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OMB No.: 3117--0188

12/03

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U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan Africa

Fourth Annual Report

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U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan

Africa—Fourth Annual Report

This report was principally prepared by

Arona Butcher, Chief, Country and Regional Analysis Division

Laurie-Ann Agama, Project Leader

Nannette Christ, Deputy Project Leader

Douglas Newman, Office of Industries Coordinator

Office of Economics

Selamawit Legesse

Edward Wilson

Office of Industries

Cynthia Foreso

Alfred Forstall

Amanda Horan

Eric Land

Christopher Mapes

Laura Polly

Laura Rodriguez

Office of Investigations

Andrew Rylyk

Barbara Bryan

Office of Information Services

Patricia Augustine

Barbara Bobbitt

Patricia Holland

Peggy Verdine

Student Interns

Larry Chomsisengphet

Brendan McCarthy

Tiffanie Teel

Office of Pubishing

Reviewers

Catherine DeFilippo

Donnette Rimmer

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Patricia M. Thomas, Office of Economics

Loretta Willis, Office of Economics
i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is the fourth in a 5-year series documenting U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

trade and investment flows. The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission or

USITC) compiled this report at the request of the United States Trade Representative

(USTR). In a letter dated April 12, 2000,1 the USTR asked the Commission to submit a

report that provides: an analysis of U.S.-SSA merchandise trade and services flows;

country-by-country profiles of the economies of each SSA country, including

information on major trading partners, and a summary of the trade and investment

climates in each SSA country; a summary of U.S. foreign and total direct investment

and portfolio investment in SSA; information on SSA privatization efforts; updates on

progress in regional integration in SSA, including statistics on U.S. trade with the major

regional groupings; and a summary of multilateral and U.S. bilateral assistance to

SSA countries.

In a supplemental letter dated July 10, 2002, the USTR requested the Commission to

provide the following additional information: the value of U.S. imports from SSA under

the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) including its Generalized System of

Preferences (GSP) provisions, by beneficiary country and major product categories;

information on investment developments related to AGOA; a description and analysis

of major SSA export sectors; expanded information on regional integration in SSA,

including information on the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique

Centrale (CEMAC); a description of major U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives

related to SSA; and a description of major non-U.S. trade preference programs for

SSA countries.

The data included in this report generally cover either calendar or fiscal year 2002,

depending on data availability. If possible data for Africa are provided when SSA

data are not available. In cases where it is useful to show a trend, data for 1998

through 2002 are provided. In addition, when possible, up-to-date developments in

economic, social, trade, and commercial policies are included for the period January

2003 through June 2003.

U.S.-Sub-Saharan Africa Trade

S In 2002, U.S.-SSA merchandise trade totaled $24.1 billion, down from $27.8

billion in 2001. The decline was a result of a decrease in both U.S. exports to

and U.S. imports from the region. U.S. exports to SSA declined by 12.7

percent in 2002 to $5.9 billion from $6.8 billion in 2001. Similarly, U.S.

imports from SSA fell by 13.5 percent to $18.2 billion in 2002 from $21.1

billion in 2001.

1 Copies of the request letters are in app. A.
ii

S The decrease in U.S. exports to SSA was primarily because of decreased

exports of transportation equipment to South Africa and Kenya; and the

decline in U.S. imports from SSA was largely because of a decline in

energy-related products, primarily a 17.9 percent decrease from Nigeria. In

comparison, nonpetroleum imports decreased by 11.9 percent to $6.8 billion

in 2002.

S In 2001, the United States recorded a cross-border surplus in services trade

with Africa of $1.7 billion. The primary U.S. cross-border service exports to

Africa included tourism, business services, education, and freight transport.

U.S. service imports from Africa were mainly travel and tourism, passenger

transport, business services, and freight transport.

Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

S In 2002, SSA attracted $7 billion in investments, or 4.9 percent of global

foreign investment flows to developing countries. Political crises, poor

weather conditions, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic dampened regional

economic growth, which continued to hamper the investment climate.

S Foreign investment portfolio flows to SSA totaled $700 million in 2002,

reversing the $1 billion outflow recorded in 2001. As in prior years, South

Africa accounted for virtually all foreign portfolio investment flows to SSA in

2002.

S U.S. net direct investment flows to Africa totaled $861 million in 2002,

representing less than 1 percent of total U.S. direct investment abroad.

Nigeria and South Africa attracted the largest amounts of U.S. foreign

investment flows, $922 million and $112 million, respectively. These inward

investment flows were offset by outward flows from the rest of Africa totaling

$174 million.

S On balance, continuing net positive flows of U.S. direct investment into Africa

yielded an increase of 12.3 percent in the U.S. direct investment position,

which totaled $15.1 billion in 2002. South Africa and Nigeria accounted for

about 22.8 percent and 11.7 percent, respectively, of the total U.S. direct

investment position in Africa.

African Growth and Opportunity Act

S Total U.S. imports from SSA countries eligible for the AGOA benefits

(including the GSP provisions) totaled almost $9.0 billion in 2002, an increase

of 9.9 percent from $8.2 billion in 2001. The largest share of U.S. imports

under AGOA came from Nigeria (60.2 percent), followed by South Africa

(14.9 percent) and Gabon (12.7 percent). Other major suppliers included

Lesotho, Kenya, Cameroon, Mauritius, and the Republic of the Congo.
iii

S These imports were dominated by U.S. purchases of energy-related products

in 2002, which represented 75.9 percent of total AGOA imports in 2002,

down from their 83.5 percent share of the total in 2001. However, significant

increases were recorded for textiles and apparel, which accounted for 8.9

percent of the total in 2002, up from a 4.4 percent share in 2001, and

transportation equipment, which represented a 6.1 percent share in 2002,

compared with a 3.7 percent share in 2001.

S As government officials, companies, and international firms become more

familiar with the advantages of AGOA, SSA continues to attract investment

driven by access to AGOA benefits. Although the textile and apparel sector

has received substantial levels of investment, other sectors, such as the

automobile sector in South Africa and the information technology sector in

Uganda, are beginning to benefit from AGOA-related investment.

S AGOA continued to influence activities that could be beneficial to SSA’s

long-term economic growth: (1) improvement of the business climate, and (2)

the encouragement of regional cooperation and integration in order to take

advantage of the benefits offered by AGOA.

S Several SSA countries are beginning to witness the expansion of AGOA

benefits beyond the textiles and apparel sector, into nontraditional export

sectors such as fruits, vegetables, and processed food, vehicles and vehicle

parts, and appliances. As expected, South Africa, with its broader economic

base, has led the diversification beyond textiles and apparel. Nevertheless,

other countries that are actively seeking opportunities in nontraditional

products are also making inroads into the U.S. market and diversifying their

export industries.

Regional Integration

S In July 2002, the African Union (AU) was launched as the successor

organization to the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU is modeled

on the EU with plans for the establishment of a parliament, a central bank, a

single currency, a court of justice, and an investment bank. The AU also plans

to have common defense, foreign, and communications policies.

S In 2002, regional trade groups in SSA continued to focus on reducing tariffs

among member countries. The current trend of lowering tariffs on goods of

African origin has been driven primarily by regional trading blocs. This trend

is likely to continue, and to result in increased total intra-African trade

volumes, and in an increase in the proportion of recorded trade.

U.S. Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

S U.S. government agencies continued to fund and implement a broad range of

trade capacity-building initiatives in SSA. SSA received $105.5 million in
iv

FY2002, representing 16.5 percent of total U.S. funding for trade

capacity-building initiatives. Funding for SSA capacity-building initiatives

increased 30.6 percent and 16.5 percent from FY1999 and FY2001,

respectively.

S In FY 2002, U.S. Government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives

expanded to cover 42 SSA countries, double the number of countries in

FY1999. Since FY1999, the top five recipients’ combined percent of total

funding has fallen from 54 percent to 42 percent, as funding targets an

increasing number of SSA countries.

S The primary funding categories were “Trade Facilitation,” accounting for 30

percent of FY2002 total SSA funding, followed by “Trade-Related

Agriculture” and “Human Resources and Labor Standards,” accounting for

17 percent and 14 percent, respectively. The sub-category “Business Services

and Training” accounted for almost 40 percent of “Trade Facilitation.”

Sector Profiles

The six sectors discussed below are: agriculture, fisheries, and forest products;

chemicals; petroleum and energy-related products; minerals and metals; textiles and

apparel; and certain transportation equipment. Figure ES-1 provides an overview

comparing U.S. trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) positions in these sectors.

Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forest Products S Although SSA represents a relatively small market for U.S. exports of

agriculture, fisheries, and forest products ($1.1 billion in 2002, or 1 percent of

the total), such exports increased 31 percent in 2002 compared with the

previous year. Major SSA markets for U.S. sector exports in 2002 included

Nigeria, which accounted for 30 percent of the total, and South Africa, which

accounted for 21 percent. Cereals were the principal products, accounting for

53 percent of total U.S. sector exports to SSA in 2002. Most of the increase in

exports was caused by food shortages in SSA.

S SSA also is a minor source of U.S. imports of agriculture, fisheries, and forest

products ($1.0 billion in 2002, or 1 percent of the total). U.S. sector imports

from SSA rose by 8 percent in 2002 compared with the previous year. Most of

the increase reflected a rise in commodity prices. Major SSA suppliers in 2002

included Côte d’Ivoire and South Africa. Principal products included cocoa

beans, vanilla beans, tobacco, and coffee.

S U.S. sector imports under AGOA (including GSP) in 2002 represented about

23 percent of total sector imports from SSA but only about 3 percent of total

SSA imports under the program. Principal suppliers were South Africa,

Malawi, and Côte d’Ivoire. Major products imported under the program

included sugar, tobacco, and oranges.
Agriculture,

Fisheries, and Petroleum, & Minerals and Textiles and 

Forest Chemicals Energy-related Metals Apparel 

S Côte d’lvoire S South Africa S Nigeria S South Africa S Lesotho S South Africa S Equatorial Guinea S Angola S Mauritius

S Gabon S South Africa

S Cocoa beans, S Organic chemicals, S Crude petroleum S Diamonds, S Cotton sweatersvanilla beans, inorganic chemicals precious metals pullovers and mentobacco, coffee & women’s trouseS South Africa S South Africa S Nigeria S South Africa S Lesotho S Malawi S Kenya S KenyaS Côte d’lvoire S Mauritius

S Sugar, tobacco, S Silicon, titanium S Crude petroleum S Ferroalloys, S Cotton sweaters

oranges dioxide pigments aluminum pullovers and

women’s trousers

S Nigeria S South Africa S South Africa S South Africa S South Africa S South Africa S Nigeria S Nigeria S Nigeria S Nigeria 

S Tanzania

S Cereals S Fertilizers, acrylic S Refined petroleum S Drilling equipment S Used clothing 

polymers products, specialty structures

coals

S Nigeria S South Africa S Equatorial Guinea S Ghana S Not available 

S Kenya S Nigeria S Nigeria

S Seychelles S Zimbabwe S Gabon

Figure ES-1SSA sector profiles summary data, 2002

Source: USITC staff analysis.

Primary Sources

Primary Products

Primary Sources

Primary Products

Primary Markets

Primary Products

Primary U.S. FDI

Recipients

U.S. Exports AGOA Imports U.S. Imports

12,00010,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

U.S. importsAGOA importsU.S. exportsU.S. FDI position

Million dollars

1,032

242

265

56

124

1,053

113

448

136

699

591

11.713

6,825

193

3,471

2,705

373

1,136

803

v
vi

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA food and kindred products sector is relatively

minor, accounting for less than 1 percent of total U.S. FDI in the region in

2002. South Africa was, by far, the leading SSA country for which U.S. sector

FDI position data were reported in 2002.

Chemicals S South Africa continues to lead SSA in the production of chemicals, with

organic chemicals the leading product category. South Africa’s chemical

industry benefits from a growing demand for explosives by the country’s

mining sector.

S U.S. imports of chemicals from SSA declined by nearly a third in 2002,

totaling $448 million. South Africa supplied 60 percent of the total; organic

chemicals, the leading product category, accounted for 45 percent of the

total.

S U.S. imports of chemicals under AGOA (including GSP) totaled $136 million

in 2002, up 6 percent from the previous year. This represented 30 percent of

total sector imports from AGOA countries and 6 percent of total U.S. imports

under AGOA. South Africa supplied nearly all sector imports under AGOA,

with major products including silicon and titanium dioxide pigments.

S U.S. exports of chemicals to AGOA countries totaled $699 million in 2002,

representing a decline of 10 percent compared with the previous year. South

Africa took nearly two-thirds of such exports, which consisted of a wide array

of products, including fertilizers and acrylic polymers.

Petroleum and Energy-Related Products

S Crude petroleum from Nigeria and coal from South Africa continue to be the

primary petroleum and energy-related products produced in SSA. Angola

remains the region’s second largest producer of crude petroleum behind

Nigeria. Coal continues to be the primary fuel produced and consumed in

South Africa and is its largest source of foreign exchange. South Africa

accounts for about 4 percent of the world’s recoverable reserves of coal and

is the world’s second largest net exporter of coal.

S SSA accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. exports of the products in this

sector. U.S. exports to SSA consist of refined petroleum products (91 percent)

and specialty coals (8 percent). U.S. imports of petroleum and energy-related

products from SSA account for about 10 percent of total U.S. imports of these

products from all sources.

S Crude petroleum is the primary export product from SSA, and Nigeria is the

leading exporter. Crude petroleum is also the major imported product into the

region, followed by refined petroleum products. The United States and

Western Europe are the region’s major sources of refined petroleum

products, particularly diesel fuels and other bunker fuels.
vii

S Nigeria, one of the world’s leading exporters of crude petroleum, has the

potential to increase its production of crude petroleum significantly in the next

few years as recent discoveries come on-stream. Several joint ventures are

expected to yield additional production of crude petroleum and natural gas.

In addition, recent discoveries of crude petroleum in Angola are becoming

attractive to the world’s leading production companies.

Minerals and Metals S Prices for several minerals and metals began to recover from lows observed

in the prior six years reflecting declining worldwide inventories. This is

expected to increase the financial opportunities of many SSA companies, and

facilitate the financing of new international exploration and possible

investment.

S The United States enacted the Clean Diamond Trade Act (The Act, Public Law

108-19) on April 25, 2003, which was initiated by Congress in response to the

use of diamonds in fueling conflict and human rights violations in parts of

Africa. The Act bans the importation of rough diamonds from any

nonparticipant in the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS).

Presidential Executive Order 13312, effective July 30, 2003, amends prior

Orders on the subject to reflect provisions of The Act, bans all rough diamond

imports from Liberia, even if they originated elsewhere, and removes the prior

ban on all rough diamond imports from Sierra Leone that are controlled

through the KPCS.

S South Africa continues to dominate the region’s exports ($2.7 billion) to the

United States, marginally increasing its share to 91 percent in 2002 despite

decreasing its exports to the United States by $327 million (12 percent) from

2001. This decline is mostly attributable to decreased exports of gold bullion

and ferronickel, and, as all but two countries saw decreased exports, reflects

general market conditions. One notable exception is the large increase in

Botswana’s exports to the U.S. that is largely attributed to the alternate

sourcing of raw diamonds away from SSA conflict regions and to Botswana’s

high ranking in the Transparency International Corruption Index 2001 report.

S The trade benefits of AGOA appear to be impacting the sector positively.

While sectoral U.S. imports declined overall, imports under AGOA increased

17 percent in 2002, to 14 percent of the total sectoral imports from the AGOA

countries. Most AGOA sectoral imports were supplied by South Africa and

Kenya. Ferroalloys accounted for the majority of AGOA imports in this sector,

but much of the increase during the period was a result of a large percentage

gain in aluminum and finished products, reflecting the result of processing

investments in western SSA (e.g., Guinea) over the past few years.

S U.S. exports to the region increased by 6 percent in 2002, reflecting the

significant oil exploration and oil-field development that is continuing in SSA,

primarily in Nigeria, Angola, and surrounding areas. However, the drilling

operations leveled off in 2002, causing the export of drilling and related

equipment to plateau. On the other hand, structural commodities showed
viii

significant increases, much of which were directed toward the ongoing

development of oil and gas recovery and refining facilities. Aluminum

products marked the largest increase, largely supplying semifinished and

finished products to many smaller countries.

S Most governments in the region actively promoted and sought foreign

investment through enhanced financial, taxation, private property, and

regulatory laws. In contrast, South Africa’s 2002 Minerals Bill, which returns

ownership of mineral tracts to the State and is claimed by producers to affect

investment as well as the financial health of the companies working in that

country negatively, is being applied. Negotiations are underway on a

case-by-case basis regarding terms of the State’s purchase of the mineral

rights.

Textiles and Apparel S SSA production and exports of textiles and apparel continue to be

concentrated in Mauritius, Madagascar, South Africa, Lesotho, and Kenya.

Other countries, such as Swaziland, and Namibia, are increasing activity in

the sector, owing to factors such as privatization, increased foreign

investment, and trade preferences such as AGOA.

S The appreciation of the rand diminished South Africa’s competitiveness in the

sector during 2002 and early 2003. South Africa’s textile sector experienced

declining sales and job losses, as overseas customers switched to Asian

suppliers.

S U.S. sector imports from SSA rose 14 percent in 2002, reaching $1.1 billion.

This represented less than 1 percent of total sector imports. Principal SSA

suppliers included Lesotho, Mauritius, and South Africa. Primary items

included cotton sweaters and pullovers and cotton men’s and women’s

trousers.

S U.S. sector imports under AGOA totaled $803 million, up 123 percent from

the previous year. Principal AGOA suppliers included Lesotho, Mauritius,

and South Africa. Primary items included cotton sweaters and pullovers, and

cotton women’s trousers.

S U.S. sector exports to SSA fell 5 percent to $124 million in 2002. Such exports

accounted for a negligible share of the U.S. sector total. Primary SSA markets

included South Africa and Nigeria; used clothing was, by far, the major

export item.

S The AGOA program has stimulated foreign investment in several SSA

textile-producing countries. Most of this investment has come from Asian

sources.

Certain Transportation Equipment S South Africa is the dominant producer of motor vehicles and motor-vehicle

parts in the SSA region, accounting for 96 percent of SSA motor vehicle
ix

production in 2002. South Africa is also the leading market for motor vehicles

sales in the SSA region, accounting for 65 percent of SSA motor vehicle sales

in 2002. The automotive industry in South Africa reportedly accounts for

nearly 6 percent of the country’s gross domestic product and 10 percent of

total manufacturing in South Africa, and is comprised of foreign subsidiaries

and local-foreign joint venture operations.

S The South African motor vehicle industry benefits from the Motor Industry

Development Programme (MIDP), initiated in September 1995. The goal of

the MIDP is to make South Africa a world-class motor vehicle producer by

lowering import barriers and promoting exports. Through this process, the

industry has restructured considerably. The program encourages

manufacturers to become more efficient through higher production volumes

and economies of scale, or by identifying and successfully targeting niche

markets.

S The South African motor vehicle manufacturing industry currently employs

approximately 33,000, and the component manufacturing industry employs

nearly twice that amount, 60,000. In recent years, the automotive industry has

made substantial productivity gains, with direct labor costs reduced by

approximately 30 percent during 1998-2002. Capacity utilization is also

increasing, reaching the global average of 76 percent by the first half of

2002.

S In 2002, the United States ran a $257 million deficit in certain transportation

equipment trade with SSA. In 2001, the trade balance was in favor of the

United States, with a surplus of $153 million. U.S. imports of certain

transportation equipment reached $560 million in 2002, up by $229 million

(69 percent) over the 2001 level of $331 million. Passenger cars accounted for

84 percent of total U.S. sector imports from South Africa. Leading

components imported from South Africa in 2002 included road wheels,

engine parts, shock absorbers, and mufflers and exhaust pipes.

S U.S. imports of certain transportation equipment under AGOA increased by

85 percent in 2002, reaching $533 million. All such imports were from South

Africa. In 2002, AGOA imports accounted for 95 percent of total U.S. sector

imports from SSA. Passenger vehicles were the leading U.S. import from SSA

under the AGOA program in 2002. The South African automotive industry is

the leading export sector under the AGOA program.

S Several foreign investors in the South African automotive industry have

increased their holdings in recent years, and the South African automotive

components industry is consolidating, with approximately 10 percent of the

manufacturing firms closing since 1995. The component manufacturing

industry is reportedly aggressively seeking technology-sharing arrangements

with foreign partners.

S Capital expenditures in the South African automotive industry are increasing,

from R1,522 million (approximately $194 million) in 2000 to R2,078 million in

2001 and R2,726 million in 2002; the projection for 2003 is R3,123 million.

Slightly more than one-half of these expenditures were for “Product, Local

Content, and Export Investment.” Overall capital investment in South Africa
x

by motor vehicle companies reportedly exceeded R12.5 billion, while capital

investment by component manufacturers was approximately R6.5 billion.

Country Profiles

S In 2002, Africa’s average GDP growth rate was 3.2 percent, down from

2001’s average 4.3 percent. This declining average growth rate was

attributed primarily to a weaker global economy; slower than expected

rebound in world trade; drought in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa; impact

of HIV/AIDS; and the eruption of social and political conflict in a number of

countries across the continent. Although sub-Saharan Africa’s average GDP

growth rate continued to fall short of the estimated 7 percent required to

reduce poverty significantly, five countries (Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique,

Angola, Chad, and Rwanda) achieved a 7 percent or higher growth rate in

2002.

S Despite the decrease in average GDP growth, many countries continued their

commitment to poverty reduction. The number of countries preparing full or

interim poverty reduction strategies increased from four in 2001 to nine in

2002.

S SSA countries’ efforts to increase integration into the global trading economy

continued to be hampered by a number of obstacles. In addition to social and

political conflict, inadequate infrastructure, such as dilapidated road

networks, congested ports, inefficient customs services, and prohibitively

expensive air transport, hampered the national and international transport of

merchandise. Many SSA countries continued to depend heavily on primary

commodity products, such as petroleum, minerals, and agricultural products.

S Trade between SSA countries has increased in recent years, primarily driven

by regional trading blocs characterized by political stability and broadly

similar economic policies. Intra-SSA trade increased from 8 percent in 1989

to 12 percent in 2002.

S A significant inhibitor to economic development in SSA was, for most

countries, the low levels of savings and investment. In 2002, foreign direct

investment into Africa declined by $6 billion, and the majority of investment

remained concentrated in the petroleum and minerals and mining sectors. An

important source for foreign direct investment for many SSA countries is

privatization. During 2002, privatization efforts continued, though at a

subdued rate. Part of the slowdown was attributed to the weak global

economy, difficulty locating interested buyers, overvalued assets and the

large investment required for many state-owned enterprises, political

resistance, and a slump in key sectors, such as telecommunications.

S Further compounding the negative impact of the low savings and investment

rates is the high level of capital flight. According to a recent study covering 30

African countries, capital flight over the past 27 years was estimated at $187

billion; if interest earnings were included, total capital flight would be

estimated at $274 billion.
xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary ............................................ i

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................... xxi

Introduction .................................................. xxiii

Purpose and organization of the report xxiii ........................

Approach xxiv ...............................................

Scope of the report xxv .......................................

Chapter 1. U.S. trade and investment with sub-Saharan Africa .......... 1-1

U.S. merchandise trade 1-1 ....................................

U.S. merchandise exports 1-2 .................................

U.S. merchandise imports 1-4 .................................

Trade balance 1-13 .........................................

U.S.-Africa services trade 1-13 ...................................

Foreign investment 1-18 ........................................

Chapter 2. AGOA-related imports and investment .................... 2-1

African Growth and Opportunity Act 2-1 ..........................

AGOA Forum 2-2 .........................................

U.S. imports under AGOA 2-3 ................................

AGOA-related investment 2-10 ..................................

Chapter 3. Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa ................ 3-1

Regional integration in 2002 3-1 ..............................

Economic Community of West African States 3-3 ..................

West African Economic and Monetary Union 3-5 .................

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 3-7 ..............

Southern African Development Community 3-9 ...................

Southern African Customs Union 3-11 ...........................

East African Community 3-13 ..................................

Intergovernmental Authority on Development 3-15 ..................

Indian Ocean Commission 3-17 ................................

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale 3-19 .....
xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 4. Multilateral assistance, U.S. bilateral assistance, and other

trade-related initiatives ......................................... 4-1

Sources of multilateral assistance to sub-Saharan Africa 4-1 ...........

The World Bank Group 4-1 ..................................

The World Bank/International Development Association 4-1 ......

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 4-6 ................

International Finance Corporation 4-10 .......................

The African Development Bank Group 4-12 .......................

International Monetary Fund 4-18 ..............................

New Partnership for African Development 4-19 ....................

Sources of U.S. bilateral economic assistance to sub-Saharan Africa 4-21 .

U.S. government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives 4-21 .....

Country coverage . . 4-22 .................................

Types of trade capacity-building initiatives 4-22 ................

The Export-Import Bank of the United States 4-31 ...................

U.S. Trade and Development Agency 4-32 .......................

Overseas Private Investment Corporation 4-35 .....................

U.S. Agency for International Development 4-36 ...................

Chapter 5. Industry sector profiles ................................. 5-1

Agricultural, fisheries, and forest products 5-3 ......................

Overview 5-3 .............................................

Trade 5-5 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-7 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-7 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-7 ..........................

Investment 5-9 ............................................

Chemicals 5-11 ..............................................

Overview 5-11 .............................................

Trade 5-12 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-14 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-14 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-14 ..........................

Investment 5-15 ............................................

Petroleum and energy-related products 5-17 ........................

Overview 5-17 .............................................

Trade 5-18 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-20 ..........................
xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 5. Industry sector profiles–Continued

Key AGOA trade developments 5-20 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-20 ..........................

Investment 5-21 ............................................

Minerals and metals 5-23 .......................................

Overview 5-23 .............................................

Trade 5-25 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-27 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-27 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-27 ..........................

Investment 5-28 ............................................

Textiles and apparel 5-31 ......................................

Overview 5-31 .............................................

Trade 5-32 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-34 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-34 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-34 ..........................

Investment 5-35 ............................................

Certain transportation equipment 5-37 .............................

Overview 5-37 .............................................

Trade 5-40 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-42 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-42 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-42 ..........................

Investment 5-43 ............................................

Chapter 6. Country profiles ...................................... 6-1

Regional overview 6-1 ........................................

Tariff structure 6-4 ...........................................

Tariff data, availability, and comparability 6-6 ...................

Technical notes 6-10 ...........................................

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries 6-12 ...................

Angola 6-13 ...............................................

Benin 6-15 ................................................

Botswana 6-17 .............................................

Burkina Faso 6-19 ..........................................

Burundi 6-21 ...............................................

Cameroon 6-23 ............................................
xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 6. Country profiles–Continued

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries–Continued

Cape Verde 6-25 ...........................................

Central African Republic 6-27 .................................

Chad 6-29 ................................................

Comoros 6-31 .............................................

Côte d’Ivoire 6-33 ...........................................

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6-35 ..........................

Djibouti 6-37 ...............................................

Equatorial Guinea 6-39 ......................................

Eritrea 6-41 ...............................................

Ethiopia 6-43 ..............................................

Gabon 6-45 ...............................................

The Gambia 6-47 ...........................................

Ghana 6-49 ...............................................

Guinea 6-51 ...............................................

Guinea-Bissau 6-53 .........................................

Kenya 6-55 ................................................

Lesotho 6-57 ...............................................

Liberia 6-59 ...............................................

Madagascar 6-61 ..........................................

Malawi 6-63 ...............................................

Mali 6-65 .................................................

Mauritania 6-67 ............................................

Mauritius 6-69 .............................................

Mozambique 6-71 ..........................................

Namibia 6-73 ..............................................

Niger 6-75 ................................................

Nigeria 6-77 ..............................................

Republic of the Congo 6-81 ...................................

Rwanda 6-83 ..............................................

São Tomé and Principe 6-85 ..................................

Senegal 6-87 ..............................................

Seychelles 6-89 ............................................

Sierra Leone 6-91 ...........................................

Somalia 6-93 ..............................................

South Africa 6-95 ...........................................

Sudan 6-99 ...............................................
xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 6. Country profiles–Continued

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries–Continued

Swaziland 6-101 ............................................

Tanzania 6-103 .............................................

Togo 6-105 .................................................

Uganda 6-107 ..............................................

Zambia 6-109 ..............................................

Zimbabwe 6-111 ............................................

Appendices

A. Request letters from the U.S. Trade Representative A-1 ................

B. Trade data B-1 ..............................................

Figures

1. Map of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa xxvi .....................

ES-1. SSA sector profiles summary data, 2002 v .......................

1-1. U.S. trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002 1-1 .................

1-2. U.S. nonpetroleum trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002 1-3 ......

1-3. U.S. exports to major sub-Saharan Africa trading partners, 2002 1-3 ...

1-4. U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors, by

share, 2002 1-5 ...........................................

1-5. U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa: Growth rates by commodity

sectors, 2002 1-5 ..........................................

1-6. U.S. imports from major sub-Saharan Africa trading partners,

2002 1-7 ................................................

1-7. U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors,

by shares, 2002 1-10 ........................................

1-8. U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa: Growth rates by commodity

sectors, 2002 1-14 ..........................................

1-9. U.S. cross-border trade in services with Africa: Exports, imports,

and trade balance, 1998-2001 1-14 ............................

4-1. Trade capacity-building initiatives, by funding categories and

subcategories, FY2002 4-24 ...................................

6-1. Gross national income per capita, 2001 6-3 .......................
xvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Boxes

1-1. U.S. investment in Africa’s oil and gas field services sector 1-17 .........

2-1. AGOA – Moving beyond textile and apparel 2-19 ...................

4-1. USAID and trade capacity-building initiatives 4-39 ...................

Tables

1-1. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports of domestic merchandise,

imports for consumption, and merchandise trade balance,

by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002 1-6 .....................

1-2. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports, by major commodity items,

1998-2002 1-8 ............................................

1-3. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports, by major commodity items,

1998-2002 1-11 ............................................

1-4. Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border service exports,

1996 and 2001 1-15 ........................................

1-5. Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border service imports,

1996 and 2001 1-16 ........................................

1-6. Global investment flows to developing countries, 1998-2002 1-19 .......

1-7. U.S. direct investment abroad: Capital flows, 1998-2002 1-19 ..........

1-8. U.S. direct investment position on a historical cost basis, 1999-2002 1-19 . .

2-1. SSA countries designated as beneficiary countries of AGOA on

December 31, 2002 (38) 2-2 .................................

2-2. U.S. imports under AGOA, by sources, 2001, 2002,

Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003 2-4 ........................

2-3. Major U.S. imports under AGOA, by major commodity sectors,

2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003 2-7 .............

2-4. Leading U.S. imports under AGOA, by HTS descriptions,

2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003 2-8 .............

2-5. Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment

increases, and industry expansion, July 2002-June 2003 2-11 ........

2-6. Selected examples of AGOA-related facilitation of investment

and reform, July 2002-June 2003 2-17 ..........................

2-7. Examples of AGOA-related regional integration and cooperation,

Jan. 2002-June 2003 2-18 ....................................

4-1. Summary of general developments in multilateral and U.S. trade

and assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, 2002-03 4-2 ..............

4-2. World Bank/IDA: Eligible borrowers in sub-Saharan Africa (39) 4-4 ....

4-3. World Bank (IDA and IBRD) lending commitments in sub-Saharan

Africa to borrowers by theme and sectors, FY 2000-02,

and average FY 1992-97 and FY 1998-99 4-5 ...................
xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables-Continued

4-4. World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002 4-7 .....

4-5. Sub-Saharan African MIGA members and countries in the process

of fulfilling membership requirements, 2002 4-11 ..................

4-6. MIGA guarantees issued in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002 4-11 .........

4-7. Total AfDF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2002,

by countries 4-14 ...........................................

4-8. U.S. support for building trade capacity, by geographic region,

FY 1999-FY 2002 4-23 .......................................

4-9. Trade capacity-building initiatives, leading country recipients,

FY 1999-FY 2002 4-23 .......................................

4-10. Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa,

FY 2002 4-25 ..............................................

4-11. Sub-Saharan Africa: Export-Import Bank exposure, authorizations,

and availability for further support as of Apr. 14, 2003 4-33 .........

4-12. U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program

activities in Africa, FY 2002 4-34 ...............................

4-13. Sub-Saharan Africa: OPIC investment projects, 2002 4-37 .............

4-14. USAID funds allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, by major project

categories, FY 2002 4-38 .....................................

6-1. Distribution of GDP growth rates in Africa, number of countries,

1998-2002 6-2 ............................................

6-2. Privatization in Africa, 1991-2001 6-5 ............................

6-3. Sub-Saharan Africa tariff averages 6-7 ...........................

B-1. U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa,

1998-2002 B-3 ............................................

B-2. U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity

sectors,1998-2002

Angola B-7 ...............................................

Benin B-8 ................................................

Botswana B-9 .............................................

Burkina Faso B-10 ..........................................

Burundi B-11 ...............................................

Cameroon B-12 ............................................

Cape Verde B-13 ...........................................

Central African Republic B-14 .................................

Chad B-15 ................................................

Comoros B-16 .............................................

Congo (DROC) B-17 .........................................
xviii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables-Continued

Congo (ROC) B-18 ..........................................

Côte d’Ivoire B-19 ...........................................

Djibouti B-20 ...............................................

Equatorial Guinea B-21 ......................................

Eritrea B-22 ...............................................

Ethiopia B-23 ..............................................

Gabon B-24 ...............................................

The Gambia B-25 ...........................................

Ghana B-26 ...............................................

Guinea B-27 ...............................................

Guinea-Bissau B-28 .........................................

Kenya B-29 ................................................

Lesotho B-30 ...............................................

Liberia B-31 ...............................................

Madagascar B-32 ..........................................

Malawi B-33 ...............................................

Mali B-34 .................................................

Mauritania B-35 ............................................

Mauritius B-36 .............................................

Mozambique B-37 ..........................................

Namibia B-38 ..............................................

Niger B-39 ................................................

Nigeria B-40 ..............................................

Rwanda B-41 ..............................................

São Tomé and Principe B-42 ..................................

Senegal B-43 ..............................................

Seychelles B-44 ............................................

Sierra Leone B-45 ...........................................

Somalia B-46 ..............................................

South Africa B-47 ...........................................

Sudan B-48 ...............................................

Swaziland B-49 ............................................

Tanzania B-50 .............................................

Togo B-51 .................................................

Uganda B-52 .............................................

Zambia B-53 ..............................................

Zimbabwe B-54 ............................................
xix

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables-Continued

B-3. Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Angola B-55 ...............................................

Côte d’Ivoire B-56 ...........................................

Equatorial Guinea B-57 ......................................

Gabon B-58 ...............................................

Ghana B-59 ...............................................

Kenya B-60 ................................................

Mauritius B-61 .............................................

Nigeria B-62 ..............................................

Republic of the Congo B-63 ...................................

South Africa B-64 ...........................................

B-4. U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002,

and Jan.-June 2003 B-65 .....................................

xxi

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADF African Development Fund

AfDB African Development Bank

AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act

ATIA African Trade Insurance Agency

ATRIP African Trade and Investment Policy Program

AU African Union

CACEU Central African Customs and Economic Union

CEMAC Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale

CFA Communauté Financière Africaine

CMA Common Monetary Area

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

DROC Democratic Republic of the Congo

EAC East African Community

ECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

EU European Union

FDI Foreign direct investment

FTA Free trade agreement or Free trade area

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross domestic product

GSP U.S. Generalized System of Preferences

HIPC Heavily indebted poor countries

HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IDA International Development Association

IFC International Finance Corporation

IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development

IMF International Monetary Fund

IOC Indian Ocean Commission

JSE Johannesburg Stock Exchange

MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

NEPAD New Partnership for African Development

NTF Nigerian Trust Fund

OAU Organization of African Unity

OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation

PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility

PRSC Poverty Reduction Support Credit

PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

ROC Republic of the Congo

SACU Southern African Customs Union

SADC Southern African Development Community
xxii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms-Cont.

SDR Special Drawing Rights

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TDA U.S. Trade and Development Agency

TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights

UDEAC L’Union Douanière Et Economique

UEMOA Union Economique Et Monetaire Ouest Africaine

UN United Nations

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

URA Uruguay Round Agreements

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce

USITC U.S. International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union

WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization

WTO World Trade Organization
xxiii

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Organization of the Report

This is the fourth report in a 5-year series documenting U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

trade and investment flows.1 In a letter dated April 12, 2000,2 the United States Trade

Representative (USTR) asked the United States International Trade Commission

(Commission or USITC) to submit, annually for 5 years, a report that provides:

S an analysis of U.S.-SSA merchandise trade and services trade flows;

S country-by-country profiles of the economies of each SSA country, including

information on major trading partners, and a summary of the trade and

investment climates in each;

S a summary of U.S. foreign and total direct investment and portfolio investment

in SSA;

S information on SSA privatization efforts;

S updates on progress in regional integration in SSA, including statistics on U.S.

trade with the major regional groupings; and

S a summary of multilateral and U.S. bilateral assistance to SSA countries.

In a supplementary letter dated July 10, 2002,3 USTR asked the Commission to provide

the following additional information:

S the value of U.S. imports from SSA under the African Growth and

Opportunity Act (AGOA), including its Generalized System of Preferences

(GSP) provisions, by beneficiary country and major product categories;

S information on investment developments related to AGOA;

S a description and analysis of major SSA export sectors;

1 In a letter dated June 5, 1996, the USTR asked the Commission to submit, annually for 5 years, the

specified report. A first series of reports resulted from section 134 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act

(URAA), which directed the President to develop a comprehensive trade and development policy for the

countries of Africa, and to report to the Congress annually for 5 years on the steps taken to carry out that

mandate. The Statement of Administrative Action approved by the Congress in the URAA broadly

outlined the Administration’s plans for this work, and the assistance needed from the Commission for the

President to fulfill this assignment. The series consisted of five reports, produced over the period

1995-1999. See USITC, U.S.-Africa Trade Flows and Effects of the Uruguay Round Agreements and U.S.

Trade and Development Policy, Fifth Annual Report, USITC pub. 3250, Oct. 1999.

2 Copy of the request letter is in app. A.

3 Copy of the supplemental letter is in app. A.
xxiv

S expanded information on regional integration in SSA, including information

on the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale

(CEMAC);

S a description of major U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives related to SSA;

and

S a description of major non-U.S. trade preference programs for SSA

countries.

The request letter acknowledged that the information included in the USITC reports

would be useful in USTR’s work and in meeting additional reporting requirements

stemming from AGOA.

This report contains six chapters and two appendices. Chapter 1 presents information

on U.S. merchandise and services trade with SSA. The services trade analysis includes

information on cross-border and affiliate transactions. Chapter 1 also addresses

foreign investment (both direct and portfolio investment) in the SSA region. Chapter 2

presents information on AGOA-related imports and investment. Chapter 3 updates

the coverage of integration initiatives in the SSA region provided in the last USITC

report.4 Chapter 4 is a compilation of multilateral assistance, U.S. bilateral assistance,

and other trade-related initiatives related to the SSA region in 2002. Chapter 5

contains a description and analysis of major SSA export sectors. These profiles present

information on production, trade, and investment for various industry sectors in SSA.

Chapter 6 contains country profiles for each of the 48 countries of SSA, including basic

economic data as well as an update of economic, trade, and investment and

privatization events for each country. The formal request letter and supplemental letter

from the USTR to the Commission for this study are included in appendix A. Relevant

statistics on U.S.-SSA trade are in appendix B.

Approach

The data included in this report generally cover either calendar or fiscal year 2002,

depending on availability. In cases where it is useful to show a trend, data for 1998

through 2002 are provided. Developments in economic, trade, and commercial

policies cover the period from January 2003 through mid-2003, where possible.

Online web-pages dedicated to U.S.-SSA trade data are available at the USITC

website http://reportweb.usitc.gov/africa. These tables provide year-to-date statistics

that update the information contained in certain tables of this report. The website is

automatically updated with quarterly data as the data become available from the U.S.

Department of Commerce (USDOC).

4 In addition, the previous series of five reports included information on progress on regional

integration in SSA. See, for example, USITC, U.S.-Africa Trade Flows and Effects of the Uruguay Round

Agreements and U.S. Trade and Development Policy, Fifth Annual Report, USITC pub. 3250, Oct. 1999,

pp. 2-22 through 2-34.
xxv

Numerous data sources were used to compile the information in this report. Annual

data on the value of U.S. exports to, and imports from, SSA were obtained from the

USDOC. Data on U.S. investment flows to SSA were obtained from USDOC and the

U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury). Information on major developments in the

WTO likely affecting U.S.-SSA trade flows was collected from the WTO and other

public data sources. Information on U.S. trade and economic activities potentially

affecting U.S.-SSA trade and investment flows was collected from USDOC, the U.S.

Department of State (State), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID),

Treasury, the Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), the Overseas

Private Insurance Corporation (OPIC), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), and other relevant U.S. agencies.

Data on trade and economic policy changes in countries in SSA, as well as information

on multilateral project lending, were obtained from USDOC, State, the World Bank,

the African Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Economist

Intelligence Unit. In addition, U.S. embassies in the SSA region provided important

trade and investment information.

Scope of the Report

As requested by USTR, the 48 countries that form the SSA region are covered by this

report. Figure 1 shows the 48 countries in SSA covered in this investigation. The

countries are:

Angola Madagascar

Benin Malawi

Botswana Mali

Burkina Faso Mauritania

Burundi Mauritius

Cameroon Mozambique

Cape Verde Namibia

Central African Republic Niger

Chad Nigeria

Comoros Republic of the Congo

Côte d’Ivoire Rwanda

Democratic Republic of the Congo São Tomé and Principe

Djibouti Senegal

Equatorial Guinea Seychelles

Eritrea Sierra Leone

Ethiopia Somalia

Gabon South Africa

The Gambia Sudan

Ghana Swaziland
Figure 1

Map of sub-Saharan Africa

Angola

Zambia

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

Democratic Republic

of the Congo

Somalia

Sudan

Niger

Chad

Mali

Mauritania

The Gambia

GuineaBissauGuinea

Liberia

Côte

d’Ivoire

Cape Verde

Ghana

Benin

Togo

Sierra Leone

Nigeria

Burkina Faso Cameroon

Central

African Republic

Rwanda

Burundi

Uganda

Gabon

Madagascar

Namibia Botswana

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Malawi

Swaziland

Lesotho

Djibouti

Mauritius

Comoros

Senegal

São Tomé &

Principe

Equatorial

Guinea

Republic of the Congo Seychelles

The illustration of the map in this figure is an artistic

representation of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. It is

not drawn to scale, nor is it intended to depict political or

geographical boundaries.

xxvi
xxvii

Guinea Tanzania

Guinea-Bissau Togo

Kenya Uganda

Lesotho Zambia

Liberia Zimbabwe

All 48 SSA countries are classified by the World Bank as developing countries.

Although the countries of SSA share many common characteristics, they vary widely in

terms of population, size, geography, natural resources, stage of development, and

political stability.

At the request of the USTR, this report also covers U.S. trade flows with the following

SSA regional and subregional organizations: the Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS), the West African Economic and Monetary Union

(WAEMU), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the

Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Southern African Customs

Union (SACU), the East African Community (EAC), the Inter-Governmental Authority

on Development (IGAD), the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), and the Communauté

Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC).

1-1

CHAPTER 1

U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan

Africa

This chapter discusses the pattern of U.S.- SSA merchandise trade from 1998 to 2002,

and services trade from 1998 to 2001 (the most recent years for which services trade

data are available). The pattern of merchandise trade is presented for the SSA region

as a whole, by major trading partners and commodity sectors. This chapter also

discusses the pattern of foreign investment flows to sub-Saharan Africa from

1998-2002 (or most recent data available). Foreign investment flows are presented

for the SSA region, and by country (where available). Trade statistics beginning with

1990 are available in prior Commission reports.1

U.S. Merchandise Trade

Figure 1-1 shows the trend in U.S.-SSA merchandise trade from 1998 to 2002. Total

merchandise trade between the U.S. and SSA declined 13.3 percent in 2002 to $24.1

billion, from $27.8 billion in 2001.2 This decline was due to a 13.5 percent decrease in

Figure 1-1

U.S. trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Billion dollars

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

1 For data series beginning in 1990, see USITC, U.S.-Africa Trade Flows and Effects, First Report,

USITC Pub. No. 2938, Jan. 1996, table 2-1, p. 2-2.

2 This report analyzes changes in U.S. merchandise trade on a value basis. A principal reason is that

aggregate trade data by quantity are generally not available. Consequently, it is possible (if prices

change significantly) for the value of trade to change considerably, but the quantity of trade to remain the

same. Where possible, this report also provides trade information on a quantity basis.
1-2

U.S. imports from $21.1 billion in 2001 to $18.2 billion in 2002, and a 12.7 percent

decrease in U.S. exports from $6.8 billion in 2001 to $5.9 billion in 2002. The decline

in U.S. imports from SSA was primarily the result of a $2.6 billion or 17.9 percent

decrease in energy-related products. Nigeria accounted for most of the decline in U.S.

imports from the region. U.S. imports from Nigeria fell by $3.1 billion or by 34.7

percent, with most of the decline concentrated in the energy sector (down by $2.9

billion or by 33.1 percent). For more information, see the sector profile on petroleum

and energy-related products in Chapter 5, and the country profile on Nigeria in

Chapter 6.

The decline in imports was partly offset by increased imports from Angola, Equatorial

Guinea, and Lesotho. U.S. imports from Angola increased by $455.6 million, or by

16.4 percent, mostly because of an increase in imports of energy-related products (up

by $435.4 million, or by 15.7 percent). Imports from Equatorial Guinea rose by $177.0

million, or by 44.7 percent, primaily due to an increase in energy-related products (up

by $140.9 million, or by 39.7 percent) and an increase in chemical products (up by

$34.0 million, or by 91.2 percent). U.S. imports from Lesotho rose by $104.3 million, or

by 48.0 percent, entirely because of an increase in imports of textiles and apparel

products (up by $104.3 million or by 48.1 percent).

On the export side, the large decline was primarily because of a $983.3 million, or

34.4 percent, decrease in U.S. exports of transportation equipment. South Africa and

Kenya accounted for most of the decline in U.S. exports to SSA. Exports to South Africa

declined by $376.2 million, or by 13.3 percent, primarily because of a decline in U.S.

exports of transportation equipment (down by $352.6 million, or by 32.1 percent).

U.S. exports to Kenya fell by $305.8 million, or by 53.3 percent, also mainly because

of a decline in exports of transportation equipment (down by $318.3 million, or by

72.0 percent). The decline in total exports to the region was partly offset by increased

U.S. exports to Nigeria and Angola. U.S. exports to Nigeria increased by $99.3

million, or by 10.5 percent, primarily due to an increase in exports of agricultural

products (up by $57.6 million or by 23.4 percent) and transportation equipment (up by

$27.4 million, or by 9.6 percent). Exports to Angola rose by $96.0 million, or by 34.9

percent, mostly due to an increase in transportation equipment (up by $93.9 million, or

by 63.6 percent). For more information, see the sector profile on certain

transportation equipment in Chapter 5, and the respective country profiles in

Chapter 6.

The result was a U.S. trade deficit with SSA of $12.3 billion in 2002, 13.9 percent lower

than in 2001. Following a decline of 17.8 percent to $7.4 billion in 2001, U.S.

nonpetroleum imports further declined by 11.9 percent to $6.8 billion in 2002. U.S.

nonpetroleum trade with SSA is presented in figure 1-2.

U.S. Merchandise Exports

Figure 1-3 presents U.S. exports to SSA by major trading partner. In 2002, South

Africa remained the largest market in SSA for U.S. products, accounting for
1-3

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Billion dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Figure 1-2

U.S. nonpetroleum trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Figure 1-3

U.S. exports to major sub-Saharan Africa trading partners, 2002

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 21.9%

Angola 6.3%

Kenya 4.5%

South Africa

41.5%

Nigeria 17.8%

Chad 2.2%

Ghana 3.2%

Cameroon 2.6%
1-4

41.5 percent of U.S. merchandise exports to the region, down slightly from 41.8

percent in 2001. Other leading markets in SSA were Nigeria (17.8 percent), Angola

(6.3 percent), Kenya (4.5 percent), Ghana (3.2 percent), Cameroon (2.6 percent),

and Chad (2.2 percent).

In 2002, 19 countries in the region increased purchases of U.S. merchandise exports,

while another 29 countries recorded a decrease. The largest increases in 2002 were to

Nigeria (up by $99.3 million, or by 10.5 percent), Angola (up by $96.0 million, or by

34.9 percent), Mozambique (up by $69.5 million, or by 245.5 percent), Djibouti (up

by $37.4 million, or by 201.2 percent), Equatorial Guinea (up by $28.1 million, or by

35.3 percent), and Zambia (up by $20.0 million, or by 129.2 percent). The largest

decreases in U.S. exports to the region in 2002 were to South Africa (down by $376.2

million, or by 13.3 percent), Kenya (down by $305.8 million, or by 53.3 percent),

Namibia (down by $195.6 million, or by 78.5 percent) and Seychelles (down by

$167.8 million, or by 95.3 percent).

Transportation equipment accounted for the largest share of U.S. merchandise

exports to SSA, accounting for 31.9 percent of the total in 2002, compared with 42.4

percent in 2001 (figure 1-4). U.S. exports of agricultural products accounted for 15.8

percent of total U.S. exports to SSA, up from 9.7 percent in 2001; chemicals and

related products accounted for 11.9 percent of the total in 2002, compared to 11.6

percent in 2001; machinery products increased to 11.4 percent of the total in 2002, up

from 9.9 percent in 2001, while electronic products accounted for 10.8 percent in

2002, up slightly from 10.4 percent in 2001.

In absolute terms, U.S. merchandise export sectors with large decreases to SSA in

2002 included transportation equipment (down by $983.3 million, or by 34.4

percent), chemical products (down by $80.4 million, or by 10.3 percent) and electronic

products (down by $63.6 million, or by 9.1 percent). U.S. merchandise exports of

agricultural products to the region increased by $932.9 million, or by 42.0 percent.

Figure 1-5 presents U.S. export growth rates by commodity sector for 2002; table 1-1

provides data on U.S.-SSA exports, imports and merchandise trade balance by major

commodity sectors for 1998-2002; and table 1-2 shows the major U.S. commodity

exports to SSA at the six-digit level of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) for the

same period.

U.S. Merchandise Imports

Figure 1-6 shows U.S. imports from SSA by major trading partner. In 2002, Nigeria

remained the largest supplier of U.S. imports from SSA, with $5.8 billion in sales

(mostly of petroleum) to the United States, representing 32.0 percent of U.S. imports

from the region. South Africa ranked second, with $4.2 billion in sales and a 23.3

percent share. Third was Angola, with $3.2 billion in sales, representing a 17.7

percent share. U.S. imports from Gabon totaled $1.6 billion, and imports from

Equatorial Guinea were about $0.6 billion. For additional data, see appendix B, table

B-3.
1-5

Figure 1-4

U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors, by share, 2002

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 13.3%

Machinery 11.4%

Electronic products 10.8%

Transportation

31.9%

Chemicals and related products 11.9%

Special provisions 4.9%

Agriculture 15.8%

--40 --30 --20 --10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Percent

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S.Department of Commerce.

Agricultural products

Energy-related products

Footwear

Minerals and metals

Machinery

Special provisions

Textiles and apparel

Electronic products

Chemicals and related products

Forest produts

Miscellaneous manufactures

Transportation equipment

Total exports

Figure 1-5

U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa: Growth rates by commodity sectors,

2002
1-6

Table 1-1

Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports of domestic merchandise, imports for consumption, and

merchandise trade balance, by major commodity sectors, 1998-20021

(Dollars)

Item 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

U.S. exports of domestic

merchandise:

Agricultural products . . . . 781,187,266 727,752,959 768,772,931 657,105,328 932,923,058

Forest products . . . . . . . . 193,993,785 154,984,055 158,991,910 147,568,278 119,774,502

Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . . 677,917,845 610,074,033 709,665,103 779,699,927 699,251,301

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . . 202,882,624 150,167,321 157,501,223 149,189,241 193,097,864

Textiles and apparel . . . . 177,826,783 146,319,258 136,098,142 130,527,065 124,418,715

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,986,246 16,736,266 14,183,111 10,113,957 12,630,484

Minerals and metals . . . . 257,843,682 221,514,187 218,888,636 250,058,717 265,172,054

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . 804,745,450 527,463,023 560,731,206 669,413,812 671,827,338

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . . . 2,181,834,525 1,695,034,686 1,795,702,208 2,856,218,413 1,876,596,876

Electronic products . . . . . 843,073,717 767,723,977 703,141,142 700,352,586 636,918,031

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . . 94,322,680 69,140,525 73,292,204 99,214,346 69,486,423

Special provisions . . . . . . 290,634,862 244,786,418 266,316,717 300,702,565 289,663,225

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,521,249,465 5,331,696,707 5,563,284,533 6,750,164,235 5,891,759,871

U.S. imports for

consumption:

Agricultural products . . . . 919,205,352 832,664,602 874,842,835 835,736,057 911,644,658

Forest products . . . . . . . . 105,875,612 109,640,190 140,706,086 119,393,988 120,745,213

Chemicals and

related products . . . . . 761,863,725 849,130,498 1,453,520,970 659,999,263 448,053,625

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . . 7,963,730,107 8,000,647,833 15,016,274,113 14,271,302,154 11,712,705,542

Textiles and apparel . . . . 568,440,555 621,955,260 789,240,337 997,994,773 1,136,316,165

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811,477 3,422,670 686,473 1,497,322 1,378,240

Minerals and metals . . . . 2,600,294,817 2,637,107,824 3,200,500,413 3,081,792,446 2,705,008,775

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,328,842 127,735,923 178,434,187 263,718,387 231,297,543

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . . . 104,550,862 200,773,116 185,206,499 399,383,954 621,040,796

Electronic products . . . . . 35,007,635 56,392,688 58,338,693 52,706,208 49,696,742

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . . 90,246,426 99,488,421 97,421,586 108,557,532 117,551,366

Special provisions . . . . . . 129,804,995 210,755,394 217,476,691 268,417,088 152,605,072

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,359,160,405 13,749,714,419 22,212,648,883 21,060,499,172 18,208,043,737

U.S. merchandise trade

balance:

Agricultural products . . . . (138,018,086) (104,911,643) (106,069,904) (178,630,729) 21,278,400

Forest products . . . . . . . . 88,118,173 45,343,865 18,285,824 28,174,290 (970,711)

Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . . (83,945,880) (239,056,465) (743,855,867) 119,700,664 251,197,676

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . . (7,760,847,483) (7,850,480,512) (14,858,772,890) (14,122,112,913) (11,519,607,678)

See footnotes at end of table.
1-7

Table 1-1—Continued

Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports of domestic merchandise, imports for consumption, and

merchandise trade balance, by major commodity sectors, 1998-20021

(Dollars)

Item 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

U.S. merchandise trade

balance—Continued

Minerals and metals . . . . (2,342,451,135) (2,415,593,637) (2,981,611,777) (2,831,733,729) (2,439,836,721)

Textiles and apparel . . . . (390,613,772) (475,636,002) (653,142,195) (867,467,708) (1,011,897,450)

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,174,769 13,313,596 13,496,638 8,616,635 11,252,244

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . 725,416,608 399,727,100 382,297,019 405,695,425 440,529,795

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . . . 2,077,283,663 1,494,261,570 1,610,495,709 2,456,834,459 1,255,556,080

Electronic products . . . . . 808,066,082 711,331,289 644,802,449 647,646,378 587,221,289

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . . 4,076,254 (30,347,896) (24,129,382) (9,343,186) (48,064,943)

Special provisions . . . . . . 160,829,867 34,031,024 48,840,026 32,285,477 137,058,153

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . (6,837,910,940) (8,418,017,712) (16,649,364,350) (14,310,334,937) (12,316,283,866)

1 Import values are based on customs value; export values are based on f.a.s. value, U.S. port of export.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Figure 1-6

U.S. imports from major sub-Saharan Africa trading partners, 2002

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 11.1%

Gabon 8.9%

Angola 17.7%

Nigeria 32.0%

South Africa 23.3%

Cote d’lvoire 2.1%

Equatorial Guinea 3.1%

Lesotho 1.8%
1-8

Table 1-2Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports, by major commodity items, 1998-2002

(Dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1998 1999 2000 8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . $424,669,802 $275,529,016 $302,866,705 $1001.90 Wheat (other than durum wheat), and meslin . . . . . . . . . . . 249,814,260 250,978,937 300,270,976 

8802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft nesoi, of an unladen weight

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583,041,436 422,581,019 539,629,241 1,

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments;

compiled low value shipments to Canada; and shipmentsnot identified by kind to Canada ................... 218,069,225 170,295,762 182,989,298 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylindercapacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . 35,698,704 32,432,411 38,974,540 

8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft nesoi, of an unladen weight

exceeding 2,000 kg but not exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . 83,919,280 126,941,978 79,701,250 

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,623,090 133,636,982 127,299,144 

1005.90 Corn (maize), other than seed corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,817,555 66,415,489 28,738,930 2713.12 Petroleum coke, calcined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,829,237 58,529,148 58,276,265 

8473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing

machines and units thereof, magnetic or optical readers,transcribing machines, etc., nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,430,466 83,915,736 70,864,522 

6309.00 Worn clothing and other worn textile articles . . . . . . . . . . . 88,279,006 67,197,046 60,404,283 1006.30 Rice, semi-milled or wholly milled, whether or not polished

or glazed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,671,979 66,826,292 53,468,799 

2710.19 Petroleum oils & oils (not light) from bituminous minerals or

preps nesoi 70%+by wt. from petroleum oils orbitum. min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 

8431.39 Parts for lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery,

nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,341,532 39,624,085 25,677,563 

8704.10 Dumpers (dump trucks) designed for off-highway use . . . . 66,496,579 34,551,607 33,802,382 9801.10 Value of repairs or alterations of previously imported

articles, repaired or altered prior to exportation fromUnited States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,750,885 9,818,250 19,151,340 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylindercapacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,999,402 10,160,266 14,640,159 

8431.49 Parts and attachments, nesoi, for derricks, cranes, selfpropelled bulldozers, graders etc. and other grading,

scraping, etc. machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,179,178 42,965,382 41,368,008 

0207.14 Chicken cuts and edible offal (including livers) frozen . . . . 21,394,323 18,047,189 30,226,265 
1-9

Table 1-2—ContinuedSub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports, by major commodity items, 1998-2002

(Dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1998 1999 2000 9018.90 Instruments and appliances for medical, surgical or

veterinary sciences, nesoi, and parts and accessoriesthereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,232,903 24,643,085 29,031,919 

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception

apparatus for radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy,radiobroadcasting or television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,769,239 51,256,427 49,111,582 

4901.99 Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed

matter, nesoi .................................. 22,319,835 25,415,995 30,150,029 

3100.00 Fertilizers (exports only; includes crude fertilizers from

other areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,272,909 47,245,848 42,599,378 

8708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . 100,549,524 39,465,301 89,422,963 8401.30 Fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear

reactors, and parts thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,890 8,702 0 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,623,174,239 2,098,481,953 2,248,665,541 3,

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,898,075,226 3,233,214,754 3,314,618,992 3

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,521,249,465 $5,331,696,707 $5,563,284,533 $6,

Note.–Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “nesoi” stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-10

A total of 24 countries in SSA increased their sales to the United States in 2002, while

another 24 decreased their sales. The largest increases in U.S. imports in 2002 were

from Angola (up by $455.6 million, or by 16.4 percent), Equatorial Guinea (up by

$177.0 million or by 44.7 percent), and Lesotho (up by $104.3 million, or by 48.0

percent). The largest decreases in 2002 were from Nigeria (down by $3.1 billion, or by

34.7 percent), the Republic of the Congo (down by $234.1 million, or by 51.1 percent),

South Africa (down by $193.6 million, or by 4.4 percent), and Gabon (down by

$109.7 million, or by 6.3 percent).

U.S. imports of SSA energy-related products totaled $11.7 billion in 2002, and

accounted for 64.3 percent of all U.S. imports from the region (figure 1-7), down from

$14.3 billion or 67.8 percent of the total in 2001 primarily because of decreased

imports of crude petroleum from Nigeria. The second-largest import commodity was

minerals and metals ($2.7 billion), which accounted for a 14.9 percent share in 2002,

compared with 14.6 percent in 2001. Textiles and apparel ($1.1 billion) represented

6.2 percent of the total.

In absolute terms, significant decreases of U.S. imports from the region were recorded

for energy and related products (down by $2.6 billion or by 17.9 percent), minerals

and metals (down by $376.8 million or by 12.2 percent) and chemicals (down by

$211.9 million or by 32.1 percent). The largest increase in U.S. imports from SSA in

2002 came from transportation equipment (up by $221.1 million, or by 55.3 percent)

and textiles and apparel (up by $138.3 million, or by 13.9 percent). A smaller increase

was measured for imports of agricultural products (up by $75.9 million, or by 9.1

percent). Table 1-3 shows major U.S. commodity imports from SSA at the HTS six-digit

level for 1998-2002. Growth rates by commodity sectors are shown in figure 1-8. For

additional information, see the respective industry and sector profiles in Chapter 5.

Figure 1-7

U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors, by shares,

2002

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 3.7%

Agricultural products 5.0%

Textiles and apparel 6.2%

Energy-related products 64.3%

Minerals and metals 14.9%

Transportation equipment 3.4%

Chemicals and related products 2.5 %
1-11

Table 1-3Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports, by major commodity items, 1998-2002

(Dollars)

HTS Description 1998 1999 2000 2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude . . . $5,279,111,112 $5,001,603,197 $8,723,257,287 $117110.11 Platinum, unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655,025,976 548,919,598 744,737,163 

2710.19 Petroleum oils and oils (not light) from bituminous minerals

or preps nesoi 70 percent (by weight) from petroleumoils or bitum min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 

7102.31 Diamonds, nonindustrial, unworked or simply

sawn, cleaved or bruted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,992,625 284,056,284 272,590,846 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition

internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylindercapacity over 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . 0 11,545 22,245,447 

1801.00 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted . . . . . . . . . 338,189,950 296,213,426 270,307,532 7110.21 Palladium, unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,517,794 277,486,130 409,020,685 6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles

of cotton, knitted or crocheted ..................... 80,480,489 90,608,399 139,655,644 

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches

and shorts of cotton, not knitted or crocheted ......... 137,674,224 153,515,459 192,883,121 

6204.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bib and brace overalls,

breeches and shorts of cotton, not knitted or crocheted . 84,313,541 111,721,076 116,430,404 

2620.99 Ash and residues (other than from the manufacture of

iron or steel), containing metals or their compoundnesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 

7102.39 Diamonds, nonindustrial, worked, including polished or

drilled ....................................... 107,935,421 83,240,870 150,116,206 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignitioninternal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinderqcapacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 82,066 1,022,134 

9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not

advanced in value or condition; imports of animalsexported and returned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,166,923,641 194,089,224 194,542,730 

0905.00 Vanilla beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,832,399 19,950,548 32,746,566 
1-12

Table 1-3—ContinuedSub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports, by major commodity items, 1998-2002

(Dollars)

HTS Description 1998 1999 2000 7110.31 Rhodium, Unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,587,646 116,393,462 252,476,583 2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils & oils from

bituminous min. or preps or preps 70%+ by wt. from petro. oils or

bitum min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 

7606.12 Aluminum alloy rectangular (including square)

plates, sheets, and strip, over 0.2 mm thick ........... 5,855,065 9,997,112 44,760,229 

8421.39 Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus

for gases nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,564,327 37,344,764 69,230,295 

8421.99 Parts for filtering or purifying machinery and

apparatus for liquids or gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,471,589 1,492,247 3,706,636 

2410.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/stripped . . . . . . . . . . . 30,361,427 633,060,117 58,641,003 6205.20 Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton, not knitted or

crocheted .................................... 76,834,933 76,119,770 78,266,372 

7113.19 Jewelry and parts thereof, of precious metal

other than silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,421,760 34,598,336 29,819,312 

2614.00 Titanium ores and concentrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,709,089 51,959,802 58,468,622 2901.29 Acyclic hydrocarbons, unsaturated, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,550,839 39,106,809 75,367,179 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,601,353,847 7,491,570,241 11,940,291,996 15,

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,757,806,558 6,258,144,178 10,272,356,887 5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,359,160,405 $13,749,714,419 $22,212,648,883 $21,

Note.–Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “nesoi” stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-13

Trade Balance

In 2002, the U.S. merchandise trade deficit with SSA decreased by $2.0 billion to

$12.3 billion, compared with deficits of $14.3 billion in 2001 and $16.7 billion in 2000.

Excluding petroleum, the U.S. trade deficit with the region declined by $30.3 million,

from $966.9 million in 2001 to $936.6 million in 2002. The nonpetroleum trade deficit

totaled $3.8 billion in 2000.3

The SSA country with which the United States had the largest trade deficit in 2002

remained Nigeria measured at $4.8 billion, down from $8.0 billion in 2001; followed

by Angola ($2.9 billion in 2002, up from $2.5 billion in 2001); South Africa ($1.8

billion in 2002, up from $1.6 billion in 2001); Gabon ($1.6 billion in 2002, down from

$1.7 billion in 2001); and Equatorial Guinea ($0.5 billion in 2002, and $0.3 billion in

2001). The United States had trade surpluses with many SSA countries, including Chad

($121.3 million), Mozambique ($89.3 million), Kenya ($78.8 million), Ghana ($71.0

million), and Senegal ($68.2 million).

On a sectoral basis, the largest U.S. trade deficit with SSA occurred in energy-related

products, with a deficit of $11.5 billion in 2002, down from $14.1 billion in 2001.

Second was minerals and metals, with a deficit of $2.4 billion in 2002, down from

$2.8 billion in 2001. The U.S. trade deficit in textiles and apparels increased to $1.0

billion in 2002 from $868 million in 2001.

Several sectors showed a U.S. trade surplus with the region. The U.S. surplus in

transportation equipment measured $1.3 billion in 2002, down from $2.5 billion in

2001. Electronic products registered a $587 million surplus in 2002, down from a

$648 million surplus in 2001. Other significant U.S. trade surpluses were in machinery

products ($441 million) and chemicals and related products ($251 million).

U.S.-Africa Services Trade

The United States recorded a cross-border services trade surplus with Africa of $1.7

billion in 2001 (figure 1-9),4 reflecting U.S. cross-border services exports of $4.7

billion, and cross-border imports of $3.0 billion. During 1996-2001, U.S. exports of

services increased at an average annual rate of 9.1 percent, while U.S. imports of

services from Africa increased at an average annual rate of 4.9 percent. The primary

U.S. cross-border service exports to Africa were tourism, business services, education,

and freight transport and port services (table 1-4).5 Tourism generated $1.4 billion in

U.S. exports in 2001, or 29.9 percent of all U.S. exports of services to Africa.

Conversely, tourism accounted for $1.4 billion or 46.1 percent of U.S. service imports

from Africa (table 1-5). Passenger fares, business services, and freight transport and

3 Data were compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

4 Data regarding cross-border services trade with the African continent are available through 2001.

There are no data specific to the sub-Saharan Africa region, or to individual countries other than South

Africa.

5 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business,

Oct. 2002, pp. 91-99, and Oct. 2000, pp. 132-143.
1-14

--100 --50 0 50 100 150

Percent

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S.Department of Commerce.

Transportation equipment

Textiles and apparel

Agricultural products

Miscellaneous manufactures

Forest products

Electronic products

Footwear

Machinery

Minerals and metals

Energy-related products

Chemicals and related products

Special provisions

Total imports

Figure 1-8

U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa: Growth rates by commodity

sectors, 2002

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Figure 1-9

U.S. cross-border in services with Africa: Exports, imports, and trade

balance, 1998-2001

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current

Business, Oct. 2002, pp. 86-87.
1-15

Table 1-4

Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border service exports, 1996 and 2001

Africa South Africa

Service 1996 2001

Average

annual

growth 1996 2001

Average

annual

growth

(Million dollars) (Percent) (Million dollars) (Percent)

Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 1,401 12.8 285 343 3.8

Passenger transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 73 -1.1 7 10 7.4

Freight transport and port services . . . 450 473 1.0 84 140 10.8

Royalties and license fees . . . . . . . . . . 237 327 6.6 164 189 2.9

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 716 14.8 35 47 6.1

Insurance1 ...................... 5 6 3.7 1 -3 (2)

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 176 10.1 51 108 16.2

Financial services ................ 101 183 12.6 26 49 13.5

Business3 ....................... 752 925 4.2 104 170 10.3

Other4 ......................... 180 409 17.8 86 172 14.9

Total5 ....................... 3,036 4,689 9.1 843 1,225 7.8

1 Insurance exports are defined as difference between premiums received from foreign policy-holders and claims

collected by foreign policy-holders.

2 Not a meaningful number.

3 Data also reflect professional and technical services.

4 Includes intra-corporate transactions; i.e., U.S. parent firms’ receipts from foreign-based affiliates, and U.S.-

based affiliates’ receipts from foreign parent firms. Large shares of these receipts are in exchange for financial, computer and information, and transportation services. Also includes expenditures of foreign governments and international organizations in the United States, and expenditures of foreign residents employed temporarily in the United

States.

5 Due to rounding and suppression of individual company data, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2002, pp. 91-99

and Oct. 2000, pp. 132-143.

port services also accounted for significant shares of U.S. imports from Africa,

representing 17.3, 12.6, and 10.1 percent, respectively, of total services imports from

Africa in 2001.

South Africa remained the largest U.S. services trading partner in Africa in 2001,

accounting for 26.1 percent of exports to, and 29.5 percent of U.S. imports from, the

region. Tourism accounted for the largest share of U.S. cross-border exports to South

Africa (28.0 percent), followed by royalties and license fees (15.4 percent), and

business services (13.9 percent). Telecommunication services registered the most rapid

growth rate of U.S. cross-border services exports to South Africa during 1996-2001,

rising 16.2 percent on an average annual basis, compared to 7.8 percent for all

service exports. The largest component of U.S. cross-border service imports from

South Africa was tourism services (31.9 percent), followed by passenger fares (29.2

percent). Business services registered the fastest growth, with an average annual

growth of 45.0 percent during 1996-2001, compared to 10.4 percent average annual

growth for all services imports.
1-16

Table 1-5

Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border service imports, 1996 and 2001

Africa South Africa

Service 1996 2001

Average

annual

growth 1996 2001

Average

annual

growth

(Million dollars) (Percent) (Million dollars) (Percent)

Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300 1,392 1.4 268 284 1.2

Passenger transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 522 12.8 124 260 16.0

Freight transport and port services . . . 177 305 11.5 18 60 27.2

Royalties and license fees . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 -3.6 6 2 -19.7

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 67 20.8 7 11 9.5

Insurance1 ...................... 33 0 (2)1 (3)

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 155 -14.8 52 24 -14.3

Financial services ................ 18 32 12.2 7 11 9.5

Business4 ....................... 152 380 20.1 20 128 45.0

Other5 ......................... 66 161 19.5 41 110 21.8

Total6 ....................... 2,380 3,022 4.9 543 891 10.4

1 Insurance imports are the difference between premiums paid to foreign insurers and claims received by U.S.

policy-holders. Imports are entered as credits on the balance of payments when claims received by U.S. policy-holders

exceed premiums paid to foreign insurers.

2 Less than $500,000.

3 Not a meaningful number.

4 Data also reflect professional and technical services.

5 Includes intra-corporate transactions; i.e., U.S. parent firms’ payments to foreign-based affiliates, and U.S.-based

affiliates’ payments to foreign parent firms. Also includes earnings of foreign residents who are employed temporarily

in the United States.

6 Due to rounding and suppression of individual company data, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2002,

pp. 91-99 and Oct. 2000, pp. 132-143.

In 2000, majority-owned affiliates of U.S. firms in Africa recorded sales of services

totaling $2.9 billion.6 Data on purchases from African-owned affiliates operating in

the United States were suppressed in 2000 and 1999 to avoid disclosure of individual

company information. Similarly, while affiliate trade data on an individual country

basis have been available in the past for South Africa, information for both sales and

purchases were also suppressed for the year 2000.

6 Ibid., p. 120.
1-17

Box 1-1: U.S. investment in Africa’s oil and gas field

services sector

As a net exporter of energy, sub-Saharan Africa attracts investment from U.S.

suppliers of oil and gas field services. This sector includes oil and gas related services

such as exploration, drilling, well development, production, transportation, and

maintenance.

Nigeria is the largest producer of petroleum products in sub-Saharan Africa. The

sector accounts for the majority of foreign direct investment in Nigeria, 60 percent of

which is U.S. investment.7 For example, ChevronTexaco, Mobil, and Shell each have

contracts to provide maintenance services for pipelines and platforms, and

ChevronTexaco is also exploring three offshore blocks.8 Ocean Energy was awarded

an exploration license in Nigeria in 2002. Other U.S. firms operating in Nigeria

include ConocoPhillips and Marathon.9 In addition, U.S. firms are active sponsors of

the West Africa Gas Pipeline, designed to transport natural gas from Nigeria to Benin,

Togo, and Ghana. ChevronTexaco is the lead equity holder in the consortium, with a

36.7 percent share. The pipeline is expected to be operational by mid-2005. 10

Angola is the second largest producer of oil and gas in the region, also attracting U.S.

investors. For example, in 2002, ExxonMobil began construction of a deepwater

facility in Angola, with production slated to begin in 2003, and ChevronTexaco is the

major equity holder and operator in a natural gas conversion facility in Angola. 11

Other sub-Saharan countries also attract U.S. petroleum investment. Caltex Oil, a

petroleum retail marketer, has investments in Botswana valued at $1.5 million. U.S.

investments in Côte d’Ivoire are largely focused on exploration and development

activities. Ocean Energy and Mondial have invested $100 million and $20 million,

respectively, while ChevronTexaco and ExxonMobil have invested approximately $30

million each. Vanco Oil Company has invested $10 million on exploration-related

research. 12

7 Marginal Fields Exploration and Production Services (Nigeria), Oct. 29, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.stat-usa.gov, retrieved July 17, 2003.

8 USDOC, The Oilfield Service Industry (Nigeria), Sept. 10, 2000, found at Internet address

http://www.stat-usa.gov, retrieved July 17, 2003.

9 USDOE, Nigeria Country Analysis Brief, Mar. 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.eia.doe.gov/, retrieved July 17, 2003. USDOC, Foreign Direct Investment Data (Nigeria),

July 24, 2001, found at Internet address http://www.stat-usa.gov, retrieved July 17, 2003.

10 USDOC, “The West African Gas Line Project,” Feb. 2, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.stat-usa.gov, retrieved July 17, 2003.

11 USDOE, Angola Country Analysis Brief, Nov. 2002, found at Internet address

http://www.doe.gov/, retrieved July 17, 2003. 12 USDOC, Country Commercial Guide Côte d’Ivoire FY 2003, Aug. 2, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.stat-usa.gov, retrieved July 17, 2003.
1-18

Foreign Investment

In 2002, sub-Saharan Africa attracted $7 billion of new foreign investment (FDI) from

all sources, which is generally comparable with the level of new investment flows from

prior years (table 1-6).13 However, the region attracted just 4.9 percent of total FDI to

developing countries in 2002, well below the level attracted by the East Asia and

Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean regions, which accounted for 39.9

percent and 29.4 percent of developing-country FDI, respectively. Foreign portfolio

investment flows to SSA measured $700 million in 2002. This reversed the $1-billion

outflow recorded in 2001, but still fell well below the level recorded during 1997-2000,

when annual portfolio investment inflows averaged nearly $7 billion.14 As in prior

years, South Africa alone accounted for virtually all foreign portfolio investment in

2002.15 The subdued level of direct investment flows to SSA reflected the expectations

of investors concerning lower economic growth resulting from political crises, poor

weather conditions, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In addition, inadequate

infrastructure and poor distribution systems continued to discourage foreign

investment.16

With respect to investment originating in the United States, net U.S. direct investment

flows to all of Africa measured $861 million in 2002, which was less than 1 percent of

total U.S. direct investment abroad (table 1-7).17 Nigeria and South Africa continued

to attract the largest amount of U.S. direct investment in 2002, receiving $922 million

and $112 million, respectively. These inward investment flows were offset, however, by

outward flows of $174 million from the rest of Africa. On balance, the continuation of

positive flows of U.S. direct investment into Africa yielded an increase of 12.3 percent

in the U.S. direct investment position, which measured approximately $15.1 billion in

2002 (table 1-8). South Africa and Nigeria accounted for an estimated 22.8 percent

and 11.7 percent, respectively, of the total U.S. direct investment position in Africa.18

13 In 2001, SSA recorded inward direct investment flows of $14 billion, but half of these resulted from

the acquisition of DeBeers Group by Anglo America PLC of the United Kingdom. Absent this transaction,

inward direct investment would have totaled an estimated $6.9 billion. The World Bank, “Global

Development Finance (GDF) 2003,” p. 86; and The World Bank, “GDF 2002,” p. 186.

14 The World Bank, “GDF 2003,” pp. 201 and 207.

15 Ibid., p. 209.

16 Ibid., pp. 32-33.

17 U.S. investment data do not specifically break out the SSA region, therefore data are available

only for Africa as a whole and selected countries. USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country

and Industry Detail for Capital Outflows,” found at Internet address http://www.bea.doc.gov, retrieved

June 26, 2003.

18 Maria Borga, “Direct Investment Positions for 2002: Country and Industry Detail,” Survey of

Current Business, USDOC, BEA, July 2003, pp. 30-31.
1-19

Table 1-6

Global investment flows to developing countries, 1998-2002

Country/Region 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Value (billion dollars)

Sub-Saharan Africa:

FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 8.1 6.1 13.8 7.0

Portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 8.9 4.0 -1.0 0.7

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 17.0 10.1 12.8 7.7

Developing Countries:

FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.5 179.3 160.6 171.7 143.0

Portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 15.0 26.0 6.0 9.3

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.9 194.3 186.7 177.6 152.3

Share of total (percent)

Share of Sub-Saharan Africa

FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 4.5 3.8 8.0 4.9

Portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.2 59.3 15.4 -16.7 7.5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 8.7 5.4 7.2 5.1

Source: The World Bank, “Global Development Finance 2002, Country Tables,” Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 201

and 207.

Table 1-7

U.S. direct investment abroad: Capital flows, 1998-2002

(Million dollars)

Country/Region 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

All countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,004 174,576 164,969 113,977 119,742

All Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075 498 1,151 798 861

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 -172 -319 221 922

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -83 872 490 -4 112

All Other Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,756 -202 980 581 -174

Note.–Negative numbers indicate inflows of capital into the United States.

Source: USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country Detail for Selected Items,” found at Internet address

http://www/bea.doc.gov, retrieved June 27, 2003.

Table 1-8

U.S. direct investment position on a historical cost basis, 1998-2002

(Million dollars)

Country/region 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

All countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,703 1,215,960 1,316,247 1,383,225 1,520,965

All Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,061 13,118 11,891 13,411 15,066

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686 233 470 788 1,761

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,344 3,474 3,562 3,088 3,428

All Other Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,031 9,412 7,859 9,535 9,878

Source: USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country and Industry Detail,” found at Internet address

http://www/bea.doc.gov, retrieved Aug. 4, 2003.
1-20

The United States has little portfolio investment in sub-Saharan Africa due to the fact

that few countries in the region have well-established stock exchanges and few SSA

companies are listed on U.S. exchanges. U.S. portfolio investment in SSA is largely

channeled through investment companies that integrate stocks of SSA companies into

broader emerging market mutual funds. Since the mining and extractive sectors

consistently attract portfolio investment,19 it is likely that U.S. portfolio investment in

SSA will continue to be concentrated in South Africa and, to a lesser extent, Nigeria.

19 The World Bank, “GDF 2003,” p. 98.
2-1

CHAPTER 2

AGOA-Related Imports and Investment

This chapter provides information on U.S. trade with SSA beneficiaries of the African

Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), including its GSP provisions. U.S. trade under

AGOA is presented by major trading partner and commodity sector, as well as for the

SSA region as a whole. Trade data were compiled from official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Commerce. The chapter also discusses investment developments

related to AGOA. Information on AGOA-related investment was obtained primarily

from field research conducted in Lesotho, Mauritius, and South Africa in

February/March 2003; the U.S. Department of State; and various publications, such

as the EIU Viewswire. AGOA-related investment example tables represent reported

information from the above-referenced sources, and are not Commission statements,

opinions, or assessments.

African Growth and Opportunity Act

The African Growth and Opportunity Act was passed into law by Congress in May

2000.1 The Act amended the GSP program and authorized the President to provide

duty-free and quota-free treatment for certain African products until September 30,

2008, if, after receiving advice from the USITC, the President determines that these

products are not import-sensitive. AGOA also provides for graduation of countries

from the program when they become high-income countries and for the removal of

eligibility of articles under certain conditions. On August 2, 2002, President Bush

signed the Trade Act of 2002, modifying certain provisions of the AGOA and

expanding preferential access for imports from SSA beneficiary countries. The

modifications, collectively referred to as AGOA II,2 became effective immediately

upon enactment.3

On December 31, 2002, President Bush approved the continued designation of 36

sub-Saharan African countries as eligible for tariff preferences under AGOA. The

President further determined that The Gambia and the Democratic Republic of the

Congo (DROC) should be designated as AGOA beneficiary countries. The DROC was

added to the eligibility list with delayed implementation of AGOA’s duty-free trade

benefits. On October 31, 2003, the DROC was granted AGOA trade

1 Trade and Development Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-200, Title I, May 18, 2000, 114

Stat. 252.

2 Sec.3108 of the Trade Act of 2002, Pub.L.107-210, 116 Stat. 1038.

3 For additional information, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan Africa, Third

Annual Report, USITC pub. 3552, Chapter 2, pp. 19-21.
2-2

preferences. Table 2-1 lists the 38 SSA countries designated as eligible for AGOA

trade preferences on December 31, 2002.4

Table 2-1

SSA countries designated as beneficiary countries of AGOA on December 31, 2002 (38)

Benin Ghana Nigeria

Botswana Guinea Republic of the Congo

Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Rwanda

Cape Verde Kenya São Tomé and Principe

Central African Republic Lesotho Senegal

Chad Madagascar Seychelles

Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Sierra Leone

Democratic Republic of the Congo1 Mali South Africa

Djibouti Mauritania Swaziland

Eritrea Mauritius Tanzania

Ethiopia Mozambique Uganda

Gabon Namibia Zambia

Gambia Niger

1 On December 31, 2002, the DROC was added to the eligibility list with delayed implementation of AGOA duty-free

trade benefits. On October 31, 2003, the DROC was granted AGOA trade prefereneces.

Source: USDOC, “Results of the AGOA Country Review for 2003 Eligibility,” found at Internet address

http://www.agoa.gov, retrieved Nov. 14, 2003.

AGOA Forum

The African Growth and Opportunity Act also established an annual U.S.-Africa

Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum. The AGOA Forum provides an opportunity

for regular dialogue, and for strengthening economic and political relations between

the United States and sub-Saharan Africa. The inaugural meeting of the Forum was

hosted by the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Commerce,

and the United States Trade Representative (USTR) on October 29-30, 2001, in

Washington, D.C.5 The second Forum was held from January 15-17, 2003, in

Mauritius. The USTR led the U.S. delegation of senior officials from the Commerce,

Treasury, Agriculture, and State departments. Trade, finance, and economic ministers

from the 38 AGOA eligible countries also participated, along with representatives

from African regional organizations. The second AGOA Forum focused on trade,

investment, and socio-economic development issues, including measures that the

United States and SSA countries can jointly take to stimulate trade and investment

flows, to enhance democracy and good governance, and to combat HIV/AIDS.

4 U.S. Department of Commerce, “Results of the AGOA Country Review for 2003 Eligibility”, found

at Internet address http://www.agoa.gov, retrieved Nov. 14, 2003.

5 For more information about the inaugural AGOA Forum, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment

with Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Annual Report, USITC pub. 3552, Chapter 2, pp. 22-23.
2-3

Ambassador Zoellick opened the government segment of the Forum by emphasizing

U.S. commitment to African prosperity through export-led growth. The USTR noted the

success of increased trade under the AGOA program (see AGOA imports section

below), and called for a new Africa-America partnership to harness the economic

forces of globalization.6 Prior to the AGOA Forum in Mauritius, Ambassador Zoellick

stopped in South Africa to announce the beginning of talks to establish a Free Trade

Agreement with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the first such U.S.

regional trade agreement with SSA. For more information on SACU, see the SACU

profile in chapter 3.

