14, 1850 (Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.).

61. Dungan to Fisk, April 10, 1850 (Ltrs, Recd., Chief Engineer).

49


had been paid out for the construction of the locks (Composite and
Masonry), while work to a value of $45,456 had to be done on these
“works of art."*

The winter of 1849-1850 was very severe in the mountains of
western Maryland, On January 7, Fisk warmed President Coale that
the cold weather was unfavorable for earthwork, but it should not
interfere materially with the construction of the dry masonry and
wood work of the locks.?*

Assistant Engineer Dungan was also having his problems, On the
day after Christmas he checked with Fisk as to whether a second
Flooring of 2-inch plank should cover the platform and extend down
and rest against the lower mitre sills in the Tunnel Hollow locks.
Personally, he was at a loss as to what should be done with the 8 1/2-
foot 12 x 125, squared on both sides, that had been allowed for crib-
bing? Either Fisk gave his subordinate verbal instructions on the
subject, or his reply to Dungan's inquiry had been lost.

On February 18 Dungan forwarded to Fisk figures as to the quantity
of stone used in the "face work" for the four locks being built by
Buell @ Watt. These estimates were for ail "the walls laid in cement

above and below the gates, and the dry masonry above the mortared

masonry below the lock gates." His estimates were outlined below.

52, Fisk to Coale, undated, January, 1650 (Ltrs. Recd., ¢ & 0 Co.).
53, Fisk to Soard of Directors, Jan, 7, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., C & O Co.),
54  Dungan to Fisk, Dec, 2h, 1849 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

45



On August 7, 1831, King agreed to deduct from the contract price

for the wicket gates made from his patent
what ever the Engineers shall say the difference in
expense is between the iron and wooden gates--the
cast-iron frames which were to be used--and the dif-
ference between a 2 inch rod which was contemplated
for the wooden gates and a 1 1/2 rod which is to be
used for the Iron gates, Provided . . . that the Iron
gates be made of sutch [sic] dimensions as only to pass
the same quantity_of water in a given time that wooden
gates would pass.

When they had delivered the wicket (paddle) gates for Locks Nos.
5-25, King and his partner, Livingston, had warrented them for one
year with good usage, These gates had been cast at the furnace of
A. & J. Ellicott at Oak Ridge Landing, Maryland. The wicket gate at
Lock No.17 broke on April 18, 1831, and the Superintendent of the
Georgetown Division believed the difficulty was in the iron box, which
held the foot of the gate, being improperly fitted into the wooden
frame. A letter was accordingly addressed to King requesting that
he have the foundry cast a replacement. If, however, they dragged
their feet, it would be possible to take the pattern and have one

4
Cast at the little foundry near the Tyber,

3. King's Froposel (C & 0 Co. Mss, Correspondence),

4. Willians to Boyd, April i8 and Wright to Ingle, April 19,
1831{Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Ca,}.

73


APPENDIX (A\
Lon?

SPECIFICATION

For Locks on the Chesnpeute and Ohio Canal.

«of walls, Foogth of titers,
‘ass tall, these dimensions will |

lislow, are for a lock of
jjudgnevat of the Engineer may be tha

ws intl

FOUNDATION.

Soundation cannot be Wl, the tock aly
Lrananctacly of te loch and closely
2 Ot top aad bottom,
Tiaastha will bo as follows, Ueginaing at tha head of the Tock?

So of ‘Lamgth on the towspath side Length an the bers
piceen. ‘of thacentre of tha Doak. tide of the cenize.
234 fect FL fect

buts of simitar diver
lee lack, and whicl shall be placed 10 wad, Giey stall bey ane divcetl uwécr tha feaat. as.
bee being unter use muconey. These lengitutival ¢imbers .

racurods and where theit onds

b, paraile] and elose to then under

“sed ia the foanlation bull ter wyunred. "Tha 16 of the wamnvorse

of the canal.

rows of sloct piling, of well-yoiated tines-inch yellow
wanavena timbers, and running across tha whole brcadile of the

red, nid asrang)

vely against the b

Taseveree tank

aphotca, tlheew hs conse af plank of foot n

a sw arly walee tight uA poss
ia lock v6 the lower ent

ach plavk, Ww seeura it well 0 U2 ti

. The Tock be placed on rock, and the foundation af 6

woot shall adjndze tho difforcace in coat between the tinber found: :

¥ for the foundation as high up av the leer of the loek, whieh diflerence aiall bo cides. fro
aie on tha lock, a4 the casa may be,

EXCAVATION OF THE PIT.

f the pit few 1 jiand epili, with Whiin suc aig ah

iF, Le contilerod nveossory, vs wet] for the security of thu wosk by peal» wlig
ialied, us for apace suflicient for tha work dusiog Wise construction. Aiter tye exes!
tw os jto1 sll bu prepared ia auch nanner ot the Lngincer timber may b:

d from the lock pit, f apposed: of by tho Eosinaer, may be used
cr material, whether of rock oF of earth, shall bo deposited a
wa hudzed fect iteun the pits and if placed in the efabankments
spreticariou, the extra labor eaused toseby ‘dial be paid for at the oxtimate of tbo Enzi
wony casorve the tight of eouning tho Cooiractor for any of the neichbaring embn

ha matoricl being uscd diat embynktuent. They leo Tesorve Hho right

any time doriag the consiruetion of ibe fock, for the pudding up amd. ts

fa hands lsired und paid by the Conipany.  Unicas tho Car.

Usoy shall Uo 495 the Contractor shall carry ou tho push

rida of it be nearer than two evi w
me be id ued greed.

as wateccted dy the Engineer, 26 tabaad oti
ot part of the masonry that Any af auch

8a


Once a month, on pay day, the workers along the "50-mile section"
crowded into Cumberland. On March 15, 1849, the editor of the Civtl-
tan learned from the workers, who thronged the town, that manpower
was abundant on the canal, and that the contractors planned to press
the work hard, ‘now that the season had opened.’ Unless there were
some unforeseen developments, he predicted, the '50-mile section"
would be ready for navigation by October 1. This news caused a num-
ber of boatyards to be opened. A leading Cumberland businessman was
said to have signed a contract with the coai companies to boat 100,000
tons of coal to the District cities in 1880, "3

The Cumberland Civilian carried an announcement on June 1 that
the editor had been checking into the reports that water would be
admitted into the "$0-mile section" by October 1. On doing so, he
was delighted to see that over 1,200 men were at work, He had learned
from project superintendents that the "two cut-stone locks, between
Dam No.6 and Cumberland, would be completed by July 1.“ As for the
13 Composite Locks, three would be finished by late August. Timber
for the lock gates was now being delivered. It seems, he assured his
readers, that nothing "connected with the completion of the Line has

4h
been neglected,""

43, Cumberland Civiltan,March 15, 1849.

bu. Ibid. , June 1, 1849.

39


© 2. Te nhefir ah Vl
ty, Me” A SEE

hale 1d, Fit bog >
hig by TES r-G*

ae uma ee

yom ha me a LOO Cee

ae Tree. bt Gann

Vb ewtl ent fan loa Prema TR gtepnes toee ~_

ion eign mig ote we welt Lene
ly (omne, femmes t~ eng. ~—

Z Along mm PB cree et ee Crm Bo Banal ooh

(he nfl form mee net Om it wee

i i or BLS ZZ suns CO

f Liew bee Klemen Henn mt elianly wetness ty
hi liy ard film Rowe Be Pwo fatty ame tah nfer BE

pins ene OA wwthellen ferry ete Bie, oe eer ent KF
patel sO ol RE so. as ale Ln a Pee

bowel tan fon Ke flesh. ae tne

Kim dk fers” , “ es Fan Lrh—

Sic Ere AK ks Jax ap .
A Fares,

~ af- “fm <

~ Za *~
Leiba e a e Side
Dungan's Transmittsl Letters and ‘lan of Flum “hs Los fcalhe S

Planking. Ne Pas

108

Geers,


412/D-219

THE
OMPOSITE LOCKS

ESAPEAKE & OHIO CANAL NATIONAL MONUMENT

by
EDWIN C. BEARSS

DIVISION OF HISTORY
Office Of Archeology And Historic Preservation

March 31,1968

National Park Service PLEASE RETURN TO: U.S. Department of the Interior

TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
DENVER SERVICE CENTER
RATIONAL PARK SERVICE


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All of haf ft tac: fefeny DOP] 0 fut

CBt¢le Jo Hee Boca fe athe cowetin
af fasstfoc ta TE flat Timwebw rien vie Fling VE ey 2 branes vor
Wn grimeian yp tei fd. anol D facutad on Whe 60 fa ¥ mle te
We fuel tnt Bis Cofuny SJ Jerejens ET ten le PR Sera
spe. Rly, pie ae tah Ia tote ef Thi foe ometgy PB IT Ot
et Le fod Barat aoe Cw be The tend f Te wade, goin
Hhsas 7 Fale D4 fut asi PLS Hib a a rae wd LG E ad Hh a tlgw ond

a Pe Ga OR, rene Meey dele bf eA OG cif

S Chisel pRaee tan LAO Aaa? ren Hed ntl md 0
a 7 ee a na

PLATE ¥
Bills of Timber and Blank. . in Coping, etc.

bel


By the end of May 1849 Bueli & Watt had finished the foundations
for the four composite locks subcontracted to them by Hunter, Harris

& Co, When he checked their work, Dungan found:

Timbers used for foundations in the four locks 13,600 cu. ft.
Planking used in the Jocks... 88,000 superficial ft.
Lining timbers 2.2... ee et ee 6,734 cu. ft.
Planking timbers... . . . .55,700 superficial ft.

or all together 141,700 superficial feet of planking
and 20,334 cubic feet of timbers.

No timber had been included in this estimate for cribbing, part
of which had been delivered. Buell needed six timbers 49 feet long
for Lock No,62. If he had submitted all his bills, the Company could
allow him about $1,200 for timber and planking, and $400 for 800 super-
ficial feet of scrabbled stone at the quarry."

Dungan, in June 1849, in accordance with instructions from Fisk,
had added several items to his estimates for Locks Nos.63 1/3 and 64 2/3.
Buell§ Watt would be paid for the ‘cement filling" between and around

the foundation timbers at a rate of $3.50 per perch.”

4, Dungan to Fisk, June 7, 1649(Ltrs. Rec@., Chief Engineer),

S. hid.

62



Before work could be resumed, however, the Trustees would have
to get the men,‘ who had struck when they were not paid, back to work.
Trustee Hale and Assistant Engineer Dungan spent March 12 at Oldtown
and the next day at the Tunnel Hollow locks. At both places the men
were on strike, and they encountered resistance when they sought to
persuade them ta return to work, without making any promises beyond
their means. At Oldtown, the men agreed to resume work after dinner,
provided: {a) the Trustees would pay for 211 work done since the 1Jth
on a weekly basis on Saturday nights; (b) that they would be paid
one-half the February estimate on Saturday of next week; and (c) that
they would be paid one-half the amount due them for the first eight
days of March on the following Saturday, and the other half of these
sums "if the work goes to completion.°>

Their appeals to the men working on the Tunnel Hollow locks had
been less successful. They made ho commitments about returning to
their jobs, But as they seemed well disposed, Hale felt that upon
reflection they would be satisfied that the proposition offered was
the best the Trustees could make under the circumstances, and after

discussing it among themselves they would vote to accept it, >?

58, Hale to Coale, March 13, 1650 (itrs, Recd., C & 9 Co).

59. Ibid., March 17, 1850 (Ltrs. Recd., C & O Co.),

48


APPENDIX E

SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON TI SO0-MILB SECTION, FEBRUARY 11, 1850.

96

a
ye w nd
2 : i 2 e
“2/2 ]s [8 H = oye
5 8 * 3 & 5 £ a e » »
3/8 |e |» | 2 - }/s | 24¢ |e {8 5 1k lo |e {2
g p 5 g 8 3 4 8 a 3 g a 2 & 2 £
ra
Locks Nos. { = S & & = = & 3 & 2 2 a = & x 4
59
60-61 ? 2 4 1 14 8 2 2
62-66 2 1? 35 10 23 4 1 4 98 25 10
No carts, oxen, boatmen, or boats.
SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON 71 50-MILE SECTION, PEBRUARY 25, 1850
Locks Nos.
59 3 2 2 4 ll 8 2 2
60 1 2 6 2 4 7 24 6 3
61 2 6 8 2 1
62-66 2 28 33 1 lo 27 6 4 101 37 8 1

4 carts and 2 oxen as well. .



