NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0524n.06

Case No. 23-3157

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ELIZABETH SAAVEDRA,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, 

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS 

OPINION

Before: SILER, NALBANDIAN, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

STEPHANIE D. DAVIS, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Elizabeth Saavedra seeks review of a 

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, which affirmed an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) 

denial of her application for cancellation of removal under § 1229b(b)(1) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. After considering the evidence in the administrative

record, the IJ and the BIA found that Saavedra did not meet the “exceptional and extremely unusual 

hardship” requirement for her qualifying relatives under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). We deny the 

petition for review.

I.

Saavedra, a native and citizen of Mexico, entered the United States in 1999 without 

admission by a United States immigration official. Saavedra filed an application for asylum and 

withholding of removal with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, which was 

referred to the United States Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”). DHS later initiated 
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removal proceedings by serving Saavedra with a notice to appear in immigration court to answer 

the removability charges due to her status as a non-citizen present in the United States without 

permission pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Saavedra, represented by counsel, appeared 

in immigration court and conceded her removability. She also filed an application for cancellation 

of removal and sought protection under the Convention Against Torture, 8 C.F.R. § 208.18

(“CAT”).

The IJ held a merits hearing during which Saavedra offered evidence to support her 

applications. The government conceded at the hearing that Saavedra met the qualifying relatives, 

physical presence, and good moral character requirements for cancellation of removal, and DHS 

did not challenge her claim that she has no disqualifying convictions. But the government disputed 

that Saavedra met the exceptional and extremely unusual hardship requirement.

To support her claim of hardship, Saavedra testified on her own behalf. She stated that her 

husband, Jose Flores, is a lawful permanent resident of the United States and her three children are 

United States’ citizens. She testified that her youngest son suffers from “a heart problem” but is

currently stable and sees his doctor every two years to monitor his condition. (A.R. at 136, 163). 

Saavedra also admitted that despite her son’s heart condition, he is not “limited to what he can do”

and, in that vein, confirmed that he is even able to play sports. (Id. at 175).

Saavedra further testified that her husband is a recovering alcoholic who, at the time of the 

hearing, had been sober for the past six years. The IJ received testimony detailing Flores’s

troublesome past with alcohol and drug use, including that he was unable to stop even after 

receiving counseling and participating in therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous. Saavedra explained 

that Flores was finally able to stop drinking by “spend[ing] more time with [his family].” (A.R. at

138).
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Regarding the family’s finances, Saavedra testified that both she and Flores were gainfully 

employed, with Flores’s income comprising 65 percent of their household income, and assets of 

$70,000 in cash and equities. She also testified that her family receives health benefits through 

Flores’s job and if she were required to return to Mexico, her children would remain under his 

current health insurance policy—a fact which Flores confirmed. Even with their health care 

coverage squared away, Saavedra testified that she was not sure that Flores would be able to 

provide for the children in her absence “because [she has] been living here almost [her] whole 

life.” (A.R. at 164).

Another concern for Saavedra was that Flores was shot in front of their home in Michigan

about eight years prior to her hearing. And although the shooter was caught and arrested, he posted 

bond, was released, and apparently left the jurisdiction. According to Saavedra, her family 

members saw the shooter in Mexico “maybe . . . that same year [as the shooting], in 2010 or 

2011[,]” but they confirmed that the shooter did not interact with or threaten her family. (A.R. at

159–60). Saavedra also opined, based on “what [she] heard on the news,” that if she were to 

return to Mexico, authorities there would not protect her from danger—including from theft and 

other general crimes. (A.R. at 145–46).

Flores also testified at the hearing. He stated that he has previously been arrested for drug 

and alcohol use but explained that he was now sober and had been for at least seven years—a fact 

he attributed to “family support.” (A.R. at 249–50, 254). Flores also explained that he told his 

children, “without your mother, I wouldn’t have been able to, uh, accomplish it.” (A.R. at 256).

When asked what impact Saavedra’s removal from the United States would have on his sobriety, 

Flores responded, “I wouldn’t be able to give you a concrete answer,” and explained that it took

him a long time to get sober. (A.R. at 257). He concluded by stating, “I do not know what will 
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happen. But I, I do feel . . . really sure, I mean . . . I can assure myself . . . being together with my 

family.” (Id.)

Regarding the man who shot him in 2010, Flores said he “hear[d] rumors” that the shooter

was sent back to Mexico but was unsure about whether the shooter was currently in jail. (A.R. at

259–60). Flores relayed that the shooter’s father had approached him after the shooting and 

explained that the shooting was unintentional. Flores also stated, “these are just rumors,” when 

asked if the shooter had family in Mexico, and he confirmed that he did not know if the shooter

was currently in Mexico. (A.R. at 261). 

