Inter-American

Foundation 

Grants Results

Report

2006
Joaquín Cajbón, project coordinator of Museo Achi (GT-277),

teaches young video producers to edit documentaries on traditions and tourist sites in Rabinal, Baja Verapaz, a rural

municipality north of Guatemala City. 
Inter-American Foundation 

Grants Results Report

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................ 9

About the IAF

Summary and Highlights

Methodology

PART I: GRANT RESULTS IN 2006............................................................................................... 12

Measuring Results at the Beneficiary Level.......................................................................................... 12

Creating Jobs

Training

Improving Health

Home Construction

Measuring Results at the Organization Level........................................................................................ 16

Mobilizing/brokering resources

Partnering

Microcredit

Sharing Information

Disseminating Methodology, Techniques and Results

Measuring Intangible Results: Beneficiary Level.................................................................................. 21

Communication

Problem-solving

Self-esteem

Cultural Identity

Innovation and/or Adaptability

PART II: THEMATIC HIGHLIGHTS.............................................................................................. 26

African Descendants.......................................................................................................................... 26

Community-Based Enterprises.......................................................................................................... 26 

Disaster Relief.................................................................................................................................... 27

Domestic Violence Prevention........................................................................................................... 28

Organic Production............................................................................................................................ 29

PART III: PROJECT PROFILES COMPLETED IN 2006............................................................ 30

Bolivia: Sustainable Local Development for the Ayllus of Quila Quila................................................ 30

Brazil: Citizenship Capacity-Building for the 21st Century.................................................................. 32

Ecuador: Project Sprout......................................................................................................................... 34

El Salvador: Market on Wheels in the Municipality of Mejicanos........................................................ 36

Guatemala: Credit for Senior Citizens................................................................................................... 38

Mexico: Ecological Housing.................................................................................................................. 40

Nicaragua: Value-Added Coffee Processing........................................................................................... 42

Panama: Improvement of Organic Coffee Production........................................................................... 44
List of Tables

Table 1: Permanent and seasonal full- and part-time positions created

Table 2: Beneficiaries acquiring new knowledge and skills

Table 3: Beneficiaries of health-related activities

Table 4: New and renovated housing units

Table 5: Resources mobilized in cash and in kind by source

Table 6: Resources brokered in cash and in kind by source

Table 7: Partnerships 

Table 8: Loans by category, number and average amount

Table 9: Beneficiaries improving their ability to communicate 

Table 10: Beneficiaries improving their ability to resolve problems

Table 11: Beneficiaries with greater appreciation of their cultural heritage

Appendix A

COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS: REDEAMÉRICA................................................................... 45

New Grassroots Development Programs

National and Decentralized Funds

Guidelines for Best Practices and Standardization

Appendix B

SELECTED ADDITIONAL TABLES............................................................................................... 48

Table B1: Beneficiaries reporting better living conditions*

Table B2: Beneficiaries reporting dietary improvements*

Table B3: Beneficiaries who received medical attention*

Table B4a: Beneficiaries who acquired agricultural skills*

Table B4b: Beneficiaries applying agricultural skills*

Table B5a: Beneficiaries acquiring manufacturing skills*

Table B5b: Beneficiaries applying manufacturing skills*

Table B6a: Beneficiaries acquiring construction skills*

Table B6b: Beneficiaries applying construction skills*

Table B7a: Beneficiaries acquiring environmental knowledge and/or skills*

Table B7b: Beneficiaries applying environmental knowledge and/or skills*

Table B8a: Beneficiaries acquiring planning and administration skills*

Table B8b: Beneficiaries applying planning and administration skills*

Table B9a: Beneficiaries acquiring marketing skills*

Table B9b: Beneficiaries applying marketing knowledge and/or skills*

Table B10a: Beneficiaries acquiring leadership skills*

Table B10b: Beneficiaries applying leadership skills*

Table B11a: Beneficiaries acquiring civic participation knowledge and/or skills*

Table B11b: Beneficiaries applying civic participation knowledge and/or skills*

Table B12a: Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of the legal system*

Table B12b: Beneficiaries applying knowledge of the legal system*

Table B13a: Beneficiaries acquiring finance knowledge and/or skills*

Table B13b: Beneficiaries applying finance knowledge and/or skills*

Table B14a: Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of the political system*
Table B14b: Beneficiaries applying knowledge of the political system*

Table B15a: Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of good health practices*

Table B15b: Beneficiaries applying good health practices*

Table B16: Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge to address domestic violence, sexual abuse and drug use*

Table B17a: Resources mobilized from international sources

Table B17b: Resources brokered from international sources

Table B18a: Resources mobilized from domestic sources

Table B18b: Resources brokered from domestic sources

Table B19a: Resources mobilized from local sources

Table B19b: Resources brokered from local sources

Table B20: Dissemination activities by type and country

* Parameters defined by sex and country Semillas de Amor photo by Heidi Smith

9

Introduction

About the IAF

The Inter-American Foundation (IAF), created in

1969 as an independent foreign assistance agency of

the United States government responds to innovative,

participatory and sustainable self-help development

projects proposed by grassroots groups and organizations that support them. It also encourages partnerships among community organizations, businesses

and local governments directed at improving the

quality of life for poor people and strengthening

democratic practices. To contribute to a better understanding of the development process, the IAF shares

its experiences and the lessons it has learned.

The Inter-American Foundation is governed by a

nine-person board of directors appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S.

Senate. Six members are drawn from the private sector and three from the federal government. The board

is assisted by an advisory council. A president,

appointed by the board, serves as the Inter-American

Foundation’s chief executive officer, managing a

staff of 46 employees based in Arlington, Virginia.

Congress appropriates funds annually for the InterAmerican Foundation. The IAF also has access to the

Social Progress Trust Fund administered by the InterAmerican Development Bank and consisting of payments on U.S. government loans extended under the

Alliance for Progress to various Latin American and

Caribbean governments. Since 1972, the IAF has

made 4,578 grants for more than $586 million.

Together, the IAF and its grantees have created costeffective models of social and economic development which have bettered the conditions of hundreds

of thousands of poor families in communities

throughout the hemisphere. 

Summary and Highlights

Results data gathered in the 12-month period ending

on March 2006 reveal the following:

• More than 14,000 beneficiaries improved their

diet and hence their health.

• More than 28,000 beneficiaries received medical

attention.

• Close to 6,000 individuals benefited from access

to clean water. 

• More than 35,000 individuals benefited from

trash removal operations.

• IAF grantees in 10 countries helped their beneficiaries build 62 new houses and improve 1,377

homes.

• Registration in courses, workshops and seminars

counted more than 100,000 individuals in finance,

including loan management; approximately

32,000 in agriculture; close to 30,000 in management; and 17,000 in environment-related topics.

• IAF-funded activities created 4,500 full-time

and 840 part-time permanent positions and 3,400

full-time and 1,600 part-time seasonal positions.

• Close to 1,900 organizations voluntarily cooperated with IAF grantees.

• Of the 624 organizations working in partnership

with IAF grantees, 268 became partners during

the reporting year. 

• Grantees mobilized $3.5 million and brokered

another $1.2 million for project activities, or a

combined total of $4.7 million ($3.6 million in

cash and $1.1 million in kind).

• Central government institutions were the most

generous to IAF grantees, donating $1 million,

mostly in cash; local governments contributed

$600,000. 

• International nonprofit organizations contributed

close to $500,000 to IAF grantees.

• IAF grantees extended more than 284,000 loans

averaging $400 each. Construction loans averaged

$487. Loans for business development represented 77 percent of all loans and averaged $410

each.

• Grantees disseminated information on approaches, practices and/or techniques in 18 of the 19

countries where the IAF funds activities. Haiti

was the exception.

Methodology

To meet the challenges that stem from the diversity

of the IAF’s grantees and their culture, languages and

political context, the IAF designed and developed the

Grassroots Development Framework (GDF), a practical tool consisting of a menu of 40 indicators used to

collect and assess results data. The GDF measures
the tangible results of the projects, as well as the

subtler, no less vital, intangible effects, and their

impact on the individuals involved, the groups and

the communities.

Tracking these indicators over time allows analysis

of project results and documents the IAF’s work for

reporting to agencies to which the IAF is accountable. Awareness of the indicators helps the grantees

stay focused on their goals; information on these

indicators provides feedback to them and to IAF

staff.

This report is based on data collected by the grantees

twice a year and forwarded to the IAF in compliance

with the respective grant agreements. A cadre of incountry data verifiers contracted by the IAF corroborates the data and comments on factors that facilitated or impeded achievement of the grantees’ objectives.

The current group of IAF data verifiers has been visiting grantees and their beneficiaries for five years.

Data verifiers meet with the Evaluation Office staff

at an annual conference to review data collection

techniques, concepts and definitions and discuss

problems encountered. On-site experience with

grantees and their participation in the conference

help them hone their skills, resulting in more accurate reporting. 

10

REDES photo by Miguel Cuevas
11

What is grassroots development? 

The Inter-American Foundation uses the term “grassroots development” to describe the process by which

disadvantaged people organize themselves to improve social, cultural and economic conditions. The concept assumes that the key to sustainable democracies, equitable societies and prosperous economies is a

people-oriented strategy stressing participation, organizational development and networking to build the

social capital needed to complement human and physical assets.

What is the Grassroots

Development Framework? 

Applying what had been learned from more

than 4,500 projects that it had funded, the

Inter-American Foundation created the

Grassroots Development Framework to measure the results and impact of projects the

Foundation supports. Results can inform decisions, signal challenges, confirm achievements

and indicate topics for further research. 

The GDF is useful to both the grantee and the

donor. It provides the means to establish project objectives and report achievements,

strengths and deficiencies. Since the pilot testing and application of the GDF, several development assistance institutions have, in consultation with the Inter-American Foundation, adapted the GDF to their own

activities.

How does it work?

The premise of the GDF is that grassroots development produces results at three levels, and important tangible and intangible results should be taken into account. In business, profits are the bottom line. In grassroots development, a project must generate material improvements in the quality of life of the poor.

Because poverty entails not only lack of income but also lack of access to a range of basic services (including education, healthcare and housing), as well as insufficient opportunity for active civic participation, the

GDF draws these indicators into a single tool. 

The Foundation’s experience has demonstrated that each project can plant a seed for change and that

grassroots development produces results not only for individuals but also for organizations and society. The

cone shape of the GDF portrays the potential impact of grassroots development, progressing from individuals and families, to organizations, to the community or society at large — the three levels of the GDF. 
Training

A Chinese proverb says, “Give a man a fish and he

will eat for a day. Teach him how to fish and he will

eat for a lifetime.” Training plays an important role

in most IAF- supported grants. In 2006, 87 percent of

all IAF grantees reported providing on-the-job training, courses or workshops of one to several days.

Grantees also provided complementary technical

assistance. The most common topics were finance,

agriculture, environment-related issues,

planning/administration and civic participation. (See

Table 2.) Examples follow:

This is the IAF’s first response to the Program

Assessment Rating Tool (PART), requiring all

federal agencies to document and report

progress toward performance goals articulated

in strategic plans. It summarizes the results of

grants active in the reporting year. This section

of the report highlights results on the GDF

indicators most frequently used by our

grantees. As stated, supra, each grantee report

was verified by an independent in-country professional.

Measuring Results at the

Beneficiary Level

Data for 2006 show IAF grants improved the

quality of life of the poor in Latin America and

the Caribbean by supporting programs that

offered access to education, improved health

and housing conditions, and increased job opportunities. Asked if their quality of life had improved,

stayed the same or worsened as a result of grant

activities, 96 percent of the beneficiaries of IAF-supported projects reported that they were better off. 

Creating Jobs

In the reporting year, 81 grantees reported the creation of close to 10,300 jobs of both a permanent and

seasonal nature (See Table 1). In Nicaragua, for

example, the Fondo para el Desarrollo de la Mujer

(NC-244) facilitated the creation of 2,800 jobs by

providing loans to street vendors to purchase merchandise for resale. In Peru, the Consorcio para el

Desarrollo Regional (CODESRE) (PU-513), helped

create 770 new jobs through its program of assistance to small dairies, mills and beekeepers located

in four central provinces of the department of

Huancayo known as the Mantaro River Valley. And

in Venezuela, Cooperativa Alumifenix (VZ-192) created close to 200 jobs, mostly in the state of Bolivar,

where the Cooperative inaugurated a raw-material

processing center. 

PART I: Grants Results in 2006

12

ALUMIFENIX photo by Miguel Cuevas
In Ecuador, the Corporación

de Estudios Regionales

Guayaquil (EC-379), in its

last year of a four-year grant

to develop a solid-wastemanagement enterprise in

partnership with three

municipalities and local

micro-enterprises, trained

8,000 residents in all aspects

of waste collection and environmental conservation. In

Honduras, Agua para el

Pueblo (HO-237) trained

950 individuals in the

effects of water contamination on human health and in

the management of micro-watersheds in communities surrounding Copán.

In Nicaragua, Grupo FUNDEMOS (NC-259) is

contributing to the development of democratic governance at the municipal level by strengthening

relationships between civil society organizations

and the local governments in 12 municipalities. As

part of this effort, FUNDEMOS trained 3,600 individuals in the process to institutionalize Municipal

Development Committees as venues for citizen

participation. 

Improving Health

Better diets and access to medical care and clean

water impact the health of the community and its

standard of living. Equally important is proper disposal of human waste and removal of solid waste.

(See Table 3.) 

In Mexico, the Desarrolladora de Emprendedores

A.C. (DEAC) (ME-438) accounted for 94 percent

of all beneficiaries receiving financial training in

Latin America and the Caribbean. As part of

DEAC’s loan program in the Valle Chalco, surrounding Mexico City, low-income members of

communal banks learned to keep financial records

for themselves as well as for the communal banks.

DEAC, in conjunction with the Centro de Apoyo al

Micro-Empresario, A.C. (CAME), trained 95,000

bank members, 89 percent of them women. 