The contractor was to receive Canal Company bonds maturing in
20 years, bearing six percent interest payable semi-annually. Work
was to begin in 60 days and the canal should be completed in two years,
The maximum cost at which the contract would be negotiated was Chief
Engineer Fisk's estimate of 1842. As security for the repayment of
the bonds, the Company offered a pledge of all revenue, subject to
existing mortgages, The latter phrase constituted a stumbling block,
because the State of Maryland refused to waive its sizeable prior liens.®
The Soard of Directors in 1843 and 1844 devoted considerable atten-
tion to a campaign designed to secure legislative approval of a waiver
by the state, Since 1844 was both a national and state election year,
there was considerable excitement. Two big issues im the local cam-
paign were the related subjects of the state credit and the condition
of the canal. in some instances friends of the canal were defeated,
but on the whole the results were favorable to both issues. Governor-
elect Thomas G, Pratt and many members of the new Assembly proved friendly

to the canal, 7

6, Sanderlin, History of the C @ 0 Canal, 148.
7. Mandeville to Price, Oct. 5, 18hk; A Short History of the
Publie Debt of Maryland, 49; Sanderlin, History of the C @ 0 Canal,

152.

23


Most of the "works of art’ on the ten miles above Dam No.6 and
on the sections between Cumberland and the Narrows had been finished.
Along the intermediate 30 miles very little masonry work had been
built. The reason: the difficulty in securing at a reasonable cost
suitable building stone. Chief Engineer Fisk had suggested that struc-
tures of kyanized wood "may be resorted to as a temporary, if not per-
manent, substitute for some of the works of masonry where this scarcity
of stone exists," But because of the shortage of working capital, the
Board had continued to drag its feet. The members were understandably
more concerned with meeting the financial crisis which had engulfed

22
the Company.

22, 2th Annual Report . . . (Washington, 1640), 14-15.

19


Be Lo) 7 “hon bie) 2D OO Nett) tod Clots (Mee fr Cen, fect te

“c Move Vous tee herd Gad
offre ev yt Lotsa He referdat fal bel fat
we eet Afi Pere | Gen, an] PACH

c Gn ne bn en 3.50
an Tar Veiny de COS L8
ia fhe a | On vn pacar L0bg3\ 3390

woe An —  |Aovas| 29.89 |
a2 * eon ux heel Ao. !

Chin senile! ape ative! Gf} (tea tie Bee feed

et flaw ecd 6 fl -—" lbw nba Glr.ae

(lo0 7 dete Gate lon wen | Bebo

Rye lga0. 2 |Gu vee] 2etce

ay ” 2G. — Gu xan WP G4LO

Ye a lO" BH {hu “hen L400

D» . Se Gu |awv age 4M

Fo Ne on! 106 LAGGO)| BOLL
ly * 2/0 Gr | Guselan FO-£0
LA Dan ~— Gun Lee| /9L,00

on

2 « 106" b0\ fukn 66.00

« Bu — | Gu he 26.00
le oe Pron \Gu~ b-| SF Z2S
le» | on &e [Qn bo 09.20
la « lan Gee Ju‘ Ge Lose

| Soceke Ae enhited
2 feecieed | & fat Aauinbinl Dace
to/ “ on ~ Gu eG

. | F600 |
(a « Gr Gul sure! Bree i
lyn yom ldesgel  eey ayr6y| 2097
ly “ yr Ane bul VBCO
ig om — We « Ge P2472, |
Dense Drie avs Ae bile Cote pate decade reniD {
Rie. ff heb i
'b flecaed SEF tts | Btn Gai JOas |
ar So Gu |Gn- Ge Yb.50 |
lp oe ~~ | One Sore |
lyon gr GF | On eGo Jays |
I * 15" Gn NOn¥ Gu OF. 75
‘4 Nagar Ge |QeuG-| sony,
lpg Yn = Be tben QIe
‘yo fit ~ | hee hn ft ays $98:771 4740
lye. 133 - lauva-| aoa
iyon | ge lane be 10.00)
fA # 44 ant bn 2200
tye Bln Bn [lene Gn 43.50
aon Gr Ge |Guvael a
ig» Jr 9+ 1 Qexen| |
: |Z | | frewea I7¥a p41 Jaze
Uivtonetf By View fearited om ervate thts y of Ha Sov ma nedin [
oA cim dee jriere whore teens, Persad itn emeviminanet: tain |
Wo fare tbitn des ME gaclitciey fp Pheade, Face | .
tril ihe Sh fun ghee Wb peal

yas Jae Pies oe

iL flee ia olin GPa
Mgt the ata Se

PLATE T¥
Bille -of Timber and Blank, etc.



Subsequent attempts to complete the necessary arrangements
appeared to be making progress in May and June 1846. These hopes
were dashed, when efforts failed to interest merchants of London,
England. The contractors next turned to local capitalists for assis-
tance, Here conversations reached the point of assigning quotas to
de subscribed by interested bankers. This plan likewise faitea,”°

Another year passed before negotiations again reached a stage
which gave some promise of success, Several events by this time had
improved the prospects affecting the sale of the bonds, The State of
Maryland had finally provided for the payment of the arrears on its
debt and for the prompt payment of the semi-annual interest in the
future. This measure helped the credit of both the state and the
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. The Virginia Assembly now author-
ized the state treasurer to guarantee $300,000 of canal bonds. The
corporations of Georgetown and Washington had authorized the Joan of
$25,000 and $50,000 respectively to the contractors in exchange for
canal bonds, while the citizens of Alexandria took up a private sub-
scription for $25,000. The activities of these three cities in April

1847 guaranteed $100,000 of the bonas>?

26. 18th Annual Report 1846), 11; Cox to Coale, July 19, 1846
(ltrs. Recd., C & O Co.}.

27. 19th annual Report (1847), 4-5, Wiles Register, 68, No. 12
{May 22, 1847), 179.

31


Mr. Moore's orders to save bedding the stone.” When questioned by
Dungan as to how this had occurred, Clarke expressed the opinion that
some one must haye misdirected the mortar bar and had run the grout
into the dry masonry. Dungan did not believe him, but he decided not
to press the subject. 7°

Meanwhile, it was discovered that not enough timber for coping
had been stockpiled at Lock No,66, On taking inventory, Dungan dis-
covered that the only coping was for the flume opening at the tail,
He felt that it would be wise to substitute timber to cover the 13 1/3-
foot opening!

This situation had been corrected by mid-July. On the 17th Dungan
found that there was sufficient timber and planking on hand for Bueli
& Watt to accomplish all the woodwork at Locks Nos.62-66, except the
coping and stop plank for the flumes, The iining plank for the gates
had been unloaded at Water Station No,12, Dungan had asked Mr, House,
the keeper of the station, to alert him should anyone disturb the
planking or attempt to attach it. It would be wise to bave it hauled
over to Tunnel Rollow and stacked, The lock gates and casting for
three of the locks had aiso been delivered and were stored at the

shop on the Virginia side, opposite Tunnel Hollow.

70. Dungan to Fisk, June 12, 1850(itrs. Recd., Chief Engineer}.

7l. Ibid,

s4



wee don

& Aue 2! hbotiler Lirparore crane

Sele at Cun bene

OL

aud ,
A : _ a Oe ae
PEO Ad pretee “eh Lean Bn BL hho \
2.0 , Me ys “An /8. 29.
. eA
. ‘
a2 2, Me, /8 tom, BG aN whee at at
wana Be 4 ” CO wg COn SG
Fm ow Mee, ys o- “ee!
4 4 “ “
Gor hesseundt 0p pa Lemke x a
PLATE XE ae Cw kagh vine fotos
Stuck's Plan of Fender Improvement, :

107


VIIL.

WICKETS (PADDLES) FOR LOCK GATES

Chief Engineer Wright in 1829 made a detailed study of John }.
King's patent of a Wicket Gate for canal locks. What Le sun con-
vinced him that King's model was the best he had yet seen of a puddle
or wicket gate, and he advised the Board of Directors to adopt it,

{A copy of a King's Patent accompanies this report).

King had told Wright that he was unwilling to enter into agrec-
ments with the tock contractors separately, but he would contract
with the Bourd "direct a€ & vents per Ib. A wicket ur puddle gate
2 foot squure, King reported, with all its fixtures would weigh [90
to 200 pounds.

As Wright had planned the gates, there would be two paddies iu
each of the lower gates of two feet by 18 inches, and they would
weigh 160 ta 180 pounds each meking four wicket gates to a Jock,
Wright was of the opinion that it would be of benefit to the con-
tractors if the company compe}ied them to use cast iron wicket gates
instead of wooden ones. He trusted the Board would follow his recom-
mendation and bargain with King.

The Board on August 30 agrecd to use King's cast-iron wicket

gates, provided the contractors would pay the cost thereof. ~

1. Wright to Board of Directors, July 30, 1929{Lire. Rece.,
C & 0 Co.}.

2, Proceedings cf the President & Board of Dirsctors, A, 316.

72


An article reputedly inspired from Baltimore was published in the
New York Herald casting doubts on the value of the canal. It exagger-
ated the duration of enforced suspension during the winter months. [t
emphasized the more frequent handling and trans-shipment of coal via
the canal route and the greater damage to the product. President
Coale refuted these assertions, but the effect of their publication
among financial interests in New York was fe1t.t*

All the while, the Board conducted an extensive correspondence
in its efforts to assure the guarantees, Friends of the canal were
active along the Potomac. Public meetings were held in the "upper
counties, and spirited addresses" were made to "enlist confidence in
the completion of the work.'’ An ordinance was passed by the city of
Alexandria to indemnify any of its citizens who might sign the bonds
of guarantee, 2*

Twenty-eight instruments, including both personal and corporate,
were eventually signed and delivered for 22$,000 tons of trade. Gov-
ernor Pratt formally accepted the guarantees and certified his approval

. 13
in August 1845,

ll. Coale to Allen, May 13, 1845, Ltr. 3k. G., 263-264,
12. Wiles' Register, 68, No.€ (April 12, 1845), é5.

13. Special Report, 17th Annual Meeting (July 22, 1845); Sanderlin,
History of the C & 0 Canal, 15h.

25


iB

“rg

ie

2

he
Sie ote bE

i

(P,3002) @ xXTpuaddy

Kaz) a od. Oke
CL re 8

6568
~2O SG
oe
#4. ;
95%

a



as follows:

For Labor--grubbing, grading, and laying tract

926 1/2 days--labor, at $1.25 per day, . . $1,158.12 1/2

48 days--blacksmith, at $1.75 per day, . . 84.

2 1/2 months blacksmith at $16 per month,. 40,

65 days labor--superintendent at $2 per day 130,

28 kegs of powder at $3.75 per keg 10s
SST ar 7

Tinber--including cost of delivery

164 1/2 duys--carpenter,at §1.75 per day $287.87 1/2

141 3/4 days--labor, at $1.25 per day 177.18 3/4

135 days--horses, at $1.00 per day 133.

77 3/4 days--drivers at $1.25 per day 70.93 3/47
3689, 00

Meanwhile, Assistant Engincer Morris had heen devoting much thought
to the positioning of Byrne’s locks, the amount of excavation required
for the lock pits, and the type of foundations needcd. On December 7,
1838, he forwarded to Fisk his estimate of the cost to the Company of
the excavation and masonry of four locks, each of eight-foot lift,

located in Tunnel Hollow. In obtaining this data he had made calcula-

tions siting the locks in three locations. We reported:

Position Excavation Additional Masonry

Position projected on survey
of December 1, 1836... . . 11,000 perches 3,601 perches
cost $56,111.
Each lock moved up 200 fcet
above position one... . . .19,100 perches 3,167 perches
cost $63,487,

¢. Lambie to Fisk, reb. 2@, 1839 (Ltrs. Reed, Morris).



‘ f
/ Biowte \ beinkie pot pen

oa og i ’ ?
i Web — Sale,

PLATE 22



XI,

WORK DONE ‘TO ‘MME COMPOSITE JOCKS IN THE YEARS 1851-1852:
CRIBS AND FENDERS

On December £8, 1850, Superintendent Dungan forwarded to Chich
Engineer Fisk a bili of timbers for a crib under the lock Flumes, In-
cluded for cach lock were to be:

to, 9x Ys of O Feet in length j_ abi -" “$50
13, Y x Ys of 12 feet in length) 164 cubic feet x 10g =$16. 41

these timbers were to be of oak, and 12 cribs would be required
ut und aboye Lock No.60. In addition, 25 perches of stone were needed.
To improve the fenders at each lock would require:
2 pieces 14 1/2 Feet long 12 x 12s = 29 cubic feet
ieces 10 4/2 feet long 12 x 15s = 26 1/4 uprights

s 12 1/2 feet long 9 x 9s = 14 bearing picces
44 pieces 6 fect long 6 x 6s = 66

Total of 1351/4 cubic feet x 10¢ = $13.55

Workmanship 10.60
For each lock 23.53
Lock Nos.60-75 $352.95 1
Cost of 16 locks y3Ie.4e

Dungan soon thereafter forwarded to Fisk a plan of the fenders,
drawn by J. C. Stuck. A copy of Stuck's plan accompanies this report, ~
On January 20, 1851, Dungan reported that he had contracted for

the timber for the cribs and fenders for the 16 locks in his division.

1. Dungan to Fisk, Dec. 18, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer}.
Upon the completion of the Canal to Cumberland, Dungan had been named
Superintendent of the Cumberland Division.