After the hearing, the IJ issued an oral decision finding Saavedra removable and denying 

her applications for relief from removal and CAT protection. Saavedra appealed the IJ’s decision 

to the BIA, which issued a separate opinion and dismissed her appeal. The BIA agreed with the 

IJ’s conclusion that Saavedra failed to demonstrate that her removal would cause an “exceptional 

and extremely unusual hardship” to a qualifying relative under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). It therefore 

upheld the IJ’s denial of her application for cancellation of removal. In its decision, the BIA 

considered all of the hardship factors and found the following: (1) although Flores may experience 

hardship from the loss of Saavedra’s support of his sobriety if she were removed: he has maintained 

his sobriety for many years now, his children can still provide him with motivation and support,

and Saavedra’s physical departure would not render her completely absent from his life; (2) there 

is insufficient evidence in the record that Saavedra’s son has a serious medical condition; (3) there 

is insufficient evidence that Saavedra will experience harm if she returns to Mexico; and 

(4) Saavedra’s family will experience some financial and emotional hardship from her removal, 

although it will not be exceptional or extremely unusual. The BIA concluded that “the Immigration 

Judge considered the relevant hardship factors in the aggregate under the applicable legal standards 
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and appropriately analyzed and gave weight to [the] factors.” (A.R. at 5). It therefore upheld the 

IJ’s denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection. Saavedra only petitions for 

review of the denial of her application for cancellation of removal. 

II.

Circuit courts have jurisdiction to review a “final order of removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). 

That said, § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) prohibits federal appellate courts from reviewing discretionary 

issues, including those contained in a BIA decision regarding cancellation of removal. See 

Bernardino Murillo v. Barr, 795 F. App’x 437, 441 (6th Cir. 2019). Nevertheless, we have held 

that a BIA decision on whether a petitioner meets the “exceptional and extremely unusual 

hardship” requirement for a cancellation of removal determination “is the type of mixed question 

[of law and fact] that we have jurisdiction to review.”1 Singh v. Rosen, 984 F.3d 1142, 1154 (6th 

Cir. 2021). 

Determining the appropriate standard of review for cases involving mixed questions

requires a “case-by-case approach.” Id. at 1148. “If a question is more fact intensive, [courts]

typically review the question with deference; if it is more legal, they typically review it de novo.” 

Id. (citing Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1062, 1069 (2020)). Where, as here, the mixed 

question requiresthe court to “‘immerse’ itself in a case’s unique facts by ‘weigh[ing]’ all evidence 

for and against an answer, appellate courts should give trial courts primary decisionmaking 

authority by applying deferential review.” Hernandez v. Garland, 59 F.4th 762, 771 (6th Cir. 

2023) (quoting U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at Lakeridge, 

1 On June 30, 2023, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in a case from the Third Circuit that addresses 

whether an agency determination of the “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” requirement is a 

mixed question of law and fact reviewable under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). See Wilkinson v. Att’y Gen. 

United States, No. 21-3166, 2022 WL 4298337, at *1 (3d Cir. Sept. 19, 2022), cert. granted sub nom.

Wilkinson v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. 2687 (2023) (Mem.). The case is still pending review. 
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LLC, 138 S. Ct. 960, 967 (2018)) (explaining that circuit courts have traditionally evaluated such 

decisions under the substantial evidence standard). “Where the BIA reviews the immigration 

judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion, rather than summarily affirming the immigration 

judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination.” 

Zometa-Orellana v. Garland, 19 F.4th 970, 976 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting Khalili v. Holder, 557 

F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009)). 

While we have yet to decide the appropriate standard of review to apply to hardship 

determinations, we need not reach that determination here. See Singh, 984 F.3d at 1154. Under 

any applicable standard, the BIA’s determination that Saavedra failed to establish the requisite 

“exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” to her family would be upheld. See 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D). 

III.

Saavedra maintains that the IJ failed to properly apply the hardship standard, failed to 

consider the evidence presented before the court “in the aggregate,” and ignored material evidence. 