In Peru, the Asociación Arariwa para la

Promoción Técnico-Cultural Andina (ARARIWA)

is implementing the second phase of its Integrated

Pest Management Program (IPM) by training farmers in its methodology to control diseases affecting

fruit crops and tubers. The project builds on the

positive results farmers obtained from the introduction of IPM practices to control the damage caused

by diseases affecting potato and corn crops. More

than 460 indigenous farmers in the Valle Sagrado

del Cusco trained in IPM methodology.

Also in Peru, in August 2005 the Asociación para

el Desarrollo Local (PU-522) trained close to 250

promoters and community organizers from three

districts of Cajamarca, in new laws regarding

municipalities, the participatory budget process and

the role of rondas campesinas, a form of rural village associations. They in turn trained approximately 11,000 residents of the villages and communities participating in the project.

13
14

• NUTRITION

Better nutrition improved the health of approximately 14,850 beneficiaries. In Guatemala, for

example, the Asociación Consejo de Mujeres

Mayas de Desarrollo Integral (CMM) (GT-267)

provided training in nutrition and diet to 3,100

beneficiaries and assisted more than 1,200 women

in planting family gardens in rural communities

around the town of Totonicapán in western

Guatemala. 

For most grantees, however, dietary improvement

was an indirect benefit of increased production

and/or income. More production leads to more

food allocated for household consumption.

Additionally, as income rises, households can

afford more and better food. The Instituto Para el

Hombre, Agricultura y Ecología (IPHAE) (BO495) in Bolivia’s North Amazon region, for example, is working to increase rural incomes by motivating farmers to diversify their crops and training

them in sustainable farming techniques. As part of

the crop diversification strategy, IPHAE provided

farmers in the communities of Buen Futuro and

Frontera, in the department of Pando, corn,

sorghum and squash seeds. Part of the harvest supplements the diet in 600 homes. 

• MEDICAL CARE

The number of beneficiaries receiving medical

attention surpassed 23,000 in 2006. Approximately

three-fourths of those receiving medical care lived

in Guatemala where four grantees ministered to

17,400 patients, most of indigenous origin. Grantees

in Honduras and Mexico reported that a significant

number of individuals received medical services.

Preventive measures such as vaccinations are necessary to better health. Not surprisingly, the grantees in

Guatemala, supra, and Honduras included vaccinations in their services. The Asociación de Salud y

Desarrollo RXIIN TNAMET (GT-274) in Guatemala

inoculated 2,220 individuals, mostly health workers

and residents of communities hit by Hurricane Stan.

In Honduras, Vecinos Mundiales Honduras (VM/H)

(HO-236) promoted a child well-being campaign,

which resulted in the vaccination of 70 children

under the age of five.

• ACCESS TO WATER

Access to clean water is vital to reducing disease.

Grantees in four countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Honduras

and Panama) provided piped water to 6,000 beneficiaries. In Bolivia, the Equipo Técnico del

Fortalecimiento Comunitario (TENTAPEGUA) (BO491) installed a sun-powered pump system to extract

well water, benefiting 13 families (63 persons). The

Centro Diocesano de Apoio ao Pequeno Produtor

(CEDAPP) (BR-815) benefited 56 families in the

state of Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil, by

installing cisterns in their homes. Before that, 250

individuals had to walk several kilometers to obtain

fresh water. In Honduras, Agua para El Pueblo (HO237), which works to improve health conditions

through increased access to potable water and basic

sanitation, benefited 2,580 individuals by building

and/or improving water lines, water intakes and station pumps in communities surrounding Copán. In

Panama, the Instituto Panameño de Desarrollo

Humano y Municipal (IPADEHM) (PN-273) built

four water systems, one in Bisballe, in the district of

La Mesa, serving 2,069 inhabitants, and the others

supplying water to 1,150 individuals in the province

of Veraguas.

• SANITARY CONDITIONS

Sanitary conditions were improved for more than

2,300 individuals. In coordination with the Honduran

Water and Sewer Authority or SANAA (its Spanish

FUNDABASE photo by Miguel Lizana
acronym), Vecinos Mundiales (VM/H) (HO-236)

built 114 latrines, benefiting more than 700 individuals in the communities of Villa Nueva,

Progreso and El Triundo. Agua para el Pueblo

(HO-237), supra, built 254 latrines, benefiting

approximately, 1,330 individuals in seven communities. In Brazil, the Centro Diocesano de Apoio ao

Pequeno Produtor (CEDAPP) (BR-815), supra,

benefited 101 individuals by installing latrines as

part of a strategy to improve conditions for 200

families in 10 rural communities in Pernambuco. 

• SOLID WASTE COLLECTION

Health conditions also improved through trash disposal, which benefited 35,800 individuals in more

than 7,000 homes. Grantees in Ecuador, Honduras

and Mexico accounted for 98 percent of the homes

benefiting from recycling programs. In Ecuador,

the Corporación de Estudios Regionales-Guayaquil

(CER-G) (EC-379), in partnership with three

municipalities in the province of Guayas (Daule,

Palestina and Santa Lucía), provided trash collection to 4,500 households, thereby improving living

conditions for 20,000 residents.

In Honduras, Vecinos Mundiales Honduras (VMH)

(HO-236) and Agua para el Pueblo (APP) (HO237), participated in separate trash collection campaigns. More than 2,000 persons benefited from

VMH’s trash collection campaign conducted in collaboration with the local health center. VMH also

cooperated with SANAA, supra, in opening 42

dump sites in the communities of Progreso and El

Triunfo, benefiting close to 300 individuals. APP

and the Honduran Health Ministry promoted and

conducted a clean-up campaign in 23 communities

in the department of Copán to prevent the spread of

dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever carried by

the aedes mosquito, a day-biting mosquito that

prefers humans. Close to 6,300 individuals benefited. APP cooperated with the Red Cross and the

Mancomunidad de Municipios de Copán Ruinas y

Santa Rita (MANCORSARIC) in “Healthy

Villages,” a program to remove trash from six communities that benefited more than 2,200 residents.

In Mexico, Niños y Crías (NyC) (ME-449) provided trash removal in three communities (San Felipe,

Río Lagartos and Las Coloradas) on the Yucatán

Peninsula as part of efforts to improve the quality

of life of residents through better sanitation and

waste management practices. Community groups

of mainly women and children conducted the trash

removal that benefited more than 4,500 individuals. 

Home Construction

IAF grantees had a direct and positive impact on

the standard of living of the poor in eight countries

through assistance with home construction, additions and renovations. (See Table 4.)

In Nicaragua, five grantees assisted beneficiaries

with the renovations. The Asociación de

Consultores para el Desarrollo de la Pequeña,

Mediana y Microempresa (ACODEP) (NC-243),

for example, helped 728 families in Managua,

Ciudad Sandino and Tipitapa improve their homes

by providing construction loans, training and technical assistance. Among the most common

improvements were floor and roof replacements,

kitchen renovations and room additions.

Construction loans averaged $463 and a total of

729 loans were extended. More than two-thirds of

the loans were to women heads-of- household. 

Another Nicaraguan grantee, the Urbanizadora y

Edificadora Popular (URBE) (NC-255) is fostering

greater collaboration among the private sector,

local governments and communities toward

addressing the current housing crisis by building

and renovating. As part of the project, the grantee

15

APP photo by Sean Sprague
16

provided 167 construction loans, averaging $535,

to residents of the municipilaties of Ciudad

Sandino, Mateare, Los Anexos and Los Brasiles.

In Brazil, the Fundação Centro de Defesa dos

Direitos Humanos Bento Rubião (BR-788) helped

residents of Ipiíba, a poor neighborhood of Rio de

Janeiro, build 18 new houses. Its self-help method

requires beneficiaries to participate in the architectural design and planning of the homes and to

assume responsibility for construction and maintenance. Many of those who used to live in squalor

and pay 50 percent of their income in rent, now

own clean homes with modern plumbing. 

In Mexico, the Comité de Promoción Social del

Valle del Yaqui (PROVAY) (ME-441) is improving

living conditions for low-income indigenous families by building homes from locally available materials. Approximately 90 individuals benefited from

25 houses built in Sonora. The Fundación Habitat

y Vivienda (FUNHAVI) (ME-455) set up a loan

fund for home improvements and connections to

municipal water and sewage systems for lowincome families in Ciudad Juárez in the state of

Chihuahua. The grantee extended 121 loans averaging $1,660 each. 

Measuring Results at the

Organization Level

This section looks at resources that grantees

obtained to expand the scope of their work beyond

the beneficiaries originally envisioned in the agreement with the IAF and to sustain the grantees’

efforts once IAF funding ends. It also examines

efforts to forge new relationships toward providing

the level and quality of goods and services

required. 

Mobilizing/brokering resources

Resource mobilization refers to financial, material

or human resources marshaled by the grantee

organization from international, national or local

sources, private and public. 

Resources brokered refers to monetary, material or

human resources that grantees obtained from individuals or national or international public or private entities and that they channeled directly to

grassroots organizations or groups to support the

project funded by the IAF. Resources brokered

bypass the grantees and flow directly to organizations, grassroots groups or beneficiaries.

In 2006 grantees mobilized close to $3.5 million,

$2.8 million in cash and $700,000 in kind.

Resources brokered totaled just under $1.2 million.

This means that IAF grantees raised a total of $4.7

million or $0.37 for every dollar invested by the

IAF.

Among international donors, nonprofit organizations were among the most generous contributors: 

• The Ford Foundation contributed $126,000 to

strengthen and expand the Asociación de

Organizaciones de Microfinanzas (ASOMI) (ES208), an eight-member network of nongovernmental organizations providing loans to lowincome Salvadorans for small and medium enterprises.

• The World Wildlife Fund contributed $52,500

to the Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina

(FVSA) (AR-336) in support of development

planning activities in Colonia Andresito, an environmentally fragile buffer zone located between

two national parks in the province of Misiones

and populated by low-income landowners.

• Spain’s Manos Unidas contributed $41,200 to

Servicios Educativos, Promoción y Desarrollo

Rural (SEPAR) (PU-513) in Peru to contract
17

three experts on micro- and small businesses in

the fields of tourism and agricultural processing.

• Misereor International from Germany donated

$25,000 to the Centro de Investigación y

Servicio Popular (CISEP) (BO-472) for training

activities and administrative matters in the multipurpose center for community development in

Oruro, Bolivia, and $22,600 to the Fundação

Centro de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos Bento

Rubião (FBR) (BR-788) in Brazil for technical

assistance and staff salaries. 

• The U.S.-based Resource

Foundation, through brokering

efforts with partners such as

UNAWE Family and the Georgian

Court University, raised $19,000 for

Agua para El Pueblo (APP) (HO237), supra. APP also received from

the Spanish Sustainable

Development Foundation (FUNDESO) $20,000 to build latrines in

the communities of El Chilcal.

• Spain’s Paz con Dignidad awarded a $23,500 grant to Casa de la

Juventud (Casa) (PY-190) of

Paraguay for youth participation in

crafting local public policy.

• The FEMAP Foundation, committed to improving living conditions on both sides of the U.S.-

Mexico border, contributed

$17,450 to the Fundación

Comunitaria de la Frontera Norte

(FCFNAC) (ME-452) for planning

and supporting local development

projects among low-income organizations and neighborhoods of

Ciudad Juárez, located one-half

mile from El Paso, Texas.

Grantees also mobilized or brokered $1 million from central governments and $600,000 from local

governments. Two grantees, one

from Argentina and the other from

Venezuela received the most significant government contributions:

• The Argentine government’s National Institute

of Indian Affairs contributed $124,000 to the

Asociación de Mujeres Warmi Sayajsunqo (AR329) located on the high plateau of Jujuy

province. WARMI’s community loan fund program is providing technical assistance, marketing

services and credit to nontraditional micro-enterprises.
• The Fundación para la Defensa de la

Naturaleza (FUDENA)(VZ-190) brokered the

Venezuelan Ministry of Science and

Technology’s contribution of $121,800 to the

Tucacas Oystermen Association. FUDENA is

analyzing the shellfish market to identify income

opportunities and promote women’s role in the

marketing process.

The business sector supported IAF grantees with

approximately $800,000. In Peru, the Asociación

para el Desarrollo Local (ASODEL) (PU-522), for

example, received a $50,000 contribution from the

Yanacocha Mining Company for project activities

in villages and communities adjacent to the company’s facilities in Cajamarca. ASODEL is training

residents who live near the mining complex in the

design, management and evaluation of basic local

development instruments to guide municipal programs and investments as required under Peru’s

decentralization law. 

In Argentina, Fundación Leer (AR-330) received

discounts on the purchase of children’s books from

more than a dozen bookstores, thereby saving

$38,700 on book purchases. Fundación Leer conducted a literacy and leadership skills program in

southern Argentina, that provided children and adolescents access to reading materials and training

and introduced a life-skills curriculum.

Individuals made a real difference with IAF

grantees, particularly those in Mexico, through

their contributions, most significantly to the

Fundación del Empresariado Sonorense (FESAC)

(ME-453), a foundation funded by businesses in

the state of Sonora on the U.S.-Mexico border.

FESAC’s goal is to mobilize more than $630,000

from private sources to support improvement projects managed by community groups and NGOs for

the benefit of low-income people in the cities of

Hermosillo and Nogales. Contributions from generous individuals totaled more than $170,000, while

local businesses contributed more than $27,000.

Partnering

Grantees can achieve outcomes not otherwise possible by partnering, but partnerships present challenges because of differences in interests, objectives, goals, resources, and human and financial

capital. Partnering involves shared decisions and

pooled resources to benefit the target group. IAF

grantees, who recognize the advantages to maximizing the impact of their investment and accessing a greater range of skills, reported partnering

with 624 organizations, public and private, foreign

and domestic. Of these, two out of five developed

in 2006. (See Table 7.)

Community-based organizations, such as the

Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del

Qullasuyu (ONAMAQ), the Consejo de Ayllus

Originarios de Potosí (CAOP) in Bolivia (BO-473)

and the Asociación de Pescadores Artesanales de

Utira in Panama (PN-276), developed significant

partnerships with IAF grantees (see Figure). Other

major partners were drawn from the business sector, universities and religious organizations:

• Fluminense de Refrigerantes (Coca-Cola),

REDUC/Petrobrás, Colchões Itaperunenses and

Petroflex are among the Brazilian companies

partnering with the Federação das Industrias do

Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN) (BR-802)

18
19

through matching funds to support innovative

social and economic development projects in Rio

de Janeiro. 