2. Dungan to Fisk, Dec. 19, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

78



recommend the letting of the entire line from Dam No.6 to Cumberland.
If the Board sanctioned his suggestion, Fisk would recommend that
Assistant Engineer Ellwood Morris, with his rodman (A. H. Williams),
be left in charge of the division from Licking Creek to Hancock. More-
over, it was intended that Morris have supervision of that section of
the line east of the arca over which Charles H. Randolph had jurisdic-
tion. This section would include the Tunnel, over which he already
had genera] superintendence through Assistant Engineer Henry H. Dungan.
Fisk believed that Dungan ought to continue to oversee work at the
Tunnel,

Randolph at the same time would be in charge of construction from
Section No. 324 to Section No. 349. As heretofore he would oyersec
the work at the Oldtown Veep Cut, Section Nos. 333 and 334.7

The Board, om June 15, advised Bender that after studying Fisk's

recommendations it had determined to let contracts in August, "em-
bracing all the line between Cumberland and the Narrows, a distance of
ten miles," At the Narrows temporary locks could be placed by which

the navigation from Cumberland could be accommodated one year earlier

than by a continuous canal. Between the Narrows and Dam No.6, the most

@. Fisk to Bender, May 2, 1837 (Lers. Recd., C&OCo.}), ALE
manuscript source material referred to in this report are deposited in
Record Group No.79, Department of the Interior files, Wational Archives
and Records Center, Morris’ crew included, besides himself and Sungan,
Benjamin F, Brannan, Felton Henderson, James Thompson, Morgan Srively,
and Thomas Snyder.



—burethrr Crent BnertIlETg

“ Ch rboe ww. Pade aye
Chak bare Cha f Chie BO
ifom
OF bisiner aK Greene Kae flee

OL flere dled hrmeron. ty AE. Phcite. Wt th athe
“leg Line tty eer, lida cot cweg lien Fo Cwactney engl te
Ph nile Me igm bt araelarees! og pag pln ble are an
Iinmmeniles cov te here Carl, ufone umhkarte Thy? hfe vt fla
And dnrtet WE den T full & tora ftite believer,
Stren. ch.0 8 C70 Ay the fork GD cove han taersid
hy b thpmh breast fetted le tles Poacn. ladon Kihkeng:
bi hi tran ae fh Uhh, CP tials. ha MetBe mule
2 “rere ape Se Theos yptaryine foot

Ohyvan tell fsceeene, Cort Ae cng carer fog holly
Leyla eval han feed” foun Kale ff toot Oa Fgh “fe.
Gd” frente 7 Sgt a oa ee Aa De ad wlefe He Fah
form The $* of obhe. 0A GL Icon, wee FG DA
“6, Vie ad oreir te CISA Titans oof Aleta Leer
lh Ce aeeunphna. fle ante etalon 7m ferfindee “<
Aarne fo Be SOO IGE Pintle teh Dhar, Jon pon Ine

lay, oFenre ae a ow other wnvta, fte ae

Agta tle Mt fi ir cel 4 Lo frmeened Brae Momeee A Kinfane

Va ;
Ab baivhet AF hrgfie. Hea thnernsy wilt: be Permeeg by
wi Z A “4
Mnarday at kawltegh le tuable tras be flay fK ie Fowewme, Ho
Det forget ew tedtiow boosts, _
we Me gungan'e Tranend tal Letter with Vig ow FLY LC bao?
Pian by J. E. Stuck for Fender Improvenent.  -4/,¢,, Ch eee Cee Pg ss

io


IX,

PAINTING FOR LOCK GATES
The lock gates were to be painted and treated with linsced oil.
There is no information as to the color the gates were to be painted

at this time, i

1. Van Slyke to Board, Sept. 20 and 30, 1630(Itrs. Recd.,
C&O Co.).

76


GD der pecuees Offre WbdL YAH om

[0 Ri ene tbe CITE Ey.
Bloviy, Boa gereone
wt,
OF Bere Poewn bere Late ws

Me telies yo Jetersid Guu Hla. tremor waleetyg tty BEA. wap fone
Orr Coon, Da erfinr yy Ola Covent ted Ce, oF one offinty
nthe Wxe wet tell rhe OT tne ta Tea eh. abn OE C4 ected,

Leh ATT of Che if Yer, dered Fo 2. af Fe Movein An ee py ne

sheer wary fen A whey ain of Paves Miaheat ad tyerem gees.
SIN teens CR neee tore ee, Whi OFM MIs I Loan,

Apes g eel He ged Orel Eb ee a ine yA AE flor a le ele,
Vo OL hii obi hy Fle. teeR~ Bae ot, E ee MS Gind eet,
AOE Ti, whip Poeds I flecterte I Cad ays Pie gba FOC Ch 5
at dhe. Mo ght G Wie One tee fs Hie, ane pa fl Mle Et KE rin
ede fae Pode. Op frewla teary FRE tena Pores The ber aT tice, aon als
Corugrny Pha lof Bek hy fig Acme Tibi terek of Bhi 0%
Col alee ro gaci ct Be hott S Shelovew Phe ho awt torte, en
the Ae ste Tillie finer aie of Veialin ot tye need hey C8. ad ree
10-8, LOA eon Ear Loett., ont Ofren One ath me A

lim 400 Ra Dd et ensag FO rer get I Alin dle 40. eenne oF

sel Hho Coreedta tf Pie ny Calls I Bi ped bi. P ba We of
Wn btelen. Ve7 CraneS el tary AL
bai, ft alt,
Che PLP
Llp Pog
PLATE V1

Byrne's Transmittal Letter, with Sketch of Plan, etc.
fot


“

A PrENDK §

(27273 3

Arvy 18 2 (8 38~

hb Ppasnaut, Calentita ;

GO KG

4 le AR qf trehe |

‘
‘

87



Civilian commented, "As Byrne is an old and experienced contractor
and possessed of ample means, there can be little doubt that the work
will be Finished at the time designated."

By August 25, work on the Tunnel Division had progressed to the
point where Dungan reported that, until this moment, "I have been un—
able to name a date when I would be able to admit water to Lock No.66.""
But Haines had now informed him that he would have the stop plank up
by the next evening. If this were correct, he would then be ready to
receive water on the Tunnel Lever, /?

A little before 11 a.m, on August 31, Dungan had the upper gate
at Lock No.67 opened, By 12:30 the water had reached Lock No.66. The
only leak reported was a slight one at the Tunnel. 76

The only "works of art" not now completed on the "SU-mile section"
were those in Seven-mile Bottom. They were Locks Nos.59-60, and the
waste weirs on Sections 282 and 283. Lock No,60 was finished and
ready for water on Tuesday, the 24th, while Lock No.59 would be ready
the next evening. By the 24th all that remained to be done at Lock
No,58 was to hang the gates, and Haines and an eight-man crew had been

detailed to raise them. Haines, however, was delayed by the discovery

that he was short 30 bolts,

74, Cumberland Civildan, Aug. 2, 1850.
75. Dungan to Fisk, Aug. 25, 1850(Ltrs. Reed., Chief Engineer}.

76, Dungan to Fisk, Sept. 1, 1850(Ltrs. Reed., Chief Engineer).

$6



there had been threats to attach the planks stacked at the railroad
siding to satisfy claims against Hunter, Harris & Co, by Groves for
stringers used for the railway to the quarry . ©

Additional carpenters were recruited by Buell, and by mid-April
they were hard at work on the coping. Assistant Engineer John Byers
on April 17 forwarded to Fisk plans he had prepared for the wooden
coping in the upper and lower recesses of the Composite Locks. He
wished to know which should be adopted. Sketch No. 1 of the upper
and No. 2 of the lower recess were drawn for a single line of joist
timbers. The other sketches had been drawn with the thought of add-
ing strength to the “points liable to be struck by the boats" in
passing through the locks, and "to avoid short pieces."

At the upper recess, he would cut off the post (A) at the height
of the 6 x 6 cross ties, and pass the 10 1/2-inch x 6-inch timbers
over it, thus protecting the end from the weather, and bringing the
top crib log against the end of the 10 1/2 x 6 and also against the
post © Copies of these plans accompany this report.

Fisk, on the 22d, notified Byers that the plan he proposed for
providing additional strength to the wooden coping at the upper and

lower recess should be adoptea.°?

65. Dungan to Fisk, March 1 and April 5, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief
Engineer).

66, Byers to Fisk, April 17, (Ltrs, Reed., Chief Engineer).

67. Fisk to Byers, April 22, 1850 (Ltrs. Sent, Chief Engineer),

52



Writing the Board on Septembcr 25, 1839, he advised the members
to make a change in the plans and specifications of the locks under
contract to Byrne along with those not currently under contract. He
recommended the adoption of a plan for Composite Locks similar to those
found on New York's Chenango Canal. Reports regarding these locks
were favorable,

If the Board went along with his suggestion, he would see that
dry walls were used "for all the lock from a point seven feet below
the upper gates down to the tail of the lock.” These dry walls were
to be faced with timbers and planks, "so arranged as to be water tight,
and so secured to the dry walling as to be easily and readily removed
and replaced in the winter whenever required.'' This woodwork to pro-
long its utility should be kyanized,

Fisk would also recommend ''a heavy stone coping (instead of wood
as on the Chenango Canal)." This stone could be secured at Hantz's
Hancock quarry and boated up to the Locks, where it was to be laid
after the "50-mile section” had been opened to navigation.

The saving to the Company by the adoption of this proposal would
not be less than $750 per foot lift. For example, on the eight locks
(Nos.59 to 66) under contract to Byrne, and on the five locks (Nos.67-
71) not under contract, the saving would total not less than $78,000,

byrne, he reported, for the past several months had been "working
to great disadvantage § loss in consequence of the uncertainty there

is in regard to his work.” To relieve the contractor, he suggested

1s


extend the deadiine for completion of the "S0-mile section" by Hunter,
Harris & Co. to December 26, 1849.

On October 1, Chief Engineer Fisk notified Hunter, Harris §&
Co. that if water were to be admitted to the "S0-mile section" by
Christmas, they would have to see that the subcontractors increased

their force to:

Masons Bricklayers Workers
Contractor Work Required Required 9/25/49
Ritner § Co, Lock Nos. 59 § 60 16 6 9
Culverts 206-208
Bueli & Watt Lack Nos. 62-66 22 6
To build the lock gates and the wooden waste weirs, install a

the wooden frames in the masonry waste weirs, do the wood work on the
bridges, and position the wood linings in the locks, would require 25
carpenters on the projects east of the Tunnel. On September 25 the
number at work was considerably less.

If the new completion date were to be met, $0,000 bushels of

cement would be required. Deliveries should be scheduled as follows:

October 1 to 15 12,000 bushels
October 16 to 31 15,000 bushels
November 1 to 15 15,000 bushels
November 16 to 30 $,000 bushels
December i to 15 5,000 bushels

“30,000 bushels _
The three mills currently supplying cement to the contrac-

tors could be counted on daily for: Lynn's, 510 bushels; Shafer's,

43


Above level of breast wall 8.00
Head of lock 54.39
Towpath § flume wall 33.06
197.19
So far the subcontractors had laid 1,170.30 perches of stone

9 at this time Dungan

for the locks, three feet in from the face.
had forwarded to Fisk a report of the work accomplished by Buell &
Watt as of November 21, 1849, on Locks Nos.62-66, A copy of this
work appears in Appendix y*

Hunter, Harris 4 Co. finally came to the end of their resources
in early March, Pay day came and there was no money for the arti-
sans and laborers. On the 9th they assigned their contract to the
Trustees to enable them to complete the "SU-mile section.” Before
the Trustees took over, Fisk had notified them that the "failure of
Hunter, Harris § Co. to carry through the work to completion in their
own name has occasjoned delay, thereby postponing the time when the
navigation can be opened to Cumberland.'! Fisk now estimated that
water could be let into the upper ten miles of the canal by May 15,
into an additional 18 miles by June 1, and into the entire 50 miles

by June 125, ot

55. Dungan to Fisk, Feo.1U) 2850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

56, DBungan to Fisk, Feb. 2, 1850 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

57. Fisk to Trustees, fpril 15, 1859 (Proceedings of the Presi-
dent & Board of Directors, ¢ & O Canal}.

47



By the summer of 1834, the Company had contracted for and re-
ceived 132 of King's wicket gates, Since then the Company had had
other gates cast for which King had not received any money. In the
opinion of King's lawyer, Orville B. Dibbie, the slight changes made
to secure the top gudgeon in its place, whether it slid or was secured
to the frame of the gate, made no difference.

A compromise was reached, and the Company agreed to reimburse

King for infringing on his patent.