President Bush addressed the AGOA Forum, in a broadcast message, in which he

stated that trade and markets are key for Africa’s prosperity, and announced that he

will ask the Congress to extend AGOA beyond September 1, 2008, in order to boost

business confidence for investments in sub-Saharan Africa. President Bush also noted

the new African Millennium Challenge Account, directed to nations that encourage

economic freedom, root out corruption, and respect the rights of their people. The Fund

will support the construction of roads, bridges, canals, and other basic infrastructure in

order to promote economic growth.7

The government segment of the Forum was complemented by a private sector session.

One thousand firms, including 200 firms from the United States, discussed potential

deals at the AGOA Forum in Mauritius. A third segment consisted of the gathering of

civil society nongovernmental organizationsto discuss the social costs of globalization.

About 150 representatives from the United States, Mauritius, and other SSA countries

participated in this session.8

U.S. Imports under AGOA

U.S. imports under AGOA (including its GSP provisions) totaled almost $9.0 billion in

2002, an increase of 9.9 percent from $8.2 billion in 2001. Table 2-2 shows the major

SSA suppliers of AGOA (including GSP) imports in 2002. In 2002, Nigeria ($5.4

billion or 60.2 percent), South Africa ($1.3 billion or 14.9 percent), and Gabon ($1.1

billion or 12.7 percent) accounted for about 88.0 percent of total AGOA imports.

Other major SSA suppliers included Lesotho ($318.0 million), Kenya ($129.2 million),

Cameroon ($115.8 million), Mauritius ($114.3 million), and the Republic of the Congo

6 U.S. Department of State, “Zoellick Sees Trade, Supportive Aid Policies Key to African Growth,”

found at Internet address http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/af/trade/a3011505.htm, retrieved July 30,

2003.

7 U.S. Department of Commerce, Trade Compliance Center, “Trade and Markets Key to Africa

Prosperity, President Bush Says,” found at Internet address

http://www.tcc.mac.doc.gov/cgi-bin/doit.cgi?204:468440457:494, retrieved July 30, 2003.

8 U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Trade Official Sounds the Call For Partnership at AGOA Forum,”

found at Internet address

http://usinfo.state.gove/regional/af/trade/a3011503.htm, retrieved July 30, 2003.
2-4

Table 2-2U.S. imports under AGOA,1 by sources, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

(1,000 dollars)

2001 2002 Jan.-June 2002 

Source AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 178 0 0 0 0 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . 1,221 1,221 4,578 871 1,881 440 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . 37,174 443 115,804 262 22,799 142 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . 152 152 51 51 0 0 Cen Africa Rep . . . . . . . 0 0 192 192 0 0 Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo (ROC) . . . . . . . . 130,235 1,489 106,633 2,825 45,430 2,817 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . 13,321 13,321 49,733 22,468 15,729 8,896 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 23 23 0 0 Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 11 11 0 0 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 607 2,320 1,001 1,349 705 Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938,760 65 1,145,627 149 608,356 121 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 24 24 3 3 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,889 9,797 34,830 11,829 22,904 5,856 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 191 68 68 28 28 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,873 3,783 129,210 4,873 48,875 2,242 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,592 69 318,029 226 142,208 169 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . 97,105 4,959 79,728 3,890 61,070 3,200 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,362 23,305 46,904 5,584 21,757 1,425 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 293 342 341 90 89 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 35 35 15 15 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,975 15,076 114,292 7,764 55,236 2,452 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . 5,278 5,278 5,916 5,729 17 4 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 93 1,717 174 136 133 Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 22 21 6 6 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,688,461 359 5,409,660 483 2,340,602 75 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 53 10 10 10 10 São Tomé & Prin . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 567 499 499 222 221 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . 4,230 4,230 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . 387 387 217 217 43 43 South Africa . . . . . . . . . 923,243 505,987 1,342,594 553,042 556,955 233,082 

See footnote at end of table.
2-5

Table 2-2—ContinuedU.S. imports under AGOA,1 by sources, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

(1,000 dollars)

2001 2002 Jan.-June 2002 

Source AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . 14,770 6,456 81,252 6,939 28,986 48 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 883 1,293 654 572 286 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 141 32 19 15 6 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 765 83 31 42 18 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . 8,179,346 600,189 8,991,729 630,307 3,975,336 262,533 

1 Includes GSP.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-6

($106.6 million). In 2001, AGOA imports from Nigeria, South Africa, and Gabon

accounted for more than 92.0 percent of total AGOA imports. During the first half of

2003, combined imports from Nigeria, South Africa, and Gabon accounted for 89.1

percent of the total as countries including Lesotho ($166.5 million), the Republic of the

Congo ($163.1 million), Kenya ($89.7 million), Mauritius ($64.2 million), Madagascar

($60.9 million), Swaziland ($53.9 million), Cameroon ($33.9 million), Ghana ($25.7

million), Côte d’Ivoire ($25.6 million), and Malawi ($19.2 million) continued to

increase their imports under the AGOA program.

AGOA (including GSP) imports continued to be dominated by U.S. purchases of

energy-related products ($6.8 billion), which represented 75.9 percent of the total in

2002, compared to 83.5 percent in 2001. However, significant increases of imports

under AGOA (including GSP) were recorded for textiles and apparel, transportation

equipment, agricultural products, and minerals and metals (table 2-3). The second

largest import commodity under AGOA (including GSP) was textiles and apparel

($803.3 million), which accounted for an 8.9 percent share of the total in 2002,

compared with a 4.4 percent share in 2001. Transportation equipment ($544.7

million) represented 6.1 percent of total AGOA imports in 2002, up from 3.7 percent

in 2001; minerals and metals ($373.0 million) accounted for 4.1 percent in 2002,

compared to 3.9 percent in 2001; while the share of agricultural products rose to 2.4

percent in 2002 from 1.9 percent in 2001. The remaining AGOA (including GSP)

imports comprised smaller quantities of chemicals, miscellaneous manufactures, forest

products, and machinery equipment.

During the first half of 2003, U.S. imports under AGOA (including GSP) increased by

$2.6 billion or by 65.0 percent to $6.6 billion from $4.0 billion during the first half of

2002, primarily due to a significant increase in energy-related imports from Nigeria.

During the first half of 2003, AGOA imports of energy-related products totaled $5.4

billion, or 82.0 percent of the total, compared to $3.0 billion, or 76.4 percent during

the first half of 2002. Significant increases were also recorded for AGOA imports of

textiles and apparel (up by $148.4 million, or by 40.7 percent), transportation

equipment (up by $81.3 million, or by 33.2 percent), minerals and metals (up by $47.3

million, or by 34.1 percent), and chemical products (up by $25.4 million, or by 38.7

percent) during this period. Chapter 5 provides additional details on production,

trade, and investment for six sectors: agriculture, fisheries, and forest products;

chemicals; petroleum and energy-related products; minerals and metals; textiles and

apparel; and certain transportation equipment. Table 2-4 shows the major commodity

items imported under AGOA (including its GSP provisions) at the HTS six-digit level.
2-7

Table 2-3Major U.S. imports under AGOA1, by major commodity sectors, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

2001 2002 Jan.-June 2002 

Sector AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP 

Value (1,000 dollars)

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . 6,827,424 2 6,824,776 0 3,037,847 0 

Textiles and apparel . . . 359,469 3,564 803,333 3,639 364,699 1,681 Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . . 300,539 59,339 544,711 61,358 245,080 28,581 

Minerals and metals . . . 319,134 227,927 372,961 234,429 138,596 95,598 Agricultural products . . . 153,515 94,525 212,436 103,523 79,920 31,643 Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . 128,083 124,271 136,164 131,459 65,640 62,218 

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 33,049 32,749 40,595 39,715 18,006 17,619 

Forest products . . . . . . . 21,728 21,662 29,792 29,536 11,935 11,751 Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . 22,988 22,976 17,828 17,820 8,867 8,862 Electronic products . . . . 13,174 13,174 8,832 8,828 4,583 4,581 Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 0 300 0 136 0 

Total, all sectors . . 8,179,346 600,189 8,991,729 630,307 3,975,336 262,533 

AGOA imports as a percent of total sector imports from SSA

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . 61.87 0.00 58.27 0 57.87 0.00 

Textiles and apparel . . . 36.59 0.36 70.7 0.32 71.00 0.33 Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . . 75.16 14.84 87.71 9.88 86.64 10.10 

Minerals and metals . . . 10.57 7.55 13.79 8.67 11.41 7.87 Agricultural products . . . 19.44 11.97 23.30 11.36 17.02 6.74 Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . 22.23 21.56 30.39 29.34 34.29 32.51 

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 37.36 37.02 34.53 33.78 32.14 31.44 

Forest products . . . . . . . 18.85 18.79 24.67 24.46 22.72 22.37 Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . 8.74 8.74 7.71 7.70 7.16 7.16 Electronic products . . . . 25.45 25.45 17.77 17.76 20.92 20.92 Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.60 0.00 21.80 0 26.65 0.00 

Total, all sectors . . 46.54 3.42 49.38 3.46 48.18 3.18 

1 Includes GSP.

Note.–Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-8

Table 2-4Leading U.S. imports under AGOA1, by HTS descriptions, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

(1,000 dollars)

2001 2002 Jan.-June 2002 

HTS6 Description AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP 2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous

minerals, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,548,533 0 6,453,099 0 2,874,622 0 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition

internal-combustion reciprocating piston engine,cylinder capacity over 1,500 cc but not over3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 338,959 0 78,230 0 

2710.19 Petroleum oils & oils (not light) from bituminous

minerals or preps nesoi 70%+ by weight frompetroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 316,497 0 147,418 0 

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls,

breeches and shorts not knitted or crocheted, ofcotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,362 0 161,721 0 81,768 0 

6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests)

and similar articles, knitted or crocheted, ofcotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,964 0 160,695 0 68,694 0 

6204.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bibs and brace

overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton, notknitted or crocheted ..................... 98,519 0 153,938 0 72,733 0 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition

internal combustion reciprocating piston engine,cyclinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . 232,277 0 132,784 0 132,784 0 

7606.12 Aluminum alloy rectangular (including square)

plates, sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick .... 55,478 55,478 70,519 70,519 32,836 32,836 

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils &

oils from bituminous min. or preps 70%+ by wt.from petro. oils or bitum. min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,834 0 55,180 0 15,834 0 

7202.30 Ferrosilicon manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,388 37,388 50,749 50,749 23,878 23,878 1701.11 Cane sugar, raw, in solid form, not containing

added flavoring or coloring matter .......... 27,561 27,561 43,774 43,774 6,337 6,337 

7202.11 Ferromanganese, containing by weight more than

2 percent of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,058 0 43,305 0 17,243 0 

6110.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar

articles of manmade fibers, knitted or crocheted 8,252 0 39,547 0 12,538 0 

See footnote at end of table.
2-9

Table 2-4—ContinuedLeading U.S. imports under AGOA1, by HTS descriptions, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

(1,000 dollars)

2001 2002 Jan.-June 2002 

HTS6 Description AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP 7202.41 Ferrochromium, containing by weight more than

4 percent of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,853 42,853 36,531 36,531 7,524 7,524 

2401.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/ stripped . . . . 23,968 15,769 31,193 1,729 16,344 1,415 7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious

metal (excluding silver) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,833 23,833 30,612 30,612 13,098 13,098 

6109.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops and similar garments of

cotton, knitted or crocheted ................ 4,920 0 30,350 0 20,020 0 

6205.20 Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton, not knitted or

crocheted ............................. 13,823 0 29,657 0 12,531 0 

6104.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bibs and brace

overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton, knittedor crocheted ........................... 7,459 0 25,209 0 11,597 0 

6106.10 Women’s or girls’ blouses and shirts of cotton,

knitted or crocheted ..................... 5,694 0 24,483 0 11,991 0 

6105.10 Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton, knitted or

crocheted ............................. 9,058 0 24,146 0 13,431 0 

2804.69 Silicon, containing by weight less than 99.99

percent of silicon ........................ 24,692 24,692 22,753 22,753 10,504 10,504 

7210.49 Flat-rolled iron or nonalloy steel, not corrugated,

600 mm or more wide, plated or coated withzinc other than electrolytically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,881 0 21,775 0 3,610 0 

7202.19 Ferromanganese, containing by weight 2 percent

or less of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,351 23,351 18,789 18,789 6,366 6,366 

8708.70 Road wheels and parts and accessories thereof,

for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,374 21,374 18,423 18,423 8,727 8,727 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,392,302 272,299 8,334,691 293,880 3,700,659 110,685 

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787,044 327,890 657,038 336,426 274,677 151,848 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,179,346 600,189 8,991,729 630,307 3,975,336 262,533 

1 Includes GSP.

Note.–Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “nesoi” stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-10

AGOA-Related Investment

This section discusses AGOA-related investment in SSA and the complementary effects

of improved investment climate and policy reform, and increased regional

cooperation and integration. As government officials, companies, and international

firms become more familiar with the advantages of AGOA, sub-Saharan Africa

continues to witness investment driven by country access to AGOA benefits.

AGOA-related investment highlights the breadth of the AGOA program. In addition to

tariff and quota reductions, the program provides for various facilitating services. For

example, trade capacity-building initiatives facilitate SSA exports to the United States

by reducing information barriers, and the AGOA Forum provides networking

opportunities by bringing SSA suppliers and U.S. purchasers together. Consequently,

in addition to tariff and quota preferences, AGOA-related investment may be driven

by other AGOA-program, trade-facilitating features.

Although the textile and apparel sector has received substantial levels of investment,

other sectors such as motor vehicles (South Africa) and information technology

(Uganda) are beginning to benefit from AGOA-related investment and, in some

cases, associated export diversification. Although investment decisions generally are

driven by a multitude of factors, local and foreign investors in SSA, as well as local

government officials and observers, attribute duty- and quota-free access to the U.S.

market, as well as other AGOA-program, trade-facilitating features, as factors in

investment activity. Although direct investment figures may not be available for a

variety of reasons, such as business confidentiality, associated increases in

employment and output can be attributed to the indirect effects of increased

investment. Table 2-5 lists selected examples of AGOA-related investment,

employment increases, and industry output expansion for July 2002 to June 2003.

In addition to spurring investment, AGOA has begun to influence other activities that

could be beneficial to SSA’s long-term economic growth, including the improvement in

business climate (for example, investing in infrastructure or implementing reforms,

such as reduction of bureaucracy) and the encouragement of regional cooperation

and integration to take advantage of the benefits offered by AGOA. These benefits

have been cited by observers within SSA, as well as international policy-makers. For

example, Wycliffe Muga writes, “the expansion of textile and garment manufacturing

in a developing country is one of the surest recipes for the creation of jobs,”9 and Paul

Ryberg of the African Coalition for Trade notes, “While good governance is a

condition of eligibility under the Agoa regime, in an even more important sense the

9 Wycliffe Muga, “Nepad Lies On Its Deathbed, Long Live Agoa,” The Nation (Nairobi), Nov. 2,

2002 found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200211010624.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.
2-11

Table 2-5

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

Country Example

Ghana Woolworths has opened two branches in Ghana’s capital city of Accra. The franchise

announced plans to invest about $10 million in Ghana over the next 5 years. The Country

Director of Woolworths commented that, “By establishing here,... Ghanaian manufacturers

and consumers would have the opportunity to experience international quality standards

which would make it possible to meet AGOA and other export requirements.” A distributor

of clothes, food and beverages, household wear, and toiletries, the franchise plans to

manufacture using local inputs.1

Kenya “In Kenya, the Export Processing Zones have been one of the few growth industries in an

economy [and this] growth is attributed to AGOA....” Kenya’s Export Processing Zones

Authority reported that the subsector grew an average 30 percent per year over the last 5

years, and up to $139 million has been invested in the zone, creating approximately

25,000 jobs in 2001, doubling the 13,000 jobs the zones had created in 2000.2

Sri Lankan firms reportedly will invest over $2.4 million in the export processing zones in

2003 in up to 10 additional apparel plants. These plants are expected to generate 14,000

jobs.3

The government reported that plans were underway to construct a Sh300 million

(approximately $4 million) cotton-processing plant in Nyanza province. The AGOA

Association in Kenya “said investors from the United States had shown interest in financing

the project....” The project is expected to create jobs to offset jobs being lost in the fishing,

sugar, and tobacco industries.4

Regular job advertisements for employment in garment factories are an example of the

positive impact of AGOA-related investment.5

According to government officials, Kenya is expected to start exporting coffee to the United

States under AGOA. As a result of the agreement signed between Kenya and the United

States, “plans were underway to give the Kenya Planters Cooperative Union the capacity to

roast, grade and pack coffee for export” in order to get the higher returns associated with

processed coffee.6

“The apparel sector... has blossomed under AGOA. In 2000, there were 10 factories

producing US$ 30 million in garment exports and employing 10,000. By 2001 that number

had increased to 24 factories producing $70 million in exports and employing 17,000. It is

projected that this year the numbers will increase to 25,000 jobs in 36 factories producing

$200 million worth of apparel. The companies are in Kenya to take advantage of AGOA

provisions. AGOA benefits to Ôdownstream’ processors, such as those producing silk

screening, embroidery or packaging are just coming on line.”7

In 2002, AGOA-related textile and apparel businesses employed about 200,000 people,

and earned about $650 million.8

Lesotho According to the Minister of Industry, Trade and Marketing, investment is planned for a

fine fabric mill. Given AGOA-related investment and expansion plans in Lesotho, the

minister estimated that, by 2005, the textile industry would employ over 75,000 workers.9

According to the Minister of Industry, Trade and Marketing for Lesotho, “Since the

certification of Lesotho under AGOA in April 2001, we have witnessed a magnificent

increase of about 25,000 new jobs to a high figure of 45,000 jobs in 2002 as a direct

result of AGOA. Further, a number of companies already operating in Lesotho have

expanded their scale of operation and new ones have chosen Lesotho as their investment

destination.”10

See footnotes at end of table.
2-12

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

Country Example

Lesotho(cont.) Before Lesotho became eligible for AGOA benefits, Nien Hsing International had two

apparel factories employing 1,800 people. After AGOA was initiated, the company

decided to invest in a mill and another factory, and increased employment to 6,000

people.11

As a result of AGOA, in 2001 and 2002, 17 companies invested over 130 million Loti

(approximately $15 million) in textile and apparel firms exporting to the U.S. market.12

In 2001, Lesotho’s economy grew at 3.5 percent, but is expected to increase to 4 to 5

percent. The Governor of the Central Bank of Lesotho attributed the economic growth to

expansion of the textile and apparel industry, which exports clothing mainly to the United

States under the AGOA program.13

Madagascar Driven by access to AGOA trade benefits, investors from the Dubai, Saudi Arabia, UAE,

and Pakistan have increased investment into Madagascar. In general, this investment has

targeted large apparel factories, each employing over 1,000 people.14

Mauritius AGOA has prompted six projects currently under development, of which, four are Chinese

and Indian investments in spinning mills.15

A direct benefit of AGOA has been that at the end of 2003 there will be five spinning mills

operating in Mauritius, producing 40,000 tons of cotton yarn for local and regional

markets.16

AGOA has prompted investment in spinning mills, and, consequently, the vertical

integration of the textile industry in sub-Saharan Africa.17

AGOA has encouraged increased foreign investment into Mauritius, such as the

contruction of a Chinese-owned mill, Tianli Spinning.18

Mozambique Umar Textiles (Pakistan) began operations in November 2002, and has been exporting

exclusively to the United States under the AGOA program.19

Namibia Because of increased investment in the textile industry by four companies, including

Ramatex, the government estimated that, by 2005, 20,000 jobs would be created in

Namibia.20

South Africa In 2002, BMW SA invested 200 million rand (approximately $23 million) to upgrade a

plant, and has exported approximately 22,000 units to the United States under the AGOA

program. “Through Agoa, BMW not only can export vehicles with duty-free provisions, but

is also by far the biggest local beneficiary under the act.”21

DaimlerChrysler SA plans to invest in the ability to assemble left-hand-drive cars at its East

London plant. “Large scale assembly of the C-Class... would attract several billion rands’

worth of investment.” An attractive aspect of the proposal is duty-free access into the United

States under AGOA. If the group’s South Africa arm wins the contract, foreign direct

investment to South Africa could total 2 billion rand (approximately $230 million) for

retooling requirements at the East London Plant, with additional investment of up to 6

billion rand (approximately $695 million) for supplier operations.22

“Nissan SA hopes to begin exporting locally assembled bakkies [a one ton hardbodied

commercial vehicle] to the global market.” An attractive feature of investing in South Africa

for the Japanese parent is that South Africa has preferential access to the United States

market under the AGOA program.23

Seardel Investment Corporation (clothing and textile company) announced plans to spend

about 125 million rand (approximately $15 million) to replace and upgrade existing plants

because of growth in domestic sales and exports, some of which have benefitted from the

AGOA program.24

See footnotes at end of table.
2-13

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

Country Example

South Africa (cont.) According to company officials, the Levi Strauss factory in Cape Town began producing

jeans for export to the United States under the AGOA program.25

“Within clothing and textile companies, those that have mentioned plans to export to the US

using the Agoa advantages include Adonis, the knitwear company; Pals Clothing, which

manufactures men’s clothing; Seardel, the clothing and textiles giant; clothing

manufacturer Rex Trueform which was formerly a serious exporter to the UK; LA Group, in

a joint venture for its corporate clothing division; and Ninian & Lester. Agricultural business

Afgri (formerly OTK) has geared up its cotton production activities to service demand from

textile manufacturers.”26

Swaziland Enterprise and Employment Minister Lutfo Dlamini announced this week that by year’s end,

at Matsapha alone, 1,400 manufacturing jobs would be created by AGOA. The Swaziland

Industrial Promotion Authority has optimistically projected tens of thousands of new jobs

next year – which would significantly cut the current 40 percent unemployment rate. Most

of these jobs would come from new or expanding Taiwanese-owned garment factories

eager to take advantage of the benefits of AGOA.27

Tanzania Tanzania officials announced plans to launch an export processing zone in Dar es Salaam

in order to spur expansion of the textile and apparel industry. The EPZ’s first textile factory,

NIDA Textile Mills Limited, plans to produce grey cotton for bed linen for export. It also

plans to produce yarn and cloth to supply fabric for the AGOA market. NIDA has invested

about $10 million in the project.28

Tanzania’s first modern light-industrial export-processing zone (EPZ) plans to begin

operations in June 2003. Investors from Sri Lanka, the United States, Britain, India, Kenya,

Uganda, South Africa, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, South Korea, and China have

expressed interest in the project. “Various Sri Lankan garment manufacturing firms have

shown interest to establish at the EPZ and take advantage of the opportunity of the AGOA

initiative.”29

Uganda John Sporidis, a U.S.-based garment dealer, announced plans to invest over $40 million in

Uganda’s textile industry to access benefits under the AGOA program. The investment is

aimed at revamping production to meet requirements of U.S. purchasers.30

Sigma Knitting Industries Limited plans to export products to the United States under the

AGOA program. The managing director noted that, “Following the overwhelming orders

from the US, we have ordered for better computerized machines to meet the targets and

quality won’t be a problem to us.” Although the company employs 65 workers, company

officials estimated that the labor force could increase to 400 workers in order to fulfill

AGOA-related export orders.31

“An expert from Atlantic Gums Corporation in the US... is in Uganda to assess the viability

of investing in the product [and] to get samples that will be taken to the US for tests.”

According to Anthony Nwachukwu, “Once this test is passed, then companies like Coca

Cola will be interested in supporting the project.” This project, which could further diversify

Uganda’s export profile, represents Uganda’s first attempt to produce gum arabic for

trade, and has resulted from Uganda’s participation in the AGOA program.32 (Gum

arabic is an acacia plant product which is used in the food industry to give body and

texture to products).

Jinja Southern Range Nyanza Textiles Ltd. announced plans to construct a spinning facility

aimed at locally producing inputs for apparel exported to the United States under the

AGOA program. “The first installation phase of the $2.4m (Shs 4.4 billion) plant is due

next month. This phase will see Nyanza able to produce 8,000 to 9,000 bales of textiles.

However, final work on the textile [facility] will see annual production of 30,000 [bales].”33

See footnotes at end of table.
2-14

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

Country Example

Uganda (cont.) Lira Spinning Mill company officials announced plans to produce cotton yarn, 80 percent

of which is for export to the U.S. market under the AGOA program. The company plans to

invest over $10 million in the factory, and has so far spent $3.7 million.34

Rocky Mountain Technology Group (U.S.) announced plans to establish a Cyber City in

Kampala, Uganda. In addition to developing infrastructure, training people, and

processing data, the company plans to export software. Ms. Muhwezi, the President’s

secretary in charge of AGOA, highlighted the project in her brief on the benefits of the

AGOA program.35

According to government officials, demands for locally produced inputs to satisfy AGOA

rules-of-origin requirements have spurred investment in the cotton industry.36

Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) announced that it exceeded its target value of

investments by $115 million for fiscal year 2002. UIA executive director stated that, “Our

planned investment book value for this financial year was $225m, but by the end of May

we had already recorded a total book value of over $340m.... We are optimistic Uganda

will continue to attract more and bigger investors with huge investment capital in millions of

dollars.” The representative added that, under the AGOA program, the UIA has been

focusing investment initiatives on the textile; manufacturing; coffee- and tea-processing;

and e-commerce, information, and communications technology sectors.37

Sub-Saharan Africa “Countries which have done particularly well out of AGOA include South Africa, where

automobile exports have increased 16 times over the last two years; Lesotho, where 11 new

factories have opened and 15,000 new jobs have been created; and Kenya, where textile

exports rose from 45 million dollars in 2000 to 71 million dollars in 2001 to 100 million in

the first nine months of 2002.”38

See footnotes at end of table.
2-15

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

1 Haruna Mohammed, “Woolworths Comes to Accra,” Accra Mail (Accra), Nov. 20, 2002, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200211220186.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

2 “Agoa-Type Pacts ÔNo Good’ for Africa in the Long Run,” Africa News Services, Mar. 20, 2003, found at Internet

address http://itc.newsedge-web.com/NewsEdge/ViewReviewStory/030320/0/1/2/17?username=nchrist, retrieved

Mar. 20, 2003

3 Representative of Embassy of Kenya, USITC staff interview, Washington, DC, Jan. 2003.

4 Elisha Otieno, “Sh300m Project Planned,” The Nation (Nairobi), Mar. 11, 2003, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303110348.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

5 Wycliffe Muga, “Nepad Lies On Its Deathbed, Long Live Agoa,” The Nation (Nairobi), Nov. 2, 2002, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200211010624.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

6 Silas Nthiga, “Country Signs Coffee Deal with US,” The Nation (Nairobi), June 10, 2003, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200206100157.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

7 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Without assistance to local textile producers, Kenyan garment exporters will

lose comparative advantage,” message reference No. NAIROB 04307, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, June, 2002.

8 Ibrahim Kyaruzi, “Manufacturers Say Sector in Doldrums,” Business Times (Dar es Salaam), Jan. 31, 2003, found

at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301310507.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

9 Lawrence Keketso, “75,000 Jobs to Be Created in Two Years,” The Survivor (Maseru), Jan. 22, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301271088.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

10 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Lesotho’s Trade Minister writes to USTR Zoellick requesting extension of

AGOA duty-free preferences for textiles and apparel containing third-country fabric,” message reference No. MASERU

0108, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Maseru, Feb. 2003.

11 Representative of Nien Hsing International, USITC staff interview, Lesotho, Mar. 7, 2003..

12 Lesotho National Development Corporation, table of investment provided to U.S. Embassy, June 2003.

13 Thabo Thakalekoala, “Economy to Grow by 4% in 2002,” The Survivor (Maseru), July 31, 2002, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200208020626.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

14 Niki Tait, “Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Madagascar,” Textile Outlook International,

Mar.-Apr. 2002, No. 98, p. 141.

15 Representative of Mauritius Board of Investment, USITC staff interview, Mauritius, Feb. 24, 2003.

16 Representative of Mauritius Chamber of Commerce and Industry, USITC staff interview, Mauritius, Feb. 24, 2003.

17 Representative of American Chamber of Commerce, USITC staff interview, Mauritius, Feb. 24, 2003.

18 Niki Tait, “Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Mauritius,” Textile Outlook International, May-June

2002, No. 99, p. 150.

19 “Despite Agoa, Clothing Industry Still in Crisis,” Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo), May 2, 2003,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305020478.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

20 Hugh Ellis, “Textile ÔRush Set to Create 20,000 Jobs in Three Years,’” The Namibian (Windhoek), Jan. 13, 2003,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301130754.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

21 Larry Claasen, “Vehicle Industry Has Uphill Drive to Join World Best,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Feb. 4,

2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302040253.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

22 Carli Lourens, “SA Vies for a Bigger Slice of Daimlerchrysler Pie,” Business Day (Johannesburg), May 26, 2003,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305260321.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

23 John Fraser, “Nissan SA Eyes Global Market,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Feb. 6, 2003, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302020416.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

24 Charlotte Mathews, “Seardel to Spend R125m to Upgrade Its Plants,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Mar. 4,

2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303040468.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

25 Charlotte Mathews, “Levi Strauss Unit to Export to US,” Business Day (Johannesburg), May 21, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305210562.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

26 Charlotte Mathews, “AGOA’s Eased Access to US May Spark Export Bonanza,” Business Day (Johannesburg),

Aug. 30, 2002, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200208300558.html, retrieved

Mar. 27, 2003.
2-16

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment, employment increases, and industry

expansion, July 2002-June 2003

27 UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, “Fighting to Save Agoa,” Oct. 7, 2002, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200210070682.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

28 Bakari Machumu, “Textile Industry Future Rosy,” Business Times (Dar es Salaam), May 23, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305240233.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

29 Mike Mande, “Dar Set to Open Maiden Export Zone,” The Nation (Nairobi), Apr. 22, 2003, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200304210676.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

30 “American Plans $40m for Organic Cotton,” New Vision (Kampala), June 5, 2003, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200306050501.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

31 Abubaker Mukose, “Jinja Group Wins Agoa Deal,” New Vision (Kampala), Jan. 16, 2003, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301160147.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

32 Stephen Ilungole, “Gum Arabic Expert Here,” New Vision (Kampala), Oct. 23, 2002, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200210230506.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

33 Badru Mulumba, “Nyanza Textiles for New Spinner,” The Monitor (Kampala), Oct. 10, 2002, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200210100799.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

34 Denis Ocwich, “Lira Spinning Mill in Yarn Expansion Plan,” New Vision (Kampala), Aug. 1, 2002, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200208010417.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

35 Stephen Ilungole, “US Firm in Grand Cyber Initiative,” New Vision (Kampala), Mar. 15, 2003, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303170698.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

36 Joseph Olanyo, “The Rise, Fall and the Rise of the Cotton Sector,” The Monitor (Kampala), Jan. 21, 2003, found

at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301210402.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

37 James Odong, “UIA Hits Above Target,” New Vision (Kampala), Aug. 7, 2002, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200208070253.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

38 “The African Growth and Opportunity Act/the facts,” Agence France Presse, Jan. 16, 2003, found at Internet

address http://itc.newsedge-web.com/NewsEdge/ViewReviewStory/030116/0/1/2/5?Username=nchrist, retrieved

Jan. 29, 2003.

Sources: As cited.

real world of the marketplace requires good governance as a precondition of doing

business.”10 It is expected that as countries continue to move up the learning curve with

respect to AGOA, the benefits from investment, reform, and regional cooperation will

continue to encourage economic development and integration into the global trading

regime. Table 2-6 lists examples of AGOA-related facilitation of investment and

reform, and table 2-7 provides examples of increased regional cooperation and

integration encouraged by AGOA.

10 Paul Ryberg, “Agoa Successes and Challenges: A Look Back at the First Two Years,” Africa

Coalition for Trade (Washington, DC), Jan. 10, 2003, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301140520.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.
2-17

Table 2-6

Selected examples of AGOA-related facilitation of investment and reform, July 2002-

June 2003

Country Example

Côte d’Ivoire In order to encourage investment driven by access to AGOA benefits in the

Côte d’Ivoire textile and agro-industrial sectors, the government was urged to push

through reforms in the agriculture and telecommunications sectors, to support

regional security, and to combat child labor. For example, the government amended

a 2001 decree that required the shipment of cocoa beans in 60 to 65 kilogram bags

rather than in bulk.1

Ethiopia The Ethiopian Government has earmarked 1.5 billion birr (approximately $175

million) for loans, including interest rate concessions, for qualifying AGOA-related

export-oriented projects. Because access to land with adequate utilities has emerged

as an investment constraint in the textile and apparel industry, the Ministry of Trade

and Industry has acquired land with 2.5 megawatt power in order to allocate it to

potential investors.2

Kenya In order to encourage manufacturing sector expansion, the government signed the

AGOA trade agreement, and introduced trade facilitating measures (such as the

removal of duties on capital equipment and certain raw materials) in the budget for

fiscal year 2002/03.3

Swaziland Various stakeholders and government officials are working on maintaining AGOA

benefits by addressing concerns regarding labor and human rights issues. In

addition, in order to attract investment, the Matsapha Industrial Estate is being wired

with electricity in order to serve AGOA-related business.4

Uganda After manufacturers cited problems with the bureaucracy in commercial banks that

hampered AGOA-related investment, such as difficulty in opening a letter of credit,

the government “rescued the [AGOA] designated textile and apparel exporting

factories from bureaucratic red tape in the central and commercial banks.”5

Companies attempting to access AGOA-related benefits have highlighted the need for

improved transportation of goods. As a result, President Museveni launched the $2

million Inland Container Depot (ICD), belonging to the Kenfreight Group of

companies, which reportedly will facilitate the transport of imports and exports.6

Sub-Saharan Africa AGOA “serves as a catalyst for economic development by underpinning free

exportation of goods, and promoting world marketing of goods, and services from

Africa. ... Generally, AGOA encourages and increases trade through reduction of

tariffs, expansion of trade promotion, private sector growth, and creating new

avenues for trade and opportunities, which would liberalize the economy for poverty

reduction, and political stability.”7

1 EIU Viewswire, “Côte d’Ivoire: Economy: News analysis: Côte d’Ivoire qualifies for AGOA,” Sept. 5, 2002, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com/index.asp?layout=display_article&search_text=AGOA&doc_id=207315,

retrieved on Mar. 27, 2003.

2 Eskinder Michael, “Over 1 Bln Birr Earmarked for Textile Sector,” The Daily Monitor (Addis Ababa), Jan. 30,

2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301300679.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

3 EIU Viewswire, “Kenya: Business: Industry overview: Manufacturing,” Dec. 31, 2002, found at internet addres

http://www.viewswire.com/index.asp?layout=display_article&search_text=AGOA, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

4 UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, ”Fighting to Save Agoa,” Oct. 7, 2002, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200210070682.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

5 Alfred Wasike,“Museveni Scraps Red Tape on Agoa,” New Vision (Kampala), Mar. 5, 2003, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303050175.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

6 Steven Odeu, “ICD to Boost AGOA,” New Vision (Kampala), July 29, 2002, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200207290365.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

7 “Agoa Stimulates Economic Liberalization,” The Independent (Banjul), Feb. 14, 2003, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302140184.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

Sources: As cited.
2-18

Table 2-7

Examples of AGOA-related regional integration and cooperation, Jan. 2002-June 2003

Countries Example

Mauritius and sub-Saharan Africa “A joint trade committee aimed at strengthening trade relations between

Kenya and Mauritius will be launched next month.” Mauritius has

invested heavily in sugar industries in numerous Southern African

countries. Also, Mauritius’ support for Kenya’s sugar and textile

industries will reportedly help develop these two sectors.1

“Mauritian textile and apparel manufacturers are themselves investing

abroad - especially in countries which have been granted lesser

developed beneficiary Sub-Saharan African country (LDBC) status by

the United States, [as] LDBC countries are especially attractive as

investment locations because they enjoy special concessions under

AGOA. ... Recipients of investment from Mauritius include Madagascar,

Mozambique, Botswana and Lesotho.”2

Mauritius and Senegal Factors which make Mauritius’ increased economic relations with

Senegal appealing include a largely stable political environment and

Senegal’s access to the U.S. market under the AGOA program.3

Mauritius and South Africa To facilitate textile and apparel trade, especially the fulfillment of

rules-of-origin requirements associated with the AGOA program,

Mauritius and South Africa signed an agreement providing for the

progressive removal of import tariffs. Duties will be “lowered to 15% this

year, before being reduced to 10% in 2003 and 4% in 2004. Duty-free

entry will be effective January 2005.”4

Sub-Saharan Africa The AGOA has established a framework that encourages cooperation

among sub-Saharan African countries, Mauritius, and the United States

by providing incentives for regional investment in order to establish

vertically integrated industries in the region.5

Uganda and sub-Saharan Africa The AGOA provision allowing reduced duties on textiles made from

locally sourced fabrics has driven cotton sector expansion aimed at

supplying regional garment manufacturers.6

Zambia, South Africa, Swarp Spinning Mills (Zambia) began exporting yarn to South

and Mauritius Africa and Mauritius for use as locally sourced input as required for

reduced-duty benefits under the AGOA program.7

1 Vitalis Omondi, “Trade body ready to start work next month,” The East African (Nairobi), Feb. 17, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302190814.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

2 Niki Tait, “Prospects for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Mauritius,” Textile Outlook International, May-June

2002, No. 99, p. 151.

3 EIU Viewswire, “Mauritius: Economy: Outlook: Country outlook,” Oct. 21, 2002, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com/index.asp?layout=display_article&search_text=AGOA&doc_id=215400, retrieved Mar. 27,

2003.

4 Emerging Textiles.com, “Mauritius tries boosting textile investment,” Sept. 11, 2002, found at Internet address

http://www.emergingtextiles.com/print/?q=art&s=020911-coun&r=search&n=1, retrieved Sept. 12, 2002.

5 Representative of Joint Economic Council, USITC staff interview, Mauritius, Feb. 24, 2003.

6 Joseph Olanyo,“The Rise, Fall And the Rise of the Cotton Sector,” The Monitor (Kampala), Jan. 21, 2003,

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200301210402.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

7 EIU Viewswire, “Region bans imports from Zimbabwe,” Aug. 9, 2002, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com/index.asp?layout=display_article&search_text=AGOA&doc_id=203034, retrieved Mar. 27,

2003.

Sources: As cited.
2-19

Box 2-1: AGOA – Moving Beyond Textiles and Apparel

Several SSA countries are beginning to witness the expansion of AGOA benefits

beyond the textile and apparel sector. South Africa, with its broadly diverse industrial

base, is leading this expansion. Other countries that are actively seeking opportunities

in nontraditional products, however, are also making inroads into the U.S. market and

diversifying their export industries. The most significant effect, however, may not be in

these countries, but in their neighbors who now have tangible evidence of the

expanding investment and export opportunities initiated by access to the AGOA

program, and supported by government and business confidence coupled with good

governance.

S Fruits, Vegetables, and Processed Food: A significant comparative

advantage for many SSA countries is in the agricultural sector. In addition to

fresh fruits and vegetables, SSA firms accessing AGOA benefits are able to

compete internationally in the global market for processed food products. This

industry provides increased opportunities for firms to expand production of

higher value-added products and reap the associated better prices.

- South African exports have witnessed substantial benefits from the

AGOA program. Edible fruits and nuts, especially oranges, mandarins,

canned pears, canned citrus, and macadamia nuts are increasingly

headed for the U.S. market under the AGOA program.1

- Kenya announced that it will be exporting coffee to an American firm

under AGOA. Unlike most coffee exports from SSA, Kenyan exports

under this agreement will involve the export of fully processed coffee.

Exporters of this value-added product are expected to receive higher

prices than is the case with raw coffee.2

- In South Africa, an entrepreneur teamed up with Sunsweet Growers Inc.,

located in Yuba City, California, to produce sugar-free fruit bars. The

U.S. firm is selling South African products in the United States and the

United Kingdom. The South African company is planning to purchase a

U.S.-produced packaging machine, which will more than triple the

company’s capacity. The increased capacity will help the company

increase exports to other international markets.3

- A specialty firm in South Africa that produces ice cream in coconut shells

and other fruit cases landed a contract with a large U.S. retail firm.

AGOA eliminated a 20 percent duty on the company’s products, and the

owner noted that the contract would not have happened without AGOA.4

- A major international wine and grape concentrate producer based in the

Western Cape of South Africa became increasingly competitive in the

1 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Scenesetter for USTR Zoellick: AGOA is working for South

Africa,” message reference No. PRETORIA 702, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Pretoria, Feb. 2002.

2 Silas Nthiga, “Country Signs Coffee Deal with US,” The Nation (Nairobi), June 10, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200306100157.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

3 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Scenesetter for USTR Zoellick: AGOA is working for South

Africa,” message reference No. PRETORIA 702, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Pretoria, Feb. 2002.

4 Ibid.
2-20

United States as a result of access to the AGOA program. The company is

expanding its exports and experiencing new-found success in the U.S.

wine market.5

S Vehicles and Vehicle Parts: The South African vehicles and vehicle parts

industry has witnessed increased output and investment driven by exporters’

access to the AGOA program. Companies such as BMW and Volkswagen

are involved in significant plant expansions spurred by increased export

demand, while others such as Nissan and DaimlerChrysler are pitching

AGOA benefits to parent companies to solicit investment in South African

affiliates. Increasing investment and output is helping make the South African

vehicle and vehicle parts industry an increasingly important player in the

global market.

- Nissan SA hopes to begin exporting one-ton hard-bodied commercial

vehicles, locally known as Ôbakkies,’ to the global market. In addition to

South Africa, potential Nissan investment sites include South America,

Spain, the United Kingdom, and Thailand. In order to secure the

investment, the subsidiary would have to convince its parent company in

Japan of the attractiveness of South Africa. In addition to the relative

labor costs and productivity levels, a central component in its argument

for selecting South Africa as the investment destination is preferential

access to the U.S. market under the AGOA program.6

- BMW has been one of the biggest beneficiaries of the AGOA program.

BMW in South Africa recently completed a significant plant upgrade

program and exported 22,000 units to the United States under the

AGOA program in 2002.7 Part of BMW’s expansion plans includes

shipping two engine types to the United States. Company executives noted

that the company would not be able to benefit from AGOA if it was not

already competitive in terms of quality; however, AGOA provides tax

savings which can amount to $600 per car. BMW’s workforce of 3,000,

with downstream employment of 20,000, benefit from the program.8

- DaimlerChrysler in South Africa announced that it would invest R10

billion (approximately $1.2 billion) in South Africa if the affiliate won the

contract to manufacture the new C-Class Mercedes-Benz.9 The

investment would allow it to produce left-hand vehicles for export to the

United States. The associated capital injection would be of significant

benefit to the domestic economy, especially by increasing employment

opportunities. If the subsidiary secures the investment, domestic

5 Ibid.

6 John Fraser, “Nissan SA Eyes Global Market,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Feb. 6, 2003, found

at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302060416.html, retrieved Mar. 27,

2003.

7 Larry Claasen, “Vehicle Industry Has Uphill Drive to Join World Best,” Business Day

(Johannesburg), Feb. 4, 2003, found at Internet address

http:allafrica.com/stories/printable/200302040253.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

8 John Fraser, “Multinational BMW to Benefit From Agoa Scheme,” Business Day (Johannesburg),

Nov. 8, 2003, found at Internet address http:allafrica.com/stories/printable/200211080101.html,

retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

9 Larry Claasen, “Vehicle Industry Has Uphill Drive...,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Feb. 4, 2003.
2-21

production could double to 8,000 to 9,000 units per year. In addition to

the U.S. market, the ability to produce left-hand vehicles would open

other overseas markets for exports from South Africa. Investment in South

Africa is particularly attractive to the German-based parent because of

access to the AGOA program.10

S Other Products: Initial AGOA trade and investment benefits stem from

established industries that are already familiar with the U.S. market and

distribution channels; however, the increased competitiveness afforded by the

AGOA program is encouraging nontraditional export industries to take root,

and U.S. companies to investigate possible sourcing opportunities in SSA.

- The AGOA program has increased exposure in the United States of

investment opportunities in the SSA region. Rocky Mountain Technology

Group, a U.S.-based information technology firm plans to create a Ôcyber

city’ in Kampala, Uganda, to develop infrastructure, train people,

process data, and export software. Government officials expressed hope

that this investment would lead to the development of a regional

information technology hub in Uganda, and increase investment

opportunities for other firms. Ms. Muhwezi, the President’s secretary in

charge of AGOA, highlighted the project in her brief on the benefits of the

AGOA program.11

- In October 2002, an expert from a U.S. firm, the world’s largest importer

of gum-arabic, visited Uganda to collect samples for testing in the United

States. This testing is the first step in assessing the viability of investing in

procuring gum-arabic from Uganda.12 In June 2003, government

officials announced that samples were “found to have the characteristics

required by U.S. importers;” and the United States had ordered all the

high-grade gum arabic that Uganda could supply. Major multinational

companies such as Coca Cola have expressed interest in sourcing gum

arabic from Uganda. Prompted by access to the U.S. market under the

AGOA program, Ugandan farmers will be able to cultivate a product

that has not been exploited for trade in over a decade.13

10 Carli Lourens, “SA Vies for a Bigger Slice of Daimlerchrysler Pie,” Business Day (Johannesburg),

May 26, 2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305260321.html,

retrieved June 18, 2003.

11 Stephen Ilungole, “US Firm in Grand Cyber Initiative,” New Vision (Kampala), Mar. 15, 2003,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303170698.html, retrieved Mar.

27, 2003.

12 Stephen Ilungole, “Gum Arabic Expert Here,” New Vision (Kampala), Oct. 23, 2002, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200210230506.html, retrieved Mar. 27, 2003.

13 Patrick Onyango, “Country to Export Gum Arabic to US,” The Monitor (Kampala), June 16, 2003,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200306160543.html, retrieved

June 18, 2003.
2-22

- A major South African appliance manufacturer and distributor

announced the expansion of its manufacturing facility in Cape Town in

order to keep up with the export demand of a U.S. based appliance

brand. The managing director attributed the increased exports in part to

the introduction of AGOA and the export opportunities the program has

opened.14

- South African exporters have begun to export several new products since

the AGOA program, including pimentos, artichokes, fishing rods, and ice

cream products.15

14 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Scenesetter for USTR Zoellick: AGOA is working for South

Africa,” message reference No. PRETORIA 702, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Pretoria, Feb. 2002.

15 Ibid.
3-1

CHAPTER 3

Regional Integration In Sub-Saharan Africa

This chapter provides information on the African Union (AU), and trade and

investment information for the following nine major regional organizations in

sub-Saharan Africa: the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); the

West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU); the Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA); the Southern African Development

Community (SADC); the Southern African Customs Union (SACU); the East African

Community (EAC); the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD); the

Indian Ocean Commission (IOC); and the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de

l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC). The data presented in this section were compiled from a

number of sources including the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Economist

Intelligence Unit, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the respective

regional organization official Internet sites. The information and analysis generally

focus on developments that occurred during 2002.

Regional Integration in 2002

In July 2002, the African Union (AU) was officially launched, as the successor to the

Organization of African Unity (OAU), at a meeting of African heads of states in

Durban, South Africa. The AU consists of 52 African member states, and is based in

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The AU is modeled on the EU with plans for the establishment

of a parliament, a central bank, a single currency, a court of justice and an investment

bank. The AU also plans to have common defense, foreign and communication

policies.

In 2002, regional trade groupings in sub-Saharan Africa, continued to focus on

reducing tariffs among member countries. COMESA members concluded a free trade

agreement in October 2000 with an agreement to phase in tariff reductions on goods

of COMESA origin in order to achieve zero tariffs on intra-COMESA trade by 2004.

The result has been an increase in recorded trade volumes mainly attributed to the

transfer of unrecorded trade into the recorded or legal sector.

The current trend of lowering tariffs on goods of African origin is being driven

primarily by regional trading blocs. This trend is likely to continue, and to result in

increased total intra-African trade volumes, and an increase in the proportion of

recorded trade. This is particularly true for regions of relative stability, where political

and economic policies of neighboring states are similar. For example, trade between

South Africa and Mozambique increased at a faster pace in 2002. A similar situation

emerged in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda where measures are being undertaken to

further boost trade between these countries.

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

U.S. Exports

Wheat

Parts for boring & sinking machinery

Aircraft and spacecraft

Rice

Parts for airplanes or helicopters

Petroleum oils

U.S. Imports

Petroleum oils

Coca beans

Aluminum ores

Rubber latex

Diamonds

Natural gas

Status and structure:

ECOWAS was established in 1975, to create a custom union among its 15 member states1 to promote the free circulation of goods, services,

labor, and capital within West Africa. The ECOWAS block includes all eight members of the WAEMU.

ECOWAS is based in Abuja, Nigeria and is headed by the former Ghanaian minister, Mohamed Chambas. The organization has a 120 member

parliament, court of justice, and Council of Ministers. Heads of governments meet annually for decision-making.

ECOWAS implemented a rules-of-origin regime for locally manufactured goods to receive preferential treatment - more than 300 industrial

products have been approved for this regime. In order to receive a certificate of origin, domestic content must be at least 60 percent or, if less,

domestic value-added must be at least 40 percent of the freight on board (f.o.b) price.

In early 2001, ECOWAS unveiled the West African Monetary Institute, a transitional institution, to pave the way for a West African central bank

and the introduction of a common currency. The community has also taken the initiative to be proactive on regional security issues. In 1990,

ECOWAS established a Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).

Trade:

In 2002, the U.S. trade deficit with ECOWAS declined by 40.7 percent to $4.9 billion. The U.S. had an $8.1 billion trade deficit with the region in

2001. The reason for the change is a 33 percent decrease in U.S. imports from ECOWAS to $6.5 billion, and a slight increase in U.S. exports

to the ECOWAS region by 1.7 percent to $1.6 billion, in 2002. The major exported items include wheat, machinery parts, aircraft and

spacecraft, and rice. Most of the imports into the U.S. consisted of petroleum oils, cocoa beans, aluminum ores, rubber latex, and diamonds.

ECOWAS

Members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria,

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Population: 242.9 million (2002)

GDP: $85.2 billion (2002)

Goals: Free Trade Area; full economic and monetary union.

U.S. Trade with ECOWAS Key Traded Commodities

Billion dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

3-3

Economic Community of West African States
3-4

Economic Community of West African States

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA Trade:

Twelve countries, Benin, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone,

are AGOA-eligible countries. In 2002, AGOA imports from ECOWAS

totaled $5.5 billion, a decline from $5.8 billion in 2001. Nigeria

accounted for 98 percent of total AGOA imports from ECOWAS, in

2002. Energy-related products made up 99 percent of total AGOA

imports from the region in 2002.

All other 0.7%

Agricultural

products 70.7%

All other 1.6%

Nigeria 98.4%

Energy-related

products 99.3%

Ghana 40.6%

Côte d’lvoire 58.0%

Forest

products 21.8% All other 7.5%

All other 1.4%

Recent developments:

ECOWAS created the West African Monetary Institute in 2001, which

then established a West African central bank in December 2002 and

introduced a common monetary unit in 2003.

Eight of the 15 ECOWAS member countries– Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte

d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo– form the West

African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). Another five countries

– Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone – are due to launch

their monetary zone, the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) this

year. The WAMZ , which pegs the currencies of Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,

Nigeria and Sierra Leone to the US dollar allowing a fluctuation of 15

percent, is intended to lead to a common currency for ECOWAS.2 A

monetary union of 13 ECOWAS countries is to be achieved in 2004 by

merging WAEMU with WAMZ. WAMZ was a $50 million monetary zone,

at the time of its establishment.

ECOWAS Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

1,562.2

2,061.1

1,694.5

2,136.5
3-5

West African Economic and Monetary Union

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with WAEMU U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

In January 1994, WAEMU was established to create a common market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor within the

WAEMU region. Ultimately aiming for the convergence of fiscal policies, harmonization of tax legislation, and a common investment policy, the

treaty provided for common sectoral policies as well as a customs union. All member countries participated in the Communauté Financière

Africaine (CFA) franc zone based on the euro and maintained an operations account with the French Treasury to facilitate trade with France.

In December 1995, the member countries concluded a preferential trade agreement that instituted a transitional tariff regime pending

establishment of the customs union. The agreement set out regime and customs procedures applicable to the movement of goods within the

WAEMU area. A common external tariff became operative on January 1, 2000. Member states tariff revenues losses were to be offset by a

transitional but temporary tax on imports from outside WAEMU.

Trade:

In 2002, the U.S. trade deficit with WAEMU rose by 11.4 percent to $130 million. The U.S. had a $116 million trade deficit with the region in

2001. The reason for the change is a 20 percent decrease in U.S. exports to WAEMU to $266 million, and a decrease in U.S. imports from

the WAEMU region by 11.9 percent to $395 million, in 2002. The major exported items include machinery parts, worn clothing, fertilizers, and

rice. U.S. imports consisted of cocoa beans, petroleum oils, and wood products.

WAEMU

Members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo

Population: 142.5 million (2002)

GDP: $27.4 billion (2002)

Goals: Customs union and coordinated monetary policy

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Parts for boring or sinking machinery

Worn clothing

Fertilizers

Rice

Parts for machinery

U.S. Imports

Cocoa beans

Petroleum oils

Cocoa powder and paste

Tropical wood
3-6

West African Economic and Monetary Union

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA trade:

The six AGOA beneficiaries are Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,

Niger, and Senegal. In 2002, U.S. imports under AGOA rose significantly

to $50.6 million from $14.4 million in 2001. AGOA imports consisted

primarily of agricultural and energy-related products from Côte d’Ivoire in

2002.

Recent developments:

WAEMU and ECOWAS have determined a number of measures which

will help harmonize the two regional blocs. Both have agreed to adopt

new common rules of origin to enhance the flow of trade and implement

a universal customs declaration form. WAEMU members are working

toward greater regional integration with unified external tariffs. The

organizaiton’s monetary convergence phase has been prolonged to be

completed by 2005. In the 2002 WAEMU meeting, members raised

concerns about the regional implications of Côte d’Ivoire’s internal crisis.

Energy-related

53.9%

Agricultural

products 43.0%

All other

3.0%

Forest products

1.0%

Côte d’lvoire

98.3%

Senegal 1.0%

All other 0.7%

WAEMU Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

268.9

433.7

273.4 293.6
3-7

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Status and structure:

COMESA was founded in December 1994 to promote the free movement of services, capital, and labor; and cooperation in various policy

areas, including money and finance, agriculture and industry, communication, energy, environment, health, tourism, and transport within the

COMESA region. The COMESA FTA was officially launched in October, 2000.

Goods from countries not participating in the COMESA FTA are subject to the tariff rates that apply to nonmember countries, although lower

tariffs between FTA members and nonmembers can be negotiated on a bilateral basis. Nontariff barriers on imports from member counties

are to be eliminated, with possible exceptions based on safety, security, infant industry, or balance-of-payments difficulties. Emergency actions,

such as safeguard, antidumping and countervailing measures, are allowed for a limited period.

Trade:

The U.S. trade deficit with COMESA increased by $1.1 billion, and reached $3.5 billion in 2002. U.S. exports decreased by $501 million, and

totaled $1.1 billion in 2002. Major U.S. export items were agricultural products, machinery, and military equipment. The top four U.S. export

commodities in 2002 were corn, wheat and meslin; aircraft and parts; parts of machinery; and tanks and armored vehicles. U.S. imports

increased by $558 million to $4.5 billion in 2002. The top four import items from COMESA were petroleum oils, cotton apparel, vanilla beans,

and tobacco. Reports indicate that between 2001-2002, intra-COMESA trade grew by 22 percent. Currently, Kenya exports to Egypt 10 times

the value of its imports from Egypt 3

comesa

Members4: Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar,

Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Population: 385 million (2002)

GDP: $170.0 billion (2002)

Goals: To liberalize trade and encourage cooperation in industry, agriculture, transportation, and communication through the creation of

a monetary union with a single currency and a common central bank.

Key Traded Commodities

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with COMESA U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Exports

Corn, wheat and meslin

Aircraft and parts

Parts of machinery

Tanks and armored vehicles

U.S. Imports

Petroleum oils

Men’s and Women’s cotton shirts,

trousers, overalls and shorts

Sweaters, pullovers, and waistcoats

Vanilla beans

Tobacco
3-8

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA trade:

The thirteen AGOA beneficiaries are DROC5 , Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,

Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Swaziland,

Uganda and Zambia. In 2002, AGOA imports from COMESA more than

doubled to $600 million.6 Three countries, DROC, Kenya, and Mauritius,

constituted 65 percent of total AGOA imports from COMESA. In 2002,

six COMESA members-Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, and

Swaziland-increased their AGOA imports by more than 100 percent.

Textiles and apparel, energy-related products, and agricultural products

accounted for 98 percent of AGOA imports from COMESA in 2002.

While AGOA imports of agricultural products and energy related

products remained relatively constant, textiles and apparel imports

increased by 100 percent in 2002. Another commodity that showed an

increase in imports was footwear products. AGOA imports of chemicals,

electronics, forest, minerals and metals, miscellaneous manufactures,

and machinery products fell in 2002.

Recent developments:

In November 2002, the EU signed a regional strategy document with the

IOC, EAC, IGAD and COMESA. This involves a 223 million euros program

for the period 2002-2007. By early 2003, nine of the nineteen member

countries had removed their intraregional trade barriers.7 In order to

attract more foreign investment to the region, COMESA with assistance

of the World Bank plans to provide political risk cover for investors.

Agricultural

products 9.0%

DROC 24.1%

All other 0.7%

Energy-related

24.0%

Swaziland 13.5% Kenya 21.5%

Mauritius 19.0%

Textiles and

apparel

65.4%

All other 1.6%

Malawi 7.8%

Madagascar 13.3%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1998 1999 2000 2001

COMESA Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

Millions dollars

3,009.0

1,508.5

1,940.1

2,438.1
3-9

Southern African Development Community

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with SADC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

The SADC free trade area was launched on Sept. 1, 2000, to promote development and economic growth, alleviate poverty, and enhance the

standard and quality of life for the people of southern Africa through regional integration. SADC seeks to establish a free trade area among its

14 members. It is organizing a rules-of-origin regime that requires goods to be wholly produced in member states, with specific provisions for

mineral products that must be either extracted from the ground or the sea-bed of member states.

SADC develops policies to facilitate the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, and mobilizes support for national and regional

projects. SADC is governed by a policymaking body (the Summit of Heads of State and Government), along with a Council of Ministers, and a

secretariat based in Gaborone, Botswana. The SADC treaty provides for a protocol to exercise a trade tribunal to adjudicate disputes between

members that arise from the treaty in a final and binding manner.

SADC promotes sectoral corporation within the region, such as in communications, energy, industry, mining, tourism, and transport, and

operates projects partially financed by foreign investors. Certain specific sectoral tasks are apportioned to particular members. For example,

South Africa coordinates SADC’s finance and investment, Namibia coordinates projects in fisheries, and Botswana holds the seat of the SADC

Secretariat.

Trade:

The U.S. trade deficit with the SADC increased by 28 percent to $5.5 billion, in 2002. Consequently, U.S. exports to the SADC declined by 18

percent to $3.2 billion, while imports from the region increased by 6 percent to $8.7 billion. Major U.S. export commodities, in 2002, were ship

machinery, aircraft, spacecraft, corn, and motor cars whereas the main imports into the U.S. from SADC included petroleum oils, platinum,

diamonds, and motor cars.

sadc

Members: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa,

Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Population: 210.1 million (2002)

GDP: $156.6 billion (2002)

Goals: To eliminate the internal tariff by 85 and 100 percent by 2008 and 2012, respectively. To achieve intra-SADC co-operation in mining,

remove landmines, and combat drug-trafficking.

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Parts for boring or sinking machinery

Aircraft and spacecraft

Motor cars

Corn

U.S. Imports

Petroleum oils

Platinum

Diamonds

Motor cars

Palladium

Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests,

and similar products
3-10

Southern African Development Community

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA trade:

The twelve beneficiaries of AGOA are Botswana, DROC, Lesotho, Malawi,

Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Seychelles, Swaziland,

Tanzania and Zambia. Total AGOA imports from the region doubled to

$2.1 billion in 2002. The top three suppliers of AGOA imports were

South Africa (65 percent), Lesotho (15 percent), and DROC (7 percent).

In 2002, 29 percent of total AGOA imports from SADC consisted of

textiles and apparel products.

Recent developments:

In order to create an economic integration mechanism, SADC

established a directorate for trade, industry, finance, and investment in

August 2001. In addition, a directorate for infrastructure, food,

agriculture, and natural resources was established in January 2002.

As FTAs are signed worldwide, SADC members’ decisions to enter into

bilateral agreements with other countries individually or collectively may

undermine the effectiveness of the SADC FTA. For example, the free

trade agreement between South Africa and the European Union

reportedly has created some concern among SADC members that their

markets may be flooded with cheap imports from Europe.

Transportation

equipment

26.4%

Minerals

and metals

18.0%

Agricultural

products

8.7%

Chemical

products

6.5%

Textiles and

apparel

29.3%

South Africa

65.1%

All other 1.1%

All other

4.0%

DROC 7.0%

Mauritius 5.5%

Lesotho 15.4%

Energy-related

products

7.0

SADC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

1,340.7

3,549.6

2,299.7

3,075.1
3-11

Southern African Customs Union

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with SACU U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

SACU is the oldest regional economic grouping in southern Africa, dating back to 1910. Historically, the customs union was administered by

South Africa. The customs union garnered excise duties on local production and custom duties on member countries’ imports from outside the

SACU area and the resulting revenue was paid to the member states in quarterly instalments using a revenue-sharing formula.

In 1994, negotiations began to reform the SACU agreement, and a new agreement was signed in 2001. The new agreement was ratified by

the SACU heads of states and will become operational in 2003/2004. The new revenue-sharing formula aims to ensure that revenue flows to

each member country are stable and do not fall below current levels. This is important for countries like Lesotho and Swaziland, for which

customs revenue makes up at least half of government income.

Trade:

The U.S. trade deficit with the SACU region increased by 48 percent to $2.2 billion in 2002. U.S. exports to SACU decreased by 22 percent to

$2.6 billion, and U.S. imports fell by 1 percent to $4.8 billion in 2002. The major U.S. export items, in 2002, were aircraft and spacecraft,

motor cars, petroleum coke, and parts of aircraft and helicopters. U.S. imports from SACU included platinum, diamonds, motor cars, and

palladium.

sacu

Members: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland

Population: 51.8 million (2002)

GDP: $115.5 billion (2002)

Goals: To economically integrate the region.

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Aircraft and spacecraft

Motor cars

Petroleum coke products

Parts of aircraft or helicopters

U.S. Imports

Platinum

Diamonds

Motor cars

Palladium

Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests

Ash and residues
3-12

Southern African Customs Union

AGOA trade:

All five SACU members are AGOA beneficiary countries. In 2002, AGOA

imports from SACU increased by 64 percent to $1.8 billion. South

African imports accounted for 77 percent of total imports from SACU

under AGOA. Textiles and apparel, and transportation equipment

dominated AGOA imports from SACU, accounting for 28 and 31 percent

of the total, respectively.

Recent developments:

South Africa’s tariffs have been reduced, as the country reforms its

trade policy in accordance with its free-trade agreement with the EU and

to meet WTO guidelines. However, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and

Swaziland, commonly called the BNLS states, remain dependent on

South Africa for most of their imports and on privileged access to the

South Africa market.

In early June 2003, the United States began formal discussions on a

free trade pact with the SACU, the first trade agreement initiative

between the United States and countries in the sub-Saharan Africa

region.

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

All other 4.6% Agricultural

products 7.5%

Chemicals

products 7.7%

South Africa

76.8%

All other

0.4%

Minerals and

metals 21.3%

Transportation

equipment

31.2%

Textiles and

apparel

27.8%

Lesotho

18.2%

Swaziland

4.7%

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1998 1999 2000 2001

SACU Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

Million dollars

-867.5

-114.0

568.2

756.6
3-13

East African Community

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with EAC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

After the original EAC dissolved in 1977, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania signed a second East African Community Treaty, which laid the

administrative foundation for future negotiations on regional integration. The EAC was formally launched on January 15, 2001. Priority areas of

cooperation and coordination include fiscal and financial policies; immigration controls; tariffs, customs procedures and other trade issues;

standards; air, road, rail, and water transport; and postal services and telecommunications.

The EAC plans to eventually evolve into an organization that resembles the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Kenya

and Uganda are current members of COMESA, whereas Tanzania is a former member of COMESA. EAC goals include the establishment of a

free trade area with zero tariff rates among EAC members. To protect revenue and infant industries, a 10 percent surcharge will be permitted

on certain products.

The EAC’s administrative provisions establish a biannual council of ministers and cooperation committee, as well as a court of justice and a

legislative assembly responsible for budgeting and auditing. Kenya has the strongest economy in the organization. To compensate for the

economic disparities between the member countries, reports indicate Kenya will reduce its tariffs by 90 percent, while Tanzania and Uganda

will reduce their tariff rates by 80 percent.

Trade:

The U.S. trade surplus with the EAC declined by 75 percent to $122 million, in 2002. U.S. exports decreased by 47 percent to $352 million,

while U.S. imports increased by 32 percent to $230 million. The top three U.S. export items to the EAC were aircraft and spacecraft, worn

clothing, and fertilizers. U.S. major import articles included suits, coffee, and tea.

EAC

Members: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda8

Population: 91.5 million (2002)

GDP: $26.6 billion (2002)

Goals: To create a common market, promote regional trade and investment, create convertibility among members’ currencies, progressively

reduce tariffs, implement regional infrastructure projects, co-operate in research, and advance in human resources and technology. Longterm goals include creating a monetary and customs union, establishing a common travel document to allow free movement of people, and

ultimately form a political federation.

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Aircraft and spacecraft

Worn clothing

Parts of aircraft

Fertilizers

Turbojets

Wheat

U.S. Imports

Women’s or girls’ suits

Men’s or boys’ suits

Coffee

Tea

Vegetable saps and extracts
3-14

East African Community

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA trade:

All three EAC members are AGOA beneficiary countries. U.S. imports

from the EAC under AGOA rose from $51.6 million in 2001 to $130.5

million in 2002. However, 99 percent of total AGOA imports from the

EAC in 2002 came from Kenya. The major import, in 2002, through

AGOA, was textiles and apparel.

Recent developments:

The EAC plans to harmonize member’s fiscal and monetary policies, take

measures to avoid double taxation, and prevent tax evasion through its

Monetary Affairs Committee. Additionally, the Committee has established

an independent East African trade regime to harmonize trade standards

for 207 regionally produced goods. Out of the 207 regional trade

standards, 91 have been adopted and notified to the World Trade

Organization.9

Budgetary calendars have been synchronized between member

countries. The East African Securities Regulatory Authority was

established and lawyers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda formed the

East African Law Society.

The EAC established an East Africa Business Council to promote trade

and investment in the region. In order to attain a 7 percent annual GDP

growth rate, the EAC facilitated a forum for the private sector to revive

the regional economy. In November 2002, approximately 100 CEOs met

and formed the East African Investment Company (EAIC) which will head

a super investment company. The initial pledge for the Company,

$580,000, came from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and

Burundi.10

EAC members are attempting to integrate their infrastructure. The EAC

plans to extend Mombasa’s oil pipeline and railways to Uganda. A digital

telecommunications transmission system with an estimated cost of $69

million is underway. This investment was funded by the

telecommunication authorities of the EAC countries, the European

Investment Bank, and the East African Development Bank.

In November 2002, the EU signed a regional strategy document with the

IOC, EAC, IGAD and COMESA. This involves a 223 million euros program

for the period 2002-2007.

Textiles

and

apparel

93.5%

Agricultural

products

2.8% All other

1.6%

Forest

products

2.1%

Kenya

99.0%

Al other

1.0%

EAC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

200

400

600

800

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

372.2

733.7 759.1

566.0
3-15

Intergovernmental Authority on Development

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with IGAD U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

The current focus of IGAD is on transportation and communications infrastructure cooperation. Members are favoring rail-line rehabilitation

to improve transportation. IGAD is applying most of the integration instruments already adopted within the COMESA. Djibouti, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda are also members of COMESA.

Trade:

In 2002, the U.S. trade surplus to IGAD decreased by 61 percent to $218 million. U.S. total exports to IGAD decreased by 39 percent to

$452 million in 2002. However, U.S. total imports from IGAD increased by 30 percent to $233 million in 2002. Major U.S. exports to IGAD

were airplane and helicopter parts and vessels, durum wheat, and soybean extracts. The major imported items included vanilla beans, suits,

men’s cotton shirts, and other garments.

igad

Members: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Uganda

Population: 191.7 million (2002)

GDP: $24.5 billion (2002)

Goals: To resolve regional conflicts.

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Parts of airplanes or helicopters

Vessels

Durum wheat

Soybean oil and its extracts

Parts of accounting machinery

Cellulose acetates

U.S. Imports

Vanilla beans

Men’s or boys’ suits

Women’s or girls’ suits

Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton

Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests

and similar products

T-shirts, singlets, tank tops and similar

garments
3-16

Intergovernmental Authority on Development

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

Textiles

and

apparel

93.6%

Agricultural

products

3.0%

All other

1.6%

Forest products

1.9%

Kenya

98.2%

Ethiopia

1.7%

All other

0.1% IGAD Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

241.2

440.2

383.4

258.0

AGOA trade:

Five countries, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, are eligible for

AGOA benefits. In 2002, all five countries increased their AGOA trade.

Specifically, AGOA imports from IGAD increased by 120 percent to $131.6

million, in 2002. The major import items under AGOA were textiles and

apparel, agricultural, and forest products. Kenya accounted for 98 percent

of total AGOA imports from IGAD. Textiles and apparel imports accounted

for 94 percent of total imports under AGOA.

Recent developments:

IGAD attempted to resolve the conflict in Somalia and achieved a temporary

cease-fire in October 2002. IGAD prepared a memorandum of

understanding (MOU) signed by the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement

(SPLM) and the Sudanese government. The MOU established that the

Sudanese government will offer the South Sudan a referendum on

independence or unity after a six year period. During the interim period, the

government of Sudan, SPLM, and IGAD with other members of the

international community will monitor and facilitate the peace process.

In November 2002, the EU signed a regional strategy document with the

IOC, EAC, IGAD and COMESA. This involves a 223 million euros program for

the period 2002-2007.
3-17

Indian Ocean Commission

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with IOC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Status and structure:

In 1982, the Indian Ocean Commission was established to promote cooperation between the islands of the Indian Ocean in economic, social,

cultural, agricultural, and scientific policies. Regarding trade, the IOC aims to carry out the “Programme Regional Integré des Dévelopment des

Echanges” (PRIDE) which concerns trade in goods and services among the IOC member states. The program seeks to promote interregional

trade by removing trade barriers and facilitating import payments, and to contribute toward the integration of the markets of the IOC member

states. IOC is applying most of the integration instruments already adopted within COMESA. Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles

are also members of COMESA.

Trade:

The U.S. trade deficit with the IOC region worsened by 35.2 percent to $485 million, in 2002. U.S. exports to the IOC decreased by 78 percent

to $45 million. In 2002, the U.S. exported airplane and helicopter parts, vessels, durum wheat, and soybean oil to the IOC region. U.S. imports

from the IOC region declined by 9 percent to $530 million. Most of the imports from the IOC consisted of vanilla beans, and apparel items.

iOC

Members: Comoros, France (representing the French Overseas Department of Reunion), Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles

Population: 18.2 million (2002)

GDP: $10.2 billion (2002)

Goals: To promote trade within the IOC, develop a plan on tuna fishing, and cooperate in environmental issues. The IOC also aims to work

together to attract tourists, and to establish a contingency plan on preventive, and legal measures on oil spills.

Key Traded Commodities

U.S. Exports

Parts of airplanes or helicopters

Vessels

Durum wheat

Soybean oil

Parts for accounting machinery

U.S. Imports

Vanilla beans

Men’s or boys’ suits

Women’s or girls’ suits

Men’s or boys’ shirts

Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests,

and similar products
3-18

Indian Ocean Commission

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Sector

By Country

AGOA trade:

AGOA beneficiaries are Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles. In 2002,

the U.S. imported $194 million worth of mainly textiles and apparel (94

percent), agricultural (4 percent), and electronic products (1 percent)

through AGOA. U.S. AGOA imports from the IOC totaled $155.3 million in

2001. In 2002, Mauritius and Madagascar dominated U.S. imports

under AGOA at 59 and 41 percent, respectively.

Recent developments:

The IOC continued to implement projects aimed at promoting industry

development in member countries. In November 2002, the EU signed a

regional strategy document with the IOC, EAC, IGAD and COMESA. This

involves a 223 million euros program for the period 2002-2007.

Textiles

and

apparel

94.1%

Agricultural

products

3.8%

All other

1.1%

Electronic

products

1.0%

Madagascar

41.1%

Mauritius

58.9%

IOC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

78.0

123.6

96.3

338.2
3-19

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de ľAfrique Centrale

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Status and structure:

CEMAC was founded in March 1994 to promote an economic and monetary union. CEMAC members use the CFA franc as a common

regional currency. Reportedly, CEMAC has accomplished a monetary customs union and made progress in the free movement of people in the

region.11

Trade:

The U.S. trade deficit against CEMAC declined by 2 percent to $2 billion, in 2002. U.S. exports, which were mainly machinery parts, airplane

and spacecraft, and pumps and pipes for oil and gas, decreased by10 percent to $513 million in 2002. U.S. imports from CEMAC, which were

dominated by petroleum oils, methanol, butanes, and petroleum gases, decreased by 4 percent to $2.6 billion in 2002.

cemac

Members: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.

Population: 32.0 million (2002)

GDP: $21.7 billion (2002)

Goals: To achieve regional economic and monetary integration through trade liberalization, common external tariff rates, harmonization

of taxation, facilitating movements of persons and inputs to production, enhancing multilateral surveillance, and implementing sectoral reforms.

Key Traded Commodities

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with CEMAC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance U.S. Exports

Parts of Machinery

Airplane and spacecraft

Parts for lifting & handling machinery

Pumps for liquids

Line pipe for oil and gas

Extracting & earth moving equipment

Machines & mechanical appliances

U.S. Imports

Petroleum oils

Methanol (Methyl alcohol)

Butanes

Petroleum gases

Manganese ore

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Diamonds

Cocoa paste
3-20

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de ľAfrique Centrale

CEMAC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2001

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1998 1999 2000 2001

Million dollars

329.3

236.0

526.1

910.3

AGOA Trade in 2002

By Country

All other

16.3%

Gabon

83.7%

Energy-related

products 99.8%

All other 0.2%

By Sector

All other

6.5%

Agricultural

products

84.0%

Forest

products 9.5%

AGOA trade:

Five countries, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, and

Republic of the Congo are eligible for AGOA benefits. U.S. imports under

AGOA from CEMAC totaled $1.4 billion in 2002, up from $1.1 billion in

2001. All five countries increased their AGOA imports in 2002. The

largest supplier from CEMAC was Gabon, accounting for 84 percent of

total AGOA regional imports. Almost all (99.8 percent) AGOA imports

from the CEMAC region, in 2002, constituted energy-related products.

Recent developments:

In April 2002, CEMAC created a regional coordination and administration

committee mandated to conclude an economic partnership agreement

with the EU.
3-21

1 Cape Verde joined in 1977, and Mauritania withdrew from

ECOWAS in early 2000.

2 According to the Economic Intelligence Unit, Liberia was

initially considered a potential participant in the common currency,

but recent ECOWAS communiques suggest that it no longer is.

3 Former members include Mozambique, Lesotho, and

Tanzania. In 2003, Namibia withdrew from COMESA, to concentrate

its efforts on the Southern African Development Community (SADC),

and Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

4 Comtex News Network, “COMESA/ Struggling to Survive,”

June 3, 2003.

5 AGOA trade preferences to take effect when determined by

the USTR.

6 AGOA’s effect in increasing Africa’s exports to the United

States is discussed in chapter 2.

7 The nine countries are Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar,

Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

8 There is a prospect that Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, and

Democratic Republic of the Congo may join the EAC.

9 The Economist Intelligence Unit.

10 BBC Monitoring, “East African CEOs Resolve to Create

“Super Investment” Company to Boost Economy,” Nov. 8, 2003.

11 UNECA, “Annual Report on Integration in Africa

(ARIA-2002),” found at the Internet address

http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Speeches/2002_

speeches/Aria2002/ARIA_2002.PDF, retrieved on Aug. 18, 2003.

TRADE-Continued

ENDNOTES

4-1

CHAPTER 4

Multilateral Assistance, U.S. Bilateral Assistance,

and Other Trade-Related Initiatives

U.S. trade and investment with SSA is influenced by a number of factors, including

programs that provide multilateral assistance, bilateral assistance, and other

trade-related initiatives. U.S. trade and investment with countries in SSA are affected

by the policies and programs of the Export-Import Bank, U.S. Trade and Development

Agency, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and various programs operated

by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

Multilateral assistance, through the International Development Association of the

World Bank and the African Development Fund of the African Development Bank

Group, is a significant source of financing for economic development programs in the

region. The United States, as a shareholder in both the World Bank and the AfDB, is an

important voice in the operations of these banks, and U.S. companies are eligible to

bid on their funded procurement opportunities.

This chapter summarizes developments in multilateral assistance, U.S. bilateral

assistance to SSA, and other trade-related initiatives. Table 4-1 provides a summary of

these activities.

Sources of Multilateral Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa

The World Bank Group and the African Development Bank Group are two major

sources of multilateral assistance for SSA. Lending by the World Bank and AfDB

finances specific projects, and therefore can be generally classified by sector. In

addition, the International Monetary Fund provides concessional loans to countries

with balance-of-payments problems. These loans, however, are not classified by

sector.

The World Bank Group

The World Bank/International Development Association

The World Bank is the leading multilateral institution dedicated to providing

development assistance. The Bank’s main goals are to strengthen the investment
4-2

Table 4-1

Summary of general developments in multilateral and U.S. trade and

assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, 2002-03

Institution/activity

2002 assistance levels for

sub-Saharan Africa Other developments

The World Bank Group:

International Development

Association (IDA)/World Bank

Lending commitments made by

the World Bank to countries in

sub-Saharan Africa were

valued at $3.4 billion in 2001

and in 2002 reached $3.8

billion.

IDA lending increased to $8.1

billion in FY 2002, compared to

$6.8 billion in FY 2001.

The World Bank Group:

International Finance

Corporation (IFC)

The IFC committed to invest $84

million to support the expansion

of SSA banks and financial

institutions in FY 2002.

The IFC invested $13 million in

guarantees in telecom and IT.

The World Bank Group:

Multilateral Investment

Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

In FY 2002, MIGA issued

investment guarantees or

coverage for nine projects in

Africa, totaling $272 million.

In conjunction with the Foreign

Advisory Service, UNCTAD,

and UNIDO, MIGA launched a

multiagency initiative.

African Development Bank

Group (AfDB)

In 2002, the AfDB approved

118 operations with a combined

value of $2.6 billion.

In 2002, the largest share of

the loans went to infrastructure

builiding; followed by

multisector projects; social

sector projects; and agriculture

and rural development.

International Monetary Fund

(IMF)

In 2002, 26 percent of the

IMF’s total technical assistance

went to Africa.

In 2002, the IMF adopted a

new Africa Capacity-Building

Initiative. This initiative will

establish Regional Technical

Assistance Centers in SSA.

New Partnership for African

Development (NEPAD)

In 2002, NEPAD received aid

in technical planning and

programming from the World

Bank.

One third of the African

governments participated in the

African Peer Review process

(APRM) and 12 countries

signed the APRM agreement in

2002. The number of

signatories to the APRM

reached 15 in 2003.

Export-Import Bank of the

United States

In FY 2002, Ex-Im Bank support

to SSA which consisted of loan

guarantees and insurance

totaled $207 million.

As of September 20, 2002,

Ex-Im Bank’s total exposure in

SSA was $3.2 billion. DROC

accounted for 29 percent,

Nigeria made up 23 percent

and South Africa represented

12 percent of total regional

Ex-Im Bank exposure.
4-3

Table 4-1—Continued

Summary of general developments in multilateral and U.S. trade and

assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, 2002-03

Institution/activity

2002 assistance levels for

sub-Saharan Africa Other developments

U.S. Trade and Development

Agency (TDA)

TDA’s obligations in

sub-Saharan Africa increased

to $9.9 million in FY 2002 from

$6.1 million in FY 2001.

SSA funding accounted for 11.8

percent of all TDA funding in

2002, compared to 11.8

percent of funding in 2001.

South Africa accounted for a

large portion of the funds with

commitments totaling $4

million.

Overseas Private Investment

Corporation (OPIC)

In FY 2002, total investments in

SSA were $149 million.

OPIC supported funds that

invest in sub-Saharan Africa

including the Africa Growth

Fund; Modern Africa Growth

and Investment Fund; the ZM

Africa Investment Fund, and the

Africa Millennium Fund.

Development Assistance and

other economic assistance

programs (USAID)

USAID obligations for SSA

totaled $1.1 billion in FY 2002

compared to $1.3 billion in FY

2001.

USAID started several new

programs in 2002 including the

Initiative to End Hunger in

Africa; the Africa Education

Initiative; and a new 5-year

Anti-Corruption Initiative.

Source: Compiled by Commission staff.

climate and to invest in poverty reduction. While focusing on project quality, the Bank

seeks to improve public expenditure through improved procurement and financial

management, and to reduce structural constraints to poverty reduction. The

International Development Association (IDA), the Bank’s concessional lending arm,

provides long-term loans at no interest to eligible borrowers from developing

countries. There are 47 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are eligible for World

Bank borrowing.1

Whereas the World Bank raises funds through selling securities globally, the IDA is

funded through donations from member countries. To be eligible for an IDA loan, a

country must be a member of the Bank and have an annual per capita income of less

than $895.

The World Bank reports that aid flows to Africa declined by 40 percent per capita in

the past decade. However, since many sub-Saharan countries have progressed in

terms of peace and stability, the Bank is attempting to reverse this trend.2 In 2002,

sub-Saharan Africa received $3.8 billion in interest-free loans, or 19 percent of the

Bank’s total lending to developing countries ($19.5 billion).3

1 World Bank, “Countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/countries.htm, retrieved July 1, 2003. 2 World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 2002, p. 84. 3 U.S. Department of State, “World Bank Lending to Poor Countries Increased in FY 2002,” found at

Internet address http://www.state.gov, retrieved July 2, 2003.
4-4

The IDA is an integral part of the Bank’s poverty reduction mission, lending to and

assisting those countries with limited access to capital.4 Eligible countries are ranked

on the basis of their policy performance and effective use of financial aid. The IDA

allocates more funds to the poorest eligible countries, with consideration for a

country’s level of policy performance and institutional capacity. The Bank provides

less-developed countries a zero-interest rate loan with a 10-year grace period and

maturities of 35 to 40 years.5 Sub-Saharan African countries eligible to borrow from

the IDA are listed in table 4-2.

Table 4-2

World Bank/IDA: Eligible borrowers in sub-Saharan Africa (39)

Angola Ethiopia Niger

Benin The Gambia Nigeria

Burkina Faso Ghana Rwanda

Burundi Guinea São Tomé and Principe

Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Senegal

Cape Verde Kenya Sierra Leone

Central African Republic Lesotho Somalia

Chad Liberia Sudan

Comoros Madagascar Tanzania

Congo (DROC) Malawi Togo

Congo (ROC) Mali Uganda

Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania Zambia

Eritrea Mozambique Zimbabwe

Source: World Bank, World Bank Annual Report, 2002, p. 132.

In 1999, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Program was launched. This program was

designed to increase government participation in projects that use foreign aid. The

Bank and IMF perform joint staff assessments on these plans to ensure that the plans

move the country toward international development goals such as applying sound

macroeconomic and sectoral policies, protecting the environment, and strengthening

social sectors. The Bank then allocates Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSCs) to

low-income countries to assist them in implementing their reforms.

IDA lending increased to $8.1 billion in FY 2002, compared with $6.8 billion in FY

2001.6 The $3.8 billion received by sub-Saharan Africa in FY 2002 represents 47

percent of IDA’s new commitments for the year.7 Several factors contributed to the

increase in IDA lending in FY 2002. First, progress was made toward restoring peace

and stability in Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone,

and Angola. Second, new types of activities in Africa supported by the IDA continued

to increase the average amount of loans. According to the World Bank, these activities

include a concerted response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, assistance in adjusting to

4 World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report, 2001, vol. 1, pp. i, 11. 5 IDA, “International Development Association,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/ida/eligible.htm, retrieved July 1, 2003. 6 World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report, 2002, vol. 1, p. 8. 7 Ibid., p. 87.
4-5

petroleum price changes, promotion of regional trade, and post-conflict

reconstruction support.8

Table 4-3 presents IDA’s commitments by theme, sector, and credits provided to

countries in SSA by the World Bank during fiscal years 1992-2002. In terms of theme,

public sector governance received the largest loan commitment for FY 2002, with

loans totaling $851.9 million, or 20 percent of total SSA loans. Financial/private

sector and human development received $780.7 million and $739.0 million,

respectively. In terms of sector, law and justice and public administration programs

received the largest allocation, totaling $906.9 million, or 24 percent of total loans to

sub-Saharan Africa. Traditional sectors such as transportation, education, and

agriculture received loans totaling $491.1 million (13 percent), $472.6 million (12

percent), and $210.4 million (6 percent), respectively.

