In order to utilize these data for constructing the anatomical models,
two-dimensional ccorcinate plots of the Y¥ - 2 plane were generated so that
a perpendicular (X axis ccordinate) defines a point above the plane for use
by the sculpturer. There were five plots’ generated with three points in
common on each plot: Promontorion (point 177 in Figure 4), Left Iliospinale,
Summum (point 201), and Symphysion (point 204). These three points provided
a means of aligning each plot in the same relative position to construct a
complets bilateral composite plot for sculpturing procedures.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, these data will provide an estimate of the variation in
pelvic geometry within the adult male and female civilian U.S. population.
The definition of axes systems using anatomical landmarks needs relatively
"stable," palpable landmarks that are commensurately distant. This informa-
tion can be obtained in a reasonably large scruple representative of extreme
body sizes in the general U.S. civilian population. Uses of these data will
include specification of representative pelves for various sizes of anthropa-
rorphic test devices, identification and description of cadavers in forensic
investigations, and quantitative information on the shape and size vari-
ability of the adult human pelvis.

12



sD

ANOATMHOTANTNOHDHNBMNOMNOM TE

COORDINATE POTNT VALUES:

a
3
SRSGTRSIRH ARREARS A°SRA PS *SSAGRASERSANBS BER
ga) TESaT ARTE FR TBBBi es
zl SRERRRKLSKRSSLRARKLLKAS SLSLKSHRKKLKKLAK AALS
a crwawanaennmenvoenegaganagngannnannnatnnEagnes
: . 4 B05
BLSSSASENGRSIIe RESMMTA BONRAGSAGSRIRNS
ae eT eR aT ae teotroteott tt
ial RRA ARRASARARARARRRSARSRRARSHAAKSRAASRKHKABRARAR
a qanqononsaonantguaatmannarnorcancornavooHheeg
4 & :
: a NESGESRTARRRE TREO TKS CRITSULARLASSHRLAT Phy BASE
E Pca Ta te TH ba he hee bees thurs toa
= RHRARRRRERAGERTRERAKRKRKKKLLLKRKKSSKAKRAKAL RSE
g g TWH NHR WHAM OME EM HOM DE MD OO
CL ATeeTeT ys err 7
Bre SERSATSLSSRSSSUN SHUTS OST STIS TS TTTTL TITS ey



‘COORDINATE ‘COORDINATE POINT VALUES —
ROINT. ‘SMALL FEMALE MEDIUM MALE ‘LARGE MALE

WoT Axis} WN] MEAN SD [ON] Mean sb [ N | MEAN 50
za | xy | a 2 4] 33 26 6 | 26 28 5
24] 2) 27 52 15 | 33 48 1s | 26 56 8
2 | x | 2a] -283 | 33 | -97 al} 26 | ~93 n
226] ¥ | 28 14 4] 33 vv 6 | 26 1s 4
27 z | 28 39 15.| 33 38 20 | 26 42 9.
za | x | 2] - 68 wz] 33} -99 wo | 26 | -100 n
229 Y | 268 22 4) 33 26 6 | 26 28 4
230 z | 2 44 15 | 33 ce) 14 | 26 45 9
en | x | 26| ~7 qw}ar} -a 31.| 26 | - 67 2
ze | x |.26 13 3] 2 yv 4 | 26 16 4
zs | z | 2 5 14] 31 31 1s | 26 38 8
za] x | 24] -65 14] ar} +94 is | 23 | ~95 B
2s | y | 24 ° 4) a ° 4] 23 ° 4
236 Zz 24 2 is} 3 24 1s | 23 28 68
237 | x | wel -96 13 | 32]. -104 ie | 23 | -107 13
ze | ¥ | 2s ° 4} 32 Q 4} 23 °. 4
239 Zz | 2 38 16 | 32 32 is | 23 #0 9
2 x 3) 109 u | 30 122 10 | 2 | -l22z 2
2a | x | 2 ° 4} 30 0 4fa o 4
242 v4 a 36 19] 30 35 16] 2 « n
2g fo x | wo] aa ni] 2 | W134 9 | 20] -135 wo |
244 | xy | 2s ° 3] 2 ° 4 | 2 0 4
245 z | 2 2. wie 18 wia 23 Ww
24m | x | 22] -12. Ww] 2) -141 oa} 2. | -145 8
247 | x} 22 Co) 3| 20 ° 3) ° 4
24a | 2 | 22 19 wy) 2] - 2 2)a 3 wz
20 1 x | 24] -233 6] 30] 139 6] | 2465 6
2so | xy | 24 ° 4| 30 ° 3|2 ° 4
21 z 24] ~ 43 20] >] -@ aja] -« wv
a2] x | 26] tis ao | sr] -130 8 | 25 | -139 32
za] x | 28 2 5] 32 31 5 | 24 30 8
za | 2 | 28 Bb 7 | 3. 4 Bila 9 «0
ass | x | 27} -134 8] 32 | 143 7 | 26 | -147 6
26] ¥ | 2 ° a| 32 ° 41 26 ° 3
257 az pa] -13 w | 32] -25 a | 26 24 18
ae | x |sm| Rer- |pomnrjstn | rer  jromrjsrp | REF  |PoINT
29 | y |smD | REF = jPointjstD | rer  |pornristD | Rer = [POINT
260 2% [sD] rer |pormtisrp | REF jpomrjstp | REF = | Pomnr
zu] x | a] -76 8| 32] -62 8 | 26 | ~.82 7
az | x | a} -@ 6] 32] ~ 48 6} 26 | ~.50 6
23 | z fa 7 13 | 32 3 ni | 26 4 8
264 |. x. | 2] 24 9} 33] +92 a@}24j,-+92 |. 8
2s | ¥ | 2] ~# 6] 33 | -48 6) 24} -0 4
26) 2 |} 26 29 14] 33 vv iz | 24 2 9
267 | x | 26) -77 to | 32} - 04 812 | -65 9
zea | ¥ | 26) ~53 S| 32] -53 cla | ~56 6

30



Lateral View.

Figure2. 3-Dimensional data points for pelvias Left side.



Dorsal Spine of, the Third Sacral Vertebra 246-248: ‘The most posterior point
on the dorsal spine of the third sacral segment. In the instance of a contin-
uous boney ridge, the point is estimated by reference to the superior and
inferior margins of the laminar plates that join to form the dorsal spines.

Caudion, Posterior 249-251: The midpoint of the posterior-inferior margin of
the last sacral segment. Morphological observations of the sacral segments
should be examined to determine the exact sacral or-coccygeal vertebrae upon
which Point Caudion is located.

Posterior ‘Sacral Tubercle 252-254: The sacrum is viewed from the lateral
aspect while orierted in a horizontal plane defined by Point 177, Promontorion;
Point 207, Lateral Point on First Sacral Vertebral Body; and Point 216, Poste-
rior Point on First Sacral Vertebral Body. The landmark is defined as the
most posterior point on the posterior sacral tubercle adjacent to the second
vertebral foramen.

Sacral Canal, Posterior Roof 255-257: The point is located in the mid-
sagittal plane at the most inferior aspect of the sacral canal roof.

Standard Reference Point 258-260: A point for instrumentation calibration.

Sacroiliac Midpoint 261-263: The point that lies at the intersect of the
lines which bisect the superior and inferior poles of the sacroiliac joint.

Superior Lobe, Inferior Margin Midpoint 264~266: A point along the inferior
margin of the superior pole of the sacroiliac joint surface that lies on a
perpendicular line that bisects the line passing hetween Point 261, Sacro~
iliac Midpoint, and Point 267, Superior Pole.

Superior Pole 267-269: A point on the posterior margin of the sacroiliac
joint surface that lies on « line. bisecting the superior pole of the joint
surface.

Superior Lobe, Superior Margin Midpoint 270-272: A point along the superior
margin of the superior pole of the sacroiliac joint surface that lies on a

perpendicular line that bisects the line passing between Point 261, Sacroiliac
Midpoint, and Point 267, Superior Pole.