• Joanneum University of Applied Sciences

(Austria), Williams College and American

University partnered with Movimiento Mi

Cometa (EC-383) in Ecuador to improve the economic and social well-being of families in the

neighborhood of Guasmo Sur in Guayaquil

through a student internship program. The program benefits both interns and host families; students gain experience and earn credit while

responding to needs in the host communities, and

host families receive compensation for lodging

students. In Peru, the Universidad Nacional San

Antonio Abad del Cusco and the Instituto

Superior La Salle de Urubamba provided technical assistance and training to the best farmers

participating in the ARARIWA project (PU-525). 

• Connecticut’s Branford Congregational Church

partnered with Movimiento Mi Cometa (EC-383)

in building houses for low-income families along

the banks of the Rio Guayas. The Congregation

contributed $39,800 as well as volunteer construction in 2006 and $70,000 in 2005. 

Microcredit

In 2006, 67 grantees in 15 countries provided credit to entrepreneurs who had no other access to capital. Their loan funds furthered initiatives in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, business

development, education and other areas. (See Table

8.)

Mexican grantees accounted for 97 percent of the

credit extended. Two Mexican grantees, the

Desarrolladora de Emprendedores (ME-438) and

FinComún, Servicios Financieros Comunitarios

(ME-451), extended 234,531 and 39,782 loans,

respectively, for business start-up or expansion or

for inventory purchases. In addition to micro-enterprise loans, grantees awarded close to $1.8 million

in loans for housing construction and home

improvements, mostly in Mexico and Nicaragua. 

In Argentina, as part of its microcredit program, the

Asociación de Mujeres Warmi Sayajsunqo (AR329) extended 213 loans totaling $71,485 for live0

4

11

13

29

33

54

92

183

205

0 50 100 150 200

Foreign private businesses

Multilateral donor agencies

Foreign public sector donors

Religious organizations

Foreign PVOs

National public sector

Domestic private businesses

Domestic NGOs

Other domestic organizations

Community based organizations

IAF Grantee's Partner Distribution
20

stock activities (37 loans, averaging $420 each),

home improvements (69 loans, averaging $548

each), handicraft production (41 loans, averaging

$227) and other purposes that included as funeral

arrangements and medical emergencies (66 loans,

averaging $76 each).

In Bolivia, the Asociación Nacional Ecuménica de

Desarrollo (ANED) (BO-487) provided 280 loans,

averaging $1,188 per loan, to farmers and microentrepreneurs in the municipality of Rurrenebaque

in the department of Beni. As part of their loan program, ANED offers technical assistance to

strengthen the borrowers’ enterprises and other

income generating activities.

In Haiti, the Organizasyon Defans dwa Peyizan

Sen Michel (ODDEPS) (HA-197) extended 250

loans, averaging $80 per loan, to farmers in Saint

Michel for land preparation and purchases of sugarcane shoots. 

Sharing Information 

Grantee organizations provide their members, officials and beneficiaries access to clear information

on policies, programs and finances. Almost threequarters of those reporting on the “access to information” indicator were rated high, and the rest

were rated medium with one exception.

• Fundación Mujer y Familia Andina (FUNDAMYF) (EC-390) was rated high for sharing

information and responsibilities with women’s

organizations from various neighborhoods in

Esmeraldas, Ecuador. As part of the project,

FUNDAMYF is administering a micro-enterprise

loan fund, and it reviews the rules and regulations

governing the operation with representatives from

the women’s organizations. Every borrower-associate must demonstrate an understanding of fund

policies and procedures as well as market trends

and articulate how her abilities and knowledge

are matched to her business plan. Neighborhood

groups decide which project receives financing.

• The People’s Action for Community

Transformation (PACT) (JA-109), which works

in Jamaica in collaboration with the Local

Initiative Facility for the Urban Environment

(LIFE), was rated high for sharing information

with representatives from some 20 stakeholder

organizations. The grantee also holds weekly

informational meetings with the LIFE staff.

LIFE’s brochures and other information sheets

were distributed during the Jeffrey Town

Breadfruit Festival. 

• The Fundación para la Defensa de la

Naturaleza (FUDENA) (VZ-190) in Venezuela

received a high rating. It distributed to its beneficiaries and partners a newsletter detailing project

activities on the eastern coast of the state of

Falcón where it promotes the protection of shellfish species and works for better earnings for residents who derive their primary income from

fishing. FUDENA also makes its audit reports

available upon request. Its policy, programs and

project results are described on its Web page. 

Disseminating Methodology, Techniques

and Results

The dissemination of knowledge and experience

allows development projects to benefit from the

success of others and avoid their errors. IAF

grantees share information through presentations,

radio and television interviews, pamphlets and

brochures, newspaper and magazine articles, press

releases, books, videos and movies, and CDROMs. In 2006, 56 percent of IAF grantees undertook some sort of dissemination activity in 19 of

the 20 countries with IAF-funded projects.

Together they produced 375 pamphlets and

brochures and distributed more than 500,000

copies. Examples of activities follow:

• The People’s Action for Community

Transformation (PACT) (JA-109) is strengthening

the networking ability and access to information

of grassroots organizations in low-income communities throughout Jamaica. Materials produced

and distributed included a compact disc for presentations to community promoters in Falmouth,

St. Andrew and St. Mary; pamphlets on LIFE

activities and breadfruit use distributed at the

Jeffrey Town Breadfruit Festival, supra; and

training materials on the environment and health

issues as well as participatory techniques for
community promoters in Trelawny and St.

Andrew. In addition, PACT presented the

objectives and achievements of the project at

the UNDP Global LIFE meeting in New York.

• The Centro para el Desarrollo Sostenible

(CEDESOS) (PU-521) is strengthening ecotourism in five communities in Capachica, a

peninsula extending from the Peruvian side of

Lake Titicaca. To promote Capachica as a

tourist destination, CEDESOS is actively

organizing or participating in fairs, distributing

its literature to tourists and tour agency staff,

and placing scenic posters in bus terminals.

CEDESOS has also developed a Web page with

historical, cultural and geographical information. 

• Mundo Afro (LA-161), headquartered in

Montevideo, Uruguay, is developing a regional

network of communities of African descent in the

Southern Cone. Its staff has given presentations

on racism and discrimination at international

gatherings of civil society organizations in

Ecuador and Brazil. In 2006, its staff gave more

than 450 presentations on the role of women of

African descent in politics and culture. They also

promoted on radio and television programs and

in the print media, the Kizomba Forum, a dialogue between civil society and government officials on the situation and perspective of communities of African descent in Uruguay and bordering countries. 

• The Instituto para o Desenvolvimento do

Investimento Social (IDIS) (BR-801) in Brazil

published two book directed at fostering privatesector interest in community philanthropy: A

Empresa na Comunidade: Um Passo-A-Passo

para Estimular sua Participação Social and

Comunidade: Foco da Filantropia e do

Investimento Social Privado. IDIS was featured

in magazine articles and newspapers, among

them Jornal O Estado de Sâo Paolo, Jornal O

POVO and the Gazeta Mercantil.

Measuring Intangible Results:

Beneficiary Level

Grassroots development includes intangible gains

that can be observed, inferred and reliably verified, if not directly measured. At the individual

or family level, the IAF, through its data verifiers, collects, inter alia, data on communication,

problem-solving skills, self-esteem, cultural identity and innovation. This widens the lens through

which grant impact is viewed and provides symmetry to the IAF’s measurement. The data presented in this section reflect grantee organizations and beneficiaries’ perception of cultural

values, a sense of belonging, personal recognition of self-worth and human dignity, and the

sense of the potential to live a better life and contribute to society. The data are cumulative and

show results since the inception of each grant.

21

CEDESOS photo by Patrick Breslin
22

Communication

In the reporting period, close to 87,000 IAF grant

beneficiaries feel they have improved their ability

to express their ideas and views clearly. Most individuals who reported improving their communications skills were Argentine children in two

Fundación Leer (AR-330) programs: Open Book

and Life Skills. Over the life of the grant 70,000

children reported improvement. Their teachers and

school principals agreed that reading has helped

children with their vocabulary and grades.

• In Ecuador, the Fundación Cooperación y

Acción Comunitaria (CACMU) (EC-380) reported an improvement in the communication skills

of 890 beneficiaries, 70 percent of them women

from poor neighborhoods in the municipalities of

Ibarra and Otavalo. CACMU staff noted the beneficiaries’ active participation in quaterly and

annual assemblies and in community-wide workshops covering, inter-alia, multi-cultural interpersonal dynamics, leadership and business management. 

• In Bolivia, the Centro de Capacitación y

Formación para Mujeres (CCIMCA) (BO-490)

is enabling low-income, self-employed women

and men to become aware of the opportunities

and obligations open to them via municipal

reform under the Law of Popular

Participation. CCIMCA aims to develop

greater civic awareness and the skills necessary to revitalizing grassroots democracy

through citizen involvement in community

and state institutions in the department of

Oruro. Results were evidenced by beneficiaries’ participation at the Citizen Forum. Close

to 270 individuals reported that they

improved their ability to express themselves

before a large audience, in newspapers and

over the airwaves. Their collective voice is

being heard by local authorities and is influencing policy decisions.

• In Guatemala, the Asociación de Servicios

Comunitarios de Salud (ASECSA) (GT-276)

reported 305 beneficiaries, most of them

women, demonstrated their communication

skills by actively participating in meetings and

training sessions related to domestic violence.

Many said that domestic violence should be

openly discussed, not kept private. ASECSA is

training community health leaders in local gender

relationships and women’s health problems, and

is working to strengthen the position of women in

community organizations and projects in the

department of Baja Verapaz. 

Problem-solving

In 2006, 43 grantees reported on the problem-solving indicator. The examples below are drawn from

Panama:

• Last year, beneficiaries of the Asociación para

el Fomento del Turismo (AFOTUR) (PN-274) in

the community of Puru de Pequeni faced the

problem of insufficient land for the agro-forestry

and reforestation activities envisioned in the

grantee’s project. They decided to pool their

resources and buy 20 hectares, which allowed

them to continue mixing forest species for future

use with food crops for short-term consumption.

This year, AFOTUR’s beneficiaries resolved

another problem; the placement of latrines in

their community, given its proximity to fluent

waters and the Chagres National Park. Emberá

Puru villagers negotiated with environmental
authorities and health officials and arrived at a

mutually advantageous solution. A total of 218

beneficiaries benefited from the accord.

• The Instituto Panameño de Desarrollo Humano

y Municipal (IPADEHM) (PN-273) is strengthening local groups by holding participatory planning exercises to identify and prioritize problems

and design and implement local development

projects in the Calobre district of Veraguas

province. A problem identified separately by

community members and local authorities was

safety. To address the situation, the municipality

had plans to build a police station but was short

of funds. Coincidentally, concerned Calobre residents approached IPADEHM with their desire to

build a police station in their community, but

they also lacked sufficient funds. The problem

was solved when community members and local

authorities joined forces and negotiated with the

Ministry of Justice to obtain the funding necessary, moving forward with their construction. 

• The Asociación para el Desarrollo del Micro y

Pequeño Productor (ADEMIPP) (PN-277) is

promoting sustainable production of basic foods

and is supporting community reforestation. Its

beneficiaries faced shortages of water for irrigating their pepper fields during the dry season

(January through March). Working with

ADEMIPP staff and Ministry of Agricultural

Development technicians, 130 beneficiaries

installed on their land drip irrigation, a method

that applies water slowly to the roots of plants

through a network of pipes, thus minimizing

water usage.

Self-esteem

Personal recognition of self-worth and human dignity and a sense of potential are attributes of selfesteem, which plays a key role in development.

Most IAF-supported activities affect the selfesteem of the beneficiaries targeted. The examples

below were taken from the 56 grantees reporting

their observations:

• In Argentina, El Ceibal Asociación Civil (El

Ceibal) (AR-339), which works in the provinces

of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán, offers its

artisan members workshops in creative design

that introduce ideas, techniques and tools. Its 90

beneficiaries reported a sense of pride when people outside their communities began to recognize

their weavings. Invitations to display their ancestral techniques and designs at cultural events also

contributed to their self-esteem.

• In Bolivia, 242 members of CCIMCA (see

Communication above) reported increased their

self-esteem due to the grantee’s more than 30

half-day workshops on women’s issues, including

causes and consequences of family violence, education as a means of prevention, assistance for

battered women, and discrimination in the work

place and at home. Beneficiaries also received

training in women’s political, social and reproductive rights.

• In Ecuador, 194 beneficiaries of Mi Cometa

(EC-383) improved their self-esteem when

American volunteers from the Bradford

Congregational Church in Connecticut selected

their houses for renovation and worked with them

in a community-wide clean-up campaign. These

beneficiaries participated in several of Mi

Cometa’s workshops on crafts, leadership skills,

construction techniques and even music, taught

23

Mi Cometa photo by Heidi Smith
24

education, micro-enterprises, and cultural affirmation and preservation. During the reporting period,

Mundo Afro signed an agreement with the municipality of Artigas in Uruguay to open a regional

center. Additionally, the fourth regional Kizomba

Forum was held in Riviera, Uruguay. Both events

have helped catapult Mundo Afro to the forefront

of organizations promoting the culture of African

descendants in the Southern Cone.

• In Panama, the Asociación Programa Vergüense

de Desarrollo Ecológico Sostenible

(PROVERDES) (PN-278) an organization emphasizing communication among different ethnic

groups, is providing training and technical assistance in sustainable agriculture, environmental

conservation techniques and sanitation as well as

community-organizing skills to participating communities in the indigenous territory and nonindigenous portion of Veraguas. The grantee

reported approximately 1,800 beneficiaries

acquired a greater appreciation of their cultural

heritage through the application of sustainable

agricultural and natural resource conservation

techniques in accordance with the customs and

traditions of the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé. 