Table 4-3

World Bank (IDA and IBRD) lending commitments in sub-Saharan Africa to

borrowers by theme and sectors, FY 2000-2002, and average FY 1992-97

and FY 1998-99

(Million dollars)

Average Average

Theme 1992-97 1998-99 2000 2001 2002

Economic Management ................. 165.9 165.0 78.2 138.5 138.7

Public Sector Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.6 291.7 495.3 429.6 851.9

Rule of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 21.0 26.7 34.0 22.5

Financial and Private Sector Development 564.6 509.0 466.7 625.8 780.7

Trade and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.4 120.5 53.7 261.5 46.4

Social Protection and Management . . . . . . . . 67.4 117.2 140.5 376.4 98.3

Social Development, Gender, and Inclusion . . 145.9 167.6 210.5 491.8 347.4

Human Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.3 267.7 208.5 399.4 739.0

Urban Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319.1 253.8 154.9 206.1 279.6

Rural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.9 393.6 151.8 296.3 329.2

Environmental and Natural Resource

Management

201.0 156.0 172.4 110.0 159.9

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,476.0 2,463.2 2,159.1 3,369.6 3,793.5

Sector:

Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry . . . . . . . 164.1 170.0 115.0 212.0 210.4

Law and Justice and Public Administration . 551.4 610.9 834.9 880.8 906.9

Information and Communication . . . . . . . . . 19.2 36.7 17.3 21.1 33.8

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.5 304.4 189.8 209.5 472.6

Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.0 53.7 121.7 200.1 192.8

Health and Other Social Services . . . . . . . 240.1 273.6 183.1 889.9 616.6

Industry and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1 94.3 104.7 170.6 266.7

Energy and Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269.3 244.0 176.3 198.0 490.3

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.1 533.5 263.9 229.8 491.1

Water, Sanitation, and Flood Protection . . . 143.1 142.0 155.9 357.8 112.2

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,476.0 2,463.2 2,159.1 3,369.6 3,793.5

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.

Source: World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report, 2002, p. 88.

8 Ibid.
4-6

Table 4-4 shows the World Bank projects approved for SSA in FY 2002. There were

73 IDA projects undertaken in 30 African countries in 2002. The five countries

borrowing the most were Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Tanzania,

Ghana, and Mozambique. The Democratic Republic of the Congo borrowed $450

million and received $50 million in grants for economic recovery projects. In Nigeria,

$427 million went to urban, health system, and transmission development. Tanzania

invested $402 million in forest conservation, rural sanitary water supply, structural

adjustment, Lake Victoria environmental management, gas and power generation

development, primary education improvement, and environmental technical

management. Ghana borrowed $330.5 million for two economic reform programs

and road building. Mozambique’s $270.5 million loan was designated to education,

communication, roads and bridges, and municipal development. Burkina Faso

borrowed $45 million for poverty reduction.9

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, a joint effort of the International

Monetary Fund and the World Bank, plays an important role in ensuring and

maintaining long-term debt sustainability in eligible countries. In the last two years,

however, the global economic slow down and a significant decline in many primary

commodity prices have weakened growth contributing to the deterioration of many

countries’ external debt indicators.10 Furthermore, the United Nations reports that the

HIPC Initiative is a costly process.11 In order to qualify for the HIPC Initiative, countries

must maintain a satisfactory track record in adopting World Bank and IMF adjustment

and reform programs. Thirteen countries are in the process of meeting these criteria,12

and nine countries have encountered difficulties in implementing these requirements.13

Only Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda have met

the requirements and received most of their assistance under the HIPC Initiative. Of the

$850 million that was collected from donor counties, 34 countries received

approximately $39 million for debt relief in FY 2002.14

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was established in 1998 as a

member of the World Bank Group to address the issue of political instability for

investors. The purpose of MIGA is to encourage foreign direct investment in

developing countries by providing investment guarantees and technical assistance.

9 Poverty Reduction Support Credits are discussed in detail later in the chapter.

10 World Bank, “The Enhanced HIPC Initiative and the Achievement of Long-Term External Debt

Sustainability,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/hipc/hipc-review/Long-Term.pdf, retrieved July 10, 2003. 11 United Nations, “Debt relief needs a bolder approach,” found at Internet address

http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol14no4/htm/debt_boxes.html, retrieved July 10,

2003.

12 The 13 countries are Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Madagascar, Malawi, São Tomé and Principle, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zambia. 13 These countries are Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan, and Togo. 14 IMF, “Debt Relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative,” found at Internet

address http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc/.htm, retrieved May 30, 2003.
4-7

Table 4-4

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principal

amount

Million

dollars

Benin

Cotton Sector Reform Investment Credit January 22, 2002 2012/2041 18.0

Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Investment Credit January 4, 2002 2012/2041 23.0

Burkina Faso

Urban Environment Supplemental Credit March 28, 2002 2012/2041 22.0

Basic Education Sector Investment Credit January 22, 2002 2012/2041 32.6

Poverty Reduction Support Credit August 23, 2001 2011/2041 45.0

HIV/AIDS Disaster Response Investment Credit July 6, 2001 2011/2041 22.0

Burundi

Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Control and Orphans June 27, 2002 2012/2042 36.0

Cameroon

Fifth Dimension Credit-IDA Reflow June 24, 2002 2008/2038 5.5

Cape Verde

HIV/AIDS Investment Credit March 28, 2002 2012/2042 9.0

Structural Adjustment Credit December 13, 2001 2012/2042 15.0

Central African Republic

Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Investment Credit December 14, 2001 2011/2041 17.0

Chad

Fourth Structural Adjustment Credit December 18, 2001 2012/2042 40.0

Second Population and AIDS Investment

Credit

July 12, 2001 2011/2041 24.6

Comoros

Emergency Economic Recovery Credit August 2, 2001 2011/2041 6.0

Democratic Republic of Congo

Economic Recovery Credit June 13, 2002 2012/2042 450.0

Emergency Early Recovery Grant July 31, 2001 n.a. 50.0

Republic of Congo

Emergency Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and

Living Conditions Improvement Credit

May 2, 2002 2012/2042 40.0

Transparency and Governance

Capacity Building

February 7, 2002 2012/2042 7.0

Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration July 31, 2001 2011/2041 5.0

Post-Conflict Economic Rehabilitation Credit July 31, 2001 2011/2041 37.7

Côte D’Ivoire

Economic Recovery Investment Credit June 11, 2002 2012/2041 200.0

Transport Sector Investment Credit January 10, 2002 2008/2038 12.0

Eritrea

Emergency Demobilizations and Reintegration May 16, 2002 2012/2042 60.0

Cultural Assets Rehabilitation Learning

and Innovation Credit

July 6, 2001 2011/2041 5.0

Ethiopia

Structural Adjustment Credit June 18, 2002 2012/2042 120.0

Food Security Credit May 30, 2002 2012/2042 85.0

Cultural Heritage Learning and

Innovation Credit

April 17, 2002 2012/2041 5.0
4-8

Table 4-4—Continued

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principal

amount

Million

dollars

Gambia, The

Gateway Adaptable Program Credit February 28, 2002 2011/2041 16.0

Capacity Building for Economic Management July 26, 2001 2011/2041 15.0

Ghana

Third Economic Reform Support

Credit-IDA Reflow

December 11, 2001 2011/2041 0.5

Third Economic Reform Support

Operation Credit

July 26, 2001 2011/2041 110.0

Road Sector Development Investment Credit July 26, 2001 2011/2041 220.0

Guinea

Third Water and Sanitation Supplement

Credit

August 23, 2001 2011/2041 25.0

Education for All Adaptable Program Credit July 24, 2001 2012/2041 70.0

Proposed Fourth Structural Adjustment Credit July 24, 2001 2012/2041 50.0

Guinea-Bissau

Private Sector Rehabilitation and Development March 26, 2002 2012/2041 26.0

Kenya

Economic and Sector Reform Credit June 24, 2002 2010/2040 1.5

Public Sector Management

Technical Assistance

July 31, 2001 2011/2041 15.0

Madagascar

Multisectional STI/HIV/AIDS Prevention

Investment Credit

December 13, 2001 2012/2041 20.0

Second Private Sector Development Credit August 28, 2001 2012/2041 23.8

Mali

Third Structural Adjustment Credit December 11, 2001 2012/2041 70.0

Agricultural Services and Producer

Organizations

December 11, 2001 2012/2041 43.5

Mauritania

Global Distance Learning November 21, 2001 2012/2041 3.3

Education Sector Development Adaptable

Program Credit

October 25, 2001 2012/2041 49.2

Urban Development Adaptable

Program Credit

October 25, 2001 2011/2041 70.0

Mauritius

Public Expenditure Reform Loan May 7, 2002 2007/2017 40.0

Financial Sector Supervisory Authority

Investment Credit

December 12, 2001 –/ 2016 1.8

Mozambique

Higher Education Sector Investment and

Maintenance Credit

March 7, 2002 2012/2042 60.0

Communication Sector Reform Technical

Assistance Credit November 27, 2001 2012/2041 14.9

Roads and Bridges Management and

Maintenance Adjustable Program Credit July 19, 2001 2011/2041 162.0

Municipal Development Investment Credit July 19, 2001 2011/2041 33.6

Niger

IDA Private Irrigation Promotion

Investment Credit

March 19, 2002 2012/2041 38.7

Public expenditure Adjustment Credit November 20, 2001 2011/2041 70.0
4-9

Table 4-4—Continued

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principal

amount

Million

dollars

Nigeria

Community-Based Urban Development Credit June 6, 2002 2012/2037 110.0

Health Systems Development Investment Credit June 6, 2002 2012/2037 127.0

Transmission Development Investment Credit March 19, 2002 2012/2036 100.0

HIV/AIDS Program Development Credit July 6, 2001 2011/2036 90.3

Rwanda

Demobilization and Reintegration Credit April 25, 2002 2012/2042 25.0

Senegal

Nutrition Enhancement Adaptable

Program Credit

March 14, 2002 2012/2042 14.7

HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control

Investment Credit

February 7, 2002 2012/2041 30.0

Sierra Leone

HIV/AIDS Response Investment Credit March 26, 2002 2012/2041 15.0

Second Economic Rehabilitation and

Recovery Credit

December 13, 2001 2012/2041 50.0

Tanzania

Forest conservation and Management

Investment Credit June 26, 2002 2012/2041 31.1

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Credit March 26, 2002 2012/2042 26.0

Programmatic Structural Adjustment Credit February 12, 2002 2012/2040 0.6

Lake Victoria Environmental Management

Supplemental Credit December 13, 2001 2012/2041 5.0

Songo Songo Gas Development and Power

Generation Investment Credit October 9, 2001 2011/2041 183.0

Primary Education Development

Adjustment Credit

October 9, 2001 2011/2041 150.0

Lower Kihansi Environmental Management

Technical Assistance Credit

July 3, 2001 2011/2041 6.3

Uganda

Energy for Rural Transformation Adaptable

Program Credit

December 13, 2001 2012/2041

2012/2041

49.1

Makerere University Training Pilot Learning

and Innovation Credit

March 26, 2002 5.0

Fourth Power Investment Credit July 3, 2001 2011/2041 62.0

Second Phase of the Road Development

Adaptable Program Credit

July 3, 2001 2011/2041 64.5

Zambia

Fiscal Sustainability 5th Dimension May 16, 2002 2010/2041 6.7

Total ............................ 3,793.5

Source: World Bank, World Bank Annual Report, 2002, pp.136-143

Investment guarantees act as insurance for investors against situations in a host

country considered too risky to be profitable by private-sector insurance firms.

Examples of economic and social risks include expropriation, breach of contract, and

war and civil disturbance . In addition, MIGA provides technical assistance, on-line

dissemination of information on investment opportunities, and investment dispute

mediation services.
4-10

In 2002, MIGA was composed of 154 industrialized and developing countries.15 Table

4-5 lists those countries in SSA that are currently members of MIGA and those that are

in the process of fulfilling membership requirements. MIGA issued investment

guarantees to cover nine projects in Africa totaling $272 million during FY 2002, an

increase from $186 million in 2001. Table 4-6 outlines these projects, which typically

involve privatization efforts and capacity-building activities.

MIGA allocated over 15 percent of the Agency’s outstanding portfolio to the SSA

region.16 In order to help investors benefit from recent economic reforms, MIGA

opened several mobile offices in central Africa, west Africa, and southern Africa. In

addition, the agency organized a U.S.-Africa Business Summit to attract new

investment and to build greater institutional capacity in the region. MIGA also actively

supports the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD).17

MIGA has technical assistance programs in 12 of the 38 SSA member countries.

Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal, and Tanzania have been selected for prioritized

technical assistance programs. Technical assistance programs focus on

capacity-building efforts in these nations to enable investors to take advantage of

increased Africa trade access to the U.S. market through AGOA, and the EU market

through the Cotonou Agreement.18 MIGA, with the Foreign Investment Advisory

Service (FIAS), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),

and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), launched a

multiagency initiative to assist Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda to attract

more FDI. Projects in Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, and Senegal received first-time

coverage from MIGA.

International Finance Corporation

The IFC was founded in 1956 as a legally and financially independent member of the

World Bank Group. The main objective of the IFC is to promote sustainable private

sector investments.19 The IFC achieves its objectives by following its current strategy,

developed in 1998, which emphasizes three areas: building up the financial sector,

expanding private investment in infrastructure, and supporting indigenous

entrepreneurship.20

In 2002, 47 countries in sub-Saharan Africa were members of the IFC. The number of

IFC projects approved for SSA declined from 45 in 2001 to 27 in 2002.21 In 2002,

15 MIGA, “Miga Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/annrep01/members.pdf, retrieved June 3, 2002.

16 Ibid., p.48. 17 For additional details see section below on the NEPAD.

18 MIGA, “Miga Membership,” p. 49. 19 IFC, “Introduction,” found at Internet address http://www.ifc.org/ar2001/annual/intro.html,

retrieved July 9, 2002. 20 IFC, Annual Report 2001, p. 38. 21 IFC, “Sub-Saharan Africa, Building Local Capacity and Regional Businesses,” found at Internet

address http://www.ifc.org/ar2002/pdf/Africa.pdf, retrieved July 2, 2003.
4-11

Table 4-5

Sub-Saharan African MIGA members and countries in the process of fulfilling membership

requirements, 2002

MIGA Member countries (38)

Angola The Gambia Seychelles

Benin Ghana Sierra Leone

Botswana Guinea South Africa

Burkina Faso Kenya Sudan

Burundi Lesotho Swaziland

Cameroon Madagascar Tanzania

Cape Verde Malawi Togo

Central African Republic Mali Uganda

Congo (DROC) Mauritania Zambia

Congo (ROC) Mauritius Zimbabwe

Côte d’Ivoire Mozambique

Equatorial Guinea Namibia

Eritrea Nigeria

Ethiopia Senegal

Countries in the Process of Fulfilling Membership Requirements (6)

Chad Guinea-Bissau Niger

Gabon Liberia Rwanda

Source: MIGA website, “MIGA Member Countries,” found at Internet address http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/annrep01/members.pdf, retrieved July 8, 2003.

Table 4-6

MIGA guarantees issued in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Investor Investor country

Guarantee

amount Sector

Benin . . . . . . . . . . Investcom Luxembourg and British Virgin

Islands

$8,060,000 GSM mobile

telephone network

Kenya . . . . . . . . . Ormat Holding

Corp.

Cayman Islands, wholly owned by

Israeli company

$81,500,000 Geothermal power

plant

Madagascar . . . Hydelec France $2,060,000 Thermal peaking

power station

Mauritania . . . . . Tunisie Télécom Tunisia $68,300,000 Telecommunication

services

Mozambique . . . . Portus

Indico-Sociedade de

Serviéos Portuarios

S.A.

Portugal $7,100,000 Rehabilitation

development,

financing and

operation of the

Maputo Port

Mozambique . . . . Kjaer Group A/S Denmark $2,000,000 Service

Nigeria . . . . . . . MTN International

Ltd.

Mauritius $50,000,000 Infrastructure

Nigeria . . . . . . . . Econet Wireless Ltd. UK-registered wholly owned by

South Africa

$50,000,000 GSM mobile

telephone network

Senegal . . . . . . . . Mr. Alain Tagini Sweden $3,200,000 Therapeutic center

Source: MIGA, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 2002 Annual Report, p. 15.
4-12

53 percent of the IFC’s investment commitments to SSA were allocated to

telecommunications and information technology (IT). In addition to improving

communication in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone, the IFC

invested $13 million in guarantees in telecom and IT.22 The IFC also supported small

and medium enterprises in Africa by allowing smaller firms to provide intermediary

financial support for direct investments. For example, the IFC helped design and fund a

$30 million facility to provide financing to local oil service contractors for exploration

and production firms. The IFC committed to investing $84 million to support the

expansion of sub-Saharan African banks and financial institutions. In addition, in FY

2002, the IFC supported AfriCap, an equity fund investing in microfinance institutions;

the creation of a new microfinance bank in Ghana; the expansion of Citibank

Nigeria’s small and medium enterprise (SME) lending business with a partial portfolio

guarantee; and the establishment of a special SME financing facility in Nigeria for oil

service companies. The IFC recognizes that the global economic slow down and

declining commodity prices may continue to negatively impact sub-Saharan African

economic performance, and is a major deterrent to attracting foreign investments. On

the other hand, the IFC states that NEPAD may improve the mechanism for resolving

conflicts in SSA, which could improve the investment climate.23

The African Development Bank Group

The African Development Bank Group (AfDB Group) consists of the African

Development Bank (AfDB), the African Development Fund (ADF), and the Nigerian

Trust Fund (NTF). Shareholders include 53 African and 24 non-African countries. The

main goals of the AfDB are to promote sustainable economic growth and to reduce

poverty in Africa through capital resources and funds raised from capital markets. The

AfDB offers financial assistance on nonconcessional terms directed towards low-risk

African countries, such as the northern African countries, South Africa, and Gabon. To

complement AfDB, the ADF and NTF lend on concessional terms to low-income

regional member countries. In addition to dispersing loans, the Bank Group plays a

catalyst role for large capital flows into Africa through cofinancing. The Group also

increases development effectiveness through project preparation and supervision.

In 2002, the AfDB Group approved 118 operations worth approximately $2.7 billion

(UA24 2.04 billion), compared with $2.6 billion (UA25 2.1 billion) in 2001. The Bank

Group attributes this change to fewer countries qualifying for the HIPC debt relief

22 The telecom and IT investment included local financing of SC Mobiles, a cellular operator in

Cameroon; TV Africa, a pan-African satellite TV station; and loans to Mobile Systems International

Cellular Investments Holdings. Ibid. 23 IFC, “Building Local Capacity and Regional Business,” found at Internet address

http://www.ifc.org/ar2002/regional/africa.html, retrieved July 2, 2003. 24 UA= Unit of Account. An artificial currency used for accounting purposes where

1UA=U.S.$1.32408 as of Dec. 31, 2002.

25 1UA=U.S.$1.25674 as of Dec. 31,2001.
4-13

program; sociopolitical disruption in Côte d’Ivoire, its host country; and a delay in

replenishing the ADF’s reserves which, in turn, led to a decline in ADF operations in

2002.26 However, the Bank Group states that its total reserve has consistently

registered growth.27

The AfDB Group mandate emphasizes a rigorous development effort in debt relief,

health, education, regional integration, agriculture, and rural issues. The largest share

of loans (30 percent) went to infrastructure building; 18 percent, to multisector projects;

17 percent, to social sector; and 13 percent, to agriculture and rural development. In

addition to developing corporate governance performance indicators, AfDB plans to

approve at least nine NEPAD multinational infrastructure projects by the end of 2003.

In October 2002, the Bank Group established the African Law Institute.28

The AfDB agenda addresses human capital building needs and private sector

development. Projects in these areas aim to facilitate the integration of African

economies with the global economy and enhance African workers’ employment

prospects. Toward this end, several mechanisms are devoted to expanding and

cultivating various segments of the private sector. There are venture capital funds,

infrastructure funds, and development financial institutions that provide lines of credit

to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Additionally, ADF technical assistance

operations continue to assist countries in project-related activities such as feasibility

studies, environmental impact assessments, sector and multisector studies, and

detailed engineering studies.

The AfDB Group is actively involved in the movement to provide African countries with

debt relief. The AfDB Group’s collaboration with the Bretton Woods institutions–the

World Bank and IMF–on the Enhanced HIPC Initiative complements its efforts in that

area. Under the Enhanced HIPC Initiative, the AfDB Group relieves regional member

countries of up to 80 percent of their annual debt. The AfDB uses the Poverty Reduction

Strategy Papers (PRSPs) to monitor projects, and poverty reduction strategies are

implemented with available funds.29

Table 4-7 summarizes AfDB and ADF approvals of loans and grants for projects in

SSA for 2002 (excluding multinational projects). In 2002, the AfDB Group authorized

funding for 86 projects at a total cost of $1.7 billion. Ethiopia received the largest

amount of loans and grants: $300.2 million, with 90 percent designated toward debt

relief. The AfDB Group’s funding approvals by sector reflect the priorities set out in the

mission statement, adopted in 1999, and reaffirmed at its annual meeting in 2002.

26 African Development Bank, African Development Bank 2002 Annual Report, p. 26. 27African Development Bank, “Financial and Operation Analysis, 2002” found at Internet address

http://www.afdb.org/financial/pdf/adb_financial_presentation_june2003e.pdf, retrieved July 2,

2003, p. 17 28 Ibid.

29 African Development Bank, 2001 Annual Report, pp. 37-40.
4-14

Table 4-7

Total AfDF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2002, by countries

AfDF and AfDB Funding

Loan & Grant Amounts

(million dollars)

Country Sector Project Total cost

Loan & grant

amounts

Angola Agricultural and

Rural Development

Artisanal Fisheries, Fisheries

Development Project 12.26 9.27

Social The Health Services Rehabilitation

Project in UIGE Province 9.56 8.61

Benin Agricultural and

Rural Development

The Participative Artisanal

Development Support Program

(PADPPA) 23.76 9.68

Social The Education IV Project 22.90 15.89

Burkina Faso Agricultural and

Rural Development

The Local Development Support

Project for Comoé, Labera, and

Kenedougou Provinces 24.10 19.86

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Small Dams Rehabilitation

Program 15.05 13.24

Finance The Good Governance Support

Program 3.75 3.11

Power Supply Rural Electrification Study 1.29 1.20

Water Supply and

Sanitation

HIPC Debt Relief

NA 34.50

Cameroon Power Supply Construction of Oil Rig Repair

Facilities in Limbe - Cameroon

Shipyard and Industrial

Engineering Ltd.

(Enclave Project) 120.80 45.40

Social Preparation Studies Within the

Framework of the PPF of the

Urban Poverty Reduction

Program 0.67 0.53

Capa Verde Multisector Economic Reform Support

Program II (PARE II) 38.41 3.31

Agricultural and

Rural Development

The Picos and Engenhos (Santiago

Island) Catchment Basin

Planning and Development

Project 13.84 7.89

Chad Multisector Third Structural Adjustment

Program (SAP III) 152.52 11.51

Côte D’Ivoire Multisector Supplementary Financing

Mechanism NA 30.23

Multisector Economic Recovery Support

Program 563.62 19.86

Multisector National Good Governance and

Capacity Building Program 5.28 5.02

Social Training Support Project for the

Employment of Youth and the

Enhanced Efficiency of the

Education System 36.12 33.10

Water Supply and

Sanitation

Study on the Upgrading of

Drinking Water Supply Systems

in Abidjan and Bouaké 1.19 1.12
4-15

Table 4-7—Continued

Total AfDF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2002, by countries

AfDF and AfDB Funding

Loan & Grant Amounts

(million dollars)

Country Sector Project Total cost

Loan & grant

amounts

Côte D’Ivoire

(cont.)

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Middle Comoé Rural Development

Support Project 33.88 19.86

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Agneby Region Rural Development

Plan Study 1.17 1.09

Democratic

Republic of

Congo

Multisector Mechanism for Clearing the

Arrears of the DRC to the

Bank Group NA 63.91

Multisector Emergency Multisector

Socioeconomic Infrastructure

Rehabilitation Project (PMURIS) 39.72 35.75

Multisector Multisectoral Institutional Support

Project 4.50 4.28

Social Emergency Humanitarian

Assistance to the Victims of the

Nyiragongo Volcanic Eruption NA 0.53

Djibouti Multisector Structural Adjustment Loan 44.30 3.20

Social Basic Health Sevices Reinforcement

(Health Project II) 8.85 5.30

Ethiopia Debt Relief HIPC Debt Relief 152.31

Water Supply and

Sanitation

HIPC Debt Relief

NA 136.26

Water Supply and

Sanitation

Harare Sanitation and Water

Supply Project 35.89 27.81

Gabon Social Emergency Humanitarian

Assistance for the Surveillance

of the Ebola-type Hemorrhagic

Fever (VHF) NA 0.50

Gambia Social Education Project III 14.70 13.24

Water Supply and

Sanitation

Water Supply and Sanitation

Study 1.80 1.56

Power Supply Renewable Energy Study 1.04 0.99

Ghana Agricultural and

Rural Development

Agri-based Enterprises Project

30.40 9.94

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Communal Forest Management

Project 12.07 9.27

Agriculture and

Rural Development

GOPDC Oil Palm Expansion

Project 24.84 7.08

Debt Relief HIPC Debt Relief NA 96.23

Social Health Service Rehabilitation

Project III 40.63 23.35

Social Tema-Aflao Rehabilitation Road

Project (Akatsi-Aflao Section) 28.00 19.46
4-16

Table 4-7—Continued

Total AfDF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2002, by countries

AfDF and AfDB Funding

Loan & Grant Amounts

(million dollars)

Country Sector Project Total cost

Loan & grant

amounts

Guinea Agricultural and

Rural Development

National Rural Infrastructure

Program Support 22.50 10.73

Power Supply Electrification Steering Plan and

Rural Electrification Project 1.90 1.79

Lesotho Social Support to Health Sector Reforms

Program (Health VI Project) 14.17 9.79

Social The Mpharane-Bela Bela Road

Upgrading Project 6.31 5.67

Madagascar Social The Rehabilitation of the RN 1BIS

National Road and Connecting

Roads 15.18 13.68

Malawi Social The Skills Development and Income

General Project 14.48 12.70

Social Humanitarian Emergency Relief

Support to Victims of the 2002

Flood NA 0.51

Mali Agricultural and

Rural Development

Livestock Development Support

Project in Northeast Mali,

Phase II 23.11 18.16

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Feasibility Study on Phedie and

Sabalibougou Irrigation

Development Project 0.89 0.95

Finance LOC to Banque de Développement

Agricole (BNDA) NA 19.49

Multisector Structural Adjustment Program

(SAP III) 188.61 29.53

Multisector The Good Governance Support

Project 3.45 2.78

Mauritania Finance LOC to the General Bank

Mauritania NA 9.99

Mauritius Water Supply and

Sanitation

The Plaines Wilhems Sewerage

Project 154.94 10.66

Mozambique Finance LOC to Support Small and

Medium-Sized Enterprises NA 4.64

Water Supply and

Sanitation

Urban Water Supply, Sanitation,

and Institutional Support

Program 31.73 28.30

Water Supply and

Sanitation

Primary Teacher Training

Project

(Education II) (Reallocation) NA 0.72

Water Supply and

Sanitation

HIPC Debt Relief

NA 5.96

Namibia Transportation Aus-Rosh Pinah Road Project 32.28 19.49
4-17

Table 4-7—Continued

Total AfDF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2002, by countries

AfDF and AfDB Funding

Loan & Grant Amounts

(million dollars)

Country Sector Project Total cost

Loan & grant

amounts

Niger Power Supply Study on the Preparation of a

Domestic Energy National

Strategy (SNED) 0.92 0.84

Nigeria Finance LOC to Citibank Nigeria NA 49.87

Power Supply The Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas

Project 2,120.86 100.17

Social Health Services Development and

Project (Health IV) 181.31 45.99

Power Supply The NEPA-CEB Interconnextion

Project (Nigeria-Benin-Togo) 46.37 15.72

Sâo Tomé and

Principe

Social Human Resource Development

Support Projects 6.28 5.30

Senegal Multisector Projection and Statistics

Department and Poverty

Reduction Program

Monitoring Unit Support Project 2.27 2.05

Social Community Feeder Roads Project

to Support the National Rural

Infrastructure Program

(PPC-PNIR) 25.77 15.69

Sierra Leone Social The Rehabilitation of Basic and

Informational Education and

Vocational Skills Training

Project 46.26 21.19

Water Supply and

Sanitation

HIPC Debt Relief

NA 101.16

South Africa Finance LOC to Infrastructure Finance

Corporation NA 19.94

Swaziland Agriculture and

Rural Development

Komati Downstream Development

Project 24.19 12.80

Tanzania Agricultural and

Rural Development

Agricultural Marketing Systems

Development Program 51.99 22.38

Uganda Agricultural and

Rural Development

National Livestock Productivity

Improvement Project 44.49 35.14

Agricultural and

Rural Development

Fisheries Development Project

33.79 29.13

Social Poverty Reduction Support Loan

(PRSL) 491.26 53.57

Agriculture and

Rural Development

Kaweri Coffee Plantation Project

7.81 2.57

NA = Not available.

Note.–Totals do not include multicountry programs and projects approved by the Africa Development Bank Group in

2002.

Source: Derived from data in AfDB, 2002 Annual Report, pp. 139-146 and 213-232. US$ figures calculated by ITC Staff using a Unit of Account (1AU=US$1.32408).
4-18

In 2002, $235.9 million was authorized for debt relief; $226.7 million was authorized

for agriculture and rural development; and $289.2 million was designated for social

sector projects.

International Monetary Fund

The IMF is composed of several lending facilities that tailor their assistance to respond

to specific balance-of-payments problems and to help cushion the impact of structural

adjustment. Stand-By Arrangements (SBA) and the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) are

two traditional examples of such assistance. Member countries requiring a line of

credit on a short-term basis rely on the SBA; member countries requiring long-term

funding (at least 3 years) rely on the EFF. In FY 2001, the IMF changed the repurchase

schedule for the EFF. Payment must still start after 4.5 years, but must be repaid after 7

years instead of 10. The Supplemental Reserve Facility and the Contingent Credit Lines,

established in 1999, provide additional resources to prevent loss of market confidence

in a member country or to sustain those experiencing abrupt reversals of investment

flows.30

The IMF has two mechanisms through which it addresses protracted payments arrears:

the HIPC Initiative and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). In 1996, the

World Bank and the IMF combined their resources to provide debt relief more

effectively through the HIPC Initiative. In the fall of 1999, the World Bank and IMF

governing boards adopted the Enhanced HIPC Initiative to shorten the time it takes for

a country to qualify for relief. The PRGF is the most recent incarnation of the IMF’s

concessional lending facility (it was known as the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) in

1986, and the Enhanced SAF in 1987). Launched in November 1999, the PRGF reflects

the new primary objective of the IMF’s concessional lending arm–poverty reduction in

low-income countries. Loan approvals are linked to antipoverty programs developed

by the recipient country in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.31 To qualify for

support, the antipoverty programs must be developed by member countries in

collaboration with civil society and bilateral and multilateral donors.32 In 2002, 26

percent of the IMF’s total technical assistance went to Africa.33

The IMF adopted a new Africa Capacity-Building Initiative in 2002. This initiative will

establish Regional Technical Assistance Centers (AFRITACs) in sub-Saharan Africa.

These centers will help countries implement their poverty reduction strategy papers in

order to qualify for the HIPC initiative.

30 IMF, Annual Report 2001, pp. 38-40. 31 The PRSP is a tool first used by the World Bank as part of its strategy to increase the effectiveness of

financial assistance. See discussion in section of this chapter entitled The World Bank Group. 32 IMF, Annual Report 2001, p. 38. 33 IMF, Annual Report 2002, p. 38.
4-19

New Partnership for African Development

NEPAD was launched in 2001 as a comprehensive, integrated, strategic framework

for African socioeconomic development. NEPAD is a merger of two continent-wide

economic development initiatives: the Millennium Partnership for the African Recovery

Program and the Omega Plan. On July 3, 2001, the merger was finalized and the

New Africa Initiative (NAI) was formed. The NAI was approved on July 11, 2001, by

African heads of state at the 2001 Organization for African Unity (OAU) summit. On

October 23, 2001, the policy framework was finalized by the Implementation

Committee and NEPAD (renamed from the NAI) was formed.34

The primary goals of NEPAD are to promote accelerated growth and sustainable

development; to eradicate widespread and severe poverty; and to halt the

marginalization of Africa in the globalization process. In order to achieve its goals,

NEPAD plans:

S to achieve universal primary education and halve poverty by 2015;

S to encourage peace, security, democracy, human rights, and good

governance;

S to promote export diversification;

S to promote and protect African culture and the environment; and

S to develop healthcare, clean water, and sanitation systems.

At the June 2001 G-8 meeting, African leaders advocated an overall NEPAD funding

level of approximately $65 billion, deemed necessary for Africa to attain the estimated

7 percent annual economic growth rate needed for substantive socioeconomic

development.35 Although G-8 leaders praised NEPAD and made it a summit priority,

no definite funding was allocated. Reports indicate NEPAD’s prospect in receiving

support depends on its ability to resolve the civil wars in the region’s economic hubs,

such as in the West African countries.36 Consequently, donors have expressed

concern about NEPAD’s delegation of the responsibility of political governance to the

African Union’s (AU) African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). There is concern about

the AU’s ability to lead Africa towards political stability through the APRM because of

the OAU’s (the predecessor organization of the AU) non-interference approach to

conflict resolution in the region. NEPAD plans to provide economic assistance to the

34 NEPAD, “NEPAD in Brief,” found at Internet address http://www.nepad.org/about.html,

retrieved July 16, 2002. 35 EIU, “Partnership development programme just may succeed,” Apr. 19, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved June 19, 2002. G-8 countries are Canada, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 36 Financial Times, “West Africa’s Wars Threaten NEPAD,” Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, Nov. 11,

2002.
4-20

AU’s peace and security agenda. In addition, the partnership pledges to provide a

policy framework and five regional brigades for the AU to undertake peace support

operations in the region.37

The APRM process is funded by participant member countries, and the AU assembles

membership to the APRM agreement on a voluntary basis.38 In 2002, one-third of the

African governments participated in the APRM process and 12 countries signed the

APRM agreement.39 The number of signatories to the peer review processs reached 15

by mid-2003.40 In 2002, NEPAD received aid in technical planning and

programming from the World Bank.41 In addition, at the seventh summit of the

organization, NEPAD announced that Japan and India had committed to support

financially the partnership.42 Following its promise, Japan, at the Third Tokyo

International conference on African Development, called for supporting Africa’s

ownership of its own development process, particularly in implementation of

NEPAD.43

As an economic and social alliance organization, the NEPAD created a trust fund

under the African Development Fund to address food crises in Africa and to implement

political, economic, and social infrastructures across the continent.44 Additionally,

NEPAD plans to achieve better market access for agricultural, mining, tourism, and

manufacturing by developing these sectors and minimizing non-tariff barriers in the

industrialized countries for these sectors. For human development, the organization

created the Millennium Partnership for the African recovery program (MAP) as a

37 Communiqué Issued at the end of the Seventh Summit of the Heads of State and Government

Implementation Committee (HSGIC) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Abuja, May 28,

2003.

38 “Participation in the process will be open to all member states of the African Union. After adoption

of the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance by the African Union,

countries wishing to participate in the APRM will notify the Chairman of the NEPAD Heads of State and

Government Implementation Committee. This will entail an undertaking to submit to periodic peer

reviews, as well as to facilitate such reviews, and be guided by agreed parameters for good political

governance and good economic and corporate governance.” NEPAD, “The African Peer Review

Mechanism (APRW,)” found at Internet address,

http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/eu_africa/docs/APRM.pdf, retrieved Aug. 3, 2003. 39 The Economist Intelligence Unit, “NEPAD is off to a Bad Start,” EIU ViewsWire Africa, p. 64,

Nov 22, 2002.

40 Members of the APRM are Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia,

Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda. 41 World Bank technical assistance includes proposals and follow up studies on infrastructure,

agriculture, regional trade facilitation, health, nutrition, population, education, community driven

development, and capital flows for a workshop in Benoni in 2002. World Bank, “World Bank Support for

the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD),” found at Internet address

http://www.woldbank.org, retrieved June 18, 2003.

42 Southern African Regional Poverty Network, Communique issued at the end of the Seventh

Summit of the Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) of the NEPAD, found

at Internet address www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000356/index.php, retrieved Aug. 25, 2003. 43 World Bank, “A new partnership emerges to develop Africa; Committed to Supporting Africa,

Japan hosts this development conference,” found at Internet address

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20130193~menuPK:34457~

pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html, retrieved Oct. 7, 2003.

44 Infrastructure development plan includes electricity power supply, water, gas pipelines, and

transportation.
4-21

transitional organization to reverse the emigration of educated professions, to spread

education, to develop skills, and to improve health in the continent. The MAP health

program strives to increase supplies in health facilities, to achieve sufficient

surveillance and monitoring for interventions, to increase health literacy, and to

achieve fairness in financing and equity in delivering medicine by 2005. Furthermore,

the MAP works to strengthen communicable disease programs and to reduce the

burden of disease by 2010.45

In addition to creating suborganizations and working with the AU, NEPAD

collaborates with other existing African and international organizations. For example,

NEPAD met with various women’s organizations across the continent to encourage

women’s participation in the AU and in NEPAD.46 Further, during the High-level

Meeting of the APRM in Cape Town, the partnership announced plans to utilize the

work of international organizations, such as the United Nations Development

Program’s annual human development reports, to supplement the APRM process. The

NEPAD aims to lift Africa out of poverty and to integrate the continent economically

and politically with the rest of the world.

Sources of U.S. Bilateral Economic Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa

U.S. Government Agencies’ Trade Capacity-Building

Initiatives

U.S. Government agencies continued to fund and implement a broad range of trade

capacity-building initiatives in SSA aimed at increasing economic growth and

reducing poverty by assisting countries to take advantage of global market forces,

such as competition, human resource development, technology transfer, and

technological innovation. In the summer of 2001, USAID undertook a survey of U.S.

Government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives in developing and

transitional economies, and developed a database from the survey results. The survey

was updated to include data covering fiscal years 1999 through 2002.47 In FY 2002,

U.S. Government agencies distributed $637.8 million toward trade capacity-building

45 Specifically, the MAP plans to focus on decreasing the burden of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and

tuberculosis.

46 The African Women organizations participated in the Strategic Planning Conference on

“Mainstreaming Gender and Women’s Effective Participation in the African Union (AU). Organizations

that participated in this NEPAD sponsored discussion include ABANTU, ACCORD, ACDHRS, ALF,

FEMNET, Equality Now, FCD, SAFER Africa and WILDAF. AllAfrica, “African Women Adopt A Strategy

for the African Union and NEPAD,” found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/20030490788, retrieved June 2, 20003.

47 For a discussion and analysis of FY 1999 through FY 2001 trade capacity-building initiatives, see

USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Annual Report, Publication 3552,

Dec. 2002, chapter 4.
4-22

efforts, an increase of 72.8 percent and 7.2 percent from FY 1999 and FY 2001,

respectively. Table 4-8 shows that sub-Saharan Africa received $105.5 million in FY

2002, which represents 16.5 percent of total funding. Sub-Saharan African funding

increased 30.6 percent and 16.5 percent from FY 1999 and FY 2001, respectively.

According to USAID research, the “United States is the largest provider of trade

capacity-building assistance in the world. In recent years, USAID has funded 70

percent of all U.S. trade capacity-building assistance in various regions of the

world.”48

Country Coverage

Since 1999, U.S. Government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives expanded

to cover more SSA countries.49 In FY 2002, trade capacity-building initiatives were

located in 42 SSA countries, double the number of countries in FY 1999.50 As table 4-9

indicates, the top five recipients represented more than 42 percent of funding, with

Mozambique receiving the largest share (10.3 percent). The table also shows that since

FY 1999, the top five recipients’ combined percent of total has fallen from 54 percent to

42 percent, as funding targets an increasing number of SSA countries. The countries

that experienced the largest percentage increases from FY 2001 to FY 2002 are

Mozambique (976 percent), Namibia (366 percent), South Africa (340 percent),

Kenya (153 percent), and Uganda (153 percent).51 The countries that experienced the

largest percentage increases over the last four years (FY 1999 to FY 2002) are

Namibia (1,521 percent), Togo (405 percent), Kenya (220 percent), Ethiopia (217

percent), and Côte d’Ivoire (187 percent).52

Types of Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

U.S. Government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives cover a broad spectrum

of categories. The primary funding category, “Trade Facilitation,” represents 30

percent of FY 2002 funding. “Trade Facilitation” includes numerous activities

including, but not limited to, customs operations and administration, e-commerce

development and information technology, export promotion, business services and

training, and regional trade agreements. Of the various funding subcategories

included in “Trade Facilitation,” “Business Services and Training” represents over

48 USAID, “Trade and Investment – Trade Capacity Building Activities,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/economi_growth_and_trade/eg/trade/tcb_activities.htm, retrieved

June 25, 2003; for additional information on other U.S. Government agencies involved in trade

capacity-building efforts, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Annual

Report, Publication 3552, Dec. 2002, chapter 4. 49 Quantitative analysis of trade capacity-building funding in the “Country Coverage” and “Types

of Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives” is based on countries for which a funding agency can be attributed

and category figures are available as of June 2003. 50 USAID, “Trade and Investment – Trade Capacity Building Activities,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/economi_growth_and_trade/eg/trade/tcb_activities.htm,

retrieved June 25, 2003; USITC staff analysis. 51 Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address

http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/index.html, retrieved June 17, 2003; USITC staff analysis. 52 Ibid.
4-23

Table 4-8

U.S. support for building trade capacity, by geographic region, FY 1999-FY 2002

(Millions dollars)

Region/Country FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002

Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 110.4 118.3 147.1

Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 69.7 114.3 109.9

Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.5 94.7 64.1 105.5

Former Soviet Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.4 84.0 97.6 72.1

Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 29.4 38.9 63.4

Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 65.0 61.6 90.8

Global1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 51.3 104.0 49.0

All Developing and Transitional Economies . . . . . . . . . . . 369.1 504.5 594.7 637.8

1 Assistance programs involving countries from two or more regions and for which country and regional breakdowns were not feasible.

Note.–Due to rounding, numbers shown may not add to totals shown.

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, “Trade Capacity Building Database: Summary Statistics,” found at

Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/overview.html, retrieved June 23, 2003.

Table 4-9

Trade capacity-building initiatives, leading SSA country recipients, FY 1999-FY 2002

(Percent)

FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002

Country

Share

of total Country

Share

of total Country

Shareof total CountryShare

of total

Ghana . . . . . . 27.2 Ghana . . . . . . 19.1 Ghana . . . . . . 11.0 Mozambique . . 10.3

Mozambique . . 10.0 Mozambique . . 9.7 Tanzania . . . . . 9.2 Ghana . . . . . . 10.0

Tanzania . . . . . 6.0 Nigeria . . . . . . 8.0 Nigeria . . . . . . 9.1 Tanzania . . . . . 9.1

Mali . . . . . . . . 6.0 Mali . . . . . . . . 8.0 Zambia . . . . . . 9.0 Uganda . . . . . . 8.3

Zambia . . . . . . 4.9 Zambia . . . . . . 4.1 Uganda . . . . . . 4.9 Rwanda . . . . . . 4.9

Top five total 54.1 Top five total 48.9 Top five total 43.2 Top five total 42.4

Notes.–Percentages based on countries for which funding agency can be attributed and category breakouts are

available as of June 2003. As a result of updates and recategorization, percentages may have changed from

those reported in previous publications. Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/index.html, retrieved June 17, 2003.

39 percent of the total. “Trade-Related Agriculture,” “Human Resources and Labor

Standards,” “Physical Infrastructure Development,” and “WTO Agreements” rank

second, third, fourth, and fifth, respectively. While the vast majority of trade

capacity-building initiatives directly address trade-related areas (for example, trade

facilitation and export promotion), a substantial portion addresses activities which

indirectly support trade (for example, human resources and labor standards, and

financial sector development and good governance). Figure 4-1 provides percentages

of total funding by category for FY 2002.53 Table 4-10 provides illustrative examples

of U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives in SSA.

53 For category definitions and FY 1999 through FY 2001 category percentages, see USITC, U.S.

Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Annual Report, Publication 3552, Dec. 2002,

chapter 4.
Busi

and 39.3

Customsoperation andadministration9.2%

E-Commerce and IT7.8%

Export promotion18.9%

Ofa2.

Figure 4-1Trade capacity-building initiatives, by funding categories and subcategories, FY 2002

Trade-related ag.17.4%

Trade facilitation30.3%

Other TCB13.6%

Other services dev.4.1%

Fin. sector dev.and good gov.6.6%

WTO agreements7.2%

Physical infrastucturedev.7.4%

Human resources andlabor standards13.5%

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/index.html, retrieved June 17, 2003; USITC staf

Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives, FY 2002 Trade Facilitation S

4-24
4-25

Table 4-10

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

Ghana Financial Service

Dev. & Good

Governance

Gov/Transparency

& Interagency

Coord.

Treasury International

Affairs Technical

Assistance Program

The Government Debt Team, the

Financial Institutions Team, and

the Tax Team from the Treasury

Department are providing both

resident and intermittent advisors

to help the Government of

Ghana to restructure the funding

relationship between the Ministry

of Finance and the Central Bank,

to improve tax collection

procedures, and to strengthen

the financial sector.

$1,182,500

Mali Trade-Related

Agriculture

Assisting and

Promoting Agricultural

Subsectors and

Agribusiness

This activity consists of providing

technical assistance and training

to agribusiness operators

involved in the production and

trade of agricultural products in

the West Africa Region and on

international markets. The

assistance includes market tests,

new market development,

training in business planning,

facilitation of access to trade

financing, transfer of processing

technologies and methods,

training in marketing techniques

and internet use. Positive results

include the availability in Mali of

well-trained private sector

services providers (consulting

firms) in trade capacity-building,

the opening up of new markets in

West Africa for Mali livestock

exports, an increased availability

of finance for trade, and

increased incomes.

$3,200,000

Mozambique Multiple Red Tape, Trade, and

Taxes

The purpose of this activity is to

improve competitiveness by

improving the enabling

environment for investment and

business. It has a specific

component that seeks to achieve

greater economic openness,

through the reduction of tariffs,

elimination of NTBs, and

participation in bilateral,

regional, and global trade

arrangements.

$1,500,000
4-26

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

Mozambique Physical

Infrastructure

Development

Road Rehabilitation

and Maintenance

This activity finances:

a) construction of a major road;

b) labor intensive construction of

feeder roads; and

c) improvements to road

maintenance procedures and

systems.

$5,900,000

Mozambique Export Promotion

Business Services &

Training

Trade-Related

Agriculture

Rural Enterprise and

Financial Services

Development

This activity promotes the export

of agricultural crops and the

establishment of for-profit

associations of small farmers.

$1,500,000

Namibia E-Commerce & IT

Business Services &

Training

SME Competitive

Enhancement Program

This activity targets the

development and support of new

and expanding Namibian Small

and Medium Enterprises; the

strengthening of local business

services organizations; and the

establishment of new markets for

Namibian products within the

region and internationally. This

activity will provide technical

assistance, training, IT support,

and mentoring services.

$1,350,000

Rwanda Multiple Agribusiness

Development Activity

The purpose of this initiative is to

add value to key agriculture

commodities targeted for export,

to increase efficiency, to expand

employment, to upgrade

managerial and technical

capability in agribusiness

enterprises, to improve product

quality and expand access to

markets, and to develop

financing options to support

agribusiness growth.

$2,500,000

Rwanda Multiple Partnership Enhancing

Agricultural Research

through Linkages

This project provides market

oriented research along

commodity chains, targeting

markets in the U.S. and Europe.

$1,500,000

Tanzania Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Tanzania Child

Laborers Program

This project will complement the

Timebound Program to eliminate

the worst forms of child labor in

Tanzania. The Tanzania Child

Laborers Program will establish

and staff community-learning

centers in 11 target districts in

Tanzania that have the highest

incidence of child labor.

$4,000,000
4-27

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

Togo Human Resources

and Labor

Standards

Combating Child

Trafficking through

Education

This project will promote school

attendance and provide

educational opportunities for

victims of child trafficking and

children at risk of being

trafficked.

$2,000,000

Uganda Trade-Related

Agriculture

Competitive Private

Enterprise & Trade

Expansion (COMPETE)

The COMPETE Project was

designed to respond to Uganda’s

urgent need to improve the

export competitiveness of its

private enterprises in

international markets so as to

increase Uganda’s foreign

exchange earnings and boost

domestic economic activity and

employment. COMPETE identified

the fish, coffee, cotton and ICT

(Information Communication

Technology) sectors as Uganda’s

niches. Foreign exchange earned

from the three agricultural

exports contributes to increase

Uganda’s export earnings and

household incomes.

$1,000,000

Uganda Trade-Related

Agriculture

Investment in

Developing Export

Agriculture (IDEA)

The IDEA Project supports

activities that increase the value

of selected non-traditional

agricultural exports, such as

flowers, fresh produce, cocoa,

papain, vanilla and selected

food crops.

$3,000,000

Uganda Business Services &

Training

Financial Sector

Dev. & Good

Governance

Support Private

Enterprise Expansion

and Development

(SPEED)

The SPEED Project is designed to

address micro, small, and

medium enterprise (MSME)

finance and business needs in

Uganda. Through SPEED, USAID

seeks to increase access to

financial services, to create and

expand agricultural and

non-agricultural enterprises, and

to strengthen legal and

regulatory frameworks for

business development in the

MSME sectors.

$2,319,000
4-28

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

Zambia Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating Child

Labor through

Education

The program will complement

and expand upon existing

activities to improve education in

select rural and peri-urban

communities, predominantly in

the Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka,

Southern and Western Provinces,

to prevent children’s migration to

urban areas and engagement in

the worst forms of child labor.

The education program will work

towards reducing child labor in

Zambia through: a) improved

community awareness-raising

efforts on the importance of

education for children engaged

in or at-risk of the worst forms of

child labor; b) strengthened

quality of educational

opportunities in government and

alternative schools; c) increased

ministerial and NGO capacity

and inter-institutional

coordination; and d) improved

resource mobilization.

$2,000,000

Zambia Multiple Zambia Trade and

Investment

Enhancement Project

This project, managed by

Nathan Associates, Inc., is

assisting USAID Zambia in

fulfilling part of its country

strategic plan aimed at bringing

about an improved trade and

investment environment. Main

components of the project are:

a) reducing barriers to trade,

b) capacity building in the

public/private sector to facilitate

economic growth and reduce

poverty, and c) fostering linkages

to optimize rural

income-generating investment

and trade opportunities.

$1,000,000
4-29

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

SSA Region Business Services &

Training

ATRIP

Telecommunications

Policy

Component/Leland

Initiative

This activity works with African

stakeholders, such as

governments, consumers, and

private industry, to promote

pro-competitive telecommunications policies and to strengthen

capacity of regulatory officials.

This initiative has helped Nigeria

Telecom regulators to embrace a

new community-based approach

to rural telecommunications and

to establish a consumer affairs

division (the first in Africa); aided

Eritrea to introduce Internet

competition and retail pricing

reforms; assisted 16 West

African countries to launch

WATRA, an advocacy and

capacity-building association;

and launched NetTel-Africa, an

alliance of African and U.S.

universities, regulators, the FCC,

and resource experts that is

designing and delivering high

quality training and professional

certification courses.

$1,000,000

SSA Region Multiple COMESA COMESA was established in

1994 and includes 20 member

countries. COMESA envisions

achieving economic integration

in East and Southern Africa. Its

strategy is based on regional

cooperation, including peace

and security, in core areas of

trade, investment, infrastructure

and science and technology

development. This project

strengthens COMESA’s technical

and institutional capacity in the

areas of regional communication

harmonization, trade and

transport, and conflict

prevention. It also assists

COMESA in preparing for WTO

negotiations.

$1,750,000

SSA Region Customs Operations

and Administration

Customs Partnership

with Africa (AGOA)

Funded by the U.S.

Customs Service

This initiative provides training

and resources by the U.S.

Customs Service to ensure that

designated beneficiary countries

have the customs infrastructure

required to be full participants in

the duty-free trade made

possible by AGOA.

$1,000,000
4-30

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

SSA Region Multiple East African Global

Competitiveness Hub

This project provides technical

assistance through the East

African Global Competitiveness

Hub to East African countries to

promote the six main themes of

the Trade for African

Development and Enterprise

(TRADE) initiative, including: to

enhance the competitiveness of

East African products and

services; to expand the role that

trade can play in African poverty

reduction strategies; to promote

U.S.-East African business

linkages; to improve the delivery

of public services supporting

trade; to strengthen regional

capacity for trade policy

formulation and implementation;

and to strengthen the enabling

environment for Southern

African businesses.

$1,200,000

SSA Region Other Trade

Capacity Building

Integrated Trust Fund

Follow-up Activities

This program will implement the

recommendations of Integrated

Framework (IF) diagnostic studies

in two selected Least Developed

Countries (LDCs). These funds will

demonstrate U.S. support for the

IF and increase the trade

capacity building of the LDCs

chosen.

$1,500,000

SSA Region Multiple Southern African

Regional

Competitiveness Hub

This activity establishes the

Southern African Global

Competitiveness Hub in

Gaborone, Botswana, to

reinforce regional efforts to

enhance Southern Africa’s trade

competitiveness and thereby take

greater advantage of the

increased trading opportunities

provided through AGOA and

other global trade initiatives.

Through the Hub, technical

assistance will be provided to

Southern African countries,

including the region’s private

sector and civil society

organizations.

$5,500,000
4-31

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2002

Country Category Title Description Funding

SSA Region Agreement on SPS Strengthening SPS

Capacity of

Sub-Saharan Africa

through Risk

Assessment Training

Tuskegee and USDA’s Animal

and Plant Health Inspection

Service is helping African nations

liberalize trade under AGOA by

building the human and

institutional capacity for

compliance with the WTO

Agreement on the Application of

Sanitary/Phytosanitary

measures.

$1,000,000

SSA Region Multiple Sustainable Tree Crops

Project

This initiative targets small scale

coffee, cocoa, and cashew

farmers in West and East Africa

to improve product quality, to

gain access to technologies, to

improve income, and to improve

product price.

$1,440,000

Notes.—Initiatives for which activity total funds equaled or exceeded $1 million. “Multiple” refers to initiatives that

targeted more than three trade capacity-building categories.

Source: USG Trade Capacity Building Database, USAID Development Information Services, Country Trade Reports,

found at Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/car_guide.html, retrieved June 17, 2003.

The Export-Import Bank of the United States

The Ex-Im Bank is an independent U.S. Government agency that assists in the sale of

U.S. exports, primarily to emerging markets. This assistance is provided through loan

financing and other credit measures. The Ex-Im Bank supported $13 billion of U.S.

exports in FY 2002,54 assisting 2,516 U.S. export sales.55 Ex-Im Bank support to SSA,

which consists of loans, guarantees, and insurance was $207 million in FY 2002.56

The Ex-Im Bank can consider project financing in every SSA country except Sudan.57

Overall in SSA, elements of Ex-Im Bank’s full range of medium- and long-term loan

guarantee and direct loan programs, and short- and medium-term insurance

programs are available in 39 countries.58 Countries benefitting from financing in

2002 included Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia,

South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. In addition to traditional export

financing, the Ex-Im Bank also participates in the Africa Pilot Program, which assists

businesses in SSA in purchasing U.S.-made goods and services, including parts, raw

materials, and agricultural commodities. For example, in 2002, the Ex-Im Bank

54 Ex-Im Bank, 2002 Annual Report, p. 18. 55 Ibid.

56 Ibid., pp. 22-25. 57 Ex-Im Bank, “Country Limitation Schedule,” found at Internet address

http://www.exim.gov/tools/country/country_limits.html, retrieved July 3, 2003. 58 Ex-Im Bank Press Release, “Ex-Im Bank Short-Term Insurance Now Available in 39 Sub-Saharan

African Countries,” Apr. 1, 2003.
4-32

authorized $135 million in loan guarantees to Nigeria to purchase equipment and

services for its LNG Plant from General Electric Co.59

As of September 20, 2002, Ex-Im Bank’s total exposure in SSA was $3.2 billion. The

Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for 29 percent, while Nigeria made up

23 percent, and South Africa constituted 12 percent of total regional Ex-Im Bank

exposure. Table 4-11 lists Ex-Im Bank exposure, 2002 authorizations, and availability

of financing in SSA.

U.S. Trade and Development Agency

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) is an independent agency that assists U.S.

firms by identifying major development projects in developing countries offering large

export potential, and by funding U.S. private sector involvement in project planning

activities which, in turn, helps to position U.S. firms for follow-up activities during the

implementation phase. The TDA also promotes economic development in developing

countries by funding feasibility studies, consultancies, trading programs, and other

project planning services.

The TDA’s obligations in SSA totaled $9.9 million in FY 2002 (table 4-12) and $6.1

million in FY 2001. SSA funding accounted for 11.8 percent of all TDA funding in 2002

and 2001.60 South Africa accounted for a large portion of the funds allocated, with

funding commitments totaling $4 million.61

The TDA uses its commercial experience in developing and middle income countries, in

conjunction with the State Department and the USAID, to promote U.S. foreign policy.

For example, following the President’s direction at the first AGOA Forum in October

2001, the TDA established its Africa Regional Trade and Development Office in

Johannesburg, South Africa. It is the TDA’s fourth regional office and the first in Africa.

The office allows the agency to provide on-site guidance to U.S. and African

companies and African governments seeking to improve their access to the resources

of the U.S. private sector and U.S. government trade and development programs.

Other programs supported by the TDA included home mortgage financing in Nigeria,

feasibility studies on potable water supply in Ghana and Nigeria, air navigation

throughout the Southern African region, port infrastructure in Mauritius, and electrical

power transmission in Zambia.62 In November 2002, the TDA cosponsored an Africa

Air Cargo Transport Roundtable with the U.S. Department of Transportation and the

Ex-Im Bank. The event brought together public and private sector officials from the

59 Ex-Im Bank, 2002 Annual Report, p. 31. 60 TDA, 2002 Annual Report, pp. 34 and 39. 61 TDA Winter 2003 update, found at Internet address

http://www.tda.gov/trade/updatewinter2003/africamiddleeast.html, retrieved July 9, 2003. 62 TDA, 2002 Annual Report, found at Internet address

http://www.tda.gov/abouttda/report2002/africa-middle-east.html, retrieved Oct. 1, 2003.
4-33

Table 4-11

Sub-Saharan Africa: Export-Import Bank exposure, authorizations, and availability for further

support as of April 14, 2003

Country Exposure1 2002 Authorizations Availability2

Angola $141,232,855 (3 ......................... ) P.A.

Benin 10,857,499 $195,002 P.A. ...........................

Botswana (3) (3 ....................... ) Yes

Burkina Faso (3) (3 ..................... ) P.A.

Burundi (3) (3 ......................... ) No

Cameroon 47,825,679 9,021,365 P.A. ....................... Cape Verde (3) (3 ..................... ) P.A.

Central African Republic 8,710,457 (3 ............ ) No

Chad (3) (3 ........................... ) P.A.

Comoros (3) (3 ........................ ) No

Congo (ROC) 22,864,759 (3 .................... ) P.A.

Congo (DROC) 921,830,192 (3 ................... ) No

Côte d’Ivoire 164,351,917 1,055,268 P.A. .....................

Djibouti (3) (3 ......................... ) P.A.

Equatorial Guinea 450,000 450,000 P.A. ................. Eritrea (3) (3 .......................... ) P.A.

Ethiopia (3) (3 ......................... ) P.A

Gabon 64,369,962 (3 ......................... ) P.A.

The Gambia 636,039 504,570 P.A. ..................... Ghana 142,546,689 9,045,230 P.A. .........................

Guinea 7,920,740 180,000 P.A. ......................... Guinea-Bissau (3) (3 .................... ) P.A.

Kenya 100,828,542 3,471,522 P.A. .......................... Lesotho (3) (3 ......................... ) Yes

Liberia 5,980,110 (3 .......................... ) No

Madagascar 38,318,462 (3 ..................... ) P.A.

Malawi (3) (3 ......................... ) P.A.

Mali 4,450,083 2,005,256 P.A. ........................... Mauritania 7,297,107 842,750 P.A. ...................... Mauritius 26,495,289 (3 ........................ ) Yes

Mozambique 626,193 626,193 P.A. .....................

Namibia 83,080,368 (3 ........................ ) Yes

Niger 6,756,610 (3 .......................... ) P.A.

Nigeria 742,951,125 150,544,560 P.A. .........................

Rwanda 559,569 (3 ......................... ) P.A.

São Tomé and Principe (3) (3 ............. ) P.A.

Senegal 11,537,030 5,579,406 P.A. ......................... Seychelles 36,000 (3 ....................... ) P.A.

Sierra Leone (3) (3 ..................... ) No

Somalia (3) (3 ......................... ) No

South Africa 391,109,027 325,800 Yes .....................

Sudan 28,246,331 (3 .......................... ) L

Swaziland (3) (3 ....................... ) Yes

Tanzania 3,839,995 3,247,782 P.A. ........................ Togo 15,002,820 15,000,000 P.A. ........................... Uganda 3,372,062 1,794,978 P.A. ......................... Zambia 151,234,626 3,234,506 P.A. ......................... Zimbabwe 65,959,481 (

3 ....................... ) No

Total $3,221,277,618 $207,124,188 .......................

1 Exposure is defined as authorization of all forms of support minus repayment and cancellations. 2 Yes = available for all six types of financing: short-, medium-, and long-term for both private and public buyers of U.S. goods

and services; No = country is opened for specifically financed transactions but short-term, medium-term, and long-term sectors are

not open; P.A. = partially available for some of the six types of financing; L = support is legally prohibited. 3 Not available.

Source: Ex-Im Bank, 2002 Annual Report, pp. 22-25, and Country Limitation Schedule.
4-34

Table 4-12

U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program activities in Africa, FY 2002

Country Title Activity Funds obligated

Benin Cotonou Residential Housing Desk Study $2,500

Botswana Aluminum Project Desk Study 2,500

Cameroon Nickel-Cobalt Mining - Phase 1 Feasibility Study 330,250

Cameroon Polyclinque Bonanjo Desk Study 2,500

Cameroon Airspace Management and Airport Concessions Definitional Missions 29,998

Gabon Poultry Processing Facility Desk Study 2,500

Gabon Civil Aviation Definitional Mission 24,996

Ghana Sogakope - Lome Water Supply Feasibility Study 440,000

Ghana Airborne Communications Desk Study 4,000

Ghana Wireless Communications Desk Study 2,500

Ghana Salt Projects Definitional Mission 24,998

Ghana Salt Projects - Solar Salt Refinery Projects Feasibility Study 102,040

Ghana AGOA Manufacturing Orientation Visit 76,800

Ghana Biomass Power Desk Study 2,500

Guinea Port of Kamsar Desk Study 3,000

Guinea Port of Kamsar Feasibility Study 507,236

Kenya Telecommunications Regulatory Definitional Mission 5,000

Kenya Cotton/Textile Development Desk Study 2,425

Kenya Cotton/Textile Development Feasibility Study 312,447

Liberia Iron Ore Transport Desk Study 3,500

Mauritius LPG Storage Tank Relocation Feasibility Study 12,000

Mauritius Information Technology Implementation Plan Technical Assistance 220,727

Mauritius Emergency Services Communications Technical Assistance 231,289

Namibia Fishing Sector Orientation Visit 81,721

Nigeria Ekiti State Potable Water System Infrastructure Improvements Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Ekiti State Potable Water System Infrastructure Improvements Feasibility Study 360,381

Nigeria Bauchi State Dindima Dam Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Private Long-Term Mortgage Corporation Desk Study 4,975

Nigeria Private Long - Term Mortgage Corporation Technical Assistance 272,000

Nigeria Ogun State Sugar Factory Feasibility Study 288,645

Nigeria Port Sector Definitional Mission 29,950

Nigeria Akwa Ibom State Fertilizer Complex Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Akwa Ibom State Fertilizer Complex Feasibility Study 450,000

Nigeria Agricultural Sector Definitional Mission 35,000

Nigeria Ogun State Eggua Cement Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Rivers State Fixed Wireless Project Desk Study 2,500

Senegal Ports of Dakar and Bargny Desk Study 2,500

Senegal MSG Facility Desk Study 2,500

South Africa South Africa Tire Recycling Re-review Desk Study 1,000

South Africa South Africa Tire Recycling Feasibility Study 270,000

South Africa Richards Bay Fluidized Bed Power Feasibility Study 534,000

South Africa Medical Orientation Visit Orientation Visit 40,000

South Africa Yeast Manufacturing Desk Study 4,000

South Africa Yeast Manufacturing Feasibility Study 243,000

South Africa Integrated Rail Freight Desk Study 4,000

South Africa Integrated Rail Freight Feasibility Study 500,000

South Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide Processing Feasibility Study 215,720

South Africa Forest Oil Offshore Gas Desk Study 4,000

South Africa Forest Oil Offshore Gas - Ibhubesi Feasibility Study 650,104

South Africa PetroSA Pipeline Desk Study 6,000

South Africa PetroSA Pipeline Technical Assistance 282,160

South Africa Paper Mill Desk Study 2,500

South Africa Paper Mill Feasibility Study 664,000

South Africa PetroSA Western Cape Technical Assistance 173,140

South Africa Hor-Briquetted Iron Feasibility Study 364,000

Tanzania AGOA Agribusiness Orientation Visit 67,606

Togo Sea Point Africa Container Facility Desk Study 4,000

Africa/ME Regional North Africa/Middle East Aviation Conference Technical Symposium 105,425

Africa/ME Regional North Africa/Middle East Aviation Sector Technical Assistance 86,974

Africa/ME Regional CCA Africa Major Project Conference Technical Symposium 162,187
4-35

Table 4-12—Continued

U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program activities in Africa, FY 2002

Country Title Activity Funds obligated

Africa/ME Regional Refinery/Petrochemicals/Power Complex and Related Projects Definitional Mission $34,681

Africa/ME Regional Project Analyst Technical Assistance 59,990

Africa/ME Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Trade and Development Office Technical Assistance 130,496

Africa/ME Regional CNA/ATM Transition Plan Desk Study 4,000

Africa/ME Regional CNA/ATM Transition Plan Feasibility Study 600,000

Africa/ME Regional Africa Project Finance Symposium Technical Symposium 246,418

Africa/ME Regional East Africa Geothermal Conference Technical Symposium 161,000

Africa/ME Regional East Africa Regional Rail and Port Definitional Mission 31,066

Africa/ME Regional Co-Sponsorship of Videoconferencing Technical Symposium 500

Africa/ME Regional Southern Africa Airport Extension Definitional Mission 39,991

Africa/ME Regional Regional/Housing Construction Orientation Visit 129,911

Africa/ME Regional Air Cargo Transport Part I Orientation Visit 84,328

Africa/ME Regional Air Cargo Transport Part II Definitional Mission 72,325

Total $9,864,400

Source: U.S. Trade and Development Agency, 2001 Annual Report, found at Internet address

http://ww.tda.gov/abouttda/report2002/pabr_africa-me.html retrieved on May 2002.

United States and Africa to address issues surrounding the development of an air

cargo strategy to facilitate the movement of goods between Africa and the United

States.63 In January 2003, the TDA participated in the SACU FTA launch in South

Africa. The agency continues to increase its AGOA-related activities through

orientation visits, project studies, and capacity-building technical assistance in several

manufacturing and agriculture subsectors.

Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is a self-sustaining U.S. Government

agency that provides investment funds, project finance, and political risk insurance to

U.S. businesses investing in developing nations and emerging markets around the

world. OPIC focuses its efforts in Africa on supporting small- and medium-sized

businesses.

In 2002, OPIC’s programs were available for 41 of the 48 SSA countries.64 Total

investments in SSA were $149 million in 2002. OPIC supports four privately managed

funds that invest in SSA: the $25 million Africa Growth Fund, which has equity

investments in mining, manufacturing, and financial services; the $117 million Modern

Africa Growth and Investment Fund, for all SSA countries except South Africa, which

focuses on manufacturing, telecommunications, and natural resources; the $120

million ZM Africa Investment fund, for South Africa and regional SADC countries,

63 TDA, “Working to Promote the U.S. Aviation Industry,” Mar. 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.tda.gov/region/sectoral/aviation.html, retrieved Nov. 17, 2003.

64 OPIC, 2002 Annual Report, p. 20.
4-36

which concentrates on diversified manufacturing, financial, and service industries;

and the $350 million Africa Millennium Fund which holds the equities or quasi-equities

of companies that work in the infrastructure sector.65

OPIC actively participates in SSA (table 4-13). In Ethiopia, an OPIC loan to MedPharm,

Inc. will enable the opening of the International Clinical Laboratories. The ICL lab will

serve the majority of the country and introduce testing technologies not currently

available in Ethiopia.66 A $15 million loan guarantee to the Soros Economic

Development Fund will allow South Africa’s National Urban Reconstruction and

Housing Agency to finance the building of 90,000 homes for low-income families and

to provide potable water.67 OPIC-funded political risk insurance of $1.1 million will

allow Decision Technologies International of Wappingers Falls, New York, to open an

office and to develop and market software products and services in Nigeria. OPIC also

provided political risk insurance for the drilling and repair of oil and gas wells in Chad.

This insurance coverage represented OPIC’s first project in Chad.68

U.S. Agency for International Development

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) implements U.S. foreign

economic assistance programs offered by the U.S. Government. Issues addressed by

these programs include sustainable broad-based economic development and the

promotion of democratic ideals and values. USAID’s program and management

challenges in SSA include responding to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, addressing the

effects of violent conflicts and instability, providing greater access to education and

health services, reducing poverty, and increasing food security.

In FY 2002, USAID obligations for SSA totaled $1.1 billion. USAID’s assistance

consisted of $420 million for child survival and disease programs, $466 million for

development assistance programs, $100 million in economic support funds, and $132

million for Public Law 480, Title II, which provides food assistance and poverty

alleviation through nonprofit, charitable organizations.69 Table 4-14 contains FY

2002 allocation of USAID funds in SSA.

USAID started several new programs in 2002 that are designed to combat poverty,

hunger, and corruption, and to improve education. For example, the Initiative to End

Hunger in Africa aims to halve hunger in Africa by 2015. Through an African-led

partnership, the $148 million initiative will focus on promoting agricultural production

65 OPIC, “OPIC Investment Funds list,” found at Internet address

http://www.opic.gov/investmentfunds/, retrieved July 9, 2003. 66 OPIC, 2002 Annual Report, p. 6. 67 Ibid., p. 7. 68 OPIC, “OPIC Board Approves $250 Million in Insurance for Project in Chad,” OPIC Press Release

2-14, May 22, 2002.

69 USAID, “FY 2003 Country Allocation Summary,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/fy03_table4c.html, retrieved July 8, 2003.
4-37

Table 4-13

Sub-Saharan Africa: OPIC investment projects, 2002

Country Project Description Value Support Type

Angola . . . . . . .

Angola . . . . . . .

Chad . . . . . . . . .

Ethiopia . . . . . . .

Ghana . . . . . . .

Ghana . . . . . . .

Ghana . . . . . . .

Namibia . . . . . .

Nigeria . . . . . . .

South Africa . . .

Togo . . . . . . . . .

Pump and motor distribution and repair facility

Pump and motor distribution and repair facility

Oil and gas drilling

Medical diagnostic testing facility

Operation of a gravel quarry

Dehydration facility to process spices, dried fruit, and nuts

Drilling potable-water wells

Mining of off-shore diamond deposits

Software business center development

Low-income residential housing construction

Banking

Total

$495,000

750,000

100,000,000

489,677

168,560

2,000,000

100,000

15,000,000

1,080,000

15,000,000

13,500,000

$148,583,237

Finance

Insurance

Insurance

Finance

Finance

Finance

Finance

Finance

Insurance

Finance

Insurance

Source: OPIC, 2002 Annual Report, p. 16.

and increasing rural incomes.70 The partnership began in Ethiopia with a quick start

program to improve water management technologies. The $185 million Africa

Education Initiative, “Strengthening Basic Education in Africa,” is designed to improve

basic education for children in Africa. The initiative challenges African educational

professionals to find new ways to provide children with opportunities to learn and to

become productive members of society. The initiative will also ensure that enough

teachers are trained to address the wide variety of student needs.71 A new 5-year

Anti-Corruption Initiative aims to reduce corruption in SSA by addressing the enabling

environment for corruption. To achieve this goal the initiative will promote public

access to information, encourage civic participation in government action, and

emphasize transparent and efficient government oversight institutions. Other regional

programs in which USAID participates include the Congo Basin Forest Partnership,

which promotes economic development and poverty alleviation in Cameroon, Central

African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,

and the Republic of the Congo through natural resource conservation, and the West

African Water Initiative, a partnership to provide potable drinking water and

sanitation to villages in Ghana, Mali, and Niger.72

70 Department of State Fact Sheet, “Initiative to End Hunger in Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/2003/18796pf.htm, retrieved July 8, 2003 71 USAID Fact Sheet, “Strengthening Basic Education in Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2002/02fs_afreducation.html, retrieved July 8, 2003 72 For information on the Generalized System of Preferences and the Everything But Arms

programs, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa 2002, Publication 3552,

Dec. 2002, pp. 108-111.
4-38

Table 4-14

USAID funds allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, by major project categories, FY 2002

(Million dollars)

Country

Development

Assistance

Child Survival

and Disease

P.L. 480

Title II

Economic

Support Funds Total

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 6.2 7.8 2.0 19.4

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 11.2 3.9 0.0 18.2

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5

DROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 15.8 0.0 0.0 18.6

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.2 0.0 0.0 10.8

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 27.9 38.3 0.0 78.8

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 15.9 13.1 0.0 48.4

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 10.2 4.7 0.0 24.6

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 14.4 8.9 0.0 42.2

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 1.5 1.0 0.0 6.3

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 4.5 8.3 0.0 26.8

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 14.8 4.0 0.0 28.8

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 12.7 0.3 0.0 33.3

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 11.9 16.0 0.0 57.1

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.5 0.0 0.0 8.9

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 23.7 0.0 25.0 79.0

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 6.8 10.4 0.0 24.4

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 8.5 1.0 0.0 25.5

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 1.9 0.0 9.0 14.4

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.0

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 18.4 0.0 0.0 52.7

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.0

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 10.6 0.0 0.0 25.1

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 29.3 15.0 0.0 65.2

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 27.6 0.0 0.0 38.3

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 6.4 0.0 0.0 12.2

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.9 290.9 132.7 36.0 768.5

Note.–Only SSA countries receiving direct USAID bilateral assistance are included in this table. These and other SSA

countries may receive USAID assistance indirectly through regional programs.

Source: Compiled from USAID data found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2002/afr/afrbur_summtabs.html, retrieved July 2, 2003.
4-39

Box 4-1. USAID and Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

In FY 2002, USAID inaugurated a new, multiyear trade capacity-building initiative,

Trade for African Development and Enterprise (TRADE). TRADE promotes regional

integration and cooperation by strengthening the ability of African countries and

businesses to develop their export sectors. TRADE operates through three Regional

Hubs for Global Competitiveness located at USAID’s three regional missions in Kenya,

Ghana, and Botswana.

The East and Central Africa (ECA) hub, based in Nairobi, Kenya, has three

components: trade capacity-building, AGOA business development, and

transportation. The trade capacity-building component is a combination of established

short-term training courses, trade negotiation simulation models, seminars covering

specific issues related to upcoming trade negotiations, and other trade capacity

strengthening seminars targeted at both the private and public sectors. Current

projects include training on the current round of WTO Uruguay Round agreements for

officials from government ministries in the area, the private sector, and other interested

stakeholders.

The Southern Africa Hub’s primary objective is to enhance the competitiveness of

Southern Africa products and services. Located in Gaborone, Botswana, the hub

promotes customs and trade facilitation and transport efficiency. Examples of such

initiatives include:1

S Swazican, a producer of juices, jams, and canned fruit, based in Swaziland,

has been exporting to the region for over 20 years though the firm’s exports to

the U.S. market were not viewed as a priority. After assistance from the Hub

staff on AGOA opportunities and requirements, the firm expanded U.S.

exports from two products to five. Swazican’s production capacity increased

17 percent in 2002 and 210 new jobs were created at the firm.

S Nagrapex Holdings Ltd., a Namibian grape exporter, exports over 2,000

tons of table grapes annually, primarily to Europe. Nagrapex is aggressively

looking for new markets, including the United States. The first step to entering

the U.S. market is the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) application

process, which can take up to 2 years. Trade Hub experts are guiding

Nagrapex through the USDA application process as well as arranging for the

pest risk assessment (PRA) for table grapes, a prerequisite for export to the

United States and the first step in the application process.

1 USAID, “Southern African Global Competitiveness Hub,” found at Internet address

http://www.satradehub.org/TradeIssues/SuccessStories.aspx, retrieved July 11, 2003.
4-40

The West African Trade Hub (WATH), located in Accra, Ghana, focuses on building

trade capacity; exploiting opportunities under AGOA; and exchanging, monitoring,

and evaluating information. WATH’s trade capacity-building component focuses on

the training and capacity-building of public and private sector trade specialists on

WTO issues and agreements and on broad information dissemination of relevant

WTO activities. Activities begun over the last year include:2

S Growth through Engendering Enterprise in ECOWAS Countries (ECOGEE):

The ECOGEE project supports West African women’s efforts to overcome

barriers to business development and regional trade. The 3-year project

began in September 2002 and is implemented by International Business

Initiatives together with West Africa Businesswomen’s Network (WABNET).

S West African International Business Linkages (WAIBL): WAIBL is a

USAID-funded program to increase commercial partnerships between

businesses in the United States and West Africa. These relationships can take

many forms including export/import agreements, joint ventures, and equity

partnerships. WAIBL is active in 18 countries in West Africa: the 15 countries of

ECOWAS as well as Cameroon, Chad, and Mauritania.

2 USAID, “West African Trade Hub,” found at Internet address

http://www.watradehub.com/activities/index.htm, retrieved July 11, 2003.
5-1

CHAPTER 5

Industry Sector Profiles

This chapter provides information and analysis on production, trade, and investment

for various industry sectors in sub-Saharan Africa. The sectors include agriculture,

fisheries, and forest products; chemicals; petroleum and energy-related products;

minerals and metals; textiles and apparel; and transportation equipment.1 These

sectors account for the major items of trade between the United States and the SSA

region. Each sector discussion provides overview information, including sector

production, industry and sector issues, and economic and trade policy developments.

Trade information is also provided, including trade between the United States and SSA

as well as global SSA trade. Investment information includes major SSA sector policy

developments, U.S. foreign direct investment position in SSA, major investments, and

investment issues. The information and analysis generally focus on developments that

occurred during 2002 and early 2003.2

Data on SSA industry sector production were compiled from numerous sources,

including the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S.

Geological Survey, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United Nations, various U.S.

and international industry trade associations, and various industry-specific statistical

publications. Data on SSA global trade were compiled from statistics of the United

Nations. Data on U.S.-SSA trade were compiled from official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Commerce. Data on U.S. foreign direct investment in SSA were

compiled from statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

1 The sectors generally are in the order of the Harmonized Tariff Schedules. Sector coverage may

have changed somewhat from last year’s report.

2 In some cases, the latest available data are for 2001.

5-3

S Food security continues to be a concern in SSA, owing to weather,

continuing political strife in some countries, and land policies in

Zimbabwe. In 2002, an estimated 54 percent of the population

(337 million people) in the region was inadequately fed. Food

production shortfalls during 2001-2002 were the most severe in

Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. In addition, food supplies in Ethiopia

and Eritrea were affected during 2002 and 2003 by severe

drought. The United Nations identified 23 SSA countries facing food

emergencies as of July 2003.5

S Cereal food aid pledges to SSA totaled about 2.3 million metric tons

(mmt) for marketing year 2002/2003, up from 1.7 mmt the

previous year. Principal recipients included Ethiopia (22 percent of

the total), Zimbabwe (12 percent), Malawi (10 percent), and Angola

(10 percent). Principal donors included the World Food Program of

the United Nations (75 percent of the total), the United States (18

percent), and the EU (5 percent).6

S Land redistribution in Zimbabwe contributed to a decline in the

number of commercial farmers, farm employment, and agricultural

output. As of November 2002, an estimated 600 commercial

farmers were operating compared with a pre-reform total of 4,500.

An estimated 300,000 to 500,000 farm workers have lost their

jobs as a result of the redistribution program. Production of

tobacco, a primary agricultural product and foreign exchange

earner, is estimated to fall to about 88,000 metric tons (mt) in

2003, compared with a record 245,000 mt in 2000 (before major

farm closures). Declines were registered during 2000-2002 in the

production of corn (76 percent), seed cotton (39 percent), and

wheat (40 percent). The commercial beef herd on large-scale

commercial farms declined by 69 percent during the period. A slight

recovery is expected for some crops in 2003, but at levels that

remain well below historic averages.7

S Low commodity prices for major SSA export commodities, such as

coffee, cocoa, and cotton, persisted in 2002. However, prices show

signs of recovering in 2003. Commodity price rises likely will be

countervailed in Cotê d’Ivoire by civil strife that has affected cocoa

harvesting and distribution.8

S HIV/AIDS continues to adversely affect the SSA agriculture sector.

There were 3.5 million new infections in SSA in 2002 and 2.4

million HIV/AIDS-related deaths. The projected loss of agricultural

output during 1985-2020 resulting from HIV/AIDS in nine SSA

countries with high infection rates ranges from 13 percent in

Tanzania to 26 percent in Namibia.9

S Privatization of sector industries continued in 2002 and 2003.

Rwanda is in the process of holding an auction to privatize its two

government-owned tea factories. Uganda is privatizing its largest

dairy company and a sugar company. South Africa is selling a

75-percent interest in the state-held Komatiland Forests Limited.

Nigeria is privatizing government-owned sugar estates, beginning

with the sale of Savannah Sugar Company to Dangote Industries in

March 2003.10

agriculture, fisheries, and

OVERVIEW

1

forest products

Source: United Nations, FAOSTAT database, available at

http://faostat.fao.org.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations, FAOSTAT database, available at

http://faostat.fao.org.

.

SSA sector production, by country, 2001

(935 million metric tons)

SSA sector production, by product, 2001

(935 million metric tons)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crops

Forest Products

Livestock

Fish

South Africa 11%

All other

47%

Nigeria 19%

Ethiopia 9%

DROC 8% Uganda 6%

S Although the agriculture, fisheries, and forest products sector is a

major component of the SSA economy, its relative importance has

been declining. In 2001, the value added by agriculture accounted for

16 percent of SSA GDP, down from 19 percent in 1997.2

S Sector production was relatively flat again in 2001, increasing about

1 percent, by quantity, over the previous year. Nigeria and South

Africa accounted for 30 percent and the top five SSA countries

accounted for 53 percent of the total quantity of SSA production in

2001.3

S Agricultural crops again accounted for the largest share of sector

production, about 53 percent of the total, by quantity, in 2001. The

leading crops produced in SSA in 2001 included cassava, sugar

cane, yams, and corn. Forest products production was the second

leading sector category, accounting for about 43 percent of the total.