Inferior Lobe, Anterior Margin 273-275: A point along the anterior margin of
the inferior lobe of the sacroiliac joint surface that lies on a perpendicular
line bisecting the line between Point 261, Sacroiliac Midpoint, and Point 276,
Inferior Pole.

Inferior Pole 276-278: A point on the inferior margin which lies on a line
bisecting the inferior pole of the sacroiliac joint.

Inferior Lobe, Posterior Margin 279-281: A point aleng the posterior margin
Of the inferior lobe that lies on a perpendicular line bisecting the line

between Point 261, Sacroiliac Midpoint, and Point 276, Inferior Pole.

Posterior Angle 282-284: ‘The most anterior point along the posterior margin
of the sacroiliac joint.

16



sb

i

ASKORSARAAAAARNAR SURAT ASASIAINSSSHORAIENYS

POINT
POINT

MALE

TIRRALRPSRIRSRORKSEABSALEANRSS
road tion) tt os 1 '

1

- 28

peorteoue

-*

SSRRKKKSLHLARARKK KL RAS SLSLSSLSLVKSKSSKSLLS

sD

3 26

TENNANT Tat Mat eT ENOTORGDRONRANATOOMOTEMOTHTOTON

POINT |STD REF
POINT/SsTD REF

‘|pornr}srp | rer - | pouvr
-%

-x»
SL
~ 52
~ 24
32
~73
- 8&7
50
- 9
- 76
53
~ 68
- 73
ss
4
“3
- 3
- 35
96
15.
sl
eet
-8
bad
~ 2
96
do
- 24
205
5
-15
104
-12
~16
oS
- 33
x]
a7
~6
REY
-2

MEDIUM MALE
MEAN

COORBDUE POINT. VALUES.

sD

A {33

8
Veanmannanrgungreanaangaseqoaetarnatnoonn

POINT |STD REF
POINT|STD
PODST}STD REF

ARRARAGRRRRARRRKARRSRALASRASRRARSA
°

-35
s2
- 8
- 2
aL
~ 68
-7
36
-7
-@
7
~ 5a
- 0
a
~ 38
-«

RUSRRPIRIRNG San arAee
' ' ’ ' ‘

' '

-14
90
-~2
= 35

SMALL FEMALE

2

RRRKRARRRKRRSRLARS

26
28
28
28
2
28
28.
28
28
28
26
28
2B
28
28

28
28

~ 24

84

-%

RF

STD REF
$7 REF

26
28
28
26
28
28
26
26
28
sTD

he oie ike tote ele tel aoe ne ee ene Eon a ence ean ee eee nerercne)

‘COORDINATE,
POINT.
AXIS

BERERSRSSTTES ESSE ER ECE REESE RTT SSCS EERSTE EE EER)

a





Epoxy modete of the small fensle, medium male, and large
male pelves. Superior View,

27/38



APPENDIX, A

DEFINITIONS OF PELVIC LANDMARKS

Each deseriptive surface landmark (measuring point) used in this study is
identified in three-dimensional space as a set Of three sequential numbers
to represent the X, ¥, and Z coordinate values. The first number in each
set refers to the X coordinate value and is always used as the identifying
reference number for each measurement point. These sequential number sets
appear with each of the following measurement point definitions.

Promontorion 177-179: The midpoint of the anterior-superior margin of the
first sacral segment (excluding exostoses).

Right Supérior Pole, Pubic Symphysis 180-182: The point at the intersection
of the longitudinal midline axis of the pubic symphysis with the superior
margin of the symphyseal face of the right innominate bone.

Left Superior Pole, Pubic Symphysis 183-185: ‘The point at the intersection
of the longitudinal midline axis of the pubic symphysis with the superior
margin of the symphyseal face of the left innominate bone. :

Ischiale 186-188: The innominate rests on. its medial surface with the iliac
blade and pubic symphysis, in contact with the horizontal surface of an osteo-
metric board. Move the bone into the right angle corner of the board in
such a way that the superior border of the iliac crest is in contact with
one of the vertical plates and the anterior border of the iliac crest and
the pubic bone are in contact with the second verti7al plate of the osteo~
metric board. Isthiale is the highest point on the ischial tuberosity when
the innominate bone is in the correct position.

H-Point 189-191: A plexiglass hemisphere is selected which best fits the
acetabulum of the left innominate. The hemisphere is positioned so that the
anterior extremity of one of the perpendicular diameter lines is opposite
Point 519 (Acetabulion Anterior). H-Point is the center point of the hemi-
sphere. surface.

Iliocristale, Posterior 192-194: The innominate rests on its medial
Surface with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the hori~
zontal surface of an osteometric board. Move the bone into the right angle
corner of the board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac
crest is in contact with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border
of the iliac crest and the pubic bone are in contact with the second
vertical plate of the osteometric board. Iliocristale Posterior, the
posterior superior iliac spine, is defined as the point along the posterior
border of the iliac crest in contact with the vertical plate of the osteo-
metric board. In cases where a large area is in contact with the board,
the landmark is taken as the midpoint of the contact area.

13

~~ |



the iliac crest is in contact with one of the vertical plates and the
anterior border of the iliac crest and the pubic bone are in- contact with
the second vertical plate of the osteometric board. Iliocristale Summum
is defined as the point along the superior border of the iliac crest in
contact. with the vertical plate. In instances where a large area is in
contact with the plate, the landmark is taken as the. midpoint of the
contact area.

Posterior Segment Point, Lateral 1 342-344; between Point 339, Iliocristale
Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, on the iliac crest

surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular projections inter-
secting the medial and lateral margins. Lateral 1 point is lecated at the
intersection of the most anterior mark and the lateral crest margin.

Posterior Segment, Point, Medial 1 345-347: Between Point 339, Iliocristale
Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, on the iliac crest
surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular projections inter-
secting the medial and lateral margins. Medial 1 point is located at the
dinterrestion of the most anterior mark and the medial crest margin.

Ilioc.istale, Posterior Medial 348-350: This point is located where the
posterior margin of the iliac fossa intersects the medial margin of the
iliac crest.

Posterior Segment Point, Lateral 2 351-353: Between Point 339,
Yliocristale Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Supérior Iliospinale, on the
iliac crest surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular
projections intersecting the medial and lateral margins. Lateral 2 point is
located at the intersection of the middle mark and the lateral crest maryin.

Posterior Segment Point, Medial 2 354-356: Between Point 339,
Triocristale Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, on the
iliac crest. surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular
projections intersecting the medial and lateral margins. Medial 2 point is
located at the intersection of the middle mark and the medial crest margin.

, Posterior Segment. Point, Lateral 3 357-359: Between Point 339,

* Tifocristale Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, on the
iliac crest. surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular
projections intersecting the medial and lateral margins. Lateral 3 point is
located at the int2rsection of the most posterior mark and the lateral crest
margin.

Posterior Segment Point, Medial 3 360-362: Between Point 339, Iliocristale
Summum, and Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, on the iliac crest
surface, three equidistant marks are made as perpendicular projections
intersecting the medial and lateral margins. Medial 3 point is located at
the intersection of the most posterior mark and the medial crest margin. 2

Iliccristale, Posterior 363-365: The right innominate bone rests on its
qedval surtace with the iliac blade and pubic svzyaysis in contact with the

19



DSN eae acer tearm em in me nr en nen ene

Posterior Alar-Auricular Point 213-215: The point is found on the superior
aspect as the most postero-lateral boney projection on the wing of the
sacrum.

Posterior Point on First sacral Vertebral Body 216-218: The midpoint of
the postero-superior margin of the first sacral segment. This point is
posterior to Promontorion, point 177.

Superior Articular Facet: Medial Superior 219-221: The most superior point
on the medial side of the superior articular facet of the sacrum.

Supecior Articular Facet: Lateral Superior 222-224: The most superior
point on the lateral side of the superior articular facet of the sacrum.

Superior Articular Facet: Medial Inferior 225-227: The most inferior point
on the medial side of the superior articular facet of the sacrum.

Superior Articular Facet: Lateral Inferior 228-230: The most inferior
point on the lateral side of the superior articular facet of the sacrum.