As such, she requests that this court reverse and remand for further review. However, because the 

BIA issued a separate opinion in this case, we focus our review on the findings of the BIA as to 

Saavedra’s cancellation of removal application; not the IJ’s decision. See Zometa-Orellana, 

19 F.4th at 976. In doing so, we find no basis for remand.

Under the cancellation-of-removal statute, the Attorney General is empowered to cancel 

the removal of an immigrant who: 

(A) has been physically present in the United States for a continuous 

period of not less than 10 years immediately preceding the date of such 

application;

(B) has been a person of good moral character during such period;
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(C) has not been convicted of an offense under section 1182(a)(2), 

1227(a)(2), or 1227(a)(3) of this title, subject to paragraph (5); and

(D) establishes that removal would result in exceptional and extremely 

unusual hardship to [the non-citizen immigrant’s] spouse, parent, or 

child, who is a citizen of the United States or an [immigrant] lawfully 

admitted for permanent residence.

8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). The parties agree that Saavedra has met the physical presence and good 

moral character requirements for cancellation of removal. And DHS does not challenge her 

assertion that she lacks any disqualifying convictions. In view of the parties’ positions concerning 

the first three eligibility factors, the only issue before this court is whether the BIA’s conclusion 

that Saavedra failed to demonstrate her removal would cause an ‘exceptional and extremely 

unusual hardship’ to her qualifying relatives is legally sound. 

To demonstrate the requisite hardship, an applicant for cancellation must “provide 

evidence of harm to [a] spouse, parent, or child substantially beyond that which ordinarily would 

be expected to result from the alien’s deportation.” In re Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 

56, 59 (BIA 2001) (emphasis in original) (citing H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 104-828); see also

Valdez-Arriaga v. Barr, 778 F. App’x 380, 383 (6th Cir. 2019) (describing this as an “onerous 

standard”). In making this assessment, “all hardship factors should be considered in the 

aggregate.” Araujo-Padilla v. Garland, 854 F. App’x 646, 650 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting In re

Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 64.). And this aggregate consideration must also include

“the ages, health, and circumstances of qualifying relatives.” See Singh, 984 F.3d at 1154 (quoting 

Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 63); Chiquirin-Delgado v. Garland, No. 22-3059, 2023 WL 

3737505, at *2 (6th Cir. May 31, 2023) (same). We find that the BIA correctly concluded that 

Saavedra failed to meet this burden.
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As an initial matter, Saavedra challenges the legal test for assessing “exceptional and 

extremely unusual hardship” as set forth in the BIA’s seminal decision, In re Monreal-Aguinaga. 

23 I. & N. Dec. at 59. Monreal-Aquinaga established that only factors affecting qualifying family 

members (i.e., United States residents or citizens), including the qualifying family members’ ages, 

health, and circumstances are relevant to the question of hardship—not factors that reflect the 

impact on the applicant. Id. at 63. Thus, unlike cases involving the “extreme hardship” standard 

that applies in suspension-of-deportation cases, the “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” 

standard applicable in cases of cancellation of removal is a more restrictive inquiry. Id. at 64. It, 

nevertheless, requires the court to consider all of the hardship factors in the aggregate. Id.

Saavedra argues that the Monreal-Aquinaga decision is “internally inconsistent” and that 

the standard “should be interpreted more liberally.” (Pet. Br. at 7). In other words, Saavedra 

appears to argue that we should decline to follow Monreal-Aguinaga and, instead, apply the 

hardship standard in a different way. But the BIA has acknowledged that Monreal-Aguinaga is 

still the controlling standard. See In re Gonzalez Recinas, 23 I. & N. Dec. 467, 469, 472 (BIA 

2002) (discussing Monreal-Aguinaga and In re Andazola-Rivas, 23 I. & N. Dec. 319 (BIA 2002),

confirming that they are the “seminal interpretations of the meaning of ‘exceptional and extremely 

unusual hardship’” and “are the starting points for any analysis of exceptional and extremely 

unusual hardship”). And we give “substantial deference” to the BIA’s interpretation of the 

immigration statutes and accompanying regulations. Lin v. Garland, 81 F.4th 629, 633 (6th Cir. 

2023). Accordingly, we will uphold the BIA’s interpretation of a statute “unless the interpretation 

is ‘arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.’” Morgan v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 1053, 

1057 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Sad v. INS, 246 F.3d 811, 815 (6th Cir. 2001)). We see no such 

difficulties here. And because Saavedra does not point to any precedent in which we have held 
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otherwise, we will continue to follow the standard set forth in Monreal-Aguinaga here. See 

Aburto-Rocha v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 500, 504 (6th Cir. 2008); Valdez-Arriaga, 778 F. App’x at 

383. 