S Fuel wood accounted for 85 percent of forest products production

and 37 percent of total sector production in SSA. Livestock and

fishery products production were very small parts of sector

production.4

53

43

3

1
5-4

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

OVERVIEW-Continued

S Despite concern regarding genetically modified (GM) products,

interest and research in GM technology continues in SSA. Kenya

has several projects underway, including field trials for GM corn

and casava as well as the development of animal disease

diagnostics and vaccines. Kenya currently is developing domestic

biotechnology policies and legislation to commercialize GM

products. South Africa, the most advanced SSA country with

respect to GM products, currently allows the use of GM cotton,

corn, and soybeans and is conducting extensive research on many

other products. Zimbabwe is considering the approval of GM

cotton use.11

S Nigeria banned imports of several food items effective July 1,

2003. Items include bottled beer, chocolates, and sweets and

sugar confectionaries. In January 2003, Nigeria seized and

destroyed $4 million worth of frozen chicken following a ban on

imports the previous August.12

S SSA cotton producers are seeking action regarding subsidies

provided to cotton producers by the United States, China, the EU,

and other cotton exporters. Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali

introduced a proposal in the WTO Trade Negotiations Committee

to establish a sectoral initiative to phase out cotton subsidies. The

SSA countries hold that the subsidies contribute to lower world

prices and adversely impact their export earnings.13
5-5

SSA sector global exports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($18.4 billion)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Cereals (10)

Paper Products (48)

Sugar (17)

Dairy, eggs, honey (4)

Fats and oils (15)

All other

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2001

($10.3 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($10.3 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2001

($18.4 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 21%

All other 44%

Nigeria 19%

Angola 5% Senegal 5%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 29%

All other 40%

Côte d’lvoire 14%

Zimbabwe 6% Kenya 6%Cameroon 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wood Products (44)

Cocoa (18)

Fruits and Nuts (8)

Fish (3)

Coffee, Tea, Spices (9)

All other

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU 44 Wheat, not durum (1001.90) 7 ................... ........

South Africa 8 Milled rice (1006.30) 7 ............ ..............

United States 8 Cane or beet sugar (1701.99) 6 ........... .......

Thailand 6 Cigarettes (2402.20) 3 ............... ..............

Brazil 6 Other food preps. (2106.90) 3 .................. .........

Swaziland 3 Concentrated milk (0402.21) 3 .............. ........

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU 58 Cocoa beans (1801.00) 10 ................... ...........

United States 6 Tobacco (2401.20) 4 ........... ................

Japan 6 Cane sugar (1701.11) 4 ................. .............

Botswana 4 Cotton (5201.00) 4 .............. .................

China 3 Tropical wood (4403.49) 4 .................. ...........

Hong Kong 2 Coffee (0901.11) 4 ............. ..................

17

11

9

7

6

50

13

13

11

10

8

45

Côte d’lvoire 6%

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED
5-6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Cocoa (18)

Coffee, Tea, Spices (9)

Wood Products (44)

Fish (3)

Tobacco (24)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($1.0 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($1.0 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($242 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2002

($242 million)

South Africa 58%

All other 11%

Malawi 15%

Ghana 4%

Swaziland 3%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Sugar (17)

Fruit and Nuts (8)

Tobacco (24)

Wood Products (44)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 23%

All other 26%

Ghana 6%

Madagascar 12%

Malawi 5%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

31

18

10

7

6

28

19

17

13

11

40

Côte d’lvoire 9%

Côte d’lvoire 28%

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-7

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($1.1 billion)

Angola 4%

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($1.1 billion)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 21%

All other 29%

Nigeria 30%

Ghana 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Cereals (10)

Milling products (11)

Fats and oils (15)

Printed matter (49)

Meat (2)

All other

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S. sector imports from SSA totaled $1.0 billion in 2002, up

8 percent from the previous year. SSA accounted for about 1

percent of total U.S. sector imports in 2002, the same share

as in the previous year. A rise in commodity prices contributed

to the increase in imports. The sector accounted for about 6

percent of total U.S. imports from SSA in 2002, up from 5

percent the previous year.

S In 2002, the top five import commodities at the 6-digit HTS

level accounted for 53 percent of total imports. Cocoa beans

(HTS 1801.00) accounted for 26 percent; vanilla beans (HTS

0905.00) for 12 percent; stemmed and stripped tobacco

(HTS 2401.20) for 6 percent; raw cane sugar (HTS 1701.11)

for 5 percent; and frozen fish fillets (HTS 0304.20) for 4

percent.

S Côte d’Ivoire and South Africa supplied more than half of all

U.S. sector imports from SSA in 2002, slightly up from the

previous year. Sector imports from Côte d’Ivoire are highly

concentrated, with 85 percent accounted for by cocoa beans

(HTS 1801). Imports from South Africa are more evenly

distributed, with the major items including fresh citrus (HTS

0805, 9 percent of the total value), sugar (HTS 1701, 9

percent), leather (HTS 4113, 8 percent), fruit juices (HTS

2009, 7 percent), and processed fruits and nuts (HTS 2008,

7 percent).

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S In 2002, the value of U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP) was $242 million, representing an increase of

38 percent over the previous year. Such imports accounted

for about 3 percent of total AGOA imports and 23 percent of

total sector imports from SSA in 2002; these shares were up

from the previous year. South Africa was the largest source

for U.S. imports under AGOA in the sector in 2002,

accounting for 58 percent of such imports.

S The principal products imported under AGOA in 2002 were

raw cane sugar (HTS 1701.11), at $44 million, or 18 percent

of the total; stemmed and stripped tobacco (HTS 2401.20),

$31 million, or 13 percent; and certain leather (HTS 4113.90,

believed to be mainly of ostrich), $17 million, or 7 percent.

S U.S. imports of raw cane sugar under AGOA increased by $16

million, or 59 percent, in 2002 compared with the previous

year. The major supplier was South Africa (47 percent of the

value). Virtually all U.S. imports of sugar from AGOA sources

enter under AGOA (GSP). Although such imports are subject

to a prohibitive tariff rate quota, the quota for these suppliers

was only about three-quarters filled in fiscal year 2002, leaving

room for future expansion.14

S Other major products showing substantial import growth

under AGOA in 2002 include certain leather (HTS 4113.90,

$17 million, up from no imports in 2001), wood doors (HTS

4418.20, up $13 million, or 91 percent), certain nuts (HTS

0802.90, up $13 million, or 28 percent), and cocoa powder

(HTS 1805.00, up $11 million, or 153 percent).

Key U.S. Export Developments

S U.S. sector exports to SSA totaled $1.1 billion in 2002, up 31

percent from the previous year. SSA accounted for about 1

percent of total U.S. sector exports in 2002, about the same

share as in 2001. The sector accounted for about 18 percent

of total U.S. exports to SSA in 2002, up from 12 percent the

previous year.

S The primary SSA export markets in 2002 continued to be

Nigeria (30 percent of the total value) and South Africa (21

percent). The share held by these markets declined relative to

the previous year.

S In 2002, the top four export commodities at the 6-digit HTS

level accounted for 52 percent of total exports. These included

wheat other than durum (HTS 1001.90, 34 percent); corn

(HTS 1005.90, 9 percent), milled rice (HTS 1006.30, 5

percent); and frozen chicken cuts and offal (HTS 0207.14, 4

percent).

S U.S. cereal exports to SSA countries totaled about $555

million in 2002, an increase of 51 percent over 2001. Nigeria

was the primary SSA market, accounting for 47 percent of the

total. Following were South Africa (14 percent) and

Mozambique (8 percent). About two-thirds of the value of U.S.

grain exports to the region in 2002 consisted of wheat,

one-fifth of corn, and the remainder was mostly rice.

S The SSA export markets for cereals showing the largest

annual percentage increases included Djibouti (5,107

percent), Madagascar (2,308 percent), and Mozambique

(1,226 percent). Corn (479 percent) and sorghum (351

percent) showed the largest percentage rise among cereal

commodities. Annual shifts in U.S. cereal exports to SSA

largely reflect patterns in food aid.

Mozambique 6%

Share of total (percent)

53

8

8

5

4

22

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-8

Key U.S. Export Developments-Continued

S Wheat sales to Nigeria represent the largest sector export to

SSA (nearly one-quarter the total value). Such exports rose 18

percent in 2002. A government ban on imports of certain

baked goods and the increasing popularity of bread

contributed to the rise.15

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-9

INVESTMENT

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA food sector totaled $113

million in 2002, up from $101 million the previous year. South

Africa continued to be the primary SSA location for U.S. FDI in

the sector, accounting for 86 percent of the regional total. The

food sector continued to account for a minor share of the total

U.S. FDI position in SSA, and SSA continued to host a minor

share of the total U.S. FDI position in the food sector.16

S Coca-Cola purchased a juice and a bottled water brand from

SABMiller in South Africa for $13 million. The purchase

provides Coca-Cola with a 45 percent share of the fast-growing

bottled water market in South Africa. Coca-Cola also invested

$8.2 million in Kenya to produce a noncarbonated fruit drink.17

S Tanzania is developing an investment incentive package for the

processing of agricultural goods. Target areas include

traditional export items, such as cotton, coffee, and cashew

nuts, as well as nontraditional items, including fruits,

vegetables, and flowers.18

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1998-2002

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

South Africa

Kenya

Seychelles

Botswana

Total

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2002

Note.—Data for some countries not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Food.”

Note.—Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Food.”

97

113

217

191

150

101

113

9

4

3

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED
5-10

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized System

chapters 01 through 24, 35, 41, 43, 44 through 49, 51, and 52.

2 The World Bank Group, “Sub-Saharan Africa Data Profile,” found

at Internet address

http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCount

ry=SSA&CCODE=SSA&CNAME=Sub Saharan+Africa&PTYPE=CP,

retrieved July 30, 2003.

3 Based on data of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of

the United Nations. Data for 2000 used for comparison in this report

may not be comparable to such data published in last years report

owing mainly to data updates.

4 FAO.

5 Stacey Rosen, “Sub-Saharan Africa,” USDA, ERS, Food Security

Assessment GFA-14, Feb. 2002. U.S. Agency for International

Development (USAID), “USAID Response to the Food Security Crises in

Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/press/factsheets/2003/fs030108_1.html,

retrieved July 30, 2003. FAO, Global Information and Early Warning

System on Food and Agriculture, Food Supply Situation and Crop

Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa, No. 2, July 2003, p. 2.

6 FAO, Global Information..., ibid., p. 12.

7 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Only 600 of 4500

Commercial Farmers Still Standing,” message reference No. 2700,

Nov. 26, 2002, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Harare. USDA, FAS,

Zimbabwe Tobacco and Products Annual, 2003, GAIN Report

#RH3002, May 23, 2003, p.1. U.S. Department of State telegram,

“Zimbabwe’s Resettled Farms: Can They Work,” message reference

No. 2561, Nov. 19, 2002, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Harare.

8 The World Bank Group, “Commodity Price Data,” July 2003,

found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/prospects/pinksheets/pink0703.pdf,

retrieved Aug. 1, 2003.

USDA, FAS, Côte d’Ivoire, Coffee Annual, 2003, GAIN Report #IV3005,

May 21, 2003, p. 1. USDA, FAS, Côte d’Ivoire, Cotton and Products

Annual, 2003, GAIN Report #IV3006, June 17, 2003, p. 1. Economist

Intelligence Unit, Business Africa, April 1-15 2003, pp. 1-2.

9 UNAIDS, “Fact Sheet 2002, Sub-Saharan Africa,” found at

Internet address

http://www.unaids.org/worldaidsday/2002/press/index.html#facts,

retrieved Aug. 1, 2003. FAO, “HIV/AIDS, food security and rural

livelihoods,” found at Internet address

http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsummit/english/fsheets/aids.pdf,

retrieved July 16, 2003.

10 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Rwanda’s Privatization of

Tea Factories,” message reference No. 1294, prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Kigali, Jul. 15, 2003. United Nations Industrial Development

Organization, Investment Opportunities, found at Internet address

http://www.unido aaitpc.org/unido aaitpc/new1/investment.html.

Republic of South Africa, Department of Public Enterprises, “Call for

Expressions of Interest, Komatiland Forests (Pty) Limited,” found at

Internet address

http://www.southafrican embassy.at/wirtschaft/forest.PDF. USDA,

FAS, Nigeria, Sugar Annual, 2003, GAIN Report #NI3009, Apr.16,

2003, p. 1.

11 USDA, FAS, Kenya, Biotechnology, Modern Agricultural

Biotechnology, 2003, GAIN Report #KE3005, Jul. 11, 2003, p. 1.

AfricaBio, “South Africa: Status and Future Prospects of

Biotechnology,” found at Internet address

http://www.africabio.com/status/statusf.htm, retrieved Aug. 1,

2003.

12 USDA, FAS, Nigeria, Trade Policy Monitoring, Import Bans,

2003, GAIN Report #NI3020, Jul. 9, 2003, p. 1. USDA, FAS, Nigeria,

Poultry and Products, Nigerian Customs Destroy Imported Frozen

Poultry, 2003, GAIN Report #NI3003, Feb. 2, 2003, p. 1.

13 WTO, Committee on Agriculture, WTO Negotiations on

Agriculture, Poverty Reduction: Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton,

TN/AG/GEN/4, May 16, 2003. U.S. Department of State telegram,

“Joint Initiative for the Elimination of Cotton Subsidies,” message

reference No. 2194, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Geneva, July 8, 2003.

14 For example, in fiscal year 2002, 10 SSA countries held U.S. raw

sugar import quotas totaling 119,593 mt, of which they exported

89,815 mt, valued at $38 million. In 2002, the ad valorem equivalent

for over-quota imports of raw cane sugar was about 49 percent. U.S.

International Trade Commission, Dataweb.

15 USDA, FAS, Nigeria Grain and Feed Annual, 2003, GAIN Report

#NI3011, Apr. 23, 2003, p. 2.

16 USDOC, BEA, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis: Country Detail by Industry, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/di1usdbal.htm, retrieved Oct. 17,

2003.

17 SABMiller plc, “SABMiller disposes of Just Juice and Valpre

trademarks,” news announcement, Feb. 3, 2003, found at Internet

address

http://www.sabmiller.com/book_index.asp?bookmark=news103.asp,

retrieved Aug. 4, 2003. The Economist Intelligence Unit, Business Africa,

April 16-30, 2003, p. 11. Economist Intelligence Unit, Business Africa,

February 1-15, 2003, p. 11.

18 Economist Intelligence Unit, Business Africa, May 16-31, 2003,

p. 12.

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-11

0 10 20 30 40 50

Organic chemicals

Rubber and plastics

Inorganic chemicals

Pharmaceuticals

Specialty chemicals

Fertilizers

Miscellaneous chemical products

Source: USITC estimates based on information from

MBendi; Chemical & Engineering News, “World

Chemical Outlook,” Dec. 17, 2001, pp.26-40; US

Department of Commerce, US&FCS Market Research

Reports: Chemicals-South Africa, Dec. 5, 2001; and

US Department of Commerce, US&FCS Market

Research Reports: The Chemicals Industry—South

Africa, Oct. 26, 1999.

S The Government of Senegal, which owns 47 percent of Senegal’s

largest industrial firm, Industries Chimiques du Senegal (ICS), is

attempting to develop the Senegalese economy by emphasizing

high value-added industries with significant export potential, such as

chemicals, particularly fertilizer.3

S Nigerian attempts to develop a petrochemical industry have been

more successful than other heavy industries, such as steel and

metals. However, a lack of funds has prevented the import of

required spare parts for maintenance, so the plants that are still

functioning are running well below expected capacity.4

S Infrastructure constraints due both to civil disturbances as well as

the lack of preexisting transportation links caused significant

unforeseen expenses in recent years. For example, inconsistent

deliveries of feedstock natural gas to two new petrochemical

complexes (which produce plastics and fertilizers) in Port Harcourt

have caused these plants to run at about 20 percent of installed

capacity.5

OVERVIEW

1

CHEMICALS

Share of total (percent)

Source: USITC estimates based on information from

MBendi; Chemical & Engineering News, “World

Chemical Outlook,” Dec. 17, 2001, pp.26-40; US

Department of Commerce, US&FCS Market Research

Reports: Chemicals-South Africa, Dec. 5, 2001; and

US Department of Commerce, US&FCS Market

Research Reports: The Chemicals Industry—South

Africa, Oct. 26, 1999.

SSA sector production, by country, 2002

($16 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2002

($16 billion)

South Africa 73%

All other 27%

S Due to the strength of the mining industries in South Africa, there is

a continually growing demand for explosives. Currently there are

three South African-owned firms producing and supplying these

materials to the domestic market, African Explosives, Ltd., SMX, and

BME. All of these firms are trying to reduce their dependence on

imported raw materials and are concentrating on developing their

own proprietary product lines as well as local sources for necessary

raw materials.

S. Changes that have had a significant impact on the South African

pharmaceutical demand include the introduction of free medical care

to pregnant women and children under the age of six, the new

Pharmacy Act, and a broadening of available free primary health care

to the general population. Also, there is anticipated to be a continued

increase in demand for certain drugs, particularly antibiotics and

over-the-counter drugs, as their patent protections expire in the

coming years.2

41

25

10

6

5

2

11
5-12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SSA sector global exports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($2.5 billion)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Plastics and articles thereof (39)

Pharmaceuticals (30)

Rubber and articles thereof (40)

Organic chemicals (29)

All other

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2001

($8.3 billion)

SSA sector global imports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($8.3 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2001

($2.5 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 36% All other 39%

Nigeria 15%

Kenya 5%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 71% All other 15%

Liberia 3%

Guinea 6%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 50 Pharmaceuticals (3004.90) 14 ................. ........

United States 9 Bus and truck tires (4011.20) 3 ........... .......

South Africa 8 Flavorings (3302.10) 2 ............ ...............

China 6 ..................

Korea 4 .................

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 26 Aluminum oxide (2818.20) 7 ................. ..........

Botswana 14 Natural rubber (4001.22) 4 ............. ...........

United States 12 Medicaments (3004.90) 4 .......... ............

Zambia 7 New tires for cars (4011.10) 4 ................ ........

Swaziland 5 Herbicides (3808.30) 3 .............. ..............

Russia 3 Latex (4001.10) 3 ................. ...................

23

22

10

36

9

20

18

14

13

35

Côte d’lvoire 5%

Côte d’lvoire 5%

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Organic chemicals (29)

Rubber and articles

thereof (40)

Plastics and articles

thereof (39)

All other

chemicals-CONTINUED

TRADE
5-13

0 10 20 30 40 50

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50

Organic chemicals (29)

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Rubber and articles thereof (40)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($448 million)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($448 million)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($136 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2002

($136 million)

South Africa 99%

All other 1%

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 60%

All other 14%

Liberia 10%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

45

15

15

25

40

21

13

10

16

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Organic chemicals (29)

Rubber and articles thereof

(40)

Dyes and pigments (32)

All other

Equatorial Guinea 16%

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-14

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($699 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($699 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 64% All other 22%

Nigeria 9%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Plastics and aricles thereof (30)

Organic chemicals (29)

Miscellaneous (38)

All other

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S. chemical sector imports from SSA (AGOA and non-AGOA)

totaled $448 million in 2002, down nearly one-third from the

previous year. Such imports accounted for less than 1 percent of

the sector world total in 2002. Principal SSA sources included

South Africa (60 percent of the total), Equatorial Guinea (16

percent), and Liberia (10 percent). These shares shifted

substantially from those the previous year, when South Africa held

43 percent and Nigeria 39 percent of the total.

S The three largest U.S. sector imports from SSA in 2002 were

organic chemicals used as feedstocks for producing chemical

intermediates and chemical products, including unsaturated acyclic

hydrocarbons (HTS 2901.29, accounting for 12 percent of the

total), methanol (HTS 2905.11, 12 percent), and natural rubber

(HTS 4001.10, 10 percent).

S Only South Africa remains a significant supplier of U.S. chemical

imports, of which most are organic chemicals derived from the coal

resources in South Africa. The remaining items are minerals from

South Africa. U.S. imports from Nigeria declined significantly, from

$259.0 million in 2001 to $13.0 million in 2002, owing primarily to

infrastructure problems.

S The primary materials that make up U.S. chemical imports

from individual SSA nations are ethylene (HTS 2901.21),

propylene (HTS 2901.22), and cumene (HTS 2902.70) from

Nigeria; and unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons (HTS

2901.29), silicon (HTS 2804.69), and titanium dioxide

pigments (HTS 3206.11) from South Africa.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S In 2002, U.S. chemical sector imports under AGOA (including

GSP) totaled $136 million. This represented approximately 30

percent of total U.S. imports of these products from the SSA,

and is approximately 2 percent of total U.S. AGOA imports.

S The principal sector items imported under AGOA in 2002

included silicon (HTS subheading 2804.69, 17 percent of the

total), titanium dioxide pigments (HTS 3206.11, 10 percent),

carbides (HTS 2849.90, 6 percent), and car tires (HTS

4011.10, 6 percent).

S U.S. sector imports under specific AGOA provisions were

relatively minor in 2002, totaling $4.5 million. AGOA, apart

from the GSP, is not expected to have a major effect on the

export of chemical sector products from SSA nations to the

United States.

S None of the SSA nations that are not designated for AGOA

has significant production of sector products.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S In 2002, U.S. chemical sector exports to SSA totaled $699

million, a decline of 10 percent compared with 2001. SSA

accounted for less than 1 percent of total sector exports in

2002.

S The top three SSA markets for U.S. chemical exports in 2002

were South Africa, which accounted for 64 percent of U.S.

chemical exports to the region, followed by Nigeria (9

percent), and Kenya (5 percent). These shares were similar to

those of the previous year.

S The leading U.S. chemical export items to SSA in 2002

included fertilizers (HTS chapter 31,6 5 percent of the total),

acrylic polymers (HTS subheading 3906.90, 4 percent), and

isocyanates (HTS subheading 2929.10, 3 percent).

Share of total (percent)

26

22

13

39

Kenya 5%

TRADE-Continued

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED
5-15

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA chemicals sector totaled

$591 million in 2002, up from $520 million the previous

year. South Africa continued to be the primary SSA

location for U.S. FDI in the sector, accounting for 93

percent of the regional total. The chemicals sector

accounted for 7 percent of the total U.S. FDI position in SSA

and SSA accounted for less than 0.5 percent of the global

U.S. FDI position in the sector during 2002.7

S Dow South Africa (Dow SA) is reported to be divesting a

number of chemical plants as part of a restructuring effort

targeted to the former Sentrachem group, originally

purchased by Dow SA in 1997. Thus far, Dow SA has sold

off plants producing calcium carbide, mining chemicals, and

synthetic rubber.8

0

70

140

210

280

350

420

490

560

630

700

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1998-2002

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

South Africa

Nigeria

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Zambia

Mauritius

Total

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2002

Note.-Data for some countries not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to NAICS

in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Chemicals.”

Note.- Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Chemicals.”

550

591

13

12

10

5

1

215

349

448

520

591

chemicals-CONTINUED

INVESTMENT
5-16

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized System

chapters 28 through 40.

2 Mbendi Information for Africa, “South Africa - Chemicals Industry:

Pharmaceuticals,” retrieved from Internet address

http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy./chem/phrm/af/sa/p0005.htm on

July 17, 2003.

3 Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU Viewswire, “Senegal: Business:

Industry overview,” Nov. 12, 2002, retrieved from Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com on July 17, 2003.

4 Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2003, “Country

Profile: Nigeria,” 2003, pp. 35-6, retrieved from Internet address

http://www.eiu.com on July 17, 2003.

5 Oil & Gas Journal, “Natural gas offers Nigeria huge potential

challenge,” July 2, 2001, pp. 76-79.

6 U.S. exports of fertilizers are reported on an aggregated basis

owing to confidentiality.

7 USDOC, BEA, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical Cost Basis: Country Detail by Industry, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/di1usdbal.htm, retrieved Oct. 17,

2003.

8 Economics Intelligence Unit, EIU Viewswire, “South Africa:

Business News: News Analysis,” Sept. 13, 2002, retrieved from

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com on Aug. 12, 2003.

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-17

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS

S Nigeria’s reserves of natural gas rank ninth in the world; however,

due to a lack of utilization infrastructure (pipelines, separators,

storage facilities, and so forth), Nigeria flares almost 80 percent

of its natural gas and uses most of the remainder to reinject into

wells for enhanced oil recovery. President Obasanjo recently

announced that by 2004, Nigeria will cease the flaring of natural

gas.4

S Nigeria’s economy remains heavily dependent on the petroleum

sector, which accounts for nearly 80 percent of government

revenues, 90 to 95 percent of export revenues, and over 90

percent of foreign exchange earnings.5

S Production from joint ventures accounts for 95 percent of

Nigeria’s crude petroleum production. The largest joint venture,

operated by Shell, produces nearly 50 percent of total crude

petroleum production in Nigeria; the Nigerian National Petroleum

Corporation (NNPC) has a 55 percent stake in this joint venture.

The other joint ventures, in which the NNPC holds a 60 percent

share, are operated by ExxonMobil, ChevronTexaco, AGIP, and

TotalFinaElf.6

S A major problem facing Nigeria’s energy sector has been

insufficient government funding of its joint ventures. Lack of

funding coupled with political and ethnic strife in the Niger Delta

region, including violence, kidnapping, sabotage, siphoning of fuel

products, and seizure of petroleum facilities, has caused major

disruptions in the production of crude petroleum. During late

2002, ChevronTexaco and Shell temporarily closed their facilities

and evacuated all personnel because of these problems.7

S Angola continues to be the region’s second largest producer of

crude petroleum, behind Nigeria. The Angolan economy is highly

dependent on is petroleum sector, which accounts for 50 percent

of the GDP and over 90 percent of total export revenues.8

S Coal continues to be the primary fuel produced and consumed in

South Africa and is its largest source of foreign exchange. South

Africa accounts for about 4 percent of the world’s recoverable

reserves of coal and is the world’s second largest net exporter of

coal to the world market with the EU being the principal market.9

S South Africa has a highly developed synthetic fuels industry, which

takes advantage of the abundant coal reserves and offshore

natural gas and condensate production. Sasol, the world’s largest

manufacturer of oil from coal, has been studying the feasibility of

replacing coal with natural gas as the primary feedstock of

synthetic fuels production. Sasol estimates that the switch to

natural gas will reduce investment expenditures in its coal mining

operations and the high costs of compliance with the

environmental regulations associated with coal use. The project is

expected to begin delivering natural gas to South Africa in

2004.10

S South Africa is the largest refining center in SSA, with a total

capacity of 468,547 barrels of crude petroleum per day. In late

2002, the $123 million capacity expansion at the Natref refinery

came onstream and, beginning in early 2003, increased capacity

by 17,000 barrels per day and includes the ability to produce

low-sulfur diesel fuels.11

PETROLEUM AND

OVERVIEW

1

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and the American Petroleum

Institute

Share of total (percent)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and the American Petroleum

Institute.

SSA sector production, by country, 2002

($64.9 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2002

($64.9 billion)

South Africa 49% All other 9%

Nigeria 42%

S Crude petroleum in Nigeria and coal in South Africa continue to be

the primary petroleum and energy-related products produced in

SSA. Both countries have recoverable reserves of the products and

have developed industries geared toward export.

S Nigeria, a member of OPEC, accounts for about 2 percent of the

world’s total recoverable reserves of crude petroleum and 2 percent

of the world’s reserves of natural gas. Nigeria accounts for 3

percent of the world’s production and 9 percent of OPEC’s

production of crude petroleum. Nigeria’s crude petroleum

production averaged 2.118 million barrels per day in 2002, which

exceeded its OPEC quota. Nigeria is again expected to exceed its

OPEC production quota in 2003.2

S Nigeria’s four state-owned refineries, with the combined capacity to

refine 438,750 barrels of crude petroleum per day, or 1 percent of

the world’s total refining capacity, are slated for privatization over

the next few years in an effort to upgrade the facilities, increase

capacity, and reduce dependence on imported refined petroleum

products to satisfy domestic demand. In addition, plans for several

small, independently owned and operated refineries are being

developed. Nigeria has awarded 18 licenses for privately owned

refineries and more are expected.3

54

40

4

2

Crude petroleum

Coal

Natural gas

Refined petroleum

products
5-18

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global exports,

by 4-digit HS, 2001

($34.1 billion)

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2001

($954 million)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by 4-digit HS, 2001

($954 million)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2001

($34.1 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 40% All other 41%

Nigeria 14%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 8%

All other 17%

Nigeria 52%

Angola 16%

Gabon 7%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 22 Refined petroleum products (2710.00)18 .................

South Africa 12 Crude petroleum (2709.00) 12 ........... ........

United States 12 ..........

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

United States 43 Crude petroleum (2709.00) 88 .......... ........

EU 28 Bituminous coal (2701.12) 4 ................... ..........

China 8 ..................

Brazil 5 ..................

18

13

13

12

88

6

3

1

Mozambique 5%

44

Additives (3811)

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Coal (2701)

Crude petroleum (2709)

All other

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Crude petroleum (2709)

Coal (2701)

Natural gas (2711)

All other 2

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED
5-19

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($11.7 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by 4-digit HTS, 2002

($11.7 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($6.8 billion)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by 4-digit HTS, 2002

($6.8 billion)

All other 4%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Share of total (percent)

Nigeria 50%

All other 10%

Gabon 13%

Angola 27%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

92

6

2

95

5

Nigeria 79%

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Crude petroleum (2709)

All other

Crude petroleum (2709)

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Gabon 17%

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-20

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($193 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by 4-digit HTS, 2002

($193 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 57%

All other 24%

Nigeria 19%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S. imports of petroleum and energy-related products from

SSA account for about 10 percent of total U.S. imports of

these products from all sources. Crude petroleum from

Nigeria, Angola, and Gabon is the primary U.S. import in this

sector from SSA.

S U.S. imports of petroleum and energy-related products from

SSA decreased from $14.3 billion in 2001 to $11.7 billion in

2002. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in the

quantity of crude petroleum imports from Nigeria.

S The quantity of U.S. imports of crude petroleum and refined

petroleum products from Nigeria decreased by 33 percent

from 2001 to 2002, primarily as a result of continued supply

disruptions resulting from the civil unrest in Nigeria.

S The quantity of U.S. imports of crude petroleum from Angola

increased by 25 percent and by 2 percent from Gabon during

the period; however Angola and Gabon each account for less

than 1 percent of total U.S. imports of crude petroleum.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S. sector imports under AGOA (including GSP) totaled

$6.8 billion in 2002, virtually the same level as the previous

year. Imports under AGOA accounted for 58 percent of the

value of total sector imports from SSA in 2002. The

petroleum and energy-related products sector accounted

for about three-quarters of total U.S. imports under AGOA

(including GSP) from AGOA beneficiary countries.

S U.S. imports of coal and natural gas enter the U.S. market

free of duty. The only significant imports in this sector

under the provisions of AGOA from the SSA are crude

petroleum imports from Nigeria.

S Crude petroleum from Nigeria accounted for 79 percent of

total sector AGOA imports from the region in 2002.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S The United States is a major world producer and consumer

of petroleum and petroleum-related products and accounts

for 2 percent of the world’s estimated proven reserves of

crude petroleum; 3 percent of natural gas reserves; 26

percent of coal reserves; and 22 percent of the world’s

refinery capacity.

S SSA accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. exports

of the products in this sector.12 During 2002, U.S. exports

to SSA consist of refined petroleum products (91 percent)

and specialty coals (8 percent).

S U.S. exports of petroleum and energy-related products to

SSA increased, from $149 million in 2001 to $193 million

in 2002, primarily because the world price of crude

petroleum increased by about $3 per barrel in 2002.

Share of total (percent)

42

29

13

Petroleum coke

(2713)

All other

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Preparations and additives

(3811) 16

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-21

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Equatorial Guinea

Nigeria

Gabon

Total

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

INVESTMENT

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA petroleum and energy-related

products sector totaled $3.5 billion in 2002, down from $4.6 billion

the previous year.13 Equitorial Guinea, Nigeria, and Gabon were

major SSA locations for U.S. FDI in the sector in 2002, together

accounting for 85 percent of the regional total. The sector

continued its lead, accounting for 41 percent of the total U.S. FDI

position in SSA in 2002. However, SSA accounted for only about 4

percent of the global U.S. FDI position in the sector that year.14

S There have been no major SSA sector investment policy

developments during 2001-02. Nigeria, Angola, and Gabon operate

national petroleum companies, which are responsible for all

exploration and development as well as joint venture agreements

involving crude petroleum, natural gas, and refined petroleum

products.

S Nigeria is one of the world’s leading exporters of crude petroleum.

Nigeria’s existing and potential reserves make it attractive for joint

ventures as there is the potential to increase its production of

crude petroleum significantly in the next few years as recent

discoveries come onstream.

S ExxonMobil has begun construction work on Nigeria’s deep-water

Erha field, which is estimated to hold 500 million barrels of

additional reserves. ExxonMobil holds a 56.25 percent share of the

project under a production-sharing agreement with NNPC. Shell is

also a partner on this field development, which is expected to

include a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel,

15 producing wells, 5 water injection wells, and 4 gas injection

wells.15

S ExxonMobil is also developing a 400-million-barrel field offshore, in

shallow water. ExxonMobil holds 40 percent of the find and NNPC

holds the remaining 60 percent. Initial production began in late

2002 and is expected to be fully onstream by late 2004. When

fully operational, the facility will include a FPSO and associated

natural gas will be reinjected into the well, thus eliminating flaring.16

S Limited production began in late 2002 from a Nigerian field

operated by Shell with additional estimated reserves of 350 million

barrels of crude petroleum. The field is expected to yield 125,000

barrels of crude petroleum per day and 100 million cubic feet of

natural gas per day.17

S The NNPC and ChevronTexaco announced a $2.5 billion agreement

for development of the Agbami field, which will be a deep offshore

operation and could increase Nigeria’s production of crude

petroleum by an additional 250,000 barrels per day by 2006.

NNPC holds a 60 percent share, ChevronTexaco holds 32 percent,

and 8 percent is held by a local Nigerian company.18

S Angola is beginning its recovery after 27 years of civil war, which

resulted in the destruction of much of its infrastructure. Recent

discoveries of crude petroleum are becoming attractive to the

world’s leading production companies.19

S ChevronTexaco and TotalFinaElf have established a consortium to

conduct exploration activities along the border of Angola and the

Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville. The two nations approved the

exploration and would jointly share in any find. ExxonMobil has

formed a joint venture with Angola to develop a deepwater find

which could produce up to 2,640 barrels of crude petroleum per

day. In addition, Canadian Natural Resources reached a production

sharing agreement with Sonangol, which will allow the Canadian

firm to develop another deepwater discovery. British Petroleum is

also in the process of developing an agreement to explore and

develop reserves in Angola.20

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1998-2002

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2002

Note.—Data for some countries are not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Mining.”

Note.—Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce.

Data are for sector defined as “Mining.”

824

467

3,473

3,117

1,648

4,186

3,040

4,600

3,471

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED
5-22

1 This sector includes Harmonized System chapter 27.

2 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,

Country Analysis Briefs: Nigeria, March 2003.

3 Staff telephone interviews with industry representatives.

4 Ibid.

5 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,

Country Analysis Briefs: Nigeria, March 2003.

6 Staff telephone interviews with industry representatives.

7 Ibid.

8 Based on official statistics of the U.S. Department of Energy.

9 Ibid.

10 Staff telephone interviews with industry representatives.

11 Ibid.

12 U.S. exports of crude petroleum have been prohibited since

1973, except as approved by the U.S. Government.

13 Although this BEA classification covers products not included in

this sector, the bulk of the FDI position is believed to be accounted for by

sector products such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

14 USDOC, BEA, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical Cost Basis: Country Detail by Industry, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/di1usdbal.htm, retrieved Oct. 17,

2003.

15 Staff telephone interviews with industry representatives.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-23

S Numerous industrial minerals (IM) and gemstones are also produced,

including aggregate and sand, clays, limestone, dolomite, dimension

stone, and silica. There are 531 producers of IM in South Africa

alone.4

S Despite significant production, the SSA minerals and metals sector,

especially outside South Africa, is considered underdeveloped or in

significant disrepair. Africa continues to be a major focus of mineral

exploration and mine development for new deposits and revitalization

of existing operations by many Canadian, South African, and Australian

companies, most notably in cobalt, copper, gold, and diamond projects.

The region’s contribution to the world in these commodities should

increase significantly in the future, especially as prices rise and

regional stability is gained.

S In 2002-2003, prices for several minerals and metals began to

recover from the extreme lows observed in the prior 6 years,

reflecting declining exchange inventories arising from a combination of

worldwide production shutdowns and rising consumption. Aluminum,

which had declined from $0.72 to $0.62 per pound, recovered

slightly to $0.65 per pound in 2002. Gold, which had declined from

$331 to $294 per troy ounce in 2001, recovered in 2002, to $305

per troy ounce. The price of copper began to climb in early 2003.

This is expected to improve the economies of the SSA metal-producing

countries and may attract additional international investment.5

S In contrast, prices of platinum-group metals (PGM) had increased over

the last decade because of strong demand of the transportation

sector (these metals are used in catalytic converters) and partly as a

result of uncertainty regarding Russian supplies of these metals. This

benefits South Africa (RSA) primarily. However, in 2002, both

palladium and rhodium declined significantly in price, thus negatively

affecting RSA’s output, as well as resource valuation and capital

availability to the producers.6

S The South African mineral and metal sector is experiencing significant

competitive problems. Mineral deposits have been extensively

exploited and grades of many deposits have been declining. Further,

the country’s mines are almost exclusively deep underground

operations. These factors contribute to relatively high operating costs,

and have especially affected the South African gold mining sector, the

largest in the world, which has had to restructure and rationalize.7

S Several sub-Saharan African countries continued to define their mining

laws in an effort to attract foreign investment. For example,

Mozambique’s new mining law, passed in June 2002 to be effective at

the end of that year, replaced prior law and included definite licensing

protocols to increase procedural transparency. In contrast, mineral

producers contend that RSA’s 2002 Mineral Law, which converts all

mineral rights from private to state ownership (see Investment Issues

section for details), is causing a devaluation of the holdings of many

mining companies operating in the country. The perceived financial

risk has resulted in a 10 to 50 percent “South African discount” in

share prices of mining companies relative to other global companies.8

The new Royalty Bill, which proposes a royalty of 3 percent on gold and

4 percent on platinum, is adding to the devaluation and further

diminishing potential investment.9

S The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s (DROC) 2001 mining

legislation, intended to help attract foreign investment back into the

country’s minerals and metals sector has had little effect, as it was not

officially enacted until this year. DROC investment into new facilities

has remained largely stagnant. Belgium’s Belgolaise is the only

company that has secured western financial institution financing (with

a government-backed credit guarantee) during the conflict years, to

OVERVIEW

1

MINERALS AND METALS

Note.—Data are for mining and refining for reporting countries.

Source: Unpublished data and estimates of the U.S. Geological Survey.

Share of total (percent)

Note.—Data are for mining and refining for reporting countries.

Source: Unpublished data and estimates of the U.S. Geological

Survey.

SSA sector production, by country, 2002

($193 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2002

($193 billion)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Semi-fabricated forms

Diamonds

Misc. industrial metals

Gold

Iron and steel

All other

South Africa 42%

All other 24%

Botswana 20%

DROC 14%

S SSA minerals and metals production in 2002 declined by $12

billion, largely due to declining commodity values, currency

movements, and significant industry restructuring, particularly in

South Africa.

S SSA’s extensive mineral resources have provided the basis for

substantial minerals and metals industries in numerous African

countries. The sector is one of the most important in SSA,

constituting a large portion of the GDP of many countries, as well

as employment and export earnings.2 SSA continues to produce

much of the world’s mine supply of platinum, palladium, chromite,

diamonds, vermiculite, alumino-silicates, vanadium, cobalt,

manganese, fluorspar, zirconium, gold, and titanium.3 Several

other metals, such as iron, copper and aluminum are also

produced, although the SSA share of world production is not as

significant.

35

21

3

12

26

3
5-24

build the Big Hill cobalt smelter. All other foreign mining

companies operating in DROC are purchasing small, short-term,

low-risk partnerships.10 However, when the law was enacted

Generale des Carrieres et des Mines (Gécamines), the state

mining company, was able to divest a portion of its holdings in

the Kolwezi tailing project to America Mineral Fields, which now

owns 87.5 percent.

S The United States enacted the Clean Diamond Trade Act (The

Act, Public Law 108-19) on April 25, 2003, which was initiated

by Congress in response to the use of diamonds in fueling

conflict and human rights violations in parts of Africa. The Act

bans the importation of rough diamonds from any

nonparticipant in the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

(KPCS). Presidential Executive Order 13312, effective July 30,

2003, amends prior Orders on the subject to reflect provisions

of The Act, bans all rough diamonds from Liberia, even if they

originated elsewhere, and removes the prior ban on all rough

diamonds from Sierra Leone that are controlled through the

KPCS.11 The Central African Republic (CAR) joined the previous

61 member-countries of the KPCS in August 2003.12

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

OVERVIEW-Continued
5-25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SSA sector global exports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($20.1 billion)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2001

($6.1 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($6.1 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2001

($20.1 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 32% All other 45%

Zimbabwe 4%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 69%

All other 14%

Mozambique 3%

Angola 3%

Botswana 8%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

25

17

13

9

53

14

12

7

Ghana 4%

Nigeria 15%

6

5

25

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 46 Nonindustrial diamonds (7102.31) 6 ................. ..........

South Africa 8 Portland cement (2523.29) 4 ............ ................

China 7 Iron or steel structures (7308.90) 3 .................. ...........

Japan 4 Glazed ceramic tiles (6908.90) 2 ................. .............

United States 4 Copper mattes (7401.10) 2 ........... .................

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 50 Nonindustrial diamonds (7102.31) 23 ................. .........

United States 16 Platinum (7110.11) 11 .......... ......................

Japan 10 Aluminum (7601.10) 7 ................ ......................

China 4 Gold (7108.12) 5 .................. ..........................

Botswana 2 Palladium (7110.21) 5 .............. ......................

Switzerland 2 Iron ore (2601.11) 4 ............. .......................

Guinea 3%

3

3

8

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Iron and steel (72)

Diamonds and precious

metals (71)

Ceramic products (69)

Lime and cement (25)

Aluminum (76)

All other

Iron and steel (72)

Diamonds and precious

metals (71)

Copper (74)

Metal ores and

concentrates (26)

Lime and cement (25)

Aluminum (76)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED
5-26

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($2.7 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($2.7 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($373million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2002

($373 million)

All other 1%

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 91%

All other 6%

Guinea 3%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

67

12

12

3

South Africa 99%

4

5 6

8

20

63 Precious stones and

metals (71)

Metal ores and

concentrates (26)

Iron and steel (72)

Aluminum (76)

All other

Precious stones and

metals (71)

Metal ores and

concentrates (26)

Iron and steel (72)

Aluminum (76)

All other

Iron and steel (72)

Aluminum (76)

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Glass and

glassware (70)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-27

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($265 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($265 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 34%

All other 24%

Angola 6%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S During 2002, U.S. imports from SSA remained over 10 times

as much as U.S. exports to SSA. The U.S. trade deficit

decreased $392 million (14 percent) to $2.4 billion, as U.S.

imports fell by $376 million (12 percent) and exports

increased by $15 million (6 percent). Botswana posted a 38

percent export increase to the United States, displacing

Ghana in the top five. The increase was largely in diamonds,

and was attributed by some to be the result of restrictions on

conflict diamonds from other countries.

S Forty-three percent (down 8 percent) of U.S. imports from

SSA in 2002 were PGMs, almost all of which are from South

Africa, which is the major source of these metals to the world.

The country is the primary mine source for a majority of

specialty metals (including PGMs) needed by the U.S. high-tech

and transportation industries. In some cases, such as

chrome, there is little alternative sourcing available. Imports of

diamonds, of which 3 percent were industrial diamonds,

totaled $589 million in 2002, or 22 percent of the sector

import total. South Africa is also the leading U.S. supplier in

the overall sector, by an overwhelming margin, and increased

its U.S. import market share to 91 percent in 2002. The

import/export ratio from South Africa to the United States, at

27, dwarfed all other countries and trade balances.

S The decrease in U.S. sector imports during 2001-02 was largely a

result of decreased shipments from across the region, reflecting

the general economic slowdown. The weaker U.S. economy

reduced discretionary income, which has resulted in reduced

consumption of jewelry containing diamonds and PGMs. Almost all

countries recorded declines, with Botswana and Republic of the

Congo (ROC) being the only two countries in the top 12 to increase

their exports to the United States.

S The WTO members of SSA were granted developing county

exclusions from U.S. steel import remedies that were implemented

in 2002.13

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S. sector imports under AGOA (including GSP) totaled $373

million in 2002, up 17 percent from the previous year. Imports

under AGOA accounted for 14 percent of total sector imports from

SSA in 2002, up from 10 percent the previous year. The sector

accounted for about 4 percent of total U.S. imports under AGOA.

S The bulk of U.S. imports of minerals and metals under AGOA were

supplied by South Africa and Kenya. Such imports from these

sources totaled $372 million in 2002, or 99 percent of the total.

Ferroalloys accounted for the majority of sector imports under

AGOA in 2002.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S U.S. exports to the region increased by $15 million (6 percent) over

2001, continuing the increase of the prior year, and approaching

1996 levels.

S Significant target country changes year-over-year were observed in

increased exports to Chad (up 125 percent, to third place) and

extremely high percentage (but low dollar) gains to Swaziland,

Central African Republic, and Somalia. Many countries recorded

double digit declines, largely as a result of declining economies (e.g.,

Madacascar, declining 95 percent) and political issues (e.g.,

Angola, down 27 percent and Sierra Leone, down 56 percent).

S U.S. exports reflect the significant oil exploration and oil-field

development that is underway in SSA, primarily in Nigeria, Angola,

and surrounding areas. U.S. companies are heavily involved. The

major exports are steel products (such as tube/pipe, barrels, and

casings) and ancillary drilling products (such as drilling muds and

abrasives). However, the drilling operations leveled off in 2002,

causing the drilling commodities such as pipe and tube, tools,

mesh, and drilling muds to plateau. The structural commodities,

particularly steel structures, towers and masts, and lime and

cement products, showed significant increases. Much of these

were directed toward the oil and gas recovery and refining facilities

being developed.

S Aluminum products marked the largest subsectoral increase,

largely supplying many smaller countries.

S Exports to South Africa decreased by $8 million (9 percent) from

2001, mostly attributable to decreased exports of gold bullion and

ferronickel. The decrease in gold bullion exports was likely caused

by a decrease in transfers of gold stocks. Ferronickel exports

declined because the one U.S. plant producing this product shut

down operations in early 2001.

Share of total (percent)

48

16

8

Nigeria 16% Chad 11%

Equatorial Guinea 5%

Kenya 4%

6

4

18

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Base metals tools

and cutlery (82)

Stone, plaster, etc. (68)

Aluminum (76)

Lime and cement (25)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ghana

Zambia

Kenya

Zimbabwe

South Africa

Total

INVESTMENT

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1998-2002

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2002

Note.—Does not include mining and certain

processing operations or industrial minerals.

Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.

Department of Commerce. Data are for sector

defined as “Primary and Fabricated Metals.”

Note.—Does not include mining and certain processing

operations or industrial minerals. Industry classification basis

changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002; data from 1999 to 2001

have been converted to NAICS. Data not comparable to last

year’s report.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Primary and

Fabricated Metals.”

8

56

10

46

50

40

71

56

5

4

-7

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA minerals and metals sector

totaled $56 million in 2002, down from $71 million the previous

year.14 Ghana was the major SSA location for U.S. FDI in the

sector in 2002, accounting for 82 percent of the regional total.

The sector accounted for less than 1 percent of the total U.S. FDI

position in SSA in 2002, and SSA accounted for less than 1

percent of the global U.S. FDI position in the sector that year.15

S Estimates indicate somewhere between $100-150 million of

investment from the United States going to metal and

nonmetallic mining ventures in SSA, which is down from near

$200 million in the mid- to late-1990’s.16 African sources

released final total FDI inflows to the top 10 recipient African

economies for 1998 ($8.1 billion) and 1999 ($10.3 billion), 7 of

which were SSA countries (totaling $3.8 and $5.8 billion,

respectively), with Angola leading the list at $1.1 (1998) and

$1.8 (1999) billion.17 When contrasted with the U.S. mining FDI,

it confirms that the mining sector of SSA is receiving little

investment from U.S. sources.

S Anglo American PLC completed the pullout of the Konkola copper

mining facilities in 2002, making a final operating assistance

payment of $30 million in 2003, as part of the agreement. The

facility continues to operate at minimal force, but the payment is

being reinvested to allow increased production.

S Mozambique’s Mozal aluminum smelter, which is the country’s

largest single investment ($1.3 billion), was expanded in 2002

and reportedly began setting world production records.18

S Anglo-American’s Zimbabwe platinum project, Unki Mine, which

had been delayed following the World Bank/IMF aid suspension

declaration in 1998, recently issued $90 million in tender offers

for development.19

S Several issues pose deterrence to new investment and

reinvestment to keep existing facilities operating efficiently.20

These include the following:

- Political risk: There have been significant strides in

stabilization in the past decade, but the overwhelming

presence and potential for renationalization of mineral and

metal assets remains a concern for most foreign

investors.

- Health issues, malaria prevention and treatment, and the

increasing HIV infection rate: This risk when coupled with

an additional cost for employee health protection diminish

the financial attractiveness of potential investments.

Health issues also make it difficult to find suitable foreign

technical professionals to move to the region to manage

operations.

S Leaders of both main rebel groups in the DROC have reportedly

agreed to share power with President Kabila. This may allow the

end of civil war, which would probably allow foreign investment to

increase.21

S South Africa’s new Mineral Law gives the government ultimate

ownership of all of the country’s mineral resources, which mining

companies would then exploit only under license, giving the state

control over mining. The law calls for licenses of up to 5 years for

prospecting rights and up to 30 years for mining rights. The

purpose of the law is to create opportunities for more black

ownership in the sector. The government claims there will be

automatic conversion of the “old order rights” to “new order

rights,” but admits that there may be a temporary drop in

investment, particularly while the details of the law, regarding

paying for the asset rights, are worked out. Negotiations

continue on a case-by-case basis.22
5-29

S According to Transparency International Corruption Index 2001,

Nigeria ranks the lowest of SSA countries (second-lowest in the

world) in the Corruption Perceptions Index, followed by Uganda,

Kenya, Cameroon, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Senegal, all

in the bottom 13. Alternatively, in a separate index by

Transparency International, Botswana is perceived to be the

most successful SSA country in minimizing corruption among

public officials. Botswana is ranked 26th out of 91 countries,

ahead of all African nations and as good as several EU member

states. Two other SSA countries are in the first 50 of the 91

countries listed. These are Namibia (30th) and South Africa

(38th).23

S Results of a joint UNCTAD-International Chamber of Commerce

(ICC) survey of leading trans-national corporations suggest that

the increased level of FDI flows into Africa in recent years may be

sustained in the future. The survey, conducted at the beginning

of this year, indicates that one-third of the 65 respondents intend

to increase investment in Africa in the next 3 to 5 years, and

more than half expect their investment to remain stable. More

than 43 percent expect that Africa’s overall prospects for

attracting FDI will improve in the next 3 to 5 years, but another

46 percent expect no change. South Africa is viewed as the

most attractive SSA location. In general, the more developed

countries in the region rank higher in investment attractiveness,

but least developed countries - Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania,

and Ethiopia - were also considered attractive FDI destinations.24

S According to Infomine-Africa, the best mining investment

opportunities in 2000-2003 are in the DROC (gold), Côte d’Ivoire

(platinum-group metals), Ethiopia (gold), Gambia (titanium-bearing

sands), Madagascar (nickel, gold), Mozambique (nickel), Niger

(uranium), Tanzania (gold, iron ore), and Zimbabwe (gold). For

nonmetallic mineral products, opportunities are widely expected

in Ethiopia (potash, soda ash, building stones, industrial minerals),

Gambia (phosphate and subproducts), Niger (lithium), and

Zambia (feldspars, barite, fluorite, graphite, clays).25

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

INVESTMENT-Continued
5-30

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized System

chapters 25, 26, 68 through 76, and 78 through 83.

2 The minerals and metals sector includes clays and earths, sand

and gravel, stone, cement and plaster, and nonmetallic minerals;

metal-bearing ores, concentrates, ash, and residues; ceramic, glass, and

fiberglass articles; gemstones; iron and steel, base metals, precious

metals, and metal alloys in unwrought and scrap forms; ferrous and

nonferrous mill products (shaped by casting, forging, machining, rolling,

drawing, or extrusion operations); and certain fabricated metal products

(e.g., containers, wire cables, chain, industrial fasteners, certain kitchen

and sewing implements, cutlery, nonpowered hand tools, construction

components, builder’s hardware, etc.).

3 Infomine Africa, available at Internet address

http://infomine africa.com/afrinfogen.asp.

4 Ibid.

5 U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals Information, available at Internet

address http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals.

6 Ibid.

7 Coakley, George, The Mineral Industry of South Africa, available at

Internet address

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2001/sfmyb01

.pdf.

8 “Perceived Empowerment Risks Discourage U.S. Investors,”

Business Day (South Africa), via NewsEdge Corporation, Aug. 18, 2003,

received Aug. 19, 2003 by e-mail.

9 Daniel Thole, “Resources Take a Pounding”, Moneyweb

(Johannesburg), found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200308180609.html,

retrieved Aug. 28, 2003.

10 “A New Dawn for the DRC?,” Metal Bulletin, Jul. 24, 2003, p. 9.

11 Sheryl Katz, “Bush Bans Conflict Diamonds,” DIAMONDS.NET,

found at Internet address

http://www.diamonds.net/news/newsitem.asp?num=8317&type=all,

retrieved Aug. 8, 2003.

12 “CAR Joins the Kimberley Process,” Mining E-news, August

2003, via Infomine Africa, received Aug. 13, 2003 by e-mail.

13 U.S. President, “Steel Products Proclamation,” Article 12, The

White House, Dec. 19, 2001, retrieved from Internet site

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/print/20020

305 7.html, retrieved Aug. 22, 2003. Detailed list provided by USTR,

“Developing Countries With Products Not Excluded From Remedy,”

found at Internet address

http://www.ustr.gov/sectors/industry/steel201/2002 03 05 exclusi

ons.PDF, retrieved Aug. 20, 2003.

14 Data are for primary and fabricated metals and do not include

mining and certain processing operations or industrial minerals.

15 USDOC, BEA, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical Cost Basis: Country Detail by Industry, 2002, found at Internet

address http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/di1usdbal.htm, retrieved Oct. 17,

2003.

16 Much of the data in the mining sector is withheld so as to avoid

disclosure of data of individual companies. The estimates reflect a

composite of industry analyst sources.

17 Infomine Africa. This data includes Saharan countries, with

Egypt in 2nd place in 1999 ($1.1 billion, 1998, and $1.5 billion, 1999),

Morocco in 5th place in 1999 ($329 million and $827 million,

respectively), and Tunisia in 8th place in 1999 ($670 million and $368

million, respectively). The top seven SSA countries represent 47

percent and 56 percent of the African totals, respectively.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.; and Johnson Matthey, “Unki platinum mine development–July

2003,” Platinum Today, found at Internet address

http://www.platinum.matthey.com/media_room/1058859006.html,

retrieved Aug. 20, 2003.

20 Compiled from numerous regional and country reports from the

U.S. State Department Bureau of African Affairs, available at Internet

address http://www.state.gov/p/af/. 21 “A New Dawn for the DRC?”

22 Henri E. Cauvin, “A Radical Overhaul for South African Mining,” The

New York Times, Jun. 4, 2002, section W, p.1.

23 Infomine Africa. The CPI score relates to perceptions of the degree

of corruption as seen by business people, academics, and risk analysts.

The score ranges from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt).

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-31

OVERVIEW

1

TEXTILES AND APPAREL

S Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounted for less than 1 percent of world

exports of textiles and apparel and incurred a $0.9 billion trade

deficit in such goods in 2001, based on exports of $2.9 billion and

imports of $3.8 billion. The major export markets were the European

Union (46 percent of SSA exports) and the United States (36

percent); the major import sources were China (33 percent of SSA

imports) and the European Union (25 percent). SSA sector exports

were concentrated in apparel and among a few countries–Mauritius,

South Africa, Madagascar, and Lesotho, which together accounted

for 84 percent of the total in 2001.

S Lesotho is the largest SSA supplier of sector goods to the United

States with shipments of $321 million in 2002.2 Its textile and

apparel sector has doubled in size as a result of AGOA, with

employment rising from 20,000 workers in 2000 to about 45,000

workers in 2002, making it the country’s largest source of jobs and

export earnings. Sector growth has been driven by Asian and South

African investors, largely reflecting not only Lesotho’s preferential

access to major export markets, but also its low labor costs of

approximately $0.30 per hour in 2002, compared with $0.33 in

Madagascar, $1.25 in Mauritius, and $1.38 in South Africa.3

Lesotho’s apparel industry reportedly has also benefited from “the

management style and work attitude of its Chinese owners [textile

firms in Hong Kong and Taiwan].”4

S Mauritius posted a 4-percent decline in output of its export

processing zone (EPZ) in 2002, which consisted mostly of apparel.5

The decline in EPZ activity, which continued in early 2003 when

several apparel plants closed and more than 3,000 workers lost

their jobs, largely reflected weakness in global apparel demand and

competition from lower cost countries, as well as the political crisis in

Madagascar where Mauritian apparel firms had set up assembly

operations. Many Mauritian firms have moved labor-intensive tasks

to lower cost SSA countries to improve their global competitiveness.

Mauritian textile and apparel firms face a labor shortage at home,

leading many of them to hire foreign workers (such workers

represent about 21 percent of sector employment, or 16,400

workers). The labor shortage is likely to persist in the long term

which, along with long delivery times to the United States of 30-45

days, will make it difficult for firms in Mauritius to benefit fully from

AGOA. Nevertheless, AGOA, along with incentives offered by the

Government of Mauritius, has spurred investment in the sector (see

“Investment” later in this section for further information).

S Madagascar benefited from a shift in apparel production from

Mauritius during 1997-2001, when its sector exports to the United

States rose by almost 11-fold to $178 million.6 However, these

shipments fell by half to $89 million in 2002, when the political crisis

in the country disrupted its economy and forced some apparel firms

to shut down, at least temporarily (U.S. sector imports from

Madagascar in January-July 2003 were up by 23 percent over the

corresponding level in 2002). A Malagasy apparel factory having a

U.S. partner reportedly has re-opened because “the conditions that

originally attracted them to Madagascar were still in place, i.e., a

dedicated workforce that could produce quality goods at extremely

competitive prices.”

S South Africa’s textile and apparel sector reportedly is being hurt by

the strong rand, which rose 33 percent against the U.S. dollar from

the first quarter of 2002 to the second quarter of 2003 and

effectively reduced the price competitiveness of sector exports while

improving it for imports.7 The sector is the country’s sixth-largest

source of manufacturing jobs and the 11th-largest source of

manufactured exports.8 The South African Textile Federation

reportedly stated that “about 12,000 of the [textile] industry’s

60,000 jobs were at risk, mainly due to the effects of the strong

rand.”9 In July 2003, the Southern African Clothing and Textile

Workers Union reported that as many as 500 apparel workers had

lost their jobs in the previous month because the strong rand

spurred foreign buyers to switch to Asian suppliers.10 Sources in

South Africa stated that AGOA spurred the growth in sector exports

to the United States in 2002 and, in turn, the increase in demand

for locally produced raw materials.11

S The textile industry in Nigeria, the most populous country in SSA,

reportedly is beginning to expand production after several years of

decline, largely reflecting Government efforts to curb large-scale

undocumented Asian textile imports.12 In January 2003, the

Government suspended the importation of printed fabrics and

increased the import duty on other textile materials from 65

percent to 75 percent. Capacity utilization in the industry is very low

(it was estimated at 30 percent in 2002). Growth in Nigeria’s

textile industry remains constrained by depressed domestic

demand, high production costs, and poor infrastructure. The

industry reportedly is unable to take advantage of AGOA benefits

because of industry disorganization and the lack of appropriate

technology to produce materials that meet international quality

standards.
5-32

SSA sector global exports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($2.9 billion)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Cotton textiles (52)

Man-made staple fibers (55)

Used clothing & made-up textiles (63)

Woven apparel (62)

All other

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2001

($3.8 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($3.8 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2001

($2.9 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 22%

All other 43%

Togo 5%

Nigeria 15%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 26%

All other 13%

Kenya 3%

Madagascar 17%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Knit apparel (61)

Woven apparel (62)

Cotton textiles (52)

Wool textiles (51)

All other

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

17

15

13

42

35

Benin 10%

11

46

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

China 33 Used clothing (6309.00) 9 ................. ...................

EU15 25 Cotton fabrics (5208.52) 4 ................. ..................

Indonesia 10 Badges, etc. of man-made .............

Korea 6 fiber (5810.92) 3 ................. ........................

Thailand 4 ...............

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 46 Cotton sweaters (6110.20) 11 ................. ...............

United States 36 Cotton men’s trousers (6203.42) 11 .......... ..........

Botswana 4 Cotton T-shirts (6109.10) 10 .............. .................

Cotton women’s trousers (6204.62) 9 .........

Wool sweaters (6110.10) 7 .................

Lesotho 8%

12

4

7

Mauritius 33%

Madagascar 5%

TEXTILES AND APPAREL -CONTINUED
5-33

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Woven apparel (62)

Knit apparel (61)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($1.1 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($1.1 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($803 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2002

($803 million)

All other 8%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Woven apparel (62)

Knit apparel (61)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 19%

All other 12%

Kenya 11%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

50

46

51

1

South Africa 11%

4

Lesotho 28%

Mauritius 22%

Madagascar 8%

48

Mauritius 14%

Lesotho 42%

Madagascar 9%

Kenya 16%

TEXTILES AND APPAREL -CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-34

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($124 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($124 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 21%

All other 41%

Tanzania 8%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S. sector imports from SSA in 2002 rose 14 percent over the

2001 level to $1.1 billion, or less than 1 percent of total U.S. sector

imports. SSA shipments consisted almost entirely of apparel,

particularly cotton goods. Almost 60 percent of the shipments

were knit cotton tops and related goods (HS subheading 6110.20)

and woven cotton pants and shorts for men and boys (6203.42)

and women and girls (6204.62). The shipments came mostly from

Lesotho (28 percent of the total), Mauritius (22 percent), and South

Africa (19 percent). Lesotho supplanted Mauritius as the largest

SSA supplier of sector imports in 2002, and has been the major

beneficiary of AGOA benefits for sector goods to date.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S SSA shipments of sector goods under AGOA (including GSP) in

2002 rose 123 percent over the 2001 level to $803 million,

representing about three-fourths of total U.S. sector imports

from SSA and 9 percent of total imports under AGOA. AGOA

sector shipments consisted entirely of apparel, which came

mainly from Lesotho (40 percent of AGOA apparel imports),

Kenya (15 percent), Mauritius (13 percent), and South Africa (11

percent).

S Most AGOA apparel imports in 2002 entered under a special

provision that allows apparel from “lesser developed” SSA

countries to be made of third-country fabrics (fabrics other than

of U.S. or SSA origin) for the first four years, through September

2004. Imports of such apparel totaled about $600 million, of

which more than half (or $318 million) came from Lesotho,

whose sector shipments of $321 million consisted almost

entirely of such goods. Other major SSA suppliers of apparel

under the special provision were Kenya ($121 million), Swaziland

($74 million), and Madagascar ($69 million). All but two

(Mauritius and South Africa) of the 19 SSA countries that have

met the additional requirements to qualify for AGOA apparel

preferences are eligible for the lesser-developed country benefits.

S The rest of the AGOA apparel imports in 2002 consisted mainly

of apparel made from “regional fabrics” produced in SSA

countries from U.S. or SSA yarns. SSA shipments of such

apparel totaled $176 million in 2002, and came almost entirely

from Mauritius ($90 million) and South Africa ($82 million).

These two countries generally must use yarns and fabrics made

in SSA or in the United States to qualify for AGOA apparel

preferences.

S AGOA sets an annual limit, or cap, on the quantity of U.S. imports

of qualifying apparel articles made from regional or third-country

fabrics that is eligible for duty-free entry. For the 12-month

period ending on September 30, 2002, the cap was equal to 1.8

percent of the total quantity of U.S. apparel imports in the

preceding 12-month period, or 313 million square meter

equivalents (SMEs). SSA countries filled 60 percent of the cap,

or 188 million SMEs. Most apparel entered under the cap was

made from third-country fabric (85 percent of the total).

Key U.S. Export Developments

S U.S. exports of sector goods to SSA in 2002 fell 5 percent from

the 2001 level to $124 million, or less than 1 percent of total

U.S. sector exports. The major SSA markets for sector exports

were South Africa (21 percent of the total) and Nigeria (12

percent). The principal U.S. sector exports to SSA are used

clothing and other used textile articles (HS headings 6309 and

6310). U.S. exports of such goods to SSA in 2002 totaled $67

million, of which $59 million were used clothing. The rest of the

exports consisted mainly of textile materials such as yarn and

fabric. Certain SSA sources report that U.S. fabrics are

expensive, take a long time to obtain, and require extra freight

costs.13

Share of total (percent)

56

9

5

Nigeria 12%

Kenya 6%

Benin 5%

4

26

Ghana 7%

Used clothing and

made-up textiles (63)

Man-made filaments/

woven fabrics (54)

Nonwovens; rope (56)

Cotton yarns/fabrics (52)

All other

TEXTILES AND APPAREL -CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-35

INVESTMENT14

S AGOA has spurred both local and foreign investment in the textile

and apparel sector of several SSA countries, particularly Lesotho,

Mauritius, Kenya, and Namibia. Most of the foreign direct

investment (FDI) has come from Asia and has gone into

expanding apparel production capacity and building textile mills to

produce yarns and fabrics that will enable apparel producers in

the lesser developed SSA countries to continue to qualify for

preferential treatment following the scheduled expiration of the

third-country fabric provision on September 30, 2004.

S Lesotho has attracted textile and apparel FDI mainly from

investors in Taiwan and China.15 In November 2002, the

Taiwanese firm Nien Hsing Textile Co. Ltd. reported that it would

invest $50 million to build a yarn-spinning plant in Lesotho and

that other Taiwanese firms will join this investment, providing an

additional $10 million to construct a separate weaving mill and

dyeing facility.16 In January 2003, it was reported that Nien

Hsing Textile entered into a partnership with another Taiwanese

firm (Precious Garments) to build a fabric knitting mill in Lesotho,

scheduled to begin construction in April 2003.17

S The Government of Mauritius is reportedly encouraging the

country’s textile and apparel sector to restructure and become

vertically integrated.18 To help the sector restructure, the

Government created a national equity fund of 1 billion Mauritian

rupees ($34.5 million) that will subscribe up to 30 percent of the

share capital of new ventures in key sectors, including yarn

spinning. It also introduced fiscal incentives to spur investment in

spinning mills, including a special tax credit of up to 60 percent of

the equity invested and leases on land at highly concessionary

rates. The Government proposed a fourfold increase to RS20

million ($690,000) in the ceiling under the Development Bank of

Mauritius’ textile modernization scheme and a reduction in the

interest rate to 8 percent. The Bank will also introduce a scheme

to finance the working capital needs of textile firms. Two spinning

mills, built by Chinese and Indian investors, have recently become

operational, and the construction of two more spinning mills will

begin during 2003, financed by Mauritian and Indian investors. In

addition, two Pakistani textile groups have “firm plans” to set up

mills in Mauritius during 2004.

S Namibia has reportedly attracted more than $300 million in

textile and apparel investment from three firms as a result of

AGOA, leading to the creation of 10,000 jobs.19 Malaysianbased Ramatex Behrad has invested more than $200 million in a

state-of-the-art, vertically integrated textile and apparel plant that

became operational in June 2002 and employs more than 4,200

workers, mainly to produce apparel for export to the United

States. Another $115 million in investment for apparel

production came from Taiwah Manufacturing ($65 million) and

Rhino Garments ($50 million), both of whose facilities were

expected to become operational in mid-2003 and employ 3,000

workers each. It was reported that a South African firm

(Diamond Coast Textiles) is finalizing plans for a $130 million

weaving and dyeing facility in Namibia, which is expected to

employ more than 1,000 workers and, importantly, attract

additional apparel producers to buy its Namibian-made woven

fabric. U.S. apparel imports from Namibia rose from $95,000 in

2001 to $6.7 million in 2002, and are $14.5 million in

January-July 2003.

S Kenya has reportedly attracted about $60 million in FDI in

apparel export production from India, China, Sri Lanka, and

Mauritius.20 The resulting growth in Kenya’s apparel industry

has had a multiplier effect upon the economy by boosting

demand for local suppliers of sewing machines and laundry

chemicals.21

TEXTILES AND APPAREL -CONTINUED
5-36

ENDNOTES

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized Tariff

Schedule chapters 39, 40, 42, 43, 50-63, 65, 70, and 94.

2 Except as noted, information on Lesotho in the paragraph is

from U.S. Department of State telegram 108, “Lesotho’s Trade

Minister Writes to USTR Zoellick Requesting Extension of AGOA

Duty-Free Preferences for Textiles and Apparel Containing

Third-Country Fabric,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Maseru, Lesotho,

Feb. 11, 2003; telegram 121, “Labor Progresses in Lesotho’s

Garment Industry,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Johannesburg, Mar.

26, 2003; and telegram 474, “Lesotho Investment Climate Statement

2003,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Maseru, July 16, 2003.

3 Wage rates include social charges and are from

Jassin-O’Rourke Group, “Global Competitiveness Report: Selling to Full

Package Providers – The Winners and Losers” (New York), Nov. 15,

2002.

4 “Lesotho Overview,” Cotton Importer Update (a quarterly

publication of the Cotton Board and Cotton Incorporated, Memphis

TN), Mar. 2001.

5 Information on Mauritius in the paragraph is from U.S.

Department of State telegram 319, “Mauritius Input for 2003

President’s Report on AGOA,” and telegram 602, “Mauritius FY

2003-2004 Budget,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Port Louis, Apr. 16

and July 28, 2003, respectively; EmergingTextiles.com, “Mauritius

Intends [on] Becoming a Regional Hub,” Apr. 4, 2002, found at

www.emergingtextiles.com, retrieved Nov. 27, 2002; and “Mauritius

Overview,” Cotton Importer Update, Mar. 2001.

6 Information on Madagascar is from U.S. Department of State

telegram 97, “AGOA In Madagascar Forum Highlights Improved

Investment Climate,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Antananarivo, Jan.

27, 2003, and EmergingTextiles.com, “Mauritian Textile Groups

Confronted with Financial Difficulties,” Apr. 12, 2001, found at

www.emergingtextiles.com, retrieved Nov. 27, 2002. The trade data

are “Major Shippers” data of the U.S. Department of Commerce,

available online at http://otexa.ita.doc.gov.

7 “World Textile and Apparel Trade and Production Trends:

Sub-Saharan Africa,” Textile Outlook International, Mar.-Apr. 2003, p.

39, and International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics,

Aug. 2003, pp. 880-881.

8 Textile Federation of South Africa, South African Textile

Statistics & Economic Review 2001/2002 (Bruma, South Africa),

p. 6.

9 “Textile Sector is Hopeful of State Help in Jobs Crisis,” Business

Day (BDFM Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg), Sept. 30, 2003,

found at

http://www.bday.co.za/bday/content/direct/1,3523,1442170

6099 0,00.html, retrieved Sept. 30, 2003.

10 “South Africa: Strong Rand Hitting Clothing Industry Hard,”

found at http://www.just style.com, retrieved July 24, 2003.

11 U.S. Department of State telegram 1869, “Updated

Information on South Africa for 2003 President’s Report on AGOA,”

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Pretoria, Apr. 10, 2003.

12 Information on Nigeria is from the U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, “Nigeria: Cotton and

Products Annual 2003” (Global Agriculture Information Network

(GAIN) Report No. NI3017), May 30, 2003.

13 U.S. Department of State telegram 1380, “Anxiety Over Lifting

of MFA Quotas and End of AGOA Third Country Fabric Provisions,”

prepared by U.S. Embassy, Pretoria, Mar. 14, 2003.

14 Data on U.S. foreign direct investment in the SSA textile and

apparel sector are not available.

15 U.S. Department of State, “Labor Progress in Lesotho’s

Garment Industry,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Johannesburg,

Mar. 26, 2003.

16 U.S. Department of State telegram 748, “AGOA Lesotho:

Taiwanese Companies to Invest USD60 Million in Spinning and

Weaving Plants,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Maseru, Nov. 29,

2002.

17 U.S. Department of State telegram 662, “Cotton Board

Visits Lesotho; Finds Good Working Conditions and Market

Possibilities,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Maseru, Jan. 31, 2003.

18 Information on Mauritius in the paragraph is from U.S.

Department of State telegram 602, “Mauritius FY 2003-2004

Budget.”

19 Information on Namibia is from U.S. Department of State

telegram 337, “Namibia Input for President’s 2003 Report on

AGOA,” prepared by U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, Apr. 10, 2003.

20 “African Governments to WTO: We Need More Time to

Compete,” Daily News Record: Textile News, Jan. 27, 2003.

21 U.S. Department of State telegram 1354, “Kenya: AGOA

Update for President’s Report to Congress,” prepared by U.S.

Embassy, Nairobi, Apr. 3, 2003.

TEXTILES AND APPAREL -CONTINUED
5-37

SSA sector production, by country, 2002

433,615 vehicles

SSA sector production, by product, 2002

433,615 vehicles

S South Africa is the dominant producer of motor vehicles and

motor-vehicle parts in the SSA region, accounting for 96 percent of

SSA motor vehicle production in 2002. Nigeria was the

second-leading producer with 2 percent, and Kenya was third with 1

percent. Other SSA countries with some motor vehicle production or

assembly include Ethiopia, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique,

Tanzania, and Zimbabwe; these countries assemble trucks on a very

small scale.2. South Africa ranks as the 18th largest motor vehicle

producer in the world.

S The automotive industry in South Africa accounts for nearly 6

percent of the country’s gross domestic product,3 and 10 percent of

total manufacturing in South Africa.4

Source: Automotive News Market Data Book 2003.

South Africa 96%

All other 1% Nigeria 2%

Kenya 1%

0 15 30 45 60 75

Passenger cars

Trucks

Share of total (percent)

69

31

Source: Automotive News Market Data Book 2003.

S Production of cars in South Africa increased steadily over the past

few years, from 189,283 units in 1999 to 231,602 units in 2002.

Production of commercial vehicles increased during 1999-2001,

from 106,405 units to 127,839 units, before declining to 118,452

units in 2002.5 Most motor vehicle production is from completely

knocked down (CKD) kits, incorporating some locally produced

components.6

S The automotive industry in South Africa comprises foreign

subsidiaries and local-foreign joint venture operations. In 2002,

European-based automakers accounted for 42 percent of South

Africa passenger car and light commercial vehicle production;

Japanese-based automakers accounted for 33 percent, and U.S.

producers GM (through its 49-percent ownership of Delta) and Ford

(through its 100-percent ownership of Ford Motor Co. of Southern

Africa) accounted for 25 percent.7

S Leading South African passenger vehicle producers include BMW

South Africa, DaimlerChrysler SA, Delta Motor Corp., Ford Motor

Company of Southern Africa, Nissan South Africa, Toyota South

Africa, and Volkswagen of South Africa. As of 2002, DaimlerChrysler,

BMW, and Toyota were using their South African operations as a

manufacturing base for world markets; Ford is planning to integrate

its local manufacturing operations in the same way during 2003.8

S Leading commercial vehicle producers include ERF South Africa,

Iveco South Africa, MAN Truck and Bus SA, Nissan Diesel, Scania

South Africa (Pty) Ltd., and Tyco Truck Manufacturers.

S South Africa is the leading market for motor vehicle sales in the SSA

region, accounting for 65 percent of SSA motor vehicle sales in

2002. Nigeria was the second-largest market (6 percent), followed

by Zambia (3 percent), Côte d’Ivoire (3 percent), and Sudan (3

percent).9 Because the level of motor vehicle (particularly passenger

car) ownership is directly related to macroeconomic trends and

personal income, South Africa ranks first in terms of per capita

vehicle ownership in SSA, with 10.2 people per passenger car.

Ethiopia has the most people per passenger car at 1,392.10 South

Africa accounts for 1 percent of global passenger car sales.11

S In South Africa, sales of both cars and light commercial vehicles (e.g.,

pickup trucks and commercial vans) increased during 1999-2001,

but declined in 2002. Sales of cars increased from 214,370 units

to 251,560 units before dropping to 241,602 units. Sales of light

commercial vehicles increased from 99,669 units to 117,646 units

before dropping to 106,247 units in 2002. Sales of medium and

heavy commercial vehicles increased steadily during the same

period, rising from 11,736 units in 1999 to 14,335 units in 2002.12

Expected passenger vehicle price hikes in 2002 resulting from the

weak rand helped spur vehicle purchases at the end of 2001, pulling

forward some purchases that would have been made in 2002.13

S In 2002, Toyota garnered the most South African sales of passenger

cars and light commercial vehicles, selling 78,373 units. Volkswagen

was the second-leading seller with 56,016 units, and Ford was third

with 46,371 units in 2002.14 In 2002, sales of medium and heavy

commercial vehicles were led by DaimlerChrysler at 3,733 units,

followed by Toyota (2,404 units), Nissan/Renault (1,873 units), and

MAN (1,585 units).15

S There are more than 300 dedicated automotive component

suppliers in South Africa, with another approximately 200 others

supplying the industry on a “non-exclusive basis.”16 The automotive

component industry is highly concentrated, with only 14 firms

accounting for more than half the industry’s employment and

output.17

OVERVIEW

CERTAIN TRANSPORTATION

EQUIPMENT1
5-38

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

S Local content, or the level of South African components on South

African-assembled motor vehicles, is approximately one-third.

According to the local automotive components trade association,

this level is expected to increase as local vehicle output increases.18

S In recent years, the South African automotive industry has made

substantial productivity gains. According to the National Association

of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA), direct

labor costs have been reduced by approximately 30 percent during

1998-2002.19

S Capacity utilization in the South African automotive industry is

increasing; capacity utilization was 66 percent in 2000, rising to 72

percent in 2001. By the first half of 2002, the local industry had

reached the global average - approximately 76 percent.20

S The South African automotive industry has benefitted from a

growing domestic economy and favorable policies including a

reduction in personal income taxes which bolsters consumer

spending. In addition, the industry has achieved an improved

balance between foreign exchange spending and foreign exchange

earnings.21

S While the South African automotive industry does not currently

benefit from a well-developed steel supplying industry, the industry

does take advantage of other raw materials abundantly available in

South Africa. For example, abundant coal reserves translate into

low energy costs, and South African technology excels at converting

coal into petrol as well as other specialized materials used in the

manufacture of automotive components. South African firms have

expertise with aluminum and lightweight alloys as well. Other inputs

that are readily available locally and used in automotive

manufacturing include ore, natural fibers such as sisal,22 and

platinum group metals used in catalytic converters.

S Other advantages realized by the South African industry include

lower labor and social costs, extremely low electrical energy costs,

low infrastructure costs, available manufacturing capacity, stable

banking and communications systems, ability to provide short

production runs at very low cost, competitive tooling costs, high

degree of manufacturing flexibility (due largely to the relatively more

labor-intensive factory setup), and low transportation costs to the

Southern Hemisphere. Finally, because South Africa is a

right-hand-drive country, it is a good choice for production of these

models for domestic consumption as well as for export to other

right-hand-drive markets.23

S The South African automotive industry is generally at a competitive

disadvantage with respect to innovative technology, using technology

primarily supplied by U.S., German, and British companies. However,

South African firms excel in certain technologies, particularly those

that relate to local climatic challenges, as well as certain off-road

vehicle technologies and aluminum welding technology for

radiators.24

S Several foreign investors in the South African automotive industry

have increased their holdings in recent years, and the South African

automotive components industry is consolidating, with approximately

10 percent of manufacturing firms closing since 1995.25 The

component manufacturing industry is aggressively seeking

technology-sharing arrangements with foreign partners.26

S The South African Government’s goal of reducing the number of

models produced locally and lengthening production runs has been

achieved; the number of locally produced models has been reduced

from 42 in 1995 to 27 in 2002. Benefits derived from improved

economies of scale have facilitated investment in plant and

equipment.27

OVERVIEW-Continued

S Lower import barriers implemented through the

Motor Industry Development Program (MIDP) in

the first years of the program resulted in large

reductions in sector employment.28 However,

employment levels have stabilized and recently,

strong growth in component-manufacturing

employment has been reported.29 The motor

vehicle manufacturing industry currently employs

approximately 33,000, and the component

manufacturing industry employs nearly twice that

amount, 60,000.30

S Current competitive pressures felt by the South

African automotive industry include increased price

competition in the global marketplace, increased

competition from other low-cost manufacturing

countries that have potentially large or growing

markets, rising logistical and distribution costs, and

rising domestic inflationary pressures as well as a

strengthening exchange rate.31

S The South African motor vehicle industry benefits

from the MIDP, initiated in September 1995.

There is one MIDP for passenger cars and light

commercial vehicles, and another for medium and

heavy commercial vehicles. The goal of the MIDP is

to make South Africa a world-class motor vehicle

producer by lowering import barriers and

promoting exports. Through this process, the

industry has restructured considerably. The

program encourages manufacturers to become

more efficient through higher production volumes

and economies of scale, or by identifying and

successfully targeting niche markets.

S A midterm review of the MIDP in July 2000

resulted in the extension of both MIDPs until 2007.

In December 2002, the MIDP for cars and light

commercial vehicles was extended so as to cover

the period 2008-2012. Extension of the program

is considered important in that it ensures a stable

and predictable market for investors. Import duties

will continue to be phased down during this

extended period, but at a slower rate. The MIDP

for the medium and heavy commercial vehicles

sector was not reviewed in 2002.

S At the start of the MIDP in 1995, the tariff on cars

and light commercial vehicles was 65 percent; in

2002 it was 40 percent, and will be reduced to 30

percent by 2007 and 25 percent by 2012. For

CKD components, the tariff at the start of the

MIDP was 49 percent; in 2002 it was 30 percent,

and will be reduced to 25 percent in 2007 and to

20 percent by 2012. The tariff on medium and

heavy commercial vehicles, which was 40 percent

at the start of the MIDP, fell to 20 percent in 2000

and remains at that level through 2007. Most

components for medium and heavy commercial

vehicles enter free of duty; tires are assessed a

duty of 15 percent.32

S The MIDP offers four provisions for registered local

manufacturers to reduce duties paid on imports:

- The Duty Free Allowance provision allows for

27 percent of the wholesale value of a

vehicle to be imported free of duty. This

allowance was extended through 2007.
5-39

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

- The Small Vehicle Initiative was eliminated at the end of

2002. It offered duty savings to importers of less expensive

vehicles to enhance vehicle affordability for the domestic

populous.

- The Productive Asset Allowance (PAA) was introduced in the

2000 midterm review as a means to encourage higher

volume production of a fewer number of models. It is a

nontradable credit calculated at 20 percent of the qualifying

investment in productive assets spread equally over 5 years,

to be used against imports of fully assembled vehicles.

Component makers may apply for the allowance; when

qualifying, 80 percent of the duty savings is passed to the

component maker, and the other 20 percent goes directly to

the automaker that the component maker supplies. (This

allowance is not available to operations receiving other

investment incentives from the Department of Trade and

Industry.) The PAA is to be reviewed in 2005.

- Import Rebate Credit Certificates (IRCCs) are designed to

encourage large volume production of fewer products so as

to result in economies of scale. IRCCs are earned through

the export of motor vehicles, automotive components, and

tooling by authorized manufacturers or exporters. The eligible

local content value generates the IRCCs, which entitle the

holder to import vehicles, parts, or tooling to the value of the

IRCC duty free, or allows them to claim a refund of duty.

Reportedly, some automakers are able to import the full

range of vehicles they sell locally with export credits earned

on components manufactured in South Africa.33 For

2002-12, every rand of CBU light motor vehicle exports

earns 1 rand of duty free imports of CBU light motor vehicle,

heavy motor vehicle, tooling, or components. Also during

2002-12, every rand of components, heavy motor vehicles,

and tooling exported earns 1 rand of duty free imports of

components, heavy motor vehicles, and tooling. Exports of

heavy vehicles, components, and tooling do not earn equal

credits for light vehicle imports; in 2002 the ratio was

100:65, the ratio declined to 100:60 in 2003 and will

remain there through 2012. In addition, the value of light

motor vehicle and components exports for import rebate

purposes declines over time, from 100 percent in 2002 to

78 percent in 2007 and 70 percent during 2009-12.

Finally, the qualifying precious metal content in exported

catalytic converters was 50 percent in 2002, falling to 40

for 2003-07.34 IRCCs are tradable and are issued once the

foreign funds have been repatriated.35

OVERVIEW-Continued
5-40

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global imports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($7.3 billion)

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector imports global, by country, 2001

($7.3 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 48%

All other 30%

Namibia 3%

Angola 3%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Source: United Nations.

87

Major Share of Major Import Share of

import total item total

source (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 56 Passenger vehicles (8703.23) 20 ................. .............

United States 8 Motor vehicle parts (8708.99) 14 ........... .............

South Africa 4 Diesel trucks (8704.21) 6 ............ ...................

Brazil 3 Diesel trucks (8704.22) 9 .................. ...................

Korea 2 Motor vehicle parts (8708.29) 5 ................. ..............