Sacral Canal, Anterior Wall 231-233: The most lateral point on the lateral
wall of the sacral canal. This point is found wien the sacrum is oriented
such that Point 177, Promontorion, Point 207, Lateral Point on First Sacral
vertebral Body, and Point 216, Posterior Point on First Sacral Vertebral
Body,’ form a horizontal plane. The sacrum is viewed in the posterior aspect.

Sacral Canal, Anterior Floor 234-236: The sacrum is viewed in the posterior
aspect while the sacrum is oriented in a horizontal plane defined by Point
177, Promontorion; Point 207, Lateral Point on First Sacral’ Vertebral Body?
and Point 216, Posterior Point on First Sacral Vertebral Body. The landmark
is defined as a point on the posterior body of the first sacral vertebral
body at the intersection of a horizontal plane tangent to the anterior roof
point of the sacral canal (Point 237) and a perpendicular line passing
through the Posterior point. on the First Sacral Vertebral Body Point 216.

Sacral Canal, Anterior Roof 237-239: The most anterior-superior point of
the. roof of the sacral canal. ~

Dorsal Spine of the First Sacral Vertebra 240-242: The most posterior point
on the dorsal spine of the first sacral segment. In the instance of a
continuous boney ridge, the point is estimated by reference to the superior
and inferior margins of the laminar plates that join to form the dorsal
spines.

Dursal Spine of the Second Sacral Vertebra 243-245: The most posterior
point on the dorsal spine of the second sacral segment. In the instance of
a continuous boney ridge, the point is estimated by reference to the
superior and inferior margins of the laminar plates that join to form the
dorsal spines.



fy

APPENDIX C

‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA

‘sD

gt onnonnoanaennangacaosoonoooagroanAgreyve | Ron

~ 92

& ae Ra greene oa q a Tt ae Beak ‘ Ba

RARKLKSRLHKLRKE PTT TREEEREEEELELE LE REDE LL GLa

SD

oO grNonNoarAeNRaagagnoasssooooawageRgnggogeoan

MEDIUM MALE.
‘MEAN

Home TROCRETASREA RHF Res eRORBATS
' 4 perdaarte wa ‘ ‘ '

COORDINATE POINT VALUES

HARRHRHRRRAKS QARRARRARRSRABRAHANATSARRHRRRAK

sD

8
SAH ARAOOHOCHOSCOMNMAgHAgeHArAAT AN

Argrnagnoongn

BULL FRGLE

6

5
— 76
-o7
=~ 66
202
~s
- 76

-47

gegee
‘

ogoocRaadendRRetonRacs
' 1

~ 76

i

-4*
34
-%©

4
53
°
109
°

28

RBREARRSSRERE RECRS "KARR SRREKKANKARALAGK

28

RRSkSKRe

Weererererenvaer beret Ti St Tcl tio ttt ttt 2 2 Etoile eee

COORDINATE
POINT
acs:

SBEEEEEEEECEELEEE

Se COEE ECE EE LEEELCCLELOLE ELE

fe brett cy



be parallel to that of the plot surface. The pelvis mode) Y:- Z plane

(Figure 6), defined by the bilateral anterior Superior Iliac Spine points
(202) and the midsagittal Symphysion point (204), is the origin reference
plane for all vertical X distance values. Using a diagraph instrument, the
lower fixed pointér was aligned with a Y ~ Z coordinate 2lot point, then the
upper movable pointer was raised vertically to the app. opriate X height value.
The clay was extended anti shaped to make surface contact with the upper pointer
which defined the spatial location of that point. This procedure was repeated
for all coordinate points to establish the three-dimensional characteristics
of the complete pelvis. Surface contouring between the coordinate point loca-
tions was accomplished on the basis of experienced judgment to be anatomically
correct, but omitting fine detail which would serve no practical function.

The final epoxy models (Appendix B) were produced by the Eoanthropus
Memorial Casting Laboratory, Santa Fe, New Mexico, which was also responsible
for the design and fabrication of the casting molds for the master clay models.
A dimensional accuracy of a + 2 millimeters for the final epoxy models is
within typical limits of the combined measurement error of anatomical speci-
mens and variations in naturally occurring bilateral asymmetry.

DATA_ANALYSIS

Upon completion of the measurements at the Civil Aeromedical Institute
(CAMI), the data were entered into the University of Michigan computer system
where all subsequent data analysis was performed. Since the data were
obtained with each specimen in a rigid but controlled position with respect
to the three-dimensional anthropometer and its. three-dimensional axis system,
a comparable anatomical axis system (6) was established for each specimen.
The axis system is defined by three landmarks: right and left anterior
superior iliac spines (201) and symphysion (204) (as shown in Figure 6).

These three points define the ¥ - Z plane in the following manner: .
construct a line passing from right to left Anterior Superior Iliac Spines
to establish the +¥ axis. Next establish a perpendicular te the Y axis
passing through Symphysion (204) in a -Z direction. The intersection of
the ¥ and Z axes establishes the origin of the axis system and a +X axis is
defined normal to the Y - Z plane according to the right-hand rule. All
data are then transformed into the new axis system.

Data were checked for keypunch errors and erroneous values through use
of X= VAL (3). This editing program outputs extreme values for each vari-~
‘able in addition to useful summary statistics which allow the user to
visually check tha data for outliers in each variable. Because of the reli-
ability of the three-dimensional anthropometer, there have been no errors
detected to date that can be attributed to electrical read errors within the
measurement system. There were a few keypunch errors detected and correc-
tions were made. A more serious error is cbvious in the data which has been
attributed to the axis system definition methodology. That is, when only
three points in the axis system definition exist, slight differences caused
by observer exror or variability in the pelvis itself can produce a signif-
icant effect on the new data coordinates (8). This source of variability
has not been investigated to determine an optimum axis system definition, and
subsequent analyses may provide slightly different results than those reported
in this study. -

10.



‘The matching strategy was based upon the linear relationship between
height and weight in the HES data. Figure 1 depicts the categories ror both

male and female body sizes. Each category is defined by the intersection. of

regression lines which divide the theoretical ellipsoid representing the
height/weight distribution into six categories for each sex. Each category
is, coded so that they represent the following sizes: .

Small stature/Heavy weight
Medium stature/Heavy weight
Tall stature/Heavy weight
Small stature/Light weight
~ Medium stature/Light weight
- Tall stature/Light weight

avewne

‘These categories whén combined into small (1 & 4), medium (2 & 5), and large
(3 & 6) body sizes were established to divide the distribution into approx-
imately 25 percent of the population at each of the extremes and 50 percent
of the population in the middle (Table 1). The corresponding sample sizes
in the matched Hamann-Todd specimens were selected to obtain subsamples large
enough to represent each body size rather than to represent the distribution
of body sizes in the general U.S. population. .

TABLE 1, Sample Sze In Each Size Call By Sex

ARLE PEMALE

Size Cell HES HeT HES a-T
1 291 (118) 7 320 (108) 16 i

2 658 (24%) 17 651 (208) WwW

3 339 (128) 14 322 (10%) pe

4 361 (138) 13 446 (144) 12

5 761 (28%) 17 997 (318) 19

6 344 (128) 12 476 (158) 10

Total 2754 (100%) 80 3212 (1008) 85

Selecting subjects from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection was compli-
cated by the fact that their weights were extremely low for their heights.
As a result, a constant of 12.7 kg (28 lbs) was added to the male weights
and a constant of 14.1 kg (31 lbs) was added to the femate weights. The
constants represent differences by sex between the average weight for the
18 to 70-year-old males and females in the Health Examination Survey and the
Hapann-Todd Skeletal collection. Table 2 reports the average height and
weight by sex and size cell for both the Health Examination Survey subjects
as well as the Hamann-Todd cadaver population. The difference between
heights are minimal, but even in the correction for weight there are
substantial differences. As-previously pointed out, the size cells are
defined primarily by height, and when the weight groups for the same heights
are combined, the effect of weight is minimized on the categories defining
body size. :



Tpoxy models of the small female, medium male, and large
male pélves, Anterior View.

