| Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of PoultryAnimal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library |
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**ISSN:  1052-5378**
***Quick Bibliography Series*, QB 95-05 January 1992 - January 1995 Updates  QB 94-15 232 citations from AGRICOLA February 1995**

*Compiled By:***Michael D. Kreger**Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351**Go to:** About the *Quick Bibliography Series*Document Delivery InformationNational Agricultural Library Cataloging RecordSearch StrategyAuthor IndexSubject IndexNational Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Kreger, Michael D.   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of poultry : January 1992- January 1995.   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-05)   1. Poultry--Bibliography. 2. Poultry--Housing--Bibliography.   3. Poultry--Health--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-05 Search Strategy Line Command 1.   (HEN OR HENS OR FOWL OR POULTRY OR CHICK? OR COCK? OR ROOSTER? OR BROILER? OR GALLIFORM? OR TURKEY? OR DUCK? OR GOOSE OR GANDER OR GEESE OR DRAKE?)/TI,DE  2.   (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR COOP OR PERCH? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS OR BOX?)/TI,DE  3.   (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN? OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE  4.   S1 AND (S2 OR S3)  5.   S4 AND PY=1992:1995   1                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Acute heat acclimation and kidney function in broilers. Wideman, R.F.; Ford, B.C.; May, J.D.; Lott, B.D. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan. Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 75-88; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Environmental temperature; Acclimatization; Heat stress; Body water; Renal function; Glomerular filtration; Urine; Excretion; Blood plasma  Abstract:  Broilers previously exposed to high environmental temperatures (heat-acclimated) are more resistant to heat stress and consume more water during heat stress than nonacclimated controls. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether heat-acclimated broilers conserve body water by reducing urine and solute (Na) excretion. In the first experiment, renal function studies were conducted at an ambient temperature (Ta) of approximately 21 C using anesthetized 7-wk-old male broilers. Control birds reared at a constant Ta of 24 C (Group N: noncycled Ta) were compared with birds that had been heat-acclimated by exposure for 3 to 6 d to a daily sinusoidal cycle of 24 to 35 to 24 C (Group C: cycled Ta). In the second experiment, renal function studies were conducted on anesthetized 5-wk-old control and heat- acclimated male broilers while they were exposed to a Ta of 21 C (Ambient Ta: Groups NA, CA), or to a Ta of 32 C (High Ta: Groups NH, CH). When high intravenous infusion rates (.37 mL/kg body mass per min) were used to simulate the volume expansion caused by thermogenic polydipsia, urine flow rates were significantly lower in Groups C and CA than in Groups N and NA, osmolal clearances were lower in Groups CA and CH than in Groups NA and NH, and all heat-acclimated groups in both experiments (Groups C, CA, CH) had significantly lower glomerular filtration rates (GFR), filtered loads of Na, and tubular Na reabsorption rates than the respective control groups (Groups N, NA, NH). These changes in kidney function potentially would minimize urinary fluid and solute loss when heat-acclimated broilers consume large quantities of water to support evaporative cooling. Reductions in GFR, filtered loads of Na, and tubular Na reabsorption rates also may help heat- acclimated broilers reduce the metabolic heat load associated with active (energy requiring) recovery of solute (Na) from the glomerular ultrafiltrate.   2                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89 Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry farmers. Whyte, R.T. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Jul. World's poultry science journal v. 49 (2): p. 139-156; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Stockmen; Poultry housing; Occupational disorders; Respiratory diseases; Dust; Gases; Air pollutants   3                                     NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5 Alternative systems for laying hens FAWC majority and minority reports. Harrison, R. Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992. The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 41 (2): p. 14; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Chicken housing   4                                   NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P "An analysis of turkey facilities and management practices in Utah". Clark, B.E.; Poe, S.E.; Frame, D.D.; Anderson, G.L.; Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933014): 9 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Utah; Cabt; Ventilation; Poultry housing   5                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens. Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Feed intake   6                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Applications of behavior to poultry management. Mauldin, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr. Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 634-642; 1992 Apr.  Paper contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Social dominance; Territoriality; Agonistic behavior; Debeaking; Sexual behavior; Feeding behavior; Broodiness; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Animal welfare; Literature reviews  Abstract:  The application of poultry behavior to management is discussed with examples of behavior-management interactions relating to commercial poultry husbandry practices. Behaviors that are important for the adaptation of poultry to husbandry include social behavior, aggression, sexual behavior, feeding, broodiness, cannibalism, nest site selection, and comfort behaviors.   7                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate?. Geraert, P.A.; Guillaumin, S.; Leclercq, B. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep. British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 643-653; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Line differences; Dietary protein; Feed conversion efficiency   8                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units appropriate for describing illumination intensities?. Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 135-140; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Light intensity; Spectral data   9                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker?. Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 123-133; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fluorescent lamps; Vision   10                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Assessing the effects of the naked neck gene on chronic heat stress resistance in two genetic populations. Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug. Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1391-1399; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Alleles; Heat stress; Line differences; Environmental temperature; Growth rate; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Feathers; Feed intake  Abstract:  The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on resistance to chronic heat stress was studied in the F2 generation of two populations of chickens genetically differing in growth. The Na gene was introduced into the Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB), a small BW population, and into a large BW commercial broiler population. Naked neck and normally feathered birds were maintained in either a chronic heat stress (32 C) environment or a control (21 C) environment from 4 to 8 wk of age. Body weight, BW gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency were calculated at 4, 6, and 8 wk. The 32 C environment significantly reduced gain and feed consumption at all age intervals in both populations. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in the 32 C environment in the ACRB population, but in the broiler population FCR either was the same or increased when compared with the 21 C environment. In the F2 generation of both populations the naked neck birds were significantly larger than the normally feathered birds although the two types segregated from the same parents. In the ACRB population the relative growth response was not significantly different between naked neck and normal feathered birds, indicating that the Na gene did not confer resistance to chronic heat stress in the small BW population. In the broiler population, an assessment of the relative growth response in the 32 C environment showed that the naked neck birds had a smaller reduction in BW gain and better feed efficiency than the normally feathered birds, indicating that in the large BW broiler population the Na gene did confer resistance to chronic heat stress.   11                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease. Hocking, P.M. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility; Age differences; Opioid peptides  Abstract:  The general and sexual activity of food restricted male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions. The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone (an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not associated with the presence of lesions. In a second experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in period one and the carryover effect was significant in period two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal.   12                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Automatic fan control to reduce fan run time during warm weather ventilation. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 314-323; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Southern states of U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing; Ventilation; Broilers; Air flow; Fans; Automatic control; Wind speed; Sensing; Environmental temperature; Energy consumption; Electricity; Production costs   13                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89 Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. Maxwell, M.H. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar. World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 34-41; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Stress factors; Stress response; Leukocytes; Corticosterone; Corticotropin; Restricted feeding; Environmental temperature; Social environment; Social dominance; Fearfulness; Line differences; Literature reviews   14                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Ad9 Avian fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome: a comparative review. Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA; Walzem, R.L. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993. Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine v. 37: p. 451-468; 1993.  In the series analytic: Animal models in liver research / edited by Charles E. Cornelius.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fatty liver; Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome; Animal models; Lipid metabolism; Transport; Pathogenesis; Man; Cows; Cats; Literature reviews   15                                   NAL Call. No.: 30.98 AG82 'Bab'ye khozyaystvo': poultry-keeping and its contribution to peasant income in pre-1914 Russia. Thompstone, S. Berkshire : British Agricultural History Society; 1992. The Agricultural history review v. 40 (pt.1): p. 52-63; 1992.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Poultry farming; Poultry products; Exports; Farm income; History; Peasant workers; Rail transport; Literature reviews   16                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Beak trimming effects on performance, behavior and welfare of chickens: A review. Cunningham, D.L. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 129-134; 1992 Mar. Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Literature reviews   17                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Behavioral responses of broiler chickens to handling: effects of dietary tryptophan and two lighting regimens. Newberry, R.C.; Blair, R. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul. Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1237-1244; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Diet; Tryptophan; Light regime; Fearfulness; Animal welfare; Carcass quality; Dosage effects  Abstract:  In three 2 X 2 factorial experiments, effects of added dietary Trp (0 or .2%, Experiments 1 and 2; 0 or .4%, Experiment 3) and two lighting regimens [1) constant 23-h photoperiod (23H); or 2) increasing photoperiod (INC)] on behavioral responses of broilers to handling were assessed. In Week 6 of Experiment 1, and Weeks 3 and 6 of Experiments 2 and 3, 32 chickens from each treatment were picked up and held by both legs for 30 s, carried for 60 s, and induced into tonic immobility (TI). In aU experiments, chickens reared under INC were more likely to flap when carried, and flapped longer, than chickens reared under 23H (P < .01). In Experiments 2 and 3, INC chickens were more likely to curl the body ventrally when handled and were more susceptible to TI induction than 23H chickens (P < .05). The duration of TI was shorter on INC than 23H in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and longer in Experiment 3 (P < .001). Dietary Trp supplementation resulted in a lower flapping duration and higher incidence of body curling in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and a shorter TI duration in Experiment 3 (P < .05). Flapping, body curling, and TI responses of chickens varied between handlers (P < .05). Vocalization and flapping rates were lower, and flapping incidence and duration of flapping and TI higher, in Week 6 than in Week 3 (P < .05). Chickens reared under INC may be at greater risk of injury during reslaughter handling than chickens reared under 23H. Addition of .4% Trp to the diet may have a mild fear-reducing effect.   18                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Behavior-genetic analysis and poultry husbandry. Siegel, P.B. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan. Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Domestication; Animal welfare; Genetic improvement; Adaptability; Animal behavior; Vocalization; Genetic variation  Abstract:  Domestication, one of the great innovations in human history, has had a profound effect on agriculture and the development of urban societies. Domestication is a continuing genetic process through which anatomy, behavior, and physiology are modified to suit specific needs. In poultry, the process has accelerated during the past several decades because of increased selection pressure and development of specialized male and female lines in breeding programs. Large changes have also occurred in the intensification of environments in which poultry are maintained. Such intensification is a function of escalation of land, energy, and labor costs. Whether the rate of change of these nongenetic factors is faster than biological change is an important issue in the consideration of behavior-genetic analyses and poultry husbandry. Complex behavioral, genetic, and physiological responses are involved in the buffering necessary for animals to cope with changes in their physical and social environments. Knowledge of behavioral range and genetic variation of short- and long-term responses is essential to understanding how poultry adapt. Although innate behaviors and habituation can prevent some stimuli from causing manifestations that detract from well-being, husbandry conditions should optimize behavioral responses with biological advantages to individuals and populations.   19                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavioural responses of commercially farmed laying hens to humans: evidence of stimulus generalization. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Jones, R.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (2): p. 139-146; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Man   20                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Breeder flock study shows salmonella-causing factors. Jones, F.T. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Mar16. Feedstuffs v. 64 (11): p. 1, 22-23; 1992 Mar16.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Salmonella; Broilers; Contamination; Flocks; Disease control; Animal health; Stress   21                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Calcium deficiency and food deprivation improve the response of chickens to acute heat stress. Ait-Boulahsen, A.; Garlich, J.D.; Edens, F.W. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Jan. The Journal of nutrition v. 123 (1): p. 98-105; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Diet; Mineral deficiencies; Calcium; Food restriction; Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium  Abstract:  The tolerance of chickens to acute heat stress may be modified by diet. Broiler chickens fed calcium-adequate (0.90% Ca) or -deficient (0.45% or 0.15% Ca) diets were either fed or not fed for 24 h and exposed to increasing temperatures (from 24 to 41 degrees C). Diets were fed for 7 d before heat stress in Experiment 1 and for 14 d before heat stress in Experiment 2. Body temperature, blood ionized Ca, pH, pCO2, plasma inorganic phosphate and total Ca were determined. During heat stress, Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate were depressed in all treatments. Feeding the 0.45% Ca diet for 7 d reduced hyperthermic body temperature of fed chickens but had no effect on body temperature of unfed chickens relative to the groups fed 0.90% Ca. No further improvement in body temperature response to heat stress was obtained by lowering the dietary Ca level to 0.15% or extending the feeding period to 14 d. Food deprivation was more effective in counteracting the heat-induced rise in body temperature than a dietary Ca deficiency. Heat-induced changes in body temperature, Ca+2, inorganic phosphate and blood pH were highly correlated (P < 0.001). The change in Ca+2 followed a pattern similar to that of changes in body temperature, but changes in inorganic phosphate seemed to be more indicative of changes in pH. Control birds fed 0.90% Ca exhibited the highest changes in Ca+2 and body temperature values. Feeding Ca-deficient diets reduced changes in both Ca+2 and body temperature. Unfed birds, regardless of dietary Ca level, showed the lowest changes in Ca+2 and body temperature. The results suggest that during heat stress, the increase in body temperature is inversely related to the chickens' ability to maintain blood Ca+2.   22                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Carbon dioxide, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and performance of heat distressed broilers. Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 61-66; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carbonation; Drinking water; Acid base equilibrium; Body temperature; Water intake   23                                  NAL Call. No.: 389.9 Un342 Carcass quality after broiler livehaul and influence of withdrawal feed nutrition. Moran, E.T. Jr College Park, Md. : The Conference, 1961-; 1994. Proceedings /. p. 30-38; 1994.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Marketing; Food restriction; Transport of animals; Carcass quality   24                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon dioxide and argon mixture. Mohan Raj, A.B.; Wotton, S.B.; Gregory, N.G. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar. British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 147-156; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Argon; Oxygen; Bioelectric potential; Electroencephalograms; Hypercapnia; Anoxia; Animal welfare  Abstract:  A previous investigation indicated that when hens were exposed to 2% oxygen in argon (anoxia) EEG suppression and loss of SEPs occurred at 17 and 29 s after exposure. In this study, hens were exposed to 49% carbon dioxide in air (hypercapnic hypoxia) or 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in argon (hypercapnic anoxia) and their spontaneous electroence- phalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were investigated. The results indicated that EEG suppression and loss of SEPs occurred in 11 and 26 s, respectively, in hypercapnic hypoxia. These events occurred at 11 and 19 s, respectively, after exposure to hypercapnic anoxia. These results indicated that, with regard to preslaughter stunning/killing of chickens, a mixture of 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in argon resulted in a more rapid loss of evoked responses in the brain when compared with 49% carbon dioxide in air or with 2% oxygen in argon. It is concluded that stunning chickens with low concentrations of carbon dioxide in argon would result in a more rapid loss of consciousness.   25                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Choice tests for space in groups of laying hens. Fanure, J.M. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 89-94; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Cage size; Animal welfare; Space utilization; Groups; Tests   26                                    NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 The cleanest little chicken house in America. Mazzola, V. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1993 Sep. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 41 (9): p. 18; 1993 Sep.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control   27                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed in battery cages and an aviary. Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb. Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 235-243; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Aviaries; Animal behavior; Egg production; Feeding habits  Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to study the behavior and production performance of hens housed in battery cages (3 birds X 112 cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age. Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors were much more frequent (P < .01) in the battery cages (7.0 to 24.7%) than in the aviary (1.0 to 2.7%). Comfort behaviors were performed by aviary birds (3.9 to 5.5%) much more frequently (P < .01) than by the caged birds (.7 to .9%). The birds were more active during a few hours before dark and just after light in both cages and the aviary. In both groups, the production performance of hens was similar and relatively high. The results of the current study indicate that aviaries provide a more comfortable environment for birds and almost the same productivity per bird as battery cages.   28                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Comparison of bone volume and strength as measures of skeletal integrity in caged laying hens with access to perches. Hughes, B.O.; Wilson, S.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar. Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 202-206; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bone strength; Bones; Volume; Breaking strength; Osteoporosis  Abstract:  Fractures in spent laying hens are now recognised as a major welfare problem; the objective of this work was to determine whether provision of perches for caged layers would increase bone strength, bone volume or both. Sixteen ISA Brown hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks old in cages with perches and 16 in similar cages without perches. At the end of lay the birds' tibiotarsi were examined for strength by a three-point loading test and their tarsometatarsi for bone volume by histomorphometry. There was no significant effect of perches on tibiotarsal breaking strength. Hens from both groups showed evidence of osteoporosis, but it was more severe in the birds from conventional cages: tarsometatarsal trabecular bone volume was greater in the hens which had access to perches. A positive correlation was found between trabecular bone volume and the degree of day-time perch usage by individual hens. Provision of perches can have a slight but significant beneficial effect, at least for the leg bones, in increasing the bone volume of caged laying hens.   29                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Continuous submarginal phosphorus with broilers and the effect of preslaughter transportation: carcass defects, further- processing yields, and tibia-femur integrity. Moran, E.T.; Todd, M.C. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep. Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1448-1457; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Mineral deficiencies; Phosphorus; Carcass quality; Femur; Tibia; Length; Broiler performance; Body weight; Feed conversion; Transport of animals; Mortality; Carcass yield; Abdominal fat; Epiphyses; Bone density; Bone weight  Abstract:  Broiler males were given a series of feeds from 0 to 8 wk having all nutrients advocated by the NRC (1984) and were compared with birds offered feeds with available P continuously 10% below recommendation. At termination, birds in pens were divided for cooping, and coops were either subjected to 6 h of truck transportation and 4 h of preslaughter rest or held stationary for 10 h. High summer temperatures existed throughout experimentation, and low dietary P reduced body weight gain through the first 6 wk, whereas an advantage in feed conversion and mortality occurred from 6 to 8 wk. Weight loss increased when birds were subjected to transportation, regardless of P nutriture, and a portion of the loss was recovered during processing as gain in relative chilled carcass yield. Proportions of abdominal fat and skinless boneless meats from chilled carcasses were unaltered, regardless of treatment. Increased incidence of deformed drumsticks occurred because of low P as did drumstick bruising, which was further accentuated when birds had been transported. Back bruising was prominent when P was adequate and birds were held stationary, whereas the converse occurred with transportation. Tibia length was reduced as a consequence of low P, whereas the femur suffered in terms of decreased mineral density at the epiphyses and resistance to Instron- applied stress. Although transportation in itself did not affect any bone measurement, inadequate P weakened the skeleton to increase likelihood of carcass defects during preslaughter stress.   30                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Control of heat stress essential to keep hens laying in hot weather. Muirhead, S. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Apr05. Feedstuffs v. 65 (14): p. 13; 1993 Apr05.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Weather; Temperature   31                                    NAL Call. No.: SB599.A47 Controlling rodents in commercial poultry facilities. Corrigan, R.M.; Timm, R.M. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University,; 1993 Feb. Animal damage control / (3): 16 p.; 1993 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing; Mus musculus; Rattus norvegicus; Rattus rattus; Rodent control; Rodenticides; Poultry diseases; Bait traps   32                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.9 In7 A conveyor system for handling laying hens. Moran, P.; Whetlor, B.; Berry, P. Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1993. The Agricultural engineer v. 48 (4): p. 120-122; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Cabt; Handling machinery; Conveyors; Poultry housing; Battery cages; Hens; Design; Operation; Animal welfare   33                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Cost benefit analysis of a 24 hour summer ventilation strategy for poultry. Bisesi, P.S.; Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Brake, J.; Pardue, S.L.; Etheredge, A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (923537): 15 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International winter meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Electricity; Summer; Cost benefit analysis   34                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Decontamination of poultry transport cages. El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.; Joseph, S.W.; Berney, G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933010): 26 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cages; Salmonella; Poultry; Disinfection   35                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 The depletion of glycogen stores and indices of dehydration in transported broilers. Warriss, P.D.; Kestin, S.C.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Edwards, J.E.; Austin, S.D.; Nicol, C.J. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Jul. The British veterinary journal v. 149(4): p. 391-398; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport; Dehydration (physiological); Glycogen; Liver; Food deprivation; Blood sugar; Ph; Skeletal muscle  Abstract:  Broilers were either not transported or were transported for 2, 4 or 6 hours after having been subjected to food withdrawal times of less than one hour or of ten hours. The birds were then slaughtered using normal commercial practices. The longer period of food deprivation reduced liver weight and glycogen content, and circulating glucose concentrations. It also elevated the ultimate pH value (pHu) in the biceps muscle and by implication, therefore, reduced its glycogen content. With longer journey times, liver weight and glycogen content decreased. Transport had an inconsistent effect on glycogen concentration in the pectoral muscle but progressively reduced its pHu. In contrast, pHu in the biceps progressively increased, by implication because transport depleted muscle glycogen levels. Birds transported further had higher concentrations of total protein in their plasma which, though this was not significant, also had a higher osmolality. This suggests that transported birds became dehydrated. Additionally, the depletion of body glycogen stores might be associated with the perception of fatigue.   36                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Design of a poultry disease isolation facility with programmable environmental control. Branton, S.L.; Simmons, J.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (5): p. 695-699; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig housing; Structural design; Animal diseases; Isolation; Quarantine; Environmental control  Abstract:  An 8 X 25 m (26 X 82 ft) block building was converted from an outdated environmental research facility to a state-of-the-art biological isolation laboratory for poultry disease research. Modification included interior partitioning into two large environmental chambers, the addition of insulation in walls and ceiling, 70 kW (20 tons) of refrigeration, 32 fiber glass biological isolation units, appropriate air handling and waste removal, and a computer- based environmental controller. The facility has been in use for two years and has been used in conducting research with both broilers and layers with no occurrence of cross- contamination. To date, the facility has performed as intended with no problems other than the accumulation of poultry dust with resultant persistent clogging of the medium efficiency pleated roughing filter. This problem was rectified through the incorporation of a lanolin-impregnated roll roughing filter into the filter system upstream of the pleated roughing filter.   37                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Designing environments for animals-not for public perceptions. Duncan, L.J.H. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov. British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 475-477; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Animal welfare; Animal behavior   38                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Development of a constant current water bath stunner for poultry processing. Sparrey, J.M.; Kettlewell, P.J.; Paice, M.E.R.; Whetlor, W.C. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956- ; 1993 Dec. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (4): p. 267-274; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Slaughtering equipment; Stunning; Electric current; Electrical equipment; Animal welfare  Abstract:  Problems with conventional water bath stunners have been identified through observation in commercial processing plants and experiment in the laboratory. Due to differences in the electrical resistance of the individual birds there is little control over the stunning current and hence the effectiveness of stunning. To illustrate this problem, the use of set voltage water bath stunners in the poultry processing industry is described. Their performance in relation to existing UK legislation and proposed European standards for animal welfare is discussed. A prototype poultry stunner has been developed which controls the current delivered to individual birds. The stunning current has a 50 Hz sinusoidal wave form and the root mean square (r.m.s.) value is adjustable between 50 and 200 mA. The machine is capable of operating at typical commercial processing speeds of 6000 birds per hour. Experiments using dummy birds, built with electrical properties to represent a live chicken, show that the system can deliver and maintain a preset, constant current to each individual bird provided there is no significant current pathway between adjacent birds. A constant current stunning system will control the current flow through individual birds at an optimal level which will ensure an effective stun and at the same time minimize the carcass quality problems produced by high currents.   39                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Diagnostic hardware/software system for environmental controllers. Chao, K.L.; Gates, R.S.; Chi, H. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3560): 25 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Temperature; Computer simulation   40                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Dietary energy source and density modulate the expression of immunologic stress in chicks. Benson, B.N.; Calvert, C.C.; Roura, E.; Klasing, K.C. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Oct. The Journal of nutrition v. 123 (10): p. 1714-1723; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Energy intake; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient density; Food intake; Growth; Stress; Experimental infections; Experimental diets; Chicks; Blood lipids; Immune response; Energy metabolism  Abstract:  To determine how dietary energy level and source influence feed intake, growth and energy partitioning during immunologic stress, growing chicks were fed diets based on cornstarch and casein with varying energy densities and injected every other day for 6 d with either saline (control), Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide decreased growth and feed consumption at low energy densities. When the dietary energy density was increased above 13.4 kJ/g using cornstarch, but not corn oil, the growth depressing effect of immunogens was eliminated. Immunologically stressed chicks had a greater proportion of gain in visceral organs and less in the carcass, regardless of the nutrient density of the diet. Immunologic stress decreased intake of metabolizable energy of chicks fed a diet with low nutrient density and increased it for those fed a diet with high nutrient density. Chicks injected with S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide lost more energy as heat than controls when differences in metabolizable energy intakes were accounted for and modified their preference between two diets differing in metabolizable energy density and fat content as a result of the challenge. Control chicks selected between the 11.7 and 14.2 kJ/g diets to obtain an energy density of 13.2 kJ/g compared with 12.5 kJ/g in the S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks. The S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks consumed similar amounts of the low energy diet but decreased intake of the high energy diet.   41                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Dietary vitamin and/or trace mineral premix effects on performance, humoral mediated immunity, and carcass composition of broilers during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature distress. Deyhim, F.; Teeter, R.G. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 347-355; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carcass composition; Dietary minerals; Vitamin supplements; Broiler performance; Humoral immunity; Mineral deficiencies; Vitamin deficiencies; Antibody formation; Abdominal fat; Liver; Bursa fabricii; Spleen; Weight   42                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Differential environmental effects on lesions, early growth, and mortality of imperfect albino (s(al-c)) chicks. Silversides, F.G.; Merat, P.; Coquerelle, G. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May. Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 813-820; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Albinos; Genes; Lesions; Growth; Mortality; Genotypes; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Brooders; Battery cages; Floor pens; Light regime; Genotype environment interaction  Abstract:  A series of experiments investigated early pleiotropic effects of a gene for imperfect albinism (s(al-c)) in a population of chickens at Jouy-en-Josas, France. An elevated incidence of lesions of the navel, hocks, and nares typical of imperfect albinos were seen on these chicks, confirming their existence in this population. Variations in hatching environment and the amount of light in the hatcher were both implicated in contributing to the occurrence of lesions of the hocks and nares, but not to those of the navel. In two experiments, using batteries and cages, early growth was reduced among albinos and early mortality was increased. Significant genotype by environment interactions for weight at 4 days and growth to this time, but not thereafter, suggested that the effect is restricted to this time. Unfavorable environments were most deleterious to albinos. In a third experiment, conducted in floor pens, the gene had no effect on either early growth or mortality. There was no effect of the gene on the lesions, early growth, or mortality when carried by heterozygous males (s(+)/s(al-c)).   43                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks. Maxwell, M.H.; Hocking, P.M.; Robertson, G.W. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 177-187; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Restricted feeding; Stress response; Blood picture   44                                     NAL Call. No.: 381 J824 Differential trans-activation of muscle-specific regulatory elements including the myosin light chain box by chicken MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4. Fujisawa-Sehara, A.; Nabeshima, Y.; Komiya, T.; Uetsuki, T.; Asakura, A.; Nabeshima, Y.I. Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992 May15. The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (14): p. 10031-10038; 1992 May15. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Myosin; Genetic regulation; Controlling elements; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences  Abstract:  We have isolated cDNAs encoding a chicken homologue of MRF4 (cMRF4) in addition to chicken MyoD (CMD1) and myogenin (c-myogenin) described previously. In an attempt to understand the roles that cMRF4, CMD1, and c-myogenin play in chicken myogenesis, the effects of these factors on muscle- specific cis-elements identified in regulatory regions of myosin alkali light chain (MLC) genes were examined. The promoter analysis of some of MLC genes has revealed two sorts of muscle-specific positive regulatory elements to date, an enhancer located upstream of the adult type LC1 gene and a cis-element, termed an MLC box, conserved among promoters of various MLC genes. The LC1 enhancer was exclusively trans- activated by CMD1. Although c-myogenin also activated transcription driven by the LC1 promoter, it was suggested that c-myogenin requires a cis-element(s) other than the CMD1- responsive enhancer. Chicken MRF4 could not trans-activate any of the constructs containing the LC1 promoter. In contrast, the promoter of the embryonic L23 gene was trans-activated by all of the three factors. From deletion and mutation analysis, the MLC box was shown to be involved in their positive regulation. These results extend previous observations that individual myogenic regulatory factors exhibit different capabilities in transcriptional activation of muscle-specific genes by acting distinctively upon their regulatory elements.   45                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Diurnal and individual variation in behaviour of restricted- fed broiler breeders. Kostal, L.; Savory, C.J.; Hughes, B.O. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 361-374; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Animal behavior; Diurnal variation; Variation; Stress; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Fearfulness; Body weight   46                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from a poultry house. Maghirang, R.G.; Manbeck, H.B. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934056): 10 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Air quality; Poultry housing; Ventilation   47                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Dust net generation rate in a poultry layer house. Qi, R.; Manbeck, H.B.; Maghirang, R.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1639-1645. ill; 1992 Sep.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air quality; Artificial ventilation; Dust; Interactions; Lighting; Literature reviews; Particle density; Air pollutants; Mathematical models  Abstract:  Dust particle net generation rates, based on the particle concentration data obtained in a commercial poultry facility during a complete laying season of one flock of birds, were calculated and compared to published values. The layer house was mechanically ventilated with a housing capacity for 112,000 caged birds. Two seasonal (hot and cold) ventilation rates were used at different times during the 14 weekly sample periods that are included in this study. The daily lighting scheme in the house consisted of 17 lighted hours followed by 7 darkened hours. Hourly dust particle net generation rates for respirable and total particles were calculated. For the 14 tested weeks, mean particle volume generation rates were 0.76 mm3/h.bird and 1.06 mm3/h.bird, respectively, for respirable and total particles. Based on a measured particle density of 1750 kg/m3, the mean mass generation rates of respirable and total particles were 1.32 mg/h.bird and 1.84 mg/h.bird, respectively. Both respirable and total particle generation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by both ventilation rate and lighting levels.   48                                    NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3 Early insulin response after food intake in geese. Karmann, H.; Rideau, N.; Zorn, T.; Malan, A.; Le Maho, Y. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct. American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R782-R784; 1992 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Food intake; Insulin; Insulin secretion; Glucose; Blood plasma; Blood sampling; Stress; Geese  Abstract:  Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in chronically catheterized, freely moving, undisturbed geese, which were offered a free standard meal after an overnight fast. The insulin level markedly rose within the first minute after the start of food ingestion, whereas plasma glucose did not increase. This early insulin response was not correlated with the size of the meal. In contrast, both postabsorptive insulin response and plasma glucose changes were dependent on meal size. When a small amount of food (2-6 g) was eaten, insulin returned to basal level within 30 min, whereas plasma glucose remained unchanged. Larger meals (15-20 g) maintained plasma insulin at a higher level and induced a sustained rise of plasma glucose. These results indicate that there is a cephalic phase of insulin secretion at the beginning of the meal in birds as previously described in mammals.   49                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Effect of acute heat exposure on blood flow and its distribution in the unrestrained laying fowl (Gallus domesticus). Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul. British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Blood flow; Body temperature; Environmental temperature; Heat stress   50                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Effect of acute heat exposure on triglyceride transfer to the preovulatory follicles of the laying fowl (Gallus domesticus). Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul. British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 569-575; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Follicles; Triacylglycerols   51                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Effect of age and presence of perches during rearing on tonic immobility fear reactions of broiler breeder pullets. Brake, J.; Keeley, T.P.; Jones, R.B. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep. Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1470-1474; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pullets; Perches; Fearfulness; Age differences; Protein intake; Dietary protein; Body weight  Abstract:  Broiler breeders were housed in pens in an all- litter house with an 8-h photoperiod from hatching to 20 wk of age. They were reared either in the presence or absence of perches (7 cm per bird) and on either a 14% or a 17% CP diet. The duration of the tonic immobility (TI) fear response was measured in 15- and in 20-wk-old birds; each pullet was tested individually and once only. There was an apparent age-related increase in the duration of TI, which was attenuated by the provision of perches during rearing. The results are discussed in terms of maturational and environmental influences on the development and alleviation of fear.   52                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Effect of building ventilation design on environment and performance of turkeys. DeBey, M.C.; Trampel, D.W.; Richard, J.L.; Bundy, D.S.; Hoffman, L.J.; Meyer, V.M.; Cox, D.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (2): p. 216-220; 1994 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Natural ventilation; Doors; Structural design; Performance; Air flow; Air temperature; Relative humidity; Ammonia; Air microbiology; Particles; Air quality; Seasonal variation  Abstract:  Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation designs, were measured during summer and the following winter. Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings. Environmental variables assessed included airspeed; temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size, and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria, yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter. For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences were not attributable to building ventilation design; however, in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of building ventilation design on turkey performance was not detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual bird weight as measures of production.   53                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effect of catching method and lighting intensity on the prevalence of broken bones and on the ease of handling of end- of-lay hens. Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Alvey, D.M.; Tucker, S.A. London : The Association; 1993 Feb06. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132 (6): p. 127-129; 1993 Feb06.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures   54                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of bedouin and white leghorn hens. Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar. British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 177-185; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Israel; Cabt; Hens; Breed differences   55                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effect of early handling on growth, mortality and feed efficiency in White Leghorns. Leonard, M.L.; Fairfull, R.W. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 121-128; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Animal husbandry; Handling; Growth rate; Mortality; Feed conversion efficiency; Cannibalism   56                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens. Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; Gregory, N.G. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 39-46; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Fearfulness; Trauma; Removal   57                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous Salmonella enteritidis infection. Holt, P.S.; Porter, R.E. Jr Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov. Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2069-2078; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Molting; Relapse; Susceptibility; Disease transmission; Stress  Abstract:  Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens. A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later. In Trial 1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and 45 (P less than or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P less than or equal to.05 and P less than or equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens. Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact exposed hens in adjacent cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted, contact- exposed hens also shed significantly more SE than unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant. However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than or equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P less than or equal to .05 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the unmolted hens. Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P less than or equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of eight molted contact-exposed hens produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the unmolted hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE- contaminated eggs were produced.   58                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P The effect of long-term housing in an aviary and battery cages on the physical condition of laying hens: body weight, feather condition, claw length, foot lesions, and tibia strength. Taylor, A.A.; Hurnik, J.F. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb. Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 268-273; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Aviaries; Battery cages; Body weight; Claws; Length; Feathers; Tibia; Bone strength; Bone weight; Animal welfare; Feet; Lesions  Abstract:  The physical condition of laying hens housed for 3 yr in either traditional battery cages or an aviary was compared. Aviary hens were significantly lighter than those in cages (2,021 vs 2,241 g; P = .0001), despite having consumed slightly more feed (121 vs 116 g per bird per d, P = .16). Caged hens had poorer feather cover (P = .0001); 39% of caged birds had denuded areas greater than 5 cm2, whereas 68% of aviary hens had complete plumage. The length of both center front and rear claws was significantly greater in caged hens (36.3 vs 30.3 mm, P =.001 and 19.2 vs 16.1 mm, P =.012, respectively). The total number of foot lesions did not differ with housing system; however, caged hens had significantly more toe injuries (P < .001), and aviary birds had more injuries on the soles of their feet (P =.005). All aviary birds with foot lesions had only a single lesion, whereas one- sixth of caged hens with lesions had more than one. No difference in tibial breaking strength was found due to housing system. Overall, the results suggest that aviary systems can offer some distinct advantages over traditional battery cages with regard to the physical condition of laying hens, given a high level of management.   59                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effect of number of hens per nipple waterer on the performance of several strains of layers in cages. Gernat, A.G.; Adams, A.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug. Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1292-1295; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Strain differences; Floor pens; Water intake; Nipple drinkers; Laying performance; Liveweight gain; Egg weight; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency  Abstract:  Two experiments were designed to study the effects of housing in cages with several hens per nipple waterer (HPN) ratios on performance of several strains of White Leghorn pullets. In Experiment 1, only body weight gain and water consumption were significantly affected by the HPN; hens at the 2:1 HPN gained more weight and consumed more water per day than those at the 4:1 HPN. The lack of a significant strain by HPN interaction indicated that the four strains responded similarly to the different HPN ratios. In Experiment 2, hens in cages with 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN consumed significantly more water and feed than those in cages with 10:1 and 14:1 HPN. In both experiments, the HPN had no significant effect on age at sexual maturity, egg production, mortality, and egg weight, but efficiency of feed usage for egg production decreased with the 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN.   60                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 The effect of oxytetracycline on water consumption of broilers. Lott, B.D.; Branton, S.L.; May, J.D. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (3): p. 283-285; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Drinking water; Additives; Oxytetracycline; Water intake; Heat stress; Age differences; Liveweight gain   61                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Effect of perches in laying cages on welfare and production of hens. Duncan, E.T.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 25-35; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Perches   62                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Effect of preproduction lighting regimes on reproductive performance of broiler breeders. Yalcin, S.; McDaniel, G.R.; Wong-Valle, J. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 51-54; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pullets; Broilers; Light regime; Poultry housing; Laying performance   63                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on stress and performance of caged layers. Struwe, F.J.; Gleaves, E.W.; Douglas, J.H.; Bond, P.L. Jr Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan. Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 70-75; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Beak; Debeaking; Stress; Body weight; Feed intake; Egg production; Floors; Wire netting; Litter; Feathers; Adrenal glands; Heart; Spleen; Weight; Blood; Corticosterone  Abstract:  Beak trimming pullets at an early age is a widespread industry practice. There is some concern that this practice may have effects on the subsequent performance of the birds in the production phase. Effects of beak treatment (trimmed or untrimmed) and rearing floor type (litter or wire) on performance of caged layers were evaluated in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pullets that were trimmed or untrimmed at 10 days of age and reared on either litter or wire floors were placed in a cage house. Production factors and stress measurements were recorded to determine detrimental effects of the early trimming and rearing floor types. No interactions (P=.15) between rearing floor type and beak treatment were observed for BW, feed consumption, egg production, heart weight, spleen weight, or blood corticosterone. However, an interaction (P=.02) between rearing floor type and beak treatment was observed for adrenal weight. There were no differences (P=.08) in the final BW of the pullets. Birds reared on litter ate considerably (P=.0002) more than those reared on wire. There were no differences (P=.27) in egg production rate. Adrenal weights were different (P=.007), with the litter-raised birds having much smaller adrenals at the end of the 36-wk trial. Hearts of the beak- trimmed birds were smaller (P=.02) than those of the untrimmed birds. There were no differences in spleen weights (P=.07) or blood corticosterone levels (P=.07). Differences in the feather cover were observed.   64                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5 Effect of used litter from floor pens of adult broilers on Salmonella colonization of broiler chicks. Corrier, D.E.; Hinton, A. Jr; Hargis, B.; DeLoach, J.R. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1992 Oct. Avian diseases v. 36 (4): p. 897-902; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Litter; Floor pens; Colonization; Salmonella; Cecum; Intestinal microorganisms; Disease resistance; Volatile fatty acids  Abstract:  The effect of used pine-shaving litter from broiler door pens on Salmonella colonization resistance was evaluated in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were placed in floor pens on fresh unused litter or on used litter. All chicks were challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age. The study was replicated in three trials with used litter that was collected and stored for 1 day (Trial 1), 4 days (Trial 2), or 50 days (Trial 3) before the start of each trial. Cecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks placed on used litter than in chicks on new litter. In all three trials, the number of Salmonella in the cecal contents and the number of Salmonella cecal-culture-positive chicks was significantly lower (P < 0.01) at 10 days and 20 days of age in the chicks on used litter than in the chicks on new litter. The results indicated that newly hatched chicks reared on used litter had higher cecal VFA concentrations and higher resistance to Salmonella colonization than chicks reared on new litter.   