• In Mexico, Terra Peninsular (Terra) (ME-470)

is undertaking a three-year transnational project

that provides marginalized Mexicans of indigenous Yuma descent the opportunity to generate

income from crafts and eco-tourism, and to promote the environmental sustainability of areas in

northern Baja California. Terra reported that

through its traditional basketry program, workshops, binational encounters and the Traditional

Art Festival, more than 240 indigenous artisans

have reinforced their appreciation for their native

culture and strengthen the ties with their relatives

living north of the U.S.-Mexican border.

• In Guatemala, Asociación de Museo

Comunítario Rabinal Achi (GT-277) is using the

museum and its cultural organization to foster

leadership and cultural identity among indigenous

youths. For the past two years, 342 youths have

participated in workshops on traditions of the

Maya-Achi people and ethno-science. When the

program first started, young beneficiaries tended

to shy away from speaking their native tongue,

by Magdalena Abrams, a German volunteer. 

• In Mexico, 25 beneficiaries (24 women and one

man) of the Comité de Promoción Social del

Valle del Yaqui (PROVAY) (ME-441) became

homeowners due to project activities aimed at

training low-income families, primarily women

heads-of-households, in adobe construction and

in the installation of wiring and plumbing in

order to build safe, healthy, cost-effective and

durable homes that meet their families’ basic

needs. Becoming homeowners and, in particular,

participating in the construction of their own

homes has improved the self worth of these beneficiaries. They feel more confident and selfassured knowing that they have a safe and

healthy environment in which to raise their children. 

Cultural Identity

Especially for African-descendent and indigenous

communities, a strong sense of cultural identity can

spur an appreciation of rights, economic possibilities and the value of ancestral traditions. Below are

examples of efforts to help beneficiaries appreciate

and/or preserve their heritage.

• Mundo Afro (LA-161), an organization serving

African descendants in Argentina, southern Brazil,

Paraguay and Uruguay, is promoting social programs among these communities through a series

of pilot projects focused on program development,
• In Bolivia, the Asociación Boliviana para el

Desarrollo Rural (PRO-RURAL) (BO-492) is

carrying out a three-year project focused on the

organic cultivation of amaranth and other crops

that will improve the productive capacities of

Andean communities. What is innovative here is

that the vast majority of the 320 farmers participating in the project cultivate their land using

conventional agricultural practices, including

chemical fertilizers. But they are gradually

switching to organic methods taught by PRORURAL technicians. Many of them are growing

amaranth for the first time.

• In Brazil, the Associação dos Pequenos e

Médios Produtores Rurais de Cristalândia e

Região das Capoeiras (ASPRUCC) (BR-789)

reported that 586 beneficiaries are adapting new

strategies to improve their quality of life and

income. For example, 324 producers have adopted

aquaculture, while others are experimenting with

garden plots or raising small animals, mostly

goats. At an experimental community garden plot

affilitated with the local school, ASPRUCC is

training young people in farming techniques.

Working the plot and incorporating hands-on farming in the school curriculum provides incentives

for these young people to remain in the community.

• In Colombia, the Empresa Cooperativa del Sur

del Cauca (COSURCA) (CO-503) is introducing

farmer-members to organic coffee production

methods and post-harvest processing techniques in

order to increase the volume of organic coffee

marketed to Fair Trade outlets. Heretofore, farmers

were using chemicals to treat their coffee trees,

which made them ineligible to participate in the

growing global organic coffee market. But with

assistance from COSURCA’s technicians, farmers

are turning to organic methods. In the reporting

period, 177 farmers (140 men and 37 women)

adopted organic coffee production methods. 

Achi, because of perceived discrimination by the

Spanish-speaking population, but as the program

increased their appreciation of their heritage, they

began to use their language more often. In addition, they produced a video on their traditional

dances and sacred sites for dissemination to

tourists. 

Innovation and/or Adaptability

As defined by the IAF, innovation is the capacity to

develop creative solutions with the materials and

resources available and to apply new strategies or

methods that integrate traditional and modern

knowledge and practices. Beneficiaries of innovation, according to the IAF, includes all individuals

“benefiting” from such solutions and the application of such strategies or methods as a result of

grant activities. The indicator also includes the

adoption of more effective and/or efficient strategies, methods or approaches to achieve grant objectives. Examples follow:

• The Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina

(FVSA) (AR-336) is conducting a pilot on organic cultivation of yerba mate, a local tea widely

consumed in the Southern Cone of South

America, and palmitos, or hearts of palm, in

Misiones in northern Argentina. The grantee

reported that 20 farmers have begun to use organic methods for the cultivation of their crop and at

least one is experimenting growing mate under

cover, which is innovative per se. 

25

Photo courtesy of Museo Achí
26

African Descendants

Latin America has long been thought of in terms of

its Spanish and indigenous roots, which ignores a

significant African heritage. The 150 million

African descendants in Latin America and the

Caribbean make up a third of the region’s population but comprise more than half of its poor. For

many, the cycle of poverty has been complicated by

isolation, marginalization and discrimination.

Officially, the contributions of Latin Americans of

African descent have been denied and their

appalling conditions have been ignored. 

As an organized movement, the struggle for black

civil rights and for a more equitable share in economic development is a comparatively recent phenomenon in Latin America. A 2003 grant awarded

to Organizaciones Mundo Afro (Mundo Afro) (LA161) helps strengthen African descendent civil society organizations in the Southern Cone. Mundo

Afro, a nongovernmental organization established

in 1995 and headquartered in Montevideo,

Uruguay, is conducting workshops and developing

pilot programs on education, health, micro-enterprise and cultural affirmation in 60 communities.

During this reporting period, Mundo Afro carried

out 170 workshops in leadership (2,300 participants), marketing (695 participants), drugs and violence prevention (650 participants), legal rights

PART II: Thematic Highlights

(650 participants) and other topics. The workshops

took place in 65 communities of African descendants in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. 

Over the past year, Mundo Afro has mobilized

$14,500 from private and public sources for this

project and $145,000 for other activities, including

a Kellog Foundation grant of $70,000 for a socioeconomic study of Afro-Brazilian and AfroUruguayan youths and women. Mundo Afro has

granted more than 480 television and radio interviews and has been the subject of 170 newspaper

and magazine articles about the project, racism and

the rights of African descendants in Latin America. 

These activities have increased Mundo Afro’s profile and enhanced its contributions to the process

leading to the Organization of American States’

Inter-American Convention to End All Forms of

Discrimination and Racism. The OAS established a

working group in June 2005 to accept recommendations from scholars and civil society. Mundo

Afro continues to strengthen organizations of

African descendants, bringing their needs to national and regional agendas and ensuring recognition

that has for so long being denied. 

Community-Based Enterprises

In many places, farmers producing small quantities

or lacking the means to transport their products are

forced to sell to intermediaries who notoriously

operate at their own convenience, paying the lowest

possible prices on terms that unreasonably delay

payment. This skewed system of business practices

was the reality for milk farmers in the Salvadoran

municipalities of El Paisanal, Guazapa, Aguilares

and San Pablo Tecachico.

A 2002 grant to Asociación Fundación para la

Cooperación y el Desarrollo Comunal de El

Salvador (CORDES) (ES-203) allowed the farmers

to break with their dependency on intermediaries

by developing their own community milk enterprise. CORDES provided the technical assistance

and training to increase production, and accompanied the farmers through the painstaking process of

organizing their cooperative. 

Mi Cometa photo by Heidi Smith
Initially the potential participants were skeptical.

Past attempts to organize had failed; the start of

activities coincided with a political campaign which

made some wary of CORDES’s intentions.

Moreover, the intermediaries took every opportunity to discredit the enterprise. Nonetheless,

CORDES persisted, bringing the farmers into in all

aspects of decision-making for the project and a

sense of trust and unity of purpose developed.

During this reporting period, the La Vega

Cooperative’s 203 farmers produced 7,000 bottles

of milk daily. In the 21 months since its inauguration, the cooperative recorded sales of more than

2.7 million liters of milk, grossing more than

$950,000. The Cooperative offers farmers better

prices, or 75 percent over those paid last year (from

$0.18 to a maximum of $0.32). While intermediaries tend to pay higher prices to those who produce more milk, CORDES treats all farmers equally, a practice arrived at in consultation with the

farmers. While this benefits smaller producers, it

has not become a divisive issue. 

Participating farmers indicate they have made

changes to the way of handling, feeding and caring

for their cattle after their training with CORDES’s

technicians. Farmers also mention as reasons for

their continued participation payment every Friday

and the convenience, dependability and professional management of pick-up routes. 

Perhaps the greatest impact of the project

is that the La Vega Cooperative has

become the regional point of reference for

milk prices. Even farmers who do not sell

their milk to the Cooperative have benefited, because intermediaries are forced to

match the price the Cooperative sets. 

La Vega Cooperative’s farmers have been

able to break free from the grip of the

intermediaries through collective entrepreneurship. Their community-based

business has contributed to the development of their region, improving the quality of life beyond the Cooperative’s members. Although the Cooperative continues

to receive support from CORDES, plans

have already been drawn up to gradually turn complete control of the administration and assets over

to the farmers by 2012. 

Disaster Relief 

In October 2005 Hurricane Stan struck Central

America and Southern Mexico with torrential rains

and mudslides that resulted in some 2,000 deaths

and hundreds of thousands of homeless. The IAF is

not a disaster relief agency, nor are IAF’s resources

equal to the destruction natural disasters can wreak.

When these disasters strike, poor people suffer disproportionately, causing several IAF grantees to

assume the daunting task of providing help in their

communities before, during and after the storm.

The IAF supported these grantees and allowed

them to immediately reallocate resources from

ongoing projects and to request supplemental funding to get those projects running again.

Approximately $750,000 was channeled to 17

grantees in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and

Mexico. 

Asociación Salud y Desarrollo Rxiin Tnamet

(Rxiin) (GT-274) assisted injured survivors at its

clinic in Santiago de Atitlán, Guatemala, after mud

had turned the local hospital into a swamp. Rxiin

had received an IAF grant in 2003 to provide health

services and education through its network of volunteers. After the storm, Rxiin conducted an assessment of the damage in nearby communities where

4,000 people were affected; 150 homes were com27

Rxiin photo by Patrick Breslin
pletely buried, and many more damaged, displacing

over 600 families. The organization arranged training for 120 volunteers to help counsel victims. Five

Rxiin volunteers had themselves perished. 

In southeastern El Salvador, catastrophic flooding

along the Bajo Lempa wiped out corn crops just

before harvest and forced evacuation of many communities served by the Asociación Local Mangle

para la Mitigación de Desastres y el Desarrollo en

el Bajo Lempa – Bahía de Jiquilisco (Asociación

Mangle) (ES-214). The grantee’s community radio

service, managed by young residents, was key to a

successful evacuation; many families found refuge

in Asociación Mangle’s training center until the

waters subsided. A Mangle innovation, the installation of a second floor above the tiny farmhouses,

worked as designed to limit property damage. And

Mangle staff was able to pour resources into emergency responses for their neighbors as well.

Asociación Mangle altered plans for its agricultural

production project, begun only weeks before the

storm, to include short-term crops to ensure food

security in the area. 

When Hurricane Mitch hit Honduras, Proyecto

Aldea Global (PAG) (HO-235) immediately swung

into action. PAG coordinated communications via

the regional radio station and sent word detailing

the condition of roads, bridges and water systems

as well as the need for emergency shelter, health

services and food. Within a day, PAG began to

reopen stretches of road. Behind the heavy equipment came trucks with rolls of plastic sheeting for

temporary shelter, basic food such as rice and

beans, and supplies to get families back on their

feet. Within a week, plastic pipe and accessories

had been delivered along with chlorine to get water

systems back on line. But most importantly, PAG

encouraged families to replant washed away corn

and bean crops. More than a thousand families

responded and within days trucks loaded with fertilizers, seeds and tools come up mountain roads

that had reopened just hours before. Most farmers

were concerned that their efforts would be wasted

because the planting season had already ended two

months ago, but everyone replanted and later harvested a very good crop.

Domestic Violence Prevention

Violence is a reality for many women in Latin

America and the Caribbean. In some countries,

over half of all hospitalizations of women are due

to abuse by a partner or husband. Lagging legal

reform allows rapists, murderers and abusers to go

unpunished. Laws of several countries allow rapists

to make a marriage offer to victims to avoid incarceration and condone crimes of passion or retribution against allegedly unfaithful women. Laws punishing such atrocities are often not enforced. 

Recurring headlines in major newspapers confirm

that domestic violence is a pervasive problem in

the Dominican Republic. In 2001, a year before the

IAF awarded a grant to Centro de Servicios

Legales para la Mujer (CENSEL) (DR-325), intrafamily murders took the lives of 131 women. This

translated to one such death every 60 hours, often

at the hands of someone with a record of abuse.

Some of these homicides might have been prevented, but police chose instead to ignore disputes they

considered strictly between a husband and wife.

These statistics are only one feature of a wide pattern of psychological, physical and sexual abuse in

domestic settings.

IAF’s grant would strengthen CENSEL and its programs to provide legal and psychological services

to victims of domestic violence in the province of

Santo Domingo. CENSEL also provides training in

violence prevention to victims, community leaders

and government employees, including law enforcement and judicial personnel. 

During this reporting period, CENSEL held

approximately 20 events reaching 472 participants

(23 percent of them men). The events dealt with

domestic violence, child welfare and protection

laws, and illicit human trafficking. In neighborhoods around Santo Domingo, 164 promoters (27

percent men) were trained by CENSEL help identify cases of abuse and provide counseling. Forty of

these promoters are youths between the ages of 16

and 19. 

CENSEL’s activities have received national press

coverage in the Dominican Republic’s largest daily,

28
El Listín. Its office has provided legal counsel in

more than 200 cases of rape, divorce, support

arreage, child abuse, illicit trafficking, labor disputes, and other matters. A sterling reputation has

won CENSEL a place in the Supreme Court of

Justice’s Office of the National Public Defender.

Meanwhile, CENSEL continues making a difference in the lives of its clients, breaking the cycle of

violence for them and their children. 