Swaziland 3 Road tr .............. .................. actors (8701.20) 4

Sudan 3%

13

Nigeria 13%

Source: United Nations.

SSA sector global exports,

by HS chapter, 2001

($2.5 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 97%

All other 2%

95

5

Nambia 1%

Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major export Share of

export total item total

Market (2001) (percent) (6-digit HS) (2001) (percent)

EU15 38 Passenger vehicles (8703.23) 47 ................. .............

United States 15 Passenger vehicles (8703.24) 13 .......... .............

Botswana 15 Trucks (8704.31) 4 ............. ........................

Japan 12 Passenger vehicles (8703.32) 4 ................ ..............

Australia 7 Wheels and parts (8708.70) 4 ............... ...............

Swaziland 3 Motor vehic .............. .............. le parts (8708.29) 3

Source: United Nations.

SSA sector global exports , by country, 2001

($2.5 billion)

Share of total (percent)

TRADE

Motor vehicles and parts (87)

Motor vehicle engines and

parts (84)

Motor vehicles and

parts (87)

Motor vehicle engines and

parts (84)
5-41

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

TRADE-Continued

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Motor vehicle parts (8708)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2002

($560 million)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2002

($560 million)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2002

($533 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2002

($533 million)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Motor vehicle parts (8708)

Engine parts (8709)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 99%

All other 1%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

84

12

89

1

South Africa 100%

4

8

2
5-42

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

TRADE-Continued

Key U.S. Import Developments-Continued

S Passenger cars accounted for 84 percent of the value of total U.S.

sector imports from South Africa in 2002. Leading components

imported from South Africa in 2002 included road wheels, engine

parts, shock absorbers, and mufflers and exhaust pipes.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S. transportation equipment imports under AGOA (including GSP)

increased by 85 percent in 2002, reaching $533 million. All such

imports were from South Africa. In 2002, imports under AGOA

accounted for 95 percent of total U.S. sector imports from SSA.

The sector accounted for about 6 percent of total AGOA imports

that year.

S The leading U.S. sector import items under AGOA in 2002 included

motor vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity between 1,501 and

3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS subheading 8703.23, 64 percent of

the total value), and motor vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity

exceeding 3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS 8703.24, 25 percent).

Key U.S. Export Developments

S In 2002, the United States ran a $257-million deficit in

transportation equipment trade with SSA. In 2001, that sector’s

trade balance was in favor of the United States, with a surplus of

$153 million.

S In 2002, U.S. transportation equipment exports to SSA reached

$303 million, down 37 percent from the previous year. SSA

accounted for about 1 percent of the value of total sector exports in

2002.

S The major U.S. sector export items to SSA in 2002 were the same

as those imported motor vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity

between 1,501 and 3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS subheading

8703.23, 33 percent of the total value); and motor vehicles with an

engine cylinder capacity exceeding 3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS

8703.24, 15 percent).

S In contrast to sizeable increases in U.S. exports of certain large

passenger vehicles (HTS 8703.23, an increase of $19 million, or 68

percent; HTS 8703.33, an increase of $14 million, or 140 percent),

large decreases were registered in miscellaneous auto parts (HTS

8708.99, a decrease of $177 million, or 89 percent), certain small

passenger vehicles (HTS 8703.23, a decrease of $21 million, or 17

percent), and road tractors for semitrailers (HTS 8701.20, a

decrease of $16 million, or 51 percent). U.S. exports of these

products may have been replaced by increased local production.

TRADE-Continued

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2002

($303 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA, by

HTS heading, 2002

($303 million)

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 69%

All other 15%

58

12

22

Nigeria 12%

Ghana 4%

8

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Motor vehicle parts (8708)

Trucks (8704)

All other

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S. imports of transportation equipment from SSA

reached $560 million in 2002, up by $229 million

(69 percent) over the 2001 level of $331 million.

SSA accounted for about 1 percent of the value of

total U.S. sector imports in 2002.

S Virtually all U.S. sector imports from SSA in 2002

were supplied by South Africa. The principal sector

import items that year included motor vehicles with

an engine cylinder capacity between 1,501 and

3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS subheading

8703.23, 61 percent of the total value), and

motor vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity

exceeding 3,000 cubic centimeters (HTS 8703.24,

24 percent).
5-43

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

U.S. sector SSA FDI position,

by country, 2002

Millions of U.S. dollars

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Note.-Industry classification changed from SIC to NICS

in 2002; data from 1999-2001 have been converted to

NAICS.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department

of Commerce. Data are for sector defined as

“Transportation equipment.”

328

0

INVESTMENT

All other

Total

South Africa

328

Note.-Data for some countries not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. Industry classification basis changed from

SIC to NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Transportation

equipment.”

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

328

248

144

171

52

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position,

1998-2002

S U.S. FDI in the SSA transportation equipment

sector totaled $328 million in 2002, up from

$248 million the previous year.36 This investment

trended upward during 1998-2002. South Africa

was the primary SSA location for U.S. sector FDI in

2002. The transportation equipment sector

accounted for about 4 percent of the total U.S. FDI

position in SSA in 2002, and SSA accounted for

nearly 1 percent of the global U.S. FDI position in

the sector that year.37

S A recent survey of 12 members of the National Association

of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA)

revealed rapidly increasing capital expenditures in the South

African automotive industry, from R1,521.5 million in 2000

(approximately $194 million) to R2,078.2 million in 2001

and R2,725.8 million in 2002; the projection for 2003 is

R3,123.1 million. In 2002, “Product, Local Content, Export

Investment” accounted for 52 percent of these firms’

capital expenditures, followed by “Production Facilities” at

33 percent, “Support Infrastructure (I.T., R&D, Technical,

etc.)” at 9 percent, and “Land and Buildings” at 6 percent.38

S According to NAAMSA, overall capital investment in South

Africa by motor vehicle companies exceeds R12.5 billion

(approximately $1.5 billion), while capital investment in

component manufacturers is approximately slightly more

than half that amount, at R6.5 billion (approximately $752

million).39

S In 2002, the Gauteng provincial government committed to

investing some $100 million to establish an automotive

supplier park in Rosslyn, South Africa. The park will

accommodate 200 facilities of varying sizes for suppliers of

a variety of components. The goal of the investment is to

further South Africa’s competitiveness in the auto industry

by improving logistics for manufacturers.40

S In 2000, Ford became the full owner of its subsidiary in

South Africa, Ford Motor Co. of Southern Africa (FMCSA).

Ford repurchased its South African franchise and facilities

from Samcor, which assumed their operation when Ford

left South Africa in the 1980s. FMCSA acts as Ford’s

regional production and distribution center for SSA.41

S As of 1997, GM owns 49 percent of Delta Motor Corp.,

which was created through a management buyout in 1986

when GM withdrew from South Africa.42 Delta assembles

Isuzu and Opel (GM’s European vehicle line) vehicles at its

two plants, and imports and distributes Opel and Suzuki

products.43

S BMW announced in late 2001 that it planned to invest R2

billion (approximately $232 million) during 2002-03 to

upgrade its South Africa facilities for production of new

export models. The upgraded plant is to have an installed

capacity of 60,000 vehicles per year. In 1998, BMW

invested R1.5 billion to upgrade its Rosslyn assembly facility,

making the plant part of its global sourcing worldwide

production network.44

S In 2002, Toyota Motor Corp. raised its stake in Toyota

South Africa to 74.9 percent. Toyota engaged in a $100

million capital improvement program for South Africa in

2002 in preparation for production of new generation

Corollas for export. Toyota’s increased investment in its

South African operation signifies the company’s intention to

include South Africa in its global supply network.45 The

company also announced at the end of 2002 that it plans

to more than double its export capacity to 200,000

vehicles per year by 2005. Targeted markets include other

African countries, Australia, and possibly Europe. Toyota

also hopes to increase its local market share.46
5-44

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

INVESTMENT-Continued

S In 2002, Volkswagen announced it would invest

slightly more than R2 billion (approximately $232

million) over the next 6 years in an effort to expand

its export capabilities. Volkswagen plans to add the

new Polo model to its South African export

portfolio.47

S As discussed above, with the 2000 review of the

MIDP, the Government of South Africa initiated the

PAA. Under the PAA, “investors in new plant and

equipment can qualify for a duty credit certificate

up to 20 percent of the value of their investment

over a 5-year period.”48
5-45

ENDNOTES

1 For the purposes of this chapter, certain transportation

equipment is defined as motor vehicles (cars, trucks, and buses),

engines, and certain motor vehicle parts. These products account for

over 90 percent of all transportation equipment imports from SSA.

This sector includes portions of Harmonized Tariff Schedule chapters

84 and 87.

2 Automotive News, 2003 Market Data Book, May 26, 2003,

p. 44.

3 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, p. 6, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

4 U.S. Commercial Service South Africa, “Automotive Parts,”

found at http://www.buyusa.gov/southafrica/en/page164.html,

retrieved June 19, 2003.

5 Data collected by the National Association of Automobile

Manufacturers of South Africa, provided by Ward’s Communications,

fax communication to USITC staff, Sept. 10, 2003. Data may not

match data in production graphs.

6 BMW South Africa, however, is moving away from CKD

production; most of the parts, save the engine and transmission, on

the locally produced 3-Series vehicles, are sourced domestically.

Nicole Itano, “U.S. Pact Lifts South Africa Car Exports,” New York

Times, July 9, 2003, found at http://www.NYTimes.com, retrieved

July 9, 2003.

7 This includes Nissan and Subaru as Japanese, and Saab as

European. NAAMSA, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/20030127/imports_2002.htm,

retrieved June 19, 2003.

8 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: Ford plans to export

two models to UK market,” Feb. 14, 2003, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved Feb. 14, 2003.

9 Automotive News, 2003 Market Data Book, May 26, 2003,

p. 47.

10 Not included in SSA people-per-car statistics are Cape Verde,

Comoros, Eritrea, and São Tomé and Principe. National Association of

Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA), NAAMSA

Annual Report 2001/2002, p. 24, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

11 Nicole Itano, “U.S. Pact Lifts South Africa Car Exports,” New

York Times, July 9, 2003, found at http://www.NYTimes.com,

retrieved July 9, 2003.

12 NAAMSA, “Industry Vehicle Sales, Export and Import Data:

1995-2005,” found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/20030127/export_import_199

5_2005.html, retrieved June 19, 2003.

13 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: ‘Challenges” ahead

in 2002 - NAAMSA,” Jan. 11, 2002, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved Jan. 11, 2002.

14 Included in Ford’s domestic production volume are Volvo,

Jaguar, and Land Rover models. NAAMSA, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/20030127/imports_2002.htm,

retrieved June 19, 2003.

15 NAAMSA, provided by Ward’s Communications, June 23,

2003.

16 “South Africa: Automotives Overview,” South Africa Business

Guidebook 2000/2001, found at

http://www.africabusinessdirect.com, retrieved June 19, 2003.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, pp. 6 and

11, found at http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

20 Business Africa, “Automotive update,” EIU Viewswire, found at

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved June 17, 2003.

21 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, pp. 6 and

11.

22 Luisa D. Santos, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, U.S.

Department of Commerce, “Automotive Market,” Market Research

Reports, Oct. 1, 2002, found at http://www.stat usa.gov, retrieved

June 18, 2003. Sisal is coupled with polyurethane to form a

composite material that is used in linings and structural

components for automotive interiors such as door panels and trunk

liners. Benefits of using sisal include reduced vehicle weight and

lower production costs.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 “South Africa: Automotives Overview,” South Africa Business

Guidebook 2000/2001, found at

http://www.africabusinessdirect.com, retrieved June 19, 2003.

26 Paulo Fernandes and Fanie Fourie, “Introduction to the

Automotive Industry in South Africa,” Automotive Purchasing News,

found at http://www.theholisticchannel.com/APN/test/04.pdf,

retrieved June 19, 2003.

27 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, pp. 6 and

11.

28 Luisa D. Santos, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, U.S.

Department of Commerce, “Automotive Market.”

29 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, p. 11,

found at http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

30 Ibid.

31 NAAMSA Media Release, Dec. 9, 2002, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/20021209/, retrieved

June 23, 2003.

32 The Department of Trade and Industry, South Africa, “dti

Announces Extension of the Motor Industry Development

Programme (MIDP), news release, Dec. 6, 2002; NAAMSA,

NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

33 Paulo Fernandes and Fanie Fourie, “Introduction to the

Automotive Industry in South Africa,” Automotive Purchasing News,

found at http://www.theholisticchannel.com/APN/test/04.pdf,

retrieved June 19, 2003.

34 The Department of Trade and Industry, South Africa, “dti

Announces Extension of the Motor Industry Development

Programme (MIDP), news release, Dec. 6, 2002.

35 Luisa D. Santos, U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service,

“Automotive Market.”

36 Data may include items not covered by this sector, including

aircraft, railroad rolling stock, and ships.

37 USDOC, BEA, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical Cost Basis: Country Detail by Industry, 2002, found at

Internet address http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/di1usdbal.htm,

retrieved Oct. 17, 2003.

38 NAAMSA, found at

http://www.naamsa.co.za/papers/20030205/, retrieved

June 19, 2003.

39 NAAMSA, NAAMSA Annual Report 2001/2002, p. 18,

found at http://www.naamsa.co.za, retrieved June 19, 2003.

40 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: Supplier park to

be built at Rosslyn,” July 4, 2002, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved July 5, 2002.

41 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: Ford strategy

includes Ikon brand-rebuilding launch,” Feb. 16, 2001, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved Feb. 23, 2001.

42 Information found at

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/environment/plants/pla

nt_db/latin_america/south_africa.html, retrieved July 1, 2003.

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued
5-46

ENDNOTES

43 “General Motors Appoints Delta Motor Corporation as

Chevrolet Service Provider

Port Elizabeth, South Africa,” Joint Statement Issued by GM African

Operations and Delta Motor Corporation, March, 31, 2003, found at

http://www.opelcorsa.co.za/ViewPublicArticle.asp?articleID=292,

retrieved July 1, 2003.

44 Lucia Mutikani for Reuters, “South Africa: BMW to invest 2

billion rand in car plant,” Dec. 3, 2001, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved Dec. 3, 2001; and just-auto.com

editorial team, “South Africa: BMW increasing assembly capacity to

60,000,” Aug. 14, 2002, found at http://www.just auto.com,

retrieved Aug. 22, 2002.

45 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: Toyota takes over

African outpost,” June 25, 2002, found at http://www.just auto.com,

retrieved June 25, 2002.

46 Nicole George, “Toyota to Double South African Capacity to

Increase Exports,” The Japan Automotive Digest, Nov. 11, 2002, p. 7.

47 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa: Volkswagen

invests R2.1 billion to boost exports - report,” Dec. 12, 2002, found at

http://www.just auto.com, retrieved Dec. 12, 2002.

48 Luisa D. Santos, U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service,

“Automotive Market.”

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued
6-1

CHAPTER 6

Country Profiles

This chapter presents economic data on the 48 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. It

consists of four sections. The first section briefly discusses the region, broadly

comparing countries and identifying common factors. The second section discusses the

tariff structure of SSA countries. The third section consists of technical notes regarding

data and information sources. The last section consists of the 48 country profiles.

Regional Overview

Sub-Saharan Africa continued to face a number of obstacles to economic growth and

improvement in social indicators. In 2002, Africa’s average GDP growth rate was 3.2

percent, down from 2001’s average of 4.3 percent.1 This declining average growth

rate was attributed primarily to a weaker global economy, slower than expected

rebound in world trade, drought in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, increasing

impact of HIV/AIDS, and the eruption and persistence of social and political conflict in

a number of countries across the continent. While social and political conflict

continued in some countries, such as Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and

Zimbabwe, countries, such as Côte d’Ivoire and Madagascar, also experienced

economically detrimental political and social upheavals. There were, however, signs

of increased stability in Angola, following the end of its civil war in early 2002; Sudan,

following an agreement in mid-2002; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as

the regional conflict began to subside. Average GDP growth, however, belies the

substantial variation in economic performance within sub-Saharan Africa. For

example, in 2002 Equatorial Guinea experienced exceptional, petroleum-driven,

GDP growth (24.4 percent), while Zimbabwe’s continuing political and social crisis

resulted in negative GDP growth (-8.9 percent).2 Although sub-Saharan Africa’s

average GDP growth rate continued to fall short of the estimated 7 percent required to

reduce poverty significantly,3 five countries achieved a 7 percent or higher growth rate

in 2002. These divergences reflect the highly distributed GDP growth rates in SSA

(table 6-1). Despite the decrease in average GDP growth, many countries continued

their commitment to poverty reduction. The number of countries preparing full or

interim poverty reduction strategies increased from four in 2001 to nine in 2002.4

Total GDP for SSA was $325.6 billion in 2001, a 2.9 percent decrease from 2000.5

1 United Nations Economic Commission on Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2003 (Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia: 2003), p. 1.

2 Ibid., p. 33.

3 Ibid., p. 31.

4 Ibid., p. 3.

5 World Bank, African Development Indicators 2003, (Washington, DC: 2003), p. 19.
6-2

Total GDP amounted to $172.6 billion excluding Nigeria and South Africa.6 Average

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita in 2001 was $461.7 The top ranking countries

were Seychelles, Mauritius, Gabon, Botswana, and South Africa. Countries with the

lowest per capita GNI were the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Burundi,

Sierra Leone, and Liberia (figure 6-1); all of which have experienced sustained social

and political conflicts. Although the economic profile of SSA countries have historically

changed little from year to year, activities in the petroleum and gas sector has altered,

or is expected to alter, the economic profile of many SSA countries. In addition to the

historic petroleum-exporting countries (Angola, Gabon, Nigeria, and the Republic of

the Congo), many of which are also expanding operations, many SSA countries are

entering the petroleum-producing arena with increased exploration activity

(Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Namibia,

São Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda) or

newly discovered and developing sectors (Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, and

Sudan).

Table 6-1

Distribution of GDP growth rates in Africa, number of countries, 1998-2002

Range 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Negative growth . . . . . . . . 2 0 1 5 5

Low (0-3.9%) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 26 37 19 27

Medium (4.0-7.0%) . . . . . . 26 23 14 24 16

High (>7.0%) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 1 5 5

Source: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2003, (Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia: 2003), p. 31.

SSA countries’ efforts to increase integration into the global trading economy

continued to be hampered by numerous obstacles. In addition to social and political

conflict, inadequate infrastructure, such as dilapidated road networks, congested

ports, inefficient customs services, and prohibitively expensive air transport,

hampered the national and international transport of merchandise. Many SSA

countries continued to depend heavily on primary commodity products, such as

petroleum, minerals, and agricultural products (for example, cocoa, coffee, cotton,

and tea). These primary products tended to experience erratic and declining

international prices. Trade between SSA countries has increased in recent years,

primarily driven by regional trading blocs characterized by political stability and

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid., p. 33. GNI per capita is the gross national income (GNI) in current U.S. dollars as divided by

the mid-year population. GNI measures the total domestic and foreign income claimed by the residents of

the economy. It comprises GDP plus net factor income from abroad, which is the income residents receive

from abroad for factor services (labor and capital) less similar payments made to nonresidents who

contributed to the domestic production. GNI in U.S. dollars is calculated according to the World Bank

Atlas method of conversion from national currency to U.S. dollar terms. Found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/aag.htm, retrieved on August 19, 2003.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Figure 6-1

Gross national income per capita, 2001

Ethipoia

Brundi

Guinea-Bissau

Eritrea

Niger

Liberia

Chad

Mozambique

Mali

Madagascar

Rwanda

Nigeria

Burkina Faso

Tanzania

Angola

Central African Republic

Togo

Uganda

Gambia, The

Sao Tome and Principe

Sudan

Comoros

Kenya

Benin

Ghana

Zambia

Mauritania

Guinea

Zimbabwe

Congo, Republic of

Lesotho

Cameroon

Senegal

Cote d’lvoire

Djbouti

Equatorial Guniea

Swaziland

Namibia

Bostwana

Gabon

Cape Verde

Mauritius

Seychelles

South Africa

Note.—Because of lack of data, Somalia has not been included.

Source: World Bank, African Development Indicators, 2003, (Washington, DC: 2003), p. 33.

Malawi

Sierra Leone

DROC

6-3
6-4

broadly similar economic policies.8 Intra-SSA trade increased from 8 percent in 1989

to 12 percent in 2002.9 Generally, countries experiencing social upheaval have few

domestic revenue sources and, consequently, rely more heavily on trade taxes. These

same countries, however, are more likely to lack the capacity to enforce efficient tax

collection, resulting in very sporadic collection and further intervention in international

trade. Exchange rate distortions also drive unrecorded trade across many of SSA’s

porous borders.

A significant inhibitor to economic development in SSA remained, for most countries,

the low levels of savings and investment. Factors inhibiting savings and investment into

SSA included high poverty levels, small domestic markets, inadequate infrastructure,

social and political turmoil and instability, limited skilled labor supplies, concerns

regarding corruption, and the expected social and business impact of HIV/AIDS. In

2002, foreign direct investment into Africa declined by $6 billion,10 and the majority of

investment remained concentrated in petroleum and minerals and mining sectors. An

important source for foreign direct investment for many SSA countries is privatization

(table 6-2). During 2002, privatization efforts continued, though at a subdued rate.

Part of the slowdown was attributed to the weak global economy, difficulty locating

interested buyers, overvalued assets and the large investment required for many

state-owned enterprises, political resistance, and a slump in key sectors, such as

telecommunications. Further compounding the negative impact of the low savings and

investment rates is the high level of capital flight. According to a study covering 30

African countries, capital flight over the past 27 years was estimated to be $187 billion;

if interest earnings were included, total capital flight would be estimated to be $274

billion.11

Tariff Structure

Most of the governments in SSA are WTO members or are involved as WTO

observers.12 Thirty-eight governments in SSA are WTO members, four have

established accession working parties and two others have requested accession

working parties.13 In addition, three governments have typically been granted

observer status during ministerial conferences.14

8 EIU Viewswire, “Regional agreements are helping to expand trade,” Oct. 31, 2002, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved June, 2003.

9 United Nations Economic Commission on Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2003, p. 38.

10 Ibid., p. 1.

11 Ibid., p. 2.

12 The following 10 SSA governments are not WTO members: Cape Verde, Comoros, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Somalia, and Sudan.

13 WTO accession working parties have been established for the following SSA countries: Cape

Verde (July 2000), Ethiopia (Feb. 2003), Seychelles (May 1995), and Sudan (Oct. 1994). Equatorial

Guinea (Apr. 2002) and São Tomé and Principe (Jan. 2001) have requested that accession working

parties be established for their countries.

14 The Comoros, Eritrea, and Liberia.
6-5

Table 6-2

Privatization in Africa, 1991-2001

Country

Number of

transactions

Sale value

(million dollars)

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.0

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 49.0

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 9.0

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.0

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 244.0

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 53.0

Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 (1)

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 12.0

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 622.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . . . 5 (1)

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 410.0

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (1

)

Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 936.5

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 45.0

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 0.5

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 381.0

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.5

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 16.9

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 53.2

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 67.4

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 135.0

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.8

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 893.5

Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 50.0

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (1

)

São Tomé and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0.4

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 415.0

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3,151.0

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 (1

)

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 287.0

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 38.0

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 174.0

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 828.0

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 217.0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,270 9,111.9

1 Not available.

Source: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2003, (Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia: 2003), p. 39.
6-6

Despite their WTO participation, tariff information for SSA in general has not been

readily available, accessible, transparent, or timely.15 Where tariff data is available,

information can be spotty, inconsistent, inaccurate, not comparable, or

nontransparent. The picture that emerges from available data for African tariff

regimes indicates high tariffs of 15 to 25 percent on average, (table 6-3). In addition to

high tariffs, extra import charges, taxes, or fees are common (“other duties and

charges”), which neither promote a transparent trade environment nor facilitate

expanded trade.

Mindful of caveats set out below, table 6-3 shows recent tariff rates for SSA countries,

across several groupings. The first category shows applied tariff rates for 32 WTO

members, mostly for 2001.

The average applied rate for these countries was about 17.1 percent ad valorem for

agriculture and 13.2 percent for industrial goods. A second category shows bound

tariff rates for five WTO members for 1994, for which no applied tariff data was

available. The average bound tariff rate for this group was 63.7 percent ad valorem

for agriculture and 82.5 percent ad valorem for industrial goods. Lastly, a third group

shows applied tariff rates in 2001 for four countries that are not WTO members,

indicating an applied tariff rate of 26.7 percent ad valorem for agriculture and 17.6

percent ad valorem for industrial goods. All three groupings are exclusive of other

duties and charges. Harmonized System (HS) chapters 1 to 24 cover agricultural

goods, and HS 25 to HS 97 cover industrial goods.

Tariff Data, Availability, and Comparability

Manipulation of available tariff data has been simplified recently with the advent of the

World Integrated Trade Solution database (WITS), developed by the World Bank in

close collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD), the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD), and the World Trade

Organization (WTO). The databases involved are the:

S UNSD Commodity Trade database (COMTRADE) containing export and

import flows by commodity for over 130 reporting countries and partners.

S UNCTAD Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS) containing

information on imports, tariffs, quasi-tariffs, and nontariff measures for 119

countries.

S WTO Integrated Data Base (IDB) that contains imports by commodity and

partner country for over 80 countries as well as applied tariff rates at detailed

commodity levels of national tariff schedules.

15 Until recently with the advent of the World Integrated Trade Solution database. See below.
6-7

Table 6-3

Sub-Saharan Africa Tariff Averages

Country Agriculture Industrial Source (Year)

(Percent)

WTO members (applied ad valorem tariff rates)

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.61 7.66 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Central African Republic . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.07 32.00 WTO IDB (1998)

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.64 13.89 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.62 6.44 WTO IDB (1998)

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.23 18.46 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.61 7.66 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.71 4.44 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.28 12.75 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.36 10.30 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.84 18.70 WTO IDB (2001)

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.91 12.50 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.61 7.66 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.71 25.02 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.14 9.35 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.61 7.66 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.61 7.66 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.60 15.49 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 11.51 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.90 8.42 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.61 13.18 WTO IDB (2001)

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.80 18.60 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.12 13.21

WTO members (bound ad valorem tariff ceilings)

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.33 80.00 WTO CTS (1994)

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 WTO CTS (1994)

Congo, Dem. Rep. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.00 100.00 WTO URA (1994)

Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.00 (1

) WTO CTS (1994)

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.00 50.00 WTO CTS (1994)

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.67 82.50

See footnotes at end of table.
6-8

Table 6-3—Continued

Sub-Saharan Africa Tariff Averages

Country Agriculture Industrial Source (Year)

(Percent)

Non-WTO members (applied ad valorem tariff rates)

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) (1)

Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.46 17.17 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.08 18.00 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

São Tomé and Principe . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.34 25.67 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) (1)

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.14 9.35 UNCTAD TRN (2001)

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.76 17.55

1 NA = Not available.

Note.–Members of the South African Customs Union (SACU)–Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South

Africa, and Swaziland–operate under a common tariff schedule, of which the most current available

at the WTO is SACU 2002. Members of the Communauté Economique et Monétaire d’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC)–Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, and Gabon–operate under a common tariff schedule, of which the most current available in the WTO is CEMAC

1998. UNCTAD TRN indicates the TRAINS database from the United Nations Conference on Trade

and Development, taken from the World Bank’s WITS database. Data indicate applied ad valorem

tariff rates. WTO IDB indicates the Integrated Database from the World Trade Organization, taken

from the World Bank’s WITS database. Data indicate applied ad valorem tariff rates. WTO CTS

indicates the Consolidated Tariff Schedule from the World Trade Organization, taken from the WTO

website http://www.wto.org. Data indicate ceiling ad valorem tariff rates, exclusive of other duties

and charges, taken initially from the national schedule of concessions and commitments in the Marrakesh Protocol of the Uruguay Round Agreements and supplemented where possible by WTO staff.

WTO URA indicates the national schedule of concessions and commitments found in the Marrakesh

Protocol of the Uruguay Round Agreements, agreed on Apr. 15, 1994. Data indicate ceiling ad valorem tariff rates exclusive of other duties and charges.

Source: World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution database, Aug. 2003.
6-9

S WTO Consolidated Tariff Schedule database (CTS) that contains bound tariff

rates, initial negotiating rights, and other information, for countries made

during multilateral trade negotiations.

WITS integrates trade, tariff, and nontariff measure data compiled by these various

international organizations along the following lines:

S External trade

- TRAINS

- IDB

- COMTRADE

S Tariffs

- TRAINS

- IDB

- CTS

S Nontariff measures

- TRAINS

The tariff information for SSA used in this section came from the UNCTAD TRAINS,

and WTO IDB and CTS databases available through WITS. Although these databases

provide improved access to available data, the resulting information and underlying

data still reflect the difficulties in finding tariff regime data for SSA that are accurate,

timely, and comparable.

Comparability varies among these sources. The CTS database contains bound ad

valorem tariff rates that represent tariff ceilings for particular products (not necessarily

all products or even many products are listed in WTO national schedules). Base years

for SSA trade vary–typically 1995, ranging up to 1996 and sometimes 1998. The CTS

files cover 37 of the SSA countries.16 CTS information comes from the official WTO

national schedules of concessions and commitments negotiated during the most recent

round of multilateral trade negotiations, reflecting data from the period the Uruguay

Round Agreements were signed (April 15, 1994). Bound rates are the maximum tariff

that a government agreed during negotiations to levy without incurring additional

penalties in the form of further compensation.

Bound tariff rates can contrast sharply with the applied tariff rates (also called

most-favored-nation or “MFN” tariff rates) published in national tariff schedules.17

Whereas the bound rate is the maximum possible tariff that can be legally levied under

16 Of the 38 WTO members from SSA that have CTS files based on their Uruguay Round national

schedules, the Democratic Republic of Congo appears to have not updated the 1994 Uruguay Round

national schedule submitted by Zaire.

17 WTO national schedules of concessions and commitments and national tariff schedules are

different, although they can appear quite similar.
6-10

the GATT for an imported product, the applied tariff rate is the standard tariff

commonly levied on an import in daily commerce. Although they may be the same or

similar (i.e., the applied rate may be equal or near the bound rate), the two rates could

differ significantly in situations where a government agreed during negotiations only

to a bound rate greater than the applied tariff rate typically levied.

The WTO file containing applied tariff information for SSA reports only 15 SSA

countries, based on trade data from various years ranging from 1996 to 2002.18 This

information can be further complicated by which Harmonized Schedule format is

available in a country at a particular time–usually HS1996 or HS1998, and in some

cases HS2002 format.

The widest ranging database containing applied tariff rates is the UNCTAD TRAINS

database, covering 30 SSA countries with tariff rates from 1996 to 2002–most around

2001.19Although not covered in this report, the TRAINS database also covers nontariff

measures–which in SSA are often considerable.

Technical Notes

Attempts have been made to provide standard and consistently defined measures for

each country profile, but information may differ among the 48 countries and among

different sources because of varying statistical methods and data limitations,

coverage, and practices. Consequently, full comparability can not be assured. The

data are drawn from sources thought to be the most authoritative and most recent. As

statistical systems in many countries remain weak and government data publication

can be significantly delayed, availability and reliability can be compromised. In

general, the statistical information provided should be treated as indicative, and

emphasis placed on broad trends in data over time. To facilitate cross-country

comparisons, values of many national series have been converted from the national

currencies to U.S. dollars, using the World Bank Atlas methodology.20 Data series

expressed in constant U.S. dollars and exchange rates use a base year of 1995. Most

group averages are weighted according to the relative importance of the countries in

the group total where appropriate, and shares and ratios are calculated using current

price series.21 Some data based on estimates in previous editions have been updated

or replaced with actual data or improved estimates. In situations where official

18 Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Senegal,

South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

19 Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial

Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,

Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo (Congo), Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles,

South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

20 World Bank, African Development Indicators 2003, Washington, DC, p. 2.

21 Ibid., pp. 2-3.
6-11

exchange rates diverge by an exceptional margin from the rate effectively applied to

international transactions and a more appropriate conversion factor is estimated, the

dollar value of GDP may not match the local currency GDP value multiplied by the

exchange rate.

Textual update information was drawn from sources including The Economist

Intelligence Unit country reports and Viewswire articles, African Business (London),

World Trade, Associated Press, Agence France Presse, Corporate Council on Africa’s

Africa 2003 Report, U.S. Department of State, the World Bank, and the International

Monetary Fund. Text discussions for Lesotho, Mauritius, and South Africa include

information gathered from USITC staff field research conducted in February/March

2003. Where U.S. dollar equivalents were not provided in the source material, IMF

exchange rates for relevant years were used to provide estimated U.S. dollar

equivalent values.22 All country profile text discussions represent reported information

from the above-referenced sources, and are not Commission opinion or assessment.

Statistical data for the 48 countries were sourced from the most recent data available

from the Economist Intelligence Unit (economic and world trade indicators),23 World

Bank Africa Database (net FDI),24 and the U.S. Department of Commerce

(U.S.-sub-Saharan African trade data).25 Some countries’ “Composition of GDP”

charts are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sector aggregations used by

the EIU. These sectors are defined as: primary – agriculture, fisheries, mining, and

quarrying; secondary – manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and other

utilities; and tertiary – primarily services activities, such as retail, financial, real estate,

and government services. As a result of rounding, “Composition of GDP” charts may

not add to 100. In addition, some country profiles refer to “Article IV” consultations with

the IMF. This term refers to “Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund,

Article IV – Obligations Regarding Exchange Arrangements.”26

22 IMF exchange rates found at Internet address http://imfStatistics.org, retrieved Aug. 2003.

23 Economist Intelligence Unit, sub-Saharan African Countries’ Economic Structure profiles, 2002.

EIU data includes both official government data and EIU estimates when official source information is

unavailable.

24World Bank, African Development Indicators 2003 (Drawn from World Bank Africa Database).

25 Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

26 IMF, “Articles of Agreement of IMF,” found at

Internet address http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa04.htm, retrieved Sept. 23, 2003. For

more information on Article IV, see website.
6-12

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African Countries

Each country profile contains Economic, Trade, and Investment and Privatization

sections. Each section combines tabular or graphical summation of related key

economic indicators or information with an update of events, which generally focus on

developments that occurred during 2002 and early 2003.27 Where available,

information on the climate for services was included as part of the trade profile

discussion.28

27 For historical information and background, see previous editions of this report (USITC, U.S. Trade

and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa, Investigation No. 332-415, publications 3552, 3371, and

3476).

28 See other chapters of this publication for more in-depth discussions of trade, investment,

multilateral and bilateral assistance, and regional organizations.
6-13

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Kz, bn) 198.1 444.8 246.7

GDP (US$ bn) 9.0 10.2 1.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 115.0 106.0 -9.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 6,534.3 8,460.0 1,925.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 3,179.2 3,974.0 794.8

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 3,355.1 4,486.0 1,130.9

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -1,431.0 170.3 1,601.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 731.9 375.6 -356.3

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 9.8 9.9 0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 22.8 12.5 -10.3

Exchange Rate (Kz/US$) 22.1 43.5 21.4

S As SSA’s second largest petroleum exporter, Angola

remains a petroleum-dominated economy with the energy

sector representing over 60 percent of GDP.

S Although the country’s nonpetroleum economic activity

remained limited, positive prospects for a durable peace

are expected to contribute to the expansion of the other

economic sectors that have been devastated by the

prolonged civil war, especially the agricultural sector. The

two decades of civil unrest have left the country with

inadequate infrastructure, weak institutions, and

widespread poverty. Despite the cease-fire, agricultural

production decreased in 2002 because of late and

inadequate rainfall, and drought in some regions.

S ChevronTexaco, the United Nations Development Program,

and the Angolan government announced plans to set up an

Angola Enterprise Fund, a public-private partnership to

create jobs and to increase incomes by encouraging small

business development.

S The institution of the country’s first electronic payments

system, in April 2002, enabling the use of cash machines

and debit cards, is expected to increase banking and

finance sector activity.

S In 2002, the first submarine telecommunications cable

linking Europe and India via the African coastline was

extended to Angola and began operating. This cable link is

expected to increase Angola’s telecommunications capacity

substantially.

S In mid-2002, the government approved a Chinese-financed

project to rehabilitate the country’s telephone

infrastructure.

S The government made minimal progress on reforms during

2002, and continued to experience macroeconomic

instability. In early 2003, financial instability led some

creditors to threaten seizure of assets abroad.

S Although the IMF’s staff-monitored program in Angola

expired in June 2001, the IMF allowed the government

more time to meet outstanding commitments. In

mid-2002, after the Angolan authorities did not comply with

IMF requests for improved financial and fiscal

transparency, especially clarification of discrepancies

between actual and declared revenue, the IMF ended the

program.

S In May 2003, the World Bank announced plans to disburse

more than $100 million in funds designed to support the

social reintegration of combatants in Angola. The World

Bank clarified, however, that further funding would be

contingent on Angola’s improvement of transparency and

reduction of corruption.

S In June 2003, the World Bank and the government signed

a $16.6 million credit agreement for an Economic

Management Technical Assistance project, which includes

programs to assist the government in managing public

expenditure and to improve the management of petroleum

and tax revenues. The project is expected to run until 2007.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ANGOLA

Agriculture

(6.9%)

Oil

(61.4%)

Others

(12.5%)

Manufacturing

(3.5%)

Services

(7%)

Mining

(8.7%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
angola

Trade Update

S Although petroleum continued to dominate exports, diamonds

were also a top export as Angola is the world’s fourth largest

diamond exporter. In July 2002, the government signed new

diamond mining agreements with several companies including

Endiama, IDAS Resources, Twins, and SouthernEra. These new

agreements are expected to increase kimberlite mining

activities and diamond production.

S In December 2002, the government announced plans to

comply with the international certification of rough diamonds,

also known as the Kimberly Process, aimed at identifying the

source of exported diamonds. Although the WTO approved a

ban on the trade of diamonds used to fund armed conflict, also

known as “blood diamonds,” in February 2003, the effect on

Angola is uncertain given the cease-fire and increased stability.

S Given the increased stability from the cease-fire, informal trade

with southern African states, especially Namibia and South

Africa, began to increase. In 2001, Angola became South

Africa’s fourth largest export market in SSA, behind

Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Angola consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, aircraft and parts,

articles of steel and iron, and cereals; and U.S. imports from

Angola consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, and

organic chemicals.

S In March 2003, Angola agreed to adhere to the SADC Free

Trade protocol.

Investment and Privatization Update

S U.S. companies are responsible for more than half the

investment in Angola.

S The government continued efforts to increase and diversify

private sector investment. In March 2003, the government

announced the creation of a private sector investment agency,

which will review investment applications and encourage

private sector investment.

S In an effort to increase nonpetroleum investment, a new tax

regime, which provides for a 15-year tax break for both foreign

and domestic investors, as well as exemptions from customs

duties on all items for projects worth between $50,000 and

$250,000, was introduced.

S Investment primarily focused on the energy sector. In January

2003, Roc Oil (Australia) announced plans to begin exploration

activities at the Cabinda South onshore block. In May 2003,

Technip-Coflexip (France) won approximately $780 million in

contracts from TotalFinaElf Angola to develop Angola’s Dalia

oilfield.

S Private sector weakness and a lack of financial and

administrative capacity continued to constrain the

government’s privatization program. Most large enterprises,

such as the telecommunications, insurance, and banking firms

remain government monopolies.

S In mid-2002, the government postponed, then cancelled, the

opening of bids for the sale of 70 percent of the sugar

company, because the government considered the offers too

low. In September 2002, the state bank, BCI, announced new

rules for allocating credit as part of its restructuring program

in anticipation of privatization. With assistance from the IMF, in

January 2002, bids were submitted for consultancy services

to oversee the sale of 51 percent of BCI and the eventual

privatization of the commercial bank, BPC.

-4000

-3200

-2400

-1600

-800

0

800

1600

2400

3200

4000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. Trade Balance

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

6-14

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United States 44.2 Portugal 14.6

China 18.7 South Africa 12.4

France 9.0 United States 10.3

Belgium 8.8 France 4.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (1999) Imports (1996)

Crude Oil 4,305.0 Consumer goods

(excluding food)

712.0

Diamonds 577.0 Capital goods 327.0

Refined

petroleum

products

75.0 Intermediate

goods

299.0

Liquefied

petroleum gas

10.0 Food 295.0
6-15

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAr bn) 1,739.0 1,888.0 149.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.4 2.7 0.4

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.0 2.4 -1.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 210.0 245.0 35.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 467.0 500.0 33.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -257.0 -255.0 2.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -159.0 -190.0 -31.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 578.1 595.0 16.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAr/US$) 733.0 693.4 -39.6

S Benin experienced substantial economic growth in 2002,

prompted by growth in many sectors. The primary sector

grew by 5.7 percent, compared to 3.1 percent in 2001.

The secondary sector grew by 7.4 percent driven by

increased activity in the food processing and energy

sectors. The tertiary sector grew by 5.7 percent, driven by

increased commercial activity. Historically low cotton

prices, however, continued to constrain Benin’s economic

performance. A bumper crop in 2002 partially offset the

low international prices.

S In January 2003, the heads of state of Benin, Ghana,

Nigeria, and Togo signed a 20-year treaty establishing a

single regulatory authority for, and harmonizing the fiscal

and legal framework of, the planned $500 million West

African Gas Pipeline. The pipeline aims to transport

Nigerian gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

S The government’s main macroeconomic strategy was to

accelerate growth and to reduce poverty while maintaining

financial stability by strengthening public management,

improving transparency of public spending, improving

services provision to the poor, reforming the cotton sector,

and implementing an anticorruption strategy. The

government also focused on reducing the budget deficit.

The 2003 budget aims to keep the deficit at 4.6 percent of

GDP.

S In August 2002, the European Commission announced a

program of cooperation with Benin worth over $269 million

for the period 2002 to 2007. The main objective of the

program is to support Benin’s poverty reduction efforts

through sustainable economic and social development, and

to facilitate Benin’s integration into the world economy.

S According to government officials, between January 2001

and November 2002, Benin received more than 450 billion

CFA (approximately $720 million) in aid or loans, of which

180 billion CFA (approximately $288 million) came from

the European Union.

S Benin continued to follow the IMF PRGF program first

initiated in July 2000. The PRGF’s fourth review was

completed in March 2003, and Benin become the sixth

country in the world to reach completion point under the

HIPC initiative and to obtain full debt-relief assistance.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BENIN

Percent

Primary

(38.6%)

Secondary

(15.7%)

Tertiary

(45.7%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-16

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

India 21.0 China 35.0

Brazil 8.0 France 14.0

Italy 13.0 United Kingdom 5.0

Thailand 12.0 Togo 4.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Cotton and

textiles

159.0 Oil 55.0

benin

Trade Update

S Cotton, a major export crop, experienced low international

prices, forcing the state-owned cotton marketing company to

reduce producer prices. The cotton marketing company

reported reduced cotton production as a result of the lower

prices.

S Benin’s economy is highly dependent upon trade with Nigeria;

and a week-long border closing in August 2003 effectively cut

off Benin’s supply of gas and petroleum products.

S In August 2003, Benin’s Council of Ministers approved

Benin’s AGOA textile visa to allow for the duty-free export of

textiles and apparel items produced in Benin to the United

States.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Benin consisted primarily of vehicles

and parts, clothing, and machinery and mechanical

appliances; and U.S. imports from Benin consisted primarily

of live animals, precious or semiprecious stones and metals,

and wood and wood products. In addition, Benin has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although plans continued to proceed, final investment

decisions regarding the West African Gas Pipeline are not

due until the end of 2003, following the completion of

environmental and engineering studies.

S Benin continued plans to establish industrial free trade zones

in each if its 12 departments to attract domestic and

international investment. A Chinese-European shirt and

apparel joint venture expressed interest in building a factory

near the capital to take advantage of AGOA provisions. In

addition, a Hong Kong company expressed interest in

importing 3,000 sewing machines to assemble apparel for

the U.S. market.

S Government privatization efforts moved forward slowly in

2002. The government announced plans to privatize several

industries in 2003 and 2004, including the cotton ginning

parastatal, water and electricity sector, and the

telecommunications sector. Belgolaise, a Belgian bank, was

selected to manage the sale of the national cotton company’s

assets to the private sector. The government also developed

a new timetable for competitive bidding for the national

telecommunications company.

S Plans were initiated to introduce private management to the

electricity sector by mid-2003 and a joint private-public

management to the port. Adherence to the timetable is

uncertain given resistance to the privatization process from

trade unions and some political parties.

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-17

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, P bn) 33.6 37.9 4.3

GDP (US$ bn) 5.8 6.0 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 6.6 8.1 1.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,177.0 2,363.0 186.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) -1,545.0 -1,913.0 -368.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 3,722.0 4,276.0 554.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 488.0 354.0 -134.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ bn) 5.9 5.5 -0.4

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 357.7 370.3 12.6

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.3 1.9 -0.4

Exchange Rate (P/US$) 5.8 6.3 0.5

S The government continued to encourage the development

of the private sector through an attractive taxation regime,

the elimination of foreign exchange controls, and support

for foreign direct investment in manufacturing, tourism, and

financial services.

S The latest phase of the government-funded program to

extend the Botswana Power Corporation’s electricity grid

into rural areas was completed in early 2003. The

government aims to provide electricity to 70 percent of the

population by March 2009.

S The government continued to pursue prudent fiscal policies

aimed at increasing savings rates to fund investment. In

March 2003, the government’s economic policy, delineated

in the national development plans (NDP), NDP8 ended, and

the new NDP9 began. NDP9 will run from April 2003 to

March 2009. Major social issues identified in NDP9 are

curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS, lowering unemployment,

reducing poverty, increasing economic diversification,

reforming the public sector, and economically empowering

citizens. One method of economically empowering its

citizens, the issuance of locally denominated government

bonds in 2002, was postponed to 2003 after delays in

locating advisers.

S In mid-2002, the government introduced a 10 percent

value-added tax, originally planned for 2001.

S In 2002, the government approved the National

Masterplan for Agricultural and Dairy Development aimed

at improving the sector through initiatives such as irrigation

development.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BOTSWANA

Agriculture

(2.5%)

Services (incl. government)

(43.7%)

Manufacturing

(4.1%)

Construction

(8.0%)

Mining

(36.5%)

Miscellaneous

(5.2%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-18

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

EFTA 87.0 SACU 74.0

SACU 7.0 EFTA 17.0

Zimbabwe 4.0 Zimbabwe 4.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Diamonds 2,231.0 Machinery &

electrical goods

462.0

Copper &

nickel

163.0 Food, beverages, &

tobacco

293.0

Vehicles 53.0 Vehicles & transport

equipment

258.0

Meat & meat

products

52.0 Chemical & rubber

products

203.0

botswana

Trade Update

S In January 2003, the government signed up to comply

with the UN-backed Kimberley certification process. This

process will certify the origin of diamonds and verify

Botswana as a legitimate supplier of “conflict-free”

diamonds.

S One of Botswana’s substantial export products, beef,

continued to experience some setbacks in 2002 and early

2003. In 2002 and 2003, foot-and-mouth disease

erupted in Botswana. The 2003 outbreak was more

severe as a result of the increase in movement across the

Zimbabwean border where the disease was more

rampant. Although the government reacted quickly to

control the outbreak, exports to the EU, an important

Botswana market owing to preferential access under the

Cotonou agreement, were temporarily halted.

S In August 2002, AGOA was amended to allow Botswana

to source raw materials from third countries for textile

and apparel production. During the last year, the number

of companies manufacturing garments for AGOA-eligible

shipment rose from 5 to 8.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Botswana consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts, electrical machinery and equipment,

and machinery and mechanical appliances; and U.S.

imports from Botswana consisted primarily of precious or

semiprecious stones and metals, and knitted and

nonknitted apparel. In addition, Botswana has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel

eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Botswana

totaled $4.6 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In early 2003 Securicor International (UK) bid for a 70

percent stake in Inco Holdings, the country’s leading

security services firm, which is listed on the Botswana

Stock Exchange.

S International Finance Corporation announced plans to

invest $2 million in a 10 percent stake in the Kalahari

Diamonds company. BHP (Australia) also announced plans

to acquire a 20 percent stake in the Kalahari Diamonds

company.

S Prompted by the government’s new Mining and Minerals

Act, which aims to increase private investment in mining

exploration in more remote areas, diamond, copper-nickel,

soda ash, and gold are expected to see increased activity.

S Botswana was ranked as Africa’s most competitive

economy according to the World Economic Forum’s

report released in mid-2003.

S Although progress was slow, the government continued its

plans to privatize all parastatals except for Debswana

(diamond mining company) and the Diamond Valuing

Agency. In 2002, the government established the Public

Enterprise Evaluation and Privatization Agency (PEEPA),

which will ultimately decide the extent of foreign

participation in the privatization process and determine

the mechanisms that will be used to promote citizen

participation. In early 2003 the PEEPA announced that a

draft privatization masterplan had been completed and

was awaiting government review.

S During 2002, the national airline, Air Botswana, was

prepared for privatization with an expected sale date in

2003.

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-19

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,707.0 1,827.0 -120.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.3 2.6 0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.9 2.3 2.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 230.0 260.0 -30.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 509.0 535.0 -26.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -279.0 -275.0 -4.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -289.0 -300.0 11.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 260.5 213.4 47.1

Total External Debt (US$ bn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (N$/US$) 733.0 697.0 36.0

S As cotton is an important sector in the economy,

depressed world prices negatively affected export earnings

and economic performance. These pressures placed

additional burdens on the state cotton parastatal to lower

producer prices during the 2002/2003 season. In

addition, irregular rains in mid-2002 resulted in the

government declaring numerous provinces to be water

deficient.

S The manufacturing sector suffered from increased

competition from regional markets because of increased

regional trade liberalization.

S As part of the its education plan, the government aims to

increase primary school enrollment to 70 percent and

secondary school enrollment to 25 percent over 10 years.

The government aims to achieve this goal by pledging to

invest heavily in education. One-third of all debt-relief savings

under the HIPC debt initiative was earmarked for education

in 2002.

S The main reforms included in the 1999-2002 PRGF were

restructuring of the civil service, privatizing

government-owned entities, liberalizing the cotton sector,

reforming the judiciary, and improving social indicators by

investing in education and health services.

S As the government was determined to have successfully

completed the structural adjustment program, in April

2002, Burkina Faso reached “completion point” under the

HIPC initiative allowing it to receive total debt relief amounts

under the program. Total debt service relief will eventually

reach $930 million in nominal terms. Burkina Faso became

the fifth country to reach this point.

S In late 2002, Sweden provided a $4.4 million grant to

assist Burkina Faso in advancing antipoverty programs.

S In late 2002, the World Bank provided a $7.4 million grant

for wildlife conservation.

S In late 2002, the EU provided two grants totaling CFA10.5

billion (approximately $17 million) to assist in the

management of water resources and the development of

the private sector.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BURKINA FASO

Tertiary

(42.5%)

Primary

(37.6%)

Secondary

(19.9%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-20

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Singapore 14.9 Côte d’ Ivoire 29.6

Italy 13.8 France 24.3

France 7.3 Nigeria 3.7

Ghana 6.1 Italy 3.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Cotton 131.0 Capital goods 158.0

Livestock 42.0 Petroleum

products

93.0

Gold 5.0 Food 73.0

burkina faso

Trade Update

S Burkina Faso has a persistent trade deficit that is

partially driven by lagging agricultural sector

performance, particularly cotton sector performance,

which continued to experience declining international

cotton prices. In April 2003, Burkina Faso joined Mali,

Benin, and Chad in introducing a sectoral initiative to end

cotton subsidies.

S The government announced trials of biotech cotton in a

cooperative agreement with Monsanto (U.S.).

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Burkina Faso consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances,

animal and vegetable waxes, and cereals; and U.S.

imports from Burkina Faso consisted primarily or

precious or semiprecious stones and metals, works of

art, and knitted apparel.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although Burkina Faso has some manganese deposits,

the country has yet to invest in their development.

S The World Bank is funding a $360 million transport

sector adjustment program aimed at developing policy

and regulatory frameworks rehabilitating road and rail

networks, and restructuring transport parastatals.

S The main parastatals still awaiting privatization include

the telecommunications company, the electric company,

a gold mine, the water company, a theater, and the

airports.

S The state-owned cement factory, which closed in 2001,

was purchased by the Togo-based, Indian-owned West

African Cement company in 2002.

S In mid-2002, the government released details regarding

the liberalization of the cotton marketing sector, and the

privatization of the cotton parastatal in the eastern and

central regions.

S In early 2003, the government announced its intent to

divest a 34 percent holding of the telecommunications

parastatal to a strategic investor during the year.

Another 17 percent is to be sold to the same investor in

2007 and 2009, with another 20 percent to be

divested on the regional stockmarket. Six percent is to

be reserved for employees and the remainder for the

government.

S As part of its latest agreement with the World Bank and

IMF, the government agreed to the privatization of the

electric company and the hydrocarbons organization, as

well as third-party management of the airport.

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

5

10

15

20

25

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-21

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Bufr bn) 550.0 623.3 73.3

GDP (US$ mn) 662.3 669.6 7.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 9.3 8.0 -1.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 30.0 26.0 -4.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 125.0 132.0 7.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -95.0 -106.0 -11.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -35.7 -50.0 -14.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 17.7 58.8 41.1

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 1,145.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Bufr/US$) 830.4 930.8 100.4

S The increase in GDP was primarily driven by increased

agricultural production stemming from improved weather,

particularly increased rainfall, access to agricultural inputs,

and improved security in some regions. Increased

agricultural production contributed to increased industrial

output, especially in agricultural processing, chemicals, and

textiles.

S In March 2002, the World Bank approved a $187 million

credit to fund a transitional support strategy for 2002-03

which will address economic rehabilitation, capacity

building, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In support of the

strategy, the World Bank also approved an emergency

economic recovery credit of $54 million in September

2002.

S In March 2002, the government completed an interim

PRSP outlining a three-year framework for poverty

reduction.

S In October 2002, the IMF approved a postconflict

emergency program, which will provide $13 million and

begin the process toward the PRGF program. As part of

the agreement with the IMF, the government has

committed to increased fiscal and monetary policy

prudence, increased foreign exchange liberalization, and

reform of the tea and coffee sectors.

S At a conference in November 2002, donors pledged $905

million to Burundi over the following 3 years to fund the

government’s economic recovery program.

S In late 2002, China granted Burundi $4 million in debt

relief, and provided an additional $2.4 million for

educational projects.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BURundi

Agriculture

(50.0%)

Industry

(19.0%)

Services

(31.0%)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-22

Main Trade Partners, percent of total

Markets (2001) Sources (2002)

Switzerland 32.6 Belgium 16.4

Germany 19.2 Kenya 12.1

Kenya 17.4 Tanzania 10.3

Japan 8.6 France 7.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1999

Exports Imports

Coffee 44.1 Intermediate

goods

50.2

Tea 10.3 Capital

goods

30.0

Manufactures 1.0 Consumer

goods

37.4

Hides 0.1 Food 10.0

0

5

10

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

burundi

Trade Update

S Burundi’s declining export earnings were driven primarily

by lower output of, and declining international prices for,

tea and coffee. Less than potential output has resulted

from the negative supply effects of export taxes, input

shortages, and civil unrest. The currency devaluation did,

however, buffer some of these effects.

S The government is attempting to increase nontraditional

exports by exempting them from customs duties on

imported inputs and providing qualified exporters with a

10-year tax holiday.

S The government has committed to reducing tariffs in line

with its membership in COMESA; however, the government

stated that tariff reductions depend on external funding to

make up for lost revenue.

S In April 2002, Burundi’s application to join the EAC

regional grouping was placed on hold by current EAC

members, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The EAC cited a

need for additional time for the regional grouping to

establish itself prior to admitting additional members.

S In line with commitments to the IMF, devaluations of the

Burundian franc in August 2002 and April 2003 reduced

the gap between the official and parallel exchange rates.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Burundi consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, and vehicles and

parts; and U.S. imports from Burundi consisted primarily

of coffee, tea and spices, fish and crustaceans, and wool

and wool products.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although Burundi is not a significant investment

destination, the government’s privatization program is

expected to increase investment levels.

S Argosy (Australia) announced in mid-2002 that it would

resume development of its nickel project, which had been

suspended 2 years prior.

S Although the government announced the sale of the

state-owned telecommunications company in February

2001, political unrest has delayed the privatization. In

2002, the company invested in a $4 million system

upgrade to increase its subscriber base.

S Although the privatization minister has indicated the

government’s commitment to the privatization program,

as well as the identification of potential investors,

resistence from public-sector workers has constrained

progress. The March 2002 interim PRSP also cites the

continuing war, poor social indicators, and the weakness of

institutions as obstacles to privatization.

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-23

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 6,991.8 7,462.2 470.4

GDP (US$ bn) 9.5 10.1 0.6

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.5 2.8 -1.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,769.0 1,798.0 29.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,863.0 1,858.0 -5.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -94.0 -60.0 34.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -539.0 -522.0 17.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 331.8 629.7 297.9

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 9.1 8.6 -0.5

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 19.2 15.0 -4.2

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S In early 2003, the government announced a plan to build a

$200 million repair yard for oil platforms in order to take

advantage of the increasing hydrocarbons activity in the

Gulf of Guinea. The government is seeking funding from

various sources, including the African Development Bank,

the Islamic Development Bank, the Arab Bank for Economic

Development in Africa, and the Dutch Cooperation Fund.

S The transport sector is expected to improve performance

after progress in restructuring the national airlines,

restructuring the national port, privatization of the national

railways, and continued sectoral external assistance.

S Although Cameroon qualified for HIPC debt relief in October

2000, by mid-2002, delays in formulating specific projects

and other bottlenecks resulted in accumulated funds of

$137 million in the central bank and disbursement delays.

S In September 2002, the IMF completed the third PRGF

review of the 2002-03 program, finding that

macroeconomic fundamentals had improved. The IMF,

however, urged improved governance, accelerated

implementation of the privatization program, and increased

reform of the forestry, transport, petroleum, and financial

sectors.

S As a result of positive reviews of the country’s

implementation of its economic reforms and poverty

reduction program, in October 2002, the IMF and World

Bank agreed to a $2 billion debt relief package for

Cameroon under the HIPC initiative.

S In mid-2003, the World Bank provided $49.7 million to

reduce Cameroon’s commercial debt.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CAMEROON

Agriculture

(28.8%)

Industry

(31.0%)

Services

(40.2%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-24

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Italy 21.7 France 28.8

Spain 12.2 Nigeria 11.9

France 10.6 Italy 2.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Oil 878.0 Manufactures 689.0

Timber &

cork

461.0 Non-fuel

primary

products

596.0

Cocoa 136.0 Fuel 578.0

Coffee 58.0

cameroon

Trade Update

S The government has estimated that without the discovery

of new oil fields, the country’s petroleum reserves are

expected to be depleted by 2010. In May 2002, the

national hydrocarbons company launched a licensing

round for the development of the Sanaga-Sud gas field.

Also in May, the national hydrocarbons company signed an

agreement with RSM (U.S.) for the exploration of a section

of the Douala Basin. An October 2002 International Court

of Justice ruling recognizing Cameroon’s sovereignty over

the Bakassi peninsula could provide new petroleum

prospects.

S At the request of the World Bank, the government created

a one-stop shop to expedite fiscal and customs

procedures for foreign trade. While the service has

reduced the time that it takes cargo to clear the port,

transit times and costs remain relatively high and the

clearance procedures remain bureaucratic.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Cameroon consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, aircraft and parts,

and mineral waxes; and U.S. imports from Cameroon

consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, cocoa, and

wood and wood products. In addition, Cameroon has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel

eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Cameroon

totaled $115.8 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In May 2002, Framington Investment Management

launched the Central African Growth Fund which will target

investment in joint ventures, high-growth start-ups, or

privatized companies primarily in the CEMAC regional

group, of which Cameroon is a member.

S The construction of the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline

continued with an expected completion date toward the

end of 2003. The oil pipeline is expected to contribute to

transport sector growth and boost private investment.

S The government continued its plans to privatize all

parastatals except for the aluminum enterprise. Various

companies, including the mobile network, rail transport,

electricity, and sugar firms have been privatized in recent

years. Firms awaiting privatization include the national

airline (Camair), the telecommunications companies

(Camtel and Camtel-Mobile), the national water company,

the national insurance retirement fund (CNPS), and other

smaller parastatals.

S A privatization study into the sale of the national airline

was completed in September 2002. Although the national

airline underwent restructuring, it remains heavily in debt.

S Although the national telecommunications company is

slated for privatization, a depressed international

telecommunications market and lack of investor interest

have stalled its sale. The government began the

development of a strategic plan with an expected

completion date of end of 2003, further delaying the

privatization to possibly 2005.

S The national water company encountered delays as a

result of management opposition to the company’s

privatization. Unfavorable world commodity prices have

inhibited the sale of various agricultural firms, such as

rubber, palm oil, and banana operations.

-120

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-25

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CVEsc bn) 68.6 73.5 4.9

GDP (US$ mn) 553.3 639.6 86.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.0 3.0 0.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 27.3 30.0 2.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 218.0 220.0 2.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -190.7 -190.0 0.7

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -60.9 -60.0 0.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 45.5 63.2 17.7

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 344.0 325.0 -19.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a 0.0

Exchange Rate (CVEsc/US$) 122.9 114.9 -8.0

S Sustained foreign assistance, skilled human resources, and

a supportive environment continued to support steady

economic progress, although fiscal austerity in recent years

has contributed to reduced annual real GDP growth rates.

At approximately $1,440, Cape Verde, nevertheless,

maintains one of the highest levels of GDP on a per capita

basis in SSA.

S Through fiscal consolidation, the government reduced the

budget deficit from 19 percent in 2000 to 2 percent in

2002. Consequently, the government has shifted focus

from macroeconomic stability to structural reforms, such

as the implementation of customs tariff reductions, the

introduction of the value-added tax, and the completion of

the banking system reform.

S An important objective of government policy is increased

access to education, with over 25 percent of the budget

allocated to education in 2003.

S In April 2002, the IMF approved a $11 million, 3-year PRGF

for Cape Verde. The program will support government

implementation of a value-added tax, a new external tariff

regime, and a more transparent and automatic pricing

mechanism for petroleum products.

S The World Bank supported an expanded $10 million

HIV/AIDS prevention program implemented in 2002.

S In mid-2003, the World Bank approved a $11.5 million loan

to develop the private sector. The funding will support tax

reform, reduction in government bureaucracy, and

technical support for the privatization of companies.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Real GDP Growth Rate

CAPE VERDE

Economic Update

Agriculture & fishing

(12.1%)

Industry

(19.5%)

Services

(68.4%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-26

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Portugal 53.3 Portugal 54.0

United Kingdom 26.6 Netherlands 10.5

United States 13.3 Italy 6.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Fuel 21.6 Capital goods 150.3

Clothing &

footwear

10.8 Food 78.3

Fish & fish

products

0.8 Fuels 10.1

Trade Update

S Although Cape Verde’s main trade partner is Portugal, the

government continued to search for new trading

partners, particularly in Asia.

S The government maintained its peg to the euro as part of

its overall reform program, as well as a method for

facilitating trade with the EU.

S In August 2002, the government completed the

prerequisites for textile and apparel provisions of AGOA,

opening the way to the first garment exports to the United

States under the AGOA program in December 2002.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Cape Verde consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts, cereals, and mineral waxes; and U.S.

imports from Cape Verde consisted primarily of

nonknitted articles of apparel, beverages, and articles of

leather. In addition, Cape Verde has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel eligibility.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Cape Verde totaled

$51,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Investment is seen as crucial to economic growth. The

government is attempting to attract foreign investment

into the fishing and tourism industries.

S To streamline foreign investment procedures, in May

2003, the World Bank Foreign Investment Advisory

Service presented a study on barriers to investing in Cape

Verde ordered by the government.

S The government’s privatization program has thus far sold

more than 30 parastatals. Firms awaiting privatization

include the national airline, the pharmaceuticals

distribution company, the ship yard, the cold storage

facilities for fishing products, two commercial banks, the

national insurance company, the power supply company,

and the port authority.

S A value-added tax scheduled for mid-2003 and up-coming

privatizations are expected to increase government

funding for capital investment projects.

cape verde

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-27

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 684.0 712.0 28.0

GDP (US$ bn) 0.9 1.0 0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.8 2.3 -1.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 137.0 132.0 -5.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 116.0 107.0 -9.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 21.0 25.0 4.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -35.0 -16.0 19.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 119.0 123.0 4.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

Economic Update

S In recent years the government has implemented several

reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax, the

establishment of a National Statistical Board, the

establishment of a committee to review petroleum pricing

structure, the sale of the petroleum distribution company,

and the privatization of the national petroleum company.

S In addition to the resumption of aid projects previously

suspended as a result of the coup, in April 2003, China

donated $2.5 million for the payment of civil service

salaries, and in June 2003, the government signed a $2.5

million interest-free loan agreement with China for the

implementation of social and economic development

projects.

S In mid-2003, the Economic and Monetary Community of

Central African States provided a $9.1 million grant to the

Central African Republic in support of its reconstruction

efforts.

S Renewed civil unrest in October 2002 hampered the

government’s reform efforts.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Real GDP Growth Rate

CENTRAL

AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Services

(27.9%)

Primary

(56.0%)

Secondary

(16.1%)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-28

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Belgium 53.0 France 26.0

Kazakhstan 9.0 Cameroon 13.0

Spain 9.0 Spain 5.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Timber 57.0 Oil 28.0

Diamonds 56.0 Public

investment

20.0

Cotton 10.0

Coffee 2.0

Trade Update

S The country’s landlocked position contributes to high

transport costs. Another inhibitor to formal sector

exports is the export tax, which contributes to an

estimated large quantity of smuggled products, such as

beans.

S As a result of low international prices, cotton production

continued to decline. To assist the cotton sector in

marketing and technical support, the government

established a new cotton company in May 2002 with

support of the World Bank. The government holds only a

15 percent stake in the newly established firm.

S The government continued to promote value-added

processed exports in the forestry sector, such as veneer,

sawn board, and plywood. Government efforts were

inhibited, however, by lack of qualified staff and limited

energy supplies.

S The government continued efforts to establish trade

agreements with nontraditional partners such as Nigeria,

Ghana, Morocco, and Algeria.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to the Central African Republic

consisted primarily of machinery and mechanical

appliances, animal or vegetable waxes, and articles of iron

and steel; and U.S. imports from the Central African

Republic consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious

stones and metals, tobacco, and animal or vegetable oils.

In addition, the Central African Republic has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country. AGOA (including

GSP) imports from the Central African Republic totaled

$192,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Aurafrique (Canada) began development of gold

resources in the Bambari area. The company is also

investigating the possible development of silver, lead, and

iron resources in the region.

S Privatization efforts, which had begun when civil unrest

erupted in 1996, continued to be delayed.

S In June 2002, international telephone access was cut as

a result of nonpayment of the national

telecommunications company’s satellite bill. It is expected

that privatization of the company, initially scheduled for

early 2003, would alleviate these problems.

S Provision of power from the state-owned power company

also encountered difficulties, such as power cuts and

aging infrastructure. Planned privatization of the company,

initially scheduled for 2003, is expected to improve power

provision.

central african republic

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-5

0

5

10

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-29

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,090.0 1,286.0 196.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.5 1.8 0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 12.4 5.2 -7.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 177.0 197.0 20.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 449.0 570.0 121.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -272.0 -373.0 -101.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -561.0 -761.0 -200.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 122.0 219.0 97.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S Petroleum exploration activities continued to drive

economic growth in Chad, increasing investment and

government consumption. Although the government

continued efforts to diversify the economy, efforts were

inhibited by limited infrastructure capacity, high transport

and utility costs, administrative capacity limitations, and

on-going civil unrest. The French development agency, AFD,

estimated that the newly developed petroleum sector would

account for over 40 percent of the GDP beginning in 2004

when petroleum production is expected to begin.

S Continued exploration of the Doba oil fields is expected to

contribute to the expansion of the secondary and tertiary

sectors. In early 2003, however, a World

Bank-commissioned Independent Advisory Group expressed

concern that the Dobal petroleum project was weak in

measures to maximize local impact. The group cited various

concerns, including lack of effective monitoring by the

government, poor communication between stakeholders,

insufficient mitigation of potential inflationary and

environmental impact, and insufficient institutional capacity

to manage petroleum revenue.

S Following allegations of corruption and the misuse of HIPC

initiative funding, in May 2002, the IMF postponed the

fourth PRGF review. The IMF completed this review in

October 2002, and approved requests for extension of the

commitment period and waiver for the nonobservance of

one performance criteria. Consequently, Chad will be able

to draw about $7 million from the fund.

S In mid-2003, the African Development Bank signed a

$21.4 million loan agreement to support livestock farming

through the Pastoral Cattle Breeding System Project in an

effort to increase animal production and rural incomes.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CHAD

Agiculture

(37.0%)

Industry

(16.0%)

Services

(47.0%)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-30

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Portugal 28.0 United States 38.0

Germany 15.0 France 26.0

France 7.0 Cameroon 8.0

Poland 6.0 Nigeria 5.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Livestock &

meat

70.0 Oil sector 275.0

Cotton 66.0 Non-oil

sector

71.0

Trade Update

S Completion of the Doba petroleum project is expected to

shift Chad’s export profile to include substantial amounts

of petroleum.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Chad consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, articles of iron and

steel, and vehicles and parts; and U.S. imports from Chad

consisted primarily of vegetable saps and extracts,

electrical machinery and equipment, and mineral fuels and

oils. In addition, Chad has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S With support from the World Bank, a consortium of

companies including ExxonMobil (U.S.), Petronas

(Malaysia), and Chevron (U.S.) began construction of a

petroleum pipeline in 2000 that is expected to be

completed in 2003. The Doba petroleum project

continued to drive investment, and completion is expected

to contribute to petroleum exports. Other companies

continued to explore for other petroleum reserves in the

southern and western regions of Chad. The French

development agency, AFD, estimated that investment

related to the Doba petroleum project increased to an

estimated $539 million in 2002.

S Most state-owned firms have been sold or liquidated.

Privatization efforts have, however, recently slowed. Firms

awaiting privatization include the sugar company

(Sonasut), the water and electricity utility (STEE), the

international telecommunications company (TIT), the

national airlines (Air Chad), the national post office and

telecommunications company (ONPT), and the cotton

monopoly (Cotontchad).

S Although Vivendi (France) took over management of the

electric and water companies in 2000, its option to obtain

equity stakes in 2002 was delayed because of

administrative obstacles.

S The government appointed a consulting firm to plan the

privatization of the ginning and cotton export operations of

the national cotton monopoly. In addition, Cotontchad’s oil

and soap-making operations were separated from the

company and tender was launched in 2002 to privatize

the newly created company.

chad

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

100

200

300

400

500

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-31

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Cfr bn) 108.0 110.7 2.7

GDP (US$ bn) 0.2 0.2 0.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.5 3.0 -0.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 9.6 n/a n/a

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 44.9 n/a n/a

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -35.3 n/a n/a

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -10.5 n/a n/a

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 62.3 n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 104.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Cfr/US$) 549.8 522.7 -27.1

Economic Update

S Supported by foreign aid, the government continued

ongoing efforts to improve road networks throughout the

country in order to increase links between rural

communities.

S The proposed introduction of air charter services by

Chapman Freeborn (UK) between Comoros, Djibouti, and

Marseille, France, is expected to facilitate the expansion of

the tourism sector.

S The IMF’s staff-monitored program, implemented in

mid-2001, continued until mid-2002. The program’s main

reform attempts included strengthening fiscal

management to ensure expenditures within the country’s

resources, privatizing public enterprises, and reviewing the

process used to set domestic prices for petroleum

products.

S Comoros remained in arrears to some multilateral lenders

including the African Development Bank. Comoros’ debt

level is generally considered unsustainable, and it may

become eligible for the HIPC debt relief program.

S Political instability and uncertainty in late 2002, which

continued into 2003, prompted the IMF to suspend funding

temporarily until the situation was stabilized.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Real GDP Growth Rate

COMOROS

Agriculture, fishing & forestry

(40.9%)

Manufacturing

(4.2%)

Services

(54.9%)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-32

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United States 27.0 France 29.1

France 18.9 South Africa 12.7

Singapore 16.2 Japan 7.6

United Kingdom 13.5 United Arab

Emirates

6.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Vanilla 7.7 Rice 8.8

Cloves 2.3 Petroleum

products

5.1

Ylang-ylang 1.7

Trade Update

S The government continued efforts to introduce new vanilla

plants in an attempt to increase productivity and exports.

Despite supply constraints, Comoros received a boost in

exports as international concern over the civil unrest in

Madagascar prompted a shift in vanilla bean sourcing to

Comoros.

S Although France is Comoros’ main trading partner,

Comoros has, in recent years, increased trade with SSA

partners, such as Kenya, South Africa, Madagascar, and

Mauritius, as well as, Asian countries, such as Pakistan.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Comoros consisted primarily of

mineral fuels and oils, machinery and mechanical parts, and

plastics; and U.S. imports from Comoros consisted primarily

of coffee, tea and spices, and live animals.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Various factors continued to inhibit foreign investment,

including the small size of the economy, heavy reliance on

imports, political instability, and weak government

institutions.

S The government continued its privatization efforts, including

the sale of several state-owned hotels.

comoros

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0.0

0.5

1.0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-33

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 6,743.6 6,970.0 226.4

GDP (US$ bn) 9.2 10.0 0.8

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.3 3.1 -1.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 3,947.4 4,500.7 553.3

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,407.8 2,461.3 53.5

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,539.6 2,039.4 499.8

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -57.7 266.1 323.8

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 1,019.0 1,863.3 844.3

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 11.6 11.0 -0.6

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.4 13.9 0.5

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

Economic Update

S In April 2002, the IMF expressed general satisfaction with

the government’s progress under the staff-monitored

program, and formally resumed its financial assistance

under the $366 million PRGF program, which was

suspended after the 1999 miliary coup. Under the

program, the government committed itself to tighter fiscal

policies and tax reforms. The eruption of civil unrest in

2002, however, inhibited the government’s ability to meet

all of the performance criteria, and policy was focused on

crisis management.

S As a result of the civil unrest, the government suspended

bilateral debt payments, but continued to honor multilateral

debt payments with revenues from the cocoa sector.

S The outbreak of civil unrest in September 2002 led to

sharp contractions of many economic sectors, as well as

the disruption of various trading activities. As Côte d’Ivoire

was an important thoroughfare for trade to regional

landlocked countries, the civil unrest substantially impacted

regional trade, forcing the rerouting of products to other

ports.

S At the peace conference in January 2003, donors pledged

$369 million over a 5-year period to assist in

reconstruction efforts.

S The government’s policy priorities included restoring fiscal

discipline, clearing up external payment arrears,

accelerating the privatization program, reforming the cocoa

and coffee marketing structures, increasing investment,

and improving the provision of social services.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Real GDP Growth Rate

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Services

(49.4%)

Agriculture

(29.1%)

Industry

(21.6%)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-34

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

France 13.3 Nigeria 23.0

Netherlands 9.4 France 22.6

United

States

8.3 China 5.5

Mali 5.8 Italy 3.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Cocoa &

products

1,038.0 Petroleum &

products

839.0

Petroleum

& products

735.0 Capital

equipment and

raw materials

734.0

Coffee &

products

301.0 Food 436.0

Timber 246.0

Trade Update

S Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s largest supplier of cocoa,

accounting for more than 40 percent of the global

supply. It is also an important world supplier of robusta

coffee. Total production and export of coffee for 2002

and 2003 was uncertain given the countering effects of

relatively high world cocoa prices and the civil unrest.

S Historically, Côte d’Ivoire’s port in Abidjan can account for

more than 85 percent of national customs revenues. The

civil unrest in late 2002 and early 2003 reduced port

traffic by an estimated 50 percent.

S An Anglo-Dutch consortium was awarded a 30-year

contract to build, operate, and transfer a new terminal,

which is expected to double Abidjan’s container-handling

capacity when complete, and, consequently, increase

trade through the country.

S In May 2002, the United States added Côte d’Ivoire to

the list of countries eligible for AGOA benefits.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Côte d’Ivoire consisted primarily

of machinery and mechanical appliances, plastics,

fertilizers, and cereals; and U.S. imports from Côte

d’Ivoire consisted primarily of cocoa, mineral fuels and

oils, and wood and wood products. In addition, Côte

d’Ivoire has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Côte d’Ivoire

totaled $49.7 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although minimally, production of petroleum products

continued to grow. In early 2002, Natural Resources

(Canada) resumed production at the Espoir field resulting

in increased petroleum production activity.

S A Chinese/Ivoirian joint venture has invested $9 million

in a textile factory to export products under the AGOA

program.

S Firms awaiting privatization include the

telecommunications company, a vegetable-oil producer, a

hotel, the electricity utility, the state oil refinery, and the

national airline.

S As part of its continuing privatization efforts, the water

utility underwent financial rehabilitation; and the

state-owned postal savings system, the public-sector

pension fund, and the state-owned bank underwent

restructuring.

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

-320

-240

-160

-80

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-35

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, FC bn) 1,556.0 1,911.0 355.0

GDP (US$ bn) 7.5 5.5 -2.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 357.0 25.0 -332.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 940.0 1,109.0 169.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,067.0 1,405.0 338.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -127.0 -296.0 -169.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -250.0 -150.0 100.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (FC/US$) 206.6 346.5 139.9

Economic Update

S Government policies continued to focus on stabilization and

the reversal of years of economic decline. For the first time

in 13 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo saw

positive economic performance in 2002, which resulted

from positive economic policy performance and reduced

civil unrest. Significant contributors to the improved

performance were the liberalization of the exchange rate

and fuel prices, which stimulated transport and trade

activities. The positive policy performance also led to the

resumption of nonhumanitarian aid for the country.

S A sign of the improving environment was the partial

reopening of the river to commercial traffic, which is

expected to benefit many firms requiring river access to

transport goods, especially palm oil plantations and timber

traders.

S In late 2002, the government announced plans to improve

governance and to tackle corruption. Part of this plan

included the development of a code of ethics for civil

servants.

S In April 2002, the World Bank approved a $450 million

loan to assist the government in meeting arrears

payments.

S In June 2002, after the successful completion of an IMF

staff-monitored program established in July 2001, the

Democratic Republic of the Congo was approved for a

PRGF program. Under the program, the government

committed itself to improving macroeconomic stability,

rehabilitating essential infrastructure, and promoting

policies aimed at poverty reduction.

S In December 2002, donors pledged $2.5 billion in

assistance aimed at restructuring the country.

S In March 2003, the IMF reviewed the PRGF program and

noted that most targets had been met satisfactorily,

leading to the release of additional funding from the $786

million facility.

S In June 2003, after positive performance with respect to

the PRGF program, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

was declared eligible for entry into the HIPC initiative.

Formal commencement of the program, however, was

delayed by donors until the transitional government was in

place.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Real GDP Growth Rate

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

of the congo

Agriculture, forestry

(53.5%)

Mining

(8.9%)

Manufacturing

(4.8%)

Services

(26.0%)

Others

(6.8%)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-36

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Belgium 59.7 South Africa 18.2

United States 12.9 Belgium 16.4

Zimbabwe 7.4 Nigeria 11.8

France 6.9 France 5.9

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2000) Imports (1999)

Diamonds 437.0 Consumer

goods

263.0

Crude oil 141.0 Raw

materials

115.0

Cobalt 97.0 Capital

goods

110.0

Copper 45.0

Trade Update

S The Democratic Republic of the Congo is an export-oriented

economy, dependent on primary commodities, particularly

mining and mineral products.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to the Democratic Republic of the

Congo consisted primarily of machinery and mechanical

appliances, meat, and cereals; and U.S. imports from the

Democratic Republic of the Congo consisted primarily of

mineral fuels and oils, precious or semiprecious stones and

metals, and base metals. In addition, the Democratic

Republic of the Congo has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S A government priority is the establishment of an

investment-friendly environment to encourage foreign

investment and private sector development. As part of this

strategy, the government is developing an investment code,

especially for the mining sector, to clarify tax and profit

provisions and legal guarantees for investments.

S Although various firms have expressed interest in the mining

sector, many await the new mining code before proceeding

with investments. Some firms, however, continued

investment projects. For example, a large consortium of

international firms invested $120 million in a new tailings

processing plant in Lubumbashi.

S A significant investment destination was the petroleum

sector. A consortium headed by ChevronTexaco (U.S.) began

a 3-year program to increase offshore petroleum

production. Parenco Oil (France) also invested in a project to

develop the onshore petroleum field, Liawenda.

S Vodacom (South Africa, UK) launched cellular services in

2002 with an investment of $94 million.

S Eskom Holdings (South Africa) set up a consortium to

manage and operate transmission infrastructure in the

Democratic Republic of the Congo, and to supply power

from the Inga dam to various countries including South

Africa.

S The civil unrest continued to inhibit privatization efforts. Of

the over 100 state-owned enterprises, approximately 60

have mixed ownership structures.

S In late 2002, the government announced various reform

plans including the restructuring of public enterprises to be

overseen by the Public Enterprise Reform Steering

Committee tasked with the preparation of divestiture plans.

S A government priority is the restructuring of the banking

sector as three insolvent banks were liquidated in early

2003. As part of this effort, the IMF and the World Bank

supported the auditing and restructuring of several

commercial banks.

democratic republic of THE CONGO

-240

-180

-120

-60

0

60

120

180

240

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-37

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Dfr bn) 101.9 105.7 3.8

GDP (US$ bn) 0.6 0.6 0.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 1.8 1.5 -0.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 75.0 70.0 -5.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 261.0 255.0 -6.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -186.0 -185.0 1.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -17.0 -10.0 7.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 70.3 72.0 1.7

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 262.0 265.0 3.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Dfr/US$) 177.7 177.7 0.0

Economic Update

S In December 2002, the IMF completed its third review of

Djibouti’s PRGF program. The IMF waived a number of

conditions. Despite various lapses in government

commitments, the IMF commended the government on its

improved fiscal position and the audit of the country’s

domestic arrears.

S In 2002, the government conducted two audits of domestic

arrears; and the audits estimated a stock of $163 million in

arrears. The government, consequently, developed a plan to

address the arrears over a 10-year period.

S In order to address the need for increased power supplies,

in March 2003, the Arab Fund for Economic and Social

Development provided a $10 million loan to install two new

generators, as well as to purchase necessary spare parts.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Real GDP Growth Rate

DJIBOUTI

Primary

(3.5%)

Construction & public works

(secondary)

(6.8%)

Other secondary

(9.0%)

Other tertiary

(52.9%) Transport & communications

(tertiary)

(27.8%)

0

1

2

3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-38

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Somalia 45.0 Saudi Arabia 18.0

France 23.0 France 16.0

Yemen 19.0 Ethiopia 10.0

United Arab

Emirates

4.0 China 8.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1998

Exports Imports

Re-exports 45.0 Food &

beverages

53.0

Locally produced

goods

14.0 Qat 17.0

Petroleum

products

17.0

Machinery 15.0

Trade Update

S A meeting between Ethiopia and Djibouti, held in Addis

Ababa in March 2003, led to the establishment of

accords regulating transport of goods and commercial

relations between the two countries.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Djibouti consisted primarily of

cereals, printed material, and machinery and mechanical

appliances; and U.S. imports from Djibouti consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances, milling

industry products, and fish and crustaceans. In addition,

Djibouti has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Djibouti totaled

$23,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Privatization efforts continued slowly as a result of

government delays and limited responses from potential

investors. Despite an ambitious privatization program

targeting water, electricity, postal, and

telecommunications companies, the only parastatals

privatized by early 2003 were the port (2000) and the

airport (2002).

S In June 2002, the government privatized the international

airport by awarding management to Dubai Port

International.

S The government also began the process for privatizing the

state-owned electric company.

djibouti

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-39

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,305.0 1,712.0 407.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.8 2.5 0.7

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 8.8 6.0 -2.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,837.0 2,450.0 613.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 810.0 560.0 -250.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,027.0 1,890.0 863.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -1,057.0 -705.0 352.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 70.9 88.6 17.7

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 693.4 -39.6

S Equatorial Guinea continued to exhibit significant growth

rates driven by development of the petroleum sector and

associated investment flows. Crude oil production currently

exceeds 265,000 barrels per day. The activity has resulted

in the continued increase in methanol and liquified

petroleum gas exports. Continued investment and

associated economic expansion is expected to continue as

exploration and new expansions are planned for 2003.

S The creation of a national petroleum company (Gepetrole),

tasked with management of the petroleum sector and the

government’s relations with petroleum companies, was

formally launched in late 2002.

S In early 2003, the government replaced a multi-tier

minimum wage system with a two-tier system creating a

separate wage system for private sector workers inside

and outside the petroleum sector.