25



Pubotubercle 432-434: This point is: located at the anterior most projecting
point of the summit of the pubic tubercle with the innominate oriented in
the anatomical position.

Anterior Pubic Ramus Point 435-437: The point on the anterior surface of
the pubic ramus marking the intersection of @ line passing through Point 456,
anterior Inlet Point, at right angles to the line of the pelvic inlet and the
line extending from Point 432, Pubotubercle, to Point 519, Acetabulion,
Anterior.

Superior Punic Ramys Point 438-440: A point on the margin of the pubic crest
Grossed by a line passing through Point 456, Anterior Inlet Point, at right
angles to the line of the pelvic inlet.

Inferior Pubic Ramus Point 441-443: The point on the superior border of the
Obturator foramen crossed by a line passing through Point 456, Anterior
Inlet Point, at right angles to the pelvic inlet line.

Pubic Eminence Point 444-446: The summit of the ilio-pectineal eninence.

Standard Reference Point 447-449: A point for instrumentation ca-tbration.

Posterior Inlet Point 450-452: The posterior: most point subdivicing a
Straight line into four equidistant segments from Point 265, Anterior Alar
Point, to Point 429, Posterior Symphyseal Point.

Intermediate Inlet Point 453-455: The interrediate most point subdividing
&@ straight line into four equidistant segments from Point 285, Anterior Alar
Point, to Point 429; Posterior Symphyseal Point.

Anterior Inlet Point 456-458: The anterior most point subdividing a straight
Yine into four equidistant segments from Point 285, Anterior Alar Point, to
Point 429, Posterior Symphyseal Point.

Inferior Ischial Inner Surface Point 459-461: The inferior most point of
three equidistant points dividing a straight line between Point 396, Medial
quberosity Point, and Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four equal
segments. .

Intermediate Ischial Inner Surface Point 462-464: The intermediate most
point Of three equidistant points dividing a straight line between Point 396,
Medial Tuberosity Point, and Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four
equal segments.

Superior Ischial Inner Surface Point 465-467: The superior most point of
three equidistant points dividing a Straight line between Point 396, Medial
tuberosity Point, and Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four equal
segments.

Inferior Vertical Iliac Fossa Contour Point 468-470: The inferior most
point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line between Point
339, Iliocristale Summum, to Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four
equal segments.



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -

The authors gratefully acknowledge the personal contributions made to
this study by Jim Freeman, Biomechanics Department, Michigan State
University, and Sue Pinski and Pontaine Young, formerly of Protection
and Survival Laboratory, Civil Aeromedical Institute. We are iniebted
to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and staff, especially

Dr. Haxold Mahan, Director; Patricia Helwig, Curator of Collections;
Cynthia Howe, Registrar; and the Board.of Trustees for the use of the
Hamann-"odd skeletal collection.

Work done on this study, initiated to define and describe the spatial

geometry of the adult pelvis,

was sponsored by the Federal Aviation

Mainistration (under task AM-B-PRS-60), Kational Highway Traffic Safety

Mainistration (Interagency

nt DOT-HS-6-01356), and Air Force Office

of Scientific Research (F-44620-76-C-0015). :



Technical Report. Documentation Poge

T. Repent Nes TR.” Gorarmmont Aacennign Nee Te Recents Corley Nov
PAA-AN-82-9 Ad -Aile23

4. Tithe end Subtitle 5. Report Dare.
SPATIAL GEOMETRY OF THE HUMAN: PELVIS March 1982

0. Parlerming Orgenizanen Code

~ 8. Parlorming Organization Report Ne.
7 Avmotst Herbert M. Reynolds, Clyde C. Snow, .

Joseph W. Young

9. Performing Orgenizetion Nowe ond Address 10. Werk Unit Me. (TRAIS)
IFAA Civil Aeromedical Institute :
P.O. Box 25082 . oe TH. Contract or Grent No.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

1X Type ef Ripert and Ported Covered

12. Spensering Agency Name end Address National dighway
loffice of Aviation Medicine Traffic Safety
Federal Aviation Administration Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S.W. 460 7th Street, S.W. 14.” Sponsering Agency Code
Washington, D.C. 20591 Washington, D.C. 20590

1S. Supplementery Ne
Research leading to preparation of. this report was performed under tasks
|AM~B-77-PRS-60, AM-B-78-PRS-60, AM-B-79~PRS-60, AM-B-80-PRS-60, and
AM-B-81-PRS-60.

a oar)

‘This report presents a three-dimensional description of adult female and male pelves
from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Based
on a linear height/weight matching strategy and the 1961-1964 U.S, Health and Examina-
tion Survey (HES) data, specimens were selected to represent the small female, medium
male, and large male pelvic sizes. One hundred and twenty-three anatomically defined
points are used to describe the spatial pelvic geometry in a pelvic-anatomical axis
system. A statistical summary of means and standard deviations is presented as X, Y,
and Z coordinate value sets to identify each point in three-dimensional space. Full-
scale models for each size category were produced for design modeling of anthropo-
morphic test devices. These data will also be useful as comparative standards for
forensic investigations of air crashes and quantitative information on size and shape
variability of adult human ma \

TT. Koy Words TE. Diswibetion Stetement =
Anthropometry, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Document is available to the public
Human Body Models through the Nationil Technical

Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22161

19. Security Clesail, Cof this copert) BCL” Security Cleneit, (ot this page) ‘2 We. af Poges | 72. Pace
Unclassified unclassified — 7
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of complated poge.cutherized

i .


eT eR

alicia ad teiaeoniantaetacatenn teen nites tact eae ee

Figure 6, Pelvic axes systen.. Mirection of axes, coordinate definitions,
and pelvis orientation relitive to a standing anatomica) position.

Following completion of the data edit, specimens were combined into the
assigned size cells discussed previously. The grouped data for small (size
cells 1 and 4), medium (size cells 2 and 5), and large (size cells 3 and 6)
pelves were statistically summarized. These summary statistics (mean and
standard deviation) were computed for the coordinate of each point. Since
there were three (X, Y, Z) coordinates for each of the 123 pcints, a total
of 369 variables were computed for the statistical summary, These data are
reported in Appendix C.



ne ee ene eee

SPATIAL GEOMETRY OF THE HUMAN PELVIS

INTRODUCTION

As a part of the human skeletal system, the pelvis is located at approx-
imately the center of the body and forms a structure through which forces
are transmitted. Under impact conditions, vertical forces are transmitted
from the seat through the ischial tuberosities, and horizontal forces are
transmitted from the seatbelt through the ilium. When crash tests are
conducted using anthropomorphic test devices to represent the human body,
submarining of the test device occasionally occurs and has been attributed
to the interaction of the test device pelvis geometry and the seat restraint
system (5). Thus, the geometry of the adult human pelvis is an important
Parameter in the dynamic behavior of the human-body. The pelvis has also
been used to determine sex of skeletal rewains among disaster victims (4).
Differences in those dimensions which affect size and shape of the pelvic
inlet and outlet (i.e., the birth canal) are used in this identification
process. In addition, the obstetrical significance of the size and shape
of the female pelvis has long been noted and categorized.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The features described for these various applications in the geometry of
human skelétal anatomy have not been described in a systematic manner that
would provide representative models of the complete. human pelvis. As a
result, an investigation has been conducted to measure the three-dimensional
size and shape of the adult male and female pelves. Specimens for. this
investigation were obtained from the Hamann-Todd (H-T) skeletal collection
in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The specimens were selected
from nearly 3000 human skeletons of documented age, sex, and race. The
skeletons came from the dissection room population of Western Reserve School
of Medicine between 1919 and 1939. A complete series cf anthropometric
dimensions were obtained by Dr. Todd and his associates prior to the skele-
tonization of these cadavers. Tt.se data were used to select the specimens
so that they represented as closely as possible the current general U.S. non-
institutionalized population. ‘<t was assumed that the size and shape of the
pelvis would vary with respect to body size. That is, there would be a
tendency (recognizing the importance of human variation in any correlative
study) for large pelves to be associated with larce body size and small
Pelves to be associated with small body size. Churchill and McConville (2)
have pointed out that body size can be represented by height and weight when
attempting to match samples. As a result, specimens were selected from the
Hamann-Todd skeletal collection on the basis of their height and weight with
respect to the height/weight distribution in the Health and Examination .
Survey (HES) vf 1961~1964 conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (7).
Only 18 to 55-year~old subjects in the HES raw anthropometric data were
selected for analysis since it was reasoned they would be represer~ative of
the general U.S. population of the middie to late 1970's. These ita were
available for reanalysis on the computer system at the University of
Michigan.