We now turn to the BIA’s hardship determination. In its decision, the BIA first found 

Saavedra’s evidence supporting her argument that her removal would be detrimental to Flores’s 

sobriety to be inadequate. The BIA acknowledged that there is a risk of relapse if Saavedra were 

removed but noted that Flores would still have family support. While Saavedra would not be 

physically present, the BIA noted that she could still communicate with Flores by telephone or

through video calls, and Flores would continue to have his children in the United Statesfor support. 

The record supports this conclusion. For example, Flores testified that his children motivated him 

to get sober because as a father, he “know[s] that [he] cannot forgive [him]self if [he] was to go 

back and have a problem.” (A.R. at 255). He also stated that his decision to cease his alcohol and 

drug use was “first of all, for [him]self.” (Id.) Flores would thus retain other sources of motivation 

and support to maintain his sobriety. Based on this evidence, the BIA’s finding was appropriate.

Next, the BIA determined that Saavedra failed to provide sufficient evidence to 

demonstrate that her son suffers from a “serious health issue” that would rise to the level of an 

exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. (A.R. at 4). The record shows that her son would 

remain on Flores’s healthcare plan even if Saavedra were removed to Mexico. Moreover, Saavedra 

testified that her son has doctor’s visits every two years and that his heart condition is stable enough 

that he can engage in strenuous physical activity, including sports. On appeal, Saavedra argues 

that “the emotional strain of losing his mother certainly has the potential to cause a recurrence in 

his heart problem.” (Pet. Br. at 15). But this argument lacks any medical evidence to support its 

premise and nothing in the record demonstrates that this purported harm is anything more than, in 
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Saavedra’s own words, “potential.” (Id.) Even considering this evidence in the aggregate, that is 

combining it with the other evidence offered to demonstrate hardship to the qualifying family 

members, the BIA appropriately concluded that the evidence is insufficient for such an “onerous” 

standard. See Valdez-Arriaga, 778 F. App’x at 383. 

The BIA similarly found Saavedra’s argument that she is at risk of being harmed by the 

man who shot her husband in 2010 unavailing—insofar as it relates to its effect on her family—to 

show the requisite hardship. The BIA determined that Saavedra’s fear of harm was “speculative” 

and attenuated in nature due to the large gap in time between the original shooting to the present,

and the lack of information about the shooter’s whereabouts. (A.R. 4). This finding is in accord 

with the record. Saavedra and Flores testified that (1) the shooting happened outside of their home

in the United States, (2) the shooter’s father conveyed that Flores was not the intended victim,

(3) no one has seen the shooter since approximately 2010, (4) neither Saavedra nor anyone in her 

family has been threatened by the shooter or anyone associated with him, (5) the family did not 

know if the shooter lived in Mexico, and (6) the family was unaware if the shooter was currently 

incarcerated . The BIA appropriately determined that Saavedra provided insufficient evidence to 

demonstrate that removal would place her safety at risk—an event that would undoubtedly cause 

hardship to her qualifying relatives—or that her family would otherwise experience any hardship 

related to her removal on this point. 

In affirming the IJ’s decision, the BIA acknowledged that Saavedra’s family would 

experience economic challenges if she were removed to Mexico. However, in relying on its own 

precedent, the BIA concluded that “adverse country conditions, a lower standard of living, and 

emotional hardship are common results of removal and do not rise to the level of exceptional and 

extremely unusual.” (A.R. at 5 (citing In re Andazola-Rivas, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 323–24)).
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Finally, Saavedra claims the BIA ignored material evidence in reaching its hardship 

determination. But it is unclear what evidence she claims was ignored because she has provided 

scant, if any, support for this argument. “It is insufficient ‘for a party to mention a possible 

argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to . . . put flesh on its bones.’ And in instances 

where ‘[i]ssues [are] adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at 

developed argumentation,’ we consider them forfeited.” Buetenmiller v. Macomb Cnty. Jail, 53 

F.4th 939, 946 (6th Cir. 2022) (internal citation omitted) (alterations in original). Yet, even if this 

argument were not deemed forfeited, it does not appear that the BIA ignored any material evidence

as it addressed all the issues raised by Saavedra—including Flores’s sobriety, the health of 

Saavedra’s son, the risk of harm to Saavedra regarding the 2010 shooter and its effect on her 

family, and the economic impact that Saavedra’s family would face as a result of her removal to 

Mexico. Moreover, the BIA considered this evidence in the aggregate.

Based on our review of the BIA’s decision, we are satisfied that in considering the evidence 

in the aggregate, the BIA did not err in applying the hardship test to Saavedra. As such, we find 

no basis for remand.

IV.

For the reasons set forth above, we deny the petition for review.