8. Dibble to President C & © Canal Co. » June 13, 183k (Ltrs.
Reed., C & 0 Co.)

75


would be formed on the towpath side by a 12-inch check along the upper
bed of Course No.10. The top of the recess would be formed by pro-
jecting Course No.6,

On the berm side there would be an 11 inch check, four inches
deep, along the upper bed of Course No.20. ‘This would be the bottom
of the recess, The top of the recess would be formed by a one-inch
check, four inches deep, along the lower bed of Course No,16. {See
Appendix C for a copy of Morris‘ plan for the sub-recesses.)

The hollow quoins were to be cut to fit “the four-inch recess
by checking hack, square with Recess face, 4 in. deep at the inter-
section of the strap of the Hollow Quoin with the face of the Recess,''2@

By the winter of 1838-39, it was apparent to Byrne that he could
hot complete the locks as scheduled, so he wrote the Board asking that
he be granted an extension from November 1, 1839, until November 1,
1840, Fisk, when asked to comment on Byrne's request, reported to the
Board that he felt Byrne was justified in his plea, as he was unwilling
to bind himself to accomplish the impossible, He requested that the
Board authorize the Commissioner to make the change, "as Byrne had al-
ready been at very great expense in preparing for wark, for which as yet

he had received no estimate," The Board was agreeable, >

12. Morris te Byrne, March 1, 1839 (Ltrs, Sent, Korris).

13. Proceedings of the President & Board of Directors, 7,22.

10



By the late winter of 1850, the stonework at Lock Nos,62-66 had
been nearly finished. A large force of carpenters was now needed to
line the walls of the lock chambers with "kyanized" planking. This
would be accomplished by securing five and one-fourth inch square vertical
studs to the stone surface at 30-inch intervals. The stud fastenings
were four-foot long, one-inch round iron rods driven into the masonry
joints and threaded at the exposed end to receive square nuts. There
were two rods per stud. The studs ran from a six-inch wide by three
and one-half inch deep sill at the bottom to the underside of the
coping. A layer of horizontal planking was nailed over the studs and
another layer of veritcal planking was laid over the horizontal plank-
ing for strength.”

Dungan on March | had voiced the opinion that if they were to be
completed as scheduled there should be at least 25 carpenters assigned
to Locks Nos.61 to 66. He feared that work on the gates was lagging.
With the exception of the gates and coping for the locks, his latest
estimates had included nothing that had not been delivered,

As to be expected, the labor difficulties caused a significant
reduction in the carpenter force, By April 4 there were only 15 at
work on the 5 locks, Seven carpenters had left for North Carelina

with Watt. As yet, the crib timbers had not been delivered, while

64, Arckie W, Franzen, "Historic Structures Report-Survey Report
for Lock No.66 Complex," (Files, SPS), pp. 1+2.

51



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 MICHAEL BYRNE FALLS TO BUILD THE TUNNEL HOLLOW LOCKS . . 21
Ji BUELL § WATT BUILD TILE TUNNEL HOLLOW COMPOSITE LOCKS 20
TIT LOCK FOUNDATIONS . . + ese ee te ee ee ee ee . 58
IV EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT FOR LOCKS NOS, 62-66 oe + + -63
¥ CRIB WORK AT HEAD OF THE LOCKS . - - e+ eee tes » 67
YI FRAMES AND LININGS OF LOCK FLUMES ©. 6 1 eee ets . » 68
VII LOCK GATES «ew ee ee ee ee ~ . 70
VIII WICKETS (PADDLES) FOR LOCK GATES . . +. s+ + + +72
1X- PAINTING OF LOCK GATES . «2 ee ee ee ee he 76
X DATA TO BE PAINTED ON LOCKS AND LOCK GATES .... - 177
XI WORK DONE TO THE COMPOSITE LOCKS IN THE YEARS 1851-1852 . . . . 78
XII MAINTENANCE OF THE COMPOSITE LOCKS, 1857-1910 wee eee ee 80
XIII CARPENTER’S SHOP cr +82
Appendix A-- Specifications of Locks Formulated by Chief Engineer
Fisk and Staff in 1837 . 6 6 ee ee et et . + 83
Appendix B-- A Copy of the Computations and Drawings Prepared y
Brannan. 2. ee ee ee OF
Appendix C-- Morris' Plan for the Sub-Recesses » 1 - ee ee ee OL
Appendix B-- Work Accomplished by Buell & Watt as of November 21,
1849, on Locks Nos. 62-66... ee ee eee eee 84
Appendix E-- Semi-Monthly Return of the Force Employed on the
"50-Mile Section’ for the Periods February li-
April 27, 1850. 6 6 6 ee ee es . +96

di



VI.

FRAMES AND LININGS OF LOCK FLUMES

Buell § Watt had posts sawed for the linings of the flumes,
Assistant Engineer Dungan, on discovering this, reported that where
the masonry had been put up, it would facilitate the work if the posts
could be framed in after the longitudinal sills had been secured. To
shift the entire frame backward and forward until each post would have
"a full bearing was no trifling job, but if the sills were fixed each
post might be readily fitted to its bearing and we would have a Fixed
base to work from."

The contractors' current practice presented no difficulty, when
the timbers were put up before the masonry was started, To expedite
the framing, he suggested that the post be framed into “the longitudinal
sills plumb and the batter given by bevelling the beds of the silis."?

In February 1850 Dungan asked Fisk for additional instructions as
to how Buell § Watt were to position the side planking of the flumes,
if it were to be flush with the 12-inch posts. He would also like to
know how the 12-inch posts were to be “set upon the longitudinal sills,
whether to project 2 inches in or out, & if set in whether the 10-inch
posts should also be set inch out to bring the side Plank flush to a

3 inch rabbet in the 12-inch posts."@ (See attached plan for side plank-

i. Dungen to Fisk, May 12, 1649(Ltrs, Recd., Cuief Engineer), Tue
carpenters preferred to arrange the framing by “tenon & mortice," but by
so doing the rabbet of two inches in the longitudinal if cut plumb was
not on the seme plane as the face of the post.

2. Dungan to Fisk, Feb. 14, 1850(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

68



Following the established procedure, proponents of the canal
introduced a bill in the new legislature to provide for the waiver of
the state lien. This time after a stiff fight it met with success.
Both the canal bill and a stamp act to provide effective means of
meeting the interest on the state debt, after being defeated, werc
reconsidered and passed in the crucial House of Delegates by one vote,
38 to 37, The canal bili provided that the Chesapeake § Ohio Canal
Company could issue $1,700,000 of preferred construction bonds on the
mortgage of its revenue, when it received guarantees from interested
parties for 196,000 tons of trade annually for five years?

The Canal Company and its friends promptly moved to secure the
guarantees required and to receive the full benefits of the act.
President James M. Coale traveled ta Boston and New York to confer
with officials of the Cumberland coal companies.”

There he found evidence of interference by the Baltimore § Ohio
interests, ‘'I am induced to believe,” he wrote the president of the
Maryland Mining Company, “that the Baltimore § Ohio Road interest, as
their last throw of the die are endeavoring to prevent the fulfilment

20
of the guarantics,''

8, ites! Register, 68, No.l (March &, 1645); Samderlin, History
of the ¢ & 0 Canal, 152.

9. Proceedings of the President end Board of Cirectors, G, 228;
Niles! Register, 68, No.6 (April 12, 1845), 89,

10, Coale to Allen, May 8, Ltr. Bk. G, 258.

24


The foundation of the wall (A-B) would be as low as that on the
towpath side. Its thickness would be equal to that of the wing wall
(C-A). The two walls (A-8) and (C-A) were to be connected at A, just
as if they were "one and the same wall,"

As for the embankment and puddling, Rhind and Dungan were to be
especially watchful, Along the mortared masonry at the head of the
lock and above the breast, puddling would be put in "with all the
care obscrved in constructing masonry locks."

From the termination of the mortared masonry at the head of the
lock to point (A} coarse gravel, to a width of three feet, would be
used for the entire height of the walls. Of this distance that part
“in the rear of the mortared masonry, below the lower gates, should
have for three feet in height in place of gravel" stone of six inches
in diameter, This stone should be positioned to keep the earth from
obstructing the flow of water through "the drain,” should any escape
from the lock chamber. Construction on the towpath side would be similar.

From (A} to (B) "a fine gravel" three feet in width would be
preferred. With the above exceptions all the embankment about the
lock would be made of watertight material carefully put together.

Until the receipt of additional instructions, no embankment would
be raised to a height above seven feet. No puddling at the head of
the locks would be put in before spring. In addition, the paving be-

. é
low the locks would not be put in until the dry walls had been raised,

2. Fisk to Dungan, Dec. 2, 1848 (Ltrs. Sent, Chief Engineer).
66



66 pieces of 12 x 12 & 32 feet long

174 pieces of 12 x 12 § 29 feet long = 3,046
2 pieces of 12 x 12 & 35 feet long = 70
2 pieces of 12 x 12 § 38 feet long = 76
2 pieces of 12 x 12 & 41 feet long = 82
2 pieces of 12 x 12 4 44 feet long = 88
ld pieces of 12 x 12 § 47 feet long = 658
2) 286 = 143 sticks each lock
Flume Timbers
2 pieces of 12 x 12 4 1S feet long = 30
30 pieces of 12 x 12 § 10 feet long = 300
Longitudinal Timbers
16 pieces of 12 x 12 & 37 feet long = 592
12 pieces of 12 x 12 & 12 feet long = 144
Total for 2 locks 10,363 Yineal feet

Planking for Locks Nos.60 and 61

Flooring 4,808 square feet of 2-inch plank or 9,616 feet B.M.
Sheet piling 7,722 square feet of 3-inch piank in lengths of
T-foot or ee ee ee. 23,166 BLM.

Mitre Sills and Upper Platforms for Locks 60-61 and 64-66;

White Oak Timbers _. Running Feet
Platforms 90 pieces 12 x 12 and 6 1/2 feet long = 585
5 pieces 14 x 14 and 17 feet long = 85
Mitre Sills 20 pieces 9 x 9 and9 feet long = 180
10 pieces 9 x 9 and 17 feet long = 170 1

1. Morris to Byrne, Dec, 15,1838(Ltrs. Sent, Morris).

59



With Lock No,62 sited as now recommended, the waste and waste weir
combined on the rocky point would operate as a waste "both to the feeder
& to the main line . . . & would have as its outlet" a ten- or 12-foot
culvert, which would be built in the feeder near where Sandy Flat Hol-
low debouches into Tunnel Hollow.

Fisk and the Board refused to go along with Morris’ suggestion at
this time, as the Company had much more vexing problems with its liquid
assets all but exhausted. Within the next three months, the Company,
as well as Byrne, was broke, On December 7, 1839, Byrne advised the
Board that he wished to abandon his contract for Locks Nos.$9-66. The
Board was agreeable, and as a severance charge it agreed to pay Byrne
$6,000 "in full satisfaction for all his claims against . . . {it] on
account of said locks, he is to surrender to the Company.’ In addition,
Byrne would turn over to Morris, as representative of the Chesapeake
and Ohio Canal Company, all "the materials got out by him for the locks,"
his railway, railway cars, cranes and shanties. Byrne, after secur-
ing the property to be surrendered, would in cooperation with Morris

prepare an inventory of the same. One of the men residing in the shan-

ties was to be employed as a guard, “°

19. Morris to Fisk, Sept. 2, 1639 (Ltrs. Reed., Chief Engineer),
This correspondence demonstrates that at this time the Company still
planned to build Dam No, and four locks in Tunnel Hollow, As an econ-
omy measure, Dam No.7 was eliminated, and tne locks in Tunnel Hollow
were reduced from four to three.

20. Fisk to Morris, Dec.7, 1839 (Lirs, Reed., Morris); Proceedings
of the President and Board of Directors, F, 126.

17


Of the 17 locks to be constructed, most would be built on the
composite plan, ‘hese locks were subcontracted by Ilunter, Harris
& Co. as follows: Locks 54 and 56 to Moyle, Randal & Jones; Locks
59 and 61 to Ritner & Co.; Locks 62-66 to Buell & Watt; Lock 67 to
W. P. Steritt; and Locks 68 and 7! to Falian & Ambrose. Nearly ail
the stone for Locks 54 and S6 had been cut and delivered, while the
stone for Lock No,$8 had been cut but not delivered. *" Locks Nos,59-
66 and 67-71 would be built on the composite plan, Before work was
resumed, Chief Engineer Fisk prevailed on the Board to eliminate one
of the four locks scheduled for construction in Tunnct tlollaw. This
decision having been made, the locks to be built in Tunnet Hollow by
Buell & Watt would be designated Locks Nos. 63 1/3, 64 2/3 and 66.
The crews turned to by Buell @ Watt to excavate the pits and
build the foundations for the Tunne] Hollow locks were not overly
energetic, although subscribers to the Cumberland Semi-weekly Ciyilion
read on May 19, 1848, that work was "progressing under such circum-
stances as render it certain" that the canal will be completed by autumn,
Wages on the ditch for unskilled hands had risen to $1 per day. In
€
?

response to the "high pay", workers were migrating to the area,

3, Tbid., 18,

35. Cumberland, Semi-Weekly Civilian, May 19, 1643.

34


On April 23 Byers forwarded to Fisk a bill of “timber and plank"
for the coping of the Composite Locks. He believed that the coping
for the locks would present "a good appearance and possess all the
Strength that can be given to it at the exposed points." He would
see that the lower wings were covered entirely, as rough coping was
currently unavailable. © (A copy of the bill of timber and plank for
the coping of a Composite Lock accompanies this report.)