65                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Effect of ventilation rate and stocking density on turkey health and performance. Zuidhof, M.J.; Feddes, J.J.R.; Robinson, E.E.; Riddell, C. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 123-129; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Stocking density; Ventilation; Air quality; Poultry housing; Ammonia; Dust; Performance; Lungs; Lesions   66                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Effect of warm drinking water on the performance and immunological responses of broiler breeder hens raised at low air temperature. Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.; Rosenstrauch, A. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May. British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 361-366; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Environmental temperature; Cold stress; Water intake   67                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Effects of age, sex and housing on the trabecular bone of laying strain domestic fowl. Wilson, S.; Duff, S.R.I.; Whitehead, C.C. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 52-58; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Osteoporosis; Osteomalacia; Bones; Volume; Age differences; Sex differences; Normal values; Cages; Floor pens  Abstract:  To determine the effects of age, sex and housing on trabecular bone volume, samples were collected from groups of male and female domestic fowl housed in cages or floor pens from four to 60 weeks old. Between 25 and 60 weeks old, trabecular bone volume decreased by 25 per cent in sections of free thoracic vertebrae (T5) from female birds, the loss occurring at an earlier age in caged birds. Over the sample period, TBV in male caged birds diminished by 35 per cent, but male floor birds showed no reduction in trabecular bone volume. At 60 weeks, trabecular bone volume was 30 per cent greater in male caged birds and 40 per cent greater in male floor birds than in the corresponding females. In reproductively active females, no trabecular osteoid was observed, indicating no new trabecular bone formation. However, trabecular osteoid was present in two birds aged 60 weeks which had regressed ovaries. Osteomalacia was not seen in any of the bone samples.   68                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5 Effects of ascorbic acid on stress and disease in chickens. Gross, W.B. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1992 Jul. Avian diseases v. 36 (3): p. 688-692; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Ascorbic acid; Stress; Fowl diseases; Disease resistance; Furaltadone; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes; Corticotropin; Feed conversion efficiency; Newcastle disease virus; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Escherichia coli  Abstract:  White Leghorn chickens were given feed containing 100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg. One day later, treated chickens and a similar group of unmedicated control chickens were chilled for 1 hour at 6 C, exposed to an unusual sound, fasted, or subjected to rough handling. Heterophil:lymphocytes (H:L) ratios were determined one day later. The AA-treated birds had significantly lower H:L ratios than untreated controls. Chickens that received a diet containing AA had lower H:L ratios than controls (0.86 vs. 1.65) following administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Chickens fed a diet containing AA showed increased resistance to a combined Newcastle disease virus-Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and to a secondary Escherichia coli infection, as well as to a primary E. coli challenge infection. The effects of AA and an antibacterial drug (furaltadone) were additive. In all experiments, the optimum dose of AA was 100 mg/kg of feed. There was a negative correlation between AA level in the diet and feed efficiency.   69                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Effects of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate on adrenocortical activation and fear-related behavior in broiler chickens. Satterlee, D.G.; Jones, R.B.; Ryder, F.H. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan. Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 194-201; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Chicks; Fearfulness; Ascorbic acid; Phosphorylation; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Water intake; Animal behavior; Inhibition  Abstract:  The effects of supplemental ascorbyl-2- polyphosphate (APP) on adrenocortical function and underlying fearfulness in broiler chickens were assessed in a number of test situations. Chicks pretreated for a minimum of 24 h with APP (1,000 ppm equivalents of L-ascorbic acid) in their drinking water or with no APP (tap water controls; CON) had blood samples taken immediately following water treatment and again after exposure to a capture and cooping stressor for 10 min. First, although the cooping stressor markedly increased plasma corticosterone concentrations, pretreatment with APP failed to attenuate this adrenocortical response. Second, APP- treated chicks showed less freezing and vocalized sooner in an open field (novel environment) than did controls. They also showed nonsignificant tendencies toward accelerated and enhanced ambulation. Third, supplementation with APP reduced the duration of the birds' tonic immobility fear reactions. Collectively, these behavioral effects are indicative of dampened fear. The apparent reduction of nonspecific, underlying fearfulness by APP treatment may have important implications for poultry welfare and performance.   70                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of prechill carcasses. Waldroup, A.L.; Skinner, J.T.; Hierholzer, R.E.; Kopek, J.M.; Waldroup, P.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May. Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 844-849; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonella typhimurium; Carcasses; Stocking density; Floor pens; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Mortality; Infections; Incidence  Abstract:  Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of processed broilers. Commercial strain broiler clucks were reared in floor pens on new litter at densities of 557, 619, 697, 796, 929, and 1,115 cm2 per bird. Twenty percent of the chicks in each density were gavaged directly into the crop with .5 mL of 108 nalidixic-acid-resistant (NAR) Salmonella typhimurium on Day 2. Twenty percent of the uninoculated birds in each density category were processed at 42 days. Prechill carcasses were evaluated for NAR Salmonella incidence using the whole carcass rinse technique and a mechanical shaking device. The resulting NAR Salmonella contamination rates (from lowest to highest bird densities) were as follows: 55, 4.2, 35.7, 34.3, 88.9, and 20% in Trial 1; and 30, 20.8, 28.6, 50, 58.3, and 30% in Trial 2. A random sample of the prechill carcasses of gavaged birds indicated a contamination rate of 13.8% in Trial 1 and 61.1% in Trial 2. The NAR Salmonella contamination rates of the prechill carcasses did not appear to be affected by the bird densities evaluated in these trials. Feed intake and body weight at 42 days were adversely affected by the highest bird density, but feed utilization was not affected.   71                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Effects of cage versus floor rearing environments and cage floor mesh size on bone strength, fearfulness, and production of single comb White Leghorn hens. Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Aug. Poultry science v. 73 (8): p. 1233-1240; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Stocking density; Floor type; Floor husbandry; Fearfulness; Bone strength; Feed dispensers; Tibia; Laying performance; Body weight; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Mortality; Egg quality  Abstract:  Fourteen hundred pullets were reared at densities of 304 and 735 cm(2) in cages and floor pens with litter, respectively. Feeder spaces of 2.7,4.0, and 5.4 cm per bird were held constant during the brooding growing period. At 18 wk of age, the birds were housed four birds per cage (348 cm(2) per bird) in a force-ventilated, light-controlled house with two rows of stair-step cages. In two rows, the standard 2.5 X 5.0 cm welded wire flooring was replaced randomly with 2.5 X 2.5 cm welded wire in eight-cage sections. Egg production, egg quality, feed conversion, and mortality were measured over a 48-wk production cycle. At 68 wk of age, a sample of hens was selected and euthanatized, and the right leg was excised for further evaluation. Rearing environment, rearing feeder space, or type of layer floor mesh had no significant effects on hen-day production or feed conversion. Hens reared in cages produced heavier (P <.001) eggs with a higher percentage of Grade A eggs and had fewer body checks than floor-reared birds. Femur, tibia, and shank lengths were not affected by the rearing treatments or the type of flooring in the layer cage. Tibia breaking strength was not different for the rearing systems or hens maintained on 2.5 X 2.5 vs 2.5 X 5.0 cm welded wire mesh flooring. Hens reared in floor pens on litter displayed a higher level of fearfulness at the end of the production cycle. The reduced (P < .05) body weights associated with cage rearing and reduced feeder space did not negatively affect the production variables. Alteration of the mesh size of layer cage floor had no effect on the production levels of the hens.   72                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of cage-front design on the feeding behaviour of laying hens. Sherwin, C.M.; Alvey, D.M.; Williamson, J.D. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec. Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 291-299; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Feeding behavior; Duration; Frequency; Cages; Design; Feed troughs; Animal welfare   73                                       NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6 The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Mitchell, M.A.; Carlisle, A.J. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan. Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative physiology v. 101 (1): p. 137-142; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Jejunum; Galactose; Methionine; Intestinal absorption; Morphology; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Food intake; Growth rate; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine; Glucagon; Hypothyroidism  Abstract:  Exposure of growing broiler chickens to elevated environmental temperature (35 degrees C) for two weeks, markedly reduced food intake (29%) and growth rate (37%) compared to birds maintained at 22 degrees C. These changes in growth were accompanied by increased in vivo jejunal uptakes of galactose (36%) and methionine (50%) measured per unit intestinal dry weight. Both the electrogenic (phloridzin sensitive) and non-electrogenic (phloridzin insensitive) components of galactose absorption were increased by 24 and 52% respectively during the chronic heat stress. The size of the absorptive compartment may be reduced by the heat stress as reflected by decreased villus heights (19%) and wet (26%) and dry (31%) weights per unit length of jejunum. It is suggested that the changes in hexose and amino acid during chronic exposure to elevated ambient temperature may reflect adaptations to optimise nutrient absorption in the face of reduced nutrition and decreases in the size of the absorptive compartment. A functional hypothyroidism (plasma luminal T3 decreased by 66%) associated with heat stress may contribute to the observed alterations in jejunal structure and function.   74                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effects of dietary fat source on sudden death syndrome and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in broiler chickens. Chung, H.C.; Guenter, W.; Rotter, R.G.; Crow, G.H.; Stanger, N.E. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Feb. Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 310-316; 1993 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Dietary fat; Tallow; Sunflower oil; Mortality; Heart diseases; Incidence; Phospholipids; Calcium; Cell membranes  Abstract:  Wheat and soybean diets supplemented with either tallow or sunflower oil (SFO) were fed to broiler chicks. Variables examined included performance, incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS), and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) calcium transport. The phospholipid content of head tissues was also determined. Birds fed the SFO diet gained significantly (P < .05) more weight over the first 21 days of age and had a significantly better feed:gain ratio (P < .01). The incidence of SDS mortality up to 39 days of age was also lower (P < .05) for SFO-fed birds than for those fed the tallow diet. Calcium (45Ca2+) uptake and calcium-magnesium 5'- adenosinetriphosphatase (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase) activity in cardiac SR vesicles did not differ due to diet (P > .05). However, compared with similar weight pen-mates showing no disease signs, SDS birds had depressed 45Ca2+ uptake (P < .01) and Ca(2+) + Mg2+-ATPase activity (P < .05) of cardiac SR vesicles. The phosphatidylcholine concentration in the cell membranes of heart tissue of tallow-fed birds was significantly higher (P < .05) than in SFO-fed chicks. No differences were seen in other phospholipid constituents. The SDS birds, however, had significantly (P < .05) lower phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and total phospholipid concentrations in the heart tissues than the pen-mate controls. The results support the hypotheses that SDS in broilers is a cardiac dysfunction associated with defective cardiac SR membrane function and that dietary fat type is implicated with the syndrome.   75                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Effects of electrolyte and lighting regimen on growth of heat- distressed broilers. Smith, M.O. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb. Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 350-353; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Tennessee; Cabt; Broilers; Heat stress; Light regime; Electrolytes; Broiler performance; Environmental temperature; Body temperature; Water intake; Carcass weight; Carcass yield; Abdominal fat  Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate possible interactions between photoschedules [23 h light (L):1 h dark (D); 16L:8D] and electrolytes provided by KCl and NaCl in the drinking water of broilers grown at elevated temperatures. Birds raised on each photoschedule were exposed to 8 h of 23.9 C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 C, 4 h of 35 C, and 8 h of 35 to 23.9 C. Photoschedule had no effect on body weight gain, feed consumption, or carcass characteristics. Male birds that received NaCl gained 10.5% more (P < .05) weight than those receiving no water additive. Male birds consumed up to 37% more water (P < .05) and gained up to 21% more weight (P < .05) than similarly raised females. There was no effect of electrolytes on carcass characteristics.   76                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of environmental enrichment and gentle handling on behaviour and fear responses of transported broilers. Nicol, C.J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 367-380; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Fearfulness; Animal behavior; Environment; Enrichment; Handling   77                                      NAL Call. No.: 10 J822 Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick growth and development. Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Dec. The Journal of agricultural science v. 121 (pt.3): p. 421-425; 1993 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Growth rate; Feed intake; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Liveweight gain; Survival   78                                   NAL Call. No.: RA565.A1J6 Effects of heat stress on Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-activated ATPase, and Na+-ATPase activities of broiler chickens vital organs. Chen, C.L.; Sangiah, S.; Chen, H.; Roder, J.D.; Shen, Y. London : Taylor & Francis Ltd; 1994 Mar. Journal of toxicology and environmental health v. 41 (3): p. 345-356; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity; Sodium; Potassium; Magnesium; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Inhibition; Organs; Brain; Heart; Kidneys; Intestinal mucosa; Poultry farming   79                                   NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Effects of nicarbazin and hot temperature on evaporative water loss, acid-base balance, body temperature and carbon dioxide exhalation in adult roosters. Lee, B.D.; Lee, S.K.; Hyun, W.J. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-; 1994 Mar. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 7 (1): p. 97-101; 1994 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cocks; Nicarbazin; Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium; Water intake; Water metabolism; Body temperature; Evaporation; Blood chemistry   80                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Effects of perches on trabecular bone volume in laying hens. Wilson, S.; Hughes, B.O.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar. Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 207-211; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bones; Volume; Exercise; Osteoporosis; Bone resorption  Abstract:  Trabecular bone remodelling is known to be affected by loading or exercise, and thus exercise may effect the trabecular bone loss associated with osteopenia in laying hens. Sixteen ISA Brown hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks old in cages with perches and 16 in similar cages without perches to examine the effects of the exercise afforded by perch provision on trabecular bone volume. At 72 weeks, mean trabecular bone volume in the proximal tarsometatarsus of birds with access to perches was significantly greater than in control birds, while medullary bone volume was not significantly different in the two groups. However, all the birds were considered osteoporotic, though to varying degrees, and the beneficial effects of perches were relatively minor. It was concluded that while trabecular bone loss may be reduced by perch provision, other factors are probably more influential in the development of the osteoporosis typical of laying hens.   81                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Effects of potassium chloride supplementation of growth of heat-distressed broilers. Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 321-324; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Oklahoma; Chicks; Heat stress; Potassium chloride; Drinking water; Liveweight gain   82                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effects of rearing density and feeder and waterer spaces on the productivity and fearful behavior of layers. Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan. Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 53-58; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Stocking density; Feed dispensers; Drinkers; Fearfulness; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Egg production  Abstract:  Two groups of White Leghorn pullets reared in cages were used to study the effects of rearing density and feeder and waterer spaces on their performance and fearful behavior. In Experiment 1, rearing densities of 221, 249, 277, and 304 cm(2) per bird, 5.4 cm feeder space per bird, and a cup waterer to pullet ratio of 1:7 had no significant effect on 18-wk body weight, body weight uniformity, body weight gain, age at sexual maturity, feed consumption, and mortality rate during the laying period. In Experiment 2, pullets reared at a density of 193 versus 221 cm(2) had lower (P<.001) 18-wk body weights but increased (P<.001) weight gain during the laying period. Pullets reared with 2.7 versus 5.4 cm of feeder space weighed less (P<.001) at 18 wk, but gained (P<.001) more weight and consumed more (P<.05) feed during the laying period. A cup waterer to pullet ratio of 1:14 versus 1:7 increased (P<.05) age at sexual maturity and body weight gain. Density had no consistent effect on egg production in either experiment. There were no carryover effects of rearing density in Experiment 1 or density, and feeder and waterer space in Experiment 2 on fearful behavior. Hens were more (P<.001) fearful at 34 wk of age (peak production) than at 54 wk of age (postpeak production). The negative effects associated with floor, feeder, and waterer spaces during the rearing period were transitory and did not persist into the production period.   83                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on feather damage in laying hens. Norgaard-Nielsen, G.; Vestergaard, K.; Simonsen, H.B. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec. Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 345-352; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Hens; Feather pecking; Dust bathing; Sand; Peat; Poultry farming; Straw; Environment; Enrichment; Age differences   84                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks. Han, Y.; Baker, D.H. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Apr. Poultry science v. 72 (4): p. 701-708; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body weight; Strain differences; Lysine; Dosage effects; Sex differences; Environmental temperature; Diet; Growth rate; Nutrient requirements  Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of sex, heat stress (37 C), body weight (heavy and light within strain), and strain of chicks on the dietary lysine requirement of chicks during 8 to 22 days posthatching. A lysine-deficient basal diet (.64% total lysine, 23% CP, 3,200 kcal MEn/kg) containing corn, feather meal, and soybean meal was supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine.HCl to produce growth response curves. The lysine-deficient diet contained .52% true digestible lysine as determined with a precision-fed cecectomized adult cockerel assay (Experiment 1). Hubbard X Hubbard chicks were used in Experiment 2 and New Hampshire X Columbian crossbred chicks were used in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 2 compared lysine requirements of male and female chicks. Weight gains between sexes were similar when diets were deficient in lysine, but males grew faster than females when lysine-adequate diets were fed. Male chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females for both maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Also, regardless of sex, the lysine requirement (percentage of diet) for maximal feed efficiency was higher than that for maximal weight gain. In Experiment 3, heat stress reduced weight gain and feed intake of both males and females by about 22%, and it increased the lysine requirement of female but not male chicks. In Experiment 4, light and heavy chicks were selected from male and female populations. Heavy and light chicks exhibited the same dietary lysine requirement for maximal growth. However, the lysine requirement for maximal feed efficiency was higher for heavy birds than for light birds. There was no strain effect on the lysine requirement.   85                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of social status on the performance of non-interactive behaviours in small groups of laying hens. Bradshaw, R.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 77-81; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Social dominance; Groups; Animal behavior; Aggressive behavior; Animal welfare; Interactions   86                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Effects of spatial allowance, group size and perches on the behaviour of hens in cages with nests. Reed, H.J.; Nicol, C.J. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov. British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 529-534; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Cages; Nests; Animal welfare; Stocking density; Animal behavior; Perches; Excreta   87                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of visual stimuli and noise on fear levels in laying hens. Scott, G.B.; Moran, P. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (4): p. 321-329; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness   88                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Energy efficiency in broiler housing systems. Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933015): 15 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Energy conservation   89                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Environment-immune interactions. Dietert, R.R.; Golemboski, K.A.; Austic, R.E. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul. Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 1062-1076; 1994 Jul.  Paper presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Avian Immunology," July 1993, East Lansing, Michigan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Disease resistance; Immune competence; Genotype environment interaction; Stress factors; Antibody formation; Assays; Immunological deficiency; Nutrient deficiencies; Literature reviews  Abstract:  The need for effective immune function for the maintenance of health has been clearly established in both agriculturally significant animal species and humans. Intensive agricultural practices present production species with numerous disease challenges during the rearing period. Environmental factors represent a ubiquitous, yet frequently manageable, category of immunomodulators that can influence immune performance and ultimately disease susceptibility or resistance. However, strategies for assessing overall immune potential have not been widely implemented for agricultural species. This is in contrast to the use of immune evaluation for human health considerations. Immune assessment relative to environmental-immune interactions can produce benefits in two areas. First, the efficiency of the production operation can be enhanced. Second, the welfare of the animals during the production cycle can be optimized. This paper presents an overview of environmental factors known to influence the immune function of poultry and the opportunities to manage environmental factors to benefit the health of the animals. In addition, the paper discusses the status of immunological assessment for humans and laboratory animals and proposes potential immune assessment panels that could serve as a tool to optimize the environmental management of poultry populations.   90                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection of guinea fowl (Numbida meleagris). Campbell, G.W.; Taylor, J.D.; Harrower, B.J. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 13; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Queensland; Guineafowls; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; Outbreaks; Symptoms; Epidemiology; Histopathology; Stress   91                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 An evaluation of humane gas stunning methods for turkeys. Raj, M.; Gregory, N.G. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Sep03. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 135 (10): p. 222-223; 1994 Sep03.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Animal welfare; Electroencephalograms; Brain   92                                  NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56 Evaporate cooling versus tunnel ventilation. Jacobs, R.D.; Bucklin, R.A.; Harms, R.H.; Sloan, D.R. Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service; 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501): p. 9; 1992.  Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville, Florida.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Poultry housing; Evaporative cooling; Artificial ventilation   93                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Evaporative efficiency of a fogging fan for poultry. Bottcher, R.W.; Czarick, M. III; Lacy, M.P.; Baughman, G.R. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6): p. 855-860; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Poultry housing; Fogging; Evaporative cooling; Fans  Abstract:  A fogging fan system employing an oscillating fan with a rotating fogging nozzle was tested in experimental and commercial poultry buildings. The system reduced air temperature by 6 degrees C (11 degrees F) or more. The sensible heat balance approach presented by Bottcher et al. (1991) for characterizing misting efficiency was applied to the test results. The percentage of the water flow rate which evaporated within the buildings was computed to be 60% or more, which is comparable to the evaporative efficiency of conventional fogging systems operating at relatively hi water pressures [e.g., 3400 kPa (500 psi)].   