S The discovery of petroleum and the resulting inflow of

revenue has dampened the government’s commitment to

reforms, such as agricultural production initiatives,

budgetary reforms, and improved governance. Lack of

transparency has also fueled concern regarding increasing

corruption. Consequently, macroeconomic management

remains relatively opaque, and resumption of formal IMF

lending, suspended more than 10 years ago, remains

unlikely.

S In early 2002, the World Bank resumed relations with

Equatorial Guinea by supporting transport sector initiatives.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Real GDP Growth Rate

EQUATORIAL

GUINEA

Economic Update

Secondary

(91.2%)

Primary

(5.4%)

Tertiary

(3.4%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent
6-40

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Spain 32.0 United States 32.0

China 27.0 United

Kingdom

15.0

United States 26.0 Spain 12.0

France 2.0 Côte d’Ivoire 7.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Petroleum 1,683.0 Petroleum

sector

654.0

Methanol 183.0 Equipment

goods

94.0

Trade Update

S In 2002 the first phase of a joint project by the government

and Incat (UK) to upgrade the port of Luba to make it an

oil-services facility was completed. The upgraded port is

expected to facilitate petroleum trade.

S Although commercial agricultural products, such as coffee

and cocoa, were important export products in years past,

their contribution to the country’s trade profile continues to

diminish. Although timber and forestry products exported

to China continued to contribute to export revenues, in light

of the expansion of the petroleum sector, its relative

contribution diminished.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Equatorial Guinea consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances, and

articles of iron or steel; and U.S. imports from Equatorial

Guinea consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, organic

chemicals, and works of art.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The petroleum sector continued to drive investment activity,

and economic growth. Since 1995, U.S. companies have

invested approximately $5 billion in this sector.

S In April 2002, ExxonMobil (U.S.) announced a $900 million

expansion program for its oil fields.

S A consortium consisting of Petronas (Malaysia), Ocean

Energy (U.S.), Det Norske Oljeselskap (Norway), and Atlas

Petroleum (Nigeria) were awarded an exploration license in

early 2003.

S Investment in the forestry sector, stemming from

increased Asian demand, has also expanded the

nonpetroleum sector. Although Equatorial Guinea is

believed to possess mineral deposits, such as gold,

diamonds, bauxite, iron ore, titanium, manganese, and

uranium, inadequate infrastructure has inhibited

investment in and development of the minerals sector.

S Firms awaiting privatization include the cocoa company,

national airline, shipping and maritime enterprises,

electricity and water utilities, and the telecommunications

company.

equatorial guINEA

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-41

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Nfa bn) 9.3 10.7 1.4

GDP (US$ bn) 0.7 0.7 0.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 14.6 16.0 1.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 20.0 22.0 2.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 490.0 530.0 40.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -470.0 -508.0 -38.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -87.0 -165.0 -78.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 410.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Nfa/US$) 13.5 14.5 1.0

Economic Update

S The agricultural sector remained an important determinant

of economic performance. The main constraints to

agricultural development include the lack of irrigation,

inadequate technology, lack of access to credit, and

inadequate marketing services. Despite government

investment efforts in the agricultural sector, the effects of

drought resulted in an appeal for food aid in late 2002 and

early 2003.

S Eritrea’s economic policy focused primarily on developing

and rehabilitating infrastructure and improving food

security.

S The first private commercial bank, Augaro Bank, began

operations in 2002.

S A new national carrier, Eritrean Airlines, made its first flight

in April 2003.

S In January 2002, Denmark announced the suspension of

development assistance by 2005 as a result of concerns

regarding human rights.

S In November 2002, the European Commission provided a

96.8 million euro (approximately $102 million) package for

economic, political, cultural, and social-cooperation projects.

The aid package will cover the 2002-2007 period and

assist in poverty reduction and social development

initiatives.

S In February 2003, the European Development Fund agreed

to a $19.8 million loan to renovate Eritrea’s electricity

distribution system.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Real GDP Growth Rate

ERITREA

Percent

Agriculture

(16.0%)

Industry

(25.3%)

Other services

(18.0%)

Manufacturing

(9.9%)

Distribution services

(30.6%)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-42

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 1998

Markets Sources

Sudan 27.2% Italy 17.4%

Ethiopia 26.5% United Arab

Emirates

16.2%

Japan 13.2% Germany 5.7%

United Arab

Emirates

7.3% United

Kingdom

4.5%

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1998

Exports Imports

Crude materials 12.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

141.0

Food & live

animals

8.0 Manufactured

goods

88.0

Manufactured

goods

4.0 Food & live

animals

63.0

Chemicals &

chemical

products

21.0

Trade Update

S The need for substantial capital imports for reconstruction

efforts, the suspension of trade with Ethiopia (formerly a

primary export market), and the need for food and food aid,

contributed to the country’s trade deficit.

S The government continued efforts to diversify export

markets by increasing trade with Sudan, and searching for

new markets in East Africa.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Eritrea consisted primarily of

cereals, animal or vegetable oils, and animal or vegetable

waxes; and U.S. imports from Eritrea consisted primarily of

organic chemicals, raw hides and skins, and essential oils

and resinoids. In addition, Eritrea has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Eritrea totaled $11,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Despite the government’s continued efforts to establish a

private-sector-led economy, continued conflict with Ethiopia

and concerns regarding human rights records have

inhibited investment.

S Eritrea continued to expand exploration of potential

petroleum and gas reserves. Though underexplored, the

mining sector also received some investment. In January

2003, Nevsun Resources (Canada) announced high

grade-borehole results.

S In addition to recent civil unrest, numerous conditions for

sale and relatively high prices constrained privatization

efforts.

eritrea

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-43

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Birr bn) 51.2 50.3 -0.9

GDP (US$ bn) 6.0 5.8 -0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) -8.1 -7.0 1.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 433.0 400.0 -33.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,626.0 1,715.0 89.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -1,193.0 -1,315.0 -122.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -477.0 -550.0 -73.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 433.0 882.0 449.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 5.6 6.0 0.4

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 18.7 7.4 -11.3

Exchange Rate (Birr/US$) 8.5 8.6 0.1

S The effects of a severe drought in 2002 throughout

southern and eastern Africa led to a food deficit in Ethiopia,

and dampened economic performance.

S In March 2002, the IMF conducted a second annual review

of the PRGF, and disbursed $30 million. Following an

interim poverty reduction strategy paper published in early

2001, in August 2002, the government published its full

poverty reduction strategy paper. The strategy provides for

structural reforms, such as further deregulation of

foreign-exchange controls, interest rate liberalization, and

increased privatization, and was positively evaluated by the

World Bank and IMF. By March 2003, approximately

SDR69 million (approximately $94 million) had been

disbursed under the PRGF.

S At a Consultative Group meeting in Addis Ababa in

December 2002, donors pledge $3.6 billion to cover the

mid-2002 to mid-2005 period.

S As part of its agreement with the IMF, the government

instituted a value-added tax of 15 percent in January 2003.

S Donor and investor confidence continued to be dampened Origins of GDP (2001) in 2002 and early 2003 by allegations of corruption.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ETHIOPIA

Percent

Agriculture & allied activities

(45.4%)

Industry

(11.2%)

Services sector

(43.4%)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-44

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Djibouti 13.2 Saudi Arabia 29.3

Italy 9.4 Italy 7.2

Japan 9.2 India 6.7

Saudi Arabia 9.0 United States 4.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Coffee 171.0 Consumer

goods

459.0

Qat 60.0 Capital goods 436.0

Oilseeds 30.0 Fuel 403.0

Pulses 8.0 Semi-finished

goods

278.0

Trade Update

S In addition to a regionwide drought, volatile international

coffee prices continued to produce erratic coffee export

performance.

S Ethiopia’s conflict with Eritrea resulted in the loss of access

to Eritrea’s ports, which had previously accounted for over

65 percent of Ethiopia’s merchandise trade. Trade

transport was shifted to Djibouti’s and Sudan’s ports.

S The government continued efforts to diversify export

markets by promoting trade links with the Arabian

peninsula, Japan, and China.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Ethiopia consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts, milling industry products, machinery and

mechanical appliances, and cereals; and U.S. imports from

Ethiopia consisted primarily of coffee, tea, spices, oil seeds,

and fruits. In addition, Ethiopia has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA

(including GSP) imports from Ethiopia totaled $2.3 million in

2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In early 2002, the government increased efforts to

encourage nonresident Ethiopians to invest in the country by

reducing bureaucracy and immigration formalities, and

aligning their incentives with that of local investors.

S Although approximately 114 state-owned enterprises,

ranging from hotel chains to plantations, were slated for

privatization between 2001 and 2003, recent civil unrest

and administrative uncertainty continued to constrain

privatization efforts.

S All state-owned textile plants were slated for privatization in

2002 and 2003.

S Questionable sale circumstances resulted in the

reacquisition of a hotel, soap factory, printing press

company, and four mills in recent years.

ethiopia

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

50

100

150

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-45

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 2,712.1 2,788.0 75.9

GDP (US$ bn) 3.7 4.0 0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 2.1 1.5 -0.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,631.6 2,497.7 -133.9

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,006.4 1,094.9 88.5

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,625.2 1,402.8 -222.4

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -57.4 -247.0 -189.6

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 9.8 140.0 130.2

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.9 3.8 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 20.9 19.8 -1.1

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S Gabon’s economic performance remains highly dependent

on the petroleum sector, and, consequently, vulnerable to

international petroleum prices.

S Economic development and diversification continued to be

inhibited by inadequate institutional and social

infrastructure, high communication costs, small market

size, and large distances between local producers and

markets.

S In July 2002, Gabon was linked to an international fiber

optic cable linking Europe and India via the African coastline.

This access is expected to substantially increase

telecommunications capacity.

S In order to provide a reliable water supply to the capital, the

national water utility invested $15.3 million in a water

processing unit in 2003.

S Sluggish progress toward the privatization of state assets

contributed to the disbursement of only SDR13.22 million

(approximately $18 million) of stand-by credit by April 2002

from the IMF. In late 2002, the government reinforced its

commitment to economic reforms by formulating a more

realistic 2003 budget, improving expenditure management,

establishing new anticorruption laws, strengthening tax and

customs administration, advancing privatization plans, and

auditing petroleum companies.

S In September 2002, the United States pledged $53 million

for the environmental initiative, the Congo Basin Forest

Partnership, which will establish forestry reserves in the

region for research and tourism.

S In January 2003, the European Commission granted

Gabon 35 million euro (approximately $36.7 million) to

reduce the environmental impact of mining projects.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

GABON

Percent

(Oil) primary

(25.0%)

Other secondary

(11.9%)

Secondary

(16.8%)

Tertiary

(46.3%)

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-46

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

United States 50.2 France 64.8

France 17.1 United States 5.1

China 7.7 Belgium 4.2

Netherland

Antilles

4.3 Netherlands 2.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Petroleum

(crude)

2,046.0 Machinery and

mechanical

appliances

184.4

Timber 324.0 Prepared food

stuff

170.1

Manganese 118.0 Consumption

goods

151.8

Trade Update

S Gabon’s main export product is petroleum. Despite

continued efforts by the government via licensing rounds to

encourage exploration, petroleum output continued to

decline because of the depletion of existing reserves. In

mid-2003, the government signed a 10-year exploration

and production-sharing contract with Elf Gabon, Elf

Aquitaine, Amerade Hess Production Gabon, and Shell

Gabon, which is expected to involve a $150 million

investment and to increase onshore petroleum production.

S Forestry products are one of Gabon’s main sources of

foreign exchange. A new forestry code, approved in early

2002, encouraged investment in physical capital and

timber processing. Faced by stagnating international prices

for processed wood as well as increased export taxes in

2002, SNBG, the timber company jointly owned by the state

and private forestry companies, applied new quality quotas

and strengthened measures to reduce fiscal evasion. In

early 2003, forestry companies suspended operations to

protest the introduction of a new tax in the 2003 budget,

suggested by the IMF.

S In 2002, the government launched a tender for the

management of the export processing zone at Port-Gentil.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Gabon consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, meat, and electrical

machinery and equipment; and U.S. imports from Gabon

consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils; ores, slag, and

ash; and organic chemicals. In addition, Gabon has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country. AGOA (including

GSP) imports from Gabon totaled $1.1 billion in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The government continued efforts to restructure the

national airline company prior to privatization. The

government announced the possibility of integrating its

privatization plans with the January 2003 CEMAC pledge to

create a regional airline.

S The government decided to split the national postal and

telecommunications services with a plan to maintain state

control of the postal services. The telecommunications

branch received a bid in November 2002 and the

government plans to privatize it in 2003.

S Other firms targeted for privatization include the railway

(OCTRA), the electricity and water utilities (SEEG), and the

telecommunications company (OPT).

gabon

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-47

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, D bn) 88.6 121.4 32.8

GDP (US$ mn) 5,641.0 6,130.0 489.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.3 5.5 1.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 146.0 138.0 -8.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 226.0 225.0 -1.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -80.0 -87.0 -7.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -23.0 -22.0 1.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 106.0 103.0 -3.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 476.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (D/US$) 15.7 19.8 4.1

S In July 2002, the IMF agreed to a $27 million PRGF to run

until the end of 2005. Under the program, the government

committed to tightening monetary policy, broadening the

tax base, encouraging income activities in the agricultural,

tourism, and trade sectors, and improving education and

health services. This action set up the foundation for

possible inclusion in the HIPC initiative program.

S The World Bank’s International Development Association

approved a $16 million loan to finance the government’s

Gambia Trade Project.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

the gambia

Percent

Agriculture

(38.0%)

Industry

(13.0%)

Services

(49.0%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-48

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

BelgiumLuxembourg 14.8China (incl.

Hong Kong) 59.2

Brazil 8.1 United Kingdom 19.6

Netherlands 6.5 Netherlands 15.1

United Kingdom 5.3 Brazil 14.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1999

Exports Imports

Re-exports 104.0 Food &

beverages

89.4

Groundnut

products

10.0 Manufactures 53.8

Fish & fish

preparations

3.1 Machinery &

transport

equipment

46.5

Minerals &

fuel

12.4

Trade Update

S In July 2002, Afrinat International Airlines (U.S.) began

flights between The Gambia and New York. The service

could increase American tourism to, and trade with, The

Gambia. In an effort to develop and promote tourism, the

government launched The Gambia Tourism Authority in April

2002.

S The Gambia Trade Project, funded by the World Bank, aims

to develop a competitive export processing center in the

country. It involves four separate projects: the development

of a free port at Banjul to provide storage, warehousing, and

transshipment services; the establishment of an export

processing zone; the creation of a special economic zone to

develop industrial, commercial, agroprocessing, and other

businesses reliant on air transport; and the establishment

of a company to provide information processing services.

S As a result of the civil unrest in Côte d’Ivoire, which

disrupted trade routes for landlocked Mali, Mali and The

Gambia came to an agreement in early 2003 providing Mali

with access to The Gambia’s ports.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to The Gambia consisted primarily of

meat, machinery and mechanical appliances, and cotton

products; and U.S. imports from The Gambia consisted

primarily of oil seeds and fruit, machinery and mechanical

appliances, and optical or medical instruments and

apparatus. In addition, The Gambia has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports

from The Gambia totaled $24,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Petroleum exploration efforts continued in 2002. In 2002,

Fusion Oil (UK-Australia) confirmed a petroleum production

license with the government, and, in 2002, was finalizing

analysis of collected data.

S The privatization of state-owned enterprises continued at a

slow pace. Although several firms, including the printing and

stationary company, the telecommunications company, and

two groundnut processing plants were slated for

privatization, the government has yet to establish a definite

timetable for the sale of assets.

the gambia

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

5

10

15

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-49

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, C bn) 37,288.2 45,216.4 7,928.2

GDP (US$ bn) 5.2 5.7 0.5

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 19.7 20.2 0.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,867.2 2,063.9 196.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,968.5 2,705.1 -263.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -1,101.3 -641.2 460.1

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 387.2 -45.7 -432.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 298.2 500.0 201.8

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 6.9 7.2 0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.2 12.0 -1.2

Exchange Rate (C/US$) 7,170.8 7,932.7 761.9

S The government’s State of the Ghanaian Economy report

characterized the performance of the economy as inhibited

by low productivity and continued dominance of the

traditional export sector.

S In mid-2002, the government purchased rights to access

the Submarine Fiber-Optic Cable Project, which will provide

direct communications services from Ghana to most

African states, as well as broadband communication

services and products.

S In January 2003, the heads of state of Benin, Ghana,

Nigeria, and Togo signed a 20-year treaty establishing a

single regulatory authority for, and harmonizing the fiscal

and legal framework of, the planned $500 million West

African Gas Pipeline. The pipeline will be used to transport

Nigerian gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

S Aspects of the government’s 2002 budget priorities

include strengthening revenue collection and administration

through the creation of a National Tax Audit Team; finalizing

the transitional pricing policy for electricity and water, and

preparing a timetable for full cost recovery; providing

subsidies to utility companies to reduce expected losses;

encouraging competition in crude petroleum purchases;

implementing fast-track-sale of 12 state-owned companies,

including Ghana Telecom and Coca Cola Ghana; and

eliminating several import taxes.

S The government’s 2003 budget continued to focus on

maintaining a stable macroeconomic environment,

accelerating the implementation of the Ghana Poverty

Reduction Strategy, and increasing spending on education

and healthcare.

S In 2002, the government resumed payment of arrears to

the construction industry, encouraging expansion of the

sector.

S In October 2002, Ghana and the EU signed a 5-year

Country Strategic Paper and Indicative Program under

which the EU will provide 311 million euro (approximately

$325 million) to finance road transport and

capacity-building initiatives.

S In mid-2003, the government and the IMF agreed to a

3-year, $258 million PRGF aimed at improving fiscal

performance, restructuring the utility pricing system, and

modernizing the financial sector. The government continued

to make progress with the HIPC program. When

completed, Ghana is expected to average about $200

million in debt savings per year after a substantial write-off

of its debt stock.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

GHANA

Percent

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

(35.3%)

Services

(39.3%)

Industry

(25.4%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-50

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Netherlands 11.5 Nigeria 20.2

United States 10.0 United

Kingdom

7.1

United Kingdom 9.4 United States 6.9

Germany 6.0 Côte d’Ivoire 5.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2002

Exports Imports

Gold 698.1 Non-oil 2,197.0

Cocoa beans &

products

463.4 Oil 508.1

Timber &

products

182.7

Trade Update

S The Export Development Investment Fund, created in 2001,

began operations in June 2002 by announcing plans to

encourage commercial activities by disbursing funds

collected from privatizations and taxes on nonpetroleum

imports. The agency’s main roles include: developing and

promoting products for export; building market research

and infrastructure capacity; expanding public and private

sector export-oriented activities; developing and promoting

entrepreneurial activities; and providing credit, export

insurance, refinancing, and credit guarantees.

S The government established two Presidential Special

Initiatives for the garment and cassava industries. The

garment initiative is aimed at improving the capacity of the

Ghanaian textile and apparel manufactures by providing

training and technical assistance to assist producers in

manufacturing and exporting textile and apparel products.

The cassava initiative is aimed at promoting village

enterprises by encouraging farmers to own shares in

community enterprises that manufacture starch for export.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Ghana consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals, and vehicles

and parts; and U.S. imports from Ghana consisted primarily

of wood and products, mineral fuels and oils, and cocoa. In

addition, Ghana has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Ghana totaled $34.8 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In early 2003, Gold Fields (South Africa) announced plans to

invest more than $27 million primarily in its Tarkwa gold

mine in Ghana.

S In early 2003, Newmont (U.S.), which acquired mines from

Normandy Mining (Australia) in 2002, announced plans to

invest $450 million in two Ghanaian mines. These mines

represented Newmont’s first significant investment in

Africa.

S Although the government remained committed to

continuing Ghana’s privatization program, charges of

corruption, fraud, and lack of transparency have negatively

affected recent sales. Consequently, the government

decided to conduct a financial and managerial audit of the

Divestiture and Implementation Committee prior to

continuing with other privatization plans. In mid-2003, the

government directed the Divestiture and Implementation

Committee to accelerate the sale of state-owned assets

and government joint venture shares.

S Ghana’s 2002 budget included provision for the sale of 12

state-owned enterprises, including Ghana Telecom and

Coca Cola Ghana.

S In October 2002, the government sold 25 percent of its

ownership stake (through the Ghana Stock Exchange) in the

Cocoa Processing Company, which processed cocoa beans

into finished and semifinished products. Privatization of the

Cocoa Processing Company was a significant component in

the government’s overall strategy for restructuring the

cocoa industry. In early 2003, the Ghana Cocoa Board

increased its purchase price for cocoa by 37 percent in an

attempt to reduce smuggling to Côte d’Ivoire where

producer prices are generally higher.

S In early 2003, Ghana Telcom signed a 3-year management

services agreement with Telnor (Norway) to upgrade and

manage the telecommunications network.

ghana

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

25

50

75

100

125

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-51

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Gnf bn) 5,915.0 6,502.0 587.0

GDP (US$ bn) 3.0 3.3 0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 9.6 6.0 -3.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 731.0 750.0 19.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 562.0 580.0 18.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 169.0 170.0 1.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -102.4 -130.0 -27.6

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 200.0 170.0 -30.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Gnf/US$) 1,951.0 1,975.0 24.0

S The government established a development agency,

AGETIP, tasked with assisting local communities to identify

and fund public sector construction projects to be carried

out by small-scale, labor-intensive local enterprises.

S Progress on the 3-year PRGF, agreed to in May 2001, was

relatively slow. Following a meeting at the World Bank to

review Guinea’s poverty reduction strategy paper,

completed in January 2002, the IMF granted $17 million of

support under the program in August 2002. Guinea also

received $3.6 million in additional interim assistance under

the HIPC initiative to cover debt-service payments.

S In late 2002, the EU announced a 5-year, $217 million

development aid package for Guinea. The funding, aimed at

supporting Guinea’s 5-year poverty reduction strategy, will

come from the European Development Fund under the

terms of the Cotonou Convention.

S The World Bank, France, and the United States also funded

Guinea’s poverty reduction strategy with pledges of $232

million, $150 million, and $122 million, respectively.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

guinea

Percent

Agriculture (incl. livestock,

forestry and fisheries)

(20.7%)

Other industry

(4.9%)

Mining (industry)

(18.1%)

Construction (industry)

(10.2%)

Services

(46.1%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-52

Main Trade Partners, percent of total

Markets (2001) Sources (2000)

Belgium 16.4 France 15.9

United States 10.9 United States 11.5

Spain 10.4 Côte d’Ivoire 8.6

France 8.8 Belgium 7.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (1999) Imports (2001)

Bauxite 285.0 Intermediate

& capital

goods

340.0

Gold 119.0 Food

products

124.0

Aluminum 94.0 Petroleum

products

82.0

Diamonds 24.0 Other 100.0

Trade Update

S Guinea’s trade profile remained heavily concentrated in the

mining sector. Guinea has almost half of the world’s stock of

bauxite and is the second largest global producer of the ore.

The government continued to encourage value-added

operations to produce alumina and aluminum from bauxite

in order to expand export earnings.

S Guinea was one of 20 African countries that filed a

complaint in July 2002 with the World Trade Organization

alleging unfair competition by developed countries in the

cotton sector.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Guinea consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, mineral fuels and

oils, and mineral waxes; and U.S. imports from Guinea

consisted primarily of ores, slag, and ash; precious or

semiprecious stones and metals; and coffee, tea, and

spices. In addition, Guinea has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Guinea totaled $68,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The bulk of foreign-exchange earnings is derived from the

mining sector, but its share of economic output continued to

decline because of low investment levels and low

international prices. Several companies have announced

investment and development of value-added products, which

may counter this declining trend.

S In mid-2002 RusAl (Russia) announced a possible

investment in the aluminum sector. RusAl, the world’s

second largest aluminum producer, announced the possible

construction of an aluminum smelter in Guinea after it won

rights to a mine at Dian-Dian. The refinery would allow RusAl

to process bauxite into alumina in Guinea’s relatively

cheaper operating environment. The Boke Alumina

Corporation refinery (U.S.-Japan) continued plans for a $2.1

billion alumina factory and associated bauxite mine.

S In early 2002, Semafo (Canada) began mining gold at

Kiniero and reported that production had exceeded targets.

In July 2002, SearchGold (Canada) announced that it had

raised $200,000 to fund exploration of its diamond

concession at Mandala where alluvial sediments will be

examined for traces of diamond. Also in mid-2002, Cassidy

Gold (Canada) agreed to purchase 100 percent of the

private interest in a 240-square-kilometer gold exploration

permit.

S The government continued to control some enterprises in

the energy sector. The government continued plans to

divest a 49 percent share of the country’s largest bauxite

mining company (CBG).

S In mid-2002, the government dissolved Air Guinea,

preparing the way for the transfer of assets to Futurelec.

The World Bank opposed the sale because of a lack of

transparency in the privatization process.

guinea

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

150

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-53

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 148.8 157.8 9.0

GDP (US$ mn) 203.8 231.0 27.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.0 4.0 -1.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 68.0 71.0 3.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 58.0 59.0 1.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 10.0 12.0 2.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 28.0 30.0 2.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 69.5 84.4 14.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 696.9 -36.1

S Economic development continued to be hindered by social

instability, small local market size, weak development of

rural markets, inadequate infrastructure, lack of skilled

labor, and low levels of investment. Consequently, little

progress was made in poverty reduction, economic

diversification, and investment in public infrastructure. In

early 2002, the civil unrest contributed to the withdrawal of

a Portugese bank from Guinea-Bissau, and resulted in a

weakened financial sector suffering from decapitalization

and an increase in nonrecoverable loans.

S Guinea-Bissau’s economic policies historically have been

funded by the World Bank and IMF, and have aimed at

macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform.

Government economic policy has also focused on reducing

the fiscal deficit, removing price controls, reforming the

public sector, and strengthening the role of private

enterprises. Economic reform programs have been

periodically suspended because of the government’s failure

to meet economic or fiscal targets. Political instability has

also contributed to the government’s struggle to meet

agreed-upon targets and expenditure controls.

S In March 2002, the World Bank approved a Private Sector

Rehabilitation and Development project. The project aims to

increase investment in, as well as competitiveness of and

participation in, the private sector.

S Although the IMF had suspended funding for the PRGF, the

IMF agreed to an interim program with the government

designed to allow for the resumption of the PRGF.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

guinea-Bissau

Percent

Agriculture and fishing

(62.3%)

Industry

(11.7%)

Services

(25.9%)

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-54

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Uruguay 40.7 Portugal 22.9

Thailand 27.9 Senegal 15.6

India 25.7 China 10.4

Portugal 1.4 Taiwan 5.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million,

Exports (1998) Imports (1999)

Cashew

nuts

22.9 Foodstuffs 19.8

Fish &

shrimp

0.5 Petroleum

products

6.4

guinea-bissau

Trade Update

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Guinea-Bissau consisted primarily of

animal or vegetable oils, organic and inorganic chemicals and

compounds, and vehicles and parts. U.S. imports from

Guinea-Bissau consisted primarily of live animals, electrical

machinery and equipment, and fish and crustaceans. In

addition, Guinea-Bissau has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In cooperation with the state petroleum company, Premier Oil

(United Kingdom) announced plans to explore three blocks off

of the Guinea-Bissau coast. Exploration remained at the early

stages, without clear evidence of commercially viable

deposits.

S A far-reaching privatization program, which extended from

1990 to 1998, resulted in the privatization of most state

companies. The major companies still slated for privatization

include public infrastructures and utility companies, such as

the electric company, water company, and airport. The

privatization council appointed to oversee the restructuring of

parastatals in preparation for sale resumed activity after the

restoration of peace. The government continued to explore

the introduction of private-sector participation in the

management or ownership of state-owned companies.

S In preparation for privatization, the state timber company

was separated into four separate companies.

S The government announced plans to liberalize the

telecommunications sector. It also introduced plans to extend

the telephone network to the entire country, to introduce a

cellular telephone service, and to develop Internet services

with USAID funding.

S Although there are plans to privatize the state power utility,

little progress was made, contributing to continued poor

performance and frequent power outages.

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-55

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, KSh bn) 895.3 906.0 10.7

GDP (US$ bn) 11.4 11.5 0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.7 1.9 -3.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,894.0 2,117.7 223.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 3,176.1 2,974.9 -201.2

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -1,282.1 -857.2 424.9

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -317.9 -203.0 114.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 1,064.9 1,068.0 3.1

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 5.9 5.6 -0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 11.8 11.0 -0.8

Exchange Rate (KSh/US$) 78.6 78.8 0.2

S The IMF’s April 2002 Article IV consultation cited erratic

macroeconomic policies and the slow pace of structural

reform for below-potential economic performance over the

past decade. The report, nevertheless, commended the

government for achieving a certain degree of

macroeconomic stability in recent years, especially in light

of the increasing social and economic burden of HIV/AIDS.

S Improved weather conditions in 2002 contributed to an

increase in agricultural output.

S The tourism sector continued to struggle following terrorist

attacks in Mombasa in November 2002, and a British ban

on commercial flights to and from Kenya in mid-2003

imposed following warnings of possible terrorist attacks. In

mid-2003, the IMF approved a $108 million assistance

package to aid Kenya following the terrorist attacks and the

resulting negative impact of flight bans.

S Exports, some of which were AGOA-related, suffered a

setback in early 2003 when a series of strikes halted

operations at Kenya’s Export Processing Zones, resulting in

a 2-day closure and disruption of export orders.

S A substantial change in the new government’s economic

policy is its commitment to tackle corruption by undertaking

several initiatives including reforming the judiciary,

establishing a board to oversee the privatization process,

and creating an assets disclosure database.

S In 2003, the IMF and the government began negotiations

on a new Poverty Reduction and Growth Program.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Group

Real GDP Growth Rate

KENYA

Percent

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

(24.1%)

Manufacturing

(13.0%) Government services

(14.7%)

Trade, restaurants & hotels

(12.7%) Transport, storage & communications

(6.2%)

Others

(29.3%)

-1

0

1

2

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-56

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 13.5 United

Kingdom

12.0

Tanzania 12.5 United Arab

Emirates

9.8

Uganda 12.0 Japan 6.5

Germany 5.5 India 4.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Tea 439.0 Industrial

machinery

484.0

Horticultural

products

253.0 Crude

petroleum

397.0

Petroleum

products

157.0 Refined

petroleum

products

331.0

Coffee 95.0 Motor

vehicles

185.0

kenya

Trade Update

S Regional trade continued to increase, especially with

Comesa and EAC countries. While trade with the EU is

dominated by primary products, trade with regional

countries consisted primarily of manufactured goods.

S In late 2002, the state-owned Kenya Railway Corporation

and the Export Processing Zones Authority announced

plans to set up a joint venture to build a railway extension

from the Mombasa-Nairobi line to the EPZ factories in Athi

River. The railway extension is expected to address

concerns of loss of business as a result of inadequate road

infrastructure in the region.

S After a request from Kenya in early 2003, Comesa granted

Kenya a 1-year extension on import tariffs on wheat-flour

and sugar. Kenya claimed that the tariff was necessary to

protect the subsectors from dumping.

S Under the AGOA program, Kenya’s textile and apparel

exports have increased. The Kenya Association of

Manufacturers estimated that approximately 40,000 jobs

were created in the sector over the past 2 years. Bedi

Investments reported doubling its employment since it

began exporting products to the United States.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Kenya consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts, machinery and mechanical appliances,

and milling industry products; and U.S. imports from Kenya

consisted primarily of knitted and nonknitted apparel, and

coffee, tea, and spices. In addition, Kenya has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel

eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Kenya totaled

$129.2 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In July 2002, the government granted an environmental

permit to Tomin (Canada) allowing it to continue with plans

to develop a titanium mine. The $120-140 million mining

project is the largest since independence, and is expected to

begin production in 2004.

S In late 2002, AfriOre (Barbados) was granted a

gold-prospecting license in Western Kenya, and the

company begun a $1.3 million drilling program to explore

this, and other, mining properties in Kenya.

S In early 2003, Coca Cola (U.S.) invested $8.2 million in

facilities to produce a new noncarbonated drink in Kenya.

The company will be jointly owned by Coca Cola and its eight

franchised Kenyan bottlers.

S In early 2003, Kenya Airways announced plans to purchase

a 49 percent stake in Precision Air (Tanzania) allowing it to

list on the Dar es Salaam stock exchange and to serve a

number of major urban centers.

S A main condition for resumption of IMF lending is the

privatization of Telkom Kenya, which originally went out to

tender in April 2000. The government reaffirmed its

commitment to privatizing the company. In early 2002,

however, talks with Mount Kenya Consortium fell through.

S In June 2002, the government implemented the provision of

the new Coffee Act, replacing the Coffee Board of Kenya

with a new organization responsible only for regulating the

industry. The act is aimed at providing farmers with the

ability to choose marketing agents and to increase earnings

by reducing deductions and receiving more timely payments.

S Privatization plans, in the form of subcontracting, continued

for container terminal operations at Mombasa harbor and

airport operations.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

50

100

150

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-57

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, M bn) 7.1 8.1 1.0

GDP (US$ mn) 820.9 767.2 -53.7

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 6.9 11.9 5.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 282.0 422.0 140.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 676.0 738.0 62.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -394.0 -316.0 78.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -94.0 -60.0 34.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 386.0 400.0 14.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 725.5 735.0 9.5

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 10.5 11.0 0.5

Exchange Rate (M/US$) 8.6 10.5 1.9

S As part of its efforts to strengthen tax administration, and

in accordance with its IMF program, the government

launched the Lesotho Revenue Authority in September

2002. The launching of the Authority includes the

consolidation of various taxes and the representation of the

private sector on the board to ensure its autonomy. The

establishment of the Authority also opened the way for the

introduction of a value-added tax, originally scheduled for

April 2002, to be established in mid-2003.

S Telecommunications services are expected to improve and

the sector is expected to experience increased competition

after the May 2002 launch of a cellular subsidiary by

TeleCom Lesotho.

S In 2002, as part of its IMF program, the Central Bank of

Lesotho prepared a strategy paper aimed at improving the

financial sector in Lesotho.

S During 2002, the government made progress toward

producing a poverty reduction strategy paper by developing

an interim poverty reduction strategy paper, which outlines

plans for developing institutional capacity to implement

poverty reduction programs. IMF review of the paper was

generally satisfactory.

S In mid-2002, the IMF completed its third review of

Lesotho’s PRGF arrangement, allowing Lesotho to draw up

to $4.8 million under the program. In mid-2003, the IMF

approved a $4.98 million disbursement after completing its

fourth review of Lesotho’s PRGF arrangement. Some of the

criteria were waived because of recent drought in the

country.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

LESOTHO

Percent

Agriculture

(16.9%)

Construction (industry)

(22.7%)

Services

(38.6%) Manufacturing (industry)

(15.8%)

Other inudustry

(5.9%)

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-58

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

North America 73.3 SACU 82.8

SACU 26.2 Asia 14.9

European Union 0.5 North America 0.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2001) Imports (1995)

Manufactures 205.9 Capital goods 368.0

Machinery &

transport

equipment

29.6 Food 328.0

Beverages &

tobacco

14.7 Fuel & energy 216.0

Food &

livestock

9.5

lesotho

Trade Update

S Led by clothing and footwear exports to the United States and

South Africa, Lesotho’s export-oriented manufacturing sector

experienced substantial growth in 2002, especially after the

country qualified for the special apparel provision under the

AGOA program.

S In 2002, the government committed funds for infrastructure

improvements, and the Mahlasela ski resort is expected to

open in mid-2003, expanding Lesotho’s tourism sector.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Lesotho consisted primarily of animal

or vegetable oils, electrical machinery and equipment, and

aircraft and parts; and U.S. imports from Lesotho consisted

primarily of knitted and nonknitted apparel, and plastics. In

addition, Lesotho has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Lesotho totaled $318.0 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Investment in Lesotho is primarily in the textile and apparel

industry by companies seeking to access AGOA benefits for

export to the United States.

S The successful completion of the elections in mid-2002 is

expected to support investor confidence.

S Firms awaiting privatization include the Lesotho

Telecommunications Corporation and the Lesotho Electric

Company.

S After the appointment of a Sales Advisory Group in 2002, the

government reported that 15 private power companies had

expressed interest in acquiring the state-owned Lesotho

Electric Company, which is responsible for energy distribution.

A main goal of the privatization is to increase electricity

access from 100,000 to 400,000 people over a 5-year

period.

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-59

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, L$ bn) 25.4 35.3 9.9

GDP (US$ mn) 522.9 571.3 48.4

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 12.4 15.0 2.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 127.0 110.0 -17.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 181.0 165.0 -16.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -54.0 -55.0 -1.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -51.0 -50.0 1.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 0.5 0.1 -0.4

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (L$/US$) 48.6 61.8 13.2

S Economic development remained inhibited by the

detrimental impacts of the civil war, such as the destruction

of most of the country’s infrastructure and lack of stability.

The resumption of civil unrest in early and mid-2003

resulted in economic paralysis of the country, a significant

decline in government revenue, and rising inflation. The

government estimated that Liberia’s unemployment rate

reached 85 percent.

S The economy continued to rely on rubber, mining, timber,

and, to a limited extent, agriculture. Diamonds and gold are

mined in small-scale operations, primarily for export.

S In mid-2002, Bellview Airlines of Nigeria introduced a

service between Robertsfield and Lagos.

S In mid-2002, the OECD placed Liberia on the tax haven

blacklist because of its lack of transparency and

unwillingness to exchange information regarding its

offshore company registration.

S The IMF’s July 2002 Article IV consultation cited concerns

with the government’s budgeting, lack of governmental

oversight, and lack of tax and expenditure transparency.

Given these concerns, the government’s reform plans

received limited international assistance. While the country

continues to require substantial development assistance,

donors generally limited assistance to specific humanitarian

relief and infrastructure projects.

S The government committed very little to debt service

payments as the county’s arrears continued to mount,

accounting for approximately $2.3 billion of the debt stock

according to the IMF. Liberia has been in arrears since

1984. In February 2002, the IMF began proceedings to

suspend Liberia’s voting rights as a result of the

government’s failure to maintain loan repayments. In March

2003, the IMF formally suspended Liberia’s voting rights.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

LIBERIA

Percent

Agriculture & fisheries

(52.5%)

Forestry

(21.7%)

Services

(19.2%)

Manufacturing

(6.5%)

Mining

(0.1%)

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-60

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Germany 51.8 France 30.0

Italy 7.2 South Korea 24.1

United States 5.4 Japan 15.8

China 5.3 Singapore 8.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1999

Exports Imports

Rubber 31.7 Foodstuffs 53.4

Timber 21.8 Machinery 36.3

Cocoa 1.1 Fuels &

lubricants

20.7

Coffee 1.0 Manufactured

goods

17.1

liberia

Trade Update

S With the trade embargo on diamonds, the country’s export

sector has become increasingly reliant on timber and

rubber. In early 2003, the government announced the

completion of the diamond certification program to comply

with the Kimberley Certification process, which is expected

to facilitate the legal export of diamonds.

S Although the government committed itself to independent

monitoring of its management of forest resources in June

2002, various parties at a conference held in the capital in

January 2003 expressed concerns regarding the level of

logging activity in the country.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Liberia consisted primarily of

articles of iron and steel, cereals, and clothing; and U.S.

imports from Liberia consisted primarily of rubber and

rubber products, and works of art.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In 2002, the government signed two agreements with

Mano River Resources (Canada) to develop diamond and

gold mines. Mano River Resources was one of the first

companies to benefit from legislation passed in 2000

offering improved terms on mining concessions.

S As a result of recent social unrest, the government

estimated that approximately 300 expatriate investors have

left the country, transferring operations to nearby West

African countries. In addition, several international logging

companies have also halted operations.

S The government’s attempt to attract investment through

privatization of the Liberia Electricity Corporation remained

fruitless. The company estimated that $107 million would

be needed to repair the electricity generation and

distribution system.

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance
6-61

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Mgfr bn) 31,121.0 31,741.0 620.0

GDP (US$ bn) 4.7 4.6 -0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 8.5 15.9 7.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 984.0 536.0 -448.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 970.0 656.0 -314.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 14.0 -120.0 -134.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -60.0 -204.0 -144.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 398.3 363.3 -35.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 4,160.0 3,942.0 -218.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 6.3 8.0 1.7

Exchange Rate (Mgfr/US$) 6,588.0 6,832.0 244.0

S During the first half of 2002, a political crisis, resulting

from a contested presidential election, resulted in economic

contraction, particularly in the export processing sector.

The social unrest disrupted transport links and land

transport networks, producing a downturn in

manufacturing and services sectors. The agriculture sector

continued to be hampered by inadequate transport

infrastructure, which was worsened by the destruction of

bridges during the political crisis.

S In July 2002, a meeting was held in Paris to discuss

recovery plans for the country. The meeting included 19

donor organizations and 17 bilateral donor countries. The

recovery program’s main elements included provisions to

alleviate poverty through improved health and education

services, measures to enhance governance and the rule of

law and to curb corruption, and measures to revive

private-sector activities. In addition to the recovery plans,

attendees discussed plans to restart the country’s HIPC

initiative program. As a result of the meeting, donors

endorsed the government’s postcrisis recovery program

and pledged $2.3 billion in new aid over the next four years.

S In late 2002, the IMF completed a review of the country’s

3-year program, and although the political crisis resulted in

missed targets, the IMF commended recovery efforts, the

government’s establishment of an anticorruption

commission, and improvements to public-sector financial

control. Consequently, the IMF approved disbursement of

funds under the next phase of the PRGF.

S In mid-2003, the World Bank signed a $32 million credit

arrangement to fund the mineral resources management

project. Also in mid-2003, France agreed to cancel $55

million in debt owed by Madagascar.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MADAGASCAR

Percent

Primary

(34.0%)

Secondary (incl. manufacturing)

(13.0%)

Tertiary

(53.0%)

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-62

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

France 29.9 France 24.1

United States 27.6 Hong Kong 7.0

Germany 6.4 China 6.6

United Kingdom 3.5 Singapore 3.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2000) Imports (1998)

Fish 90.0 Capital goods 150.0

EPZ products

(primarily

apparel)

80.0 Raw

materials

144.0

Vanilla 17.0 Consumer

goods

122.0

Prawns 17.0 Fuel products 49.0

-300

-240

-180

-120

-60

0

60

120

180

240

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

madagascar

Trade Update

S The political crisis from January 2002 to July 2002 effectively

halted international trade as a blockade was imposed on

international air links and road transport. Many EPZ firms,

which were heavily reliant on imported inputs and fuel, were

forced to terminate operations. Many investors switched

operations from Madagascar to Asia, Mauritius, or Kenya. The

textile and apparel export sector lost substantial production

capacity as many companies switched to other locations. In

addition to merchandise trade, tourism, which had been

experiencing growth, declined by over 60 percent during the

first half of 2002. In an effort to assist companies to recover

from the political crisis, the government cut customs tariffs on

essential equipment and intermediate goods.

S In early 2003, the government instituted a system that would

effectively eliminate the need for export processing zone

operators to pay value-added tax on imported inputs for export

production.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Madagascar consisted primarily of

cereals, ships and boats, and animal or vegetable oils; and U.S.

imports from Madagascar consisted primarily of coffee, tea,

and spices, and knitted and nonknitted apparel. In addition,

Madagascar has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including apparel benefits. AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Madagascar totaled $79.7 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The political crisis during the first half of 2002 damaged

investor confidence in the once politically stable country.

Substantial investment was pulled from the country as

companies relocated operations in other countries in the

region.

S In early 2003, the government announced several incentives for

investment, including the elimination of customs duties and VAT

on a range of capital and consumer goods, and the modification

of land laws to permit foreign investors to own land.

S In January 2003, the Cottonline apparel factory formally opened

as part of the Groupe Socota-Cotona fabric and apparel

complex in Antsirabe, which plans to export apparel to the

United States under the AGOA program.

S Comazar (South Africa) is the lead member of a concession

awarded in late 2002 to upgrade and operate the northern

railway.

S Although the government split up and privatized the national fuel

distribution company, the deal has yet to be finalized because of

administrative problems.

S The government continued plans to privatize the national

telecommunications company, Telma. A substantial barrier to

the government’s privatization plans is the high investment

costs necessary to expand the company’s network.

S The national airline, Air Madagascar, remained one of the

approximately 40 firms awaiting privatization.

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-63

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, MK bn) 121.7 139.9 18.2

GDP (US$ bn) 1.7 1.8 0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 27.2 16.0 -11.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 406.8 424.3 17.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 582.2 634.6 52.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -175.4 -210.3 -34.9

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -127.7 -171.0 -43.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 206.7 165.2 -41.5

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 2.7 2.9 0.2

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.7 13.2 -0.5

Exchange Rate (MK/US$) 72.2 76.7 4.5

S The government’s economic policy focused on alleviating

poverty, privatizing parastatals, and liberalizing agricultural

marketing arrangements in order to improve smallholder

farms.

S The country’s continued reliance on the agricultural sector

makes economic performance dependent on weather

conditions and international commodity prices. Flooding in

2001 followed by a drought in 2002, coupled with

inadequate government policies, resulted in poor economic

performance.

S In 2002, like much of the southern African region, Malawi

experienced a devastating drought that resulted in one of

the worst famines in the region. Poor weather conditions,

low producer prices, and the sale of the strategic grain

reserves were cited as the main factors in the famine.

S The IMF continued to withhold assistance, citing concerns

with missed fiscal targets and corruption.

S In April 2002, Malawi launched its first poverty reduction

strategy paper, which was discussed and endorsed by the

Board of the World Bank in August 2002.

S In mid-2003, the World Bank agreed to fund the $24

million implementation of a government-wide computerized

financial management system, which is expected to

improve government expenditure transparency.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MALAWI

Percent

Small-scale agriculture

(29.6%)

Other industry

(10.2%)

Services

(25.6%)

Other agriculture

Manufacturing (industry) (21.8%)

(12.8%)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-64

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

South Africa 19.8 South Africa 40.6

United States 16.0 Zimbabwe 16.3

Germany 11.7 Zambia 11.1

Japan 7.8 India 3.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Tobacco 224.0 Intermediate

goods

287.0

Sugar 42.0 Fuel oils 79.0

Tea 37.0 Capital goods 83.0

Pulses 7.0 Consumer

goods

65.0

malawi

Trade Update

S Declining tobacco earnings and falling international sugar

prices continued to dampen export earnings. Textile and

apparel exports, however, continued to grow and became the

largest nonagricultural export. Expansion of AGOA-related

textile and apparel production has created an estimated

6,500 jobs.

S The regional drought contributed to increased food imports

and associated transport costs.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Malawi consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, animal or vegetable

oils or waxes, and cereals; and U.S. imports from Malawi

consisted primarily of tobacco, coffee, tea, and spices, and

knitted and nonknitted apparel. In addition, Malawi has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel

eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Malawi totaled

$46.9 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Despite efforts by the Malawi Investment Promotion Agency,

investment continued to be inhibited by low labor productivity,

high transport costs, inadequate infrastructure, dated

technology, and a small domestic market.

S In an attempt to stimulate the investment in the

stockmarket, the National Investment Trust, which holds the

government’s stakes in six companies, was launched in late

2002.

S In January 2003, with support from several international

petroleum companies, Syracuse University (U.S.) began

drilling into the bed of lake Malawi to assess the prospect of

finding petroleum.

S Although the privatization program was restored in October

2001, progress remained slow. Privatizations completed in

2002 include the Lifidzi and Kabumbu Farms and the Malawi

Lake Services. IMF disbursements remained conditional upon

sale of government shares in the telecommunications

company, the airline, and subsidiaries of the Agricultural

Development and Marketing Corporation.

S In late 2002, after years of delays and lapsed deadlines,

South African Airways and British Airways submitted bids for

a 49 percent stake in Air Malawi.

S Although there has been progress in separating the

state-owned electric company, Escom, into generation,

transmission, and distribution companies, sale of the

companies progressed slowly.

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-65

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 2,074.0 2,265.0 191.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.8 3.3 0.4

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.2 5.1 -0.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 661.0 680.0 19.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 620.0 630.0 10.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 41.0 50.0 9.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -276.0 -235.0 41.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 349.0 520.0 171.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S Economic performance in 2002 was dampened primarily

by the effects of the civil unrest in Côte d’Ivoire and

inadequate rainfall.

S In late 2002, the government appointed an eight-member

commission to monitor the conduct and performance of

mining firms in the country. The commission is tasked with

ensuring that firms meet the terms of the concession

agreements.

S In early 2002, the government announced that in 2003 it

would launch a 12-year fertilizer plan for increasing the

production of cotton, rice, and cereals. The government has

allocated $59 million for this plan.

S After becoming the seventh country to reach “completion

point” under the HIPC initiative, Mali is expected to receive

approximately $675 million in debt relief. Mali’s debt will be

cut by 29 percent, and the country will be able to draw an

additional $9 million from the IMF under the PRGF

negotiated in 1999.

S In mid-2002, an IMF report commended the government

for increased government transparency, reduced

intervention in public enterprises, a transparent

privatization process, and a reasonably effective internal

audit mechanism. In May 2002, the government launched

its 2002-2006 poverty reduction strategy paper, which

was discussed by the World Bank and IMF in early 2003.

S In late 2002, the government and the African Development

Bank signed a $17 million loan agreement to fund the

country’s 2001-2003 structural adjustment program. The

program will support agricultural production efforts,

especially in the cotton sector, public service delivery,

improved governance, and decentralization of government

services.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MALI

Percent

Primary

(46.1%)

Tertiary

(33.8%)

Secondary

(20.1%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-66

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Thailand 17.0 Côte d’Ivoire 17.5

Brazil 12.5 France 13.9

Italy 6.0 Germany 4.5

South Korea 4.1 Senegal 3.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Gold 483.0 Capital goods 334.0

Cotton 114.0 Petroleum

products

188.0

Livestock &

products

61.0 Food 95.0

mali

Trade Update

S International trade costs were increased as civil unrest in

Côte d’Ivoire in early 2003 disrupted land-locked Mali’s

traditional transport routes. Prior to the civil unrest in Côte

d’Ivoire, more than 70 percent of Mali’s trade passed

through Abidjan.

S Facing a declining global demand for cotton, the government

increased producer prices. The increased producer prices

contributed to a bumper crop during the 2001/2002

marketing season.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Mali consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, plastics, and organic

chemicals; and U.S. imports from Mali consisted primarily of

works of art, machinery and mechanical appliances, and

precious or semiprecious stones and metals. In addition,

Mali has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Mali totaled $342,000

in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In mid-2002, France Telecom was awarded a license to

work in the country’s telecommunications sector. The

company will be able to establish a GSM mobile telephone

network and international communications. France

Telecom’s participation in the sector officially ended Malitel’s

monopoly of the sector.

S Although privatization efforts continued slowly, over 90

percent of production remained under state control. The

state-owned telecommunications company, Sotelma, is still

slated for privatization.

S Although the governments of Mali and Senegal have long

committed to the sale of the jointly-owned railway company,

various factors, including opposition by the trade unions,

have inhibited privatization of the railway.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-67

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, UM bn) 245.6 266.2 20.6

GDP (US$ bn) 1.0 1.0 0.0

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.7 4.0 -0.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 345.0 321.0 -24.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 357.0 389.0 32.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -12.0 -68.0 -56.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -21.3 92.5 113.8

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 286.0 388.0 102.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (UM/US$) 255.6 280.0 24.4

S Mauritania’s economy is characterized by stable

macroeconomic policies and good governance. The

government continued to make strides in privatization,

improvement of investment environment, and

encouragement of economic diversification.

S In 2002, the first new bank since liberalization of the sector

in 1993 began operations. Several other banks have

applied for a license to establish banks in Mauritania.

S The World Bank and various international donors continued

funding of the 1998-2002, $190 million health sector

investment program. The program aims to increase the

provision of health services.

S Donor institutions continued to commend the government’s

commitment to reform. The 1999 PRGF program expired

in December 2002, and in June 2002, the government

reached “completion point” under the HIPC initiative. Under

the HIPC initiative, the government has received over $1.1

billion in debt relief.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MAURITANIA

Percent

Primary

(19.6%)

Secondary

(24.1%)

Tertiary

(47.8%)

Indirect taxes

(8.5%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-68

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Italy 15.0 France 23.0

France 14.9 Belgium 8.0

Spain 12.4 Spain 5.5

Japan 8.0 Algeria 3.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2001) Imports (1999)

Iron ore 188.4 Public

sector

130.4

Fish & fish

products

155.3 Private

sector

226.2

mauritania

Trade Update

S The country continued to depend primarily on two export

products, fish and iron ore. The discovery of petroleum,

however, is expected to diversify the country’s export

portfolio, but production of petroleum is not expected to

begin until 2004.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Mauritania consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and parts,

railway and parts; and U.S. imports from Mauritania

consisted primarily of footwear and the like, fish and

crustaceans, and electrical machinery and equipment. In

addition, Mauritania has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Mauritania totaled $35,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In 2002, the government adopted a new investment code to

encourage investment by providing investors with greater

security. The code provides for exemption from customs

duties on equipment and goods imported for export-oriented

projects. It also provides for the free transfer of convertible

currencies earned from new investments, the right to

national or international arbitration, the simplification of

administrative processes through a one-stop shop, and the

establishment of an export processing zone. The new code

excludes mining and fisheries sectors, which are subject to

separate sector-specific codes.

S In 2002, several petroleum companies, including Hardman

Petroleum (Australia), Woodside Petroleum (Australia),

Fusion Investments (Australia), and Roc Oil (Australia),

continued explorations in blocks off of the Mauritania coast.

In January 2002, the International Petroleum Grouping was

granted rights to prospect for petroleum and gas in an

offshore block. In September 2002, an Australian

consortium announced the discovery of petroleum. The

Australian joint venture is also collaborating with the

government to establish a legal and regulatory framework

for the nascent petroleum industry.

S The government continued efforts to privatize the

telecommunications, electricity, and air transport

enterprises. In mid-2002, attempts to privatize the state

electricity company failed as only one bid was received,

which was less than the reserve price.

S The distribution of petroleum products was liberalized in

July 2002. Although Petroleum India International was set

to takeover operations of the Nouadhibou oil refinery in

2002, an agreement has yet to be reached. Completion of

the agreement is expected to ensure that domestic demand

is fulfilled, as well as production for markets elsewhere in

Africa.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-69

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, MRs bn) 131.8 143.5 11.7

GDP (US$ bn) 4.5 4.8 0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.4 6.4 1.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,615.4 1,600.8 -14.6

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,871.2 1,848.9 -22.3

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -255.8 -248.1 7.7

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 246.7 204.9 -41.8

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 835.6 1,227.4 391.8

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 1.7 1.7 0.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 6.9 6.9 0.0

Exchange Rate (MRs/US$) 29.1 30.0 0.9

S The decrease in GDP growth from 2001 to 2002 is

explained by the adverse effects of a severe hurricane on

sugar output, the negative growth in the export processing

zone following the political crisis in Madagascar where

Mauritian companies had invested heavily, and the lower

growth in the tourism sector because of security concerns.

S The government continued efforts to overhaul the Mauritius

economy. By encouraging improvements in management,

company structures, and business climate, the government

is attempting to transform the economy from one based on

production of export merchandise (primarily textiles and

apparel) and sugar to one based on export-oriented

services. Consequently, the government has placed

substantial emphasis on developing the information

technology sector.

S The elimination of the textile and apparel quotas in 2005 is

expected to place significant strains on the economy as

Mauritius faces increased competition from other

countries. In addition, negotiations between the EU and

sugar-exporting countries, as well as other multilateral

liberalization efforts, may increase the sugar sector’s

exposure to international competition. The government has

undertaken a 5-year Sugar Sector Strategic Plan to

restructure and rationalize the industry.

S As various Mauritius textile and apparel firms had invested

in Madagascar, the political instability in Madagascar

during the first half of 2002 negatively affected the sector

in Mauritius.

S In May 2002, the South Africa-Far East underwater

fiber-optic submarine cable became operational. The cable

is Mauritius’ first underwater fiber-optic link and will provide

greater reliability and speed for telecommunications

services.

S In May 2002, the World Bank approved a $40 million

public expenditure reform loan to support the 2001/2002

fiscal program.

Origins of GDP (2002)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MAURITIUS

Percent

Wholesale & retail trade

(11.7%)

Others

(12.6%)

Financial & business

services (18.9%)

Agriculture, construction,

electricity (14.6%)

Transport &

communications (13.8%)

Manufacturing

(22.4%)

Restaurants & hotels

(6.0%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-70

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 28.3 France 20.2

France 23.6 South Africa 11.8

United States 17.1 India 8.9

South Africa 11.5 Hong Kong 5.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2002

Exports Imports

EPZ products

(primarily textile

& apparel)

1,118.0 Manufactured

goods

836.0

Sugar &

molasses

287.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

461.0

Food &

beverages

387.0

mauritius

Trade Update

S Mauritius’ two primary export sectors, sugar and textiles

and apparel, are expected to experience substantial change

as international quotas are slated for removal. In addition to

the planned removal of textile and apparel quotas in 2005,

Mauritius continued to face increased competition from

low-cost countries. Consequently, the government has

implemented initiatives aimed at rationalizing the sugar

sector and diversifying the export processing zone.

Diversification of the EPZ has met with some success as

other products and services, such as diamond-cutting,

spectacles, canned tuna, watches, razor blades, gloves,

gumboots, electronic products, marble, and chicken

hatcheries, were exported.

S In mid-2002, the government undertook several initiatives

aimed at expanding the tourism sector, including a law

aimed at improving environmental protection standards

and the Tourism Bill, which would introduce a new

regulatory framework for the sector.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Mauritius consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical machinery

and equipment, and aircraft and parts; and U.S. imports

from Mauritius consisted primarily of knitted and nonknitted

apparel, and precious or semiprecious stones and metals.

In addition, Mauritius has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country, including apparel benefits. AGOA

(including GSP) imports from Mauritius totaled $114.2

million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S A government priority has been to develop Mauritius into a

cyber island and to make information and communications

technology an important sector of the economy. The first

cyber city is currently under construction at Ebene with

financial and technical assistance from India. Approximately

32 local and foreign firms have reserved space at the

center for such activities as call centers, business process

outsourcing, training, and software development.

S The majority of investment into Mauritius has targeted the

textile and apparel sector, and came from Chinese

multinationals. Several firms have invested in developing

spinning mills with investments of $12 million (India), $28

million (China), and $32 million (China). To take advantage

of AGOA program benefits, the government has introduced

a special incentive scheme to encourage investment in

spinning mills, which will further the vertical integration of

the textile sector.

S In late 2002, Arvind Mills (India) announced plans to build

two plants in order to access AGOA benefits. The company

plans to build a new spinning mill and a garment plant. The

factories are expected to begin production in mid-2003.

S Firms slated for privatization include trade monopolies, a

telecommunications company, banking firms, and

broadcasting entities. With the assistance of the World

Bank’s International Financial Corporation, the government

is considering various options for private sector

participation in the water and wastewater sectors.

S In January 2003, the government liberalized the

telecommunications sector, a year in advance of its

commitment to the WTO. Private operators have not been

able to start operations, however, because the

telecommunications regulator, ICTA, has yet to deliver the

required licenses.

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. Trade Balance

U.S. exports

Trade balance

U.S. imports

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-71

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, MT bn) 81,786.0 96,367.0 14,581.0

GDP (US$ bn) 3.6 2.8 -0.8

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 21.9 15.2 -6.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 704.0 680.0 -24.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) -1,118.0 1,181.0 2,299.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,822.0 -501.0 -2,323.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -850.0 -1,143.0 -293.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 727.0 755.0 28.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 966.0 966.0 0.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (MT/US$) 20,704.0 23,678.0 2,974.0

S Government policy remained focused on implementing the

government’s 2001 poverty reduction strategy paper,

which is in effect through 2005. The main objectives of the

paper are to achieve private-sector growth in order to

reduce poverty, to maintain macroeconomic stability, to

improve delivery of public sector services, especially health

and education services, to reform the legal system and

public administration, and to implement fiscal reforms, such

as improved financial management and increased

transparency.

S After having experienced drought and flooding during 2001

and 2002, the region experienced drought in early 2003,

which resulted in severe food shortages in southern

Mozambique. Inadequate infrastructure inhibited efforts to

transport food surpluses from central and northern

Mozambique. The emigration of Zimbabwean farmers to

Mozambique may assist in agricultural sector expansion.

S Investment continued to drive economic growth in

Mozambique. According to the IMF, Mozambique has

become an attractive destination for foreign direct

investment because of its political stability, sustained

economic reform and macroeconomic stability, investment

protection and property rights, tax exemptions and fiscal

incentives, privatizations, and liberal policies on remittance

of profits and dividends.

S Mozambique was one of the largest recipients of foreign

assistance in SSA. In February 2002, the EU pledged $138

million development assistance per year over a 5-year

period. In early 2002, the government reached an

agreement with Russia for a reduction in bilateral debt

from $509 million to $200 million. OPEC also canceled

$7.7 million of Mozambique’s debt. In early 2002, the EU

provided $5.5 million to finance the recovery of the cashew

nut industry.

S In mid-2002, the IMF completed its fourth review of

Mozambique’s PRGF and released an additional $11 million

in assistance.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MOZAMBIQUE

Percent

Services

(54.4%)

Manufacturing & mining

(11.0%)

Construction

(11.7%)

Agriculture &

fishing (20.7%)

Electricity & water (2.1%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-72

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

South Africa 15.3 South Africa 40.5

Zimbabwe 5.3 Portugal 8.4

Japan 4.2 United States 1.8

Portugal 4.0 United

Kingdom

1.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2001) Imports (1997)

Aluminum 335.0 Machinery &

equipment

139.0

Prawns 92.4 Vehicles,

transport

equipment, &

spare parts

113.8

Electricity 57.3 Fuel 92.3

Cotton 18.3 Textiles 43.4

mozambique

Trade Update

S The development of the Mozal aluminum smelter is expected

to alter Mozambique’s export profile. With the proposed

expansion of the smelter and construction of a gas line to

South Africa, Mozambique’s exports could surpass

merchandise imports by 2005.

S Although cashews remained a major export product, the

sector experienced supply side constraints, such as aging

trees, few new plantings, and ineffective use of pesticides

and pruning.

S In June 2003, the first shipment of non-industrially caught

prawns were exported to the United States.

S By mid-2003, three Mozambican firms had taken advantage

of AGOA benefits in the textile and apparel sector. U.S.

companies importing from Mozambique include FUBU,

Cherokee (Target stores), and Sara Lee.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Mozambique consisted primarily of

cereals, mineral fuels and oils, mineral waxes, and milling

industry products; and U.S. imports from Mozambique

consisted primarily of sugars, ores, slag, and ash, and edible

fruits and nuts. In addition, Mozambique has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel

eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Mozambique

totaled $5.9 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Investment into Mozambique is facilitated by access to

cheap electricity and commercially viable gas reserves.

Foreign direct investment associated with the development

of the Mozal aluminum smelter contributed significantly to

overall investment flows. Expansion of the Mozal smelter and

construction of a gas pipeline to South Africa are expected

to drive investment into Mozambique.

S Major foreign investment projects include the construction

of four sugar refineries; a titanium minerals project near

Moma backed by Kenmare Resources (Ireland), which has

the potential to generate $70 million per year in exports; a

titanium mining project backed by Southern Mining (South

Africa), which involves an initial investment of $495 million;

possible construction of an aluminum smelter at Beira;

possible construction of a gas-to-liquids fuel plant in Beira; a

possible iron reduction project backed by Johannesburg

Consolidated Investments (South Africa); and the

development of several coal mines.

S In late 2002, the government awarded a 15-year license to

Vodacom, a cellular operator, who has announced plans to

invest $90 million in the network before launching services

in 2003.

S In early 2002, management of the Maputo-South Africa

railway line was awarded to South Africa’s Spoornet for 15

years. The state will retain 49 percent of the newly created

joint venture and Spoornet will pay rental fees of $2 million

per year.

S In May 2002, the government announced that it had fully

liberalized the domestic airline market by eliminating the

state-owned airline’s monopoly.

S With technical assistance from the World Bank, the

government continued efforts to liberalize the

telecommunications sector. A pending telecommunications

bill will open the sector to private capital and require the

state-owned company to separate its mobile and fixed-line

operations. The government also plans to award two

additional GSM licenses.

0

20

40

60

80

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-73

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, N$ bn) 27.2 31.6 4.4

GDP (US$ bn) 3.2 3.0 -0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 9.5 11.4 1.9

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,179.0 1,150.0 -29.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) -1,427.0 -1,394.0 33.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 2,606.0 2,544.0 -62.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 64.0 119.0 55.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 234.0 323.0 89.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 412.0 623.0 211.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 3.2 4.7 1.5

Exchange Rate (N$/US$) 8.6 10.5 1.9

S The government completed a review of the tax system in

2002, and plans to implement changes in the tax system

aimed at widening the tax base, as the government expects

tariff revenue to decrease when free trade agreements are

fully implemented.

S In late 2002, the Namibian Minerals Corporation

suspended offshore mining because of financial difficulties,

and the liquidation of the company is expected to contribute

to a decline in diamond production. The commissioning of a

zinc mine and refinery, which began operations in early

2003, however, is expected to contribute substantially to

GDP growth.

S The manufacturing sector remained constrained by a small

domestic market, shortage of skilled labor, and close

economic integration with South Africa, which is an

important source of manufactured imports.

S In May 2003, a merger between First National Bank

Namibia and Swabou created the country’s largest

commercial bank. As part of its plans to move from “pure

control” to “prudential regulation,” in mid-2003, the

government announced a relaxation of foreign exchange

controls, making it easier to transfer funds outside the

country.

S In mid-2002, the government announced possible plans to

begin expropriating white-owned farmland for redistribution.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NAMIBIA

Percent

Mining & quarrying

(14.3%)

Financial, real estate &

business service

(10.3%)

Others

(19.2%)

Manufacturing including fish

processing (10.8%)

Government

(23.2%)

Agriculture & fishing

(9.9%)

Wholesale & retail trade

(12.3%)

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-74

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 48.0 South Africa 80.0

South Africa 23.0 United States 5.0

Spain 15.0 Germany 3.0

France 4.0 Russia 1.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Diamonds 485.0 Transport

equipment

230.0

Prepared &

preserved fish

287.0 Chemical products,

rubber & plastics

products

211.0

Metal ores, incl.

uranium ore

156.0 Refined petroleum

products

204.

0

Beverages,

other food

products

80.0 Machinery &

equipment

166.0

namibia

Trade Update

S Namibia is the world’s seventh largest (by value) producer of

diamonds and fifth largest (by volume) producer of uranium.

In late 2002, the government announced development of an

international certification and verification system, also known

as the Kimberley Certification process, to be implemented in

early 2003.

S Namibia continued to attract investment into its export

procession zone. A significant investor in the EPZ was

Ramatex (Malaysia), which invested in a textile and garment

manufacturing plant to access the U.S. market through the

AGOA program.

S As a result of the sharp decline in pilchard stocks, the

government announced a zero total allowable catch for the

2002 fishing season.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Namibia consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, organic chemicals,

and aluminum products; and U.S. imports from Namibia

consisted primarily of inorganic chemicals, copper, and

knitted apparel. In addition, Namibia has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA

(including GSP) imports from Namibia totaled $1.7 million in

2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In 2002, AfriOre was granted exclusive gold-prospecting

licenses for the Wagner and Capricorn areas of northern

Namibia.

S After numerous attempts, privatization of the state-owned

airline, Air Namibia, is expected in mid-2003 when ExecuJet

(Europe) plans to acquire a 40 percent stake in the

company.

S The government continued to control key economic sectors

such as utilities (electricity and water), telecommunications,

and railway. The government plans to liberalize the

telecommunications sector in 2004 and to award a second

GSM license in 2003. In lieu of a full-scale privatization, the

government has announced plans to deregulate the energy

sector and eliminate the electric company’s monopoly.

S In early 2003, the government awarded a petroleum-related

concession covering the area near Rundu and Ruacana to a

joint venture between a consortium, the First African Oil

Corporation, and the National Petroleum Corporation of

Namibia.

-80

-40

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

60

120

180

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-75

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,399.0 1,478.0 79.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.9 2.1 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 4.0 2.6 -1.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 273.0 293.0 20.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 333.0 368.0 35.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -60.0 -75.0 -15.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -88.0 -100.0 -12.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 107.0 133.9 26.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S In 2002, a Canadian-funded coal mine project was

reactivated. The project is expected to alleviate energy

shortages and the reliance on Nigeria for oil and electricity

imports. In late 2002, the African Development Bank

approved a CFA604 million (approximately $1 million)

credit to finance a study on strategies to improve the

effectiveness of the domestic energy supply.

S In early 2002, the government launched a new national

airline, Air Niger International.

S In 2002, the government continued efforts to reduce

domestic-payment arrears, and budgeted 1.9 percent of

GDP to clear wage arrears, to settle debts to public and

private enterprises, and to regularize payments to the

investment budget.

S In March 2002, the EU granted $337 million to Niger for a

cooperation program under the ninth European

Development Fund for 2002-2007. The program will

finance the long-term development operations in the mining

sector.

S In January 2002, the government published a full poverty

reduction strategy paper. Priorities under the plan include

improving basic health and education services and

preparing a strategy to combat HIV/AIDS. In mid-2002, the

IMF completed its second review of Niger’s performance

under the PRGF, which has opened the way for the next

phase of macroeconomic targets. Conditions for Niger’s

HIPC initiative “completion point,” include preparation of a

poverty reduction strategy paper, improving health and

education services, commitment to macroeconomic

stabilization and structural reforms, and good governance

and fiscal transparency.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NIGER

Percent

Secondary

(15.5%)

Tertiary

(46.9%)

Primary

(37.6%)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-76

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

France 33.5 France 18.6

Nigeria 30.5 United States 16.4

South Korea 18.7 Côte d’Ivoire 9.3

United States 5.4 Germany 9.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Uranium 86.0 Capital goods 78.0

Livestock 56.0 Petroleum

products

37.0

Trade Update

S Niger is the third largest producer (by volume) of uranium

after Canada and Australia. Major uranium companies,

Cominak and Somair, continued to invest in the sector. The

world market price for uranium stabilized and recovered

almost 10 percent in early 2003. With possible further

recovery and planned production expansion during 2003,

Niger’s foreign exchange earnings from uranium exports

are expected to increase.

S Since the implantation of a private customs monitoring

company along Niger’s Western and Southern borders,

customs receipts have increased by 22 percent.

S Niger’s access to the AGOA program facilitated the

first-ever export of gum arabic from Niger directly to the

United States.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Niger consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, optical and medical

instruments and apparatus, and wood or pulp products; and

U.S. imports from Niger consisted primarily of machinery

and mechanical appliances, and works of art. In addition,

Niger has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Niger totaled $22,000

in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Foreign direct investment in Niger continued to be

hampered by a small domestic market, inadequate

infrastructure, high relative energy costs, and a lack of

skilled labor.

S Following the restructuring of the mining code in order to

attract investment, a Canadian consortium has actively

invested in the gold sector. Industrial quarrying is expected

to begin in the next 2 years.

S Telecommunications services are expected to improve

following the recent privatization of the telecommunications

company, Sonitel, and the development of a mobile phone

network.

S Opposition from trade unions hampered privatization efforts.

Companies slated for privatization include the state electric

company (Nigelec), the company responsible for petroleum

product imports (Sonidep), a mortgage company, and the

Gaweye Hotel.

niger

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-77

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, N bn) 4,548.1 4,916.6 368.5

GDP (US$ bn) 40.9 40.7 -0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 18.2 14.2 -4.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 17,949.0 17,256.0 -693.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 12,303.0 13,650.0 1,347.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 5,646.0 3,606.0 -2,040.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 1,124.0 -1,225.0 -2,349.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 10,457.0 7,452.0 -3,005.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 28.8 29.7 0.9

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 6.0 4.3 -1.7

Exchange Rate (N/US$) 111.2 120.8 9.6

S Official government economic policy focused on economic

liberalization, fiscal stability, improved competitiveness in

the nonpetroleum sector, privatization, and agricultural and

rural development. In an attempt to diversify Nigeria’s

economic base, in November 2002, the government

announced a new industrialization policy aimed at

increasing capacity utilization. Various aspects of the

strategy include developing an enabling investment

environment, reducing tariffs on imported inputs, and

providing incentives to producers. According to a 2002

report by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the manufacturing

sector remained constrained by high production costs, high

interest rates, multiple taxes and levies imposed by state

and local governments, limited local demand, inadequate

infrastructure, and a high crime rate.

S A significant constraint to economic development has been

the recurrent energy shortages. Domestic power supplies

have been constrained by low government-established

prices, which encourages the smuggling of cheap fuel to

neighboring countries; and a poorly managed national

petroleum company, which has run oil refineries at

approximately 50 percent capacity. In January 2002, the

government revived efforts to license private refineries in

Nigeria. As part of this effort, the government attempted to

lower domestic fuel subsidies to encourage investment in

private oil refineries, but resistence by unions in January

2002 left domestic fuel prices among the lowest in the

world. This slow process and domestic pricing policy have,

consequently, limited progress and investment in

establishing new oil refineries.

S The petroleum sector is managed by the Nigerian National

Petroleum Company (NNPC), which maintains joint-venture

equity agreements with the main oil-producing companies.

Financial problems in recent years have resulted in NNPC’s

inability to meet its funding commitments for maintenance

and operations costs associated with its agreements,

resulting in production delays and adversely affecting

investment in, and development of, the industry. In 2002,

the Nigerian parliament approved a $3.1 billion cash-call

payment to address the NNPC’s funding problem. In an

attempt to avert future situations, the government began

investigating alternative financing arrangements whereby

operators would cover full operating costs. In May 2002,

the government granted NNPC full commercial status in

order to enhance its finance-generating capacity.

S In January 2003, the heads of state of Benin, Ghana,

Nigeria, and Togo signed a 20-year treaty establishing a

single regulatory authority for, and harmonizing the fiscal

and legal framework of, the planned $500 million West

African Gas Pipeline. The pipeline will transport Nigerian

gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NIGERIA

Percent

Finance & insurance

(9.7%)

Livestock

(5.1%) Crude petroleum & gas

(10.6%)

Manufacturing

(6.0%)

Agriculture excl.

livestock (41.1%)

Wholesale & retail trade

(11.4%)

Others (16.1%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-78

nigeria

Economic Update—Continued

S In March 2002, Nigeria withdrew from the informal IMF

monitoring program in order to pursue its own reform

strategy. The government subsequently released the

“Framework for Nigeria’s Economic Growth and Development

(2003-2007),” which delineated the goals and processes for

restructuring the economy.

S In late 2002, the World Bank announced its intent to reduce

further investment in Nigeria from approximately $400

million to $200 million because of macroeconomic risks and

the lack of substantive economic growth or poverty reduction.

S In December 2002, as part of its attempt to cut

debt-servicing costs, Nigeria purchased $610 million of

outstanding Brady bonds owed to the IMF at a cost of $139

million.

S In early 2003, the World Bank provided a $237 million

interest-free loan to assist in healthcare and community

development projects.

S In mid-2003, the IMF expressed concerns that

macroeconomic imbalances, stemming from fiscal

indiscipline and nontransparent budgets, had increased to

unsustainable levels.
6-79

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United States 47.7 United Kingdom 8.8

Spain 10.0 United States 8.6

India 7.7 Germany 7.9

France 6.1 France 6.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Oil 18,677.0 Manufactured

goods

3,332.0

Non-oil 250.0 Machinery &

transport

2,672.0

Chemicals 2,576.0

Food & live

animals

1,312.0

nigeria

-12000

-9000

-6000

-3000

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Trade Update

S Nigeria’s location provides it with an advantage in supplying

the North American petroleum market. In recent years, the

United States alone accounted for one-third to one-half of

Nigerian crude petroleum exports.

S In early 2003, social unrest in the Niger Delta forced several

firms, including ChevronTexaco (U.S.), to close petroleum

facilities.

S Although the government’s stated goal is to reduce import

controls with the number of banned products expected to

decline until a scheduled elimination in 2005, tariff policies

adopted in 2002 suggested an increase in overall tariff and

nontariff protection of domestically produced finished goods.

In addition, in March 2003, the government reduced duties

on certain products, primarily raw materials and capital

equipment, but increased duties on other products, primarily

finished goods and agricultural products.

S In July 2002, the government reintroduced the Dutch

auction system to counter depleting foreign-exchange

reserves and destabilizing effects of multiple

foreign-exchange markets.

S In 2003, the government reduced port taxes and has begun

to remove administrative obstacles that hamper efficient

port operations.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Nigeria consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals, and

electrical machinery and equipment; and U.S. imports from

Nigeria consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, and

organic chemicals. In addition, Nigeria has been designated

an AGOA beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Nigeria totaled $5.4 billion in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Foreign investment remained concentrated in the petroleum

sector, which represented over 75 percent of foreign

investment in 2001. Inhibitors to nonpetroleim investment

included uncertain commitment to economic reform, low per

capita income, substantial bureaucracy, inadequate

infrastructure (such as erratic and unreliable electric, water,

Internet, and telephone services), social unrest, and

allegations of corruption. The government, nevertheless,

continued efforts to liberalize the investment climate and

increase FDI, including repealing restrictive laws, improving

security, signing investment-protection treaties, providing

fiscal incentives, and improving export processing zones.

S In 2002, petroleum production-sharing contracts were

signed with various firms, including Esso Nigeria and Phillips

Petroleum. Investment in the sector is expected to increase

as a result of a new licensing round for 22 blocs expected to

occur in late 2003 or early 2004. The petroleum sector,

however, continued to experience obstacles and disruptions

driven by social unrest. Following shutdowns by Shell and

TotalFinaElf, in March 2003, ChevronTexaco (U.S.)

suspended its operations in the Niger Delta after disgruntled

communities and protest groups targeted petroleum

companies.
6-80

Investment and Privatization

Update-Cont.

S As part of its strategy to export liquified natural gas and to

end the flaring of gas by 2008, in November 2002 production

began on Nigeria’s third liquified natural gas train. In January

2003, various banks, including Credit Lyonnais, BNP, Citibank,

Mediocredito Centrale, and WestLB, provided Nigeria with a

$1 billion loan facility to expand its liquified natural gas project.

This loan facility is believed to be the largest in private-sector

SSA.

S Nigeria has, nevertheless, received non-energy-related

investment. In January 2003, British American Tobacco

returned to Nigeria with a $150 million investment in a

factory in Ibada, Oyo. In mid-2003, Toyota Nigeria announced

plans to open a factory/assembly plant in Nigeria. South

Africa has, in recent years, increased its investment presence

in Nigeria, especially in retailing, mobile telephones, and

satellite television sectors.

S In August 2002, the government announced that the Abuja

Stock Exchange, first established in October 2000 as a

competitor to the Nigeria Stock Exchange, would become

Nigeria’s first commodities exchange.

S The privatization program has continued at a slow pace. Many

of the proposed sales scheduled in the privatization program,

developed by the Bureau of Public Enterprises, have been

delayed, including the national electric company, oil refineries,

and steel plants. Several factors that contributed to the delays

included administrative constraints, unrealistic deadlines, poor

financial state of many state-owned enterprises, political

constraints of election-year campaigning, and uncertain

economic and investment environments.

S Although the privatization agency had announced a

privatization program in 2001 for liberalization of the energy

sector, sales have been delayed until late 2003. These delays

have discouraged the development of independent power

producers.

S In early 2002, the sale of 51 percent of the national

telecommunications firm fell through. Consequently, the

government decided to appoint a foreign firm to manage the

telecommunications company. After winning the contract to

manage the company, Pentascope (Netherlands), in early

2003, announced plans to purchase a 51 percent stake in

the telecommunications firm. In August 2002, the

government licensed privately-owned Globacom as a second

national carrier to compete with the national

telecommunications firm.

S In August 2002, the Ministry of Aviation sold 49 percent of

Nigeria Airways to Airwing Aerospace (UK). According to a

June 2002 agreement, Air Nigeria was to replace Nigeria

Airways and the company was to be floated. Because the

agreement was not undertaken under the auspices of the

privatization agency, the Bureau of Public Enterprises, the

circumstances of the sale are to be investigated.

S In early 2003, the privatization agency announced that

several companies had expressed interest in acquiring a 51

percent stake in the state-owned aluminum smelter company,

Alscon. Financial documents revealed the company to be

insolvent, with a government exposure of about $2.33 billion.

Interested companies included Ferrostaal (Germany), Alcan

(Canada), Russian Aluminum, Glencore (Switzerland), and

Alcon (U.S.).

nigeria

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-81

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,574.0 1,637.0 63.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.1 2.3 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) -0.5 3.6 4.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,405.0 2,343.0 -62.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 705.0 730.0 25.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,700.0 1,613.0 -87.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) 42.0 66.0 24.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 68.9 41.1 -27.8

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 696.9 -36.1

S The economy remained dominated by the petroleum

industry, which represented over 90 percent of export

earnings and over 65 percent of GDP. Growth of the

nonpetroleum sector was inhibited by the resumption of

social unrest in March 2002. In addition to the conflict, the

economy remained hampered by lack of regulatory

transparency and inadequate government institutions.

S In January 2003, as part of its commitment to the IMF and

the World Bank, the government enacted a new forestry

code in order to increase forestry revenue. A key aspect of

the code is the increase in taxes by approximately 200 to

350 percent. In an attempt to encourage wood processing,

such as veneering, the government stressed that the taxes

would be less on processed or manufactured wood

products than on unprocessed timber. Other changes

include a new licensing system announced in late 2002,

which aims to increase timber company cooperation with

local communities. In early 2003, the government

announced plans to join the World Bank’s Congo Basin

Forest Partnership, which aims to preserve the tropical

forest by combating illegal and uncontrolled logging in the

region.

S Under its agreements with the IMF, the government has

committed to reforming the public sector, improving public

services, and clearing arrears to public-sector workers. The

IMF has also urged the government to increase

social-sector spending, especially on healthcare and

education. The IMF has expressed concern that the

implementation of reforms have been weak and most

targets and deadlines have not been met. In addition, the

government has failed to curb unplanned spending, to

increase nonpetroleum revenue, or to increase

transparency in the petroleum sector. The IMF has also

expressed concerns regarding the country’s borrowing on

the commercial market using petroleum revenue as

collateral, which is a breach of its commitments to the IMF.

These obstacles continued to hinder the Republic of the

Congo’s access to development funding and debt relief

through such programs as the PRGF and the HIPC initiative.

S The ceasefire agreement signed in early 2003 opened up

the opportunity for the country to receive increased

external assistance for reconstruction. In mid-2003, the

World Bank signed a $40.3 million agreement to fund

economic recovery.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CONGO

Percent

REPUBLIC OF THE

Petroleum

(47.2%)

Others

(9.8%)

Services

(32.2%)

Agriculture & fishing

(8.9%)

Forestry

(1.9%)

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-82

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United States 17.2 France 20.5

South Korea 12.7 Italy 10.9

China 9.9 United States 9.5

Germany 5.6 Belgium 5.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (1999) Imports (1998)

Petroleum 1,526.4 Petroleum sector 423.7

Timber 70.8 Other capital

goods

64.9

Sugar 12.5

Others 58.3

republic of the congo

Trade Update

S Civil conflict, which erupted in early 2002, disrupted trade by

blocking access to railway and river transport services.

S The country has experienced increased activity in the timber

production and export sector in recent years. Companies

investing in timber production include Mokabi

(France-government joint venture), a Malaysian-Congolese

joint venture company, Danzar (Germany), and Foralac

(Portugal).

S In 2002, U.S. exports to the Republic of the Congo consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances, articles

of iron or steel, electrical machinery and equipment, and

cereals; and U.S. imports from the Republic of the Congo

consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, precious or

semiprecious stones and metals, and sugars. In addition, the

Republic of the Congo has been designated an AGOA

beneficiary country. AGOA (including GSP) imports from the

Republic of the Congo totaled $106.6 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Investment in the petroleum sector was dampened by the

resumption of conflict in early 2002. A peace agreement

with the last rebel group, signed in March 2003, is expected

to increase stability and to improve the investment climate.

S Magnesium Alloy Corporation announced plans to develop

magnesium deposits in the Kouilou region. If successful, it

would represent the Republic of the Congo’s largest mining

investment.

S In 2002, the government liberalized fuel services by

transferring fuel distribution services to a consortium, which

included ChevronTexaco (U.S.) and TotalFinaElf (France).

S In 2002, the government sold several state forestry

companies to Congolese and foreign investors.

S In May 2002, Credit Lyonnais (France) purchased the viable

assets of the state development bank. With technical

assistance from a private French bank, the government

continued plans to privatize the last state-owned bank,

CPAC.

S The government continued efforts to locate a buyer for the

state-owned railway line, as well as efforts to privatize the

banking and insurance sectors.