Haines, in addition to himself, on June 1, had 32 carpenters at
work between Dam No.6 and the Tunnel. Trustee Hale, on June 2, con-
tracted with Voorman, who had a reputation as an efficient carpenter,
for the coping for the Composite Locks ©?

There was a brief delay in early June, when it was discovered
that the Buell & Watt foreman at Lock No.62 had blundered. Oungan
had noticed that a section of the lock chamber was discolored, He
ordered Clarke to open up the wall. Although the wall was taken down
to a depth of five feet no "sign of mortar or grout in the heart of
the wall" was found. Both men were satisfied from the dark color of
the pointing that the rest of the wall had been grouted. The pointing
in the section of wall that had been condemned was "quite dry and white"

as Was the “facing of the dry masonry which was laid in mortar by

68. Byers to Fisk, April 23, 1850 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

69. Hale to Fisk, June 2, 1850 (Ltrs, Reed., Chief Engineer).

53



BUELL & WATT BUILD THE TUNNEL HOLLOW COMPOSITE LOCKS

After construction was stopped, following the exhaustion of the
Company's immediate resources, the State of Maryland paused in its
promotion of the project to review the condition of the canal. By
1839 the waterway had been completed as far as Dam No.6, a distance
of 135 miles from Georgetown. Work dene thus far had been accomp-
lished under the most trying circumstances. A succession of obstacles
had marred construction, delayed the completion, and increased the
cost of the undertaking far beyond al] expectations, Disputes over
the right-of-way, cholera epidemics, continual labor, financial and
engineering problems, and political machinations all contributed their
share, By 1842 over $10,000,000 had been disbursed for the building
of the canal and incidental expenses. In supplying the major share
of this sum, the State of Maryland had acquired control and direction
of the Company's affairs from the Federal Government and the cities of
the District.?

The section of the line from Dam No,6 to Cumberland, which had
not yet been completed, was referred to as “the S0-mile section,"
While the region through which it passed included some of the most
beautiful and rugged country in the Potomac Valley, it lacked good

building stone. Thus, both excavation and masonry work were expensive.

1, 13th Annual Heport, 28; Sanderlin, Atetory of the C 4 0 Canal,
138. About $2,900,0C0 more had gone into interest and losses,

20


IEEE —_____—__
Appendix & (cont'd)

II the sseaigi pace ie dhe
ach ia us own thickness, The
tains face, whether into cueve or
1 be Irssy ain the * wha
ve any pre OF Ma fave at sieht
ayn shall be wvedee inches
tap. “The angle formed by the top ef tha coping ae
Shona Ay cag rey Puttin af th all also le cen reunaining vine inchen of the inner el
put tho thes feet. “Phe top and tlie bation

three Feet in length, Frome the teeess aloes
bbe dwn feet in thickness; in every ethce av erly ta ba
re fhe emg, The towpath wel
AE thy recess, ct mene of” copity in;
“Fh ceriing nraund tho gains, and fraso the Gates vo the upper sad lower endy af the
ind by iron crompe and halts a3 may he'directed.
head nnd at the tail af whe Tock slung tho towpath and been wings there aliath he bolee! aux: unt
snare white oak timber, the (op of ehielt sltall bo one foot below water Tiere alll bo Wireg were foals of
1A incl sqnra iron properly secured ta the uvaeoncy in each of thn faut

AM uf de face st009 shall bo [aid in fall boda of euartar. | Eory sione must he completely pacpred bef. tr
i attsporards Each con a ond ¥

the Iaid a the atcond courna above. ‘Tho pointing sill follaw en

Lat wr that it shall always be one euuryg below it,

rw

ay tO present on
of whe lark-will

piece ef coping
19 wings, bo coving
stall bo the smn ns

PaCkina.

9. "The scone for the backing AF dearl work shall a of mich sige and quality 39 shell mako tho best uf Gueatca
wot solid wall. ‘Tho backing shalt be su laid ns 19 bind wcll gil tha konders of to eco atone, and s6 360 23 10
nanitable hyaul slong the magulor place shat ma be lef in eonsequnney of the front stone being
in Alid cote thn thsi face, a9 is allowed wi Wy tho spreifestions., Thu hack watl shell be
0 ad as to present a fair ond even surface follow on dirseily afer
the taying of dhe fea arana, and it shall be in no cane stiatl aay faee
sing be faid whils any of the cauise below i id twroughly greuted.

OREAST-WALL.
4. Thy breast of the Jock shall be of masonry simiine to that prescribed for tha lock-walia—ite thiehovss witl

bo six feet nt Lotions and fous at tem We shal] be coped with starve four fact wide. The top of it will Le one foot
alow tho botiom of tho upner level. ‘The Krone of iis roast ba con foct Fram and parallel with th up=
per sito of the wpper moaim ill, and will bo in a ling will the upper nd of the roccasct.

BL. In the natn wall over this braadt-wall, and rising to within thrco fect of the top of che copin,
a recent fi~ slapeplank ef such dimoasions and form aa puny ba required.

raft be cut

32. Ney walls wil be built et cxeh end of tho lock, and thece shall bo a paying below the fock=mttic dimendions
of those dey walls and of tho paving shall bo auch as ip iba judgment of che Enzincer may be nacassary.

43. Tho plan af ail parts of she masonry, and af the foundations, shall bo furnished cach Contractor, and alt
secessary explaontions rball be given by the Engineer or the Superintendent of tho maxoury.

34. Whers stone may be requited for the constcuetion of the lock, and the contractor canna agree si}le tha
omar thereof fer tho samo on rensonable forms, the Prasidaut and Diroctate will, upon application, cause tle
stat te lee courluened recording 10 the charter of (ee Company, the Contractar paying tha oxponay of |)s¢ eon
aston, uy well set the ann mwiednd by this Jury for the aonu,

CEMENT AND AANL.

2. ‘The coment stall bo furnialed by us Coust Company, sind siiall hy drawn by she Cann
eposiies of cenient, which slall Le gstaldished by the Canal Compi

icly Wo stiall fraru timc to dima reeeive [rom the Eugineee (or tha same; avd che
the gale juiize as to whieh deposite ib shai) be drawa fren, and shall express the ganin ig said orders;
Contractor aiisll be charged at iho rate of twenty-five exate pre Lashed af seventy pounds weizes fue every
of eexarnt detivered unuce said exdera} which niall bo daducted from tis es
re the censaat 46 roceived (0 said tack in pod ti

fee fu? tbe deci,

id aad
istacl

mclor, apnn tle completion oF tho luck, the asount be shall nev
id for such teaneportation, (exclusive of the eos oF eatks,) provided it be the fir and euators

aud cheapest some, whether by land or by waler, which could then have been used; mud
eat, Hall permit tha eeinent, af any postion of it, to bo transported ouherwise thao in goo
ko a dedlucloat shall ig madg from tho eatioaue, at the rate of Give cnn por Vaated, for the quamily 40 allowed
9 (raeaparl
Do. I freapwessly stipulated that although the Cool Company’ agree to furnish tha cement for this lors, yeu
that if feuan aay Company aliall not ba able to aayply it on raquired, that they shall net be raapo s
“y if to tha Contrucior from the want of

The sand ruust be ‘enn and sharp, aod If doomed neccesary it munt bo sashed—a aut fly large sereien
ial] be liad through which to jseae cho sand, the Idaghudiga] wires of which shal be be moro than thece eight oy
of wi nel apiet.

“D8, ‘Va mortar shall bo wade of two para of contest co ane of snad, properly warked upon an eppresed bod
fused of plank, nad the tongrh of tine between the firat wetting of tho coment and i buing pluced iv the wil
aver excced ous hall Mane, ‘The grout ehall be formed of equal pacts of comont aad a and 00 louger
isu bill pans Botreuer the sing af the coment and lie use thas in the cuss of movear, +i lalftour Toe,
cau box al full more than teeaiyefoar cabi¢ foot.

Casal Company shall repay the Co

we


The previous month, Chief Engineer Fisk had taken action which
he hoped would insure that the "S0-mile section" would be opened
for navigation by the deadline--October 1, 1849, He notified Hunter,
Harris & Co, that they were to see that the subcontractors had em-
ployed on Locks Nos.$9 and 60, Culverts 206-208, and Sections 283-289,
by May 15, 10 stone masons, with the requisite number of helpers,
quarrymen, and laborers. Similar orders were issued in reference
to Locks Nos,62, 63 1/3, 64 2/3, and 66, where Buell & Watt were to
have 16 masons with the necessary number of helpers, quarrymen, and
tenders. They were to keep these people hustling to get out and make
delivery on a11 the stone needed for these four Composite Locks.
Buell & Watt failed to comply with this directive, and on May 17
Fisk notified the Trustees of their failure, *5

Fisk, on June 1, reported to the stockholders that there were
employed on the unfinished sections of the canal: 77 bosses, 39 black-
smiths, 54 carpenters, 75 drillers and blasters, 107 quarrymen, 59
stonecutters, 73 masons, 122 mason tenders, 6 brick moulders, 50 others
emaged in making bricks, 16 bricklayers, 19 bricklayer tenders, and
760 laborers; totaling 1,447 mechanics and laborers. In addition there

were 233 drivers, $62 horses, 26 mules, and 6 oxen employed in driving

45. Fisk to Hunter, Harris & Co., May 1 and May 17, 1849(Ltrs,
Sent, Chief Engineer.)

40


XIL. MAINTENANCE OF THE COMPOSITE LOCKS, 1857-1919

In June of 1857 Lock Nos.56 through 75 were measured, All were
found ta be 100 feet in length, but their width varied from 15 feet
to 15 feet seven inches measured at the narrowest point, The distance
between the masonry of the sidewalls of the 13 Composite Locks averaged
16 feet eight inches, The addition of the wooden linings resulted in
a nominal width of 15 feet. At the same time, a second engineer,
Charles Clark, had measured Lock Nos.27-40, and he reported that they
varied in width from 14 feet seven inches to 14 feet ten inches .+

Engineer W. R. Hunton on June 1, 1870, announced that while the
locks were serviceable, few were in good condition, The coping was
loose in many, while the mortar was out of the joints, resulting in
much leakage through the masonry and around the gates. Several locks
needed to be rebuilt. Most of the lock gates were “good and have re-
cently been put in good working order, and new ones are kept always
on hand to replace such as may fail or be accidentally destroyed,"

Reporting on the condition of the Composite Locks, he wrote that
they were in a serviceable state, though the wood was "old and worn,"
He indicated that they had been relined when necessary, and the lining
and sheeting secured with longer spikes, Several could not last much
longer, he thought, as the wing walis, being of dry masonry, had been

badly damaged by passing boats bumping into them.

1, Sprigg to Ringgold, July 1, and Clark to Ringgold, July 22,
1857{Ltrs. Recd., € & 0 Co.),

80



TIT. LOCK FOUNDATIONS

Assistant Engineer Morris on December 15, 1838, mailed to

Michael Byrne, the contractor for Locks Nos. 59-66, the specifica-

tions for Locks 60 and 61 upon a "common foundation" and Locks 64-66

on a rock foundation,

The bill for the timber for Locks 64-66 was:

White Oak Timbers, one foot square

Running Feet

69 pieces 12 x 12 §& 20-foot long
168 pieces 12 x 12 & 17-foot long.
12 x 12 § 18-foot long
i2 x 12 & 21-foot long
12 x 12 & 25-foot long
12 x 12 & 29-foot long
12 x 12 § 32-£foot

3 pieces
3 pieces
3 pieces
3 pieces
3 pieces

long

1,380
2,856
34
63
78
87
96

~@,61T lineal feet

Planking for Locks Nos.64-66

Sheet piling 2 feet deep = 2,760 square
feet of 3-inch plank or

Flooring = 7,200 square feet of

All the planking was to be heart of yellow pine and no plank was to be

2-inch plank or

Fect BLM.

8,200

14, 400
22,680

over 8 in. in width, The bill of timber for Locks Nos.60 § 61 was to be: |

White Oak Timbers, one foot square

Main traverse timbers of the lock:

12 pieces
2 pieces
2 pieces
2 pieces
2 pieces
4 pieces

of 12
of 12
of 12
of 12
of 12
of 12

Mm mM

12§ SI
12 6 49
12 & 48
12 & 46
126 45
12 4& 43

feet long =
1/2 feet long
1/2 feet long
1/2 feet long
feet long =
1/2 feet Jong

Running Feet

612
99
97
93
90

174

own



Hunton recommended that preparations be made to rebuild two or
three of the Composite Locks during the winter of 1870-71 in “some
cheap, but more durable style, of good rubble masonry . . . laid in
Cement mortar, with fender posts of wood and hollow quoins of cast
iren, The walls of the locks to be rebuilt were to have a slight
batter on the face,"

During the winter of 1873-1874 the Composite Locks in need of
repair were rebuilt.7

In the period 1886-1888 considerable work was done on the Com-
posite Locks during the winter months. The upkeep consisted of ins-
stalling new sheeting and lining.”