Anterior Alar Point 285-287: ‘This point is found on the lateral aspect of
the sacrum and is defined as the most anterior point on the anterior margin
of the articular surface of the sacroiliac joint.

Mid-Alar Point 288-290: This. point is defined on the anterior aspect of the
Sacrum as the midpoint of a line on the anterior surface of the alar wing
between Point 291, Center of First Sacral Vertebral Body, and Point 285,
Anterior Alar Point.

Center of First Sacral Vertebral Body 291-293: This point lies on the base
of the sacrum equidistant between Point 177, Promontorion, and Point 216,
Posterior Point on the First Sacral Body.

First Sacral Segment Union Point 294-296: This point lies in the midline

- of the sacrum defined as a line passing equidistant between segment sacral
apertures (medial edge of vertebral canals}. The first union point is
located at the intersect‘on of the vertical midline axis and the anatomical
union of the first and second sacral vertebrae. If this closure is incom-
‘plete, the point is reconstructed in clay midway between adjacent vertebrae.
This point is based on anatomical, not topographical, observations and is
an estimate of osteological closure lines. ‘The point may mot. be located at
the most anterior aspect of this union area.

Second Sacral Segment Union Point 297-299: This point lies in the midline
of the sacrum defined as a line passing equidistant between segment sacral
apertures (medial edge of vertebral canals). The second union point is
located at the intersection of the vertical midline axis and the anatomical
union of the second and third sacral vertebrae. I7 this closure is incom-
plete, the point is reconstructed in clay midway between adjacent vertebrae.
This point is based on anatomical, net topographical, observations and is an
estimate of osteological closure lines. The point may not be located at the
most anterior aspect of this union. area.

Inflexion 300-302: This point is located at the intersection of the longest
perpendiculars from the two extreme anterior ends of the sacrum. Inflexion
is a geometric point which uses either L5 or S1 at the proximal end and
Caudion at the distal end.

Thira Sacral Segment Union Point 303-305: This pcint lies in the midline of
the sacrum defined as a line passing equidistant between segment sacral
apertures (media? edge of vertebral canals). The third union point is
located at the intersection of the vertical midline axis and the anatomical
union of the third and fourth sacral vertebrae. If this closure is incom-
plete, the point is reconstructed in clay midway between adjacent vertebrae.
This point is based on anatomical, not topographical, observations and is an
estimate of osteological closure lines. The point may not be located at the
most anterior aspect of this union area.

Fourth Sacral Segment Unjon Point 306-308: This point ilies in the midline
of the sacrum defined as a line passing equidistant between segment sacral
apertures {medial edge of vertebral canals). The fourth union point is

Jocated at the intersection of the vertical midline axis and the anatomical

7



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Cameron Stat ion + Alexandria, Virginia 22314

UNCLASSIFIED


TABLE 2. A Comparizon of Height and Weight By Size Cell
and Sex (Between HES and Hamann-Todd Specimens)

HEIGHT (cm)
MALE FEMALE
Size Cell HES H-T HES H-T

Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.)

1 164.6 (3.17) 165.1 (5.66) 152.6 (2.99) 152.5 (2.83)

2 173.5 (2.54) 172.9 (2.35) 160.2. (2.39) 160.4. (1.87)

: 3 182.0 (3.69) 182.8 (3.93) 168.7 . (3.87) 169.1 (3.60)
i 4 164.2 (3.66) 164.1 {3.03} 152.5 (3.43) 153.9 (3.16)
: 5 173.9 (2.44) 174.4 (2.73) 160.9 (2.48) 161.5) (2.71)
i 6 182.5 (3.41) 184.8 (4.57) 168.9 (2.94) 170.7 (5.31)

WEIGHT. (kg) *
MALE FEMALE
Size Celi HES H-T HES. H-T

Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.) Ave. (S.D.)

1 79.0 (9.00) 78.7 (6.70) 71.7 0.1) 74.8 (12.3)

2 85.9 (8.50) 83.1 (8.90) 77,3 (12.3) 73.8 (8.50)

3 92.7 (8.60) 91.5 (7,30) 82.3 (13.5) 78.7 (9.40)

4 62.1 (6.10) 63.3 (5.40) 52.4 (5.40) 46.9 (6.60)

5 67.6 (5.80) 67.6 (6.80) 55.8 (5.40) $4.1 (6.70)

6 74.0 (6,00) 76.2 (8.20) 59.4 (5.40) 56.4 (9.30)

_ ‘Values listed for both'male and female H-T specimens include the weight
adjusting constants.



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1. ‘Caldwell, W. E..and H.C. Moloy: Anatomical Variations, in the Female
Pelvis and their Effect in Labor with a Suggested Classification. AMER.
J. OBS. & GYNEC, 26:479-505, 1933.

* Ghurchil2, Edmund and John T. McConville: Sampling and Data Gathering
Strategies. for Future USAF Anthropometry. Final Report, AMRL-~74-102,
+1976, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - woes “ hes

rr Sw Sa SS ne
Editing Procedure for Anthropometry
‘son

°eakea, Paul and Thomas. Churchili: |
“Data Survey. Technical Report, AMRL-TR-78-~38

P. Gayou, A. Delmas Mairesse, and P. Banzet:

cs A Comparison Between Part 572 Dummy and Human Subject in the Problem of

‘ Submarining, SAE. #791026: pp. 675-719, October 17-19, 1979, Proceedings:
of Twenty-Third Stapp Car Crash Conference, San Diego, California.

6. Reynolds, Herbert M. and Robert P. Hubbard: Anatomical Frames of
Reference and Biomechanics, HUMAN FACTORS 22(2)2171-176, 1980.

7. Stoudt, Howard W., Albext Damon, Ross McFarland, and Jean Roberts: .
ight, Height, and Selected Body Dimensions of Adults. National Center
for Health Statistics, Series 11, Number 11. U.S. Dept. of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., 1965.

@.. Robbins, D. H.: Errors in Definition of An Anatomically~Based Co- oa
ordinate System Using Anthropometric Data. Published as a Task Report ;
in A FOUNDATION FOR SYSTEMS ANTHROPOMETRY, Phase I, Interim Report. to v1
> YSAFOSR, Contract No. F 44620-76-C-0115, HSRI, The University of Michigan


Superior-Most Vertical Lateral Ischio-Iliac Contovy Point 507-509: The
Superior most point of four equidistant points dividing a straight line
extending from Point 339, Iliocristale Summum, to Point 405, Superior Tuber-
osity foint, into five equal segments.

Superior Intermediate Vertical Lateral Ischio-Iliae Contour Point 5107512:
The intermediate superior point of four equidistant points dividing a
straight line extending from Point 339, Iliocristale Summum, to Point 405,
Superior Tuberosity Point, into five equal segments.

Inferior Intermediate vertical Lateral Ischio~Iliac Contour Point 513-515:
The intermediate inferior point ‘of four equidistant points dividing a
straight line extending from Point 339, Yliocristale Summum, to Point 405,
Superior Tuberosity. Point, into five equal segments.

Inferior-Most_Intexmediate Vertical Lateral Ischio-Iliac Contour Point S16é~
518: The inferior most point of four equidistant points dividing a straight
Tine extending from Point 339, Iliecristale Summum, to Point 405, Superior
tuberosity Point, into five equal segments.

Acetabulion, Anterior 519 521: The most anteriorly projecting point defined
on the pubic portion of the acetabular rim. It is located by rotating the
innominate bone on the osteometric board from position 1 to position 2.