Organic Production

Coffee, the second most heavily traded commodity

after petroleum, generates global revenues of $70

billion annually. Its production employs more than

25 million people. In developed nations, it

accounts for approximately one-third of all tap

water consumption. 

Prices for coffee were stable throughout the 1970s

and 1980s at well above $1 per pound. But with

the 1989 collapse of the International Coffee

Agreement and Vietnam’s entry into the market in

1994, the price began to plummet. In 2001, it bottomed out at $0.41 cents per pound.

Latin America, with five of the world top 10 coffee-producing countries, has long been identified

with this crop. As prices tumbled, the livelihoods

of millions of farmers were imperiled and the IAF

received an influx of proposals to diversify production and tap into ethical consumerism networks. 

In Piura, in the Peruvian highlands, farmers regularly supplement their income by planting a few

hectares of sugar cane from which to produce alcohol and hardened molasses for sale. A 2002 grant

to Programa Integral para el Desarrollo del Café

(PIDECAFE) (PU-509) enabled 20 farmer associations to produce and market organic granulated

brown sugar as an alternative. Although coffee

remains the main cash crop, organic sugar allows

farmers to cope with falling prices, by tapping into

the consumer demand for alternative sweeteners

and agricultural products grown in environmentally

sustainable manner. The unrefined sugar’s caloric

content and high food value, and the planting of

nutritious short-term crops between the rows of

cane, help improve the diet of the farmers.

To improve cane harvests, PIDECAFE taught the

farmers organic techniques. The grantee constructed processing centers and invested in equipment

such as special adobe ovens for converting wet

molasses into granulated sugar. Although PIDECAFE provided the training, technical assistance

and expertise, all the activities were conducted by

the participating cooperatives through their umbrella organization, CEPICAFE. 

During this reporting period, more than 365 farmers applied the new techniques and 289 farmers

participated in the processing of granulated sugar.

Sugar production rose from negligible in 2002 to

55 metric tons by 2005. CEPICAFE also managed

to build 14 sugar-processing centers, exceeding its

initial goal of 10 thanks to $18,000 that the organization mobilized from the local government. The

local authorities also made road improvements, valued at $10,000, to facilitate marketing conditions.

Despite these impressive results, the beneficiaries’

production of granulated brown sugar, which commands $466 a ton on the world market, cannot

meet the demand in Europe which currently

exceeds 80 metric tons per year. 

The farmers’ enthusiasm for the project is palpable.

One farmer, Mr. Pite, lives on a mountain top facing the nearest sugar-processing center atop another

mountain. Instead of carrying his crop down one

slope and up the next, a trip that takes a full day,

the inventive Mr. Pite took 400 meters of rope and

improvised a pulley system from one mountaintop

to the other, which allows him to transport his

entire harvest in minutes. For a modest fee, he

offers the service to neighboring farmers. 

PIDECAFE and the participating cooperatives managed to anticipate a market niche and are using this

opportunity to improve farmers’ lives. The organization has received visitors from the neighboring

Cajamarca and Tarapoto regions who want to replicate the project. CEPICAFE hopes that bringing

additional farmers into the program will help meet

the demand of their European clients.

29
Grantee: Ayllus de Quila Quila (BO-473)

Sustainable Local Development for the Ayllus of

Quila Quila

Grant amount: $244,515

Background

The ayllu is a political subdivision whose territory

is communally owned. It predates the arrival of the

Spanish and survives to this day in Bolivia. As new

administrative structures were superimposed on

indigenous ones by the Spaniards and then the

Bolivian government, the ayllu lay beneath the surface in certain regions as an unofficial institution.

Today, in Quila Quila, indigenous people breathe

new life into it.

Bolivia’s decentralization laws enacted in 1994

grant “indigenous districts” rights over their territories. However, businesses wishing to exploit natural

resources often assert competing claims. Recovery

of the eight Ayllus of Quila Quila, located in the

department of Chuquisaca and centered on a town

called Quila Quila Marka, was begun in the mid1990s, but it soon ran up against a plan to reorganize the territories to accommodate the commercial

interests of a cement company that enjoyed considerable clout with the Bolivian power structure. To

counter the opposition of the indigenous communities, the company began a campaign of harassment

and intimidation. This catalyzed the organization of

the 5,000 indigenous residents into a coherent

structure to fend off the cement company. More

recently they have mobilized to take their case to

the International Labor Organization under its

Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and

Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.

Part III: Project Profiles Completed in 2006

Bolivia

Objectives and Results

Successfully reconstituted, Ayllus de Quila Quila,

now numbering six subdivisions with plans to

recover the remaining two, submitted an application to the IAF in 1999. With its grant, the organization sought to protect the cultural, historical and

biological heritage of its territory, to develop community enterprises focused on ecological and cultural tourism in areas currently under government

protection, and to bring other sites of significance

under the protection of Bolivian law.

Project activities took place within the context of a

community governing structure and competed with

other demands on the ayllu leadership, causing

some delays. Participation in the wider national

indigenous movement, through national and regional institutions, was necessary to cultural survival, as

were alliances, which also diverted attention from

the project.

Nonetheless, the Ayllus de Quila Quila developed

geological, historical and archeological maps of

their region in coordination with Bolivia’s National

Museum of Natural History and the Directory of

Archeology and Anthropology. Representatives

from the Ayllus’ 28 communities received training

in the indigenous perspective on development and

in the laws applicable to indigenous territories and

the protection of sites of cultural significance. A

community museum was established as a repository

for local paleontological and archeological discoveries as well as textiles. 

Although no community enterprises developed,

several businesses were launched that are managed

at the Ayllu level. Forty-four individuals were

trained as guides to ruins and other sites. More than

170 individuals were trained in traditional crafts,

including weaving.

30
Conservation activities included the recovery of 19

hectares of traditional Andean terraces. More than 25

hectares were reforested with 35,000 saplings. Two

nurseries were developed. More than 120 residents of

the Ayllus de Quila Quila trained in raising vegetable

and fruits and three hectares were planted with fruit

trees. More than 850 individuals learned to maintain

the terraces and nurseries.

Lessons Learned 

Development, often seen in terms of progress and

advancement, can be about the choice to preserve

culture and identity.

31
Brazil

Grantee: Viva Rio (BR-798)

Citizenship Capacity Building for the 21st

Century

Grant amount: $182,000

Background

VIVA RIO is a leader in promoting innovative partnerships between the municipality, private sector,

and community-level base groups. Established in

1993 as a nongovernmental organization, today

Viva Rio is active in 350 low-income communities

in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, promoting human

rights, public safety, community development, education, sportsmanship and environmental sustainability. 

In 2001, Viva Rio presented a proposal to the IAF

to help link low-income business owners with markets and promote Fair Trade. 

Objectives and Results

The project would set up three business centers

with computer and Internet technology to link

5,500 micro-entrepreneurs with regional, national

and international markets. The grantee had already

reached out to that many individuals through its $5

million loan program, Viva Cred, which extended

credit in amounts averaging $800 per borrower.

Viva Rio would help participating businesses

organize into 13 working groups, including six

women-led grassroots cooperatives, to improve

their production, marketing, human resource management, administration and knowledge of

resources. Courses in computer literacy would also

be offered. 

Viva Rio provided training to 10,750 (210 percent

more than anticipated) individuals. The computer

courses proved extremely popular, attracting a

whopping enrollment of 9,049 participants. The

small fees charged for courses, computer use and

other services have made the three business centers

self-supporting.

The project generated 246 permanent jobs through

the work groups. Another 561 individuals who took

the computer courses secured employment in the

private sector and 179 artisans sell their crafts

through Viva Rio’s Internet store and Fair Trade

market outlets. Management of the business centers

also created 36 positions. 

Viva Rio’s project has received broad media coverage as the subject of more than 60 interviews, articles and press notes. It was showcased in the Rio

Fashion, one of Brazil’s most important events for

this industry. Some of the production groups also

appeared in the popular reality show Big Brother

Brazil, which has a 72-percent audience share. The

participants’ shirts with the logo “Faz Paz” (make

peace) represented the items manufactured by the

project’s entrepreneurs. The exposure helped disseminate Fair Trade concepts, attract the attention

of market outlets and obtain brand recognition. 

Viva Rio developed a monitoring and evaluation

plan which requires the grantee to gather statistical

information on the entrepreneurs and project objectives, documenting progress and helping to adapt

strategies. The methodology was introduced to the

IAF’s data verification team during a meeting in

Rio de Janeiro. 

Future plans for Viva Rio include a program with

the Ministry of Justice to provide vocational and

business training to 30 women inmates and help

their reinsertion into society. Under an agreement

with the Ministry of Sports, Viva Rio would offer

after-school athletic programs to 50,000 students.

Some sporting goods and uniforms used in these

courses would be manufactured by the project’s

working groups. A partnership with Cisco Systems

will allow the business centers to offer more

32
advanced technology courses. Cisco will donate the

necessary equipment and the Federal University

will provide the training. 

Lessons Learned

The concepts of Fair Trade and solidarity commerce are not well disseminated among consumers

in Latin America. Wide media exposure allowed

Viva Rio to bring its entrepreneurs from the fringes

of Rio de Janeiro’s economy into mainstream commerce. 

33
Grantee: Movimiento Mi Cometa (EC-383)

Project Sprout

Grant amount: $325,580

Background

In 1990 a group of young men and women in the

community El Guasmo Sur in Guayaquil came

together to plan activities to keep other youths out

of trouble. Initially they gathered informally to

assemble and fly kites with the neighborhood children. Movimiento Mi Cometa (Mi Cometa) is

named after this simple origin, a metaphor for the

hope it gives to its community and for its soaring

successes.

The story of El Guasmo Sur is a familiar one in

Latin American, a community south of Guayaquil

established by squatters who had abandoned the

countryside and poorer provinces in search of

opportunities in Ecuador’s economic capital. 

As in other squatter communities in the region,

basic infrastructure for sanitation, health, education,

employment and recreation is lacking. These bleak

environments are breeding grounds for poverty,

unemployment, violence, crime, disintegration of

the family unit, domestic disputes, disease and

other social ills. However, there are reasons for

optimism in El Guasmo Sur. 

In 2002 an IAF grant provided support to strengthen Mi Cometa and help the grantee carry out a variety of programs to improve the neighborhood: family vegetable gardens, poultry-raising, a community

radio, a human rights campaigns, social tourism,

crime prevention, the introduction of information

technologies, access to business loans and community activism.

Ecuador

Objectives and Results

Mi Cometa’s community development project had

several successes and its share of failures. A credit

fund established to support small businesses

encountered many difficulties. Lack of proper business plans undermined many of the enterprises.

Loan amounts were often too low. Many beneficiaries defaulted because they perceived the loans as

gifts since the funds came from an international

donor.

The family gardens and chicken raising activities

also floundered. After a strong start, participants

quickly lost interest. Although the gardens and

chickens translated into savings and dietary

improvement, only a few households kept them up

through the project. Most Guasmo Sur residents

abandoned the gardens and chicken production in

favor of any employment, albeit marginal, that they

could find. Other activities that were not completed

during the three years of the grant included the

establishment of a youth owned enterprise, a

sewing business, a fruit-processing business, and a

community supermarket. Smaller markets were set

up through the credit fund, but the other activities

were not carried out beyond their planning phase.

Nor did a community park, a health center and

murals in the main streets materialize. 

But Mi Cometa did have its successes. A connection with the Congregational Church of Bradford

Connecticut attracted yearly visits by American

missionaries who volunteer time, money and skills

to improve the community. They usually rent guest

rooms in the neighborhood, providing an additional

income to the families. The missionaries have also

formed part of mingas (communal labor) that built

seven new homes for Guasmo Sur residents.

Housing for several hundred other neighbors has

also improved and a community center with an

office for Mi Cometa was built.

34
An initiative led by Mi Cometa improved neighborhood safety. A minga provided the labor for a new

police station building. Accompanied by police

officers, Guasmo Sur residents take turns patrolling

their streets. This has resulted in a sense of trust on

both sides. A system of community alarms was also

set up. The alarm boxes, located in strategic areas,

can be activated by any neighbor witnessing criminal or suspicious activity so that police and neighbors within an earshot immediately make their way

to the scene, responding to an alarm. The police

have also given their time to mentor community

youths to keep them from joining gangs and engaging in criminal activities.

Training and workshops were conducted in the

areas of human and civil rights. Guasmo Sur residents often mobilize to protest any action they consider violates their rights. When, shortly before the

ouster of former president Lucio Guitierrez, their

community radio station, Radio Utopia, was seized

by the central government, allegedly for operating

illegally, residents quickly rallied against what they

called a politically motivated attempt to control

independent media. Their peaceful protests

received wide coverage from established newspapers and television stations and resulted in the

return of Radio Utopia to the residents of Guasmo

Sur. Demonstrations have also been organized to

demand proper sewage disposal and sanitary conditions from the local government and a municipal

community development plan.

Other successes included the training of 100 youths

in information technologies and the launch of a

cyber-café. The continued success of the early

childhood education program that is the backbone

of Mi Cometa is also worthy of note. It provides

early stimulation for more than 600 children and is

supported by the Ministry of Social Welfare.

Activities are usually led by teenagers, many of

whom are graduates of the program. Many young

people have grown up to serve in other Mi Cometa

projects and its management. Additionally this program motivates participation in other activities. 

Lessons Learned 

Despite the activities not completed, Mi Cometa

manages to continuously mobilize large number of

volunteers to engage in civic participation. The citizen participation model has received wide coverage

in the local and national press. The peaceful protests,

usually accompanied by music, drums, street theater

and other artistic components, never seem to cease to

attract the attention of Guayaquileños. As stated,

graduates of the childhood and youth program provide Mi Cometa with an energetic base of supporters

who have played a pivotal role in its successes.