Because of the configuration of the gate pockets and headwalls,
“it would have been impractical to attempt to line their masonry sur-
faces with wood. To protect these surfaces From abrasions and strain

cement was applied in 1910, if not earlier.”

2. 48nd Annual Report(1870), 30-32.
3. 46th Annual Report (187%), 11.

4. 8th Annual Report (1886), 24; 59th Annual Revort (1887), 27;
60th Annual Report (1888), 29.

5. Franzen, “Nistorie Structures Report--Survey Report for Lock
#66 Complex," p.2; John R. Miele, "The Chesepeake and Ohio Canal, A
Physical History," January 2, 1964,25,

81



month. Rodmen were W. H. Bryan and T. Gore each at a salary of $540
per annum. Axemen were paid 75¢ 4 day 2?

Gwynn § Co. subcontracted a number of projects along the "50-milc
section," but many of the subcontractors were slow to get their forces
organized, They had signed a contract with Marcellus Ritner & Co. for
the construction of Lock Nos.59-66, When Superintendent of Masonry
MacFarland visited the Tunnel in early April 1846 he found that Ritner
& Co. had a few hands quarrying stone on the ridge crossed by Mont-
gomery's road leading to the Oldtown road, This quarry was a continu-
ation of the one opened by Byrne MacFarland praised the stone, but
he saw that it would run out before enough had been removed to com-
plete the locks, The distance to the quarry from Lock No.62, via
Sandy Flat Hollow, was less than two miles. This distance could be
reduced by one-half by opening a new road, costing about $300.

MacFarland, in recommending that this cost be allowed the con-
tractor, observed that the road would be needed long before the Tunnel
Hollow locks were completed. This road would give the Company “perfect
command of the east slope of Town Hill, and enable us . . . to obtain

many important stone for cutting purposes about the Tunnel "7°

19. Fisk to Board, Nov. 13, 2845 (Ltrs. Reed., C & 0 Co.).

20. MacFarland to Fisk, April 13, 1846 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

28


offered exceeds two million of dollars; and the general health of the
country through which it is to pass" was believed to be as "good" as
that of any other line of public works currently in progress,"

The Committee on Contracts reported on September 29, 1837, after
opening and abstracting the bids, that James Camcron was low bidder
for Lock No,56, James Wherry for Locks Nos.57 and $8, and Michael
Byme for Locks 59-66. The next day the Board of Directors wrote
the successful bidders, informing them that their proposals had been
accepted. But as the Company had not consummated its negotiations
for the sale of the $3,000,000 of 6 percent bonds of the State of
Maryland (the proceeds of which were to fund the new work), no money
could be disbursed to the contractors. Until the bonds were marketed,
the Company would be unable to make payments on estimates, except
through use of notes about to be issued, ?

Nearly nine months passed before Byrne signed his contract, On
May 30, 1838, Chief Engineer Fisk notified Assistant Engineer Norris
of the Tunnel Residency that Byrne would build Locks Nos,59-60 "at
prices with which you will be furnished, and which will without question

carry him through, and with which he is satisfied."' Byrne would be

4, Journal of Proceedings of the President & Jirectors, Adver-
tisement Na.58.

5. Proceedings of the President and Board cf Directors, E, 31é-
319; Ingle to Pratt, Sept. 30, 1837 (Ltrs. Sent, C & 0 Co.},



per day, while the canal contractors paid $1, he was inclined to be-
lieve that most would be back. Others had ieft the waterway to return
to their homes to assist with the harvest, “7

By July most of those who had left to go to work for the rail-
toad had returned on discovering the wage differential. “4

Fisk, on July 30, called to the attention of Hunter, llarris &
Co, that work continued to lag on the four Composite Locks subcon-
tracted to Buell & Watt. He was now compelled to order: (a) that as
large a force as could be economically employed be turned to excavat-
ing and preparing the masonry and foundation of Lock No.66; (b) that
the dry walling and paving of Locks Nos.63 1/3 and 64 2/3 (as well as
the masonry, puddling, and embankment) should be forthwith completed;
and (c) that yntil a sufficiency of stone was on hand for Locks Nos.
63 1/3 - 66, no stone should be delivered by the railway from the
Town Hill quarries to Lock No, 62,

As had happened so often, expectations that the "50-mile section"
would be opened for navigation by October 1, 1849, were dashed. At a

meeting held at Barnum's Hotel in Cumberland attended by the Board of

Directors, the State Agents, and the Trustees, it was determined to

47, Fisk to Coale, June 30, 1849,(Ltrs. Recd., C & O Co.),
48. Harris to Coale, July 10, 1849 (Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.).

49, Fisk to Hunter, Harris & Co., July 30, 1849 (Ltrs. Recd.,
C & 0 Co.).

a2



difficult sections (the cost of which had been estimated to exceed

$20,000 each), together with such less costly sections as Chief Engin-

ecr Fisk believed necessary in the construction of those costing over

320,000, would also be put up for contract. Fisk had alerted the Board

that $8 sections would be involved. Proposals at the same time would
3

be invited for the remaining locks, culverts, and aqueducts.

In view of the decision to award contracts for construction be-
tween Dam No.6 and Cumberland, as many of the "engineering corps" as
could be spared from their other duties were turned to “revising the
line and setting stakes, many of which had been displaced by accident
or design.”

On June 14, 1837, the Company inserted in the area's newspapers
an announcement:

At the Office of the Commissioner of the Canul at

Hancock until the 2d day of August, and at this

Office until the 3d day of August next, inclusive,

proposals will be reccived for constructing fifty-

eight sections of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal,

three aqueducts, twenty locks of 8 feet lift each,

and seventy culverts on the line thereof.
The work in question was located between Dan No.6 and Cumberland, and
covered abaut 29 of the 50 miles between these points. The sections

would be staked and the line ready for examination by July 1, It had

been estimated by Company enginecrs that the "cost af the work. . .

3. Ingle to 3ender, June 15, 1837 (Ltrs. Sent, 2 & 0 Co.}; 9th
4mm. Rpt., € & 0 Canal Co,



impossible." He expected by the end of the week to complete the rail-
way running from his quarries into Tunnel Hollow. As soon as the
"sickly season" was over, he would increase his force. Meanwhile,
he had completed “arrangements for timber, plank & stone" to insure
the completion of the locks by the time stipulated--October is49. 38

A visit to Tunnel Holiow in November by the Trustees was dis-
couraging. While the excavations for the lock pits had been completed,
none of the foundations had been finished. They therefore ordered Bueil
to have the foundation of Lock No. 64 2/3 in by January 1, 1849; Lock
No.66 by February 1; and Lock No.62 by April 1. Dungan, however,
argued that Lock No.66 should be given priority over No. 64 2/3, be-~
cause of the problem that would develop in the disposition of the
spoil. Fisk agreed, and Buell & Watt were directed to see that work
on the Lock No,66 foundation was expedited. 9?

It was the end of May 1849 before Buell & Watt completed the
foundation of Locks Nos .62-66. 4°

With the foundations for Locks Nos.62-66 nearing completion,

Chief Engineer Fisk became concerned about the care with which the

38. Trustees to Board, Oct. 7, 1848 (itrs. Recd., C & 0 Co,).
Contracts had been signed by Buell & Watt and Ritner & Co, with W, Young
of Cumberland for yellow pine plenking for their locks. Young to Fisk,
Sept. 28, 1648 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

39. Trustees to Buell, Nov. 1848 (Ltrs, Recd., Chief Engineer),

40, Dungan to Fisk, June 7, 1849 (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

36



the Board appoint a committee to inquire into the propriety of a change
in plan to the one he had recommended, If the committee favored the
new plan, he urged that an arrangement be made with Bryne to permit
him to build the locks upon "the new plan and upon what terns ,28

Harassed by mounting financial difficulties, the Board at this
time took no action on Fisk's proposal to substitute composite for
cutstone locks in the Paw Paw Bend area.

Meanwhile, Morris on September 2, 1859, had urged Fisk to change
the site of Lock No.62 to permit the feeder from Dam No,7 to enter the
waterway "fairly upon the bottom land without being forced out either
into the river or into u dangerous proximity to it as must now be
the case."

Should the locks in Tunnel Hollow be planned to receive a feeder
from Dam No.7, Lock No,62 would have to be repositioned. He trusted
Fisk would approve it being sited on a "tangent at the head of the
curve leading out of Tunnel Hollow, which would place it in the ravine
about 500 feet below Lock No.63 and making four locks in the hollow--
Nos , 63-66.

To place Lock No.62 at the point of the hill, as he had originally

suggested, would be objectionable, because it would be on a sharp curve

of 120 degrees.

18, Fisk to Board of Directors, Sept. 25, 1839 (Ltrs. Recd.,
C%&9Ca,). The kyanizing process consisted of dipping the timbers in
a “corrasive sublimate" to prevent early decay.

16


Byrne, like the other contractors on the '"'S0-mile section," had
found himself caught up in the inflationary spiral. Wages and prices
had risen rapidly in the months since he had formulated his bid. In
April, before his masons had done an appreciable amount of work on
Lock No.60, he complained to Morris that unless he were allowed more
than $10 per perch for his work, he would be compelled to abandon his
contract. Morris accordingly recommended that Byrne be paid $11 per
perch, which would increase the cost to the Company of Lock Ne.6! from
$11,555 to §22,617."

The Board of Directors, realizing that Michael Byrne was one of
their most industrious and successful contractors, voted to increase
his allowance for Lock No.61.

Another problem now arose to haunt the Company. As the weeks
passed, it became apparent to Morris' engineering detail that quarries
in the Paw Paw Bends area would not provide a sufficient quantity of
suitable building stone for the locks contracted to Byrne, if they
were built in accordance with the specifications adopted in 1837.

Fisk, on June 8, 1839, reported that a failure of the quarries
relied on for facestone for the first eight locks below the Tunnel

made necessary a change in the plan of construction.

14, Perch Scale for Lock o.61, May 1, 1839 (Ltrs, Sent, Morris).

11



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLANS

Plate Page
I Location Map for Lock Nos. 61-66 ...... + + + following 34
Il John F, King's Patent of November 29, 1828, for a
Wicker (Paddle) Gate 2... . 2.2. eae oe following 72
III Byrne's Transmittal Letter and Bills of Timber and Plank
- Vin the Coping of a Composite Lock and Towpath Drywall . .99-100-101
VI Byrnes Transmittal Letter, Sketch of Plan for Wooden Coping
“VIII in Upper & Lower Recess: of Composite Locke, with Bill . .102-103-D4
1X Fisk's Lettet with Dimensions of Recesses and Subrecesses . . . 105
X oH. M. Dungan's Transmittal Letter with J. E. Stuck's Plan
~¥I of Fender Improvement... ee ee ee ee ee ee h06=107
xIT  Dungan's Transmittal Letter and Plan of Flume Side
Planking... ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee LOB

iti



Bes wayl b ce Mir. UO Crunk,
Nib he, Mag

Sear Seg
Mitel Led ne Cmytetda: tied, — Bring Hart traf

Jas Wruccetna G fae Matase, -C« Fhe Leger tetset)
LP a dati bh, To hava vin Praesens o tee pum

SAR, heeig A? ad hina Hi, Hees wt Reeves Both canivn
_ Le trlvre, Mapmameticg Grr, flan. fle
Le of wae fel, farwa— Pheer demintcne, 7

Aver, owt o henge Reeurtiib, Cabeutetins , butt
FP howl) b ftvetiz reali” ip Be eutAle fhene
+ Aetruss te ih brits futhe tilvas Bud frames haat

Cle mas pec hia tp tek drt, Bt bell dit Tlie: Lafont meses

G tee Miah ahs —
VA Gov lye OT ak
Dh be Hapa Foor Shap Ge

PLATE 1X
Fisk's Lecter with Dimensions of Recessas and Subreceases.

105


Excavation at connec-
tion with berm 118.8 375.0 489.8
Excayation for lin-
ing 350 ft. towpath 1,000 1,000
Embkt. connection at
head of berm 1,059,8
Embkt,. connection,,
towpath 164.3
Embkt. lining,
towpath, 350 ft. 1,408.7
Embankment Proper
(Embkt. of slate
against berm
wall) 2,288.0
(Embkt. of state
against towpath}1,182.1

Totals 6,102.9 2,414.7 3,227.7 2,051.8 7,099.7

Dungan felt that a towpath lining, extending from the wall at the
head of Lock No.66 for 350 Feet up the canal, would be "the best mode
of making a watertight connection." The slate embankment against the
lock wall had been calculated at "15 wide at top of wall and al to 1
slope down to Rock. "!