94                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P692 Expression of foreign genes in transgenic yellow-poplar plants. Wilde, H.D.; Meagher, R.B.; Merkle, S.A. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992 Jan. Plant physiology v. 98 (1): p. 114-120; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Liriodendron tulipifera; Gene transfer; Transgenics; Gene expression; Somatic embryogenesis; Genetic markers; Beta-glucuronidase; Neomycin; Phosphotransferases; Enzyme activity  Abstract:  Cells of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were transformed by direct gene transfer and regenerated into plants by somatic embryogenesis. Plasmid DNA bearing marker genes encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II) were introduced by microprojectile bombardment into single cells and small cell clusters isolated from embryogenic suspension cultures. The number of full- length copies of the GUS gene in independently transformed callus lines ranged from approximately 3 to 30. An enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for NPT II and a fluorometric assay for GUS showed that the expression of both enzymes varied by less than fourfold among callus lines. A histochemical assay for GUS activity revealed a heterogeneous pattern of staining with the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid in some transformed cell cultures. However, cell clusters reacting positively (blue) or negatively (white) with 5-bromo-4- chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid demonstrated both GUS activity and NPT II expression in quantitative assays. Somatic embryos induced from transformed cell cultures were found to be uniformly GUS positive by histochemical analysis. All transgenic plants sampled expressed the two marker genes in both root and shoot tissues. GUS activity was found to be higher in leaves than roots by fluorometric and histochemical assays. Conversely, roots expressed higher levels of NPT II than leaves.   95                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Fear of humans and its relationships with productivity in laying hens at commercial farms. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Newman, E.A. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Sep. British poultry science v. 33 (4): p. 699-710; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Laying performance   96                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high environmental temperatures. May, J.D.; Lott, B.D. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb. Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 331-336; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Water intake; Environmental temperature; Diurnal variation; Heat stress; Age differences; Acclimatization  Abstract:  Broilers were reared on litter to determine the effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C for several days before cyclic temperatures were started. Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or 7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the period of temperature decline immediately preceding the minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic temperatures consumed more water than controls during a subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise from changes that occur during some times of the day and no changes occur during other times. The increase in water consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.   97                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7 Feed resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri Lanka. Gunaratne, S.P.; Chandrasiri, A.D.N.; Mangalika Hemalatha, W.A.P.; Roberts, J.A. Midlothian, Scotland : University of Edinburgh; 1993 Nov. Tropical animal health and production v. 25 (4): p. 249-257; 1993 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sri lanka; Cabt; Hens; Free range husbandry; Kitchen waste; Dietary minerals; Calcium; Phosphorus; Blood plasma; Chicks; Survival; Feed intake; Proximate analysis; Feeding behavior; Hatching; Productivity   98                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Feeding effects on broiler thermobalance during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature exposure. Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter, R.G. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Oct. Poultry science v. 72 (10): p. 1917-1924; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Heat stress; Calorimetry; Heat production; Body temperature; Water intake; Respiration rate; Body heat loss; Metabolism  Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted effects on broiler thermobalance defined as heat production (H), evaporative heat loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and change in body heat content (HC). Birds were housed at 24 C in the first study, 32 to 35 C in the second study, and force-fed in both studies to 0, 3, 6, and 9% of body weight kg(.66) (MWT) each day. Starved bird H averaged 4.8 and 4.9 kcal/h per MWT within the thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) environments, respectively. Heat production increased linearly to 5.9 in TN and 6.2 kcal/h per MWT in HS as feeding level rose to 9% of MWT. Route of heat dissipation varied with environment. Within TN (Experiment 1), the increased heat load, with elevated feed consumption, was dissipated by increased (P <.01) S solely, as E remained constant (p >.1). Within HS (Experiment 2), E increased (P < .01) from 1.8 to 2.4 kcal/h per MWT. Viewed over experiments, S was 38% lower and E 67% higher during HS than TN. These data indicate that H increases with feeding level, that broilers preferentially dissipate heat as S when environmental conditions permit, and that feed consumption exacerbates bird HC rise when environmental conditions limit S.   99                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Field calibration of a transient model for broiler misting. Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Bottcher, R.W.; Zhang, S.H. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1623-1631; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken housing; Environmental control; Evaporative cooling; Mists; Mathematical models  Abstract:  A transient model to predict temperature within a tunnel ventilated broiler house during misting is developed. The model is calibrated with field data to obtain steady-state constants; transient predictions are compared to measured temperatures during cyclic misting for two different size birds. Measured temperatures during cyclic misting are shown to swing between steady-state asymptotes predicted from the model. Transient response of the model was faster than measured temperature data, in part due to temperature sensor dynamic response. The model predicts the lengthwise temperature profile within the building during misting, and can be used to investigate alternate misting strategies and designs. Further improvements to the model are suggested.   100                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Field comparison of broiler house mechanical ventilation systems in a warm climate. Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Carter, T.A.; Hobbs, A.O. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 499-508; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Poultry housing; Artificial ventilation; Mechanical methods; Comparisons  Abstract:  Three separate systems for mechanical ventilation were monitored in commercial broiler houses during the spring and summer of 1988. The first system utilized buried earth tubes, plastic ventilation ducts, and hollow wall cavities as air inlets; the second system used pressure-controlled slot inlets; and the third system used evaporative cooling pads. The evaporative cooling system provided greater reduction in temperature at bird level than tempering air using earth tubes. An average reduction of 3.9 degrees C (7.1 degrees F) was obtained when outside air was above 32 degrees C (90 degrees F). During warm weather, air speeds at bird level were lower in the earth tube house [less than 0.5 m/s (100 fpm)] than the other houses [0.8-1.8 m/s (150-350 fpm)], due to differences in both maximum ventilation rate and air inlet designs. Productivity of the birds for all three houses was generally better than average for the poultry company. During hot weather the flock size in the earth tube house was reduced and end doors were opened for natural (wind) ventilation. Electrical energy consumption for the earth tube house was approximately twice that of the other houses due to the earth tube air movers.   101                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Field evaluation of reflective bubble-pack insulation in broiler housing. Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Baughman, G.R.; Bisesi, P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 369-374; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Insulating materials; Comparisons; Thermal properties; Energy consumption  Abstract:  A reflective "bubble-pack" insulation was installed in a new broiler house in central North Carolina during the summer of 1988. This insulation consisted of a 0.64 cm (0.25 in.) thick layer of plastic with air pockets and aluminized exterior surfaces. Interior air and black globe temperatures, electricity, and heating fuel (LP gas) used for this house were compared with those for an adjacent house insulated with 15 cm (6 in.) of fiberglass batts with a vapor barrier. Heating fuel use over 10 broiler flocks was greater in the reflective insulation (RI) house than the fiberglass insulation (FI) house by 10 200 L (2700 gal), indicating a lower thermal resistance for the reflective insulation. This confirms laboratory evaluations of such materials (Cox and Baughman, 1985; Riskowski et al., 1989). Electricity use was slightly greater in the RI house (6 974 vs. 6 617 kWh). Differences between house temperatures (both black globe and air temperatures), averaged over each of three flocks, were 0.6 degrees C (1.0 degrees F) or less, indicating adequate heating and ventilation. Condensation was observed during cool weather on the interior ceiling near the eaves of the RI house, but not the FI house, and dust accumulated on the interior walls and ceiling of both houses. The thermal reflectance of the reflective insulation surface, 31 months after installation, was measured to be 0.61, a reduction of approximately 0.3 from the reflectance of the product in new condition.   102                                     NAL Call. No.: S37.F72 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers. Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R. Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr. FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect control; Insecticides   103                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus gallus: their relationships to food availability, courtship and social facilitation. Evans, C.S.; Marler, P. London : Academic Press; 1994 May. Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.5): p. 1159-1170; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Communication between animals; Food; Availability; Mating behavior; Cocks; Hens  Abstract:  Male chickens produce characteristic pulsatile calls upon discovering food and are more likely to call in the presence of a hen. Calling thus appears to be dependent upon food and to be modulated by social context. An alternative explanation is that food calls are in fact components of a complex courtship display. The relationships between food calling, food availability and courtship were examined in a laboratory setting. Subjects interacted with an unfamiliar hen and were then given access to food, using an instrumental conditioning procedure. In some control conditions, the males were tested alone, while in others food was unavailable. Food calling, sexual display and the rate at which males performed an operant response were measured. Call production increased dramatically when food first became available, both when a hen was present and when males were alone. This change in call rate did not occur during control trials without food. Sexual display was maximal when males were first placed in the test chamber with a hen present and declined exponentially thereafter. The presence of a hen had no effect on food calling during this period. Food calling was thus principally elicited by food stimuli and was not reliably associated with courtship behaviour. When a hen was present, males called at a higher rate following food presentations. In contrast the rate at which males worked to obtain food was unaffected by social context. The 'audience' effect therefore acts specifically to potentiate calling and is distinct from social facilitation.   104                                  NAL Call. No.: 302.8 T162 Forest technology developments in the 1990s. Kellison, R.C. Norcross, Ga. : The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry; 1992 Jul. Tappi journal v. 75 (7): p. 49-52; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Forest trees; Forestry; Trends; Forest plantations; Silviculture; Genetic improvement; Tree breeding; Genetic engineering   105                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68 Functional load-bearing as a controlling influence for fracture resistance in the skeleton. Lanyon, L.E. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992. Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 61-66; 1992.  In the series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Bone strength; Bone fractures; Literature reviews; Stresses   106                            NAL Call. No.: TS1960.K37  1993 Die Geflugelschlachtschere, oder, Die Erfindung der Tierliebe  [The poultry slaughter shears, or, The invention of animal love]..  Erfindung der Tierliebe Kathan, Bernhard Innsbruck : Osterreichischer StudienVerlag,; 1993. 111 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 110).  Language:  German  Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Death   107                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P A harness and computer system to facilitate automated body temperature data collection in heat-stressed broilers. Liljequist, B.L.; Jacobson, B.M.; Keeley, T.P.; Currin, R.D.; Pardue, S.L.; Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jun. Poultry science v. 73 (6): p. 817-824; 1994 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature; Harness; Data collection; Probes  Abstract:  An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature (Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat stress studies following the replacement of expelled temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate the usefulness of the data collection system described herein, three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON). Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged. However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20 min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an automated data monitoring and collection system is a relative simple way to avoid this problem.   108                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL13P Home laying flock. Purser, J. Fairbanks, Alaska : The Service; 1992 Mar. Publication - University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 4 p.; 1992 Mar.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alaska; Hens; Egg production; Chicks; Cost benefit analysis; Chicken housing; Poultry feeding   109                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5 Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in laying hens. Nakamura, M.; Nagamine, N.; Takahashi, T.; Suzuki, S.; Kijima, M.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, S. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc; 1994 Apr. Avian diseases v. 38 (2): p. 282-288; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Disease transmission; Stress; Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Egg production  Abstract:  Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens and the short-term effect of stress on shedding were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis phage type 4, and the remaining half were left uninoculated to study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis from cecal droppings of all hens was attempted every morning. Uninoculated hens rapidly became infected through contaminated drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days coincided with a rapid increase in the shedding rate of S. enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed that a short-term increase in the shedding rate of S. enteritidis is associated with short-term exposure to environmental stress.   110                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56 House fly behavior patterns in high rise poultry houses. Hogsette, J.A.; Jacob, R.D. Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service; 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501): p. 13-15; 1992. Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville, Florida.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Musca domestica; Poultry housing; Sticky traps; Population density; Animal behavior   111                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68 Impacts of bone problems on the egg industry. Beckett, A.M. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992. Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 339-343; 1992.  In the series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Hens; Egg production; Animal welfare; Bone fractures   112                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P Incubating, brooding and raising goslings. Andrews, D.K. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Apr. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1630): 5 p.; 1992 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goslings; Incubation; Brood care; Goose feeding; Leg weakness; Poultry diseases   113                                 NAL Call. No.: S533.F66F43 Indiana's 4-H pigeon resource manual. McKinley, M.; Long, N.D. West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1992 Apr. 4-H - Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service (742): 38 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigeons; Poultry housing; Poultry feeding; Poultry diseases; 4-h clubs; Shows   114                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Individual perching behaviour of laying hens and its effects of cages. Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 May. British poultry science v. 33 (2): p. 227-238; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Egg quality   115                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Inexpensive trap for capturing house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in manure pits of caged-layer poultry houses. Pickens, L.G.; Mills, G.D. Jr; Miller, R.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America, 1908-; 1994 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 87 (1): p. 116-119; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Chicken housing; Musca domestica; Poultry manure; Insect traps; Insect control  Abstract:  An economical and easily constructed trap that captures large numbers of house flies, Musca domestica L., in dark interior areas such as the manure pits beneath high-rise, caged-layer poultry houses was devised. The trap is a Hodge- type trap with a single 40-W blacklight fluorescent bulb and a reflector. Over a 30-d period, three traps hung in the manure pit of a layer house that had a calculated daily fly population of 1, 134,000 flies. Each trap averaged 10,500 flies 1% of the population) per day. The traps required cleaning only once every 30 d.   116                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens under floor-pen conditions. Arakawa, A.; Fukata, T.; Baba, E.; McDougald, L.R.; Bailey, J.S.; Blankenship, L.C. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan. Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 59-63; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Salmonella typhimurium; Nicarbazin; Mixed infections; Intestines; Lesions  Abstract:  The influence of coccidiosis on colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens under floor pen conditions was studied by semiquantitative methods. Chickens of two groups, unmedicated and medicated with nicarbazin (125 ppm via the feed), were exposed to three species of Eimeria (Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina) at 2, 3, and 4 wk of age and given S. typhimurium in the feed 2 days later. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated most often (100%) from ceca of chickens exposed at 3 wk of age. Birds in the unmedicated group were positive for S. typhimurium at a higher rate than those in the medicated group. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in livers only in a few unmedicated birds.   117                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influence of nest-box substrate (pine shaving vs. artificial turf) on nesting behavior and prolactin levels in turkey hens (Meleagris gallopavo). Book, C.M.; Millam, J.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 83-91; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Wood shavings; Plastics; Nests; Nesting; Prolactin; Blood serum; Turkey egg production; Stimulation   118                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Influence of quantity of litter on nest box selection and nesting behaviour of domestic hens. Petherick, J.C.; Seawright, E.; Waddington, D. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec. British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 857-872; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Nests; Litter; Nesting; Battery cages; Individuals   119                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Influence of the presence of 3-day-old chickens on the behaviour of meat and egg-type posthatch counterparts. Mahagna, M.; Nir, I.; Nitsan, Z. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 143-152; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Chickens; Chicks; Feeding behavior; Drinking behavior; Animal behavior; Growth rate; Survival; Stress; Cages; Floor pens; Breed differences   120                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 An integrated pest management program to control house flies in commercial high rise houses. Turner, E.C. Jr; Ruszler, P.L.; Dillon, P.; Carter, L.; Youngman, R. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (2): p. 242-250; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Musca domestica; Hydrotaea aenescens; Chicken housing; Integrated pest management   121                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Inter-bird distances and behavioural priorities in laying hens: the effect of spatial restriction. Keeling, L.J. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (2): p. 131-140; 1994 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Spatial distribution; Behavior patterns; Time; Frequency; Animal welfare; Stocking density; Animal behavior   122                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89 Intermittent lighting regimes and mortality rates in laying hens. Lewis, P.D.; Perry, G.C.; Morris, T.R.; Midgley, M.M. London : Butterworth; 1992 Jul. World's poultry science journal v. 48 (2): p. 113-120; 1992 Jul.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Light regime; Intermittent light; Mortality; Circadian rhythm; Physical activity; Body fat; Heat stress; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Regulations; Literature reviews   123                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Introduction: applied ethology and poultry science. Mench, J.A. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr. Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 631-633; 1992 Apr.  Paper contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of Poultry.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Domestic animals; Animal behavior; Animal welfare  Abstract:  As a scientific discipline, the study of the biological basis of behavior in animals, ethology, is comparatively new. Ethologists have traditionally conducted primarily observational studies designed to ascertain the evolutionary significance of behaviors in wild animals. There is, however, a growing branch of ethology that is concerned with the application of ethological principles to areas such as the management and welfare of economically important species like poultry. Because of the complexity of the causation and expression of behaviors in animals, it is particularly important that such studies be rigorously designed and analyzed. The purpose of this symposium was to stimulate interest in the study of poultry behavior and welfare, and to provide information about current methodology in ethology.   124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 An investigation into the batch killing of turkeys in their transport containers using mixtures of gases. Raj, A.B.M. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May. Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 325-331; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Euthanasia; Containers; Transport of animals; Argon; Carbon dioxide; Anoxia; Carcass quality; Hemorrhage; Stress; Animal welfare  Abstract:  This study was carried out under commercial conditions to investigate the feasibility of killing turkeys while they were still in their transport containers, with a mixture of gases, and to compare the effects of this method and electrical stunning on the prevalence of carcass downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles. The results showed that turkeys could be readily killed while still in their transport containers by using either anoxia induced with 90 per cent argon in air or hypercapnic anoxia induced with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air, and that the prevalence of carcass- downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles was lower after killing the turkeys with the gases.   125                                  NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74 It's easy, fun and rewarding... grow you own chickens. Jesiolowski, J. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1993 Mar. Organic gardening v. 40 (3): p. 36-42; 1993 Mar.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Poultry; Farming; Free range husbandry; Yards; Domestic gardens   126              NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d El-Assaad, F.G. A laboratory system for evaluating poultry transport crate disinfection. El-Assaad, Fady G. University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering 1992; 1992. xvi, 278 leaves : ill ; 29 cm.  Thesis research directed by Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.  Vita.  Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-278).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Salmonellosis; Disinfection and disinfectants   127                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Laboratory-sized poultry cage disinfection system. El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.; Joseph, S.W.; Berny, G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4054): 13 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Disinfection   128                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 M668 Less ammonia: healthier turkeys. Wold, J. St. Paul, Minn. : The Station; 1992. Minnesota science - Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota v. 47 (1): p. 2, 3; 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Slatted floors; Ammonia; Poultry droppings   129                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6 Light color: effect on blood cells, immune function and stress status in turkey hens. Scott, R.P.; Siopes, T.D. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1994 Jun. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative physiology v. 108A (2/3): p. 161-168; 1994 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Blue light; Red light; Light; Blood cells; Erythrocyte count; Leukocyte count; Humoral immunity; Cell mediated immunity; Immune response; Stress; Corticosterone  Abstract:  At 30 weeks of age, Large White turkey hens were exposed to blue (B), green (G), red (R), or incandescent (I) light equalized at a photon output of 9.0 micromolar/sec/m2. Blood cell counts, stress status, and immune function were evaluated after 15 and 23 weeks of exposure to the light treatments. The light color treatments had no effect on the total number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or plasma corticosterone levels. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity, anti-SRBC titers, number of heterophils, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were significantly affected by light color treatment. It was concluded that light color can have an effect on cellular and humoral immune responses but there was no consistent indication of treatment effects on stress status.   130                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52 Livestock and pets: poultry area fly control. Turner, E.C.; Youngman, R.R. Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1992. Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (456-018): p. 177-180; 1992.  In the series analytic: Pest management guide for home grounds of animals / edited by B.J. Brinlee.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Diptera; Insect control; Poultry housing; Integrated pest management; Hygiene; Bait traps; Spraying; Insecticides   131                          NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.198 Ljus till fjaderfa ljus i varphonsstallar, ljusets inverkan pa fjaderfa = Light for poultry : light in poultry houses, the effect of the light on poultry..  Light for poultry Wachenfelt, Eva von Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik (LBT),; 1993. 45 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. (Specialmeddelande ; 198.).  Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  Swedish   132                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler chickens. Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 201-206; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Mortality; Duration   133                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68 Management factors in leg disorders. Classen, H.L. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992. Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 195-211; 1992.  In the series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Turkeys; Intensive husbandry   134                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Manure drying and odor control in laying house. Lei, P.K.; Tan, K.H.; Hong, C.M.; Cheng, J.C. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933007): 25 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Poultry manure; Odors   135                        NAL Call. No.: SF995.6.M33H44  1993 Marek's disease vaccination breaks interaction of genetic strains of chickens, chicken anemia agent virus and stressors. Heller, E. Dan; Friedman, A.; Schat, K. A. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1993. 10, [3] leaves ; 28 cm.  Final report.  Project no. IS-1460-88.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Marek's disease; Chickens   136                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P "Measurement classification of turkey barn airborne particles". Ropelato, R.A.; Poe, S.E.; Clark, B.E.; Anderson, G.L.; Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933011): 9 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Air quality; Ventilation; Poultry housing   137                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Measuring aversion in domestic fowl using passive avoidance. Rutter, S.M.; Duncan, I.J.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 53-61; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Avoidance conditioning; Stimuli; Fearfulness; Animal welfare   138                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Measuring preferences and the strength of preferences. Duncan, I.J.H. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr. Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 658-663; 1992 Apr.  Paper contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Animal behavior; Testing; Animal welfare; Duration; Training of animals; Literature reviews  Abstract:  In this review, it is argued that welfare concerns what animals feel. Preference tests give a good first indication of how animals feel and are therefore extremely valuable in animal welfare studies. Methods of overcoming the shortcomings of preference tests are discussed. In order that the results from preference tests be interpreted properly, they should be followed up with appropriate tests to measure the strength of preference. Examples of research in this area that have focused on poultry are given.   139                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Measuring social behavior in poultry. Craig, J.V. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr. Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 650-657; 1992 Apr.  Paper contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Animal behavior; Selection responses; Stress response; Social dominance; Poultry housing; Sexual maturity; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Social behavior of poultry is discussed in general terms, variables having major effects are indicated, and frequently used techniques of measurement are presented and compared. Studies in which different variables and methods were described are presented as examples, with primary emphasis on the behavior of chickens.   140                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Mineral balance and urinary and fecal mineral excretion profile of broilers housed in thermoneutral and heat- distressed environments. Belay, T.; Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter, R.G. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun. Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1043-1047; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Urine; Feces; Environmental temperature; Mineral metabolism; Stress response  Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted utilizing 4- to 7-wk posthatching Vantress X Arbor Acres male broilers to evaluate heat distress effects on mineral balance partitioned into urinary and fecal loss. In the first study, 8 colostomized and 14 intact birds were allotted to two environmental chambers maintained at either a thermoneutral temperature (24 degrees C) or a cycling temperature heat distress (24 to 35 degrees C) in a switch-back design. Birds were precision-fed 2% of body weight thrice daily to equalize consumption prior to and over each 48-h experimental period. Feces and urine for colostomized birds and total excrement for intact birds were collected and analyzed for mineral content. Averaging across surgical classification, heat distress increased (P < .05) excretion of K, P, S, Mg, Cu, Mo, and Zn. Despite little heat distress effect on urine production, minerals disproportionately excreted in urine included K, Mg, P, and S; Cu and Mg were lost primarily in feces. In the second study 42 colostomized birds were used to expand the urinary excretion data with the period of heat distress held at 35 degrees C for 36 h. Heat distress increased (P < .05) urine output from 52.3 +/- 5.3 to 109.9 +/- 4.5 mL/12 h and also increased total urinary K, P, S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Mn excretion. The present data provide evidence that heat distress adversely impacts bird mineral balance and that the excretion route for this effect varies with the specific mineral and possibly, heat distress severity.   141                    NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Zhang, S. Minimum ventilation for broiler housing. Zhang, Shuhui, 1992; 1992. viii, 130 leaves ; 28 cm.  Includes vita and abstract.  Includes bibliographical references (l.128-129).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation   142                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Minimum ventilation for broiler housing. Gates, R.S.; Zhang, S.H.; Overhults, D.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4532): 17 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken housing; Ventilation; Temperature; Humidity; Computer simulation   143                                    NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8 A minimum-cost biofilter for reducing aerial emissions from a broiler chicken house. Pearson, C.C.; Phillips, V.R.; Green, G.; Scotford, I.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishing B.V.; 1992. Studies in environmental science (51): p. 245-254; 1992.  In the series analytic: Biotechniques for air pollution abatement and odour control policies / edited by A.J. Dragt and J. van Ham. Proceedings of an International Symposium, October 27-29, 1991, Maastricht, The Netherlands.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken housing; Poultry droppings; Odor abatement; Odor emission; Biological treatment; Microbial degradation; Bioreactors   144                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental enrichment. Jones, R.B.; Waddington, D. London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Animal behaviour v. 43 (pt.6): p. 1021-1033; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Behavior modification; Handling; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare  Abstract:  Although its adaptive properties are recognized, fear can harm the welfare and performance of intensively housed poultry. Its alleviation in individually caged domestic chicks via the independent or integrated application of regular handling and environmental enrichment regimes was investigated. The test situations incorporated varying degrees of exposure to novel, inanimate stimuli and of human involvement. Enrichment reduced freezing and avoidance of a novel object introduced into the home cage, accelerated emergence from a sheltered area into an exposed unfamiliar one and increased vocalization, ambulation and pecking in an open field or novel environment. It also reduced the chicks' avoidance of a nearby, visible experimenter and attenuated their tonic immobility reaction to manual restraint. Such wide-ranging effects suggest that environmental enrichment may have modified general, non-specific fearfulness. Regular handling also attenuated the chicks' tonic immobility responses and their avoidance of the experimenter but it exerted few other detectable effects and there was no demonstrable effect of handling in the presence of enrichment. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that repeated gentle handling may exert its strongest influence by facilitating habituation to human beings rather than by, reducing underlying fearfulness. The implications of reduced fearfulness and other potential benefits of handling and enrichment procedures are discussed.   145                           NAL Call. No.: SF494.5.M63  1994 Modified cages for laying hens proceedings of a symposium held at Nobel House, London on 18th January 1993. Sherwin, C. M. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare South Mims, Potters Bar, Herts., UK : Universities Federation for Animal Welfare,; 1994. 102 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Birdcages   146                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Modifying tunnel ventilation with continuous sidewall inlets. Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924049): 11 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Poultry   147                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Multivariate epidemiological approach to coccidiosis in broilers. Henken, A.M.; Goelema, J.O.; Neijenhuis, F. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Nov. Poultry science v. 71 (11): p. 1849-1856; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Netherlands; Broilers; Coccidiosis; Lesions; Epidemiology; Risk; Light regime; Environmental temperature; Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Air quality; Litter; Chicken housing; Size  Abstract:  A retrospective, case-control study into risk factors of coccidiosis was undertaken using data from 189 broiler flocks. A case flock was defined as a flock in which at least one bird had intestinal lesions on 1 of 6 wk in a 42- day cycle. Flocks wherein such birds could not be detected were defined as controls. There were 187 variables, measured or derived. These were assigned to subsets of data, each subset being a group of variables representing related information. Uni- and bivariate analyses were performed in each subset. Variables and interactions that were significant in these analyses were entered into a multivariate model across subsets. In the final model, seven variables appeared to be significantly associated with detecting lesions in birds of a flock. Differences among breeds covered a range of about an 80-fold change in risk of being a case. At intermittent lighting, the risk of being a case increased about sevenfold compared with continuous lighting. A higher initial (Week 1) environmental temperature decreased the risk of finding lesions in a flock (about .8-fold per degree Celsius). This risk was also lower at a lower average aerial ammonia content (below versus above 14 ppm) and higher maximum carbon dioxide content (above versus below .4 vol%) changing the risk about .3- and .4 -fold, respectively. The risk of being among cases increased with more litter (about twofold per kilogram of litter per square meter). Flocks in houses of 600 to 800 m(2) were about 9.8 times more at risk of being scored as lesion- positive than those in smaller houses. It is concluded that quantitative epidemiological methods may be used to identify and quantify relevant risk factors to control losses from impaired health and productivity.   148                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Multivariate epidemiological approach to salmonellosis in broiler breeder flocks. Henken, A.M.; Frankena, K.; Goelema, J.O.; Graat, E.A.M.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May. Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 838-843; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonellosis; Salmonella; Hygiene; Chicken housing; Disease surveys; Multivariate analysis; Risk; Epidemiology; Intensive husbandry  Abstract:  A retrospective, case-control study into risk factors of salmonellosis was undertaken using data from 111 broiler breeder flocks assembled during a 5-yr period. The results of both univariate and multivariate analyses are presented. Many different Salmonella species were detected. Multivariate models were created based on the outcome of univariate analyses. The following variables appeared to be the most relevant: disinfection tubs, hygiene barriers, the interaction of disinfection tubs by hygiene barriers, and feed mills. The final model indicated that flocks housed at farms without a disinfection tub, with poor hygiene barriers, and receiving their feed from a small feed mill had a 46.1 times greater risk of being Salmonella-positive than flocks housed at farms with a disinfection tub, with good hygiene barriers, and receiving their feed from a large feed mill. It is concluded that the application of quantitative epidemiological methods can be valuable not only to identify potential risk factors but also to quantify their contributory effect on the disease outcome. Hence, it may be a useful tool for application in "integrated food chain quality control programs".   149                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5 Mycoplasma synoviae in a release pen-raised wild turkey. Luttrell, M.P.; Kleven, S.H.; Mahnke, G.M. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1992 Jan. Avian diseases v. 36 (1): p. 169-171; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North Carolina; Turkeys; Mycoplasma synoviae; Symptoms; Case reports; Wild birds; Mycoplasmosis  Abstract:  Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was isolated from the sinus of an adult female "wild-type" turkey found feeding with backyard chickens at a private residence in Randolph County, N.C. Clinical signs included sinusitis, dyspnea, emaciation, diarrhea, and nasal discharge. The bird was seropositive for MS and M. gallisepticum (MG) on the rapid plate agglutination test and had titers of 1:160 for MS and 1:20 for MG on the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Isolations of MS and M. galloparvonis were confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. This case represents the first and only, report of MS in a free ranging "wild-type" turkey in the eastern United States. Behavioral and other evidence suggests that the bird was a released pen-raised turkey.   150                                 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5 National poultry improvement plan and auxiliary provisions. Hyattsville, MD : The Service; 1993 Apr. APHIS 91 (55-017): 85 p.; 1993 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning; Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease control; Poultry products; Regulations   151                                 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5 National poultry improvement plant and auxiliary provisions. Hyattsville, MD : Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1994 Jun. APHIS 91 (55-021): 94 p.; 1994 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning; Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease control; Poultry products; Regulations   152                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The nature of handling immediately prior to test affects tonic immobility fear reactions in laying hens and broilers. Jones, R.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 247-254; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Fearfulness; Handling; Immobilization   153                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Nesting and dust bathing by hens in cages: matching and mis- matching between behaviour and environment. Smith, S.F.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar. British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 21-33; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Dust bathing; Nesting; Animal welfare   154                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Nesting, dust bathing and perching by laying hens in cages: effects of design on behaviour and welfare. Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec. British poultry science v. 34 (5): 835-847; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Nesting; Nests; Laying performance; Animal welfare; Feather pecking; Fearfulness; Foot diseases; Feet; Claws; Perches; Dust bathing   155                                    NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7 Newcastle disease in village chicken. Spradbrow, P.B. Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Science Limited; 1993. Poultry science reviews v. 5 (2): p. 57-96; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Newcastle disease; Mortality; Free range husbandry; Literature reviews   156                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Nutrient content of carcass parts from broilers reared under cycling high temperatures. Smith, M.O. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov. Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2166-2171; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken meat; Broilers; Meat cuts; Carcasses; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Diet; Nutrients  Abstract:  A study was conducted in which carcass parts from broilers reared under different growing temperature regimens were examined for crude protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Commercial broilers were reared from 22 to 49 days of age at either 23.9 degrees C constant temperature (thermoneutral) or 23.9 to 35 degrees C cycling high temperature (heat stress). Birds in the heat stress environment were exposed to 8 h of 23.9 degrees C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 degrees C, 4 h of 35 degrees C, and 9 h of 35 to 23.9 degrees C. Within each growth environment, protein and fat content differed among carcass parts. Protein content of thighs and drumsticks from birds grown at elevated temperatures were 10.1 and 5.3%, respectively, higher (P<.05) than those from birds grown in a constant temperature environment, but the fat content of these parts from birds in the cooler environment were higher by 8.3 and 9.4%, respectively (P<.05). There was no effect of temperature on the calcium or phosphorus content of carcass parts, but the sodium content of the breast was higher (P<.05) at elevated temperatures. The breast portion of carcasses from heat- stressed birds had the greatest (P<.05) amount of potassium.   157                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Optimum size of feeder grids in relation to the welfare of broiler breeder females fed on a separate sex basis. Hocking, P.M. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec. British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 849-855; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Feeding behavior; Hen feeding; Animal welfare; Self feeders; Grids; Head dimensions; Feed intake   158                                  NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725 Passive socialization to humans: effects on tonic immobility in chickens (Gallus gallus). Eddy, T.J.; Gallup, G.G. Jr Austin, Tex., Psychonomic Society; 1994 Aug. Animal learning & behavior v. 22 (3): p. 325-331; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man; Isolation  Abstract:  Chicks whose primary source of visual stimulation during rearing was in the form of human caretakers showed significantly shorter durations of tonic immobility. Birds with only human visual exposure were also more likely to behave in affilitative ways toward the experimenter than were birds from the other rearing groups. Birds reared in a similar manner but tested for tonic immobility in the absence of the experimenter failed to show an effect. The results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic generality of ontogenetic-dependent reactivity to humans, and the possibility that the ecological validity of experimental studies in which animals are reared in isolation from conspecifics, or otherwise become socialized to humans, may be compromised.   159                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Pecking behaviour of laying hens provided with a simple motorised environmental environmental enrichment device. Sherwin, C.M. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May. British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 235-240; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Motivation; Learning; Feather pecking   160                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed vitamin- and electrolyte-supplemented drinking water. Ferket, P.R.; Qureshi, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan. Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 88-97; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Drinking water; Vitamin supplements; Electrolytes; Environmental temperature; Liveweight gain; Feed conversion efficiency; Immune response; Mortality  Abstract:  The efficacy of different vitamin and electrolyte treatments of drinking water for heat-stressed broilers was studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, commercial broilers (50% male, 50% female, sexed), were subjected to four drinking water treatments: 1) unsupplemented water (control); 2) B-vitamins plus electrolytes (B+El); 3) vitamins A, D, and E, B-vitamins plus electrolytes (ADEB+El); and 4) vitamins A, D, and E and B-vitamins (ADEB). Each treatment group was replicated in eight pens containing 70 birds. All birds were provided ad libitum access to feed through to 43 days of age and subjected to the water treatment from 16 to 21 days and 38 to 43 days. The birds were exposed to the 35 C ambient temperature during the last 72 h of each period. Immune function was tested on the males in each pen while they received the water treatments from 24 to 34 days of age. In comparison with the control, feed conversion was improved 5.6% by ADEB+El and ADEB, and body weight gain was improved 6.7% by ADEB (P<.05). Total and IgG antibody response against SRBC after primary immunization was improved by B+El; whereas, B+El and ADEB treatments improved IgG after secondary immunization. The highest numbers of Sephadex-elicited peritoneal macrophages were found among ADEB-treated birds, but neither adherence nor phagocytic ability of macrophages from either group was affected. Natural killer cells from all except ADEB+El-treated birds exhibited comparably high tumoricidal activity. In Experiment 2, commercial male broilers were given either unsupplemented water or vitamin-supplemented water (ADEB treatment) at 22 to 30 days, 37 to 41 days, and 52 to 55 days. The birds were exposed to 35 C at 38 to 41 days and 53 to 55 days of age. The two water treatments were replicated in 16 pens of 40 birds. Vitamin treatment increased 1- to 63-day body weight gain and feed conversion by 3 and 5%, respectively (P<.1), and it reduced mortality related to heat stress by 63% (P<.05). Vitamin   161                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Performance of turkeys subjected to day and night feeding programs during heat stress. Mamputu, M.; Cunningham, D.L.; Buhr, R.J. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 296-299; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Georgia; Turkeys; Heat stress; Restricted feeding   162                                  NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4 Population dynamics of Rattus rattus in poultry and implications for control. Sridhara, S.; Krishnamurthy, T.R. Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug. Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 224-228; 1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: India; Rattus rattus; Poultry housing; Poultry; Population dynamics; Population structure; Rodent control   163                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Portable housing for poultry and hogs. Klober, K. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun. Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range husbandry   164                                    NAL Call. No.: SF995.W4 Postmortem monitoring of flock mortality. 1. Animal welfare aspects. McMartin, D.A. Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992. Proceedings - Western Poultry Disease Conference (41st): p. 14; 1992.  Meeting held on March 1-3, 1992, Sacramento, California.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Animal welfare; Mortality   165                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89 Poultry handling: a review of mechanical devices and their effect on bird welfare. Scott, G.B. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar. World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 44-57; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Handling; Transport of animals; Collectors; Animal welfare; Loaders; Conveyors; Stress factors   166                              NAL Call. No.: SF487.A77 1992 Poultry production systems behaviour, management and welfare. Appleby, Michael C.; Hughes, B. O.; Elson, H. A. Oxon, U.K. : C.A.B International,; 1992. xvi, 238 p. : ill., map ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-227) and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Poultry   167                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.M57 Poultry researchers turn attention to ratites. Carter, S.T. Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1994 Aug. Small farm today v. 11 (4): p. 42-44; 1994 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ostriches; Rhea; Emus; Animal husbandry; Animal breeding; Agricultural research   168                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Poultry wastes as foods for ruminants and asociated aspects of animal welfare. Roothaert, R.L.; Matthewman, R.W. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies; 1992 Dec. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 5 (4): p. 593-600; 1992 Dec. Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ruminant feeding; Poultry manure; Litter; Nonprotein nitrogen   169                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Prevention of immunologic stress contributes to the growth- permitting ability of dietary antibiotics in chicks. Roura, E.; Homedes, J.; Klasing, K.C. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Dec. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (12): p. 2383-2390; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Diet; Streptomycin; Penicillins; Sanitation; Immunology; Stress; Interleukin 1; Growth rate; Mode of action  Abstract:  The growth-permitting ability of antibiotics fed to broiler chicks was studied as it relates to the state of activation of the immune system. in Experiment 1, chicks were fed two levels of antibiotics (0 or 100 mg streptomycin + 100 mg penicillin/kg diet) and were raised either in an environment with poor sanitation to create a chronic immune stress or in a clean environment. Chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and not fed antibiotics had significantly lower (P < 0.05) rates of weight gain and efficiencies of feed utilization, and higher levels of plasma interleukin-1, compared with chicks raised in the clean environment or chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and fed antibiotics. Adding antibiotics to the diet of birds in the clean environment did not affect any variable. In Experiment 2, chicks were raised in a conventional environment and fed two levels of an antibiotic (0 or 100 mg tetracycline/kg diet). After a 15-d feeding period, half of the chicks were injected with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide to create an acute immunologic stress. Feeding antibiotic resulted in improved weight gain, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization. Lipopolysaccharide-injected birds developed heavier livers, spleens and intestines relative to body weights and higher rectal temperatures and hepatic metallothionein concentrations, presumably due to an immunologic stress. Omitting antibiotic from the diet resulted in similar changes. These results indicate that feeding antibiotics may permit growth by preventing immunologic stress and associated metabolic changes brought about by monokines including interleukin-1.   