Some failures can be traced to the inability of the

leaders to focus on the veritable hodgepodge of activities. It is fair to note that the development plan for

Mi Cometa was a long-term one and that some of the

activities that were not carried out are still envisioned. However the central goals of community

organizing and civic activism alone make this a successful project. It is the social energy and capital generated from these activities which will empower the

community to pursue those goals they failed to meet

during this three-year period. Additionally the original founders of Mi Cometa have a strong role in the

leadership and decision-making. However, near the

end of the grant, several of the youths involved in the

organization were demanding a wider role in the

leadership and the decision-making of the organization. Perhaps these changes will lead to a new era for

Mi Cometa and Guasmo Sur. 

35
whose carefully scheduled rotation through several

neighborhoods in San Salvador provided approximately 70 vendors with steady business and

reduced congestion in the city. This project was

meant to contribute to the municipality’s development plan, which included addressing the traffic,

sanitation, city image and safety issues associated

with street vendors. 

REDES provided technical assistance and training

to the participating vendors as well as small-business loans. To create the mobile market, REDES

purchased 77 kiosks that can easily be pulled apart,

transported, reassembled and stored. A successful

advertising campaign informed the public about the

market and its itinerary. Participants’ total sales

increased three-fold, from approximately $40,000,

during the course of the four-year project. More

than 120 loans were awarded of which 90 percent

were repaid by the borrowers. The loans helped the

vendors set up and expand their businesses at the

market. Some participants also obtained loans to set

up a second home business. REDES also helped the

vendors to set up a cooperative enterprise, which

could negotiate agreements and organize bulk purchases for the market. At the conclusion of the

grant, the enterprise was in the process of filing for

legal incorporation. 

By providing quality products and good service, the

grantee and its beneficiaries developed good relationships with the communities through which the

market rotated and with the municipality. The

municipality provided free storage for the kiosks

and neighbors near market facilities offered to the

use of their restrooms, which spared the beneficiaries the significant expense of renting portable units. 

Lessons Learned

Constant follow-up by the grantee resulted in continuous improvements conducive to good relationships between the vendors and the markets’ many

neighbors. REDES and the vendors were careful

not to recreate in the locations of the Market on

Grantee: Fundación Salvadoreña para la

Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo (ES-198)

Market on Wheels in the Municipality of

Mejicanos

Grant amount: $345,987

Background 

The hustle and bustle of street vendors and markets

is a common sight in developing nations. In both

rural and urban areas, Latin America’s informal

merchants provide low-cost products to millions

who can not afford to shop in stores and they

employ thousands of individuals.

Urban vendors are not only in direct competition

with each other. They often face harassment by

public officials and police. Attempts to recapture

public areas, sidewalks and even traffic lanes where

these informal shops do business can result in

forced removals. Several of Latin America’s largest

cities have experienced riots and violence in their

efforts to curb vendors without giving them an

alternative means of making a living. 

The third largest municipality of San Salvador,

Mejicanos, suffers from many of these problems.

Unchecked urban development has created a chaotic environment in the historic downtown area. At

one point, street vendors obstructed traffic, competed unfairly with established businesses and indirectly promoted an environment conducive to petty

crimes and unsanitary conditions. An IAF grant in

2001 to Fundación Salvadoreña para la

Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo (REDES), a grassroots support organizations that focuses on technical assistance in business and marketing, supported

the organization in addressing the situation. 

Objectives and Results

REDES developed the concept of the Mercado

Sobre Ruedas de Mejicanos, a mobile market

El Salvador

36
Wheels a smaller version of the chaos of the old

central market. Market vendors, through feedback

from their potential clients, managed to keep

noise, trash and other nuisances to a minimum.

Testimonials from participants indicate that the

constant presence of the grantee’s staff every single market day contributed to building trust

between them and the technical team.

The municipality assisted in the market study that

determined the best neighborhoods for the market;

it also provided trash removal and security. This

support was invaluable to the success of the project. A new mayor elected in 2003 relaxed the

municipality’s stance on its development plan,

allowing vendors back into the areas from which

they had been removed, reversing some of the

gains to Mejicanos. 

Bringing together neighbors, vendors, local government and an experienced NGO, the Market on

Wheels provided its vendors with a dignified way

of earning a living while offering patrons quality

goods and services and improving their city’s

image. 

37
business administration, loan management, agricultural production and other financial matters.

Additionally, workshops focused on building the

self-esteem of participating seniors and on ageappropriate topics such as the role of senior citizens, adult education, domestic violence and abuse

and health matters. Participants ranged in age from

45 to 84.

The original objective of providing 450 loans was

exceeded; 820 loans benefited more than 600

clients. The loan fund achieved more than three full

rotations with a low default rate of 4 percent.

Approximately 130 full-time jobs were created or

preserved through loans funding purchases of

machinery, tools and equipment for plumbing, baking, carpentry, farming, sewing and other pursuits.

APS also developed a collective loan insurance

program to cover the balance owed by any client

who passes away, alleviating fears that families

would bear the burden. An agreement was also

reached with the Guatemalan Ministry of Economy

to manage and guarantee the loan fund once IAF’s

support ends.

Other APS achievements included building a community house for its members; housing was constructed for 67 members, who did not have a proper

home; funeral services were provided for 10 members, recreational tours and sporting activities for

seniors were organized; meals were also provided

for a dozen members; and geriatric vitamins and

clothing were made available for about 180 individuals.

Lessons Learned

Providing support for productive activities that benefit the elderly benefits the entire community. For

example, increased income of project beneficiaries

allowed several of them to contribute to their families with their additional income, paying for the

education of children and grandchildren.

Grantee: Asociación Primero de Septiembre

(GT-269)

Credit for Senior Citizens

Grant amount: $180,000

Background

Longevity, through medical advances, improved

sanitation and economic development, along with

decreasing fertility rates, has resulted in a worldwide explosion of senior citizens. The proportion of

people over 60 years old is expected to increase

from 8 percent in the 1950’s to more than 20 percent by 2050. This population is not only vulnerable to the frailty that comes with age, but also to

discrimination, poverty and neglect. 

In most nations, the elderly survive on less than a

half to a third of the average income. Their families

and the state often relegate them to second class

citizenship as unproductive burdens. This situation

is exacerbated in developing nations due to the

insufficiency of social safety nets for this sector. Of

the approximately 400 million elderly persons living in developing nations, 80 percent have no regular income. According to the Guatemalan government, 65 percent of its citizens over the age of 60

are below the poverty line and 36 percent below the

absolute poverty line. 

In 2001 the IAF made a grant to Asociación

Primero de Septiembre (APS), a civil society

organization dedicated to improving the lives of the

elderly in the department of Retalhuleu through

workshops and business development. APS would

provide loans to support existing businesses and

start new enterprises that provide income for senior

citizens.

Results and Objectives 

APS provided training and workshops for more

than 1,000 mostly elderly persons in marketing,

Guatemala

38
Senior citizens, who are often denied credit by

banking institutions, have proven to be excellent at

loan repayment. APS indicates that seniors have a

strong work ethic and believe in the value of giving

their word to repay a loan.

The support that the beneficiaries received through

APS allowed them to maintain or regain the dignity

that is often lost with age and to lead fuller lives in

their final years.

39
FAI works with low-income women and through

their solidarity groups, members set up small-business ventures and start savings accounts that would

make them eligible for PROVAY home construction loans. Participants would receive basic training

in construction, electrical installation, plumbing,

painting with natural dyes and building adobe furniture. Training also would cover health, nutrition,

domestic abuse, legal rights and self-esteem. 

The project started out in seven communities, but

grew to include 11, two of them indigenous.

Eligibility for housing loans required participation

in a self-help group, legal title to the land where the

house would be built, a source of income and a

$400 down payment, saved over at least four

months, the equivalent of two months salary at the

minimum wage. The women were also required to

make 2,500 adobe bricks using straw left after the

wheat harvest, which is usually burned, causing

respiratory ailments for people in the area. The use

of more than 3,000 tons of straw in PROVAY’s

construction project would reduce the burning and

contribute to a healthier environment.

PROVAY encountered several difficulties at the

start of the project. The most immediate was the

noncompliance of the municipal government with

its initial agreement to support the project, leaving

the other partners to cover expenses. The architect’s

original housing design proved inappropriate. The

redesign, along with inflation, increased the cost of

materials and construction from $2,500 to $6,500.

PROVAY also had problems linking its small-business credit program to the housing fund. The burden of two loans on the borrowers was a tremendous burden and PROVAY began forgiving some of

the loans, creating a dangerous precedent. 

PROVAY provided training for 160 individuals and

helped build 100 new houses, fewer than anticipated due to the difficulties. However, by the end of

the project, the grantee had secured the resources to

build 50 more houses and another 70 families were

on the waiting list.

Grantee: Comité de Promoción Social del Valle

del Yaqui A.C. (ME-441)

Ecological Housing 

Grant amount: $386,400

Background

More than 2 billion people live in slums and shantytowns around the world. Favelas, colonias, pueblos jovenes, villas de miseria, ranchos or barriadas

are fixtures throughout Latin America, where they

are breeding grounds for disease, crime, danger and

despair.

The Mexican government estimates that more than

1 million families live in substandard housing, a

figure that doubles when it includes families who

rent rooms or crowd into a relative’s home. In the

Yaqui Valley of the border state of Sonora, thousands of families dwell in makeshift cardboard and

zinc housing, scorching in the summer and frigid in

winter.

The Comité de Promoción Social del Valle del

Yaqui A.C. (PROVAY) is a nonprofit association

that promotes community development in the city

of Obregón, Sonora, and the surrounding areas. In

2001, it presented a proposal to the IAF to enable

150 families to build adequate housing based on a

model developed by the University of Arizona and

shared through its Farmer-to-Farmer Program.

PROVAY would specifically target women as the

project’s main beneficiaries. 

Objectives and Results

PROVAY formed a partnership with Obregón’s

municipal government; the Fundación del

Empresariado Sonorense (FESAC), a statewide

community foundation supported by business people, and the Fundación de Apoyo Infantil (FAI), a

nonprofit organization with a microcredit program.

Mexico

40
Despite the municipality’s lack of commitment,

PROVAY invited a municipal representative to all

new home dedications. After a change in the

administration and due to the innovative nature of

the project, the municipality brokered a deal for

federal funding to subsidize home loan repayments.

FESAC raised more than $163,000 in cash to support the program. A representative from Nogales

office of Habitat for Humanity who visited the

grantee intends to replicate the housing model in

the state of Hidalgo.

Lessons Learned

Burdening low-income women with two loans and

PROVAY’s loan forgiveness made it difficult for

FAI to secure a high repayment rate on the microcredit loans. 

The alliance between PROVAY, FESAC and FAI

was not always easy but their ability to partner on

this project was instrumental in fundraising and

strengthening their reputations. 

The period of four months of savings was deemed

too short. PROVAY anticipates extending the

required period to one year. 

41
Grantee: Cooperativa de Servicios Multiples

San Isidro R.L. (NC-250)

Value Added Coffee Processing

Grant amount: $173,096

Background

Traditional coffee drying methods require 12 cubic

meters of firewood per 100 pounds of coffee, which

means consuming nearly 6,000 acres of forest land

in Central America every year. This loss is roughly

equal to three square centimeters of wood for every

cup we enjoy. 

After labor, energy costs are the second most

expensive item in a producer’s overhead. Recently

developed renewable energy dryers can save producers across the region thousands of dollars per

year and improve environmental conditions.

However, modernizing this infrastructure requires a

hefty investment that few producers can afford,

especially considering current depressed coffee

prices.

The Cooperativa de Servicios Multiples San Isidro

R.L. (COOPECAFE) is a coffee farmers’ cooperative that not only helps its member with marketing,

but also collectively owns a processing plant. In

2002, an IAF grant to COOPECAFE allowed the

grantee to improve production using sustainable

methods and to market coffee internationally,

improving the incomes of its 200 members and

their families.

Objectives and Results

COOPECAFE would purchase solar dryers and

other equipment using renewable energy resources

to process coffee. The grantee would secure training for its members to install, operate, maintain and

repair the equipment. Training would also be provided to improve coffee quality. Solar drying equipment is reputed to help produce excellent coffee, as

it maintains a constant temperature level that does

not harm the beans’ natural oils. Other methods that

do not use firewood or electricity, such as cement

or plastic patios, take several days, during which

bacteria and fungus can spread. 

Finally, COOPECAFE would develop a marketing

strategy, promoting the environmental and other

benefits of solar drying to attract purchasers from

conscientious consumer networks.

The project provided training for the cooperative’s

200 members in agricultural practices, farm management, administration, accounting, and gender

issues (20 percent of the members are women).

COOPECAFE established formal alliances with the

Cooperative League of the USA (CLUSA) and

Programa para la Agricultura Sostenible en

Laderas de América Central (PASOLAC) to provide training for its members. About 144 farmers

indicate that they are applying the new production

techniques, noting the improvements in coffee

quality and volume and their newly acquired organic certification. Farmers were extended more than

264 loans (averaging $150) through the cooperative’s loan fund .

COOPECAFE’s successes were achieved in spite of

problems with one partner. The Meso American

Institute (MDI), a U.S.-based organization that was

supposed to provide PIDECAFE with the set-up,

training and technical assistance for the dyers, left

the grantee to fend for itself. Nonetheless, after

struggling with the new equipment, COOPECAFE

obtained the services of a local engineer to set up

the solar dyers and continued to work on improving

its production and marketing. But because MDI had

opted out, the grantee could not develop a regular

training program for the maintenance and repair of

the machines, beyond the original set up. 

Nicaragua

42
Lessons Learned

MDI had helped COOPECAFE prepare and submit

its proposal to the IAF. The grantee’s problems

with MDI can be attributed to various causes,

including poor communication and the U.S. partner’s top-down approach. 

As the partnership problem emerged, the IAF

allowed the grantee to modify its project, eliminating parts inserted by MDI and making the project

fully COOPECAFE’s.

43
Grantee: Asociación de Profesionales

Agropecuarios Ngöbe-Buglé (PN-272)

Improvement of Organic Coffee Production

Grant Amount: $167,538.00

Background 

Indigenous people make up approximately 11 percent of Panama’s population. More than 95 percent

of them live below the poverty line and more than

86 percent live in extreme poverty. The NgöbeBuglés are the largest of these groups and one of

the poorest. Ngöbe-Buglé farmers till hillside plots

with wretched soil, and middlemen take advantage

of their isolation to impose low prices for coffee. 