Fisk on December 2, 1849, forwarded instructions and a plan to
Dungan as a guide in positioning the embankment and puddling at the
Tunnel Hill locks. On the berm side below the lock this plan would

be followed:

GA fe berm SS

1. Dungan to Fisk, Jan. 3 and 6, 1848(itrs. Reed., Chief Engineer).

65



Although all but 18 1/2 miles of the "S0-mile section" had been com-
pleted, the unfinished parts were dispersed over the entire 50 miles
and included most of the heayicst work--the Paw Paw funnel, the Deep
Cut, three aqueducts, and 17 locks. Great difficulty would be faced
in acquiring the funds and recruiting the necessary laboring force.”

By 1842 the financial condition of the Company was deplorable,
if not hopeless, Company officials publicly acknowledged debts of
$1,196,400 above all means. Many of the Company's resources were
tied up in the few remaining five percent bonds it owned,

Farther progress by the canal was imppssible without additional
help, but in the straitened financial circumstances of the State of
Maryland, additional aid from that source was problematical, Many
State leaders were hostile toward the Company for the way it had dis-
posed of the bonds authorized by the Act of 1836, and with the com-
pletion of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to Cumberland in 1842 many
jegislators saw Jittle need to extend the canal. In 1836 Maryland

had endeavored to put all internal improvement companies in the State

é. Fisk to President & Directors, Dec, 1, 1542; L6th Annual
feport (1844); Sanderlin,History of the C é@ 0 Canal, 139.

2, Ganderlin, History of the C ¢ 0 Canal, 139.
4, Niles Register, 668, No.l (March 8, 1845), 16; Ibid., 80.2
(Merch 15, 1545), 23-24; Sanderlin, 4 Budy of the iistory of the Potomac

Fiver Valley,(Washington 1949), 78.

21


Each lock moved up the length

of its pool above position one . . , 22,000 perches 1,943 perches

cost $50,611

Excavation figured at x 1.50 per perch

Masonry calculated at x 11. per perch.®

Lock No.61 was nearest the quarry Byrne had opened at the head of
Twigg Hollow. It was also the first lock site reached by the railway
built under Lambie's supervision, Consequently, Byrne in assigning
construction priorities gave it the highest, as with a tight money
market the cost of transporting stone for this lock would be less than
for the other seven he had contracted to build in the spring of 1838,

To enable Byrne's people to get started, Morris had one of his
assistants, Benjamin F, Brannan, prepare figures as to the amount of
earth that would have to be removed in excavating the pits for Locks
Nos.60 and 61.7 {A copy of the computations and drawings by Brannan
is found in Appendix B).

Morris, at the same time, prepared a "modified scale" for Lock
No,61, computing it at $10 per perch, and allowing $1 ner perch for

the construction of the railway. According to this revised scale

8. Morris co Fisk, Dec. 7, 1835 (itrs, Reed., Chief Engineer).

9, “Brannan's Calculations of the Pits of Locks 6C & 61” (Ltrs.
Sent, Morris),



After the guarantees were approved, the Board of Directors pro-
ceeded to the letting of the contract, It rejected the first pro-
posals of prospective contractors in August 1845 and granted a ten-day
delay for the submission of new offers.2*

On September 23, 1845, the Board accepted the proposal of Walter
Gwynn, William Thompson, James Hunter, and Walter Cunningham. Agents
of the state gave their approval, and the contract was reduced to writ-
ing and exccuted. The additional mortgage to the State of Maryland,
required by the legislature, was signed on January 5, 1846.7

By terms of their contract, Messrs, Gwynn § Co, agreed to pro-
vide materials of the required quality according to the specifications
laid down by Chief Engineer Fisk; to begin work within 30 days; to
complete the canal by November 1, 1847; to raise $100,000 for the use
of the Company (to pay its contingent expenses); and to cash the bonds
of the Canal Company at par, paying the interest on them until January 1,
1848. The price to be paid Messrs, Gwynn 4 Co. For the work was fixed

6
at $1,62$,000 in canal bonds.

a4, 18th Annual Report, (1846), 6-7.

15. Proceedings of Fresident and Board of Directors, G, 317-318,
320~321, 322-323, 353-354.

16, ‘8th Annual Report (1846), 89,

26


Appendix C (cont'd)

‘
Sodas Assarrnduneiies ehalt 6b. Breve fess oon a, “AeHe am.
Pause. the chem 19 the alber- loch, arheoh Drercrd ff “h have

he Kessceen Cateemee 4 A tonal sich the ch tureney whe dete

CAasta Aor diese of
igen, AN? hy A

4
(sp2 ) aresd Momrat

ORs. whee & fd

7

"3



IEEE OO

Appendix A {cong’d) THY MITRE SILLS.

here
ahall he plicud inva
atce sill and he plarforae for the ypee initre ail! touch upon them, eluill In welt j
‘The upper sill shall be placed on & platform of rrcilejointd w
pen the low het, for the whole Ursadth of te lnek and
in in tenet parallel wwigle dhe lnck—tlicie lower ¢nd on top shall bo fie w i

1, ami with their enda twa inelea Longer of the lower thai Per Hide, they 5
extend under cacl of thn main walls ona foat,
‘Theac mitre silly and platfornis to bo secured by trecenails ond
» he direeted by tho Engincer of tha Company, Tic brages of the ruiiro sibs :
oer wil lad up exre with the ton of tho sill as may be direetcd. In laying shew

anal the nh orm pitched payer shall bo ured between sil of the rovers,

30. Aid of the timber required in the lock, whether wed in the foundation, mitre sills, oF elsewhere, shall be ¢ it
A auel: seston of the yaar us the Engineer aby require, so as not, hawerer, to delay tho provecution of thr worii,

LOCK GATES.

41. The lock gaige will be made vader a separaie conicect with sen othar portos, bet cea care ill be

al deat the hollow quoias be tr that po trimming will ho avecssery Contracior. 4

‘ction and auitbhe place ast ar rota Uk site of the lack wil be required for the pial of the fd
fot the framing of the guton.

PROPOSAL. ee 7) .
ection No,

| jwopont to farnish all Reeessary niaterials and ta consicuct Lock No Af JP ofthe
ake vind Olio Canal, and da the necessary oxearation, embekmont, and puddling, ia conformity te tha
forezying specification, for the anneaed prices:

1, Fez masonry ef the lock and lume, including tle cutting of Use bolle quains and of die com

aud the Senbbling of all the ro of the work ae desesibad in the foreging speeiBeation, :
Iso clamyps, bolts, cement, tho four ‘bare baited on the wozles of uo feck, and all oo

ie Wek, por perce Lewonty-five cubic fot, - - & S266

iE required, for thio lock and slume, including shect piling, paddling

2 For foumlation of 6

for the bediling of the Vimbers and for the shcet piling, icon wart, lnylog, ond other roe hon.
roysited, a gross aun of = - . . - - - vACkZ Oo

‘ts Fore. alls apd forthe platform forthe upper gales, - . : t “Yao. apa

4. To: ars walling above and bolow the lock, per peccl of pweanyehive eudie feet. , su Gur3

5, For paving below the lock, da. + Le : $3 ip os

Hac wation of the lock-pit, embankment sod paddling sround the masonry, for the whote
required icr the lock, of so mucl of i¢ au the Company may pervait tha Contractor for the loch

ro do, vir:
G. Eacatation of rock quarried or blasted, por cubic yurd. . - - ae
2 Me fst = se . . oe 8
* of all other asate eluding stone equal in six6 10 ona cubic fool, per 4
a $
cnt exepwated from kspit and moved bach iulo the bank, per cubic yard, $ wee OO
not excavaicd trom the pit, = ee - 4

oh 4

py, per enbic yard, in addition to the exbaukment price, = -
The atave prices include all pumping ar bailiog of water, buth during tle excavation of the pie ang *f
Jack.

For an uddities of as Be ech, Twill hy, if cequined, the frout sioue of ie Imasoney will a dew ln,
Signed by me, thi -@ day of “as SBT

Behe tes 1th

Notz—A steer complianen with the cores of this péopoaul will be required ia avery inatancr.
No contract will bo made with more than cue parson.

Bq


Byrne was to be allowed:

Material Per Perch No. of Perches Amount
Cement and sand x § 2.00 x 1180 = $1,150

Laying atl around 2,20 1150 2,530.50
Backing delivered 2,50 730 1,878
Cut stone (coping 18,00 40 720
(quoins 22.00 30 660
{ashler 14.00 330 4,620

ST, 555.50

11580 perches x $10 $11,500.00

55,50

The cost of drywalling and paving was estimated at $3.50 per
perch, One dollar per perch could be charged against the cost of
laying, which would make the charge for the stone delivered, $2.50
per pereh.2°

In the autumn of 1838 Byrne put a crew to work in the quarry in
Twigg Hollow cutting stone for Lock No.6i.77 He hoped that sufficient
stone would be on hand when the pits for Lock Nos.60 and 61 were ex-
cayated to begin laying stone immediately. The pit for Lock No.61 had
been dug and the foundation built by the carpenters and their helpers

by early March 1839, Byrne's stone masons were now ready to move in.

Before they commenced laying stone, Assistant Engineer Morris notified

Byrne that he had "fixed upon the heights of the courses of Lock No.61.

10. "Perch Scale of Lock 61" (Ltrs. Sent, Morris).

11. In Sovemher Byrne had 34 wen and one horse working in the
quarry, but in December tnis force was reduced to 12 men, At the same
time, Lambie added to his crew working on the railway from the quarry to
the lock site.



Appendix © Ceont'd)

Va ta. ard the, Rit ve Ceca j he. Gates loan “se le he mate.

7 ah
Are ll ‘veep Bike oh jt he he at the. er me Pregl
or9 va
a} tiv tare mace fos
* wh cucen diote. tp blab Sute seen fa with, be.

ad he hed oft the: amr] Ah, both Was Mfow Otaawor oiblos Weeten.

pot b Me Ca Avis ane the seve ft ne Bbrry -

% eet
—
aly bienaied a { meg ems. tree q ¢ "46
. i. rs willie [ nn ih———
TOUS deere Beg pk ee
i i :
¥= gi Sur OT 3 4 S$.
oe yy ° 4 A 7 ys A, . ‘
y) ~ ta. an a : af
oe = j
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x



SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON THU S0-MILE SECTION, MARCH 10, 1850,

97

a
n n 5
a B 3 5 Sa KR x
c- a oO rey 3 ie it y
2 i = pty g = vo ray
P=} he 3 a g wn
5 “4 by o b a Me Fa o o ”
8 & a 4 & ra) ” EN ” & n a ”
= 2 a] o e g Do a cy 4 cy o 4 w H =]
o an a Pad fol oo os ° wn my a 4 ° a ° i<3
a bal 3 5 a 0 fl 2 un o be ‘A a s 6 «
Locks Nos. 2) a b z z a s a g Pd & x § oa *
59 2 2 4 4 1 1
60 . 2 3 2 7 1 15 S 1
61 7 4 6 17 2 3 I
62-66 2 |20 32 6 8 6 ? 4 93 [35 13 1 3_12 7
3 carts, as well.
SEMI-MONTHLY RETURN OF THE FORCE EMPLOYED ON THE SO-MILE SECTION, March 25, 1850.
Locks Nos,
59 6 6
60 6 5 16 4 4 1
6h 9 4 6 & 27 2 2
62-63 > G Cra c s ae —



The lineal feet of timber in the foundation of Lock No.62 above

@ lock with a ‘common foundation was to be;

Head of Lock 12 sticks increased 1 foot 12-foot running
Recess timbers 1S sticks increased 2 foot 30-foot running
Chamber timbers 83 sticks increased 2 foot 166-foot running
Recess timbers 17 sticks increased 2 foot 34-foot running
Tail of Lock 16 sticks increased 1 foot _16-foot running

143 298

A “common lock bill!’ for 12 x 12-inch timber was 5,181 1/2 running

feet; adding 258 feet, would make the bili for Lock No.62 in the

amount of 5,439 1/2 feet.”

The decision to eliminate one lock in Tunnel Hollow compelled

Chief Engineer Fisk in January 1848 to prepare a new "bill of timbers”

for the foundations of Locks Nos.63 1/3, 64 2/3, and 66, For each

of the three locks there would be required:

Linear Cubic

Feet Feet

22 pieces of i-foot square white oak timber 25 $50
60 Pieces of 1-foot square white oak timber 22 1,320
6 pieces of 1-foot square shite oak timber 47 282
2,152

There would be in the three foundations 6,4S6 cubic feet of

oak timbers. These timbers would be positioned:

In the first 15 feet below the breast 10 pes 2S feet
Next 81 feet below the breast 54 pes 22 feet
Next 18 feet below the breast 12 pes 22 feet
Next 9 feet below the breast 6 pes 22 feet
Next 8 feet below the breast _ 6 pes 22 feet
Next 8 feet below the breast 6 pes 47 feet
Total of 131 feet 88 pcs

2. Morris to Byrne, Feb 9, 1839 (Ltrs. Sent, Morris).

3. Fisk to Dungan, Jan. 8, 18h8(Ltrs. Recd., C & 0 Co.),
61

white

long
long
long
Tong
long.

long?