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-83

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Rwfr bn) 754.7 844.5 89.8

GDP (US$ bn) 1.7 1.8 0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.4 2.0 -1.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 93.3 68.0 -25.3

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 225.5 253.0 -2.2

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -161.9 -185.0 -23.1

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -118.1 -141.0 -22.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 212.1 243.7 31.6

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Rwfr/US$) 443.0 475.4 32.4

S Improved weather conditions and increased productivity

contributed to substantial agricultural production growth.

S As a result of the government’s prudent economic

management and commitment to poverty reduction and

economic growth, Rwanda continued to receive substantial

support from international donors. The government

continued to maintain macroeconomic stability, to liberalize

public sector monopolies, to privatize state-owned

companies, and to promote foreign investment. The IMF

and the World Bank have, however, expressed concerns

regarding government defense spending.

S The country’s poverty reduction strategy paper, discussed

with the IMF in 2002, included various programs such as

support for small-scale agriculture, labor-intensive public

works, demobilization of soldiers, and increased adult

literacy. After negotiations with the IMF, the government

scaled down its programs, and a new PRGF was finalized in

June 2003.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

rwanda

Percent

Agriculture

(40.5%)

Industry

(21.6%)

Services

(37.9%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-84

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Germany 39.4 Kenya 25.7

China 21.3 Belgium 9.0

United States 8.1 United States 7.7

Netherlands 7.4 Germany 3.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2002

Exports Imports

Tea 22.0 Consumption

goods

120.5

Coffee 14.6 Raw materials 44.6

Coltan 14.0 Energy products 36.7

Hides 2.6 Capital goods 35.5

rwanda

Trade Update

S Following a precedent-setting increase in the mining sector’s

contribution to export earnings in 2001, a fall in

international prices dropped coltan to the third largest

export product, behind tea and coffee.

S Aging trees, adverse weather, and declining international

prices contributed to the decline in coffee production.

Government plans to privatize coffee processing plants is

expected to increase production and improve quality.

S Tea remained an important foreign-exchange earner. The

government has attempted to diversify the export base by

promoting floriculture exports. Floriculture exports were

deterred by the collapse of Sabena airlines eliminating a

direct flight from Rwanda to Europe. The launch of a new

service by SN Brussels Airline is expected to resolve this

problem.

S Although Rwanda did not meet its commitment to reduce

tariffs by 100 percent as part of Comesa membership, in

2002 the government implemented an 80 percent

reduction in Comesa region tariffs and plans to achieve 100

percent reduction by 2004.

S Rwanda applied to join the East African Community, but in

mid-2002, the regional organization deferred reviewing its

application.

S In March 2003, Rwanda received its textile and apparel

eligibility under the AGOA program, opening the way for

duty-free textile and apparel exports to the United States.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Rwanda consisted primarily of

animal or vegetable oils or waxes, edible vegetables or roots,

and milling industry products; and U.S. imports from

Rwanda consisted primarily of coffee, tea, and spices, and

ores, slag, and ash. In addition, Rwanda has been designated

an AGOA beneficiary country, including apparel eligibility.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Rwanda totaled

$10,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Government plans to privatize several of the country’s tea

estates, assets in the banking sector, and the energy utility

in 2002 were delayed. In early 2003, the government

awarded a private management contract for the state

energy company, Electrogaz.

S In late 2002, the government launched the sale of the

telecommunications company, Rwandatel. The government

plans to sell a 51 percent stake to foreign investors, with 43

percent reserved for local interests, 5 percent reserved for

company staff, and 1 percent reserved for the state.

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

5

10

15

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-85

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Db bn) 422.0 478.0 56.0

GDP (US$ mn) 47.7 51.1 3.4

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 9.4 7.0 -2.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 3.9 5.5 1.6

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 23.4 24.8 1.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -19.5 -19.3 0.2

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -5.2 -5.0 0.2

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 15.5 15.2 -0.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 312.0 318.0 6.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 10.8 n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Db/US$) 8,842.1 9,356.0 513.9

S Economic growth has been supported by increased inflows

of foreign assistance and improved policy performance.

S The expected production of petroleum by 2006 is expected

to impact the country’s economy significantly.

S In 2002, two Portugese airlines announced plans to

introduce service to São Tomé and Principe.

S In 2002, the recently privatized telecommunications

company, CST, and a private firm introduced cellular

service.

S Government policy remained focused on implementing its

2001 poverty reduction strategy paper. The main goals of

the paper are increased GDP growth and improved access

to social services. The government’s policies were outlined

in its Poverty Action Plan, which established a framework

for social sector investment, macroeconomic stabilization,

and increased economic growth.

S Lapses in meeting PRGF targets, particularly

larger-than-budgeted government spending, resulted in IMF

extension of the program to the end of 2002.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SÃO TOMé &

PRINCIPE

Percent

Fisheries

(3.6%)

Manufacturing & energy

(5.5%)

Services

(62.3%)

Agriculture

(17.1%)

Others (11.5%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-86

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Netherlands 27.3 Portugal 38.9

Portugal 18.2 United States 22.2

Canada 9.1 United

Kingdom

9.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1999

Exports Imports

Cocoa 3.0 Capital

goods

12.0

Others 0.9 Food 6.0

Fuel 3.0

Trade Update

S Falling international prices and supply-side constraints have

dampened cocoa sector production and export.

S In January 2002, the government signed a new 3-year

fishing agreement with the EU, which is expected to bring in

approximately $2.4 million per year.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to São Tomé and Principe consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical

machinery and equipment, and paper products; and U.S.

imports from São Tomé and Principe consisted primarily of

wood and products, electrical machinery and equipment,

and precious or semiprecious stones and metals. In

addition, São Tomé and Principe has been designated an

AGOA beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The country’s territorial waters have received substantial

attention from international petroleum firms in recent

years, and attracted significant investment into the country.

Although petroleum production is expected to begin in

2006, legal disputes with Nigerian-owned Chrome Energy

have inhibited continued development. Bidding on various

blocks, which were to begin in late 2002, were delayed until

mid-2003 after the government decided to renegotiate its

agreement with Chrome Energy.

S Although the privatization program has progressed, the

government continued to control 12 companies, primarily

utilities and public infrastructure. The government

announced plans to retain ownership of most of these

remaining firms with provision for private participation or

management. The telecommunications company, national

fuel company, and airport include private capital.

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

1

2

3

4

5

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-87

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 3,391.5 3,545.9 154.4

GDP (US$ bn) 4.6 5.1 0.5

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.0 2.3 -0.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 966.3 1,060.1 93.8

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,326.9 1,405.0 78.1

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -360.6 -344.9 15.7

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -262.5 -264.6 -2.1

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 447.3 637.4 190.1

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.6 13.0 -0.6

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 697.0 -36.0

S In 2002, economic growth was hampered by a decrease in

activity in the primary sector, such as agriculture, fishing,

and stock rearing. Groundnut production experienced poor

production; and the fishing sector was constrained by

dilapidated equipment and a lack of investment.

S In January 2003, the government unveiled the design for a

new airport at Ndiass, which will be a build-operate-transfer

project. A Swedish-Swiss engineering, power, and

automation firm, Asea Brown Boveri, was selected as the

private partner that will construct the airport in return for a

22-year concession.

S In order to address energy shortages, the Senegal River

Development Organization, in July 2002, completed

connection of generators to Senegal’s grid. By May 2003,

the plant reached full generating capacity.

S Economic reforms have focused on four main areas: fiscal

consolidation and transparency; privatization and structural

reform; poverty reduction by addressing health, education,

and unemployment concerns; and investment through the

launching of various initiatives to attract investors, such as

the establishment of an agency responsible for advocating

the interests of potential foreign investors.

S In 2002, the government announced a series of

agricultural reform initiatives, including efforts to encourage

agricultural diversification and to reduce dependence on

groundnut production, increased irrigation projects, a

cloud-seeding project to increase rainfall, construction of an

artificial lake, and new agricultural training schools.

S In April 2002, the PRGF expired. A poverty reduction

strategy paper was published in November 2002, and the

IMF agreed to a new PRGF in April 2003, for 2003 to

2005. The policies outlined aim to double income per capita

by 2015 through real GDP growth averaging 7 to 8

percent per year, to increase access to basic social

services by increasing the development of necessary

infrastructure, and to improve gender equality in access to

primary and secondary education.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SENEGAL

Percent

Secondary

(23.2%)

Primary

(21.3%) Tertiary

(55.5%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-88

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

India 18.0 France 27.4

France 15.6 Nigeria 18.9

Italy 9.0 Germany 5.3

Mali 5.9 Italy 3.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Fish & fish

products

222.0 Petroleum

products

341.0

Phosphates

& fertilizers

101.0 Food

products

326.0

Groundnuts

& products

84.0 Capital

goods

216.0

senegal

Trade Update

S Trade transport infrastructure, particularly the port,

experienced increased traffic as trade to land-locked states,

such as Mali, rerouted trade through Senegal because of the

political instability in Côte d’Ivoire.

S In June 2002, the government signed a new 4-year fishing

agreement with the EU. The government has expressed

concerns regarding the depletion of fish stocks and the need to

improve competitiveness. Consequently, the agreement

specifies maximum allowable catches and requires investment

targeting Senegal’s fishing industry, such as assistance to

small-scale fishing, improvement of fishing equipment, and

access to credit and technical assistance.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Senegal consisted primarily of vehicles

and parts, machinery and mechanical appliances, and electrical

machinery and equipment; and U.S. imports from Senegal

consisted primarily of prepared feathers and down, organic

chemicals, and fish and crustaceans. In addition, Senegal has

been designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Senegal

totaled $499,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In November 2002, the country’s second cement plant began

operations. The plant represents the largest investment in

Senegal since 1994, and is expected to address the cement

shortage that has constrained the construction sector.

S The Senegalese national telecommunications company,

Sonatel, was granted a 15-year investment guarantee by the

World Bank for planned investment in a GSM network being

built in Mali.

S In May 2003, the World Bank approved a $46 million loan to

help Senegal stimulate investment by improving the investment

climate and promoting increased private sector participation.

The loan will fund initiatives to reform the legal, judicial, and tax

systems, as well as to eliminate administrative and trade

barriers.

S The government continued to exercise influence in key

economic sectors by divesting less than 50 percent of large

enterprises.

S In July 2002, after talks with two prospective buyers fell

through, the government suspended privatization of the state

energy utility, Senelec. The government has announced plans to

investigate alternative options to privatization.

S The IMF mission to Senegal in early 2003 cited concerns with

delays in the privatization of the electric utility and groundnut

parastatals, as well as the continued subsidy of the groundnut

parastatals.

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-89

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, SRs mn) 3,337.0 3,341.0 4.0

GDP (US$ mn) 569.5 609.7 40.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 6.0 0.5 -5.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 215.0 235.0 20.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 387.0 380.0 -7.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -172.0 -145.0 27.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -100.0 -75.0 25.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 37.1 69.7 32.6

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 215.0 220.0 5.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.7 3.0 0.3

Exchange Rate (SRs/US$) 5.9 5.5 -0.4

S Shipping remained an important sector in the Seychelles

economy. In addition to facilitating trade for the country, the

shipping sector also earns revenue by providing services to

international cruise liners, fishing vessels, and freight

carriers. The sector is expected to benefit, through

increased export earnings and more efficient trade, from

the May 2002 establishment of a direct route between

Asia and East Africa by a joint venture between Delmas,

P&O Nedlloyd, and Mitsui OSK Lines. Much of the revenue

earned in the sector stems from the re-export of oil to ships

and aircraft. Earnings from this service are expected to

increase because of the January 2002 delivery of a new

tanker.

S The service sector, consisting of transportation,

communications, commerce, trade, and tourism, remained

an important factor in the country’s economic

performance. The tourism sector experienced a downturn

in activity as the number of visitors fell by 15 percent in

early 2002. In April 2002, the government appointed a

new Seychelles Tourism Advisory Board with increased

private sector representation. The manufacturing sector

remained constrained by a small domestic market,

geographic isolation, and extensive state intervention in the

private sector. For example, markups in the private sector

are limited to 30 percent in the retail sector and 15

percent in the wholesale sector. Several firms were fined

for selling in excess of controlled prices.

S Despite establishment of the Seychelles International

Business Association, the country’s high-cost environment,

limited international connections, high wages, and land

shortages continued to inhibit investment and domestic

market development.

S In order to address problems arising from water shortages

in years of low rainfall, the government commissioned four

desalination plants which are expected to begin operations

in 2003.

S Because of its relatively high GDP per capita, at over

$8,000 in 2001, Seychelles received relatively less

international assistance and aid.

S In February 2002, the EU granted $3.6 million for a solid

waste management project.

S In April 2002, the state-owned SePeC, which manages oil

trade, borrowed $10 million from Malaysia’s export-import

bank to address its debt overhang.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SEYCHELLES

Percent

Agriculture & fishing

(2.4%)

Manufacturing

(14.5%)

Finance

(5.5%)

Others

(14.3%)

Construction

(9.9%)

Transport, communications &

distribution (32.0%)

Hotels & restaurants

(8.6%)

Government services

(12.8%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-90

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 37.4 United States 26.0

France 25.2 France 9.8

Italy 15.2 Saudi Arabia 8.6

Germany 6.1 South Africa 6.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Canned tuna 131.6 Machinery &

transport goods

125.1

Re-exports of

petroleum

50.6 Food & live

animals

93.0

Frozen prawns 2.1 Manufactured

goods

66.5

Frozen & fresh

fish

1.8 Fuel 59.9

seychelles

Trade Update

S In January 2002, the government renewed its fisheries

protocol with the EU. Under the 3-year agreement, which

began in January 2002, the EU will pay $1.9 million per

year for fishing rights.

S Given its preferential access to the EU market, Seychelles is

expected to face increased competition if a mediated

proposal providing for tariff cuts on Thai and Philippine tuna

is ratified by the European Commission.

S In order to address persistent foreign-exchange shortages,

the government instituted new restrictions on

foreign-exchange transactions in mid-2001, including

requirements that tourists pay for almost all services in

foreign currency and restrictions on the sale of foreign

exchange to commercial banks. The parallel market value

for the local currency was estimated at half the official

exchange rate. The foreign-exchange shortages persisted in

2002, dampening economic performance in many sectors,

including tourism, airline, and manufacturing industries.

S At over 40 percent, trade taxes continued to represent a

large share of government revenue.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Seychelles consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, plastics, and aircraft

and parts; and U.S. imports from Seychelles consisted

primarily of fish and crustaceans, and optical or medical

instruments and apparatus. In addition, Seychelles has been

designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

S The substantial increase in U.S. exports in 2001 was driven

by U.S. exports of aircraft and parts.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Despite the downturn in the global tourism industry, the

tourism sector continued to attract investment. Current

and potential investors include Beachcomber (Mauritius),

Sun International (Bahamas), Accor Sofitel (France), and the

Aman group (Yemen).

S Parastatals continued to play a significant role in the

economy. Key state-owned enterprises include Air

Seychelles, the Seychelles Petroleum Company, and the

Seychelles Marketing Board. In addition to preferential

access to foreign exchange, the Seychelles Marketing Board

continued to retain a monopoly on the trade and distribution

of numerous products.

S After concerns over the 1995 establishment of the

Seychelles international trade zones, and the tax

competition created by the practice of investors negotiating

personal terms, the government committed to the OECD to

end the practice by 2005. Subsequently, in early 2002, the

OECD named Seychelles one of the 11 offshore jurisdictions

with which it enjoys a close working relationship.

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

20

40

60

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-91

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Le bn) 1,508.7 1,658.7 150.0

GDP (US$ mn) 759.9 836.0 76.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.0 1.0 -2.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 30.5 35.0 4.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 182.2 190.0 7.8

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -151.7 -155.0 -3.3

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -135.0 n/a n/a

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 51.6 n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 1,398.0 1,473.0 75.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Le/US$) 1,985.2 1,984.0 -1.2

S Although areas of the country continued to experience

substantial civil unrest, a national election in May 2002

provided hope that Sierra Leone has begun to recover from

its 10-year civil war. The government has stated it will focus

on five key areas: developing the private sector, expanding

agricultural production, reviving the mining industry,

improving the country’s infrastructure, and building “human

capital.”

S In addition to the constraints of low producer prices and

inadequate infrastructure, the agriculture sector was

significantly disrupted by the social unrest. Although there

were signs of increased food security, international

organizations estimate that some areas will continue to

require humanitarian aid, as over 500,000 families have

experienced displacement.

S Manufacturing sector expansion was constrained by social

instability, small domestic market, inadequate

infrastructure, limited credit, and foreign-exchange

shortages.

S The banking sector began to experience some recovery,

and in July 2002, one of the state-owned banks opened the

country’s first automated teller machines.

S After a review of the September 2001 PRGF in March

2002, the IMF expressed satisfaction with the

government’s progress toward advancing peace and in

reaching economic performance targets. The IMF released

a disbursal of $12 million. In September 2002, the IMF

conducted a second review of the PRGF, and commended

the government’s progress despite institutional and

financial constraints. The IMF released an additional $25

million.

S In March 2002, the IMF and World Bank announced debt

reduction for Sierra Leone under the HIPC initiative

amounting to $950 million. Savings from the debt relief

program are to be used to fund education, health, and rural

development.

S In June 2002, the African Development Bank approved a

$42.8 million debt-relief package to assist Sierra Leone in

funding its poverty reduction programs under the interim

poverty reduction strategy paper.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SIERRA LEONE

Percent

Other industry

(3.9%)

Manufacturing (industry)

(12.7%)

Services

(21.9%)

Agriculture

(58.4%)

Import duties

(3.1%)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-92

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Greece 32.1 United

Kingdom

25.3

Belgium 28.2 Netherlands 10.3

United States 6.3 United States 7.9

United Kingdom 5.9 Germany 6.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Diamonds 26.3 Food 51.9

Others 2.0 Fuel & lubricants 43.3

Machinery &

transport

equipment

37.2

Manufactured

goods

21.5

sierra Leone

Trade Update

S Production of Sierra Leone’s main agricultural export

products, coffee and cocoa, was significantly inhibited by

social unrest and low producer prices.

S Although Sierra Leone has substantial deposits of

diamonds, gold, bauxite, and rutile, the social unrest limited

mineral exports primarily to diamonds and minimal

amounts of gold, after the closure of bauxite and rutile

mines.

S In late 2002, RusAl (Russia) announced plans to open

bauxite mines in Sierra Leone. The company also

announced the possibility of constructing an alumina

smelter to process ore prior to export.

S In June 2003, the United Nations announced its decision to

drop sanctions, first imposed in June 2002, against “blood

diamonds” exports from Sierra Leone. The country will be

able to export diamonds after the government establishes a

certification process which complies with the Kimberley

Process Certification system.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Sierra Leone consisted primarily of

preparations of cereals, milling industry products, and

animal or vegetable oils or waxes; and U.S. imports from

Sierra Leone consisted primarily of precious or

semiprecious stones, and nonknitted apparel. In addition,

Sierra Leone has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Sierra Leone

totaled $217,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In July 2002, a seismic data company, TGS Nopec,

announced that approximately 28,000 square kilometers

of offshore area would be offered for exploration. In

mid-2003, the government received bids from three

petroleum companies to explore the coastal waters, Repsol

(Spain), Oranto Petroleum (Nigeria), and 8 Investments

(U.S.). The government announced evidence of petroleum

and gas deposits, and expects exploratory drilling to begin

in 2005.

S In late 2002, the governments of Libya, Nigeria, and South

Africa announced plans to invest $10 million each to assist

in the country’s recovery.

S Although the government announced incentives, such as

tax exemptions, for export and resource-based investment

projects, relatively high levels of political risk continued to

deter foreign investment.

S In June 2002, the government announced plans to

privatize the national power company, and, with assistance

from the World Bank, has contracted an international

consultancy firm, Electricity Africa, to develop a strategy for

the sector.

S In mid-2002, Nigeria’s privatization agency announced the

sale of the West African Refinery in Freetown owned by the

Nigerian government.

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

1

2

3

4

5

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

SIERRA LEONE

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance
6-93

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, N$ bn) n/a n/a n/a

GDP (US$ bn) n/a n/a n/a

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) n/a n/a n/a

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 126.0 n/a n/a

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 343.0 n/a n/a

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -217.0 n/a n/a

Current Account balance (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 2,531.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (N$/US$) n/a n/a n/a

S Given the on-going political and social unrest, as well as

international disengagement, economic, trade, and

investment information remains limited. The absence of

data continued to inhibit assessment of economic

performance. The Somali National Reconciliation Process,

which began in October 2002, offered hope of increased

stability.

S Somalia’s economy continued to rely heavily on the livestock

and agricultural sectors. As a result of the insecurity, the

United Nations estimated that in November 2002,

approximately three-quarters of a million people required

humanitarian assistance. The southern part of Somalia

required substantial food-aid imports as the unrest

continued to hamper domestic commercial networks.

S Small, independent companies have begun to offer

telecommunications services by linking up with overseas

satellite operators. In January 2002, two Internet service

providers began operations in Mogadishu; and in 2002,

three companies were established to provide

telecommunications services to Mogadishu.

S Given the civil unrest in parts of the country, there was little

formal economic policy aside from collection of tariffs and

taxes. As creditors had frozen Somalia’s accounts for more

than ten years and the country lacked a functioning

government, donors remained reluctant to provide funding

or development aid.

S In mid-2003, the World Bank resumed operations in

Somalia, which had been suspended in 1991. The World

Bank plans to provide assistance through the Low-Income

Countries Under Stress initiative; and to focus on

macroeconomic data analysis and dialogue, livestock sector

rehabilitation, HIV/AIDS prevention, and skills development

for capacity building.

Economic Update

somalia
6-94

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Saudi Arabia 32.0 Djibouti 28.0

United Arab

Emirates 32.0

Kenya 13.0

Yemen 17.0 India 10.0

Thailand 2.0 Brazil 6.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1990

Exports Imports

Livestock 43.0 Manufactures 204.0

Bananas 28.0 Non-fuel

primary

products

104.0

Hides & skins 3.0 Fuels 52.0

somalia

Trade Update

S In addition to the social turmoil and drought, a ban on

imports of Somali livestock by Saudi Arabia and other Gulf

states, after an outbreak of Rift Valley fever, negatively

affected the livestock sector.

S In February 2003, the European Commission approved

funding for a road network rehabilitation project, which is

expected to facilitate trade.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Somalia consisted primarily of

electrical machinery and equipment, optical and medical

instruments and apparatus, and organic chemicals; and

U.S. imports from Somalia consisted primarily of edible

preparations of meat, fish, and crustaceans.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The Somali coast has proven reserves of petroleum; and in

October 2002, the break-away republic of Somaliland

signed an agreement on drilling and extraction with the

Seminal Copenhagen Group.

S As a result of the social unrest, privatization information

remained unavailable.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance
6-95

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, R bn) 982.9 1,098.7 115.8

GDP (US$ bn) 114.0 104.5 -9.5

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.7 9.2 3.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 30,717.0 31,085.0 368.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 25,855.0 26,712.0 857.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 4,862.0 4,373.0 -489.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -295.0 289.0 584.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 6,045.0 5,904.0 -141.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 24.1 24.4 0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 11.6 10.5 -1.1

Exchange Rate (R/US$) 8.6 10.5 1.9

S South Africa has the most diversified economy in SSA.

Mining remains an important sector, with gold accounting

for more than one-third of exports. Other important mineral

products include manganese, chrome, platinum, coal, and

diamonds.

S Agriculture is an important source of both direct and

indirect employment. Although maize is the predominant

crop, wine, high-value fruit, ostrich meat, and other

emerging products continued to develop niche markets.

Maize is a staple food, but is also exported. Maize

production depends heavily on weather conditions.

S The manufacturing sector, which is heavily capital-intensive

and based on mining, energy, heavy chemicals, and

minerals benefication, represented approximately 20

percent of GDP. Although the depreciation of the rand has

helped the manufacturing sector, a shortage of skilled labor

continued to constrain the sector. A substantial driver of

the manufacturing sector was the automobile and parts

industry, which has contributed to increasing exports and

overall GDP. In April 2002, the government drafted the

Integrated Manufacturing Strategy to address the two

main changes in the manufacturing sector: the rise of the

automotive industry and the decline of the textile and

apparel industry. The strategy aims to promote eight key

manufacturing sectors: clothing and textiles,

agro-processing, metals and minerals, tourism, automotive

and transport, crafts, chemicals, and bio-technology and

knowledge-based industries.

S Services, which range from financial services to tourism,

represented the largest contributor to GDP. Financial

services alone contributed 20 percent to GDP. South

Africa’s financial markets are larger than all other SSA

exchanges combined. In January 2002, the Johannesburg

Stock Exchange began to implement changes to improve its

competitiveness, such as coordinating exchange hours with

European markets, switching stocks to London’s stock

exchange electronic trading service system, and

implementing new listing and reporting requirements to

comply with international standards. South Africa’s tourism

industry was one of the fastest growing in the world in

2001, with a 10 percent increase in visitors.

S In June 2002, the government passed the Mineral and

Petroleum Resources Development Bill designed to open

up the sector to foreign competition and to encourage the

development of black-owned mining groups by transferring

all mineral rights to the state.

S In August 2002, the government passed the Electronic

Communications and Transactions Act, which provides

comprehensive legislation outlining the government’s

commitment to electronic transactions by addressing

some of the legal issues surrounding contractual

arrangements made on line.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SOUTH AFRICA

Percent

Manufacturing

(20.0%)

Financial services

(18.2%)

Others

(45.1%)

Construction

(3.1%)

Electricity, gas & water supplies

(3.4%)

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

(4.4%) Mining & quarrying

(5.8%)

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-96

south africa

Economic Update—Cont.

S In 2002, the government passed a bill designed to halt the

emigration of skilled labor. In addition, after an IMF

consultation in May 2001, that recommended labor reform

as a means of addressing the country’s unemployment

rate, the government passed labor law amendments in

2002. The new amendments aim to improve labor market

efficiency by altering the way in which the Commission for

Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration resolves disputes.
6-97

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

United States 11.7 Germany 15.4

United Kingdom 11.1 United States 11.5

Germany 8.3 United

Kingdom

8.7

Japan 6.2 Japan 5.9

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 1997

Exports Imports

Metals & metal

products

6.3 Machinery &

appliances

8.9

Gold 5.6 Mineral products 3.7

Diamonds 2.9 Chemicals 3.4

Machinery &

transport

equipment

2.6 Transport &

equipment

1.7

south africa

Trade Update

S South Africa has 80 percent, 56 percent, 35 percent, and

68 percent of the world’s reserves of manganese, platinum

group metals, gold, and chromium, respectively. Gold

accounted for approximately 13 percent of total exports, and

gold exports by value increased because of the depreciation

of the rand and the increase in gold prices.

S Since 2000, the value of automotive exports have doubled.

Key growth sectors included tires, car radios, radiators,

wheels, and automotive glass. The Automotive Industry Export

Council credited this export growth to the Motor Industry

Development Program, which uses import rebate credits to

promote exports. BMW South Africa announced plans to

upgrade its Rosslyn assembly plant to increase capacity.

BMW South Africa’s main export market was the United

States.

S Although South African Breweries produced two-thirds of

Africa’s beer and has become China’s second largest brewer,

an increasingly important alcohol industry export has been

wine, which contributed substantially to the 26 percent

growth in alcohol exports in 2001.

S In early 2003, the state railway company, Spoornet,

announced plans to invest $120 million a year to upgrade its

network after various companies cited inadequate rail

capacity as an obstacle to exports.

S In November 2002, the United Nations Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora allowed South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana to sell

their stockpiles of ivory by 2004. The one-time sale of the

stockpile, which resulted from the systematic culling of

elephants in reserves, will begin when UN monitoring is

established to prevent poaching.

S South Africa proposed free trade agreements with a number

of countries, including the South American common market

(Mercosur), India, and the United States.

S In early 2003, the government introduced the International

Trade Administration Bill, which would establish an

International Trade Administration Commission responsible

for monitoring trade, dealing with import and export permits,

and administering the Southern African Customs Union.

S The government continued to relax foreign-exchange controls.

In early 2003, the government announced a wide-range

restructuring of its foreign-exchange control regime, including

the elimination of a tax on foreign dividends and the release of

funds of emigrant South Africans.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to South Africa consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, aircraft and parts, and

vehicles and parts; and U.S. imports from South Africa

consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious stones or

metals, vehicles and parts, and iron and steel. In addition,

South Africa has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP)

imports from South Africa totaled $1.3 billion in 2002.

-2100

-1400

-700

0

700

1400

2100

2800

3500

4200

4900

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance
6-98

south africa

Investment and Privatization Update

S The recovery of foreign direct investment in early 2002 was

driven primarily by the purchase of majority shares of two

local steel firms by foreign interests. An overall decline in

2002 was attributed to numerous factors. Despite political

and macroeconomic stability, various factors, including a

weak global environment, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, regional

political instability, the slow pace of privatizations, a highly

regulated labor market, low capital and labor productivity, and

a high crime rate continued to hamper foreign direct

investment.

S In early 2003, South Africa-based AngloGold, announced

plans to raise up to $600 million in equity and debt in the U.S.

financial market after having registered with the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission.

S South Africa has become one of the largest sources of

foreign direct investment into other SSA countries. South

African firms have invested an average of $1.4 billion annually

into SSA since 1991. A contributing factor to this growth has

been foreign-exchange control regulations which allow

investments up to 2 billion rand in SSA, but only 500 million

rand in other regions. Although a substantial portion of South

Africa’s investment in SSA has been in the mining and

construction sectors, investment has since diversified into

financial services, telecommunications, consumer goods,

health care, media, and retail companies. For example, MTN

South Africa owns 63 percent of mobile-phone operator MTN

Nigeria; and MTN has expanded into Rwanda, Swaziland, and

Uganda.

S Firms awaiting privatization include the defense contractor

(Denel), the power utility (Eskom), a diamond exploration

company (Alexcor), the Airports Company of South Africa, and

the transport group (Transnet).

S Although the national telecommunications company, Telkom,

lost exclusive rights in May 2002, no firm has yet entered the

market. Privatization of the company via the sale of shares on

the stockmarket, as well as the sale of M-Cell (mobile phone

and Internet group) remained uncertain in the uncertain

international telecommunications market.

S Although the government has acknowledged a need to

increase privatization efforts, several trade unions conducted

a nationwide strike against the privatization program in

October 2002. The unbundling of parastatals, such as

Eskom, Telkom, Transnet, and Denel, is expected to create

private sector investment opportunities, but the slow pace of

privatizations has affected investor confidence.

S In March 2003, the government listed the national

telecommunications company, Telkom, on the Johannesburg

and New York Stock Exchanges.

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-99

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, SD bn) 3,127.9 3,571.8 443.9

GDP (US$ bn) 12.1 13.6 1.5

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.0 8.4 5.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,698.7 1,949.1 250.4

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,395.1 2,152.8 757.7

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 303.6 -203.7 -507.3

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -618.3 -960.4 -342.1

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 117.8 478.4 360.6

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 15.3 15.9 0.6

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.4 3.1 0.7

Exchange Rate (SD/US$) 258.7 263.3 4.6

S The political and social upheavals in recent years have

forced many farmers off their land and interrupted access

to input products, substantially disrupting agricultural

production. Poor weather conditions and internal conflict

led the United Nations to appeal for increased food aid in

late 2002. Livestock production, however, continued to

improve as many Gulf countries lifted their ban on

Sudanese meat imports; and livestock has surpassed cash

crops as the fastest growing nonpetroleum export sector.

S Although the agricultural sector remains an important

sector for employment and contribution to GDP, the

development of the petroleum sector continued to increase

its role in the economy. Development of the petroleum

sector has resulted in a sharp increase in foreign

investment and export earnings, as well as accelerated

development of the industrial sector.

S A project to increase Sudan’s energy capacity moved

forward in 2002 when ABB (Switzerland) announced that it

had begun to lay the power lines connecting a power

station to the grid. The project, which began in April 2001,

is expected to be completed in 2003.

S Concerns regarding corruption and the country’s large

external debt arrears have limited access to international

funding support.

S In early 2002, the development agencies of Saudi Arabia,

Abu Dhabi, and Kuwait signed agreements with the

government to fund, in part, the construction of a

hydroelectric power project.

S The Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development provided

$110 million for the construction of a road in 2002.

Origins of GDP (1999)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SUDAN

Percent

Agriculture

(42.6%)

Construction

(6.4%)

Industry & mining

(9.8%)

Trade, transport, &

communications

(25.9%)

Other services

(15.3%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-100

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

China 42.3 China 11.9

Japan 14.1 Saudi Arabia 8.8

Saudi Arabia 7.4 Germany 8.1

South Korea 4.9 United

Kingdom

7.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Crude oil 1,370.0 Machinery &

equipment

442.5

Sesame 104.5 Manufactured

goods

296.5

Cotton 44.4 Transport

equipment

202.9

Gum arabic 24.3 Wheat & wheat

flour

138.1

sudan

Trade Update

S The relative importance of cotton in Sudan’s trade

commodities profile has fallen as a result of declining

international cotton prices and a reduction in planting area.

Sesame and livestock exports, however, have increased in

recent years.

S The most significant impact on trade has been the country’s

development of the petroleum sector. The petroleum sector

was inaugurated in August 1999, and by 2002,

petroleum-related export revenues represented more than

70 percent of total export earnings. Prior to development of

the petroleum export sector, export earnings and the trade

balance fluctuated substantially; recent years, however, have

recorded trade surpluses.

S Increased earnings from petroleum exports have also fueled

increased imports of capital and food products.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Sudan consisted primarily of

cereals, milling industry products, and edible vegetables or

roots; and U.S. imports from Sudan consisted primarily of

vegetable saps and extracts, machinery and mechanical

appliances, and oil seeds and fruits.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Sudan reportedly has significant petroleum reserves, and in

recent years, the government, in conjunction with

international petroleum firms, has been developing fields in

the central southern regions of the country and plans to

expand exploration farther south.

S Lundin Oil (Sweden), which discovered viable deposits in

2001, had planned to begin production in 2002, but

deteriorating security delayed the company’s plans as it was

forced to withdraw staff in early 2002.

S In October 2002, after several years of an international

divestment campaign, Talisman (Canada), the only publicly

listed Western petroleum company operating in Sudan,

announced plans to sell its stake in the consortium

developing Sudan’s petroleum reserves.

S In early 2003, the government inaugurated a $20 million

oil-pumping station at the country’s main pipeline and

largest refinery. The new station is expected to boost

exports to 300,000 barrels per day as capacity constraints

in the existing pipeline had been limiting production and

export.

S The pace of privatizations remained slow because of various

factors, including lack of managerial capacity to define and

assess state-owned enterprises, the large deficits sustained

by many parastatals, the dilapidated condition of many

parastatals and necessary investment, allegations of

corruption, and opposition from labor unions.

S In late 2002, the government announced plans to sell a 74

percent stake in the Bank of Khartoum; the government

plans to retain the remaining 26 percent. The government

also began to restructure the Agricultural Bank in

anticipation of privatization.

S In 2002, the government privatized the Sudan Duty-Free

Zone Company and the Bridges and Roads Corporation.

0

5

10

15

20

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-101

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, E mn) 10,971.0 12,462.0 1,491.0

GDP (US$ mn) 1,274.2 1,182.4 -91.8

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 7.5 11.8 4.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 820.0 830.0 10.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 894.0 938.0 44.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -74.0 -108.0 -34.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -53.0 -41.0 12.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 272.0 276.0 4.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 406.0 305.0 -101.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.3 3.2 0.9

Exchange Rate (E/US$) 8.6 10.5 1.9

S As Swaziland depends on the agricultural sector for

employment, exports, and contribution to GDP, economic

performance was significantly influenced by climate

conditions and international commodity prices. GDP growth

was hampered by food shortages resulting from insufficient

agricultural production after dry conditions in 2001/2002,

the estimated high rate of HIV/AIDS, and high

unemployment. In early 2003, the World Bank estimated

that one-quarter of the population required food aid.

S The government continued to focus on prudent

macroeconomic policy based on free-market principles and

limited government intervention. Economic policy

concentrated on attracting foreign investment, improving

fiscal discipline, and diversifying revenue sources as tariff

revenue represented approximately 50 percent of

government revenue.

S Swaziland did not have an IMF-funded program in place. The

IMF’s 2003 Article IV report advised the government to

tighten fiscal policy, to restore macroeconomic stability, to

reduce inflation, to increase privatization efforts, and to

increase spending on health and education. Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SWAZILAND

Percent

Other industry

(11.1%)

Manufacturing

(35.6%)

Agriculture, livestock, & forestry

(9.9%)

Government services

(16.6%)

Other services

(26.8%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-102

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

South Africa 59.7 South Africa 95.6

United States 8.8 European

Union

0.9

European Union 8.0 Japan 0.9

Mozambique 6.2 Singapore 0.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2001) Imports (2000)

Miscellaneous

edibles

281.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

197.0

Sugar 76.0 Manufactured

goods

148.0

Wood pulp 61.0 Food & live

animals

132.0

Textiles 50.0 Chemicals 112.0

-125

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

swaZILAND

Trade Update

S The government continued efforts to broaden the tax base

and to increase diversification as expected tariff reductions

in 2006 required by the EU-South Africa agreement and

commitments to the WTO are expected to substantially

decrease tariff revenue. Revenue from the SACU revenue

pool is also expected to decrease after changes in the

revenue-sharing agreement are implemented in 2006.

S In late 2002, Comesa gave Swaziland 12 months to make a

final decision on joining the free-trade area. In order to join

Comesa, Swaziland would need to obtain consent from other

SACU members.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Swaziland consisted primarily of

precious or semiprecious stones or metals, imitation jewelry,

and electrical machinery and equipment; and U.S. imports

from Swaziland consisted primarily of knitted and nonknitted

apparel, and electrical machinery and equipment. In addition,

Swaziland has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Swaziland totaled $81.2 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Swaziland has experienced some success in attracting

foreign investment driven by access to the AGOA program.

The majority of the investment has been from Taiwanese

and Indian investors targeting the textile and apparel

industry. As AGOA eligibility is dependent on good

governance, concerns regarding labor treatment and

governance led the United States to notify the government

that access to AGOA trade benefits could be lost.

S Taiwanese and Indonesian investors announced plans to

establish spinning and dyeing factories in Swaziland.

S A bond market was opened in 2002.

S The first draft of the privatization policy was completed in

May 2002, and was transfered to the minister of finance to

be issued to stakeholders for comment.

S Firms targeted for privatization include the postal and

telecommunications enterprise (SPTC) and the national

airline (Royal Swazi National Airways Corporation).

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-50

0

50

100

150

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-103

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, TSh bn) 8,001.9 8,859.1 857.2

GDP (US$ bn) 9.1 9.2 0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 5.1 4.6 -0.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 777.2 855.5 78.3

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,492.1 1,661.5 169.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -714.9 -806.0 -91.1

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -558.9 -610.6 -51.7

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 1,156.6 1,528.8 372.2

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 7.0 6.9 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 12.5 11.1 -1.4

Exchange Rate (TSh/US$) 876.4 966.6 90.2

S Tanzania’s economy remained heavily dependent on the

agricultural sector, and, consequently, economic

performance relied on climate conditions. Prospects of

discovering commercially viable petroleum deposits,

however, may substantially alter the country’s economic

profile. The fishing sector continued to be hampered by a

lack of modern fishing equipment. Although its contribution

to GDP remained small, the mining sector has increased in

recent years, especially gold production. Supported by more

reliable access to water and electric supplies, and

prompted by privatization of some manufacturing firms, the

manufacturing sector has expanded, although from a low

base.

S In early 2003, the government began developing an

investment incentive package as part of its efforts to

increase agricultural sector investment. The incentives,

aimed at assisting companies to establish agro-processing

industries in Tanzania, will focus on encouraging

value-added processing of traditional crops, such as coffee,

cotton, and cashew nuts, as well as emerging sectors, such

as floriculture and horticulture. In addition, the Tanzanian

Investment Center continued efforts to establish a land

bank designed to facilitate investor acquisition of land.

S Although Tanzania’s electric supply has been erratic

because of heavy reliance on hydroelectric power, during

2002, the government continued plans to secure gas from

the Songo Songo field to supply industrial sites and power

plants.

S Tanzania’s economic policy continued to follow broadly

commitments made under the June 2000 PRGF, which

expired in June 2003. The main components of the policy

included maintaining macroeconomic stability,

implementing agricultural and rural development

strategies, reforming the civil service, privatizing

infrastructure, and improving local government structures.

The country remained heavily dependent on foreign aid to

finance development projects and to provide

balance-of-payments support. Economic reform efforts have

included microfinance, electricity provision, tax

simplification, textile and agro-processing, and improvement

of rural roads and government services.

S In mid-2003, after a review of the IMF-supported PRGF, the

IMF commended the government on its economic

performance in the 2002-2003 fiscal year.

S In December 2002, Norway and Tanzania signed an

agreement cancelling the remainder of Tanzania’s debt to

Norway amounting to 7.4 billion shillings (approximately

$7.7 million).

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

TANZANIA

Percent

Manufacturing

(8.3%)

Services

(32.6%)

Others (3.9%)

Construction

(4.6%)

Agriculture, forestry &

fishing (48.1%)

Mining

(2.5%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-104

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

India 15.4 South Africa 13.3

Germany 7.8 Japan 10.7

Japan 6.7 United

Kingdom

6.3

Belgium 6.7 Kenya 6.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Gold 257.0 Machinery 407.0

Coffee 57.0 Consumer

goods

363.0

Cashew nuts 57.0 Oil & other fuels 221.0

Manufactures 56.0 Industrial raw

materials

205.0

tanzania

Trade Update

S Tanzania’s traditional export cash crops include cotton and

coffee, both of which continued to experience falling

international commodity prices, as well as structural

production constraints limiting export volumes.

S In early 2002, the consulting group Techno Serve (U.S.)

advised the Tanzanian government to introduce a single

coffee tax to replace the 26 existing taxes, duties, and levies.

The group noted that comparable Guatemalan taxes

amount to only 1.1 percent, while Tanzania’s taxes amount

to 21 percent. The consulting firm also noted that the

combination of low international prices and high taxes was

making coffee production costs prohibitive.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Tanzania consisted primarily of

clothing, machinery and mechanical appliances, and articles

of iron or steel; and U.S. imports from Tanzania consisted

primarily of precious or semiprecious stones and metals,

fish and crustaceans, and vegetable saps and extracts. In

addition, Tanzania has been designated an AGOA beneficiary

country, including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Tanzania totaled $1.3 million in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although the agricultural sector represents a significant

part of the economy, it has attracted limited foreign

investment. According to a report jointly issued by the Bank

of Tanzania, the Tanzania Investment Center, and the

Bureau of Statistics in late 2002, only 7 percent of total

direct foreign capital had been invested in the agricultural

sector, while the vast majority of foreign direct investment,

80 percent, targeted the mining and manufacturing sectors.

S In mid-2002, Antrim (Canada) announced that, after years

of delay because of political unrest in Zanzibar, it would

begin three exploratory drilling projects in its

Pemba/Zanzibar blocks.

S In October 2002, Tanga Cement was listed on the Dar es

Salaam stock exchange.

S During late 2002 and early 2003, the Dar es Salaam stock

exchange opened investment to foreigners. Under the

revised framework, foreigners will be able to purchase up to

60 percent of shares floated on the exchange, with the

remaining 40 percent reserved for local investors.

S In April 2003, the government announced plans to sell its

49 percent holding in the Dar es Salaam Airport Handling

Company to the public through the Dar es Salaam stock

exchange.

S In November 2002, South African Airways purchased a 49

percent stake in Air Tanzania, paying $20 million and,

subsequently, announced plans to invest a further $410

million in developing the airline company. After acquiring the

company, South African Airways launched its new airline, Air

Tanzania Corporation, on April 1, 2003. South African

Airways reportedly plans to make Tanzania the regional hub

for its Southern African services.

S During 2002, the government moved forward on plans to

transfer the railway network, excluding the Tanzania-Zambia

Railway Authority, to a private management firm.

S Firms awaiting privatization include major public utilities

such as the telecommunications, power, water and sewage,

and several transport enterprises.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-105

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 908.0 963.0 55.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.2 1.4 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 3.9 3.1 -0.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 390.0 429.0 39.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 523.0 580.0 57.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -133.0 -151.0 -18.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -167.0 -186.0 -19.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 126.1 210.0 83.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 733.0 693.4 -39.6

S Togo’s economic performance remained dependant on the

performance of three main sectors: agriculture, phosphate

mining, and trade and transport.

S Similar to many West African countries, Togo has received

investment driven by petroleum exploration activities. In late

2002, after signing a production-sharing agreement with

the government, Hunt Oil (U.S.) began drilling its first

exploratory well in Togo’s territorial waters.

S In January 2003, the heads of state of Benin, Ghana,

Nigeria, and Togo signed a 20-year treaty establishing a

single regulatory authority for, and harmonizing the fiscal

and legal framework of, the planned $500 million West

African Gas Pipeline. The pipeline will transport Nigerian

gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

S After a satisfactory assessment of Togo’s performance

under the IMF’s staff-monitored program established in

April 2001, a second interim program was undertaken

between January and September 2002.

S Lack of donor support and increased spending in advance

of the 2002 legislative election deteriorated the country’s

fiscal situation in late 2002. International concerns

regarding the political unrest, however, are likely to hamper

efforts to access debt relief or aid under the PRGF or HIPC

programs.

S In August 2002, the Islamic Development Fund provided

$9.3 million for the paving of main north-south road to

improve integration of the central region into the national

economy.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

TOGO

Percent

Primary

(41.4%)

Secondary

(22.6%)

Tertiary

(36.0%)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-106

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Benin 13.0 Ghana 35.0

Nigeria 9.0 France 10.0

Ghana 5.0 Côte d’Ivoire 8.0

Colombia 4.0 China 8.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2001

Exports Imports

Re-exports 70.0 Petroleum

products

119.0

Cotton 47.0 Capital goods 90.0

Phosphates 46.0 Food products 74.0

togo

Trade Update

S Togo is the third largest producer of phosphates in SSA.

Production has declined in recent years because of obsolete

mining equipment, electricity shortages, and difficulty in

accessing higher-quality reserves. In addition, Scandinavia

and Germany have prohibited import of Togolese phosphate

because of cadmium content limits, which Togo’s phosphate

exceeds. The government is actively seeking alternate

markets, such as Canada, India, Iran, the Philippines, and

South Africa. The replacement of the state-run phosphate

industry management company with private foreign

management during 2001 and early 2002 is expected to

address these issues.

S Because of the social unrest in Côte d’Ivoire and congestion

in Nigeria’s port, Togo’s port experienced increased activity

as goods destined for Mali and Burkina Faso were rerouted

through Lomé during 2002. The Port of Lomé Authority

announced plans to establish a one-stop office to facilitate

investment activity and to limit paperwork.

S Although cotton has traditionally been Togo’s main cash

crop, the decline in international prices in recent years has

led many farmers to switch to other crops.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Togo consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals, and clothing;

and U.S. imports from Togo consisted primarily of live

animals, and oil seeds and fruits.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Increased activity in the port has prompted an increase in

foreign investment in container handling facilities. For

example, Ecomarine International, a joint venture between a

West African private consortium and Sea Point (U.S.), is

investing $100 million in a new container terminal, which is

expected to be completed by the end of 2004. The project is

expected to increase foreign-exchange earnings derived

from re-export services.

S In an effort to curb reliance on phosphate exports, the

government amended the mining code. The new mining

code liberalizes the mining sector and encourages the

research, exploration, and trade of precious stones and

metals, such as gold and diamonds.

S Aside from the tourism sector, the privatization program

slowed after most external funding was frozen in 1998. The

poor financial condition of many parastatals has also

hampered the sale of state-owned enterprises. Firms

awaiting privatization include the phosphate mining

company, state-owned banks, and the telecommunications

enterprise.

S Sterling Merchant Finance (U.S.), which was appointed in

2001 to oversee the privatization of the

telecommunications company, Togo Telecom, continued to

develop divestment plans, but privatization is not expected

until 2004.

S During 2002, the government made strides in privatizing its

assets in the hotel-tourism industry. In May 2002, the

government awarded management of a Hôtel 2 Février to

Corinthia Hotels (Libya-Malta). In September 2002, the

government sold a 15-year lease for the Hôtel de la Paix to

Royal Financial Investments (U.S.) for $6.5 million. Also in

September 2002, Parrain-Accord (France) took over

management of the Hôtel-Ecole le Bénin.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

5

10

15

20

25

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-107

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, NUSh bn) 10,007.5 10,605.8 598.3

GDP (US$ bn) 5.7 5.9 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 2.0 0.0 -2.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 451.6 457.7 6.1

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,026.6 1,142.7 116.1

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -575.0 -685.0 -110.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -434.5 -551.9 -117.4

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 983.4 934.0 -49.4

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.1 2.8 -0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 19.5 19.1 -0.4

Exchange Rate (NUSh/US$) 1,755.7 1,797.6 41.9

S The agricultural sector remained an important contributor

to export earnings and GDP; and, consequently, Uganda’s

economic performance remained determined primarily by

weather conditions. Civil unrest in northern Uganda,

however, hampered agricultural production and destroyed

infrastructure.

S Economic reforms focused on promoting economic growth

and reducing poverty levels. The government’s enactment

of the Public Finance and Accountability Act 2003 provides

a foundation for strengthening public sector financial

management and went into force in July 2003.

S In an August 2002 letter to the IMF, the government

announced plans to begin a phased increase in the

minimum paid-up capital required by banks to strengthen

the banking system. In early 2003, the Bank of Uganda

required the withdrawal from the banking sector of six

banks unable to meet this requirement.

S In September 2002, the IMF and World Bank provided

$17.8 million for a second 3-year grant for the

government’s poverty eradication and action plan under its

PRGF. The poverty eradication and action plan focuses on

assisting the poor to increase incomes, improving the

quality of life of the poor, facilitating economic growth and

structural transformation, and ensuring good governance

and security.

S Although the IMF and World Bank have endorsed the

government’s economic policies, they and other

international donors have, in recent years, expressed

concerns regarding corruption, lack of progress towards

political pluralism, and the country’s involvement in the

region’s conflicts. In early 2003, the IMF and World Bank,

after expressing concerns with the government’s defense

spending and limited political reform, informed the

government that they would be unable to approve the $150

million budget support loan until the government met

related conditions.

S In mid-2003, Libya announced that it would cancel

Uganda’s debt of $160 million under the terms of the HIPC

initiative.

Origins of GDP (2001)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

UGANDA

Percent

Commerce

(11.9%)

Manufacturing

(9.7%)

Others

(17.7%) Monetary agriculture

(23.0%)

Government & community

services (19.7%)

Non-monetary

agriculture

(18.0%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-108

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Belgium 14.3 Kenya 43.2

Netherlands 14.1 India 6.8

Germany 7.5 United

Kingdom

5.6

United States 6.0 United States 3.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million

Exports (2001) Imports (2000)

Coffee 97.6 Petroleum &

petroleum products

163.1

Tea 78.2 Road vehicles 85.6

Gold 49.2 Medical &

pharmaceuticals

34.1

Cotton 30.0 Specialized industrial

machinery

31.4

Trade Update

S Although world prices for coffee increased in the latter half of

2002, erratic and historically declining international prices

for coffee prompted the government to encourage alternate

export products. Despite the strides made by recent

attempts to diversify into nontraditional exports (products

other than coffee, cotton, tea, and tobacco), coffee remained

an important foreign-exchange earner. Nontraditional

products that have expanded in recent years include fish,

gold, electricity, and flowers.

S In late 2002, the minister of agriculture reported that

liberalization of the tea sector was yielding positive results,

and tea exports had increased fourfold from 1986 to 2002.

S In early 2003, the government announced plans to begin a

$120 million project aimed at developing palm oil exports.

The state-run Vegetable Oil Development Project plans to

plant palm trees over 99,000 acres on Lake Victoria island

and the mainland near the basin.

S In mid-2003, the government announced plans to set aside

funds to promote export-oriented, value-added commodity

investments that utilize preferential trade programs offered

by the United States (AGOA) and the EU.

S In mid-2003, as part of its efforts to stimulate investment

and to reduce dependence on aid, the government’s budget

included a 10-year corporate tax break; duty exemptions on

raw materials, plants, machinery, and other inputs; and

abolition of export taxes.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Uganda consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical machinery

and equipment, and milling industry products; and U.S.

imports from Uganda consisted primarily of coffee, tea, and

spices, fish and crustaceans, and base metals. In addition,

Uganda has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Uganda totaled $32,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S According to the Uganda Investment Authority, investment

into Uganda during 1999/2000 totaled $214 million, with

approximately $773 million in planned investments.

S Various companies such as Tri Star Apparel (Sri Lankan

investment), Phenix Logistics (Japanese investment), and

Nytil Southern Range have invested in the textile and apparel

sector in Uganda with plans to export to the United States

under the AGOA program.

S Several companies, including TotalFinaElf (France) and RSM

Production Corporation (U.S.), have expressed interest in

exploratory drilling for petroleum deposits in Uganda.

S In 2002, Heritage Oil and Gas (Canada) and Energy Africa

(South Africa) began drilling for petroleum near Lake Albert.

S Approximately 110 enterprises have been privatized to date,

with 35 enterprises remaining to be privatized over the next

4 years, including companies in the agricultural, mining,

housing, tourism, transport, and utilities sectors. The

government’s privatization efforts were constrained by a lack

of transparency and asset stripping, which contributed to

several failed deals. After a failed attempt in 1999, in early

2002, the government privatized the Uganda Commercial

Bank.

S In 2002, in preparation for privatization, the Uganda

Electricity Board was separated into power generation,

power transmission, and power distribution companies.

uganda

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

50

100

150

200

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-109

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, ZK bn) 12,999.2 16,366.2 3,367.0

GDP (US$ bn) 3.6 3.8 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 21.4 22.2 0.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 887.0 920.0 33.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,253.0 1,157.0 -96.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -366.0 -237.0 129.0

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -439.0 -265.0 174.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 183.4 451.4 268.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 5.7 5.9 0.2

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 28.5 43.9 15.4

Exchange Rate (ZK/US$) 3,610.9 4,306.9 696.0

S Economic growth was hampered by a drought in 2002,

which substantially reduced cereal production, resulting in

an estimated 2.3 million people in need of emergency food

aid. The government’s 2002 budget focused on the

agricultural sector, increasing the sector’s budget

allocation threefold.

S The economy experienced significant setback when Anglo

American announced plans to withdraw from Zambia’s

mining sector, as the company accounted for substantial

direct and indirect employment, and foreign exchange

earnings. The withdrawal highlighted the country’s need to

diversify the economy; and in early 2003, the government

launched the National Economic Diversification Plan aimed

at reducing the country’s reliance on the copper industry,

though the government released few details. In early 2003,

the government announced the provision of land to farmers

interested in cultivating nontraditional crops such as

cotton, paprika, and sugar.

S The manufacturing and export sectors continued to be

hampered by high electricity rates (one of the highest in the

region), high duties on manufacturing inputs, a depreciating

local currency, and regional instability dampening potential

markets.

S The tourism sector, especially visitors to Victoria Falls,

experienced increased activity as many tourists have

shunned the political and social instability in Zimbabwe in

favor of Zambia.

S In 2002, the EU pledged $356 million over 5 years for road

rehabilitation, education, healthcare, and institutional

reforms.

S In May 2002, Zambia completed its poverty reduction

strategy paper, which included various options for

diversifying the economy, such as agriculture and tourism

expansion projects.

S In May 2002, the IMF completed its fourth review of

Zambia’s PRGF and agreed to release up to $160 million.

The IMF also pledged $53 million in balance-of-payments

support, and, under the HIPC initiative, $152 million in debt

relief.

Origins of GDP (2002)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ZAMBIA

Percent

Manufacturing

(industry)

(10.4%)

Other industry

(0.5%)

Services

(57.6%)

Construction,

electricity, gas

& water

(9.7%)

Agriculture

(14.9%)

Mining

(industry)

(7.0%)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-110

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

South Africa 25.5 South Africa 65.1

Switzerland 9.2 Zimbabwe 6.5

Malawi 7.8 United

Kingdom

3.2

Thailand 7.7 Tanzania 2.9

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2002

Exports Imports

Copper 594.0 Metals 194.0

Cobalt 54.0 Others 963.0

zambia

Trade Update

S The government continued efforts to diversify the country’s

export base. High growth, nontraditional exports included

horticulture and floriculture, such as specialty and organic

vegetables, summer flowers, and roses.

S The increasing divergence in neighboring Zimbabwe’s official

and parallel exchange rates prompted increased smuggling

of products, raising concerns by Zambian manufacturers. In

an effort to halt the influx, in July 2002, the government

banned the import of a number of Zimbabwean goods. In

early 2003, the government lifted the ban after introducing

new customs duty rules and a value-added tax; though the

government maintained a parallel exchange rate system

aimed at leveling competition between Zambian and

Zimbabwean products.

S In August 2002, the government signed a letter of intent to

join the Nacala Development Corridor, which is expected to

provide more cost-effective transport routes.

S In June 2002, the government submitted a request to the

U.S. Department of Commerce for handloomed and

handmade folklore products to enter the United States duty

free under the AGOA program. The application was accepted

and went into effect in August 2003.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Zambia consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, edible vegetables and

roots, and cereals; and U.S. imports from Zambia consisted

primarily of base metals; precious or semiprecious stones

and metals; and coffee, tea, and spices. In addition, Zambia

has been designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

apparel eligibility. AGOA (including GSP) imports from Zambia

totaled $83,000 in 2002.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Despite Anglo American’s announced plans to withdraw from

Zambia by the end of 2002, investments in the minerals and

mining sector continued. For example, First Quantum

Minerals (Canada) announced plans to invest $120 million to

develop an open-pit copper mine.

S In early 2003, the government signed agreements with the

Netherlands and Italy aimed at providing investment

opportunities, protection, and compensation in the event of

loss as a result of domestic instability.

S In early 2002, the state awarded a 20-year concession for

Zambia Railways to a consortium including Spoornet (South

Africa), and led by New Limpopo Projects and Investments.

Consortium plans included a transfer of management in late

2002 and an increase in investment aimed at increasing

freight and passenger volumes. The consortium will pay the

government $253 million per year for the concession.

S The government reaffirmed its commitment to privatize all

state-owned enterprises, and by June 2002, 257 of 280

companies had been sold.

S During 2002, the government privatized and reformed much

of the energy sector. In 2002, the government announced

that it had received four bids for long-term concession rights

to the Tazama pipeline. The government also announced

plans to sell a majority stake in the Indeni refinery. In April

2002, the government liquidated the Zambia National Oil

Company, which had a monopoly on the procurement and

processing of crude petroleum.

S In early 2002, after receiving no purchase offers, the

government assumed Zambia National Commercial Bank’s

major debts and, in early 2003, increased the percent for

sale from 35 percent to 50 percent.

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
6-111

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2001 2002 Difference

GDP (nominal, Z$ bn) 523.3 1,085.4 562.1

GDP (US$ bn) 3.9 2.4 -1.5

CPI Inflation (annual average; %) 74.5 134.5 60.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,754.2 1,618.7 -135.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,544.9 1,551.0 6.1

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 209.3 67.7 -141.6

Current Account balance (US$ mn) -171.6 -69.7 101.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves

(US$ mn) 64.7 51.0 -13.7

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.8 3.9 0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 15.0 12.4 -2.6

Exchange Rate (Z$/US$) 55.1 55.0 -0.1

S As a result of increasing political and social instability,

Zimbabwe continued to register negative economic growth

in 2002. The economy has contracted by approximately 35

percent in the last 5 years. The agriculture and mining

sectors, both large contributors to GDP, continued to

struggle and decline in importance as many farms and

factories ceased operations. The country’s cement industry

was effectively shut down when United Portland Cement

stopped production in early 2003, citing government

control on the price of cement. Cement and energy

shortages (stemming from coal shortages) also hampered

the construction sector, which contracted to approximately

one-quarter its size in the 1990s. In late 2002,

approximately one-half of Zimbabwe’s manufacturing,

agro-business, and mining companies planned to remain

closed following normal closure for the holiday season.

S Because of an acceleration of the government’s land

redistribution, by August 2002 only approximately 600

commercial farms were left in operation. Along with

regional drought, the decline in commercial farms

contributed to significant food shortages and the need for

international food aid.

S In March 2003, citing concerns regarding the

government’s land redistribution program, and the lack of

rule of law, respect for human rights, or democracy, the

Commonwealth Secretary General announced the

continued suspension of Zimbabwe from the organization.

The year-long suspension had been initially imposed in early

2002.

S By December 2002, inflation had surpassed 200 percent,

unemployment rates had increased significantly, and real

wages were substantially eroded. By mid-2003, inflation

had increased to over 250 percent with projections of

surpassing 500 percent by the end of 2003. The

population continued to face an increasing number of

product shortages, including cornmeal, bread, cooking oil,

sugar, and salt.

S Economic policy has been conducted on an ad hoc basis, in

reaction to periodic crises. Persistent fiscal deficit and

foreign-exchange shortages continued to deteriorate the

economic environment. According to the Minister of

Finance, by the end of 2002, external arrears had reached

$1.3 billion. In early 2003, state-owned Air Zimbabwe

grounded two passenger airplanes because it could not

obtain foreign currency to purchase imported spare parts.

S On June 6, 2003, the IMF announced that it had

suspended Zimbabwe’s voting and other related rights

because the government had not adopted comprehensive

and consistent economic policies. By May 2003, the

country’s arrears to the IMF totaled $233 million.

Origins of GDP (2000)

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ZIMBABWE

Percent

Transport & communications

(10.6%)

Manufacturing

(14.0%)

Others

(25.0%)

Agriculture, hunting & fishing

(25.1%)

Mining & quarrying

(1.5%)

Distribution, hotels & restaurants

(17.1%)

Education

(6.7%)

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-112

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

South Africa 14.1 South Africa 44.5

Netherlands 6.6 Mozambique 4.6

Japan 6.6 United

Kingdom

4.1

Germany 6.5 Germany 3.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ million, 2000

Exports Imports

Tobacco 25.6 Machinery &

transport

equipment

29.1

Gold 13.3 Manufactures 16.7

Ferro-alloys 5.8 Chemicals 16.6

Textiles &

clothing

3.7 Petroleum

products &

electricity

11.1

zimbabwe

Trade Update

S In addition to the political and social instability, an overvalued

exchange rate led to decreased export earnings. In 2002, the

government closed all foreign-exchange bureaus and

introduced new foreign currency rules for exporters requiring

them to surrender 50 percent of foreign earnings to the

Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe.

S Although sales were dampened by the social unrest and

government interventions, tobacco remained the country’s

primary export crop. Prospects for future tobacco auctions

remained limited as many tobacco growers have been

removed from their farms and several tobacco processors

closed operations.

S In 2002, U.S. exports to Zimbabwe consisted primarily of

milling industry products, plastics, and machinery and

mechanical appliances; and U.S. imports from Zimbabwe

consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious stones and

metals, tobacco, and sugar.

Investment and Privatization Update

S According to the Minister of Finance, in 2002, Zimbabwe

experienced a net capital outflow from donors and investors of

approximately $347 million.

S Driven by increasing world prices and limited reserves outside

South Africa, the platinum sector experienced increased

investment. In mid-2002, Anglo American Zimbabwe

announced plans to invest $90 million in a platinum mine. In

August 2002, Impala Platinum Holdings (South Africa)

announced plans to increase its stake in two Zimbabwean

companies.

S In mid-2002, the state-owned Sabi Gold Mine closed

operations after the company was unable to meet loan

commitments. Citing constraints stemming from the

government’s foreign-exchange policies, in early 2003, Anglo

American announced plans to withdraw from the country’s

nickel industry.

S In early 2003, Colgate Palmolive (U.S.) announced plans to

downsize operations in Zimbabwe.

S Given the increasing inflation, falling currency value, and

unstable economic environment, local Zimbabweans have

been investing in assets, particularly the stock exchange. In

2002, the stock market reached its highest market

capitalization level since 1896.

S In December 2002, the government awarded a second

20-year license for fixed-line telephones to Teleaccess, which

plans to begin operations in mid-2003.

S In 2002, MegaTel was the sole bidder for the 30-percent

stake in TelOne (fixed-line operator) and NetOne (cellular

phone operator).

S The social and political instability hampered privatization

efforts, and the probability of future sales remained low given

the difficult operating environment. Although the government

had targeted Z$20 billion and Z$40 billion in privatization

revenue for 2001 and 2002, respectively, it received only Z$7

billion and Z$462 million in 2001 and 2002, respectively.

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

150

300

450

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
APPENDIX A

Request Letters From the U.S. Trade

Representative

A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
APPENDIX B

Trade Data

B-3

Table B-1

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Dollars

Angola

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351,603,250 251,380,604 224,914,281 274,794,271 370,825,854

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,225,140,910 2,348,605,815 3,343,375,089 2,775,669,515 3,231,265,752

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -1,873,537,660 -2,097,225,211 -3,118,460,808 -2,500,875,244 -2,860,439,898

Benin

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,286,127 30,956,269 26,281,015 31,731,531 34,619,048

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,603,527 17,830,197 2,237,065 1,286,336 680,272

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 39,682,600 13,126,072 24,043,950 30,445,195 33,938,776

Botswana

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,498,960 33,399,297 31,165,348 43,017,365 31,500,507

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,691,226 16,939,523 40,509,805 21,117,620 29,731,569

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 15,807,734 16,459,774 -9,344,457 21,899,745 1,768,938

Burkina Faso

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,072,654 10,886,863 15,669,781 4,432,168 18,742,362

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603,159 2,770,684 2,446,360 5,000,753 2,914,195

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 15,469,495 8,116,179 13,223,421 -568,585 15,828,167

Burundi

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,475,455 2,266,400 1,667,697 5,295,802 1,710,961

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,274,010 7,003,849 7,994,937 2,788,774 689,333

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -3,798,555 -4,737,449 -6,327,240 2,507,028 1,021,628

Cameroon

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,832,578 36,723,807 58,963,050 184,053,753 155,269,697

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,338,798 76,572,705 145,819,782 101,627,151 172,057,111

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 21,493,780 -39,848,898 -86,856,732 82,426,602 -16,787,414

Cape Verde

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,229,990 7,234,012 7,137,034 7,467,167 8,926,221

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,558 75,600 4,213,567 1,495,949 1,810,742

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 9,059,432 7,158,412 2,923,467 5,971,218 7,115,479

Cen African Rep

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,421,135 3,726,770 1,752,964 3,671,103 6,243,575

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,798,068 2,895,754 2,903,654 2,363,674 2,003,797

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 1,623,067 831,016 -1,150,690 1,307,429 4,239,778

Chad

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,420,703 2,683,811 10,779,527 136,466,758 126,971,198

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,311,058 6,911,149 4,780,131 5,653,051 5,700,194

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -3,890,355 -4,227,338 5,999,396 130,813,707 121,271,004

Comoros

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612,719 243,437 699,150 1,371,714 143,891

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,078 2,051,202 3,513,130 10,568,080 5,308,145

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -209,359 -1,807,765 -2,813,980 -9,196,366 -5,164,254

Congo (DROC)

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,008,180 21,033,972 9,982,446 18,508,084 26,612,248

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,874,307 231,913,414 212,239,435 147,713,471 189,691,644

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -136,866,127 -210,879,442 -202,256,989 -129,205,387 -163,079,396

Congo (ROC)

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,316,952 46,823,518 81,199,774 89,343,835 51,792,696

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,725,276 410,518,438 507,942,861 457,900,881 223,823,987

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -223,408,324 -363,694,920 -426,743,087 -368,557,046 -172,031,291

Côte d’Ivoire

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,170,388 98,882,021 92,045,617 93,441,070 74,589,695

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423,340,545 343,487,218 367,002,332 319,823,279 381,859,529

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -273,170,157 -244,605,197 -274,956,715 -226,382,209 -307,269,834
B-4

Table B-1 -Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Dollars

Djibouti

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,040,569 26,555,057 16,609,378 18,573,432 55,945,016

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529,888 110,152 419,099 950,571 1,915,270

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 19,510,681 26,444,905 16,190,279 17,622,861 54,029,746

Eq Guinea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,171,464 221,050,338 94,672,721 79,557,987 107,681,184

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,666,885 40,600,986 154,716,660 395,609,104 572,618,644

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 19,504,579 180,449,352 -60,043,939 -316,051,117 -464,937,460

Eritrea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,502,053 3,697,562 16,236,047 21,428,884 28,591,422

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736,063 479,950 203,163 88,586 368,930

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 23,765,990 3,217,612 16,032,884 21,340,298 28,222,492

Ethiopia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,900,405 164,297,080 165,015,512 60,659,106 60,122,513

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,278,234 30,210,775 28,659,924 29,041,095 25,658,988

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 35,622,171 134,086,305 136,355,588 31,618,011 34,463,525

Gabon

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,687,636 44,967,438 63,270,100 74,089,203 65,175,555

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130,273,363 1,512,945,075 2,037,921,091 1,731,671,117 1,622,020,949

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -1,068,585,727 -1,467,977,637 -1,974,650,991 -1,657,581,914 -1,556,845,394

Gambia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,103,677 9,495,993 8,866,814 8,163,538 9,102,842

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,616,505 186,020 341,939 232,353 562,533

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 6,487,172 9,309,973 8,524,875 7,931,185 8,540,309

Ghana

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,212,286 231,045,490 178,711,739 179,472,853 186,601,016

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,858,271 209,330,416 206,431,143 185,391,288 115,640,877

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 77,354,015 21,715,074 -27,719,404 -5,918,435 70,960,139

Guinea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,692,119 53,435,468 66,809,924 77,619,498 62,489,353

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,574,441 115,410,504 88,363,076 87,832,253 71,599,652

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -50,882,322 -61,975,036 -21,553,152 -10,212,755 -9,110,299

Guinea-Bissau

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743,077 816,074 283,849 869,909 2,558,586

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,208,983 72,430 41,534 18,933 35,140

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -1,465,906 743,644 242,315 850,976 2,523,446

Kenya

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,743,835 187,089,428 235,412,958 573,818,982 267,971,746

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,522,881 106,143,711 109,394,035 128,582,454 189,156,457

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 98,220,954 80,945,717 126,018,923 445,236,528 78,815,289

Lesotho

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437,283 733,027 836,981 816,942 1,817,585

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,244,227 110,813,785 140,149,739 217,165,247 321,475,459

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -98,806,944 -110,080,758 -139,312,758 -216,348,305 -319,657,874

Liberia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,839,717 44,584,887 42,396,828 36,807,432 27,517,221

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,844,701 30,522,939 45,408,107 42,558,194 45,810,442

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 23,995,016 14,061,948 -3,011,279 -5,750,762 -18,293,221

Madagascar

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,490,940 106,056,294 15,397,173 20,947,283 15,217,288

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,395,355 80,213,560 157,736,805 271,791,293 215,923,206

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -56,904,415 25,842,734 -142,339,632 -250,844,010 -200,705,918
B-5

Table B-1-Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Dollars

Malawi

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,071,112 7,355,532 13,626,516 14,334,452 28,626,023

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,756,574 58,604,188 68,125,752 71,800,334 68,109,315

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -25,685,462 -51,248,656 -54,499,236 -57,465,882 -39,483,292

Mali

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,845,943 28,585,582 29,740,418 31,818,350 11,031,293

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,348,358 8,866,656 8,438,175 6,205,376 2,582,737

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 21,497,585 19,718,926 21,302,243 25,612,974 8,448,556

Mauritania

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,205,632 23,596,940 15,865,546 25,125,619 22,651,540

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392,559 753,861 354,181 293,539 928,891

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 18,813,073 22,843,079 15,511,365 24,832,080 21,722,649

Mauritius

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,100,967 32,102,550 15,447,506 22,022,185 19,397,952

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,960,457 258,342,946 286,007,589 275,127,009 280,433,293

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -247,859,490 -226,240,396 -270,560,083 -253,104,824 -261,035,341

Mozambique

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,687,013 33,847,182 57,913,095 28,326,902 97,868,588

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,749,569 10,286,577 24,377,489 7,060,058 8,160,331

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 19,937,444 23,560,605 33,535,606 21,266,844 89,708,257

Namibia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,856,701 194,822,292 78,447,596 249,334,301 53,687,889

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,676,002 29,984,085 42,191,114 37,844,581 57,352,723

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -1,819,301 164,838,207 36,256,482 211,489,720 -3,664,834

Niger

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,895,234 18,394,487 35,670,555 62,886,272 39,319,731

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,731,114 4,836,858 6,971,702 1,426,658 897,131

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 16,164,120 13,557,629 28,698,853 61,459,614 38,422,600

Nigeria

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814,125,754 624,161,311 712,599,944 947,613,868 1,046,908,082

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,603,620,144 4,172,321,584 9,680,127,636 8,916,476,316 5,819,603,288

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -3,789,494,390 -3,548,160,273 -8,967,527,692 -7,968,862,448 -4,772,695,206

Rwanda

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,754,002 47,489,832 18,921,730 17,385,659 10,162,227

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,030,512 3,685,527 5,061,286 7,220,871 3,086,211

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 17,723,490 43,804,305 13,860,444 10,164,788 7,076,016

São Tomé & Prin

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,380,209 510,189 961,908 10,613,575 1,921,158

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682,266 2,693,288 513,147 322,306 391,360

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 8,697,943 -2,183,099 448,761 10,291,269 1,529,798

Senegal

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,916,664 62,808,134 80,183,024 78,334,256 71,961,766

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,181,229 17,473,416 4,230,914 102,344,504 3,798,831

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 53,735,435 45,334,718 75,952,110 -24,010,248 68,162,935

Seychelles

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,396,660 7,547,023 6,971,295 175,959,266 8,204,220

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,184,250 5,197,403 8,097,349 23,700,765 26,291,014

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 7,212,410 2,349,620 -1,126,054 152,258,501 -18,086,794

Sierra Leone

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,441,142 12,984,791 17,790,697 27,790,772 25,005,766

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,274,130 10,334,540 3,806,067 4,640,463 3,832,840

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 11,167,012 2,650,251 13,984,630 23,150,309 21,172,926
B-6

Table B-1-Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, 1998-2002

Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Dollars

Somalia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,574,241 2,813,019 4,861,939 6,591,251 6,161,431

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704,348 191,956 442,986 343,295 348,030

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 1,869,893 2,621,063 4,418,953 6,247,956 5,813,401

South Africa

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,494,594,407 2,393,997,972 2,829,545,616 2,822,353,542 2,446,169,057

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,053,322,858 3,192,768,012 4,203,656,562 4,429,539,186 4,235,974,093

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 441,271,549 -798,770,040 -1,374,110,946 -1,607,185,644 -1,789,805,036

Sudan

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,790,449 8,821,290 16,882,033 17,119,103 10,854,119

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,089,958 57,235 1,808,412 3,385,389 1,350,050

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 3,700,491 8,764,055 15,073,621 13,733,714 9,504,069

Swaziland

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,185,594 3,747,598 7,740,519 7,437,663 11,039,914

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,972,849 37,849,249 52,576,931 65,036,011 114,464,222

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -16,787,255 -34,101,651 -44,836,412 -57,598,348 -103,424,308

Tanzania

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,618,611 60,682,250 44,548,068 63,740,539 61,799,503

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,568,213 34,495,270 35,287,568 27,229,207 25,343,176

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 35,050,398 26,186,980 9,260,500 36,511,332 36,456,327

Togo

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,310,249 25,620,176 10,480,118 16,154,125 13,008,326

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,949,908 3,170,462 5,975,284 12,582,819 2,659,268

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 23,360,341 22,449,714 4,504,834 3,571,306 10,349,058

Uganda

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,684,877 24,518,306 26,766,160 32,150,057 22,635,364

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,154,319 20,255,757 29,064,087 17,835,352 15,196,982

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . 12,530,558 4,262,549 -2,297,927 14,314,705 7,438,382

Zambia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,435,119 19,699,845 18,769,600 15,487,076 35,490,629

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,169,885 37,857,016 17,726,954 15,584,310 7,789,882

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -25,734,766 -18,157,171 1,042,646 -97,234 27,700,747

Zimbabwe

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,864,733 57,525,489 52,772,942 31,165,732 49,116,013

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,197,586 135,072,682 113,043,235 90,559,801 99,127,252

Trade Balance . . . . . . . . . -39,332,853 -77,547,193 -60,270,293 -59,394,069 -50,011,239

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-7

Table B-2

Angola: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,255 23,083 54,767 27,960 46,288 65.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,268 4,706 1,873 924 645 -30.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 15 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,385 10,398 5,823 15,110 11,612 -23.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,901 18,103 10,431 250 19,552 7,723.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,265 1,318 1,126 1,453 3,060 110.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,165,827 2,319,748 3,321,320 2,768,666 3,204,081 15.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,571,319 2,008,608 2,843,469 2,510,654 2,826,108 12.6

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,660 2,758 4,182 4,402 5,881 33.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 279 336 174 617 255.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,040 16,705 11,265 20,004 14,570 -27.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 9,286 6,929 - 39 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 205 - 6 -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,175 41,698 33,080 36,195 21,909 -39.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 6 77 53 -30.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3 3 - -100.0

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,308 126,921 78,523 147,604 241,499 63.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 68 32 3 2,571 96,423.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,197 17,996 27,169 14,580 15,609 7.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 18 109 480 334 -30.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 8 - - 364 7 -98.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,934 883 690 983 662 -32.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 206 58 329 5 -98.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,653 4,634 6,079 5,406 8,473 56.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,142 1,162 4,489 5,865 4,630 -21.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351,603 251,381 224,914 274,794 370,826 34.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,225,141 2,348,606 3,343,375 2,775,670 3,231,266 16.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,571,326 2,008,608 2,843,677 2,511,022 2,826,122 12.5
B-8

Table B-2–Continued

Benin: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,473 2,322 3,949 4,488 5,165 15.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,499 15,269 597 707 517 -26.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,944 9,572 - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 95 378 96 149 55.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 140 142 266 67 -74.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 306 111 - 178 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,333 4,635 3,626 3,041 2,543 -16.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 9 - 48 14 -71.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2,106 1,410 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 2,106 1,410 - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,733 14,172 11,122 7,392 6,101 -17.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 92 5 33 1 -97.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 60 93 86 225 160.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 112 140 4,835 4,329 -10.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 176 4 - 78 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 4 - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,860 2,747 1,555 1,217 4,021 230.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,346 3,474 1,866 3,177 7,653 140.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,066 1,288 2,231 6,696 3,534 -47.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 - 5 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 19 - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 683 178 173 133 -23.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 29 24 23 18 -19.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,801 1,360 1,143 482 753 56.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 18 51 258 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,286 30,956 26,281 31,732 34,619 9.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,604 17,830 2,237 1,286 680 -47.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,269 11,788 1,414 178 - -
B-9

Table B-2—Continued

Botswana: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 1,345 1,301 1,026 20 -98.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 12 29 122 180 48.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 10 28 19 38 98.5

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 155 824 1,157 160 -86.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 14 10 11 3 -68.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 30 11 5 - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 292 431 701 300 -57.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 2 6 218.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 2 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 10 - 55 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,972 156 378 53 82 53.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,151 9,763 7,941 2,936 6,353 116.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 0 - 3,707 -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 18 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,323 346 614 459 1,257 173.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,262 1,337 1,201 15,580 21,453 37.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 98 -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 962 273 472 457 -3.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3 272 76 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 8 - -100.0

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,173 13,545 5,189 13,766 6,862 -50.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,759 3,412 6,895 6,944 5,664 -18.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 17 8 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 23 309 141 172 21.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,629 5,295 2,980 1,742 1,414 -18.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5,628 4,804 2,889 1,191 735 -38.3

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,561 13,163 14,940 18,297 16,454 -10.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 498 28,068 649 322 -50.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,499 33,399 31,165 43,017 31,501 -26.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,691 16,940 40,510 21,118 29,732 40.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5,660 4,824 2,922 1,221 4,578 275.0
B-10

Table B-2—Continued

Burkina Faso: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,125 6,006 5,025 1,427 7,228 406.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2,455 1,839 79 55 -30.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 1,839 8 - -100.0

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 133 192 130 74 -43.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 17 112 41 39 -4.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 40 17 96 33 37 9.8

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 81 114 51 110 117.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 32 5 2 -53.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 46 52 12.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,166 2,871 1,821 706 1,295 83.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 35 39 9 120 1,194.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 7 8 3 - -100.0

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 66 - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 12 37 447 48 -89.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5 59 13 2,274 17,723.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 24 5 3 - 5 -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,784 518 659 171 4,420 2,484.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 - 2 - 17 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 120 6,397 121 106 -12.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 3 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 634 656 849 1,099 29.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 3 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 31 41 143 133 -6.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 246 273 120 297 147.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 25 47 24 50 11 -78.4

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 482 662 343 4,177 1,119.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 13 86 4,731 107 -97.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,073 10,887 15,670 4,432 18,742 322.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 2,771 2,446 5,001 2,914 -41.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 95 76 1,970 94 52 -44.5
B-11

Table B-2—Continued

Burundi: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,181 400 86 2,650 20 -99.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,320 5,913 7,791 2,454 678 -72.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 7 - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 15 72 35 -50.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 - 2 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1 - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 86 89 60 16 -73.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 35 29 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 91 - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 17 38 119.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 833 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 241 17 61 28 -54.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 - 8 0 8 2,092.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 3 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 9 4 20 62 205.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,135 186 12 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 293 40 175 181 3.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 23 1,064 915 359 -60.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 293 315 377 409 8.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 48 57 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 13 7 20 138 586.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 46 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 909 30 929 422 -54.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 30 106 229 3 -98.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,475 2,266 1,668 5,296 1,711 -67.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,274 7,004 7,995 2,789 689 -75.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 92 7 - - - -
B-12

Table B-2—Continued

Cameroon: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,979 8,033 5,596 1,600 4,044 152.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,628 7,319 8,354 3,881 15,880 309.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,262 424 2,646 164 8 -94.9

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,055 970 2,281 1,369 472 -65.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,978 5,169 10,020 8,015 8,270 3.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 55 64 71 160 168 5.2

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,262 1,830 8,288 6,772 7,236 6.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,335 7,026 3,028 2,199 3,127 42.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 25 48 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,851 8,308 6,011 5,635 7,817 38.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,844 48,906 118,415 83,031 138,811 67.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 36,731 115,542 214.6

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,577 813 434 645 833 29.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,096 3,097 2,740 1,842 1,133 -38.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 1 -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 104 888 635 499 -21.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 1,401 141 14 192 1,278.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,907 563 1,100 3,835 4,053 5.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 724 71 201 242 20.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 19 - 9 23 5 -77.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,032 4,331 5,851 8,880 25,688 189.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 19 202 117 295 152.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 7 - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,202 7,418 21,483 143,917 94,984 -34.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 69 15 18 2 -88.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,425 2,861 5,559 6,843 6,349 -7.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 1,159 968 268 1,225 356.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 15 - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 267 276 2,878 1,563 -45.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,299 1,473 1,048 800 1,484 85.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 59 64 52 48 79 64.6

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 1,226 1,197 1,046 1,733 65.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,526 211 815 1,240 1,395 12.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,833 36,724 58,963 184,054 155,270 -15.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,339 76,573 145,820 101,627 172,057 69.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,394 574 2,804 37,174 115,804 211.5
B-13

Table B-2—Continued

Cape Verde: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,279 3,578 1,794 995 2,009 101.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 49 92 249 83 -66.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 49 - 152 51 -66.7

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 46 4 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 164 7 94 6 -93.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 6 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - - - 590 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2,760 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 28 - 5 57 943.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9 877 1,201 1,651 37.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 0 - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 3 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 79 4 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 11 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 901 24 4 49 1,018.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 7 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035 720 3,856 5,556 5,163 -7.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 557 520 262 469 78.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 18 - 31 24 -21.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 70 19 15 5 -68.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 414 - 38 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,307 1,213 792 528 579 9.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 64 3 3 2.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,230 7,234 7,137 7,467 8,926 19.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 76 4,214 1,496 1,811 21.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 49 - 152 51 -66.7
B-14

Table B-2—Continued

Central African Republic: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 260 - 16 1,875 11,669.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,451 2,589 1,928 458 337 -26.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 53 14 - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 75 269 493 71 -85.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - - 34 69 103.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 15 100 98 455 365.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 25 8 127 133 4.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 21 8 - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 20 4 -81.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 170 59 48 65 37.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 39 188 21 -89.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 5 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 363 354 31 811 2,547.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 24 640 1,414 1,107 -21.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 5 - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,020 1,066 262 296 804 171.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 4 26 48 83.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144 345 68 716 713 -0.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 10 - 15 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 898 374 1,519 676 -55.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 18 38 62 62.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - - 13 170 1,218.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 67 65 - 197 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 49 - - 192 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 534 267 423 594 40.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 177 202 64 29 -54.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,421 3,727 1,753 3,671 6,244 70.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,798 2,896 2,904 2,364 2,004 -15.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 53 83 13 - 192 -
B-15