170                                      NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8 Priorities and options for livestock production in developing countries. Smith, A.J. Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar. Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 13-19. ill; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Developing countries; Animal husbandry; Climatic zones; Draft animals; Poultry; Energy requirements; Farm management; Mixed farming; Sustainability   171                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68 Priorities for welfare research. Perrins, A.J. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992. Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 345-348; 1992.  In the series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Poultry; Animal welfare   172                          NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.E976  1993 Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Edinburgh, September 18th-21st 1993. Savory, C. J.; Hughes, B. O. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working Group No. 9 European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 4th : 1993 : Edinburgh, Scotland. Potters Bar : Published for Working Group IX of the European Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare,; 1993. 318 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry   173                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89 Processing and utilization of spent hens. Kondaiah, N.; Panda, B. London : Butterworth; 1992 Nov. World's poultry science journal v. 48 (3): p. 255-268; 1992 Nov.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Meat quality; Transport of animals; Meat yield; Chicken meat; Hot boning; Mechanically deboned meat; Preformed meats; Sausages; Chicken fat; Literature reviews   174                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Proper wiring for livestock & poultry structures: video & written resources. Hiatt, R.; McFate, K. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3562): 7 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Electricity; Wire; Standards   175                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of ascites in broiler chickens. Shlosberg, A.; Pano, G.; Handji, V.; Berman, E. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar. British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 141-148; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Ascites; Cold stress; Feeds; Diet; Prophylaxis   176                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Realized heritability of tonic immobility in White Leghorn hens: a replicated single generation test. Campo, J.L.; Carnicer, C. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Dec. Poultry science v. 72 (12): p. 2193-2199; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Strain differences; Heritability; Selection criteria; Selection responses; Age differences; Sex differences  Abstract:  Fearfulness was measured as latency to recover from induced tonic immobility using White Leghorn hens from a population originated by crossing three different strains selected for egg number and egg weight. Realized heritability was calculated in a single generation selection experiment with eight replicates, each consisting of 76 40-wk-old females from which 21% were selected for decreased tonic immobility duration. A randomly selected control population was maintained for each replicate. Separately from this experiment, fear differences between ages and sexes were investigated at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 wk. The realized heritability (.32 +/- .10) indicates that induced tonic immobility should respond to selection. It was numerically higher than the estimate calculated by half-sib analysis of variance in the base population (.18 +/- .07); the logarithmic transformation did not yield higher heritability estimates. Crossing effects were evaluated in two different crossbreds, i.e., Leghorn X Castellana and Buff Prat X White Prat, which suggested important negative heterotic effects for this fear-related trait (-31% and -54%, respectively). Significant (P < .05) quadratic and cubic variation between 1 and 32 wk of age was obtained in females and males, respectively; the involvement of these age effects make it difficult to generalize about realized heritability for tonic immobility. Tonic immobility increased from 32 to 72 wk. Differences between the sexes were apparent, males showing longer tonic immobility durations than females except in the postjuvenile period before sexual maturity, suggesting a relationship between this trait and hormonal changes.   177                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77 Reduction of the domestic chick's fear of human beings by regular handling and related treatments. Jones, R.B. London : Academic Press; 1993 Nov. Animal behaviour v. 46 (pt.5): p. 991-998; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man  Abstract:  Fear of human beings can seriously jeopardize a chicken's welfare and performance and its reduction is therefore an important objective. The present study assessed the effects of various forms of regular human contact on subsequent avoidance of the experimenter and tonic immobility fear reactions in pair-housed, female domestic chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus. The results not only confirmed that regular gentle handling (picking up and stroking) is a potent and reliable method of reducing fear and avoidance of humans, but also illustrated the malleability of the handling process. Thus, avoidance of the experimenter was considerably reduced by each of the following treatments: (1) placing one's hand into the chicks' cage twice daily, with no attempt to initiate physical contact; (2) application of a rough-handling (suspension by the legs) regime: (3) letting chicks regularly observe their neighbours being picked up and handled; and (4) allowing visual contact with a human being who simply stood in front of and touched the wire-mesh wall of the chicks' home cage twice a day. The chicks' tonic immobility responses were also significantly shortened by treatments 1 and 3. Possible mechanisms underpinning the handling phenomenon are discussed. Although regular gentle handling of every bird is clearly not feasible in modern farming practice, the positive effects of the other experimental treatments suggest that the reduction of fear by regular human contact is extremely plastic. It is therefore considered likely to have practical application.   178                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Reflective roof coatings for heat stress relief in livestock and poultry housing. Bucklin, R.A.; Bottcher, R.W.; Van Wicklen, G.L.; Czarick, M. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985-; 1993 Jan. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 9 (1): p. 123-129; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Georgia; Cabt; Poultry housing; Roofs; Reflection; Heat stress; Ventilation; Cost benefit analysis  Abstract:  A reflective roof coating was demonstrated to reduce temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees C (3.6 to 5.4 degrees F) in totally enclosed poultry housing with no ventilation. However, similar results did not occur in studies of well- ventilated poultry and dairy housing. Reductions in roof temperatures of well-ventilated housing did occur, but similar reductions were not found in interior dry bulb or black globe temperatures at animal level and no production benefits resulted. Reflective coatings can reduce the temperature of galvanized steel roofing material and the temperatures of enclosed attics. However, these coatings add expense to structures and their effectiveness drops rapidly with time as they weather and accumulate dirt. They are most beneficial for poorly ventilated structures. For well-ventilated structures, they do not offer great benefits. The addition of reflective coatings will seldom be economically justified for well- ventilated livestock and poultry structures.   179                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Relationship between concentration and intensity of odours for pig slurry and broiler houses. Misselbrook, T.H.; Clarkson, C.R.; Pain, B.F. London : Academic Press; 1993 Jun. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 55 (2): p. 163-169; 1993 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pig slurry; Poultry housing; Broilers; Odor emission; Measurement; Odor abatement  Abstract:  Relationships were derived between odour concentration and odour intensity for odour emissions following land spreading of pig slurry and emissions from broiler houses. Data were obtained from trials conducted between 1987 and 1990. Odour concentration measurements were made by 50% threshold determination using a dynamic dilution olfactometer with a forced-choice type presentation to a panel of people. Odour intensity measurements were made using the same equipment and required panelists scoring their perception of the intensity of an odour at a range of concentrations according to a category scale ranging from 0 (no odour) to 6 (extremely strong odour). Intensity was related linearly to the logarithm of concentration. Significant differences (p = 0.05) were found between relationships derived for odours from pig slurry and odours from broiler houses. For odours from pig slurry the derived relationship was, Intensity = 1.61 (log10 Concentration) + 0.45 and for broiler house odours, Intensity = 2.35 (log10 Concentration) + 0.30 indicating higher intensity per unit concentration for the broiler house odours. These relationships could be useful in estimating the reduction in odour concentration required to reduce the perceived intensity of the odour to acceptable levels and, when used in conjunction with dispersion models, in determining minimum acceptable distances between the odour source and potential complainants.   180                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Research Note: broiler acclimation to heat distress and feed intake effects on body temperature in birds exposed to thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. Teeter, R.G.; Smith, M.O.; Wiernusz, C.J. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun. Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1101-1104; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature; Acclimatization; Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Restricted feeding  Abstract:  Relationships between ambient temperature, bird acclimation to cycling temperature, heat distress, and feed consumption were evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment, birds previously acclimated to cycling temperature heat distress (24 to 35 C) for two 24-h cycles were observed to have 24% lower (P < .O1) feed consumption than birds previously housed at 24 C and experiencing their first heat distress exposure. A significant (P < .01) acclimation history by ambient temperature interaction was detected, with acclimated birds having a higher rectal temperature (42.3 versus 41.2 C) when housed at 24 C and a lower rectal temperature (44.2 versus 44.6 C) when exposed to 35 C than did the unacclimated controls. In the second experiment, feed intake and acclimation effects were separated by precision- feeding birds 0, 5, and 10% of body weight. Rectal temperature m the 24 C and 35 C environments increased linearly (P < .01) as feeding level increased for both acclimated and unacclimated birds. Similar to the first experiment, an ambient temperature by acclimation history interaction was detected (P < .01), with acclimated birds exhibiting increased body temperature when housed in thermoneutral environments and lower body temperature when exposed to high ambient temperature distress. Data also indicate that feed intake plays a significant role in the acclimation process; that bird acclimation to heat distress has metabolic effects independent of feed consumption; and that either 1) the heat-distressed acclimation bird has the capacity to shift exothermic processes from the heat-distressed to cooler time periods; 2) that heat dissipation mechanisms require greater than 12 h to restore normal body temperature; or 3) the birds' set point is elevated when exposed to cycling high ambient temperature distress.   181                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Research note: Effect of carbonated drinking water on production performance and bone characteristics of laying hens exposed to high environmental temperatures. Koelkebeck, K.W.; Harrison, P.C.; Madindou, T. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep. Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1800-1803; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Drinking water; Heat stress; Carbonation; Bone strength; Laying performance; Eggs; Specific gravity; Ph; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Egg weight  Abstract:  An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of providing heat-stressed laying hens with carbonated drinking water on production performance and tibia bone breaking strength. A total of 32 commercial laying hens (89 wk of age) were housed in an environmental chamber and exposed to 1 wk of a constant thermoneutral temperature (21 C), followed by 6 wk of a daily heat stress temperature cycle (34 C for 8 h; 21 C for 16 h). One half of the hens received tap water and the other half were provided carbonated water immediately after housing. Following 6 wk of heat stress temperature exposure, all hens were killed by cervical dislocation and left tibia bone strength measurements were taken. Hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg yield, feed consumption, and feed efficiency did not differ between water treatments; however, egg specific gravity was depressed for hens provided carbonated versus tap drinking water. Left tibia bone breaking strength per 100 g body weight was improved (P < .05) for hens provided with carbonated drinking water during exposure to heat stress temperatures. These results suggest that carbonated drinking water may enhance bone integrity by increasing tibia bone breaking strength of older laying hens exposed to a short-term heat stress period.   182                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Research note: open-field behavior of Japanese quail chicks genetically selected for low or high plasma corticosterone response to immobilization stress. Jones, R.B.; Satterlee, D.G.; Ryder, F.H. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug. Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1403-1407; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japanese quails; Selection criteria; Strain differences; Blood plasma; Corticosterone; Stress; Immobilization; Fearfulness  Abstract:  Open-field behavior was examined in Japanese quail chicks genetically selected for either reduced (LS, low stress) or exaggerated (HS, high stress) plasma corticosterone response to immobilization stress. Chicks of the LS line showed less freezing and ambulated sooner than did their HS counterparts. These findings suggest that exposure to an open- field or novel environment elicited less fear in LS than in HS chicks. They also support the suggestion that fearfulness and adrenocortical activation are positively associated and indicate that selection for differential adrenocortical responsiveness exerted concomitant effects on fear-related behavior.   183                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Research note: the utilization of recycled sheetrock (refined gypsum) as a litter material for broiler houses. Wyatt, C.L.; Goodman, T.N. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Sep. Poultry science v. 71 (9): p. 1572-1576; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Litter; Gypsum; Liveweight gain; Moisture content; Dust; Feed conversion efficiency; Carcasses; Defects  Abstract:  A study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of refined gypsum (recycled sheetrock) as a fitter material on the growth performance and mortality of broiler chicks grown to market age. Broilers were placed in pens with either 13 cm fir wood shavings, 13 cm refined gypsum, or 9 cm refined gypsum topped with 4 cm fir shavings, and grown to 41 days of age. Litter material had no significant influence on chick mortality, feed conversion, condemnations, and incidences of leg abnormalities. Body weight gain was significantly lower for chicks reared on refined gypsum compared with the other litter treatments at 21 days of age, but by Day 41 no differences were observed between litter treatments. Percentage litter moisture of refined gypsum was significantly lower than either wood shaving treatments at both 21 and 41 days, although on a weight basis, the gypsum contained equal or more water. Litter material had no influence on room or brooding temperatures. Although it is quite dusty initially when placed in the house, refined gypsum may be an alternative bedding material to be utilized as a base and top-dressed with wood shavings.   184                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J828 Reservoir competence of the lessor mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) for Salmonella typhimurium (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). McAllister, J.C.; Steelman, C.D.; Skeeles, J.K. Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America; 1994 May. Journal of medical entomology v. 31 (3): p. 369-372; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alphitobius diaperinus; Salmonella typhimurium; Transstadial transmission; Reservoir hosts; Disease vectors; Feces; Developmental stages; Broilers; Broiler production; Battery husbandry; Salmonellosis  Abstract:  The reservoir competence of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is reported for Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler) relative to broiler chicken production. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from feces of the adult lesser mealworm at least 28 d after feeding for 24 h on 1 g of chicken feed inoculated with 3 X 10(8) bacteria/ml. All larvae fed S. typhimurium ceased voiding the bacteria in their feces before pupal molt, except one. One beetle continued to void S. typhimurium after it emerged as an adult, providing evidence that transstadial transmission of S. typhimurium may occur. The bacteria were found both on the external body surface and inside the body of surface-sterilized adults and larvae during 16 d of exposure. Salmonella-positive cloacal swabs were obtained from 1-day-old broiler chicks within 24 h after eating one infected lesser mealworm adult or larva.   185                                   NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69 Resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with 5.0 ppm feed-through cyromazine. Sheppard, D.C.; Gaydon, D.M.; Miller, R.W. Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1992 Oct. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 9 (4): p. 257-260; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mississippi; Maryland; New Jersey; Poultry manure; Musca domestica; Cyromazine; Insecticide resistance   186                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Responses of dwarf and normal chickens to feed restriction, Eimeria tenella infection, and sheep red blood cell antigen. Zulkifli, I.; Dunnington, E.A.; Gross, W.B.; Larsen, A.S.; Martin, A.; Siegel, P.B. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep. Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1630-1640; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Dwarfism; Stress response; Disease resistance; Immunity; Alleles; Body weight; Feed conversion efficiency; Eimeria tenella; Lesions; Antibody formation; Feeding behavior  Abstract:  Relationships among stress responses, habituation to feed restriction, resistance to Eimeria tenella, and antibody response to SRBC were studied in dwarf and normal White Plymouth Rocks. Transfer of chicks at 22 days of age from starter to developer batteries resulted in an increase within 24 h of heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios of chicks of both genotypes. Restriction of feed intake from ad libitum (AL) to 60% of ad libitum reduced body weight and increased size of the crop-esophagus. As measured by H:L ratios, the effect of adapting to the 60% feed restriction dissipated between 12 and 16 days after initiation. Release of 60% restricted chicks to 80% of ad libitum also elicited a stress response as measured by H:L. These effects were noted in both dwarf and normal chicks. Time required for chicks on restriction to consume their daily allotment was curvilinear with a plateau occurring at a smaller value for dwarf than for normal chicks. Neither feeding regimen nor genotype had an effect on antibody response to SRBC. Resistance to E. tenella was greater in normal than dwarf chicks and greater for restricted than ad libitum chicks.   187                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Responses of pair-housed male and female domestic chicks to the removal of a companion. Jones, R.B.; Williams, J.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 375-380; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicks; Sex differences; Isolation; Stress; Animal behavior; Social behavior; Corticosterone; Blood plasma   188                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Responses of pre-fasted growing turkeys to acute heat exposure. Xin, H.; DeShazer, J.A.; Beck, M.M. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (1): p. 315-318; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Fasting; Feed intake; Heat stress; Poultry farming; Relative humidity; Environmental temperature  Abstract:  Nicholas turkeys at the age of 15 to 16 weeks were fasted for 24 hours in a moderate environment and then subjected to acute heat exposures of various dry-bulb and wet- bulb temperatures (Tdb and Twb). Total feed intake was not influenced by Tdb of 32 degrees C, 36 degrees C or 40 degrees C (P > 0.10), although differences existed in dynamic feeding profiles. Total heat production rate (THP) varied quadratically with Tdb and respiratory quotient (RQ) decreased linearly with Tdb. The lower RQ values at the higher Tdb levels may have resulted from reduced feed assimilation. No differences were detected on feed intake, THP, and RQ between the two Twb levels at each Tdb. A THP-based temperature- humidity index, 0.74Tdb + 0.26Twb, was derived for the turkeys. In addition, Tdb and Twb had 56% and -44% relative importance on latent heat loss, but -32% and 68% relative importance on sensible heat loss.   189                             NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1991b Review of the pricing and marketing process for lamb in the United States hearings before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, September 18, 1991, Denver, CO, and October 31, 1991. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Washington : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office,; 1992; Y 4.AG 8/1:102-36. v, 454 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.  Shipping list no.: 92-0632-P.  Serial no. 102-36.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Lamb (Meat); Lamb meat industry   190                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Review: welfare perspectives on hens kept for egg production. Craig, J.V.; Swanson, J.C. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul. Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 921-938; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery husbandry; Animal behavior; Stress; Public opinion; Floor husbandry; Stocking density; Chicken housing; Bone strength; Production costs; Selection responses; Domestication; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Welfare issues relative to egg-laying hens are addressed in terms of historical developments and current concerns. Ethical perspectives, attitudes, and public opinion of the past and present are reviewed. Indices of hens' well- being and what those reveal about alternative husbandry practices and production systems are presented along with estimates of economic consequences of alternative systems of table egg production. Possibilities of genetic selection to reduce welfare-related problems are discussed.   191                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Role of socialization, stress and sex of chickens on response to anesthesia and on response to an organophosphate neurotoxicant. Odom, A.; Gross, W.B.; Ehrich, M. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1992 Apr. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 34 (2): p. 134-137; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Stress; Pentobarbital; Neurotoxins   192                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H Rotational application of chemical disinfectants enhances sanitation of poultry hatcheries. Conner, D.E.; Eckman, M.K. Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1992. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station v. 39 (3): p. 7; 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alabama; Poultry housing; Hatcheries; Sanitation; Disinfectants; Application methods   193                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Selection for reduction of beak-inflicted injuries among caged hens. Craig, J.V.; Muir, W.M. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Mar. Poultry science v. 72 (3): p. 411-420; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Cannibalism; Debeaking; Beak; Cages; Selection criteria; Trauma; Selection responses; Strain differences; Animal welfare; Heritability; Egg production; Correlated responses  Abstract:  The effectiveness of selection for hen-days without beak-inflicted injuries was studied. The base population was known to have a high incidence of beak-inflicted injuries when pullets' beaks were intact. Data from the foundation stock yielded nonsignificant family heritability estimates ranging from .05 to .17, depending on length of the test period (varying from 16 to 28 to 16 to 40 wk of age) and number of six-hen cages per family (one to three). Selection was practiced on sire family groups of either 30 or 36 pullets. Birds used for selection were housed six birds per cage and had intact beaks. The criterion of selection was mean hen-days without beak-inflicted injuries from 16 to 40 wk of age. Three selected and three unselected strains were involved. After two generations, mean hen-days without beak-inflicted injuries from 16 to 40 wk of age were 164.8 and 155.3 for selected and unselected stocks, respectively, yielding a realized family heritability of .65 +/- .13 (SE). Selection did not appear to alter the relative frequency of beak-inflicted injuries by body regions affected; about 30% of all injuries involved the vent-cloacal area. Egg production traits were measured also. No differences were detected in Generation 1, but selected pullets had higher hen-housed rates of lay and egg mass in Generation 2. It is tentatively concluded that stocks having high levels of cannibalism when kept with intact beaks can benefit from selection against beak-inflicted injuries when evaluated by techniques similar to those used in the present study.   194                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5 Severe pododermatitis in broiler breeder hens housed on pressure-treated slats. Sander, J.E.; Wilson, J.L.; Bush, P.B.; Rowland, G.N. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1994 Jan. Avian diseases v. 38 (1): p. 172-176; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Hens; Pododermatitis; Slatted floors; Copper arsenate; Arsenic; Feet; Disinfectants; Case reports  Abstract:  Severe foot-pad dermatitis was diagnosed in a case of broiler hens housed on slats made of lumber pressure- treated with chromated copper arsenate. Studies were conducted in an attempt to determine whether contact with the lumber caused the lesions. Breeder pullets were housed for 17 weeks on slats made from either untreated oak or pressure-treated lumber. Cresylic acid disinfectant was applied to one set of each slat type. Foot-pad lesions were scored and tissue arsenic levels were measured. Foot pads of the hens on pressure-treated slats were the only tissue with detectable arsenic levels. All groups developed foot-pad lesions, although the lesions appeared to be most severe, and to have developed earlier, in birds on pressure-treated disinfected slats.   