Acetabulion, Superior 522-524: The calibration hemisphere is positioned
Tho the acetabulum so that the anterior extremity of one of the diameter
lines is opposite Poin: 519, Acetabulicn Anterior. The point is marked on
the acetabular rin closest to the superior diameter line when the innominate
is oriented in the anatomical position.

Acetabulion, Posterior 525-527: The calibration hemisphere is positioned
jnto the acetabulum so that the anterior extremity of one of the diameter
lines is opposite Point 519, Acetabulion Anterior. The point is marked on
the acetabular rim closest to the posterior diameter line when the innominate
is oriented in the anatomical position.

Acetabulion, Infericr 528-530: The calibration hemisphere is positioned into
the acetabulum so that the ‘anterior extremity of one of the diameter lines
is opposite Point 519, Acetabulion Anterior. The point is marked on the
acetabular rim closest to the inferior diameter line when the innominate is

oriented in the anatomical position.

Acetabulion, Center Point 531-533: The calibration hemisphere is positioned
into the acetabulum so that ‘the anterior extremity of one of the hemisphere
lines is opposite Point 519, Acetabulion anterior. Insert a marker through
the H-point hole and mark the contact point on the interior surface of the
acetabulum

He-Point 534-536: A best-fit plexiglass hemisphere ie placed into the acetab-
Dlum of the right innominate bone and positioned so: that the anterior
extremity of one of the perpendicular diameter lines is opposite Point 519,
Acetabulum Anterior. H-Point is the center point of the henisphere surface.

24



%
Hy

Intermediate Vertical. Iliac Fossa Contour Point 471-473: The intermediate

most point of three cqwidistant points dividing a straight line from Point
339, Iliocristale Summum, to Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four
equal segments.

Superior Vertical I3iac Fassa Contour Point 474-476: The superior most
point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line from Point 339,
Iliocristale Summum, to Point 450, Posterior Inlet Point, into four equal
segments.

Posterior Transverse Iliac Fossa Contour Point. 477-479: The posterior most
point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line from Point 210,
Lateral Alar-Auricular Point, to Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale,
into four equal segtients.

Intermediate Transverse Iliac Fossa Contour Point 480-482: The intermediate
most point of three equidistant poi:ts dividing a straight line from Point
210, Lateral Alar-Auricular Point, <o Point 366, Posterior Superior Ilio-
spinale, into four equal segments.

Anterior Transverse Iliac Fossa Contour Point 483-485: The anterior most
point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line from Point 210,
Lateral Alar-Auricular Point, to Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale,
into four equal segments.

Anterior Iliac Notch Point 486-488: The point of deepest indentation of the
anterior iliac border between Point 198, Right Iliospinale Summum, and. Point.
489, Anterior Inferior Ilicspinale.

Tliospinale, Anterior Inferior 489-491: This point is located at the apex of
the unterior border of the anterior inferior iliac spine as viewed from the
medial aspect of the innominate.

Anterior Tliac ase Point 492-494: This point is found at the apex of the
angle formed by the inferior terminus of the anterior iliac margin and the
superior surface of the acetabular margin at the base of the ilium.

Standard Reference Point 495-497: A point for instrumentation calibration.

Anterior Transverse Lateral Iliac Surface Contour Point 498-500: The anterior
most point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line extending from
Point 199, Right Iliospinale Summum, to Point 366, Posterior Superior Ilio~
spinale, into four equai segments.

Intermediate Transverse Latera} Iliac Surface Contour Point 501-503:_ The
intermediate most point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line
extending from Point 199, Right Iliospinale Summum, to Point 366, Posterior
Superior Zliospinale, into four equal segments.

Posterior ‘Transverse Lateral Iliac Surface Contour Point 504-506: The
posterior most point of three equidistant points dividing a straight line
extending from Point 199, Right Iliospinale Summom to Point 366, Posterior
Superior Iliospinale, into four equi segments,



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 1
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS: 5
DATA ANALYSIS 10
‘CONCLUSION . 12
- APPENDIX A. Definitions of Pelvic Landmarks 13

APPENDIX B.. Epoxy Models 28

APPENDIX C. Three-Dimensional Data 29
REPERENCES 3?

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Tliocristale, Summum 195-197: The innominate rests on its medial surface
with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the horizontal
surface of an osteometric board. The bone is moved into the right angle
corner of the board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac
crest is in contact.with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border
of the iliac crest and the pubic bone are in contact with the second
vertical plate of the osteometric board. Iliocristale Summum is defined as
the point along the superior border of the iliac crest that is in contact
with a movable vertical plate oriented at right angles to the vertical
plates of the osteometric board. In cases where a large area ic in contact
with the board, the landmark is taken as the midpoint of the contact area.

Right Iliospinale, Summunt 198-200: The right innominate rests on its medial
Surface with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the hori-
zontal surface of an osteometric board, Move the bone into the right angle
corner of. the board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac
crest is in contact with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border
of the iliac crest and the pubic hone are in contact with the second
vertical plate of the osteometric board. Iliospinale Summum, the anterior
superior iliac spine, is defined as the point along the anterior border of
the iliac crest in contact with the vertical plate. In cases where a large
area is in contact with the board, the landmark is taken as the midpoint of
the contact area.

Left Iliospinale, Summum 201-203: The left innominate rests on its medial
surface with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the hori-
zontal surface of an osteometric board. Move the bene into the right corner
of the board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac crest is
in contact with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border of the
iliac crest and the pubic bone are in contact with the second vertical plate
of the osteometric board. Iliospinale Summum, the anterior superior iliac
spine, is defined as the point along the anterior border of the iliac crest
dn contact with the vertical plate. In cases where a large area is in
conta. with the board, thé landmark is taken as the midpoint of the contact
area.

Symphysion 204-206: This point is the midpoint of a line between point
380, Right Superior Pole, Pubic Symphysis, and point 183, Left Superior
Pole, Pubic Symphysis. It is not 2 landmark that is measured, but a point
in space that is mathematically constructed.

Lateral Point on First Sacral Vertebral Body 207-209: The most lateral point
on the left. articular surface of the first sacral body. In cases with
“lipping” present, the point was estimated as the most lateral point on the
superior surface that would be found in the general contour that would have
been found without any .“lipping."

Lateral Alar-Auri¢ular Point 210-212: The point is found on the superior

laspect as the most lateral point along the superior margin of the articular
surface.

14.