Table B-2—Continued

Chad: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1,188 2,614 2,521 1,743 -30.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,189 6,638 4,633 4,683 5,250 12.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 106 64 135 549 306.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 719 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 31 5,351 6,352 8,725 37.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 172 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 - - 1,049 537 -48.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 19 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 89 132 726 1,138 56.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 37 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 30 73 95 29.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5 76 12,857 28,851 124.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 13 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 220 733 37,108 42,362 14.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 46 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,356 69 189 46,604 27,102 -41.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 205 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 714 1,187 4,403 9,661 119.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 15 23 5 63 1,290.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 129 65 21,064 2,401 -88.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 27 63 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 135 337 3,575 3,807 6.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 27 24 29 355 1,140.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,421 2,684 10,780 136,467 126,971 -7.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,311 6,911 4,780 5,653 5,700 0.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -
B-16

Table B-2—Continued

Comoros: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 41 - 17 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 1,653 3,232 10,367 5,223 -49.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 10 - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 6 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 16 180 189 29 -84.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 71 274 168 25 -85.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 40 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 316 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 63 4 - 14 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - - - 13 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 13 -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3 5 65.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4 199 50 31 -38.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 105 302 116 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3 3 967 5 -99.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 11 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 18 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 12 11 29 9 -68.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 27 29 8.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 243 699 1,372 144 -89.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 2,051 3,513 10,568 5,308 -49.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 10 - - - 13 -
B-17

Table B-2—Continued

Congo (DROC): U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,827 3,249 1,713 6,430 6,568 2.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 1,432 1,830 995 1,536 54.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,075 501 334 517 671 29.8

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 37 350 1,327 1,792 35.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 48 300 943 343 -63.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 69 6 17 26 15 -43.9

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 714 753 1,141 2,144 88.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 1,196 504 148 56 -61.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 528 - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 34 - 10 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,095 106,548 168,656 108,302 152,986 41.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 56,897 97,883 164,361 108,302 143,982 32.9

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,498 1,399 2,420 1,759 2,045 16.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10 6 4 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 0 - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 28 78 - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,190 633 406 545 944 73.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,060 122,291 39,616 34,807 30,987 -11.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 249 15,408 9,074 9,674 196 -98.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,027 2,713 446 861 1,054 22.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6 24 69 64 -6.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 10,269 1,183 587 1,542 162.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - 9 - 5 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,963 1,081 2,138 1,500 3,946 163.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 76 476 162 142 -12.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 50 60 3,531 12 -99.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 175 494 2,159 3,248 50.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 4 - 7 21 175.5

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,229 826 435 817 6,567 703.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 131 325 125 325 159.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,008 21,034 9,982 18,508 26,612 43.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,874 231,913 212,239 147,713 189,692 28.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 58,818 113,803 173,787 118,527 144,885 22.2
B-18

Table B-2—Continued

Congo (ROC): U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,801 9,487 16,369 14,325 4,251 -70.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403 4,423 3,053 1,196 3,560 197.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 3,083 2,456 - 2,786 -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 95 6,078 417 158 -62.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,351 2,063 1,227 682 461 -32.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 24 21 27 2 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,972 1,345 6,365 1,380 1,633 18.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,380 16,847 29,720 666 1,675 151.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 31 - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 59 348 91 114 24.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,967 367,338 445,822 438,808 200,766 -54.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 128,746 103,808 -19.4

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,294 5,778 4,949 4,191 3,580 -14.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14 2 4 7 97.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 0 1 - 2 - -100.0

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 129 349 22 13 -41.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,574 836 4,182 5,601 6,972 24.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,830 16,057 24,840 14,525 16,437 13.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 37 3,160 1,847 1,410 14 -99.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,673 7,538 8,437 8,441 6,335 -24.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 76 22 5 -78.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,919 14,393 23,666 46,299 23,914 -48.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4 9 - 38 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,830 3,446 7,460 5,778 2,233 -61.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3 419 138 40 -70.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 3 - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 104 342 227 69 -69.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,072 2,124 1,994 1,115 692 -37.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 156 51 50 74 26 -65.4

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,814 3,612 2,655 2,573 2,522 -2.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 1,642 780 747 142 -81.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,317 46,824 81,200 89,344 51,793 -42.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,725 410,518 507,943 457,901 223,824 -51.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 248 6,319 4,380 130,235 106,633 -18.1
B-19

Table B-2—Continued

Côte d’Ivoire: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,743 20,508 15,450 12,120 13,038 7.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,407 293,603 259,264 226,899 279,954 23.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 10,173 8,385 21,591 12,595 21,689 72.2

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,394 9,249 8,278 3,905 606 -84.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,697 5,999 12,673 9,669 10,214 5.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 875 243 447 456 500 9.5

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,604 19,522 14,160 21,987 22,299 1.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,509 4,779 4,446 2,940 3,569 21.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 - 4 5 2 -55.3

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 298 213 6,377 821 -87.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,317 34,166 84,220 72,040 78,762 9.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 27,258 -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,162 6,275 3,023 5,481 4,532 -17.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 1,054 593 527 604 14.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 55 481 173 115 187 63.1

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 425 175 830 661 -20.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - 1 81 46 -43.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,221 1,928 2,047 2,468 3,154 27.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 332 733 854 1,442 68.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 70 2 - 10 3 -69.3

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,962 14,374 13,284 11,045 10,202 -7.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 387 273 12 151 1,135.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 9 - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,562 15,416 22,411 15,316 10,846 -29.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 21 26 24 219 798.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 2 4 81.2

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,214 7,484 10,137 11,261 5,818 -48.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,491 655 2,036 2,968 2,634 -11.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3 71 10 39 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 596 541 907 619 -31.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336 1,559 2,044 2,283 1,641 -28.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 59 92 91 99 90 -8.9

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,857 2,808 2,326 1,745 1,993 14.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,823 932 693 1,526 2,621 71.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,170 98,882 92,046 93,441 74,590 -20.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423,341 343,487 367,002 319,823 381,860 19.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 11,238 9,284 22,317 13,321 49,733 273.3
B-20

Table B-2—Continued

Djibouti: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2000-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,177 13,816 2,908 1,981 40,667 1,953.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 103 26 79 54 -32.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 23 -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 145 26 48 3,389 6,906.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 4,980 5,276 7,867 760 -90.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 86 74 2 -97.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 86 - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 20 26 4 -83.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,078 1,115 2,941 1,568 1,627 3.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 12 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 257 182 560 72 -87.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5 - 9 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,625 2,131 951 856 870 1.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6 - 7 4 -49.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 6 - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,711 1,691 1,210 4,329 5,586 29.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,482 771 2,458 307 1,491 385.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3 91 3,176.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 936 4 18 112 530.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 713 632 1,002 1,367 36.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1 303 783 1,756 124.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,041 26,555 16,609 18,573 55,945 201.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 110 419 951 1,915 101.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 6 86 - 23 -
B-21

Table B-2—Continued

Equatorial Guinea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 589 307 1,147 1,110 -3.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 - 11 - 27 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,446 1,136 93 42 38 -10.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 724 690 16 48 190.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 443 - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 1,469 8,181 1,253 1,355 8.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,229 5,465 - 37,251 71,219 91.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 24,954 49,390 97.9

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 103 329 1,328 495 -62.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,687 33,822 152,534 355,083 495,987 39.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 25,574 7,845 136,280 90,985 352,108 287.0

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 149 145 63 333 425.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 38 16 50 208.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,241 38,416 10,991 10,991 14,372 30.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 13 35 - 16 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,649 6,281 10,001 7,408 12,340 66.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 - - - 10 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 28 - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,300 167,099 59,210 54,674 72,596 32.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 682 3,017 954 1,035 8.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 - 18 6 26 341.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 45 - 4 6 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,738 456 333 405 2,141 428.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 51 - 548 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 4,666 2,028 1,277 1,818 42.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 576 1,378 3,253 4,737 45.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports 85,171 221,050 94,673 79,558 107,681 35.3

Imports 65,667 40,601 154,717 395,609 572,619 44.7

Imports GSP/AGOA 26,090 7,845 136,284 115,945 401,498 246.3
B-22

Table B-2—Continued

Eritrea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,110 - 12,091 14,451 23,022 59.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 347 43 38 35 -6.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 55 17 100 90 -9.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 36 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 48 78 870 699 -19.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 63 38 4 59 1,234.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 11 -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 53 140 32 347 991.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 80 0 2 348.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 9 - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 488 52 580 83 -85.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 38 - 17 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 382 289 649 435 -33.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - - 20 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,215 1,062 200 630 286 -54.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 5 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,883 1,151 754 2,029 1,987 -2.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 8 4 5 28 473.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9 65 18 92 395.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 21 2 - 24 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,079 440 2,551 2,070 1,550 -25.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 0 - 221 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,502 3,698 16,236 21,429 28,591 33.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 480 203 89 369 316.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 11 -
B-23

Table B-2—Continued

Ethiopia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,533 29,522 113,990 26,274 10,624 -59.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,614 27,241 25,668 25,336 22,043 -13.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 744 488 888 655 1,004 53.3

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 701 371 318 1,119 251.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 17 36 9 20 124.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 14 7 26 - 12 -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,519 9,728 9,772 17,276 5,646 -67.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 299 453 180 169 -6.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 314 4 2 - 4 -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 126 201 81 -59.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 629 946 223 142 -36.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 10 30 735 1,324 80.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1 - 1 163 1,297 694.7

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 15 29 5 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 0 1 0 -77.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 0 -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 309 387 163 385 136.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,169 1,573 2,024 1,911 8 -99.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 - 3 - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,529 7,878 1,808 2,833 2,134 -24.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3 18 532.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 2 -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,020 105,407 16,108 6,311 6,487 2.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 500 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,371 6,161 6,606 3,148 5,238 66.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 88 69 2 -96.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 3 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 373 151 201 141 -30.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 53 158 186 16 -91.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 39 18 7 - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,354 3,572 14,721 3,706 28,126 659.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,364 517 203 611 2,059 237.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,900 164,297 165,016 60,659 60,123 -0.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,278 30,211 28,660 29,041 25,659 -11.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,118 516 927 822 2,320 182.3
B-24

Table B-2—Continued

Gabon: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,192 5,443 4,967 4,416 4,383 -0.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 601 347 638 512 -19.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,723 39 609 576 454 -21.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,543 4,676 6,217 5,517 6,032 9.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 65 149 128.5

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,625 1,920 1,965 2,236 2,118 -5.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,504 104,129 116,917 18,172 17,480 -3.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 242 1,282 1,526 441 -71.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,029,428 1,320,410 1,884,421 1,680,342 1,570,697 -6.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 938,695 1,145,478 22.0

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700 1,145 942 1,495 1,298 -13.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 13 337 2,485.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 88 345 582 368 -36.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,305 5,041 2,529 3,709 2,918 -21.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,379 26,213 27,200 21,593 19,013 -11.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,933 4,541 6,825 8,064 8,173 1.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 13 50 2 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 10 - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,820 17,799 38,567 46,564 40,700 -12.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 53,127 13 30 59 101.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,177 7,372 2,668 2,874 2,534 -11.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 72 53 3 26 925.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 246 1,049 389 493 26.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 2,162 912 2,998 1,774 -40.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,439 1,091 1,523 1,658 1,295 -21.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,993 1,541 1,790 2,365 6,092 157.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,688 44,967 63,270 74,089 65,176 -12.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130,273 1,512,945 2,037,921 1,731,671 1,622,021 -6.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 10 938,760 1,145,627 22.0
B-25

Table B-2—Continued

The Gambia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,187 4,095 3,709 3,002 3,292 9.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 38 196 134 237 76.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 16 - 7 - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 21 70 121 67 -44.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 12 3 24 791.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 7 3 5 - 21 -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 344 270 469 518 10.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 1 - - 35 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3 10 51 83 63.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,829 1,295 1,597 1,677 1,631 -2.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 27 90 65 29 -55.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 0 0 1 1 -39.1

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 41 39 55 88 59.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 0 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 135 674 187 146 -22.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 33 6 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 529 59 189 660 248.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 - 4 6 86 1,414.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 306 250 566 1,527 169.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513 1,951 836 1,555 841 -45.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - 22 87 291.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 49 289 55 102 86.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 64 30 - 7 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 27 8 12 - 3 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 728 1,063 236 147 -37.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 20 3 3 57 1,873.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,104 9,496 8,867 8,164 9,103 11.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,617 186 342 232 563 142.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 50 12 24 1 24 2,825.3
B-26

Table B-2—Continued

Ghana: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,211 53,586 39,815 41,896 47,651 13.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,949 42,361 70,890 58,093 29,042 -50.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,940 2,902 2,951 2,271 3,368 48.4

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,831 1,857 5,560 2,848 5,258 84.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,491 22,966 28,700 31,263 35,108 12.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,802 2,626 7,448 6,863 7,301 6.4

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,753 31,209 16,378 29,426 22,220 -24.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 826 8,458 524 690 31.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - 5 1 2 71.6

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,943 15,389 10,825 5,863 1,377 -76.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,623 20,020 46,063 56,145 24,750 -55.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 33,086 22,657 -31.5

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,184 9,059 6,404 6,863 8,863 29.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,811 3,619 508 413 550 33.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 3 8 5 336 6,341.5

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 2,273 538 857 841 -1.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 0 5 1,197.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 1 -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,800 6,795 6,868 4,758 4,574 -3.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,421 115,472 46,021 32,482 20,128 -38.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,051 3,308 2,605 222 350 57.7

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,888 19,448 24,484 14,937 25,479 70.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 139 67 74 58 -21.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,062 62,765 39,328 40,905 40,998 0.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 21 153 215 267 24.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 3 - -100.0

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,953 12,032 15,624 16,711 15,087 -9.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 123 34 45 27 -40.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 9 - - 2 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,671 2,243 3,821 3,195 4,092 28.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 1,384 1,268 1,026 1,490 45.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 655 798 523 437 815 86.5

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,132 14,390 9,067 11,212 10,161 -9.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 2,399 4,266 5,112 3,526 -31.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,212 231,045 178,712 179,473 186,601 4.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,858 209,330 206,431 185,391 115,641 -37.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 7,464 9,637 13,539 42,889 34,830 -18.8
B-27

Table B-2—Continued

Guinea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,088 17,458 14,534 7,706 9,114 18.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,887 1,143 378 3,565 1,217 -65.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 30 - - 10 -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 1,202 947 792 818 3.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 201 94 401 164 -59.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 36 23 70 113 35 -69.3

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,134 4,637 9,225 21,058 7,066 -66.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 57 155 24 143 482.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,976 2,184 5,806 2,249 11,380 406.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5,155 7 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,258 3,454 2,250 2,306 2,572 11.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 16 171 39 61 55.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 123 309 162 123 -24.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3 0 1 1 -10.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037 1,226 2,288 3,851 1,670 -56.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,878 107,206 85,097 82,144 69,398 -15.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 13 - 3 3 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,175 3,328 6,119 9,656 3,978 -58.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 67 36 28 7 -75.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 23 - -100.0

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,334 6,507 15,013 14,009 12,233 -12.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 117 88 64 -27.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 10 - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,778 1,830 2,061 2,439 4,186 71.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 22 405 74 21 -70.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 574 564 1,028 254 -75.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 618 280 531 67 -87.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 39 32 26 53 24 -54.9

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,369 10,914 7,694 12,363 9,096 -26.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,288 923 1,623 937 459 -51.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,692 53,435 66,810 77,619 62,489 -19.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,574 115,411 88,363 87,832 71,600 -18.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 97 84 100 191 68 -64.2
B-28

Table B-2—Continued

Guinea-Bissau: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 694 48 50 846 1,582.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - - 3 27 835.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 6 - 49 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 16 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 - - 22 733 3,210.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,675 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - - 9 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 18 40 123.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 72 20 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 43 - - 10 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 - 126 - 519 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 64 98 359 302 -15.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 7 - 8 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - - - 22 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 11 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 15 5 412 38 -90.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 4 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 816 284 870 2,559 194.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209 72 42 19 35 85.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - - - - -
B-29

Table B-2—Continued

Kenya: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,969 28,167 27,141 18,762 42,698 127.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,332 36,247 34,994 41,055 40,012 -2.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 392 650 833 3,016 2,860 -5.2

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,189 5,601 4,252 3,933 3,214 -18.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,305 2,741 2,476 2,511 3,358 33.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3,192 2,584 1,997 2,317 2,448 5.6

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,688 32,392 28,197 41,364 32,604 -21.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 1,203 1,238 3,099 2,394 -22.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 86 352 16 1,148 734 -36.1

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 411 412 234 188 -19.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 15 236 101 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,462 7,854 6,160 9,047 7,594 -16.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,782 39,633 44,089 64,623 126,488 95.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 21 - 1 51,556 121,881 136.4

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 201 194 210 87 -58.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11 35 7 33 389.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 6 -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,973 4,429 5,439 9,979 10,805 8.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,884 2,725 2,437 1,430 1,592 11.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,720 584 228 162 530 226.6

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,742 14,913 13,464 16,833 10,071 -40.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 250 1,104 259 503 94.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 9 14 45 226.5

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,466 67,137 122,495 442,175 123,895 -72.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 875 319 413 179 -56.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 172 19 - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,958 18,420 20,007 17,873 23,217 29.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 13,421 9,925 5,912 4,357 -26.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 47 37 29 29 8 -72.5

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,265 917 1,197 2,622 1,907 -27.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,160 3,032 2,943 3,874 2,333 -39.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,265 704 785 630 698 10.8

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,214 6,647 6,456 10,788 11,692 8.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,122 5,992 9,598 5,298 7,906 49.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,744 187,089 235,413 573,819 267,972 -53.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,523 106,144 109,394 128,582 189,156 47.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6,728 5,082 3,919 58,873 129,210 119.5
B-30

Table B-2—Continued

Lesotho: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,233 59 492 30 614 1,948.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 82 - 7 3 -55.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 27 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 23 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 11 12 - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - 144 274 89.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 39 226 479.7

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 221 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,187 110,748 140,060 216,776 321,049 48.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 1 - 129,523 317,803 145.4

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 6 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 - 31 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 8 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - 112 16 31 91.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 39 74 350 365 4.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 525 128 354 525 48.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 20 3 -87.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 55 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 18 16 34 56 64.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 59 90 127 152 20.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437 733 837 817 1,818 122.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,244 110,814 140,150 217,165 321,475 48.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 1 - 129,592 318,029 145.4
B-31

Table B-2—Continued

Liberia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,207 16,013 12,320 8,683 9,294 7.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 294 64 18 59 227.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 347 548 333 302 -9.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 816 78 142 77 -46.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,578 3,499 1,700 1,978 1,586 -19.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,794 28,606 43,374 41,158 43,424 5.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 331 235 204 95 -53.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,173 4,417 3,514 2,970 1,900 -36.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2 7 3 18 478.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 165 150 143 201 40.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,095 4,837 9,810 10,278 7,403 -28.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 139 586 92 211 129.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,882 3,317 2,449 1,725 478 -72.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 255 100 52 250 384.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,016 2,248 1,887 2,423 1,274 -47.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 655 2 55 2,658.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,922 2,833 3,225 2,132 836 -60.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 36 231 130 208 59.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 474 296 697 145 -79.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 59 17 317 558 75.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,602 6,105 6,262 5,243 4,004 -23.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 308 298 643 950 47.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,840 44,585 42,397 36,807 27,517 -25.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,845 30,523 45,408 42,558 45,810 7.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -
B-32

Table B-2—Continued

Madagascar: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,595 1,587 4,962 4,785 7,407 54.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,369 28,090 39,599 83,969 121,478 44.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 74 3,229 2,598 2,484 2,360 -5.0

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 123 87 239 128 -46.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,901 2,004 2,177 2,054 1,526 -25.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,106 863 1,006 1,140 873 -23.4

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,682 2,100 1,104 2,630 1,455 -44.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 413 501 1,470 200 -86.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 - 4 - 3 -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 30 12 50 36 -27.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 2 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 670 432 744 234 -68.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,639 46,068 109,907 178,750 89,998 -49.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 478 338 239 92,558 76,128 -17.8

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 15 - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 310 379 812 38 -95.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,367 1,929 3,111 1,926 1,454 -24.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 141 120 164 231 104 -54.9

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 1,087 566 2,635 973 -63.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 7 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,121 98,050 5,894 5,917 2,707 -54.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 5 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,706 1,706 1,572 2,500 1,507 -39.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 454 416 360 72 -80.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 662 302 370 307 42 -86.3

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 3 51 116 76 -34.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 648 880 2,305 396 -82.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 72 221 339 385 217 -43.6

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 375 338 519 656 26.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 610 1,133 949 799 -15.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,491 106,056 15,397 20,947 15,217 -27.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,395 80,214 157,737 271,791 215,923 -20.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,535 5,073 4,720 97,105 79,728 -17.9
B-33

Table B-2—Continued

Malawi: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 133 2,013 578 12,426 2,051.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,380 57,274 60,616 59,317 56,565 -4.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 16,342 24,660 23,216 30,561 35,499 16.2

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 366 560 956 944 -1.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7 4 12 4 -66.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 42 - - 2 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944 931 195 948 252 -73.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3 - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 24 - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 419 812 862 337 -60.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 1,204 7,326 12,385 11,432 -7.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 4,799 11,405 137.7

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 13 18 22 22.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 31 48 206 330.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 48 - 19 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 21 42 - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 402 1,576 2,273 1,528 -32.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 9 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 9 - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,335 279 1,344 284 509 79.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,565 2,077 1,195 3,076 6,480 110.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 5 119 2 67 3,017.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12 25 53 110 108.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 22 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,327 2,708 5,862 5,238 5,811 10.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 58 57 42 42 1.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,071 7,356 13,627 14,334 28,626 99.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,757 58,604 68,126 71,800 68,109 -5.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 16,405 24,711 23,218 35,362 46,904 32.6
B-34

Table B-2—Continued

Mali: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,244 1,760 5,160 1,774 1,461 -17.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 2,734 410 618 184 -70.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 501 - 0 15 16 5.6

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 28 1,173 73 68 -5.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 389 123 241 80 -66.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 332 262 123 153 48 -68.7

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,174 6,031 6,679 5,461 4,000 -26.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 46 79 1 7 1,034.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 46 - 58 - 6 -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 37 - 20 10 -47.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,857 1,133 1,166 285 573 101.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 218 261 108 122 13.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 7 4 5 4 1 -74.9

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 82 20 72 21 -70.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 18 - 0 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 291 993 573 107 -81.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 38 148 398 252 -36.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 21 - 81 208 158.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,986 7,092 1,313 1,879 1,509 -19.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 92 32 51 20 -60.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,338 4,161 8,091 11,230 1,484 -86.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 46 5 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099 7,351 4,439 7,710 1,562 -79.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 190 1,815 484 584 20.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5 - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 44 126 18 15 -13.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 4,342 4,241 1,946 872 -55.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 14 19 200 40 63 57.4

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,598 577 580 2,723 220 -91.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 817 1,265 2,353 460 -80.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,846 28,586 29,740 31,818 11,031 -65.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,348 8,867 8,438 6,205 2,583 -58.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 906 306 387 293 342 16.7
B-35

Table B-2—Continued

Mauritania: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,115 13,076 1,886 2,216 1,418 -36.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 - 49 26 131 401.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5 9 15 66.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 130 155 261 427 63.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 72 84 3 174 6,058.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 34 215 240 361 50.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 11 40 1 30 2,890.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 - - 6 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 387 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,132 1,249 2,244 2,154 269 -87.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 171 - - 15 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 3,152 4,728 4,577 6,608 44.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 42 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384 4,415 4,458 12,103 11,727 -3.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 913 1,821 2,920 1,053 -64.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 537 15 131 139 6.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3 - 35 -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - 19 40 63 56.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 4 40 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 552 252 602 531 -11.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 36 243 95 185 93.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,206 23,597 15,866 25,126 22,652 -9.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 754 354 294 929 216.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3 - 35 -
B-36

Table B-2—Continued

Mauritius: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 443 920 274 550 100.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,854 8,351 23,382 13,941 10,079 -27.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4,874 3,274 4,836 10,162 5,061 -50.2

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 716 781 610 420 -31.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 63 117 368 213.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 5 6 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 1,129 1,570 1,816 1,490 -17.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 374 762 1,882 1,286 -31.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - 13 9 37 312.4

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3 99 126 168 33.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 405 453 2,865 1,501 -47.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,618 232,109 244,863 238,345 254,653 6.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 79 17 - 38,925 106,528 173.7

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - - 6 5 -18.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 8 75 - 2 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 469 444 299 877 193.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,049 6,622 6,946 7,001 6,689 -4.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 58 48 50 18 16 -12.6

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,422 2,799 4,327 4,415 3,434 -22.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 - 166 620 517 -16.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,132 2,837 1,536 3,149 2,821 -10.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 115 1,757 110 102 -7.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5 - - 2 - -100.0

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,536 20,312 3,940 6,837 6,338 -7.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,172 3,685 3,571 4,155 3,630 -12.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3,536 3,211 2,928 2,945 1,854 -37.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 1,507 441 705 790 12.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,451 4,107 3,544 4,796 1,771 -63.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,003 2,740 1,825 1,908 795 -58.3

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,040 1,483 935 920 1,003 9.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,238 2,973 876 4,159 1,338 -67.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,101 32,103 15,448 22,022 19,398 -11.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,960 258,343 286,008 275,127 280,433 1.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 10,560 9,291 9,658 53,975 114,292 111.7
B-37

Table B-2—Continued

Mozambique: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,728 18,274 30,311 14,979 66,136 341.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,348 8,403 23,901 6,594 6,656 0.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 9,103 78 10,688 5,253 5,713 8.8

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 22 151 80 81 1.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 46 7 61 64 5.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 36 - 3 8 16 101.4

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,747 1,952 1,338 720 958 33.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - - 0 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 0 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 49 6,076 2,805 15,791 462.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,821 2,758 4,495 2,193 1,742 -20.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 44 0 179 193 7.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 186 -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 51 175 93 307 231.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 2,821 1,074 166 412 147.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,675 1,065 159 19 952 4,993.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 50 17 11 16 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,266 3,390 4,709 1,462 5,833 298.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 19 - - 48 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3 - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,229 924 1,473 1,412 3,983 182.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,287 2,444 2,287 1,520 1,574 3.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57 71 8 157 1,841.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 83 28 504 39 -92.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 60 46 34 69 101.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 1,079 5,798 2,393 1,013 -57.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 592 194 165 22 -86.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,687 33,847 57,913 28,327 97,869 245.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,750 10,287 24,377 7,060 8,160 15.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 9,192 95 10,701 5,278 5,916 12.1
B-38

Table B-2—Continued

Namibia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 67 2,414 4,928 5,651 14.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,167 18,406 18,883 12,495 6,456 -48.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 764 341 1 26 - -100.0

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 48 420 187 468 150.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 173 186 76 189 147.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 61 76 134 67 161 140.9

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 946 1,481 4,169 9,315 123.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 197 404 48 1 -97.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 0 0 - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 32 120 138 86 -37.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,749 - 13,432 11,302 30,694 171.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 201 77 84 157 86.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 40 192 118 6,713 5,576.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 8 - - 1,552 -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 141 259 676 5,794 757.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,290 9,638 6,968 12,138 11,344 -6.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5,684 - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,452 1,508 1,064 2,420 2,253 -6.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 94 220 34 79 129.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,589 182,338 57,993 176,282 3,287 -98.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 7 2 - 6 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,852 5,944 3,012 10,260 13,601 32.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 200 6 10 27 175.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 180 725 597 1,688 182.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 57 105 52 71 36.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 2 18 - 4 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,021 3,417 10,882 49,591 11,388 -77.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,579 1,173 1,795 1,571 1,775 12.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,857 194,822 78,448 249,334 53,688 -78.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,676 29,984 42,191 37,845 57,353 51.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6,513 427 154 93 1,717 1,744.3
B-39

Table B-2—Continued

Niger: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,967 432 2,357 4,759 7,184 51.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 152 146 6 16 150.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 228 1,252 2,732 4,090 49.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 14 51 273 3 -99.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 8 11 - - 3 -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,993 1,896 2,806 20,006 5,791 -71.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 121 56 204 94 -54.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 22 - 16 42 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 - - 5 5 -1.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2,455 4,770 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,484 8,172 4,287 4,708 3,227 -31.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 128 42 54 100 85.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 3 5 - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 195 490 947 953 0.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4 578 126 32 -74.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 78 4 - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 1,838 5,533 7,626 2,166 -71.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 599 810 55 167 202.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 254 - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 1,065 1,865 8,217 5,451 -33.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 33 12 112 211 88.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465 2,855 14,032 11,365 7,955 -30.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 318 139 240 29 -87.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 4 -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 773 584 168 321 91.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 199 24 13 201 1,475.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 11 - - 15 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,328 938 2,459 2,352 2,177 -7.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 813 344 342 43 -87.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,895 18,394 35,671 62,886 39,320 -37.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,731 4,837 6,972 1,427 897 -37.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 114 280 16 42 22 -47.6
B-40

Table B-2—Continued

Nigeria: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,995 172,699 178,734 245,911 303,482 23.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,471 8,277 5,227 10,529 16,015 52.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 58 153 464 203.3

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,588 8,493 14,667 20,944 14,817 -29.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108 1,138 875 477 421 -11.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 10 19 13 -30.3

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,129 43,156 55,631 61,726 60,008 -2.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,061 429,134 943,895 258,960 12,966 -95.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 0 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,735 26,321 16,568 24,335 36,515 50.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,212,685 3,720,249 8,706,166 8,627,161 5,772,765 -33.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 5,688,030 5,409,167 -4.9

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,704 12,817 8,384 13,647 15,053 10.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,801 801 572 453 111 -75.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 0 - -100.0

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 738 728 1,391 3,590 158.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 57 106 186 5 -97.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 71 1 -99.3

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,575 19,272 25,355 37,884 42,235 11.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,399 972 16,187 12,107 1,108 -90.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 2 -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,579 74,239 124,234 151,764 140,803 -7.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 2,693 55 296 487 64.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,134 194,092 228,238 284,261 311,616 9.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 23 72 1,075 1,386.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 56 - -100.0

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,348 52,304 42,039 86,934 96,832 11.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 97 92 318 830 160.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 46 3 -94.3

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,207 9,969 3,590 7,583 8,986 18.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,867 4,710 2,969 1,463 1,635 11.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3 85 10 -88.4

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,571 10,061 14,432 11,234 12,971 15.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,778 4,194 3,961 4,454 12,185 173.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814,126 624,161 712,600 947,614 1,046,908 10.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,603,620 4,172,322 9,680,128 8,916,476 5,819,603 -34.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 71 5,688,461 5,409,660 -4.9
B-41

Table B-2—Continued

Rwanda: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,850 17,796 10,186 8,404 7,543 -10.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,915 2,007 2,301 3,668 1,899 -48.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,333 8,111 3,917 117 22 -81.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 20 10 -50.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 20 10 -50.1

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 82 128 324 136 -58.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 - - 294 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 265 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 116 201 166 124 -25.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 17 23 - 2 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 116 82 196 37 -81.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,910 1,422 2,552 3,134 991 -68.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 302 154 324 33 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 135 280 91 37 -59.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 33 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 32 1,020 50 284 462.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 19,550 2,537 6,990 1,491 -78.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 39 150 66 119 80.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 14 17 75 54 -28.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - - 20 18 -10.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 1,538 554 973 434 -55.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 201 36 20 14 -27.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,754 47,490 18,922 17,386 10,162 -41.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,031 3,686 5,061 7,221 3,086 -57.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 302 154 324 318 10 -96.8
B-42

Table B-2—Continued

São Tomé & Principe: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 12 28 318 64 -80.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 21 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 319 63 - 190 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - - - 272 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 73 65 63 91 44.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 59 10 0 11 3,501.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 16 38 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1,616 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 - 108 25 119 387.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 23 3 19 2 -87.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 - 91 37 53 42.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 33 46 9 34 291.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4 137 43 50 14.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 758 245 247 12 -95.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,863 52 190 9,921 1,068 -89.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 6 9 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 33 106 135 203 50.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 142 116 32 37 14.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 - 123 5 24 443.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 7 5 - 3 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 17 34 29 59 100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 49 59 15 19 29.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,380 510 962 10,614 1,921 -81.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 2,693 513 322 391 21.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 - - - - -
B-43

Table B-2—Continued

Senegal: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,998 14,388 16,895 8,166 9,452 15.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 994 1,015 6,346 583 -90.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 812 - - 2 50 1,999.0

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 175 498 878 184 -79.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 171 227 154 184 19.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 17 16 38 58 22 -61.9

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,055 6,617 15,773 17,377 11,206 -35.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 2,040 767 474 464 -2.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 740 699 691 407 376 -7.5

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 171 185 535 2,299 329.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 7,263 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,667 3,570 4,102 4,142 4,125 -0.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 171 299 91 158 74.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 45 1 11 3 0 -86.3

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 62 97 124 103 -16.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 2 14 14 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 0 -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 140 1,976 4,853 1,672 -65.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 156 - 11 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,008 8,494 6,801 7,740 6,018 -22.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 17 14 - 4 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,113 9,997 21,551 18,861 26,741 41.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - 26 6 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 41 - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,994 16,172 9,289 8,463 6,917 -18.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 1,453 204 2,576 571 -77.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 711 363 1,431 870 -39.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 1,337 1,138 1,376 1,116 -18.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 753 24 41 97 50 -48.7

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,223 2,311 2,653 5,765 2,376 -58.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 3,863 539 91,297 704 -99.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,917 62,808 80,183 78,334 71,962 -8.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,181 17,473 4,231 102,345 3,799 -96.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,412 740 781 567 499 -11.9
B-44

Table B-2—Continued

Seychelles: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 346 363 246 240 -2.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 96 1,035 15,639 20,179 29.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 29 326 261 65 -75.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 166 10 24 45 82.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 93 - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099 953 656 858 1,804 110.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 - 1 3 47 1,515.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 145 711 1,035 303 -70.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 1,041 156 25 0 -98.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 1,523 391 295 383 29.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 38 291 355 220 -37.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 10 - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,059 1,063 535 6,613 676 -89.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 46 - 36 54 51.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 280 188 155,029 2,272 -98.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 32 - 31 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,370 2,071 3,490 10,888 1,886 -82.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 3,277 5,172 4,880 3,327 -31.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 2,497 4,662 4,230 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 854 32 357 274 -23.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 81 34 11 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 283 278 376 300 -20.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,350 454 1,366 2,728 2,388 -12.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,397 7,547 6,971 175,959 8,204 -95.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,184 5,197 8,097 23,701 26,291 10.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 2,600 4,662 4,230 - -
B-45

Table B-2—Continued

Sierra Leone: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,726 4,720 5,527 13,893 13,184 -5.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 153 291 209 526 151.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 16 - 10 18 48 163.7

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 99 153 316 666 110.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 17 25 3 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 25 3 - -100.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 491 787 1,015 963 -5.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 82 262 454 311 -31.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 517 3 60 1 145 22,416.6

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 117 41 390 104 -73.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,834 1,971 1,256 1,567 1,248 -20.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 193 335 1,374 466 -66.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 20 25 - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 49 111 170 53.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1,776 134 854 140 -83.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 149 536 1,039 459 -55.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,454 7,529 2,044 537 1,515 182.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 68 - 119 226 6 -97.4

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 302 860 1,030 554 -46.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 81 80 150 53 -64.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 29 44 10 -77.2

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 336 2,489 1,165 2,333 100.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 107 55 189 48 -74.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 1,573 2,422 2,767 2,478 -10.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 151 45 180 112 -38.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 4 - 95 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 88 389 542 288 -46.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 213 512 680 277 -59.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 209 - - - 8 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,370 3,141 3,282 3,958 2,558 -35.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 33 23 10 385 3,720.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,441 12,985 17,791 27,791 25,006 -10.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,274 10,335 3,806 4,640 3,833 -17.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 831 31 245 387 217 -44.0
B-46

Table B-2—Continued

Somalia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,723 1,936 1,776 3,193 1,609 -49.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 67 14 82 192 134.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 6 8 19.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5 5 7 33.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 68 100 25 808 3,180.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 35 56 151 39 -74.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 12 5 -55.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 228 4 454 304 -32.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 28 9 69 5 -93.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 138 - 5 137 2,435.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 324 6 6 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 324 - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 276 126 51 18 -64.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 - 7 4 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 5 517 550 44 -91.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 8 11 42.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 132 2,137 778 3,062 293.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 36 6 3 79 2,510.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 10 53 414.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 26 20 2 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 31 201 1,518 117 -92.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 - 2 0 5 1,153.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,574 2,813 4,862 6,591 6,161 -6.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 192 443 343 348 1.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 324 - - -
B-47

Table B-2—Continued

South Africa: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,298 186,131 132,718 100,678 150,899 49.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,146 161,980 199,584 173,169 192,160 11.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 44,153 29,006 41,229 78,750 123,723 57.1

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,969 102,848 98,146 96,753 75,009 -22.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,147 52,158 66,461 48,456 44,302 -8.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4,825 8,889 8,789 9,141 17,467 91.1

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427,924 401,563 481,668 460,718 446,993 -3.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,019 225,449 283,500 283,066 267,343 -5.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 129,428 97,971 118,967 126,011 134,334 6.6

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,811 94,429 107,317 94,076 110,362 17.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,444 9,678 62,926 66,489 42,385 -36.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,203 291 - 2,136 866 -59.5

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,502 32,680 37,633 28,712 26,439 -7.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,463 126,978 175,579 212,457 214,957 1.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 1,741 1,737 2,242 33,621 88,292 162.6

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,394 10,069 7,674 2,101 1,037 -50.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 91 59 217 461 112.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 171 290 69.6

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,352 109,057 118,611 97,323 89,056 -8.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,147,467 2,109,370 2,841,397 2,783,624 2,456,462 -11.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 220,533 199,174 268,102 316,565 371,501 17.4

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375,200 259,829 253,428 286,541 302,035 5.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,848 121,632 174,431 258,817 227,713 -12.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 65,491 15,168 31,500 22,899 17,771 -22.4

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220,766 534,725 958,392 1,097,239 744,639 -32.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,758 145,474 181,882 398,018 615,636 54.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 58,330 72,265 76,812 300,476 544,706 81.3

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608,472 493,454 455,730 394,615 347,703 -11.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,091 29,780 30,995 28,223 22,957 -18.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 8,800 17,021 13,499 5,476 6,887 25.8

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,621 44,692 53,895 46,389 35,190 -24.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,259 36,929 48,939 56,841 62,218 9.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 17,210 7,862 22,037 27,997 36,756 31.3

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,284 124,521 124,335 117,209 116,806 -0.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,467 173,250 137,904 120,163 89,380 -25.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,494,594 2,393,998 2,829,546 2,822,354 2,446,169 -13.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,053,323 3,192,768 4,203,657 4,429,539 4,235,974 -4.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 551,715 449,384 583,176 923,243 1,342,594 45.4
B-48

Table B-2—Continued

Sudan: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,462 8,399 16,869 16,557 8,984 -45.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,082 - 1,688 3,337 1,308 -60.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 56 - - 70 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - - 122 629 414.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 0 2 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 27 - 6 8 19.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 58 4 116 5 -95.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 42 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 19 - 20 12 -41.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 51 - 41 10 -76.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 26 4 8 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - - - 11 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 21 116 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 211 9 255 1,125 341.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 10 - 39 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,790 8,821 16,882 17,119 10,854 -36.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,090 57 1,808 3,385 1,350 -60.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -
B-49

Table B-2—Continued

Swaziland: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,517 749 73 398 364 -8.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,116 8,297 12,539 6,891 7,286 5.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2,711 7,744 11,935 6,487 6,779 4.5

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 155 321 80 256 219.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,094 2,122 3,015 2,382 4,449 86.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 39 70 - 3 270 10,199.4

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,309 881 807 2,110 1,672 -20.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 1,452 1,866 839 886 5.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 669 2 22 85 283 232.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 204 160 159 16 -89.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,303 23,318 31,898 48,091 89,088 85.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 8,195 73,901 801.8

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5 - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 50 43 384 6,134 1,496.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 147 207 126 102 -19.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 148 120 - - 19 -

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 367 2,542 138 362 162.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 539 61 2,256 421 -81.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 48 - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 459 1,240 1,023 502 -50.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 124 3 3 443 14,303.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,474 640 2,312 2,716 1,421 -47.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 157 152 258 7,212 2,698.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 28 - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 51 44 216 70 -67.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 1,429 2,482 3,897 4,217 8.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 553 - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 192 194 209 242 15.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 264 355 294 359 22.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,186 3,748 7,741 7,438 11,040 48.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,973 37,849 52,577 65,036 114,464 76.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4,169 7,964 11,957 14,770 81,252 450.1
B-50

Table B-2—Continued

Tanzania: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,728 16,548 3,704 9,797 11,672 19.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,730 17,165 13,739 12,301 13,253 7.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 185 1,026 1,134 636 811 27.5

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,466 1,095 875 895 523 -41.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 190 561 499 355 -28.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 142 75 200 224 239 6.9

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772 2,539 2,269 5,506 1,722 -68.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 341 554 236 122 -48.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 21 - -100.0

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 92 79 170 198 16.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,187 8,262 10,881 9,780 10,236 4.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,236 2,658 242 487 371 -23.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 8 6 19 1 127 17,040.2

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,319 1,377 1,106 1,757 2,572 46.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 3 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - 2 -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,449 1,253 1,047 5,280 7,499 42.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,801 9,771 14,586 11,528 8,263 -28.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4,565 2,007 13 10 105 964.1

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,477 3,905 4,174 3,935 5,945 51.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 30 200 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,430 9,284 10,324 16,624 9,076 -45.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 8 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 11,529 5,269 7,050 6,593 -6.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 51 265 10 -96.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - 2 - -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 296 1,830 449 367 -18.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,842 3,384 2,927 273 268 -1.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 35 - 25 5 8 57.1

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,333 4,502 2,989 2,497 5,397 116.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 981 2,596 1,432 2,699 88.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,619 60,682 44,548 63,741 61,800 -3.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,568 34,495 35,288 27,229 25,343 -6.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4,936 3,114 1,392 899 1,293 43.8
B-51

Table B-2—Continued

Togo: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 3,020 380 1,212 2,979 145.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,141 2,081 1,259 1,246 1,510 21.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 155 1,442 233 145 5 -96.9

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 36 269 68 90 33.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 14 11 9 -12.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 7 3 - 11 9 -12.3

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,780 1,040 507 1,435 1,409 -1.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4,568 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 21 33 33 13 -61.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3,118 3,819 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 3,118 3,819 - -100.0

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,144 3,031 2,098 3,165 2,234 -29.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 42 23 4 6 49.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - 0 3 - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 275 596 429 745 73.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 131 619 74 21 -71.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 5 3 8 211.3

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3 - 2 3 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,370 2,687 1,341 4,855 1,096 -77.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 10 - 13 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,114 1,842 2,367 966 2,484 157.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,812 12,563 1,252 3,203 1,585 -50.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 120 14 2 55 2,296.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 228 96 126 38 -70.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 378 247 534 295 -44.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 118 - - - - -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 746 924 589 314 -46.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 543 1,286 2,396 763 -68.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,310 25,620 10,480 16,154 13,008 -19.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,950 3,170 5,975 12,583 2,659 -78.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 285 1,445 3,355 3,977 14 -99.7
B-52

Table B-2—Continued

Uganda: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,404 6,901 6,214 8,984 3,942 -56.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,687 19,225 21,124 15,723 13,738 -12.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 51 26 - - 13 -

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 671 316 637 596 -6.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10 14 27 19 -30.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 25 10 14 27 14 -49.8

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,183 2,281 1,942 3,328 1,431 -57.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 47 133 24 20 -20.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 21 - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 20 43 5 - -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,159 2,466 2,419 2,386 2,494 4.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 16 13 1 -92.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 4 - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 4 11 14 32.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 50 3,733 266 213 -19.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 742 1,415 1,776 870 -51.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - 59 114 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,726 1,639 2,425 2,457 2,120 -13.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 - - 4 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,982 2,919 1,075 1,453 1,511 4.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,283 6,330 6,949 9,597 7,275 -24.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8 292 9 7 -29.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 2 3 - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 70 260 237 612 158.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 45 23 51 84 64.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 6 2 - 6 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,976 1,172 1,386 2,788 2,427 -13.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,501 180 6,046 206 459 123.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,685 24,518 26,766 32,150 22,635 -29.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,154 20,256 29,064 17,835 15,197 -14.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 105 45 78 141 32 -77.4
B-53

Table B-2—Continued

Zambia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227 500 485 765 14,092 1,742.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,301 2,004 1,385 1,213 1,200 -1.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 276 134 229 95 60 -36.7

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,623 3,266 400 231 295 27.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 1,231 852 1,261 494 -60.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 104 2 132 677 20 -97.0

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,021 961 2,913 2,208 3,434 55.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - - 6 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5 - - - - -

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 11 67 - 37 -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,123 933 929 935 1,133 21.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 258 227 5 -97.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 106 53 139 146 5.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 132 427 156 187 19.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,340 33,955 14,031 12,384 5,819 -53.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3 185 98 2 - -100.0

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,450 2,175 1,798 2,060 3,340 62.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 6 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,555 4,970 4,189 3,915 7,819 99.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 14 -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,152 3,397 4,306 3,124 2,601 -16.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 3 1 65 7,073.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 6 - - - - -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 233 57 196 81 -58.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 93 97 18 15 -12.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 13 - 7 - 2 -

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 3,016 3,146 1,758 2,325 32.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 566 1,099 481 166 -65.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,435 19,700 18,770 15,487 35,491 129.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,170 37,857 17,727 15,584 7,790 -50.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 408 321 466 775 83 -89.3
B-54

Table B-2—Continued

Zimbabwe: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1998-2002

Sector 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percent

Change

2001-02

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172 8,893 3,813 317 16,620 5,138.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,702 37,179 21,376 27,369 33,714 23.2

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 7,393 10,535 14,076 10,247 13,337 30.2

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 1,294 1,465 2,346 1,259 -46.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,896 4,192 3,213 2,942 3,647 24.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 3,245 2,442 2,362 2,872 3,386 17.9

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,919 4,889 4,751 6,082 10,840 78.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 609 1,476 18 216 1,124.7

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 5 11 70 7 115 1,582.8

Energy-related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 47 9 28 16 -44.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Textiles and apparel:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,719 2,121 1,695 651 277 -57.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,589 18,727 19,872 15,332 8,132 -47.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 26 2 10 11 15 32.6

Footwear:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 13 - - - -

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 66 104 122 86 -29.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Minerals and metals:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,081 551 538 395 898 127.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,137 49,549 51,971 27,460 24,425 -11.1

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 38,182 41,088 35,034 18,750 11,551 -38.4

Machinery:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,653 10,869 6,825 6,611 2,294 -65.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - 46 50 11 -78.6

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 4 - 34 50 11 -78.6

Transportation equipment:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,150 17,078 20,604 8,916 7,019 -21.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 - 36 - -100.0

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Electronic products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,723 9,860 10,876 4,150 4,038 -2.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 7 13 73 204 180.9

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 23 5 - - 5 -

Miscellaneous manufactures:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,083 208 300 655 3,874 491.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,193 22,826 13,938 16,576 28,153 69.8

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 32,651 21,185 9,665 12,100 26,461 118.7

Special provisions:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,304 1,702 1,897 1,014 1,981 95.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,172 1,913 1,034 583 540 -7.4

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . - - - - - -

All sectors:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,865 57,525 52,773 31,166 49,116 57.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,198 135,073 113,043 90,560 99,127 9.5

Imports GSP/AGOA . . . . . . . 81,529 75,268 61,251 44,037 54,881 24.6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-55

Table B-3

Angola: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 2,571,388 2,569,888 171,326%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500 334,334 326,834 4358%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,165,827,079 3,204,081,400 1,038,254,321 48%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,141,622 4,629,551 487,929 12%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 53,192 53,192 0%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 54,900,689 19,551,787 (35,348,902) -64%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,520 39,100 (188,420) -83%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 35,000 5,000 (30,000) -86%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,225,140,910 3,231,265,752 1,006,124,842 45%

U.S. exports:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,265,128 3,059,901 1,794,773 142%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,255,302 46,288,337 18,033,035 64%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,307,734 241,499,249 84,191,515 54%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465,229 616,713 151,484 33%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,652,534 8,472,723 1,820,189 27%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,659,762 5,881,337 (778,425) -12%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 14,384,629 11,612,455 (2,772,174) -19%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,196,733 15,608,800 (7,587,933) -33%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267,566 645,274 (622,292) -49%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,174,988 21,909,023 (35,265,965) -62%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,040,114 14,570,010 (35,470,104) -71%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,933,531 662,033 (4,271,498) -87%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351,603,250 370,825,855 19,222,605 5%

Total trade:

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,255,302 46,288,337 18,033,035 64%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,309,234 244,070,637 86,761,403 55%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,167,092,207 3,207,141,301 1,040,049,094 48%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465,229 616,713 151,484 33%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,794,156 13,102,274 2,308,118 21%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,659,762 5,881,337 (778,425) -12%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,204,233 15,943,134 (7,261,099) -31%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267,566 645,274 (622,292) -49%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 69,285,318 31,164,242 (38,121,076) -55%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,174,988 21,962,215 (35,212,773) -62%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,267,634 14,609,110 (35,658,524) -71%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,968,531 667,033 (4,301,498) -87%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,576,744,160 3,602,091,607 1,025,347,447 40%
B-56

Table B-3-Continued

Côte d’Ivoire: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 and 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 219,222 217,222 1,0861%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,316,501 78,761,823 61,445,322 355%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676,055 1,442,356 766,301 113%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,696,908 10,214,468 3,517,560 53%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,822,508 2,620,925 798,417 44%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,335,644 1,641,463 305,819 23%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,911 46,224 2,313 5%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772,571 604,234 (168,337) -2.2%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,407,095 279,954,460 (101,452,635) -27%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,490,803 2,633,855 (1,856,948) -41%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267,188 151,343 (115,845) -43%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 8,509,361 3,569,156 (4,940,205) -58%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423,340,545 381,859,529 (41,481,016) -10%

U.S. exports:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370,412 820,921 450,509 122%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304,642 660,891 356,249 117%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,742,642 13,038,132 4,295,490 49%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,213,500 5,817,773 (395,727) -6%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 776,769 619,413 (157,356) -20%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,162,222 4,531,946 (2,630,276) -37%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 36,603,520 22,299,474 (14,304,046) -39%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,562,462 10,846,432 (20,716,030) -66%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,962,091 10,201,969 (22,760,122) -69%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,221,070 3,153,981 (7,067,089) -69%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,857,226 1,993,087 (4,864,139) -71%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,393,832 605,676 (7,788,156) -93%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,170,388 74,589,695 (75,580,693) -50%

Total trade:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,686,913 79,582,744 61,895,831 350%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348,553 707,115 358,562 103%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 2,112,413 2,260,876 148,463 7%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,704,303 8,451,628 (2,252,675) -21%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390,149,737 292,992,592 (97,157,145) -25%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,090,740 10,820,144 (4,270,596) -28%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,934,793 5,136,180 (2,798,613) -35%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 45,112,881 25,868,630 (19,244,251) -43%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,679,734 4,614,012 (4,065,722) -47%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,897,125 4,596,337 (6,300,788) -58%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,564,462 11,065,654 (20,498,808) -65%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,229,279 10,353,312 (22,875,967) -69%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573,510,933 456,449,224 (117,061,709) -20%
B-57

Table B-3-Continued

Equatorial Guinea: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 4,229,291 71,219,412 66,990,121 1,584%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,686,832 495,986,767 437,299,935 745%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017,052 4,737,356 3,720,304 366%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 0 548,249 548,249 0%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,300 16,300 (7,000) -30%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,655 26,300 (18,355) -41%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,457 9,708 (18,749) -66%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344,314 26,906 (317,408) -92%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017,301 47,646 (969,655) -95%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,683 0 (275,683) -100%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,666,885 572,618,644 506,951,759 772%

U.S. exports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,062 49,843 46,781 1,528%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,648,914 12,340,201 8,691,287 238%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 462,071 1,354,710 892,639 193%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355,777 1,034,954 679,177 191%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,240,937 14,371,810 9,130,873 174%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,153 332,613 206,460 164%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485,646 1,109,574 623,928 128%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,753 494,943 275,190 125%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145,338 1,817,909 672,571 59%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,737,557 2,140,941 403,384 23%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,300,129 72,595,851 2,295,722 3%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,446,127 37,835 (1,408,292) -97%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,171,464 107,681,184 22,509,720 26%

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,062 49,843 46,781 1,528%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 4,691,362 72,574,122 67,882,760 1,447%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,906,585 496,481,710 437,575,125 743%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,677,371 12,349,909 8,672,538 236%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,162,390 6,555,265 4,392,875 203%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,264,237 14,388,110 9,123,873 173%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,432 1,061,254 660,822 165%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,737,557 2,689,190 951,633 55%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829,960 1,136,480 306,520 37%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,300,129 72,595,851 2,295,722 3%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401,836 332,613 (69,223) -17%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,463,428 85,481 (2,377,947) -97%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,838,349 680,299,828 529,461,479 351%
B-58

Table B-3—Continued

Gabon: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,542,537 6,032,041 3,489,504 137%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 859,142 1,774,106 914,964 106%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,029,427,763 1,570,696,504 541,268,741 53%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425,908 511,830 85,922 20%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,378,695 19,012,516 1,633,821 9%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 337,421 337,421 0%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 59,307 59,307 0%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,921 25,645 (9,276) -27%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,993,259 6,091,507 (8,901,752) -59%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 64,503,541 17,480,072 (47,023,469) -73%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,597 0 (107,597) -100%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130,273,363 1,622,020,949 491,747,586 44%

U.S. exports:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 44,332 493,211 448,879 1,013%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,579 367,645 239,066 186%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,820,418 40,700,260 9,879,842 32%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,305,300 2,918,214 612,914 27%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,191,750 4,382,763 191,013 5%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,439,373 1,295,061 (144,312) -10%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,932,782 8,173,194 (1,759,588) -18%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 2,624,999 2,118,152 (506,847) -19%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,177,308 2,534,288 (643,020) -20%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600,127 440,513 (159,614) -27%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700,102 1,298,093 (1,402,009) -52%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,722,567 454,161 (3,268,406) -88%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,687,637 65,175,555 3,487,918 6%

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,579 367,645 239,066 186%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 903,474 2,267,317 1,363,843 151%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,030,027,890 1,571,137,017 541,109,127 53%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,820,418 40,759,567 9,939,149 32%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,683,995 21,930,730 2,246,735 11%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,617,658 4,894,593 276,935 6%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,265,104 6,486,202 221,098 4%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,040,379 8,173,194 (1,867,185) -19%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,212,229 2,559,933 (652,296) -20%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700,102 1,635,514 (1,064,588) -39%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,432,632 7,386,568 (9,046,064) -55%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 67,128,540 19,598,224 (47,530,316) -71%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,191,961,000 1,687,196,504 495,235,504 42%
B-59

Table B-3-Continued

Ghana: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 and 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,723 266,842 260,119 3,869%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501,785 3,525,905 3,024,120 603%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,189 58,160 48,971 533%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 143,842 690,083 546,241 380%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,623,157 24,749,564 14,126,407 133%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 873,144 1,490,182 617,038 71%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,490,991 35,108,388 13,617,397 63%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,948,648 29,042,437 1,093,789 4%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4,540 4,540 0%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,710 26,500 (2,210) -8%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,421,176 20,127,921 (54,293,255) -73%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,810,906 550,355 (7,260,551) -93%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,858,271 115,640,877 (28,217,394) -20%

U.S. exports:

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,831,207 5,257,787 1,426,580 37%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,953,170 15,087,066 3,133,896 26%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 3,671,268 4,092,298 421,030 11%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783,362 841,226 57,864 7%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,211,037 47,650,712 439,675 1%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,888,010 25,479,432 (408,578) -2%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,062,175 40,997,721 (10,064,454) -20%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,132,106 10,160,845 (2,971,261) -23%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,183,816 8,862,916 (3,320,900) -27%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 36,752,841 22,220,190 (14,532,651) -40%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,943,249 1,377,006 (1,566,243) -53%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,800,045 4,573,818 (7,226,227) -61%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,212,286 186,601,017 (34,611,269) -16%

Total trade:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,566,406 26,126,570 12,560,164 93%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,322,198 40,366,175 15,043,977 59%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,981,880 15,113,566 3,131,686 26%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,544,412 5,582,480 1,038,068 23%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783,362 845,766 62,404 8%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,159,685 76,693,149 1,533,464 2%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,897,199 25,537,592 (359,607) -1%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,068,898 41,264,563 (9,804,335) -19%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,633,891 13,686,750 52,859 2.5%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 36,896,683 22,910,273 (13,986,410) -38%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,994,722 9,413,271 (10,581,451) -53%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,221,221 24,701,739 (61,519,482) -71%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365,070,557 302,241,894 (62,828,663) -17%
B-60

Table B-3-Continued

Kenya: Leading changes in sectoral tarde, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 33,161 32,311 3,801%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,782,038 126,488,205 92,706,167 274%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 671,423 2,394,055 1,722,632 257%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,563,635 4,357,237 2,793,602 179%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,122,390 7,905,747 4,783,357 153%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,896 178,714 75,818 74%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,765 503,346 201,581 67%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,305,413 3,358,437 53,024 2%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,332,193 40,011,957 (10,320,236) -21%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 3,160,293 2,333,199 (827,094) -26%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,884,475 1,592,399 (1,292,076) -45%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295,510 0 (295,510) -100%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,522,881 189,156,457 89,633,576 90%

U.S. exports:

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,972,674 10,804,909 8,832,235 448%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,213,579 11,691,703 5,478,124 88%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,465,911 123,894,692 57,428,781 86%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,264,839 1,907,074 642,235 51%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 16,688,111 32,604,215 15,916,104 95%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,958,130 23,217,253 5,259,123 29%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,462,486 7,593,554 (868,932) -10%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,188,991 3,213,693 (975,298) -23%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,742,065 10,071,446 (3,670,619) -27%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,969,071 42,698,135 (17,270,936) -29%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,971 86,665 (122,306) -59%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609,007 188,407 (420,600) -69%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,743,835 267,971,746 70,227,911 36%

Total trade:

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,244,524 134,081,759 91,837,235 217%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,857,149 12,397,308 7,540,159 155%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,335,969 19,597,450 10,261,481 110%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 17,359,534 34,998,270 17,638,736 102%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,568,807 124,073,406 57,504,599 86%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,521,765 27,574,490 8,052,725 41%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,425,132 4,240,273 (184,859) -4%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,494,404 6,572,130 (922,274) -12%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,301,264 82,710,092 (27,591,172) -25%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,043,830 10,574,792 (3,469,038) -25%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,821 119,826 (89,995) -43%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904,517 188,407 (716,110) -79%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,266,716 457,128,203 159,861,487 54%
B-61

Table B-3-Continued

Mauritius: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,074 368,117 352,043 2,190%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 109,243 1,286,380 1,177,137 1,078%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,761 516,618 301,857 141%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,049,494 6,688,554 3,639,060 119%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,618,295 254,652,630 21,034,335 9%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,238,178 1,338,056 99,878 8%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1,500 1,500 0%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,171,837 3,630,341 (1,541,496) -30%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,854,351 10,078,502 (9,775,849) -49%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 3,450,517 1,770,688 (1,679,829) -49%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,707 101,907 (135,800) -57%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,960,457 280,433,293 13,472,836 5%

U.S. exports:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,079 168,316 142,237 545%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,268 1,500,826 1,119,558 294%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420,182 877,008 456,826 109%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 929,721 1,489,871 560,150 60%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,536,135 6,338,260 1,802,125 40%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 779,436 790,133 10,697 1%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,421,926 3,434,399 12,473 0%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039,758 1,002,966 (36,792) -4%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,689 5,009 (680) -12%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510,282 420,421 (89,861) -18%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918,480 549,929 (368,551) -40%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,132,011 2,820,813 (3,311,198) -54%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,100,967 19,397,951 296,984 2%

Total trade:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,079 168,316 142,237 545%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 1,038,964 2,776,251 1,737,287 167%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,469,676 7,565,562 4,095,886 118%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526,356 788,538 262,182 50%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,689 6,509 820 14%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,636,687 3,951,017 314,330 9%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,999,563 256,153,456 22,153,893 9%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,707,972 9,968,601 260,629 3%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,277,936 2,341,022 63,086 3%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,229,953 2,560,821 (1,669,132) -39%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,772,831 10,628,431 (10,144,400) -49%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,369,718 2,922,720 (3,446,998) -54%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286,061,424 299,831,244 13,769,820 5%
B-62

Table B-3-Continued

Nigeria: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,500 1,074,586 1,066,086 12,542%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,773 829,872 814,099 5,161%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,778,109 12,184,803 9,406,694 339%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,470,714 16,015,440 5,544,726 53%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,212,684,988 5,772,764,666 1,560,079,678 37%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424,942 486,689 61,747 15%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5,396 5,396 0%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,399,097 1,108,039 (291,058) -21%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 3,867,392 1,635,420 (2,231,972) -58%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108,292 421,209 (687,083) -62%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 367,061,276 12,966,192 (354,095,084) -96%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,801,061 110,976 (3,690,085) -97%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,603,620,144 5,819,603,288 1,215,983,144 26%

U.S. exports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559,735 3,589,522 3,029,787 541%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,995,306 303,481,966 153,486,660 102%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,347,759 96,831,802 41,484,043 75%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,588,186 14,817,274 6,229,088 73%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,134,302 311,615,997 62,481,695 25%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,571,183 12,971,351 2,400,168 23%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,703,744 15,052,656 2,348,912 18%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 8,207,306 8,986,437 779,131 9%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,734,594 36,515,155 780,561 2%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,578,894 140,803,045 (15,775,849) -10%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 73,129,435 60,007,995 (13,121,440) -18%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,575,309 42,234,882 (11,340,427) -21%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814,125,753 1,046,908,082 232,782,329 29%

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559,735 3,594,918 3,035,183 542%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,466,020 319,497,406 159,031,386 99%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,349,292 25,156,154 11,806,862 88%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,363,532 97,661,674 42,298,142 76%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,696,478 15,238,483 5,542,005 57%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,248,419,582 5,809,279,821 1,560,860,239 37%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 249,142,802 312,690,583 63,547,781 26%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,504,805 15,163,632 (1,341,173) -8%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,003,836 141,289,734 (15,714,102) -10%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 12,074,698 10,621,857 (1,452,841) -12%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,974,406 43,342,921 (11,631,485) -21%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 440,190,711 72,974,187 (367,216,524) -83%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,417,745,897 6,866,511,370 1,448,765,473 27%
B-63

Table B-3-Continued

Republic of the Congo: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,675 6,990 5,315 317%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308 4,733 3,425 262%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,402,896 3,560,389 2,157,493 154%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,830,117 16,437,058 9,606,941 141%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,440 40,124 5,684 17%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 38,311 38,311 0%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,966,848 200,765,656 (88,201,192) -31%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684,373 142,008 (542,365) -79%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 8,380,231 1,675,443 (6,704,788) -80%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,072,199 692,050 (3,380,149) -83%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,351,189 461,225 (3,889,964) -89%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,725,276 223,823,987 (90,901,289) -29%

U.S. exports:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 30,845 69,320 38,475 125%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,483 157,513 87,030 123%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,574,025 6,972,239 1,398,214 25%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,813,857 2,521,794 (292,063) -10%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 1,971,623 1,632,717 (338,906) -17%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,829,786 2,232,508 (1,597,278) -42%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,801,404 4,251,276 (3,550,128) -46%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,918,826 23,913,522 (20,005,304) -46%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,294,228 3,580,113 (4,714,115) -57%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,673,058 6,335,253 (9,337,805) -60%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760,876 113,615 (647,261) -85%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577,941 12,826 (565,115) -98%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,316,952 51,792,696 (39,524,256) -43%

Total trade:

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,404,142 23,409,297 11,005,155 89%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,204,300 7,811,665 (1,392,635) -15%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,498,230 2,663,802 (834,428) -24%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289,727,724 200,879,271 (88,848,453) -31%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,864,226 2,272,632 (1,591,594) -41%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,918,826 23,951,833 (19,966,993) -45%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,295,903 3,587,103 (4,708,800) -57%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,674,366 6,339,986 (9,334,380) -60%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 10,351,854 3,308,160 (7,043,694) -68%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 4,103,044 761,370 (3,341,674) -81%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,421,672 618,738 (3,802,934) -86%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577,941 12,826 (565,115) -98%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406,042,228 275,616,683 (130,425,545) -32%
B-64

Table B-3—Continued

South Africa: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1998 and 2002

Change, 2002 from 1998

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,757,739 615,636,454 511,878,715 493%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,848,348 227,712,696 151,864,348 200%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 23,258,609 62,217,767 38,959,158 168%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,035 461,098 246,063 114%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,462,671 214,957,371 104,494,700 95%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,090,999 22,957,335 4,866,336 27%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 217,019,196 267,342,720 50,323,524 23%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,145,723 192,159,808 34,014,085 22%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,147,466,740 2,456,462,195 308,995,455 14%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,467,103 89,379,992 7,912,889 10%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,146,879 44,301,789 (5,845,090) -12%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,443,816 42,384,868 (25,058,948) -37%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,053,322,858 4,235,974,093 1,182,651,235 39%

U.S. exports:

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 427,924,273 446,993,424 19,069,151 4%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,352,315 89,055,513 (8,296,802) -9%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375,199,802 302,034,609 (73,165,193) -20%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,283,637 116,806,186 (35,477,451) -23%

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,502,165 26,439,400 (9,062,765) -26%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,810,783 110,362,301 (42,448,482) -28%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,298,305 150,899,459 (60,398,846) -29%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,220,766,268 744,638,879 (476,127,389) -39%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608,472,176 347,703,395 (260,768,781) -43%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 65,621,165 35,189,956 (30,431,209) -46%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,969,036 75,009,356 (63,959,680) -46%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,394,482 1,036,579 (7,357,903) -88%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,494,594,407 2,446,169,057 (1,048,425,350) -30%

Total trade:

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,964,836 241,396,771 95,431,935 65%

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451,048,150 529,747,305 78,699,155 17%

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,244,819,055 2,545,517,708 300,698,653 13%

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . 644,943,469 714,336,144 69,392,675 11%

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 88,879,774 97,407,723 8,527,949 10%

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,324,524,007 1,360,275,333 35,751,326 3%

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369,444,028 343,059,267 (26,384,761) -7%

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,750,740 206,186,178 (27,564,562) -12%

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,254,599 152,747,169 (67,507,430) -31%

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,115,915 119,311,145 (69,804,770) -37%

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626,563,175 370,660,730 (255,902,445) -41%

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,609,517 1,497,677 (7,111,840) -83%

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,547,917,265 6,682,143,150 134,225,885 2%

Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-65

Table B-4

U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP

SECTOR/Country

2001

Full year

2001

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Jan-Jun

2002

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

Agricultural

products

South Africa . . 78,750,025 29,638,422 123,722,536 47,160,024 44,287,641 11,975,185 43,190,667 8,587,384

Malawi . . . . . . 30,561,202 23,302,051 35,499,271 5,583,659 16,282,211 1,425,404 8,715,457 4,624,029

Côte d’Ivoire . . 12,594,669 12,594,669 21,688,834 21,681,834 8,761,178 8,761,178 19,761,150 19,747,150

Mauritius . . . . . 10,161,871 10,161,871 5,061,297 5,061,297 1,204,879 1,204,879 492,807 492,807

Swaziland . . . . 6,487,424 6,369,003 6,779,206 6,573,302 125,741 0 152,166 0

Mozambique . 5,253,319 5,253,319 5,713,206 5,713,206 0 0 0 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 3,016,351 2,483,874 2,860,074 1,247,514 1,254,224 609,601 1,447,629 682,221

Madagascar . . 2,483,874 2,264,374 2,360,377 2,360,377 2,346,161 2,346,161 35,164 35,164

Ghana . . . . . . 2,270,530 620,610 3,368,470 3,355,642 1,539,442 1,539,442 1,815,625 1,815,625

Ethiopia . . . . . . 655,279 603,165 1,004,377 982,656 719,733 698,012 471,925 467,275

Tanzania . . . . 636,329 599,371 811,319 300,653 432,852 150,376 344,815 97,736

Cameroon . . . . 163,596 163,596 8,324 8,324 0 0 8,851 8,851

Nigeria . . . . . . 153,147 153,147 464,454 464,454 67,281 67,281 1,341,846 1,341,846

Cape Verde . . 151,760 151,760 50,599 50,599 0 0 45,608 12,500

Zambia . . . . . . 95,268 85,508 60,328 8,678 23,920 0 11,000 11,000

Namibia . . . . . 26,060 26,060 0 0 0 0 2,923 2,923

Botswana . . . . 19,268 19,268 38,250 38,250 13,285 13,285 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 18,138 18,138 47,826 47,826 42,950 42,950 0 0

Mali . . . . . . . . 14,875 14,875 15,700 15,700 15,700 15,700 0 0

Senegal . . . . . 2,400 2,400 50,376 50,376 0 0 13,929 9,369

Djibouti . . . . . . 0 0 23,035 23,035 0 0 8,616 8,616

Congo (ROC) . 0 0 2,785,829 2,785,829 2,785,829 2,785,829 2,812,979 2,812,979

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 12,506 0 9,253 0 4,888 0

Guinea . . . . . . 0 0 9,850 9,850 7,450 7,450 34,431 34,431

Total AG . . . 153,515,385 94,525,481 212,436,044 103,523,085 79,919,730 31,642,733 80,712,476 40,791,906

Chemical and

releated products

South Africa . . 126,010,777 123,569,482 134,334,265 130,446,977 64,538,293 61,746,004 90,314,565 86,337,427

Kenya . . . . . . . 1,148,061 42,370 734,224 103,555 659,378 28,709 105,382 105,382

Senegal . . . . . 406,720 406,720 376,332 376,332 205,000 205,000 417,220 417,220

Rwanda . . . . . 265,240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Swaziland . . . . 85,123 85,123 282,582 95,713 47,648 47,648 135,131 135,131

Cameroon . . . . 47,959 47,959 0 0 0 0 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 41,597 41,597 0 0 0 0 36,445 36,445

Lesotho . . . . . . 38,987 38,987 226,014 226,014 168,869 168,869 42,160 42,160

Tanzania . . . . 20,965 20,965 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 9,061 9,061 37,369 37,369 6,948 6,948 9,839 9,839

Côte d’Ivoire . . 4,657 4,657 2,080 2,080 0 0 0 0

Botswana . . . . 1,857 1,857 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ghana . . . . . . 876 876 1,503 1,503 1,240 1,240 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 645 645 145,232 145,232 0 0 0 0

Mozambique . 470 470 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 360 360 0 0 0 0 0 0

Eritrea . . . . . . . 0 0 11,250 11,250 0 0 0 0

Mali . . . . . . . . 0 0 6,048 6,048 6,048 6,048 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 3,800 3,800 3,800 3,800 1,651 1,651

Madagascar . . 0 0 3,267 3,267 3,267 3,267 0 0

Total CH ... 128,083,355 124,271,129 136,163,966 131,459,140 65,640,491 62,217,533 91,062,393 87,085,255
B-66

Table B-4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP

SECTOR/Country

2001

Full year

2001

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Jan-Jun

2002

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

Electronic products

South Africa . . 5,476,029 5,476,029 6,886,799 6,884,587 3,619,294 3,617,992 3,676,374 3,672,243

Seychelles . . . . 4,229,500 4,229,500 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 2,944,540 2,944,540 1,853,755 1,853,755 906,019 906,019 962,197 962,197

Madagascar . . 307,129 307,129 42,075 42,075 42,075 42,075 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 94,630 94,630 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 46,098 46,098 2,648 2,648 0 0 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 39,054 39,054 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 28,667 28,667 7,878 5,600 0 0 3,312 3,312

Ethiopia . . . . . . 3,408 3,408 0 0 0 0 103,800 103,800

Tanzania . . . . 2,300 2,300 0 0 0 0 6,000 6,000

Ghana . . . . . . 2,300 2,300 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mauritania . . . 0 0 35,298 35,298 15,138 15,138 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 3,625 3,625 0 0 0 0

Chad . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 29,242 29,242

Senegal . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,730 8,730

Total EL . . . . 13,173,655 13,173,655 8,832,078 8,827,588 4,582,526 4,581,224 4,789,655 4,785,524

Energy-related

products

Nigeria . . . . . . 5,688,029,650 0 5,409,166,504 0 2,340,523,043 0 4,633,121,265 0

Gabon . . . . . . 938,694,584 0 1,145,478,260 0 608,234,779 0 499,634,297 0

Congo (ROC) . 128,746,327 0 103,808,158 0 42,613,598 0 160,209,221 0

Cameroon . . . . 36,731,102 0 115,542,306 0 22,656,553 0 33,784,083 0

Ghana . . . . . . 33,085,849 0 22,657,164 0 17,012,778 0 18,627,906 0

South Africa . . 2,136,484 2,378 866,196 0 0 0 2,829,584 9,630

Côte d’Ivoire . . 0 0 27,257,725 0 6,833,198 0 5,558,091 0

Total EP . . . . 6,827,423,996 2,378 6,824,776,313 0 3,037,873,949 0 5,353,764,447 9,630

Footwear

South Africa . . 171,002 0 289,997 0 126,331 0 411,410 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 71,010 0 522 0 522 0 999 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 0 0 6,024 0 6,024 0 6,860 0

Tanzania . . . . 0 0 1,990 0 1,990 0 0 0

Ghana . . . . . . 0 0 1,190 0 0 0 0 0

Senegal . . . . . 0 0 450 0 450 0 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 320 0 320 0 0 0

Total FW . . . 242,012 0 300,493 0 135,637 0 419,269 0

Forest products

South Africa . . 9,140,804 9,140,804 17,467,365 17,442,803 6,138,458 6,126,936 11,152,577 11,140,354

Ghana . . . . . . 6,863,038 6,863,038 7,301,451 7,297,460 3,649,207 3,649,207 2,904,082 2,904,082

Kenya . . . . . . . 2,317,479 2,312,372 2,447,583 2,447,583 1,001,969 1,001,969 796,927 790,514

Madagascar . . 1,140,210 1,079,503 873,360 650,848 545,581 373,827 580,947 410,371

Zambia . . . . . . 677,446 677,446 20,278 20,278 18,039 18,039 93,241 93,241

Côte d’Ivoire . . 456,388 456,388 499,563 499,563 59,284 59,284 95,917 95,917

Tanzania . . . . 223,830 223,830 239,229 239,229 126,326 126,326 51,032 51,032

Benin . . . . . . . . 178,319 178,319 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cameroon . . . . 159,748 159,748 168,009 168,009 91,669 91,669 43,170 43,170

Mali . . . . . . . . 153,462 153,462 48,025 48,025 15,363 15,363 41,412 41,412

Guinea . . . . . . 112,902 112,902 34,640 34,640 9,240 9,240 21,370 21,370

Namibia . . . . . 67,047 67,047 161,491 161,491 120,954 120,954 46,061 46,061
B-67

Table B-4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP

SECTOR/Country

2001

Full year

2001

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Jan-Jun

2002

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

Forest products —

Continued

Gabon . . . . . . 65,276 65,276 149,133 149,133 121,276 121,276 0 0

Senegal . . . . . 58,327 58,327 22,209 22,209 10,760 10,760 9,716 9,716

Uganda . . . . . 27,148 27,148 13,621 13,621 2,567 2,567 20,785 20,785

Lesotho . . . . . . 22,790 22,790 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rwanda . . . . . 20,230 20,230 10,100 10,100 10,100 10,100 0 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 19,000 19,000 13,248 8,586 6,686 5,686 8,631 8,631

Mozambique . 8,081 8,081 16,273 16,273 4,153 4,153 13,883 13,883

Mauritius . . . . . 5,870 5,870 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 3,000 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

Swaziland . . . . 2,622 2,202 270,049 270,049 0 0 2,877 2,182

Congo (ROC) . 2,453 2,453 0 0 0 0 48,129 48,129

Malawi . . . . . . 2,300 2,300 0 0 0 0 891 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 12,485 12,485 3,485 3,485 13,709 13,709

Gambia . . . . . 0 0 21,017 21,017 0 0 7,000 7,000

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 2,774 2,774 0 0 0 0

Seychelles . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,967 2,967

Total FP . . . . 21,727,770 21,661,536 29,791,903 29,536,176 11,935,117 11,750,841 15,955,324 15,764,526

Machinery

South Africa . . 22,899,246 22,886,652 17,770,826 17,762,797 8,822,108 8,816,518 5,965,980 5,965,980

Sierra Leone . . 44,373 44,373 10,104 10,104 0 0 0 0

Guinea . . . . . . 22,500 22,500

Kenya . . . . . . . 13,800 13,800 45,052 45,052 45,052 45,052 0 0

Botswana . . . . 8403 8403

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 2,381 2,381 0 0 21,473 21,473

Chad . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,616 6,616

Senegal . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,496 8,496

Total MT . . . 22,988,322 22,975,728 17,828,363 17,820,334 8,867,160 8,861,570 6,002,565 6,002,565

Minerals and

metals

South Africa . . 316,565,059 225,357,876 371,500,868 233,199,174 138,080,538 95,083,302 185,405,096 118,403,533

Congo (ROC) . 1,410,440 1,410,440 13,740 13,740 5,240 5,240 15,076 15,076

Madagascar . . 230,695 230,695 103,947 103,947 91,568 91,568 31,203 31,203

Sierra Leone . . 226,487 226,487 6,006 6,006 0 0 0 0

Ghana . . . . . . 221,662 221,662 349,542 349,542 211,310 211,310 157,276 157,276

Kenya . . . . . . . 162,313 162,313 530,105 320,957 204,544 204,544 148,827 148,827

Uganda . . . . . 114,129 114,129 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mali . . . . . . . . 80,629 80,629 208,000 208,000 0 0 6,274 6,274

Rwanda . . . . . 32,522 32,522 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cameroon . . . . 23,453 23,453 5,405 5,405 2,405 2,405 4,324 4,324

Mauritius . . . . . 18,309 18,309 15,998 15,998 0 0 0 0

Mozambique . 16,343 16,343 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tanzania . . . . 9,893 9,893 105,271 105,271 0 0 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 9,780 9,780 3,000 3,000 0 0 28,103 28,103

Lesotho . . . . . . 7,500 7,500 0 0 0 0 0 0

Guinea . . . . . . 2,627 2,627 0 0 0 0 11,628 11,628

Zambia . . . . . . 2,356 2,356 0 0 0 0 0 0

Botswana . . . . 0 0 97,778 97,778 0 0 0 0
B-68

Table B-4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP

SECTOR/Country

2001

Full year

2001

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Jan-Jun

2002

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

Minerals and

metals

—Continued

Swaziland . . . . 0 0 18,648 0 0 0 15,753 2,282

Nigeria . . . . . . 0 0 2,398 0 0 0 41,571 41,571

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 19,050 19,050

Total MM . . 319,134,197 227,927,014 372,960,706 234,428,818 138,595,605 95,598,369 185,884,181 118,869,147

Miscellanoues

manufactures

South Africa . . 27,996,997 27,710,417 36,755,871 35,892,077 16,136,239 15,757,576 20,013,586 19,313,438

Mauritius . . . . . 1,908,009 1,908,009 795,401 795,401 334,396 334,396 372,073 372,073

Botswana . . . . 1,191,480 1,191,480 734,987 734,987 426,656 426,656 0 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 629,994 617,588 698,272 692,590 350,480 347,002 405,477 386,247

Ghana . . . . . . 436,959 436,530 814,703 813,191 450,397 449,697 215,311 213,251

Madagascar . . 384,963 384,963 217,149 217,149 118,617 118,617 215,288 215,288

Côte d’Ivoire . . 99,113 99,113 90,306 90,306 22,830 22,830 9,504 9,504

Senegal . . . . . 96,912 96,912 49,746 49,746 5,398 5,398 12,753 10,683

Nigeria . . . . . . 85,017 83,932 9,834 7,462 4,722 2,350 5,943 5,943

Congo (ROC) . 73,848 73,848 25,549 25,549 25,549 25,549 4,823 4,823

Guinea . . . . . . 52,530 52,530 23,700 23,700 10,900 10,900 31,860 31,860

Cameroon . . . . 48,156 48,156 79,276 79,276 47,993 47,993 21,834 21,834

Mali . . . . . . . . 40,220 40,220 63,298 61,827 52,745 51,754 62,786 62,436

Tanzania . . . . 4,989 4,989 7,838 6,348 7,838 6,348 2,024 2,024

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 5,759 5,759 3,022 3,022 3,820 3,820

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 15,404 15,004 6,210 6,210 23,872 23,872

Sierra Leone . . 0 0 7,810 7,810 0 0 0 0

Namibia . . . . . 0 0 3,953 0 0 0 7,237 7,237

Gambia . . . . . 0 0 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 0 0

Zambia . . . . . . 0 0 2,209 2,209 0 0 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,095 3,095

Cen African Rep 0 0 191,774 191,774 0 0 0 0

Total MS . . . 33,049,187 32,748,687 40,595,339 39,714,665 18,006,492 17,618,798 21,411,286 20,687,428

Transportation

South Africa . . 300,475,786 59,275,898 544,706,434 61,353,875 245,080,171 28,580,961 326,138,713 40,076,543

Nigeria . . . . . . 56,210 56,210 0 0 0 0 204,584 204,584

Ghana . . . . . . 2,500 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 2,415 2,415 0 0 0 0 48,916 48,916

Côte d’Ivoire . . 2,375 2,375 4,303 4,303 0 0 0 0

Gabon . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,047 8,047

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000 12,000

Total TE .... 300,539,286 59,339,398 544,710,737 61,358,178 245,080,171 28,580,961 326,412,260 40,350,090

Textiles and

apparel

Lesotho . . . . . . 129,522,817 0 317,803,078 0 142,039,483 0 166,455,175 34,704

Madagascar . . 92,557,738 473,149 76,127,920 511,965 57,922,919 224,101 60,007,522 60,829

Kenya . . . . . . . 51,556,136 6,130 121,880,573 10,386 45,353,282 5,650 86,746,363 7,858

Mauritius . . . . . 38,925,087 25,624 106,527,814 0 52,783,661 0 62,352,183 0

South Africa . . 33,620,638 2,928,596 88,292,479 2,899,363 30,126,016 1,377,211 55,805,149 1,838,866

Swaziland . . . . 8,195,167 0 73,901,023 0 28,812,897 0 53,608,211 0

Malawi . . . . . . 4,798,764 568 11,404,806 295 5,475,125 0 10,515,846 0
B-69

Table B-4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA, GSP, 2001, 2002, Jan.-June 2002, and Jan.-June 2003

AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP AGOA+GSP GSP

SECTOR/Country

2001

Full year

2001

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Full year

2002

Jan-Jun

2002

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

2003

Jan-Jun

Textiles and

apparel

—Continued

Ethiopia . . . . . . 163,221 0 1,297,077 0 621,412 0 801,454 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 114,690 114,690 187,077 187,077 52,509 52,509 131,830 131,830

Ghana . . . . . . 5,220 5,220 336,248 12,093 39,445 5,076 1,997,301 4,431

Mali . . . . . . . . 3,900 3,900 979 979 479 479 1,699 1,699

Senegal . . . . . 2,731 2,731 375 375 0 0 1,135 1,135

Congo (ROC) . 1,885 1,885 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tanzania . . . . 742 742 127,180 2,824 2,824 2,824 365,174 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 441 441 0 0 0 0 858 858

Namibia . . . . . 0 0 1,551,705 12,402 15,203 12,402 9,147,198 0

Botswana . . . . 0 0 3,707,452 0 1,441,077 0 2,209,170 0

Mozambique . 0 0 186,167 0 12,665 0 1,693,291 0

Cameroon . . . . 0 0 525 525 0 0 0 0

Gambia . . . . . 821 821 500 500 500 500 0 0

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 457,163 0

Cape Verde . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 824,034 0

Total TX . . . 359,469,998 3,564,497 803,332,978 3,638,784 364,699,497 1,680,752 513,120,756 2,082,210

Grand Total 8,179,347,163 600,189,503 8,991,728,920 630,306,768 3,975,336,375 262,532,781 6,599,534,612 336,428,281

Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.