Asociación de Profesionales Agropecuarios NgöbeBuglé (APANB) is a nongovernmental organization

formed by ethnic Ngöbe-Buglé agricultural professionals who returned to their communities after

completing their studies. It is a member of the

General Congress of the Ngöbe-Buglé, the ruling

assembly for this indigenous people and the administrative body for their territories. APANB’s mission is to promote the ecological sustainable development of the Ngöbe-Buglé territories through

appropriate agricultural practices. APANB has been

charged by the General Congress with heading the

reservation’s Commission of Production and

Marketing. 

In the past, the Ngöbe-Buglé had been reluctant to

invest in their communities because of the uncertainty about their lands. A 1997 law that created the

Ngöbe Buglé Reservation, a semi-autonomous territory, granted formal recognition of the NgöbeBuglé territorial rights, which inspired the NgöbeBuglé to begin and follow-up on a process of economic development. APANB applied to the IAF,

and in 2001 it received a grant to improve living

conditions on the reservation. 

Objectives and Results

APANB undertook a project to protect natural

resources and increase the incomes of 60 farmers

through organic coffee production. Originally the

grantee’s goals included improving 120 hectares of

land; training the farmers to increase coffee yields

and quality; supporting them with basic processing

to add value to their product, including de-pulping

and drying; and offering craftsmanship courses to

about 90 women in the community to improve the

quality of their handmade goods. 

The grantee exceeded all the goals it set. The plots

of 101 producers were converted to organic production and 186 producers (210 percent more than

anticipated) applied techniques learned in APANB’s

workshops to managing their plots, including planting trees, which resulted in the improvement of 237

hectares (97 percent more than anticipated). As for

the artisans, APANB sought out the help of

Fundación para la Promoción de la Mujer (FUNDAMUJER) (PN-267). FUNDAMUJER had

received an IAF grant to provide vocational training to low-income women in the same region. The

two projects complemented each other, and 210

artisans (133 percent more than anticipated)

received training.

As the grant period came to a close, APANB was

marketing more than 15,600 pounds of coffee to

Fair Trade networks in Germany at $1.20 per

pound — versus the going rate in Panama of $0.70.

The artisans were selling their products at local

fairs and hotels, also increasing their incomes. 

Lessons Learned

APANB used the social energy the new NgöbeBuglé reservation generated to stimulate economic

growth. 

Panama

44
IAF works with the Inter-American Network of

Corporate Foundations and Actions for Grassroots

Development (RedEAmérica), a network of corporate foundations and corporations dedicated to people-centered grassroots development as the keystone for poverty-reduction in the Americas. In the

reporting period, through four new bilateral threeyear cooperative agreements and five amendments

to existing agreements, the IAF supported the creation of four new grassroots development programs, three grassroots development funds and

guidelines for best practices and standardization, as

well as funding for multiple community-membership organizations (CMOs). 

New Grassroots Development Programs

In Brazil, Instituto Holcim, founded in 2002, re-oriented its work in the town of Barroso, in the state

of Minas Gerais, toward the Ortopolis Barroso

Association (Association), a community foundation. Holcim and the Association initiated a participatory process to identify community needs and

solutions and began funding projects by CMOs.

These include a project undertaken by Associacão

Comunitaria Unidos da Cohab (ACUC) to generate

income through the production and marketing of

traditional foods, and a project to strengthen and

offer technical assistance in the production of local

crafts undertaken by the Cooperativa de Artesaos

de Barroso (COOPERARTE). 

In Chile, the Corporación Sociedad Activa (CSA),

a corporate foundation supported by Coca-Cola of

Chile, 3M, IBM, and XEROX, among others,

began its grassroots development activities in La

Villa, a poor neighborhood in Santiago. In partnership with Impulsa, a nongovernmental organization

with expertise in participatory processes, CSA conducted a diagnosis of La Villa and then decided to

emphasize the creation of CMOs to access funding

for community projects. 

Fundación Telefónica, working with the National

Fund for Disabilities (Fondo Nacional de

Discapacidad) and Chile’s Communal Councils for

Disabilities (Consejos Comunales de

Discapacidad), focused on empowering and

strengthening CMOs representing individuals with

special needs. Through the Councils, grassroots

development projects were identified. The first

funded was an income-generating project using

hydroponic vegetable production in the province of

San Felipe.

Finally, in Chile the Fundación Acción

Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (Acción RSE),

a corporate foundation that promotes social corporate responsibility, began its grassroots development activities through the creation of a fund in

alliance with Gerdau Aza, a steel producer. The

fund is supporting CMOs working with scrap metal

in greater Santiago. 

National and Decentralized Funds

Expansion of grassroots development requires

improved organizational and management capability and greater resources. Through three amendments to grant agreements with RedEAmérica

members in Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador, the

IAF contributed to the creation of one national fund

and two decentralized (localized) funds Under the

terms of these amendments, members matched

every IAF dollar with two dollars and covered all

administrative costs. All new resources were channeled directly to CMOs through grants, training or

technical assistance for grassroots projects in accordance with RedEAmérica performance standards. 

All eight RedEAmérica members in Colombia

joined forces to create a national fund to support

CMO income-generating and education projects. In

Argentina, Fundación Arcor mobilized funds from

RedEAmérica members Acindar, Navarro Viola and

Grupo Arcor to support education projects around

Córdoba and Greater Buenos Aires. Fundación

Lann-Nobis, in Ecuador, and Brazilian

RedEAmérica member Odebrecht created a fund to

Appendix A - Cooperative Agreements:

RedEAmérica

45
emphasize support for projects benefiting AfroLatino communities. 

Guidelines for Best Practices and

Standardization

Through an amendment to the grant agreement with

Fundación Esquel, a Web-based Hemispheric

Information System was created for RedEAmérica

members applying the same principles and practices to grassroots development. This allows donors

to reach CMOs in ways that fulfill their individual

objectives and to monitor the impact of their investment. 

The Web-based Information Systems’ purpose is

to facilitate communication between members;

document and monitor projects identified and supported by the members and other partners; and

facilitate major financial support from international donors for the work of RedEAmérica and its

members.

Fundación Arcor took the lead, through an

amendment to its grant agreement, in developing a

series of alternative strategies and best practices

for businesses and corporate foundations to follow

in engaging with CMOs. 

46
Sub-Grants during the period April 2005 - March 2006 (by population type 

benefited) 

Country/ ARGENTINA CHILE 

Pop. Type # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding 

Youths 10 4395 23,529 20 0 0 0 0 

Children 15 3123 27,563 24 0 0 0 0 

Women 5 1399 7,575 7 0 0 0 0 

Indigenous 0 0 0 0 10 986 67,167 100 

Seniors 2 445 2,581 2 0 0 0 0 

African 

descendants 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Special needs 1 10 4,901 4 0 0 0 0 

Displaced 8 1176 19,167 18 0 0 0 0 

General Pop.1 8 883 28,501 25 0 0 0 0 

Total 49 11431 113,817 100% 10 986 67,167 100 

Country/ COLOMBIA ECUADOR 

Pop. Type # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding 

Youths 0 0 0 0 2 141 35,000 10 

Children 2 120 8,261 16 0 0 0 0 

Women 2 136 7,217 14 5 602 304,000 85 

Indigenous 0 0 0 0 1 10 20,000 5 

Seniors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

African 

descendants 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Special needs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Displaced 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

General Pop. 7 760 36,649 70 0 0 0 0 

Total 11 1016 52,127 100% 8 753 359,000 100% 

Country/ MEXICO URUGUAY 

Pop. Type # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding # Projects # Benef Funding % Funding 

Youths 4 1345 93,137 26 5 753 24,218 71 

Children 2 594 180,380 49 2 303 4,452 13 

Women 0 0 0 0 1 20 3,097 10 

Indigenous 3 557 56,145 15 0 0 0 0 

Seniors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

African 

descendants 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Special needs 1 200 38,949 10 0 0 0 0 

Displaced 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

General Pop. 0 0 0 0 1 3680 2,176 6 

Total 10 2696 368,611 100% 9 4756 33,943 100% 

 

1

 General population refers to projects that benefit multiple sectors. 
48

Appendix B - Selected Additional Tables
Table B1 - Beneficiaries reporting better living 

conditions (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 259 42% 360 58% 619Bolivia 12,386 49% 12,802 51% 25,188Brazil 1,067 45% 1,309 55% 2,376Ecuador 209 22% 754 78% 963El Salvador 1,277 52% 1,190 48% 2,467Guatemala 25,774 44% 32,729 56% 58,503Honduras 6,093 50% 6,058 50% 12,151Mexico 415 45% 515 55% 930Nicaragua 3,498 45% 4,286 55% 7,784Panama 12,069 54% 10,178 46% 22,247Peru 273 94% 16 6% 289Regional* 2,400 47% 2,700 53% 5,100Venezuela 876 49% 906 51% 1,782

Total 66,596 47% 73,803 53% 140,399

* Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B2 - Beneficiaries reporting dieimprovements (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women 

Argentina 272 48% 300 Bolivia 600 50% 600 Brazil 293 33% 587 El Salvador 8 47% 9 Guatemala 1,295 32% 2,745 Honduras 924 50% 906 Mexico 277 28% 709 Nicaragua 313 67% 156 Panama 2,205 50% 2,230 Peru 107 89% 13 Uruguay 7 88% 1 Venezuela 172 59% 122 

Total 6,473 44% 8,378 

Table B3 - Beneficiaries who received mattention (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women 

Argentina 2,193 43% 2,910 5Brazil 63 46% 73 5Guatemala 7,276 42% 10,146 5Honduras 13 72% 5 2Mexico 3,003 50% 3,013 5

Total 12,548 44% 16,147 5
Table B4a - Beneficiaries who acquired agricultural skills (by 

sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 36 54% 31 46% 67Bolivia 3,554 58% 2,606 42% 6,160Brazil 103 27% 275 73% 378Caribbean* 73 94% 5 6% 78Colombia 707 84% 139 16% 846Dominican Republic 282 84% 55 16% 337Ecuador 247 53% 221 47% 468El Salvador 587 57% 450 43% 1,037Guatemala 1,439 66% 750 34% 2,189Honduras 567 59% 392 41% 959Jamaica 58 66% 30 34% 88Mexico 3,204 57% 2,385 43% 5,589Nicaragua 1,302 66% 664 34% 1,966Panama 548 56% 434 44% 982Trinidad & Tobago 16 44% 20 56% 36Venezuela 153 85% 26 15% 179

Total 18,781 59% 13,009 41% 31,790

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean 

Table B4b - Beneficiaries applying agsex and country) 

Country Men % W

Argentina 64 57% Bolivia 1,789 61% Brazil 362 52% Colombia 670 83% Dominican Republic 134 76% Ecuador 495 56% El Salvador 723 65% Guatemala 1,054 55% Haiti 250 100% Honduras 1,170 58% Jamaica 50 67% Mexico 4,032 60% Nicaragua 1,453 65% Panama 804 65% Trinidad & Tobago 

0 0%

Venezuela 619 74% 

Total 15,658 64% 
Table B5b - Beneficiaries app

skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % W

Argentina 84 30% Bolivia 166 35% Brazil 76 13% Ecuador 16 6% Guatemala 3 2% Haiti 0 0% Honduras 127 45% Jamaica 25 24% Regional* 280 42% Mexico 77 6% Nicaragua 10 7% Panama 149 13% Peru 394 59% Venezuela 166 52% 

Total 1,573 25% 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay aBrazil 

Table B5a - Beneficiaries acquiring manufacturing skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 30 15% 164 85% 194Bolivia 220 12% 1,546 88% 1,766Brazil 44 17% 213 83% 257Ecuador 110 48% 120 52% 230Guatemala 0 0% 436 100% 436Haiti 0 0% 21 100% 21Honduras 0 0% 44 100% 44Jamaica 26 23% 89 77% 115Mexico 73 13% 478 87% 551Nicaragua 94 19% 412 81% 506Panama 14 17% 70 83% 84Peru 702 49% 743 51% 1,445Regional* 3,650 78% 1,050 22% 4,700Venezuela 60 57% 46 43% 106

Total 5,023 48% 5,432 52% 10,455

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B6a - Beneficiaries acquiring construction 

skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Bolivia 223 55% 184 45% 407Brazil 15 54% 13 46% 28Ecuador 4 44% 5 56% 9Honduras 871 64% 490 36% 1,361Mexico 246 66% 128 34% 374Nicaragua 1,040 33% 2,100 67% 3,140Panama 38 75% 13 25% 51Regional* 145 71% 60 29% 205Venezuela 35 100% 0 0% 35

Total 2,617 47% 2,993 53% 5,610

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B6b - Beneficiaries applying consskills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women 

Bolivia 1,003 72% 387 Brazil 152 52% 138 Ecuador 21 33% 42 Honduras 1,301 73% 486 Mexico 519 55% 425 Nicaragua 23 28% 59 Panama 174 46% 201 Peru 26 70% 11 Regional* 60 80% 15 Venezuela 213 84% 42 

Total 3,492 66% 1,806 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southerBrazil 
Table B7a - Beneficiaries acquiring environmental 

knowledge and/or skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 289 35% 534 65% 823Bolivia 344 54% 298 46% 642Brazil 477 58% 340 42% 817Colombia 632 82% 141 18% 773Ecuador 3,500 43% 4,609 57% 8,109El Salvador 149 62% 90 38% 239Guatemala 26 29% 63 71% 89Honduras 1,283 70% 556 30% 1,839Jamaica 42 34% 82 66% 124Mexico 213 16% 1,159 84% 1,372Nicaragua 238 35% 442 65% 680Panama 465 56% 363 44% 828Peru 57 61% 37 39% 94Uruguay 10 40% 15 60% 25