COORDINATE POINT VALUES

POINT . SMALL FEMALE MEDIUM MALE. ~_LARGE MALE
No | axis Nj MEAN sD N MEAN sD N MEAN sD
315 x 24 “12 9 | 32 “135 6] 28 -14 6
316° Y 24 8 3 | 32 9 5,23 9 4
317 z 24 7 4 yj} 32 — 62 17 | 26 - 52 $2
ns x 22 “125 aya -132 6 | 24 -137 6
319 Y 22 27 3, a o | 24 30 6
320 Zz 22 ~ 2 16 | 25 - 48 1s | 24 -~4 “4
3a x 28 05 9] 32 ne 7 | 26 “hes 8
322 Y 26 42 4,3 ad 10 | 26, 4 6
323 Zz 26 - 3 14] 31-] -18 14 | 26 -19 wz
324 x STD ‘REF POINT |STD REF POINT|STD REF PoINT
325 Y STD REF PoINtT|stD REF POINT |STD REF POINT
326 ‘4 stb REF POINT |STD REF POINT |STD REF POINT
3a x 26 9 3) 33 - 3 3 |. 26 ° '3
328 Y 26 106 121 33 nz 9 | 26 110 68
329 z 28 20 4,33 9 BS | 26 n 6
330 x 2B -7 8] 33 ~ 4 7 | 26 - 48 n
331 Y 2s 122 a} 33 133 6 | 26 134 7
332 Z 28 38 6] 33 42 20 | 26 46 9
333 x 28 “15 4) 33 - 2 4| 26 -i 4
334 Y 28 123 42 | 33 132 9 | 2 132 8
335 z 28 a Ss) 33 30 5 | 26 B 4
336 x 26 ~% 5 | 33 -18 5 | 26 718 5
337 Y 28 14 12 | 33 123 91 26 122 . 7
338 Z 28 31 4] 33 34 5 | 26 38 4
339 x 28 - 38 5 1] 33 -47 9 26 -@ 9
340 Y 28 114. 10 | 33 124 8 | 26 13 8
341 ‘4 28 54 9 | 33 61 8 | 26 63 8
342 x 28 - 6 dw {| 33 “7 1 } 26 - 8 plc
343 Y 28 92 9 | 33 00 7 | 26 100 8
344 z 28 LJ do | 33 14 20 | 26 76 7
345 x 28} = 6 to | 33 “71 16 | 26 ~7 uw
346 Y 2 9 9) 33 95 7 | 26 9 a
347 Z 28 66 w | 33 73 20 | 26 7 16
348 x 268 ~ 76 13 | 33 - 68 12 | 26 91 pk)
39 Y 28 se 74,33 63 Io | 26 63 9
350 a 28 63 14 | 33 68 13 | 26 73 9
351 x 26) = 84 1 | 33 -98 12 | 26 | ~1o3 12
352 Y 2 4 6} 33 66 6 | 26 66 7
383 z 28 64 13 |. 33 ao 13 | 26 73 8
354 x 2) -7 22) 33 -93 uj 26 | -97 Be
355 Y 28 58 7) 33 oO. 7) 2% oO 7
356 Z 28 63 1b} 33 68 12 | 26 72 8
357 x a “109 12} 33°] =124 | 26 “150 12
358 x a 6 5] 33 4% 6 | 26 45 6
3 4 2 4 1s | 33 4 13 | 26 a n
3600 x 2 01, De 33) 4 9.) 26 | -117 12
32



JiR CHE ps eee ener Nnenenen ners
‘COORDINATE QOORDINATE POINT VALUES :
PONT - SMALL FIMALE MEDIUM MALE” ‘LARGE MALE
Ko | acs |W. | MEAN sp | ¥ | MEAN so [w ] Mean En)

sau | x p28 38 5 | 33 38 5 | 26 38 6
soz | 2 | 2a 44 35 | 33 42 4 | 26 44 20
soa | x | a} -ns a | 33} -134 wo. | 26 | -139 1
36a | oy | 27 38 6 | 33 ” 5 | 26 38 7
36 | 2 | 27 32 w | 33 a 16 | 26 32 n
366 | x | 26} =118 9} 33 | -13r 8 | 26 | -135 8
367 | Y | 28 35 4| 33 35 4 | 26 35 $s
sa | 2 | 28 vv 1s | 33 n 15 | 26 wz 10
30 | x | 28] -u3 9 } 33 | 126 7 | 26 | -230 8
sm | y | 28 4a 4| 33 4 4 | 26 “4 4
gn | 2. | 28 n as | 33 4 13 | 26 4 w
sz | x | 28] -no 9} 33 | -123 10 | 26 | za 7
37a | x | 28 “4 4| 33 48 «| 26 46 4
m4 | 2 | at a6 w]33] -u 13 | 26 » wo
ams | x | 2 | -97 7] 33} an e| 26 | 113 7
376 | x | 2 52 4|35 52 4| 2 5 4
377 | @ | 2} - 7 14.33} -27 12] 26 | -17 8
am | x | 28] 28s o| 33 | -97 71 26 | -101 Db
3m | x | 28 2 s| 33 58 4| 26 7 5
goo | z | 2l/-9 wast -14 ni | 26 | 26 12
sau | x | 2] -74 sias | -e5 5 | 26 | -e8 5
aez | ¥ | 28 66 5/33 6 4| 26 67 4
sez | z | 28] -29 wlas|-a 9}2|-2 7
sea | x | 28] +78 s|s3 | -@ 4] 26 | -92 5
go] x | 28 62 5 | 33 6 4 | 26 6 4
386°} 2 | 20] - 39 10 | 33 | - 45 9|2| -5 7
3e7 | x |sro | rer |ponm|srp | rer |pommr|sm> | REF = jpomNT
3es | y |srp| per  |pomm{srp | rer |Pomvrjsm> | REF [POINT
309 | z [sm | rer  pommrjsrp { REF |pomnristD | REF = | POINT
wo | x la| -0 6 {28 | -90 32] 22 | -206 5
au | y | 22 48 24 | 28 54 23 | 22 48 5
we | 2 | 2] 55 22 {| 2e | - 56. aj22 | -6 8
s3 | x | 27] +86 6} sn} -96 5 | 26 | -107 37
wa} xy | 2 60 5} 3. 54 4| 2 55 5
ws | 2 | a] -73 win] -6 9 | 26 | -eL 3.

‘|; 6] x 2a] -90 a] 33] -99 6 | 26 | 104 6
37 | x | 2 56 6| 33 48 5 | 26 50 8
we | z | 2} -94 23] 33] -0 wo, | 26 | ~110 8
wo | x | 2-7 20 | 33'| - 76 742 {+77 8
wo } x | 28 48 s} 33 29 5 | 26 a 7
wr | 2 | 2a} -n4 at} 33 | 132 8 | 26 | ~136 9
w2 | x | 2} =73 g| 33} -a 7 | 26 | -82 8
3} x | 2 n 3] 33 or 5 | 2 n ? 4
wa} Z | za] 95 u| 33 | -14 9 |26 | 12 8
ws | x | 2] ~ 6} 33} -971 6] 26 | -93 6
as {| x jaw 74 4} 33 bid 412% 74 6



horizontal surface of an osteometric board, The bone is moved into the right
angie corner of the board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac
crest is in contact with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border
of the iliac crest and the pubic bone are in contact with the second vertical
plate of the osteometric board. Iliocristale, Posterior, is defined on the
iliac crest as equidistant between Puint 366, Iliospinale Posterior, and
Point. 339, Iliocriscale Summum.

Posterior Superior Iliospinale 366-368: The right innominate bone rests. on
its medial surface with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with
the horizontal surface of an ostecaetric board. The bone is moved into the
right angle corner of the board .n such a way that the superior border of the
dliac crest is in contact with one of the vertical plates and the anterior
border of the iliac crest and the pubic bone are in contact with the second
vertical plate of the osteometric board. Posterior Superior Iliospinale,
the posterior superior iliac spine, is defined as the point along the
posterior border of the iliac crest in contact with a movable vertical plate
oriented at right angles to the vertical plates of the osteometric board.
In instances where a large area is in contact with the board, the landmark
is taker the midpoint of the contact area.

Posterior Iliac Notch Point 369-371: The deepest point on the posterior
Tliac border between Point 366, Posterior Superior Iliospinale, and Point
"372, Posterior Inferior Iliospinale.

Posterior Inferior Iliospinale 372-374: The most projecting point on the
posterior auricular margin.

Bouisson Tubercle 375-377: The most prominent point on the tubercle of
Bouisson located at the rex of a tubercle formed by the origin of m.
piriformis.

Superior Sciatic Notch Point 378-380: ‘The point equidistant between Point
381, Apex of Stiatic Notch, and Point 375, Bouisson Tubercle. It is on the.
superior margin of the sciatic notch.

Apex of Sciatic Notch. 381-383: The point on the sciatic notch border at the
greatest perpendicular distance from a projected line between Point 372,
Posterior. Interior Iliospinale, and Point 390, Ischial Spinale.

Anterior Sciatic Notch Point 384-386: The point on the inferior margin of
the sciatic notch midway between Point 390, Ischial Spinale, and Point 381,
Apex of the Sciatic Notch.

Standard Reference Point 387-389: A point for instrumentation calibration.

Ischio-Spinale 390-392: The superior posterior angle of the ischial spine.
Posterior Ischial Border Point 393-395: The point on the posterior margin

of the ischial border equidist~nt between Point 390; Ischio-Spinale, and
Point 396, Medial Tuberosit; Point.