CRIB WORK AT HEAD OF THE LOCKS

On May 12, 1849, Assistant Engineer Dungan reported that he had
been unable to secure the necessary information from Assistant Engin-
eer Byers on the "position § arrangement of the crib work" at the head
of the Composite Locks. As the heads were straight, he wished to know
if the angles were to be rounded or would "the crib work set flush to
prevent about stocking. "” It has been impossible to: determine Fisk's
views on this subject, as he either replied verbally or by a letter

which has been lost.

1. Dungan to Fisk, May 12, 1649(Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer),

67



course." The "entire work was to be laid in full beds of Pure cement
mortar and grouted with Pure Cement Grout, course by course.”

Morris Was satisfied by the recent experiments undertaken by
Colonel Pasley that ‘pure cement when set was equal in strength to

building stones which from descriptions must be quite as strong as

sandstone,” If this were true, a lock constructed in this manner
would soon “become as solid as the stone itself . . . and endure for
ages.'' The use of "Pure cement mortar," Morris estimated, would prob-

ably increase the cost of cement per lock to $1.75 per perch.
Should rubble locks be adopted as he advocated, he would recom-

mend that the thickness of the walls beneath the coping be increased

to five feet, provided the dimensions of the base was held at seven.
Chief Engineer Fisk did not agree with Morris’ proposal to substi-
tute Locks built of rubble masonry for those Byrne had contracted to
construct of cutstone. Morris' letter, however, caused him to under-
take an investigation to determine if there might not be another solu-
tion to the lack of suitable building stone in the region of the Paw
Paw Bends. Before making any recommendations to the Board, Fisk asked
Superintendent of Masonry, A. B. MacFarland, to examine and report on

the local quarries.

16. Morris to Fisk, Aug. 18, 163¢ (Ltrs. Recd., Chief Engineer).

13



APPENDIX DB

Work accomplished by Buell & Watt as of November 21, 1349, under
their contract of November 20, 1947, with Hunter, Warris § Co.:
Lock No.62

4,457.62 perches mortared masonry

662.58 perches dry masonry

3,529 cubic feet timber in foundations

18,670 superficial feet of planking in foundations
624 cubic feet timber in lining

2,238 cubic yards earth, excavation

395 cubic yards rock, excavation

1,000 cubic yards embankment from pit

800 cubic yards embankment not from pit

450 cubic yards puddling

679 cubic feet timber deliyered x 20¢ $135.80
15,889 superficial feet plank delivered x $17.50/w $278.06
9 perches stone delivered x $2.00 18.00

4,304 iron anchors

Locks Nos.63 1/3, 64 2/3, and 66

1,852.76 perches mortared masonry

2,690.83 perches dry masonry

193,49 perches dry walling

6,479 cubic feet timber in foundations

27,418 superficial Feet planking in foundations
1,403 cubic feet timber in lining

1,80) superficial feet plank in lining

8,783 iron anchors

150 perches concrete masonry x $2.50 $375
380 cubic yards puddling

2,072 cubic feet timber delivered x 20¢ $414.40
37,156 superficial Feet plank delivered x $17.50/w 649.88
50 perches stone delivered x $2,00 100.00
8,000 oak pins, 1 1/2 inch $8.50 68,00
5,500 locket plus 3/4 inch $7.00 38.50
On account of railroad $1,1597.93

94



Tn the 19 months that Bryne had held the contract for Locks Nos.59-66,
work had progressed at a snail-like pace. A Company official reported
on June 30, 1840, that Byrne's people had done very little at the
eight locks. Of the $210,607 dollars programmed for these "works of
art'’ only $14,775 had been paid to Byrne on the estimates forwarded
by the project engineers. On December 28, 1839, the cost of these
locks had been estimated at: Lock No.$9, $24,635; Lock No. 60 $25,846;
Lock No,61 $25,296; Lock No.62 $26,165; Lock No.63 $30,860; Lock No.64
$30,860; Lock No.65 $30,860; and Lock No. 66 $30,860, °2

The Board of Directors at this time advised the stockholders of
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company that on the "50-mile section”
work on the masonry had lagged. There were between Dam No.6 and Cum-
berland 22 lift-locks with a total lift of 182 feet, 4 aqueducts, 30
culverts, one dam, and one guard Jock. Of the locks, five (Nas.55, S7,
73, 74, and 75) were finished, or nearly so, Materials had been pre-
pared for five more, while the remaining 12 locks could be "regarded

as not being commenced."'

21, Hyrern to Fisk, Cune 36, 1849 (Ltrs. 5 Recd., Chief Engineer).
In the period, Kay December 7, 1839, $2,410 nad been disbursed to
Byrne under the Lock No.6¢ account; 35,453, 33 in the Lock No,61 account;
$4,725,92 in the Lock Nios.62-66 account; and $1,797.46 for the railway.
Ledger Book B, po.725, 739, 765.

1m bag

18


Lock No. 62

Below the lower gates mortared masonry
Below the lower gates dry masonry
Below the upper gates mortared masonry
Above the upper gates mortared masonry
Breast wall mortared masonry

Above level of breast wall

Head of lock

Flume walis

Lock No. 63 1/3

Below lower gates mortared masonry
Below lower gates dry masonry
Below upper gates mortared masonry
Above upper gates mortared masonry
Breast wall mortared masonry

Above level of breast wall

Head of Lock

Towpath & flume walls

Lock No. 64 2/3

Below lower gates mortared masonry
Below lower gates dry masonry
Below upper gates mortared masonry
Above upper gates mortared masonry
Breast wall mortared masonry
Above level of breast wall

Head of lock

Towpath §& flume wall

Lock No.66

Below lower gates mortared masonry
Below lower gates dry masonry
Below upper gates mortared masonry
Above upper gates mortared masonry
Breast wall

46

Perches
oes

34.56
$.61
31.14
38,06
16,46
10.80
59.10
13.96
206.49

Perches

31,44
24,74
37,80
46.20
16,46
12,00
39,90
144,88

353,62_

Perches

31.44
25,52
37.80
46.20
16,46
12,00
39,90
203.61
412.93

Perches

31.44

$.30
29.84
36.48
16.68



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Along the "$0-mile section," the number of employees from Nov-
ember until April had not exceeded 300 laborers and mechanics and
100 carts. Since then the force had steadily declined, and by the
fourth week of May it was down to 40,

On May 19 Fisk ordered the contractors. in writing, to have 500
laborers and mechanics on the line by May 31; 1,000 by June 30; 1,500
by July 31; and 2,000 by August 31, along with the necessary number
of wagons and teams to keep the men “fully and properly employed."'
This force for the time being would be mainly engaged at the tunnel
and in the "prosecution of such works of masonry as require the longest
time for construction.""">

Gwynn & Co, were unable to meet these deadlines, By June 1, 1846,
the subcontractors had ceased work, and Dungan, after measuring the
tunnel, discharged two of his engineering party. Shortly thereafter,
the Board declared that Gwynn § Co. had abandoned its contract 2"

Negotiations for the sale of the bonds had been underway since
before the formal signing of the contract with Gwynn § Co, Efforts
by Senator Danie) Webster and the Company itself to effect 2 loan in
Great Britain failed, when the House of Baring declined to take any part

of it.°?

23. 28th Annual Report ,{1646), 45.

24, Dungan to Fisk, July 20, 18L6 (Ltrs, Recd., Chief Engineer);
t9th Annual Report, June 7, 1847, {Proceedings of the President & Board
of Directors, C & O Co.)

25. Proceedings of Board of Directors, G, 311.

30


On checking distances, MacFarland found it was a little over
three miles from a point on the Virginia shore, opposite Tunnel Hol-
low, to Quarry No.1 atop Purslane Mountain. There was a road to with-
in one-half mile of the quarry. MacFarland believed the one-half mile
of road could be opened by the contractor at a small cost. As there
might not be enough stone in Quarry No.1 to provide cutstone for ali
the locks in question, MacFarland pinpointed another quarry on Sideling
Hill, four miles by road from the mouth of Tunnel Hollow, This second
quarry was in ''the heart of the stone region. . . where there are
stone enough for 50 Locks, if needed, and of a quality... equal to
the best granite,"

MacFarland was satisfied that Byrne, if he used these quarries,
would encounter less difficulty in hauling the stone than Mr. Childs

had experienced in reaching the quarry from which he secured stone

17
for Aqueduct No.9.

Fisk, after reviewing MacFarland's paper and discussing the
situation with Byrne concluded that Byrne would be compelled to
abandon his contract if the Company insisted on building the locks of
cutstone, He, however, could not sanction in its entirety Morris’

recommendation to construct the locks of rubble masonry.

17. MacFarlens to Fisk, Sept. 11, 1839 (Ltrs. Recd,, Chief
Engineer,

14



As the balance beams on the Tunnel Hollow locks checked repidly,
metal straps would have to be slipped over the posts, But this could
be attended to after the waterway was opened for navigation to Cumberland, "7?
It was October 8 before water was let into the Seven-mile Bottom
sections, 1 The eastern portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the
only part to be completed, was formally opened to trade at Cumberland,

Thursday, October 10, 1850.

T7. Bender to Fisk, Sept. 25, 1850{Ltrs, Recd,, Chief Engineer).

78. Bender to Fisk, Oct. 8, 1850(Ltrs. Recd,, Chief Engineer).

s7


MICHAEL BYRNE FAILS TO BUILD THE TUNNEL HOLLOW LOCKS

By 1836 the Board of Directors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Company was ready to take steps to secure capital with which to begin
construction of the "S0-mile section’ between Dam No, 6 and Cumberland,
Maryland. Bonds to a value of $3,000,000 were issued in that year by
the State of Maryland, This subscription, however, soon involved the
Company in a tangled and increasingly precarious financial situation.
Trouble was encountered in obtaining the bonds or proceeds from their
sale; consequently the Company, although the surveys had been completed,
had insufficient capital to call for bids for construction of the canal
above Dam Xo, 6, Delays had occurred in implementing the law, while
Maryland politics necessitated the postponement of the appointment of
state commissioners to negotiate the sale of the bonds. By the end of
March 1837, the Board of Directors had determined to purchase the bonds
on behalf of the Company, if the state agents in Lurope failed to mar-
ket them. A provisional contract was drawn ap.

Chief Engineer Charles B, Fisk on May 1, 1837, recommended to Com-
missioner George Bender (who in 1835 had been given the task of super-
vising construction of the Canal above Dam No. 5) that whenever the

Board deemed it advisable, "to put more work under contract," he would
’ P ,

1. Welter &. Sanderlin, The Great ational Project, A History of
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Baltimore, 1946), 129-139,



Appendix B (cont'd)

OP.

\
ae
09 Thy
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Hmm Wg -
R bal

a

|

Bs

“Us

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ISdz



Lock 0s. 61-64

Conventional AYE
gaa
vanes
brn
Naviereive
corey
prety
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starame

etensig SS
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pid
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¢
Lee we 68

¢
af:
:

PLATE I
Location Map for Lock Nos. 61-66, C & O Canal


Buell @ Watt had accomplished several items not covered in Dun-
_ gan's estimates. They were: (a) 26,452 superficial feet of plank
jointed at S0¢ per hundred; (b) 31 lineal feet of longitudinal sills
and the recess frames for Lock No.62; and (c) one quoin post for Lock

No.63 2/3,7

1. Cungan to Fisk, Feb, 2, 1850(Ltrs, Recd., Chief Engineer),

95


contractors were raising the walls of the Composite Locks. On Dec-
ember 2, 1848, he had ordered Assistant Superintendent of Masonry
Rhind to proceed to Lock No.67 as project engineer. Rhind, while he
was in the area, would give his attention to the Buell § Watt locks.
Through this action Fisk hoped “to secure uniformity in the construc-
tion of our Composite Locks."

In reviewing the specifications for the Composite Locks, Rhind
found that the

mortared masonry is to be of the character of that of
the aqueduct and culvert rubble masonry recently con-
structed upon this canal as nearly as in the opinion
of the Chief Engineer and neighboring quarries of dur-
able building stone will admit of; and the dry masonry
is also in like manner to be as nearly as practicable
of the character of that recently constructed upon
the cana] under the lock contracts, care being taker
that the front of the chamber walls shall allow the
upright posts to bear firmly against them.

As for the masonry, the Company was most interested in its
“strength,” and this must be insisted upon. $o far, the masonry had
not measured up to standards. In regard to the work already done,
the Company would have "to make the most of it, correcting manifest
imperfections, where it can be done without much difficulty." But

in the future, Fisk had cautioned his subordinates, "the specifica-

tions must be taken as the guide."

3?