195                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Sidewall effects on energy use in broiler houses. Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T. Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 176-183; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arkansas; Cabt; Chicken housing; Broilers; Insulation; Energy cost of maintenance   196                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Simple sponge may be best for sampling for salmonella. Jones, F.T. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Jan18. Feedstuffs v. 65 (3): p. 28, 33; 1993 Jan18.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Sampling; Cleaning   197                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3 Simulation of a turkey house environment. Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Hulet, R.M. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Agricultural systems v. 38 (4): p. 425-445; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Virginia; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Environmental temperature; Humidity; Simulation models; Broiler production; Weather; Mathematical models; Validity   198                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3 Simulation of weight gain and feed consumption of turkeys. Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Hulet, R.M.; Collins, E.R. Jr Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992. Agricultural systems v. 39 (1): p. 67-82; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Broiler production; Decision making; Simulation models; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Environment; Poultry housing; Sex; Age   199                               NAL Call. No.: SF1.F64 no.98 Small-scale poultry processing. Silverside, D.; Jones, M. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,; 1992. iv, 109 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (FAO animal production and health paper ; 98). Includes bibliographical references (p. 109).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Chicken industry; Chickens   200                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6 Social stress and atherosclerosis in roosters. Wong, H.Y.C.; Cheng, K.K.S.; Nightingale, T.E. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Mar. Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative physiology v. 101 (3): p. 625-629; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Atherogenic diet; Stress; Hypercholesterolemia; Atherogenesis; Atheroma; Atherosclerosis; Incidence; Cholesterol; Triacylglycerols; Blood lipids; Blood plasma; Aorta; Hemodynamics; Body weight; Cocks  Abstract:  1. Socially stressed roosters fed either plain mash or an atherogenic diet had a greater incidence and severity of aortic atherogenesis than similarly fed non-stressed birds. 2. Results demonstrated a significant atherogenic effect of stress in chickens even in the absence of hyperlipidaemia. 3. Lack of appreciable differences in plasma lipids between stressed and non-stressed birds suggested that the atherogenic effects of stress may be attributable to neuroendocrine responses. 4. Levels of HDLc of plain mash groups were significantly higher than in the atherogenic fed groups. 5. Haemodynamic data showed no treatment-related differences.   201                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Sperm storage and transport following natural mating and artificial insemination. Brillard, J.P. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May. Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 923-928; 1993 May.  Paper presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Reproduction", August 3, 1992 at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Spermatozoa; Transport in female genitalia; Female fertility; Egg hatchability; Artificial insemination; Timing; Oviposition  Abstract:  Recent observations in turkey and chicken hens show that sperm storage in both species is a highly inefficient process. After artificial insemination (AI), less than 1% of spermatozoa inseminated are selected for transport to and enter the sperm storage tubules (SST). It has been shown that the sperm selection process is orchestrated within the vagina and not at the level of the SST. At least two mechanisms are involved in the selection of spermatozoa fit for sperm storage, one being mechanical (motility) and the other biochemical in nature (sperm-vaginal mucosa interactions). Furthermore, it was also observed that the sperm storage efficiency in the chicken is dependent upon the logarithm of the number of spermatozoa inseminated. From a practical standpoint, inseminations performed frequently with a moderate number of spermatozoa should be more efficient than inseminations performed with higher doses at longer intervals. Maximal filling of the SST of hens in egg production requires only 1 day for the chicken and 2 days for the turkey. By contrast, the release of sperm from the SST is about seven times faster in the chicken than the turkey hen. The efficiency of oviducal sperm storage is related to a number of factors including age of the hen, stage of the ovulatory cycle when inseminated, and, in the turkey, if the hen was inseminated before or after the onset of egg production. Two different categories should be considered among factors that affect sperm survival in vivo. 1) Factors affecting sperm storage. These factors, acting in the vaginal portion of the oviduct, regulate the migration of spermatozoa up to the SST by increasing (e.g., short intervals between oviposition and AI) or decreasing (e.g., sperm migration in prelaying hens) the barrier effect of the vagina. 2) Factors affecting sperm release. In chicken hens, the hen's age does not impair the sperm storage efficiency but rather increases the rate of release of spermatozoa, thus contributing to a sho   202                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Stereotyped behaviour in broiler breeders in relation to husbandry and opioid receptor blockade. Savory, C.J.; Seawright, E.; Watson, A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 349-360; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Animal behavior; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Opioids; Stress   203                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 The sticky card: device for studying the distribution of adult house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in closed poultry houses. Hogsette, J.A.; Jacobs, R.D.; Miller, R.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 450-454; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Maryland; Musca domestica; Dispersal; Population dynamics; Poultry housing; Sampling; Spatial distribution; Veterinary entomology  Abstract:  A commercially available sticky card was evaluated for use in adult fly distribution studies in large, closed poultry houses in Florida and Maryland. Results showed that house flies, Musca domestica L., preferred the interior parts of the houses away from the walls. No vertical stratification was observed in Maryland, but flies in Florida stayed closer to the floor. In-house dispersal studies using fluorescent dust showed that flies would move approximately 50 m, or one- third the length of the house, in < 24 h. Specimens of Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens) were recovered in both states.   204                              NAL Call. No.: S671.I84 nr.34 Stov i hus for verpehoner betydningen av bygninger, innredninger og produksjonsfaktorer = Dust in poultry houses : influence of buildings, equipment and production factors..  Dust in poultry houses Lyngtveit, Torgeir As Norway : Norges landbrukshogskole, Institutt for tekniske fag,; 1992. 43 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (ITF rapport, 34).  Summary in Norwegian and English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-43).  Language:  Norwegian   205                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Strategies for weighing broilers, broiler breeder pullets and broiler breeder hens: 2. Scale type weighing time and in-house location. Fattori, T.R.; Wilson, H.R.; Mather, F.B.; Bootwalla, S.M. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 95-103; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Weight determination; Weighers   206                                      NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6 Stress, arousal and opioid peptide-like immunoreactivity in restricted- and ad lib.-fed broiler breeder fowls. Savory, C.J.; Carlisle, A.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A.; Robertson, G.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1993 Nov. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative physiology v. 106 (3): p. 587-594; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Females; Restricted feeding; Opioid peptides; Stress; Animal behavior; Measurement  Abstract:  From 2 weeks of age, female broiler breeders were fed on one of three treatments: a commercial restricted ration (R), twice that amount (2R), or ad lib. (AL). With R and 2R, birds were fed daily at 9 a.m. and ate all their food in < 15 min. Blood samples were taken every fourth week from 5 to 21 weeks. Two putative indices of stress, basophil frequency and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, were highest with R and lowest with AL, consistently so with the former index and in all but the last week with the latter. Another stress index, plasma corticosterone concentration, was not affected by feeding treatment. Tonic immobility duration, an index of fear, was lower with R and 2R than AL at 7 and 12 weeks, but not 21 weeks. Headflick frequency, an index of arousal, was lower with R than 2R and AL, during 3 min silence and 3 min noise, at 11, 15 and 21 weeks. At 21 weeks, intramuscular injection of nalmefene, an antagonist of central opioid receptors, caused increases in headflick frequency, but there was no significant interaction with feeding treatment in this response. Feeding treatment had no significant effect on levels of beta-endorphin- or leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in brains of birds killed at 21 weeks, but dynorphin concentration was higher with 2R. Opioid receptor density, which could have been affected, was not measured. It is concluded that the commercial feeding programme caused physiological evidence of stress, and apparent reductions in fearfulness and arousal. Results of the tests at 21 weeks did not rule out the possibility that the reduced arousal was associated with altered opioid status.   207                                   NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3 Stress in birds due to routine handling and a technique to avoid it. Le Maho, Y.; Karmann, H.; Briot, D.; Handrich, Y.; Robin, J.P.; Mioskowski, E.; Cherel, Y.; Farni, J. Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct. American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R775-R781; 1992 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Geese; Animal experiments; Stress; Handling; Blood sampling; Lactic acid; Catecholamines; Corticosterone; Ph; Acid base equilibrium  Abstract:  The stress that might result in animals from the routine handling that most experimental studies involve, e.g., weighing, injecting, and blood sampling, is usually assumed to be minimal when the animals look quiet. However, the intensity of this stress remains largely ignored. We have developed a system that allows blood samples to be taken from freely behaving geese without entering the animal room. In these entirely undisturbed geese, the humoral indexes of stress, i.e., blood levels of catecholamines, corticosterone, and lactate, were as low or even lower than the lowest values previously reported for birds. Remarkably, the mean basal values for epinephrine and norepinephrine were 90-fold and 5- fold, respectively, below the lowest values in the literature. Stress-induced variations in pH that would have concealed detection of nutrition-induced changes in pH were eliminated. In contrast, even though the birds looked quiet during a short 5-min routine handling procedure, to which they had been accustomed for weeks, there was a dramatic increase in the level of humoral indexes of stress. These increased severalfold within only 2 min, and the return to initial values could take up to 1 h. Acid-base balance was also disrupted. Thus, in studies on animals, the absence of stress cannot be deduced from only behavioral observations. Only a system for taking blood without human interference may enable stress-free investigations.   208                                    NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6 Stress-induced heat-shock protein synthesis in peripheral leukocytes of turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo. Wang, S.; Edens, F.W. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd; 1993 Nov. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B: Comparative biochemistry v. 106 (3): p. 621-628; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Heat stress; Heat shock proteins; Protein synthesis; Leukocytes; Osmotic pressure  Abstract:  Thermal stress, in vitro and in vivo, induced the synthesis of heat-shock proteins, HSP90, HSP70, and HSP23 in turkey leukocytes. HSP induction was both temperature- and time-dependent. Salinity-specific stress proteins were expressed with elevated osmolality in culture medium.   209                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Survey of turkey downgrading at slaughter: carcass defects and associations with transport, toenail trimming, and type of bird. McEwen, S.A.; Barbut, S. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jul. Poultry science v. 71 (7): p. 1107-1115; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkeys; Carcass grading; Carcass quality; Bruises; Broilers; Transport of animals; Stocking density; Defects; Animal husbandry  Abstract:  For 18 mo, tom, hen, and broiler turkeys processed in a single abattoir were observed for carcass defects resulting in downgrading. Samples of 100 turkeys per truckload were used to determine the proportion of turkeys requiring wing trim, half wing trim, and trimming for bruised drums, breast blisters, or breast buttons, leg, breast, or back scratches, and leg edema. Bird type (hen, tom, or broiler), truck, time on truck, farm of origin, and trimming of toenails and spurs were also noted. Multiple least squares linear regression was used to assess the associations among truck, time on truck, space per bird on truck, toenail trimming, spur clipping, and proportions of truckloads of turkeys with carcass defects. The effect of farm and bird type were adjusted for in regression models. Overall, downgrading was observed to be a significant problem in turkey production and processing. Among toms, hens, and broilers there were substantial differences in the rates of bruised drums, breast buttons or blisters, back and leg scratches, and leg edema. Toenail trimming was associated with reduced breast and leg scratches and spur clipping was associated with reduced back scratches. Increased time birds were held on trucks was associated with increased half wing trim and bruised drums. Few associations were observed among downgrading defects, the various trucks used during the study, and space available to birds on trucks.   210                                    NAL Call. No.: 410 J827 Survival and reproduction of wild and pen-reared ring-necked pheasant hens. Leif, A.P. Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society; 1994 Jul. The Journal of wildlife management v. 58 (3): p. 501-506; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Dakota; Cabt; Phasianus colchicus; Game birds; Rearing techniques; Wild birds; Survival; Reproduction; Nesting; Telemetry   211                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Temperature and humidity variations in broiler housing. Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Tabler, G.T.; Barton, T.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4538): 22 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Relative humidity; Spatial variation; Diurnal variation; Ventilation   212                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Thermal stress on chickens in transit. Webster, A.J.F.; Tuddenham, A.; Saville, C.A.; Scott, G.B. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May. British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 267-277; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Transport of animals; Stress; Air flow   213                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Thermography for evaluating thermal comfort of poultry. Bottcher, R.W.; Pardue, S.L.; Brake, J.T.; Jacobson, B.M.; Driggers, L.B.; Baughman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4539): 10 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Thermal infrared imagery   214                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68 Tunnel--ventilated broiler houses: broiler performance and operating costs. Lacy, M.P.; Czarick, M. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar. Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 104-109; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broiler production; Chicken housing; Artificial ventilation   215                                  NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66 Turkey basics from USDA. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992. Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 12; 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food handling  Abstract:  This article gives instructions for safely buying, thawing, stuffing, roasting, and storing turkeys.   216                                  NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66 Turkey fundamentals. Moriarty, P. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992. Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 4-5; 1992.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food preparation; Food handling  Abstract:  This article gives food safety tips for the handling and cooking of holiday turkeys.   217                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Twenty-four-hour feed withdrawal and limited feeding as alternative methods for induction of molt in laying hens. Rolon, A.; Buhr, R.J.; Cunningham, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May. Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 776-785; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Diet; Molt; Metabolizable energy; Body weight; Egg weight; Egg production; Mortality; Feed intake; Production costs; Income; Animal welfare  Abstract:  Alternative molting methods involving shorter periods of feed withdrawal and feeding a low-density and low- energy "molt diet" were compared to conventionally molted (8- day feed removal) and nonmolted hens. Alternative molt methods consisted of feeding the molt diet for 28 days for ad libitum intake, daily limited, or alternate-day limited (feeding every other day). Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded for 31 wk from the start of the molt (4 wk molt, 1 wk prelay, and 26 wk postmolt). Economic variables (feed cost, egg value, income over feed costs per hen housed) were compared between molting methods. Hens provided ad libitum access to the molt diet produced more eggs during the molt period than hens molted by other methods. Total egg production and income (egg value minus feed cost) were comparable among all molting methods and exceeded the values for nonmolted control hens. Income per hen housed was $2.20 for nonmolted control, $2.87 for the conventional, $2.92 for ad libitum, $2.81 for daily limited, and $2.97 for the alternate-day limited hens. These results indicate that alternative molting methods involving periods of feed withdrawal of 24 h or less can be as economically effective as conventional methods using longer periods of feed withdrawal.   218                                     NAL Call. No.: 80 Ac82 Use of herbal supplement to reduce the effects of stress in intensively housed chickens. Wheeler, G.E.; Fields, R. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1993 Nov. Acta horticulturae (344): p. 496-511; 1993 Nov.  Paper presented at the "International Syposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants," March 22-25, 1993, Tiberias, Israel.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chickens; Stress; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts; Medicinal properties; Immunostimulation; Immunostimulants; Feed conversion efficiency; Liveweight gain; Chicken housing   219                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Variable rate fogging for increased summer heat control. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4050): 14 p.; 1992.  Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Fogging; Heating   220                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Variation in behavioural indices of fearfulness and fatique in transported broilers. Sherwin, C.M.; Kestin, S.C.; Nicol, C.J.; Knowles, T.G.; Brown, S.N.; Reed, H.J.; Warriss, P.D. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Nov. The British veterinary journal v. 149 (6): p. 571-578; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport; Fearfulness; Fatigue; Fasting  Abstract:  Several behavioural measures were used to determine fearfulness and fatigue in broiler chickens subjected to fasting and/or transportation. There was considerable variability between four replicates, although measures within replicates were acceptably consistent. There was no uniform effect of fasting or transport on behaviour. The most cogent results were obtained by monitoring post-journey behaviour. In the few hours after transport, fasted and transported birds stood more than control birds which could be explained by increased food-searching behaviour and/or arousal. It is argued that the high variability between replicates indicates that considerable efforts must be made to control environmental variables in studies of behaviour after transporting chickens.   221                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P Variation in body temperature response of naked neck and normally feathered chickens to heat stress. Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W. Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug. Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1385-1390; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Body weight; Body temperature; Alleles; Line differences; Feathers; Phenotypes  Abstract:  The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on basal body temperature (BT) in a 21 C (control) or in a 32 C (chronic heat stress) environment and on change in BT when exposed to acute heat stress conditions (40.5 C) was examined in small and large BW populations. Birds grown at 32 C had a significantly lower basal BT, 8-wk BW, and a significantly smaller change in BT when exposed to 40.5 C than birds grown in 21 C. The small BW birds had a higher basal BT and a smaller change in BT when exposed to acute heat stress than large BW birds. There was no difference in basal BT between naked neck and normal birds in either the small BW (Athens- Canadian randombred) population, or in the large BW broiler population. The Na/Na birds in the small BW population had a significantly greater change in BT when exposed to acute heat stress than Na/na or na/na birds, but no differences were seen among genotypes in the large BW population. In the 21 C environment, naked neck birds seemed to have a greater change in BT than normal birds when exposed to 40.5 C. The difference in BT change was significant in the large BW population but was not significant in the small BW population. Few significant correlations were found between basal BT and 8-wk BW or between change in BT and 8-wk BW. A consistent negative correlation was found between basal BT and change in BT for both populations.   222                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Ventilation of poultry buildings with exhaust fans at one end and continuous slot inlets along the sidewalls. Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1673-1679. ill; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry housing; Exhaust systems; Fans; Ventilation; Mathematical models; Theory  Abstract:  Ventilation of buildings for housing floor-raised poultry, with exhaust fans clustered at one end and continuous slot inlets along the sidewalls, was analyzed using relationships for airflow in manifolds. Air velocities measured along the inlets in two poultry buildings were compared to velocities computed using theoretical relationships. The parameter with the greatest effect on uniformity of airflow along the inlets was the inlet discharge coefficient multiplied by the ratio of total slot inlet area to the flow area in the building cross-section, defined as alpha. For typical poultry buildings without substantial internal obstructions to airflow, variation in air velocity at the slot inlets along the building length was less than 10% when alpha was less than 0.4. Reductions in air velocity along the inlets are developed from manifold relationships for a range of values of alpha and F, a dimensionless friction parameter. An example demonstrates application of results to sizing sidewall inlet openings in buildings designed for tunnel ventilation.   223                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Vertically directed mixing fans for cooling floor-raised poultry. Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.; Baughman, G.R.; Magura, J.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934518): 18 p.; 1993.  Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken housing; Air flow; Fans; Ventilation; Cooling   224                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Vibration on poultry transporters. Randell, J.M.; Streader, W.V.; Meehan, A.M. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep. British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 635-642; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Broilers; Livestock transporters; Vibration; Suspension systems   225                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Weekly heat usage for broiler chickens. Flood, C.A. Jr; Koon, J.L.; Trumbull, R.D.; Brewer, R.N. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985-; 1994 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 10 (2): p. 285-286; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chicken housing; Brooders; Energy consumption; Natural gas; Usage  Abstract:  Gas usage for heating of conventional broiler houses was measured weekly for 44 trials over a period of four years. The percent of total gas used during the first three weeks of the seven-week growout period ranged from a low of 53% for birds started in one October trial to a high of 100% for birds started during warmer months of the year. Average first-week use was 55.8%. Average use through the third week was 91.2%.   226                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Welfare assessment of broiler breeder and layer females subjected to food restriction and limited access to water during rearing. Hocking, P.M.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul. British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 443-458; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Blood picture; Animal welfare; Strain differences; Stress; Physical activity   227                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77 Welfare of broiler breeder and layer females subjected to food and water control during rearing: quantifying the degree of restriction. Hocking, P.M. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar. British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 53-64; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Breed differences   228                                    NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7 The welfare of poultry in modern production systems. Mench, J.A. Essex : Elsevier Publishing Ltd; 1992. Poultry science reviews v. 4 (2): p. 107-128; 1992.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Poultry; Animal production; Animal welfare; Literature reviews   229                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 The welfare problems of laying hens in battery cages. Baxter, M.R. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Jun11. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 134 (24): p. 614-619; 1994 Jun11.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Perches; Nesting; Litter; Movement; Space utilization; Social behavior; Crowding   230                                  NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 What's wrong with animal by-products?. Varner, G.E. Guelph, Ont. : University of Guelph, 1991-; 1994. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 7 (1): p. 7-17; 1994. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Hens; Egg production; Poultry industry; Dairy cows; Milk production; Dairy industry; Productive life; Longevity; Slaughter; Animal welfare; Ethics   231                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Wind-activated fan shutoff to reduce electricity required for summer ventilation. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6): p. 851-854; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Chicken housing; Fans; Energy conservation; Wind speed; Sensors; Temperature  Abstract:  Summertime ventilation of open-sided broiler houses is done primarily with forced ventilation using large fans. To exploit the potential of natural ventilation, a wind sensing device was interfaced with the fan control circuit. The device, called a "sail switch", interrupted power to the fans when sufficient wind was available to remove the sensible heat and moisture produced by the broilers. The sail switch controlled the fans of a research broiler house where 3,250 broilers were reared from three to eight weeks. Interior conditions were monitored continuously. Results overall showed a greater than 50% reduction in fan run time. In particular, during a 24-h period at five weeks and again at seven weeks (bird age), fans ran only 17 and 40% of the time, respectively. Throughout the rearing period, heat and moisture produced by the broilers were adequately removed while die sail switch permitted natural ventilation, when available, to re lace forced ventilation.   232                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P Zinc methionine for stressed laying hens. Kienholz, E.W.; Moreng, R.E.; Flinchum, J.D. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May. Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 829-832; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fowls; Hens; Zinc; Methionine; Feed additives; Calcium; Mineral deficiencies; Stress; Laying performance; Egg weight; Egg shell thickness; Egg albumen; Egg hatchability; Dosage effects  Abstract:  The effects of zinc methionine product (ZP) supplementation to Single Comb White Leghorn hens on egg production and quality were measured through three consecutive egg laying cycles. During the first and second lay cycles, ZP had minor or nonsignificant effects upon hen performance. During the third lay cycle, a low dietary Ca (.3% Ca) stress of 1 mo duration was encountered. During this low-Ca stress period, hens fed 1 g ZP/kg produced the greatest number of eggs (P < .05), and during recovery from that low-Ca stress, the hens receiving 2 g ZP/kg produced the most eggs (P < .05). The ZP appeared to help hens maintain egg size throughout this stress period. The present results indicate that ZP was beneficial to hens during low-Ca stress and during the recovery period following that stress. **Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Author Index Adams, A.W.  59, 71, 82 Ait-Boulahsen, A.  21 Alvey, D.M.  53, 72 Anderson, G.L.  4, 136 Anderson, K.E.  71, 82 Andrews, D.K.  112 Appleby, M.C.  28, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154 Appleby, Michael C.  166 Arad, Z.  49, 50 Arakawa, A.  116 Asakura, A.  44 Austic, R.E.  89 Austin, S.D.  35, 56 Baba, E.  116 Bailey, J.S.  116 Baker, D.H.  84 Barbut, S.  209 Barnett, J.L.  19, 95 Barton, T.L.  88, 195, 211 Baughman, G.R.  93, 101, 146, 213, 222, 223 Baxter, M.R.  229 Beck, M.M.  188 Beckett, A.M.  111 Belay, T.  140 Benson, B.N.  40 Berman, E.  175 Berney, G.  34 Berny, G.  127 Berry, I.L.  88, 195, 211 Berry, P. 32 Bevis, E.A.  132 Bisesi, P.  101 Bisesi, P.S.  33 Blair, R.  17 Blankenship, L.C.  116 Bond, P.L. Jr  63 Book, C.M.  117 Bootwalla, S.M.  205 Bottcher, R.W.  33, 93, 99, 100, 101, 107, 146, 178, 213, 222, 223 Brackenbury, J.H.  49, 50 Bradshaw, R.H.  85 Brake, J.  33, 51, 107, 223 Brake, J.T.  213 Branton, S.L.  36, 60 Brewer, R.N.  225 Brillard, J.P.  201 Briot, D.  207 Brown, S.N.  35, 132, 220 Bucklin, R.A.  92, 178 Buhr, R.J.  161, 217 Bundy, D.S.  52 Bush, P.B.  194 Calvert, C.C.  40 Campbell, G.W.  90 Campo, J.L.  176 Carlisle, A.  206 Carlisle, A.J.  73 Carnicer, C.  176 Carr, L.E.  34, 127 Carter, L.  120 Carter, S.T.  167 Carter, T.A.  100 Chandrasiri, A.D.N.  97 Chao, K.L.  39 Chen, C.L.  78 Chen, H.  78 Cheng, J.C.  134 Cheng, K.K.S.  200 Cherel, Y.  207 Chi, H.  39 Chung, H.C.  74 Clark, B.E.  4, 136 Clarkson, C.R.  179 Classen, H.L.  133 Coemans, M.A.J.M.  8, 9 Collins, E.R. Jr  197, 198 Conner, D.E.  192 Coquerelle, G.  42 Corrier, D.E.  64 Corrigan, R.M.  31 Cox, D.F.  52 Craig, J.V.  139, 190, 193 Crow, G.H.  74 Cunningham, D.L.  16, 161, 217 Currin, R.D.  107 Czarick, M.  178, 214 Czarick, M. III  93 DeBey, M.C.  52 Degen, A.A.  54, 66 DeLoach, J.R.  64 DeShazer, J.A.  188 Deyhim, F.  41 Diehl, K.C.  197, 198 Dietert, R.R.  89 Dillon, P.  120 Douglas, J.H.  63 Driggers, L.B.  33, 100, 101, 213 Duff, S.R.I.  67 Duncan, E.T.  61 Duncan, I.J.H.  137, 138 Duncan, L.J.H.  37 Dunnington, E.A.  186 Eberhart, D.E.  10, 221 Eckman, M.K.  192 Eddy, T.J.  158 Edens, F.W.  21, 208 Edwards, J.E.  35, 132 Ehrich, M.  191 El-Assaad, F.G.  34, 127 El-Assaad, Fady G.  126 El-Sayed, M.S.  49, 50 Elson, H. A.  166 Etheredge, A.  33 Evans, C.S.  103 Fairfull, R.W.  55 Fanure, J.M.  25 Farni, J.  207 Fattori, T.R.  205 Feddes, J.J.R.  65 Ferket, P.R.  160 Fields, R.  218 Flinchum, J.D.  232 Flood, C.A. Jr  225 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  199 Ford, B.C.  1 Frame, D.D.  4 Frankena, K.O 148 Friedman, A.  135 Fujisawa-Sehara, A.  44 Fukata, T.  116 Gallup, G.G. Jr  158 Garlich, J.D.  21 Gates, R.S.  39, 99, 142 Gaydon, D.M.  185 Geraert, P.A.  7 Gernat, A.G.O 59 Glatz, P.C.  5 Gleaves, E.W.  63 Goelema, J.O.  147, 148 Golemboski, K.A.  89 Goodman, T.N.  183 Graat, E.A.M.  148 Green, G.  143 Gregory, N.G.  24, 53, 56, 91 Gross, W.B.  68, 186, 191 Guenter, W.  74 Guillaumin, S.  7 Gunaratne, S.P.  97 Han, Y.  84 Handji, V.  175 Handrich, Y.  207 Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA  14 Hargis, B.  64 Harms, R.H.  92 Harrison, P.C.  181 Harrison, R.  3 Harrower, B.J.  90 Heller, E. Dan  135 Hemsworth, P.H.  19, 95 Henken, A.M.  147, 148 Hiatt, R.  174 Hierholzer, R.E. p70 Hinton, A. Jr  64 Hobbs, A.O.  100 Hocking, P.M.  11, 43, 157, 226, 227 Hoffman, L.J.  52 Hogsette, J.A.  110, 203 Holt, P.S.  57 Homedes, J.  169 Hong, C.M.  134 Hughes, B. O.  166, 172 Hughes, B.O.  28, 45, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154 Hulet, R.M.  197, 198 Hurnik, J.F.  27, 58 Hyun, W.J.  79 Jacob, R.D.  110 Jacobs, R.D.  92, 203 Jacobson, B.M.  107, 213 Jesiolowski, J.  125 Johnson, D.R.  102 Jones, B.F.  102 Jones, F.T.  20, 196 Jones, M.  199 Jones, R.B.  19, 51, 69, 144, 152, 177, 182, 187 Joseph, S.W.  34, 127 Karmann, H.  48, 207 Kathan, Bernhard  106 Keeley, T.P.  51, 107 Keeling, L.J.  121 Kellison, R.C.  104 Kestin, S.C.  35, 220 Kettlewell, P.J.  38 Kienholz, E.W.  232 Kijima, M.  109 Klasing, K.C.  40, 169 Kleven, S.H.  149 Klober, K.  163 Knowles, T.G.  35, 220 Koelkebeck, K.W.  181 Komiya, T.  44 Kondaiah, N.  173 Koon, J.L.  225 Kopek, J.M.  70 Kostal, L.  45 Krishnamurthy, T.R.  162 Lacy, M.P.  93, 214 Lanyon, L.E.  105 Larsen, A.S.  186 Le Maho, Y.  48, 207 Leclercq, B.  7 Lee, B.D.  79 Lee, S.K.  79 Lei, P.K.  134 Leif, A.P.  210 Leonard, M.L.  55 Lewis, P.D.  122 Liljequist, B.L.  107 Long, N.D.  113 Lott, B.D.  1, 12, 60, 96, 219, 231 Luttrell, M.P.  149 Lyngtveit, Torgeir  204 Madindou, T.  181 Maghirang, R.G.  46, 47 Magura, J.R.  223 Mahagna, M.  119 Mahnke, G.M.  149 Malan, A.  48 Mallinson, E.T.  34, 127 Mamputu, M.  161 Manbeck, H.B.  46, 47 Mangalika Hemalatha, W.A.P.  97 Marler, P.  103 Martin, A.  186 Mather, F.B.  205 Matthewman, R.W.  168 Mauldin, J.M.  6 Maxwell, M.H.  13, 43, 206, 226 May, J.D.  1, 60, 96 Mazzola, V.  26 McAllister, J.C.  184 McDaniel, G.R.  62 McDougald, L.R.  116 McEwen, S.A.  209 McFate, K.  174 McKinley, M.  113 McMartin, D.A.  164 Meagher, R.B.  94 Meehan, A.M.  224 Mench, J.A.  123, 228 Merat, P.  42 Merkle, S.A.  94 Meyer, V.M.  52 Midgley, M.M.  122 Millam, J.R.  117 Miller, R.W.  115, 185, 203 Mills, G.D. Jr  115 Mioskowski, E.  207 Misselbrook, T.H.  179 Mitchell, M.A.  73, 206, 226 Mohan Raj, A.B.  24 Moran, E.T.  29 Moran, E.T. Jr  23 Moran, P.  32, 87 Moreng, R.E.  232 Moriarty, P.  216 Morris, T.R.  122 Muir, W.M.  193 Muirhead, S.  30 Murphy, L.B.  5 Nabeshima, Y.  44 Nabeshima, Y.I.  44 Nagamine, N.  109 Nakamura, M.  109 Neijenhuis, F.  147 Newberry, R.C.  17 Newman, E.A.  95 Nicol, C.J. 35, 76, 86, 220 Nightingale, T.E.  200 Nir, I.  119 Nitsan, Z.  119 Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.  148 Norgaard-Nielsen, G.  83 Nuboer, J.F.W.  8, 9 Odom, A.  191 Overhults, D.G.  99, 142 Paice, M.E.R.  38 Pain, B.F.  179 Panda, B.  173 Pano, G.  175 Pardue, S.L.  33, 107, 213 Parmar, R.S.  197, 198 Pearson, C.C.  143 Perrins, A.J.  171 Perry, G.C.  122 Petherick, J.C.  118 Phillips, V.R.  143 Pickens, L.G.  115 Poe, S.E.  4, 136 Porter, R.E. Jr  57 Preston, A.P.  5 Purser, J.  108 Qi, R.  47 Qureshi, M.A.  160 Raj, A.B.M.  124 Raj, M.  91 Randell, J.M.  224 Reed, H.J.  56, 86, 220 Richard, J.L.  52 Riddell, C.  65 Rideau, N.  48 Roberts, J.A.  97 Robertson, G.W.  43, 206 Robin, J.P.  207 Robinson, E.E.  65 Roder, J.D.  78 Rolon, A.  217 Roothaert, R.L.  168 Ropelato, R.A.  136 Rosenstrauch, A.  66 Rotter, R.G.  74 Roura, E.  40, 169 Rowland, G.N.  194 Ruszler, P.L.  120 Rutter, S.M.  137 Ryder, F.H.  69, 182 Sander, J.E.  194 Sangiah, S.  78 Sato, S.  109 Satterlee, D.G.  69, 182 Saville, C.A.  212 Savory, C. J.  172 Savory, C.J.  45, 202, 206 Schat, K. A.  135 Scotford, I.M.  143 Scott, G.B.  87, 165, 212 Scott, R.P.  129 Seawright, E.  118, 202 Shen, Y.  78 Sheppard, D.C.  185 Sherwin, C. M.  145 Sherwin, C.M.  72, 159, 220 Shlosberg, A.  175 Siegel, P.B.  18, 186 Silverside, D.  199 Silversides, F.G.  42 Simmons, J.D.  12, 36, 219, 231 Simonsen, H.B.  83 Singletary, I.B.  146, 222 Siopes, T.D.  129 Skeeles, J.K.  184 Skinner, J.T.  70 Sloan, D.R.  92 Smith, A.J.  170 Smith, M.O.  22, 75, 77, 81, 156, 180 Smith, S.F.  28, 80, 114, 153, 154 Sparrey, J.M.  38 Spinu, M.  54, 66 Spradbrow, P.B.  155 Sridhara, S.  162 Stanger, N.E.  74 Steelman, C.D.  184 Stewart, L.E.  34, 127 Streader, W.V.  224 Struwe, F.J.  63 Suzuki, S.  109 Swanson, J.C.  190 Tabler, G.T.  88, 195, 211 Takahashi, T.  109 Tamura, Y.  109 Tan, K.H.  134 Tanaka, T.  27 Taylor, A.A.  58 Taylor, J.D.  90 Teeter, R.G.  22, 41, 77, 81, 98, 140, 180 Thompstone, S.  15 Timm, R.M.  31 Todd, M.C.  29 Trampel, D.W.  52 Trumbull, R.D.  225 Tucker, S.A.  53 Tuddenham, A.  212 Turner, E.C.  130 Turner, E.C. Jr  120 Uetsuki, T.  44 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund  135 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry  189 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare  145 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working Group No. 9  172 University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering  126 Van Wicklen, G.L.  178 Varner, G.E.  230 Vestergaard, K.  83 Vos, J.J.  8, 9 Wachenfelt, Eva von  131 Waddington, D.  118, 144 Waldroup, A.L.  70 Waldroup, P.W.  70 Walzem, R.L.  14 Wang, S.  208 Warnick, R.E.  4, 136 Warriss, P.D.  35, 132, 220 Washburn, K.W.  10, 221 Watson, A.  202 Webster, A.J.F.  212 Wheeler, G.E.  218 Whetlor, B.  32 Whetlor, W.C.  38 Whitehead, C.C.  67 Whyte, R.T.  2 Wideman, R.F.  1 Wiernusz, C.J.  98, 140, 180 Wilde, H.D.  94 Wilkins, L.J.  35, 53, 56 Williams, J.B.  187 Williamson, J.D.  72 Wilson, H.R.  205 Wilson, J.L.  194 Wilson, S.  28, 67, 80 Wold, J.  128 Wong, H.Y.C.  200 Wong-Valle, J.  62 Wotton, S.B.  24 Wyatt, C.L.  183 Xin, H.  88, 188, 195, 211 Yalcin, S.  62 Youngman, R.  120 Youngman, R.R.  130 Zhang, S.H.  99, 142 Zhang, Shuhui,  141 Zorn, T.  48 Zuidhof, M.J.  65 Zulkifli, I.  186 
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index |  Top of Document

Subject Index 4-h clubs  113 Abdominal fat  29, 41, 75 Acclimatization  1, 96, 180 Acid base equilibrium  21, 22, 79, 207 Adaptability  18 Additives  60 Adenosinetriphosphatase  78 Adrenal glands  63 Age  198 Age differences  11, 51, 60, 67, 83, 96, 176 Aggressive behavior A85 Agonistic behavior  6 Agricultural research  167 Air flow  12, 52, 212, 223 Air microbiology  52 Air pollutants  2, 47 Air quality  46, 47, 52, 65, 136, 147 Air temperature  52 Alabama  192 Alaska  108 Albinos  42 Alleles  10, 186, 221 Alphitobius diaperinus  184 Amino acid sequences  44 Ammonia  52, 65, 128, 147 Analgesics  5 Animal behavior  11, 16, 18, 27, 37, 45, 69, 76, 85, 86, 110, 114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 138, 139, 187, 190, 202, 206 Animal breeding  167 Animal diseases  36 Animal experiments  207 Animal health  20 Animal housing  102, 146 Animal husbandry  55, 167, 170, 209 Animal models  14 Animal production  228 Animal welfare  3, 5, 6, 11, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, 32, 37, 38, 58, 72, 85, 86, 91, 111, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 144, 153, 154, 157, 164, 165, 171, 190, 193, 217, 226, 228, 229, 230 Anoxia  24, 124 Antibody formation  41, 89, 186 Aorta  200 Application methods  192 Argon  24, 124 Arkansas  195 Arsenic  194 Artificial insemination  201� Artificial ventilation  47, 92, 100, 214 Ascites  175 Ascorbic acid  68, 69 Assays  89 Atherogenesis  200 Atherogenic diet  200 Atheroma  200 Atherosclerosis  200 Automatic control  12 Availability  103 Aviaries  27, 58 Avoidance conditioning  137 Bait traps  31, 130 Battery cages  27, 32, 37, 42, 56, 58, 61, 71, 118, 153, 154, 229  Battery husbandry  184, 190 Beak  63, 193 Behavior modification  144 Behavior patterns  121 Beta-glucuronidase  94 Betamethasone  11 Bioelectric potential  24 Biological treatment  143 Bioreactors  143 Birdcages  145 Blood  63 Blood cells  129 Blood chemistry  79 Blood flow  49 Blood lipids  40, 200 Blood picture  43, 226 Blood plasma  1, 45, 48, 69, 97, 182, 187, 200 Blood sampling  48, 207 Blood serum  117 Blood sugar  35 Blue light  129 Body fat  122 Body heat loss  98 Body temperature  22, 49, 75, 79, 98, 107, 180, 221 Body water  1 Body weight  10, 29, 42, 45, 51, 58, 63, 71, 82, 84, 186, 198, 200, 217, 221 Bone density  29 Bone fractures  53, 105, 111 Bone resorption  80 Bone strength  28, 58, 71, 105, 181, 190 Bone weight  29, 58 Bones  28, 67, 80 Brain  78, 91� Breaking strength  28 Breed differences  54, 119, 227 Breeding programs  150, 151 Broiler performance  29, 41, 75 Broiler production  184, 197, 198, 214 Broilers  1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 22, 23, 29, 35, 41, 45, 60, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 96, 98, 107, 116, 119, 132, 133, 140, 147, 148, 152, 156, 157, 160, 175, 179, 180, 183, 184, 194, 195, 202, 206, 209, 211, 213, 220, 221, 224 Brood care  112 Brooders  42, 225 Broodiness  6 Bruises  209 Bursa fabricii  41 Cabt  4, 12, 31, 32, 54, 75, 93, 97, 150, 151, 178, 195, 210, 230, 231 Cage size  25 Cages  34, 67, 72, 86, 119, 193 Calcium  21, 74, 97, 232 Calorimetry  98 Cannibalism  55, 193 Carbon dioxide  24, 91, 124, 147 Carbonation  22, 181 Carcass composition  41 Carcass grading  209 Carcass quality  17, 23, 29, 124, 209 Carcass weight  75 Carcass yield  29, 75 Carcasses  70, 156, 183 Case reports  149, 194 Catecholamines  207 Cats  14 Cecum  64 Cell mediated immunity  129 Cell membranes  74 Chicken fat  173 Chicken housing  3, 99, 108, 115, 120, 142, 143, 147, 148, 190, 195, 214, 218, 223, 225, 231 Chicken industry  199 Chicken meat  156, 173 Chickens  13, 89, 103, 119, 135, 145, 155, 165, 199, 212, 218   Chicks  40, 42, 55, 64, 69, 81, 83, 97, 108, 119, 144, 158, 169, 177, 186, 187 Cholesterol  200 Circadian rhythm  122 Claws  58, 154 Cleaning  196 Climatic zones  170 Coccidiosis  116, 147 Cocks  79, 103, 200 Cold stress  66, 175 Collectors  165 Colonization  64 Communication between animals  103 Comparisons  100, 101 Computer simulation  39, 142 Containers  124 Contamination  20 Controlling elements  44 Conveyors  32, 165 Cooling  223 Copper arsenate  194 Correlated responses  193 Corticosterone  13, 45, 63, 69, 129, 182, 187, 207 Corticotropin  13, 68 Cost benefit analysis  33, 108, 178 Cows  14 Crowding  229 Cyromazine  185 Dairy cows  230 Dairy industry  230 Data collection  107 Death  106 Debeaking  5, 6, 16, 63, 193 Decision making  198 Defects  183, 209 Dehydration (physiological)  35 Design  32, 72 Developing countries  170 Developmental stages  184 Dexamethasone  109 Diet  17, 21, 84, 156, 169, 175, 217 Dietary fat  74 Dietary minerals  41, 97 Dietary protein  7, 51 Diptera  130 Disease control  20, 150, 151 Disease resistance  64, 68, 89, 186 Disease surveys  148 Disease transmission  57, 109 Disease vectors  184 Disinfectants  192, 194 Disinfection  34, 127 Disinfection and disinfectants  126 Dispersal  203 Diurnal variation  45, 96, 211 Domestic animals  123 Domestic gardens  125 Domestication  18, 190 Doors  52 Dosage effects  17, 84, 232 Draft animals  170 Drinkers  82 Drinking behavior  119 Drinking water  22, 60, 81, 160, 181 Duration  72, 132, 138 Dust  2, 47, 65, 183 Dust bathing  83, 153, 154 Dwarfism  186 Egg albumen  232 Egg hatchability  201, 232 Egg production  27, 63, 82, 108, 109, 111, 193, 217, 230   Egg quality  71, 114 Egg shell thickness  232 Egg weight  59, 181, 217, 232 Eggs  181 Eimeria  116 Eimeria tenella  186 Electric current  38 Electrical equipment  38 Electricity  12, 33, 174 Electroencephalograms  24, 91 Electrolytes  75, 160 Emus  167 Energy conservation  88, 231 Energy consumption  12, 101, 225 Energy cost of maintenance  195 Energy intake  40 Energy metabolism  40 Energy requirements  170 Enrichment  76, 83, 144 Environment  76, 83, 144, 198 Environmental control  26, 36, 99 Environmental temperature  1, 10, 12, 13, 49, 66, 73, 75, 77, 78, 84, 96, 140, 147, 156, 160, 180, 188, 197, 221 Enzyme activity  78, 94 Epidemiology  90, 147, 148 Epiphyses  29 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae  90 Erythrocyte count  129 Escherichia coli  68 Ethics  230 Euthanasia  124 Evaporation  79 Evaporative cooling  92, 93, 99 Excreta  86 Excretion  1 Exercise  80 Exhaust systems  222 Experimental diets  40 Experimental infections  40 Exports  15 Fans  12, 93, 222, 223, 231 Farm income  15 Farm management  170 Farming  125 Fasting  188, 220 Fatigue  220 Fatty liver  14 Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome  14 Fearfulness  13, 17, 19, 45, 51, 56, 69, 71, 76, 82, 87, 95, 137, 144, 152, 154, 158, 176, 177, 182, 220 Feather pecking  83, 154, 159 Feathers  10, 58, 63, 221 Feces  140, 184 Feed additives  232 Feed conversion  10, 29, 70, 71, 82 Feed conversion efficiency  7, 55, 59, 68, 160, 181, 183, 186, 218 Feed dispensers  71, 82 Feed intake  5, 10, 59, 63, 70, 71, 77, 82, 96, 97, 98, 157, 180, 181, 188, 198, 217 Feed troughs  72 Feeding behavior  6, 72, 97, 119, 157, 186 Feeding habits  27 Feeds  175 Feet  58, 154, 194 Female fertility  201 Females  206 Femur  29 Flocks  20 Floor husbandry  71, 190 Floor pens  42, 59, 64, 67, 70, 119 Floor type  71 Floors  63 Florida  92, 110, 203 Fluorescent lamps  9 Fogging  93, 219 Follicles  50 Food  103 Food deprivation  35 Food handling  215, 216 Food intake  40, 48, 73 Food preparation  216 Food restriction  21, 23 Foot diseases  154 Forest plantations  104 Forest trees  104 Forestry  104 Fowl diseases  68 Fowls  5, 6, 16, 18, 21, 44, 67, 68, 125, 139, 191, 205, 232   Free range husbandry  97, 125, 155, 163 Frequency  72, 121 Furaltadone  68 Galactose  73 Game birds  210 Gases  2 Geese  48, 207 Gene expression  94' Gene transfer  94 Genes  42 Genetic engineering  104 Genetic improvement  18, 104 Genetic markers  94 Genetic regulation  44 Genetic variation  18 Genotype environment interaction  42, 89 Genotypes  42 Georgia  161, 178 Glomerular filtration  1 Glucagon  73 Glucose  48 Glycogen  35 Goose feeding  112 Goslings  112 Grids  157 Groups  25, 85 Growth  40, 42 Growth rate  10, 55, 73, 77, 84, 119, 169 Guineafowls  90 Gypsum  183 Handling  55, 76, 144, 150, 151, 152, 165, 207 Handling machinery  32 Harness  107 Hatcheries  192 Hatching  97 Head dimensions  157 Heart  63, 78 Heart diseases  74 Heat production  98 Heat shock proteins  208 Heat stress  1, 7, 10, 21, 22, 30, 41, 49, 50, 60, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 96, 98, 107, 122, 140, 156, 160, 161, 178, 180, 181, 188, 208, 221 Heating  219 Hemodynamics  200 Hemorrhage  124 Hen feeding  157 Hens  3, 9, 14, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 37, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 95, 97, 103, 108, 109, 111, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129, 137, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 173, 176, 181, 190, 193, 194, 201, 217, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232 Heritability  176, 193 Histopathology  90 History  15 Hot boning  173 Humidity  142, 197 Humoral immunity  41, 129 Hydrotaea aenescens  120 Hygiene  130, 148 Hypercapnia  24 Hypercholesterolemia  200 Hypothyroidism  73 Immobilization  152, 182 Immune competence  89 Immune response  40, 129, 160 Immunity  186 Immunological deficiency  89 Immunology  169 Immunostimulants  218 Immunostimulation  218 Immunosuppression  109 Improvement  150, 151 Incidence  70, 74, 200 Income  217 Incubation  112 India  162 Individuals  118 Infections  70 Inhibition  69, 78 Insect control  102, 115, 130 Insect traps  115 Insecticide resistance  185 Insecticides  102, 130 Inspection  150, 151 Insulating materials  101 Insulation  195 Insulin  48 Insulin secretion  48 Integrated pest management  120, 130 Intensive husbandry  133, 148 Interactions  47, 85 Interleukin 1  169 Intermittent light  122 Intestinal absorption  73 Intestinal microorganisms  64 Intestinal mucosa  78 Intestines  116 Isolation  36, 158, 187 Israel  54 Japanese quails  182 Jejunum  73 Kidneys  78 Kitchen waste  97 Lactic acid  207 Lamb (Meat)  189 Lamb meat industry  189 Laying performance  59, 62, 71, 95, 154, 181, 232 Learning  159 Leg weakness  112 Length  29, 58 Lesions  42, 58, 65, 116, 147, 186 Leukocyte count  129 Leukocytes  13, 208 Light  129 Light intensity  8 Light regime  17, 42, 62, 75, 122, 147 Lighting  47 Line differences  7, 10, 13, 221 Lipid metabolism  14 Liriodendron tulipifera  94 Literature reviews  6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 47, 89, 105, 122, 138, 139, 155, 173, 190, 228 Litter  63, 64, 118, 147, 168, 183, 229 Liver  35, 41 Livestock transporters  224 Liveweight gain  10, 42, 59, 60, 77, 81, 82, 160, 183, 198, 218   Loaders  165 Locomotion  11 Longevity  230 Lungs  65 Lymphocytes  68 Lysine  84 Magnesium  78 Male fertility  11 Man  14, 19, 158, 177 Marek's disease  135 Marketing  23 Maryland  185, 203 Mathematical models  47, 99, 197, 222 Mating behavior  103 Measurement  179, 206 Meat cuts  156 Meat quality  173 Meat yield  173 Mechanical methods  100 Mechanically deboned meat  173 Medicinal plants  218 Medicinal properties  218 Metabolism  98 Metabolizable energy  40, 217 Methionine  73, 232 Microbial degradation  143 Milk production  230 Mineral deficiencies  21, 29, 41, 232 Mineral metabolism  140 Mississippi  185, 231 Mists  99 Mixed farming  170 Mixed infections  116 Mode of action  169 Moisture content  183 Molt  217 Molting  57 Morphology  73 Mortality  29, 42, 55, 70, 71, 74, 122, 132, 155, 160, 164, 217   Motivation  159 Movement  229 Multivariate analysis  148 Mus musculus  31 Musca  102 Musca domestica  110, 115, 120, 185, 203 Mycoplasma gallisepticum  68 Mycoplasma synoviae  149 Mycoplasmosis  149 Myosin  44 Naloxone  11 National planning  150, 151 Natural gas  225 Natural ventilation  52 Neomycin  94 Nesting  117, 118, 153, 154, 210, 229 Nests  86, 117, 118, 154 Netherlands  147 Neurotoxins  191 Neutrophils  68 New Jersey  185 Newcastle disease  155 Newcastle disease virus  68 Nicarbazin  79, 116 Nipple drinkers  59 Nonprotein nitrogen  168 Normal values  67 North Carolina  93, 149 Nucleotide sequences  44 Nutrient deficiencies  89 Nutrient density  40 Nutrient requirements  84 Nutrients  156 Occupational disorders  2 Odor abatement  143, 179 Odor emission  143, 179 Odors  134 Oklahoma  81 Operation  32 Opioid peptides  11, 206 Opioids  202 Organs  78 Osmotic pressure  208 Osteomalacia  67 Osteoporosis  28, 67, 80 Ostriches  167 Outbreaks  90 Oviposition  201 Oxygen  24 Oxytetracycline  60 Pain  11 Particle density  47 Particles  52 Pathogenesis  14 Peasant workers  15 Peat  83 Penicillins  169 Pennsylvania  47 Pentobarbital  191 Perches  28, 51, 61, 80, 86, 114, 154, 229 Performance  52, 65 Ph  35, 181, 207 Phasianus colchicus  210 Phenotypes  221 Phospholipids  74 Phosphorus  29, 97 Phosphorylation  69 Phosphotransferases  94 Physical activity  122, 226 Pig housing  36, 163 Pig slurry  179 Pigeons  113 Plant extracts  218 Plastics  117 Pododermatitis  194 Population density  110 Population dynamics  162, 203 Population structure  162 Potassium  78 Potassium chloride  81 Poultry  34, 38, 43, 105, 115, 125, 126, 138, 146, 150, 151, 162, 164, 166, 166, 170, 171, 172, 228 Poultry diseases  31, 112, 113 Poultry droppings  128, 143 Poultry farming  15, 78, 83, 188 Poultry feeding  108, 113 Poultry housing  2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 26, 31, 32, 33, 39, 46, 47, 52, 62, 65, 88, 92, 93, 100, 101, 110, 113, 127, 128, 130, 134, 136, 139, 141, 162, 163, 174, 178, 179, 192, 196, 197, 198, 203, 211, 213, 219, 222 Poultry industry  230 Poultry manure  115, 134, 168, 185 Poultry products  15, 150, 151 Preformed meats  173 Probes  107 Production costs  12, 190, 217 Productive life  230 Productivity  97 Prolactin  117 Prophylaxis  175 Protein intake  51 Protein synthesis  208 Proximate analysis  97 Public opinion  190 Pullets  51, 62 Quarantine  36 Queensland  90 Rail transport  15 Rattus norvegicus  31 Rattus rattus  31, 162 Rearing techniques  210 Red light  129 Reflection  178 Regulations  122, 150, 151 Relapse  57 Relative humidity  52, 78, 188, 211 Removal  56 Renal function  1 Reproduction  210 Reservoir hosts  184 Respiration rate  98 Respiratory diseases  2 Restricted feeding  11, 13, 43, 45, 161, 180, 202, 206, 217, 226, 227 Rhea  167 Risk  147, 148 Road transport  35, 220 Rodent control  31, 162 Rodenticides 31 Roofs  178 Ruminant feeding  168 Salmonella  20, 34, 64, 127, 148, 196 Salmonella enteritidis  57, 109 Salmonella typhimurium  70, 116, 184 Salmonellosis  126, 148, 184 Sampling  196, 203 Sand  83 Sanitation  102, 169, 192 Sausages  173 Seasonal variation  52 Selection criteria  176, 182, 193 Selection responses  139, 176, 190, 193 Self feeders  157 Sensing  12 Sensors  231 Sex  198 Sex differences  67, 84, 176, 187 Sexual behavior  6, 11 Sexual maturity  139 Shows  113 Silviculture  104 Simulation models  197, 198 Size  147 Skeletal muscle  35 Skeletomuscular anomalies  11 Slatted floors  128, 194 Slaughter  230 Slaughtering and slaughter-houses  106, 199 Slaughtering equipment  38 Social behavior  187, 229 Social dominance  6, 13, 85, 139 Social environment  13 Sodium  78 Somatic embryogenesis  94 South Dakota  210 Southern states of U.S.A.  12 Space utilization  25, 229 Spatial distribution  121, 203 Spatial variation  211 Specific gravity  181 Spectral data  8 Spermatozoa  201 Spleen  41, 63 Spraying  130 Sri lanka  97 Standards  174 Sticky traps  110 Stimulation  117 Stimuli  137 Stocking density  65, 70, 71, 82, 86, 121, 190, 209 Stockmen  2 Strain differences  59, 84, 176, 182, 193, 226 Straw  83 Streptomycin  169 Stress  20, 40, 45, 48, 57, 63, 68, 90, 109, 119, 124, 129, 169, 182, 187, 190, 191, 200, 202, 206, 207, 212, 218, 226, 232 Stress factors  13, 89, 165 Stress response  13, 43, 139, 140, 186 Stresses  105 Structural design  36, 52 Stunning  24, 38, 91, 124 Summer  33 Sunflower oil  74 Survival  77, 97, 119, 210 Susceptibility  57 Suspension systems  224 Sustainability  170 Symptoms  90, 149 Tallow  74 Telemetry  210 Temperature  30, 39, 142, 211, 213, 231 Tennessee  75 Territoriality  6 Testing  138 Tests  25 Theory  222 Thermal infrared imagery  213 Thermal properties  101 Thyroxine  73 Tibia  29, 58, 71 Time  121 Timing  201 Training of animals  138 Transgenics  94 Transport  14 Transport in female genitalia  201 Transport of animals  23, 29, 35, 76, 124, 132, 165, 173, 209, 212, 220 Transstadial transmission  184 Trauma  56, 193 Tree breeding  104 Trends  104 Triacylglycerols  50, 200 Triiodothyronine  73 Tryptophan  17 Turkey egg production  117 Turkey meat  215, 216 Turkeys  6, 52, 65, 91, 117, 124, 128, 129, 133, 149, 161, 188, 197, 198, 208, 209 U.S.A.  31, 100, 150, 151, 230 U.S.S.R.  15 Uk  32, 111, 171 Unrestricted feeding  202 Urine  1, 140 Usage  225 Utah  4 Validity  197 Variation  45 Ventilation  4, 12, 33, 46, 65, 88, 136, 141, 142, 146, 178, 211, 222, 223 Veterinary entomology  203 Vibration  224 Virginia  197 Vision  9 Vitamin deficiencies  41 Vitamin supplements  41, 160 Vocalization  18 Volatile fatty acids  64 Volume  28, 67, 80 Water intake  22, 59, 60, 66, 69, 75, 79, 96, 98, 226, 227   Water metabolism  79 Weather  30, 197 Weighers  205 Weight  41, 63 Weight determination  205 Wild birds  149, 210 Wind speed  12, 231 Wire  174 Wire netting  63 Wood shavings  117 Yards  125 Zinc  232
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*The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9505.htm, April 17, 1998*