20



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Medial View

8

Figure 3, 3-Dinensionsl data points icx pelvis: Left side,



smzons soz squyod eyep TwuopramH-E Ss ORPTL



MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
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union of the fcurth and fifth satral vertebrae. If this closure is incom-
plete, the point is reconstructed in clay midway between adjacent vertebrae.
This point is based on anatomical, not topological, observations and is an
estimate of osteoloyical closure lines. The point may not be located at the
most anterior aspect ot *his union area.

Fifth Sacral Segment Union Point 309-311: This point lies in the midline
of the sacrum defined as a line passing equidistant between segment sacral
apertures (medial edge of vertebral canals). The fifth union point is
located. at the intersection of the vertical midline axis and the anatomical
union of the fifth and sixth sacral vertebrae. If this clesure is incom-
plete, the point is reconstructed in clay midway between adjacent vertebrae.
This point is based on anatomical, not topographical, observations and is an
estimate of osteological closure lines. The point may not be located at the
most anterior aspect of this union area.

Cavdion, Anterior 312-314: This point. is at the midpoint of the antexo-
inferior margin of the last sacral segment.

Caudion, Lateral 325-317: This point is the most lateral point on the
inferior margin of the last sacral segnent.

Inferior Sacral Angle 318-320: This point is located and viewed anteriorly
at the intersection of lines approximating the latero-inferior aspect of the
sacral body and the inferior margin of the sacral body.

Inferior sacroiliac Junction 321-323: A point on the anterior edge of the
Sacroiliac joint where the inferior curve of the sacral articular margin
intersects the anterior sacral surface.

Standard Reference Point 324-326: A point for instrumentation calibration.

Iliospinale, Cristale 327-329: This point is observed in a posterior-
anterior view across the iliac blade. It is defined as the most medial
point on the medial margin of the anterior portion of the iliac crest.

Iliocristale, Anterior Lateral 330-332: The most lateral point on the
lateral border of the iliac crest _n the iliac pillar.

Anterior Segment Midpoint, Lateral 333-335: A point. that is located at the
intersection of the lateral iliac crest edge and a line bisecting and perpen-
dicular to a line passing through Point 339, Iliocristale Summum, and Point
201, Right Iliospinale Summum,

Anterior Segnent Midpoint, Medial 336-338: A point that is located at the
Gntersection of the medial iliac crest edge and a line bisecting and perpen-
dicular to a line passing through Point 339, Iliosristale Summum, and Point
201, Right Iliospinale Summum,

Iliocristale, Summum 339-341: The right innominate rests on its medial

‘Surface with the iliac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the hori-
zontal surface of an osteometric board. The innominate is moved into the
right angle corner of the board in such a way that the superior border of

18



NOTICE

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June 1982

JACK R. HUNT MEMORIAL LIBRARY
DAYTONA BEACH, FLOR)DA 904-226-6595,



‘Small Medium Large
Male Male

Bpoxy models of the small female, medium male, and large
male pelves,." Lateral View,

26



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Medial Tyberosity Point 396-398: The most medizl point cu the medial margin
of the ischial tuberosity when the innominate is oriented in the anatomical
position.

Inferior Tuberosity: Point 399-401: The point of convergence of the medial
and lateral margins of the ischial tuberosity.

Lateral Tuberosity Point 402-404: The most lateral point on the lateral
Margin of the ischial tuberosicy with the innominate held in the anatomical
position.

Superior Tuberosity Point 405-407: ‘The most superior peint on the margin of
the ischial tuberosity with the innominate held ir, the anatomical position
and viewed from the lateral acpect.

Ischiale 408-410:. The right innominate rests on its medial surface with the
Tiiac blade and pubic symphysis in contact with the horizontal surface of an
osteometric board. The bone is moved into the right angle corner of the
board in such a way that the superior border of the iliac crest is in contact
with one of the vertical plates and the anterior border of the fliac crest
and the pubic bone are in contact with the second vertical plate of the osteo-
metric board. Ischiale is defined as the highest point on the ischial tuber-
osity from the surface of the osteometric board.

Superior Ischial Pubic Ramus 411-413: The point equidistant between Point
180, Right Superior Pole, Pubic Symphysis, and Point 408, Ischiale, on the’

superior margin of the ischial pubic ramus.

Anterior Inferior Ischial Pubic Ramus 414-416: A point on the anterior
inferior margin of the ischial pubic ramus passing through Point 411,
Superior Ischial Pubic Ramus, at right angles to the line joining Toint 180,
Right Superior Pole, Pubic Symphysis, and Point 408, Ischiale.

Obturator Tubercle Point 417-419: The point on the lateral margin of the
obturator foramen generally marked by a small tubercle. In instances where
there are two tuk:rcles, the apex of the most superior tubercle is marked as
the point with the innominate oriented in the anatomical position.

Inferior Obturator Poramen Point. 420-422: The point at which the greatest
curvature occurs on the posterior-inferior margin of the obturator foramen.

Inferior Symphyseal Pole 423-425: This point is located at the inferior
intersection of the anterior and posterior marg!-.. of the symphyseal surface.

Anterior Symphyseal Point 426-428: This point is located on the anterior
margin of the pubic symphysis where it is intersected by a line perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis equidistant between the polar Points 180 and 423.

Posterior Symphyseal Point 429-431: This point is located on the anterior

margin of the pubic symphysis where it is intersected by a line pecpendicular
to the longitudinal axis equidistant between polar Points 180 and 423.

21



vanes eta manatees mine em Re SE AAI,

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Three-Dimensional Measuring

Following the reassembly of the pelvic ilia and sacral components into

their correct anatomical position, a series of surface landmarks (Figures 2,

3, 4, and 5) for measurement procedures were placed on each specimen as
defined in the listing of definitions (Appendix A). All surface landmark

numbers shown in these figures refer to the X coordinate point number for
each coordinate set. Specimens were first measured two-dimensionally by
conventional methods, then measured in the three-dimensional format to estak~

lish the data base. Except for a few reference marks on the right hemipelvis,
most of the landmarks were recorded on the left hemipelvis only. Assuming
bilateral symmetry, the projection cf left-registered points to the right
side was accomplished by a computer program. The equipment used to register
landmarks on the specimens consisted of a Hewlett-Packard model 9664A digi-

tizer with input into a Hewlett-Packard Modsl 98Z0A calculator. This system }
was modified by attaching a diagraph to the digitizing curser of the plotting ‘
board so that the diagraph needle would be directly vertical to the cross-
Fairs of the digitizer at all times. A potentiometer on the Aiagraph .
registers the height of the needle above the plotting board and provides Z ~
axis data to the computer. The specimen was suspended over the board in a
position allowing access to all of the landmarks on ike bone. The diagraph
_is maneuvered so that the needle is in contact with a given landmark. A
single signal, activated on the digitizer, registers the xX, Y, and Z coor-
dinates of the landmark in relation to an origin point on the board. The
spatial location of each registered landmark can then be transformed in
reference to an anatomical axis system which is based on a transverse plane
formed by Symphysion and. the left and right Anterior-Superior Iliac Spines.

Repeated calibration runs on test specimens revealed a mean accuracy of
+ 0.5 mm on computed point-to-point linear measurements. $uch accuracy
exceeds that obtained by conventional osteclogical techniques.

Thre2-Dimensional Modeling

One objective of this study was to provide a series of full-scale,
anatomically correct pelvic models for use in the design of anthropomorphic
test devices. Master models for the small female, medium mle, and large
male, as defined by the three-dimensional data, were first sculptured in
clay, then duplicated in epoxy by % casting technique.

The modeling technique used a procedure similar to that in measuring the
original specimens for three-dimensional data, except in reverse. From a
series of five computer-generated ¥ - 2 coczdinate point plots (unilatera)
format). for each pelvis size, a bilateral composite (mirzor image) plot was
made on transparent plastic and mounted on a horizontally stabilized plate
glass surface. A thin, rigid aluminum and plaster gauze framework was
constructed for each model size to internally support and stabilize the
irregular soft clay form. The framework was aligned and suspended above the 4
composite ¥ - Z plot so that the orientation of the model ¥ ~ % plane would $

5 7



Vigure 4, 3-Dimensicnal data points for sacrum.