Total 8,126 47% 9,223 53% 17,349

Table B7b - Beneficiaries applying eknowledge and/or skills (by sex and 

Country Men % W

Argentina 914 58% Bolivia 429 67% Brazil 357 55% Colombia 632 82% Dominican Republic 18 64% Ecuador 3,654 39% El Salvador 620 75% Guatemala 304 69% Honduras 1,757 56% Jamaica 38 35% Mexico 1,690 42% Nicaragua 171 36% Panama 559 62% Peru 132 73% Venezuela 544 55% 

Total 11,822 49% 
Table B8a - Beneficiaries acquiring pla

administration skills (by sex and coun

Country Men % W

Argentina 1,883 44% Bolivia 1,072 54% Brazil 546 51% Colombia 164 41% Dominican Republic 87 55% Ecuador 112 30% El Salvador 650 48% Guatemala 288 71% Haiti 155 64% Honduras 201 51% Jamaica 17 57% Mexico 627 39% Nicaragua 327 31% Paraguay 125 63% Peru 8,064 57% Regional* 300 34% Uruguay 465 58% Venezuela 33 63% 

Total 15,497 51% 1

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southe

Table B8b - Beneficiaries applying planning & administration skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 2,268 43% 3,022 57% 5,290Bolivia 1,196 62% 731 38% 1,927Brazil 386 30% 882 70% 1,268Colombia 307 39% 480 61% 787Dominican Republic 47 73% 17 27% 64Ecuador 76 18% 336 82% 412El Salvador 556 50% 553 50% 1,109Guatemala 83 61% 54 39% 137Honduras 589 66% 303 34% 892Jamaica 17 57% 13 43% 30Mexico 1,444 47% 1,601 53% 3,045Nicaragua 237 41% 340 59% 577Panama 1,458 58% 1,059 42% 2,517Peru 690 71% 277 29% 967Regional* 370 41% 540 59% 910Uruguay 369 54% 320 46% 689Venezuela 104 59% 72 41% 176

Total 10,247 49% 10,630 51% 20,877

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B9b - Beneficiaries applying marketing 

and/or skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women 

Argentina 863 74% 299 2Bolivia 353 60% 231 4Brazil 122 16% 632 8Colombia 41 25% 122 7Dominican Republic 81 95% 4 Ecuador 45 20% 183 8El Salvador 319 54% 267 4Guatemala 39 37% 67 6Honduras 571 54% 486 4Jamaica 1 17% 5 8Mexico 111 21% 412 7Nicaragua 410 41% 583 5Panama 291 32% 624 6Regional* 150 29% 365 7Uruguay 162 50% 162 5Venezuela 157 60% 105 4

Total 4,015 46% 4,692 5

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Braz

Table B9a - Beneficiaries acquiring marketing skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 23 31% 51 69% 74Bolivia 329 58% 241 42% 570Brazil 183 32% 392 68% 575Colombia 19 61% 12 39% 31Dominican Republic 129 79% 35 21% 164El Salvador 201 43% 265 57% 466Guatemala 21 44% 27 56% 48Haiti 6 86% 1 14% 7Honduras 116 57% 87 43% 203Jamaica 5 17% 25 83% 30Mexico 59 24% 190 76% 249Nicaragua 102 25% 305 75% 407Panama 164 49% 169 51% 333Regional* 145 21% 550 79% 695Uruguay 215 50% 219 50% 434Venezuela 117 42% 164 58% 281

Total 2,765 43% 3,682 57% 6,447

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B10a - Beneficiaries acquiring leadership skills 

(by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 867 35% 1,611 65% 2,478Bolivia 191 43% 250 57% 441Brazil 665 52% 609 48% 1,274Ecuador 360 61% 228 39% 588El Salvador 135 45% 168 55% 303Guatemala 15 5% 263 95% 278Honduras 15 33% 31 67% 46Jamaica 27 35% 51 65% 78Mexico 48 37% 81 63% 129Nicaragua 187 32% 395 68% 582Panama 759 59% 528 41% 1,287Paraguay 190 58% 135 42% 325Peru 264 38% 432 62% 696Regional* 950 41% 1,350 59% 2,300Venezuela 194 54% 163 46% 357

Total 4,869 44% 6,297 56% 11,166

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B10b - Beneficiaries applying leand country) 

Country Men % Wo

Argentina 2,208 32% 4Bolivia 222 74% Brazil 156 48% Colombia 25 54% Ecuador 532 52% El Salvador 173 58% Guatemala 28 11% Honduras 221 34% Jamaica 27 35% Mexico 98 35% Nicaragua 80 23% Panama 1,368 57% 1Paraguay 50 56% Regional* 320 46% Uruguay 1 50% Venezuela 243 57% 

Total 5,956 42% 8

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southe
Table B11a - Beneficiaries acquiring civic participation 

knowledge and/or skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 610 39% 952 61% 1,562Bolivia 585 21% 2,168 79% 2,753Brazil 166 47% 188 53% 354Colombia 0 0% 16 100% 16Ecuador 1,958 55% 1,581 45% 3,539Honduras 63 45% 76 55% 139Jamaica 13 52% 12 48% 25Mexico 1 11% 8 89% 9Nicaragua 2,318 64% 1,317 36% 3,635Panama 989 57% 746 43% 1,736Paraguay 283 43% 382 57% 665Peru 380 69% 167 31% 547Regional* 13 48% 14 52% 27Uruguay 10 40% 15 60% 25

Total 7,589 49% 7,870 51% 15,460

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B11b - Beneficiaries applyknowledge and/or skills (by sex 

Country Men % 

Argentina 482 45% Bolivia 456 51% Brazil 136 47% Colombia 14 19% Ecuador 1,645 42% El Salvador 127 65% Honduras 213 44% Jamaica 11 19% Mexico 111 40% Nicaragua 205 53% Panama 1,704 54% Paraguay 50 21% Peru 155 37% Regional* 13 48% Venezuela 405 56% 

Total 5,731 47% 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and 
Table B12a - Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of the 

legal system (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 594 44% 749 56% 1,343Bolivia 302 58% 219 42% 521Brazil 32 15% 183 85% 215Honduras 93 63% 55 37% 148Jamaica 32 40% 48 60% 80Mexico 28 50% 28 50% 56Nicaragua 242 35% 440 65% 682Panama 65 63% 39 38% 104Peru 283 60% 185 40% 468Regional* 270 42% 380 58% 650Uruguay 27 37% 46 63% 73Venezuela 20 26% 57 74% 77

Total 1,988 45% 2,429 55% 4,417

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B12b - Beneficiaries applyinlegal system (by sex and country) 

Country Men % W

Argentina 379 49% Bolivia 134 77% Brazil 92 19% Ecuador 25 37% El Salvador 141 60% Honduras 133 32% Jamaica 12 40% Mexico 106 61% Panama 421 55% Peru 53 88% Regional* 120 57% Uruguay 26 43% Venezuela 28 31% 

Total 1,670 47% 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and so
Table B13a - Beneficiaries acquiring finance knowledge and/or 

skills (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 319 55% 258 45% 577Bolivia 148 51% 142 49% 290Brazil 122 51% 118 49% 240Colombia 16 44% 20 56% 36Dominican Republic 0 0% 28 100% 28Ecuador 11 22% 38 78% 49El Salvador 285 46% 339 54% 624Guatemala 226 47% 253 53% 479Honduras 353 52% 326 48% 679Jamaica 22 31% 48 69% 70Mexico 10,741 11% 84,903 89% 95,644Nicaragua 568 37% 952 63% 1,520Panama 68 60% 45 40% 113Regional* 140 30% 330 70% 470Venezuela 54 40% 81 60% 135

Total 13,196 13% 87,931 87% 101,127

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B13b - Beneficiaries applyand/or skills (by sex and countr

Country Men % 

Argentina 1,595 63% Bolivia 46 82% Brazil 101 50% Colombia 3 13% Dominican Republic 0 0% Ecuador 76 27% El Salvador 499 53% Guatemala 255 45% Honduras 384 54% Jamaica 12 40% Mexico 24,870 12% Nicaragua 196 30% Panama 108 39% Regional* 30 24% Uruguay 11 61%Venezuela 52 39% 

Total 28,389 13% 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and 
Table B14a - Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of the political system (by sex and 

country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 963 45% 1,158 55% 2,121Bolivia 297 18% 1,340 82% 1,637Brazil 0 0% 69 100% 69El Salvador 7 78% 2 22% 9Guatemala 3 43% 4 57% 7Honduras 23 53% 20 47% 43Mexico 1 100% 0 0% 1Peru 1,305 71% 540 29% 1,845Regional* 450 46% 530 54% 980Uruguay 2 50% 2 50% 4Venezuela 13 22% 47 78% 60

Total 3,064 45% 3,712 55% 6,776

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B14b - Beneficiaries applying knowledge o(by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women 

Argentina 709 45% 863 Bolivia 152 57% 113 Brazil 2 3% 59 El Salvador 7 88% 1 Guatemala 6 43% 8 Honduras 63 61% 40 Mexico 15 28% 39 Panama 310 49% 322 Peru 0 0% 31 Regional* 85 41% 120 Uruguay 1 50% 1 Venezuela 19 29% 47 

Total 1,369 45% 1,644 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B15a - Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of good 

health practices (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 591 29% 1,459 71% 2,050Bolivia 276 50% 280 50% 556Brazil 67 37% 114 63% 181Dominican Republic 5 29% 12 71% 17Ecuador 9 14% 54 86% 63Guatemala 95 7% 1,348 93% 1,443Honduras 23 24% 73 76% 96Jamaica 4 24% 13 76% 17Mexico 2,256 36% 3,955 64% 6,211Nicaragua 0 0% 37 100% 37Panama 45 48% 49 52% 94Peru 115 37% 200 63% 315Regional 220 37% 380 63% 600Venezuela 6 55% 5 45% 11

Total 3,712 32% 7,979 68% 11,691

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 

Table B15b - Beneficiaries applyipractices (by sex and country) 

Country Men % 

Argentina 113 25% Bolivia 13 45% Brazil 42 33% Dominican Republic 45 27% Ecuador 5 9% El Salvador 13 23% Guatemala 70 11% Honduras 191 40% Mexico 2,119 32% Panama 16 42% Peru 48 29% Regional* 20 33% Venezuela 8 23% 

Total 2,703 30% 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and s
Table B16 - Beneficiaries acquiring knowledge of ways to 

address domestic violence, sexual abuse and drug use (by sex and country) 

Country Men % Women % Total 

Argentina 73 44% 93 56% 166Bolivia 81 13% 525 87% 606Brazil 23 85% 4 15% 27Colombia 0 0% 13 100% 13Dominican Republic 111 24% 361 76% 472Guatemala 53 17% 260 83% 313Panama 45 48% 49 52% 94Peru 88 47% 98 53% 186Regional* 250 38% 400 62% 650Venezuela 31 60% 21 40% 52

Total 755 29% 1,824 71% 2,579

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B17a - Resources mobilized from international sources 

International 

Businesses Public sector Private organizations Other types of institutions Total Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind 

Argentina $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 54,100 $ - $ - $ - $ 54,100 $ - Bolivia $ - $ - $ - $ 1,500 $ 27,908 $ - $ 955 $ - $ 28,863 $ 1,500 Brazil $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 39,461 $ - $ - $ - $ 39,461 $ - Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 506 $ - $ - $ - $ 506 Dominican Republic $ - $ - $ 3,570 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 15,282 $ 3,570 $ 15,282 Ecuador $ - $ - $ 20,500 $ 7,000 $ - $ - $ 39,800 $ - $ 60,300 $ 7,000 El Salvador $ - $ - $ 6,900 $ - $135,000 $ - $ 56,000 $ - $ 197,900 $ - Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 4,378 $ - $ - $ - $ 4,378 $ - Honduras $ - $ 318 $ 20,000 $ - $ 45,271 $ - $ - $ - $ 65,271 $ 318 Mexico $ - $ - $ 53,242 $ 2,722 $ 60,871 $ 800 $138,277 $ - $ 252,390 $ 3,522 Nicaragua $ - $ 70 $ 200$ - $ 4,075 $ 6,080 $ - $ 300 $ 4,275 $ 6,450 Panama $ - $ - $ 685 $ 9,600 $ 12 $ - $ - $ 500 $ 697 $ 10,100 Paraguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 23,500 $ - $ 10,000 $ - $ 33,500 $ - Peru $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 41,226 $ - $ 1,511 $ 6,050 $ 42,737 $ 6,050 Regional* $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ - $ 2,000 $ - $ 3,000 $ - $ 6,000 $ - Venezuela $ - $ - $ 23,000 $27,400 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 23,000 $ 27,400 

Total $ - $ 388 $129,097 $48,222 $437,802 $ 7,386 $249,543 $ 22,132 $ 816,442 $ 78,128 

*Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B17b - Resources brokered from international sources 

International 

Businesses Public sector Private non-profit organizations Other types of institutions 

Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind C

Argentina $ - $ - $ 4,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Bolivia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Brazil $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Caribbean* $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Dominican Republic $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Ecuador $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ El Salvador $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 2,314 $ 3,866 $ Haiti $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 22,759 $ - $ - $ - $ 2Honduras $ - $ - $ 9,000 $ - $ - $ - $18,000 $ - $ 2Jamaica $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $14,860 $ - $ 1Mexico $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Nicaragua $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,350 $ - $ - $ Panama $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $20,000 $ - $ 2Paraguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Peru $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $28,000 $ - $ 2Trinidad & Tobago $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Uruguay $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ - $ 2,000 $ - $ 3,000 $ - $ Venezuela $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 

Total $ - $ - $ 14,000 $ - $ 24,759 $ 1,350 $ 86,174 $ 3,866 $ 1

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean 
Table B18a - Resources mobilized from domestic sources other than local 

Domestic 

Businesses Public sector Other types of institutions 

Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash 

Argentina $ 43,035 $ 30,450 $ 62,633 $ 29,356 $ 1,000 $ 102 $ 106,6Bolivia $ - $ 816 $ 550 $ 400 $ 44,380 $ 1,332 $ 44,93Brazil $ - $ - $ 41,813 $ 37,142 $ - $ - $ 41,81Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 2,603 $ - $ 2,60Dominican Republic $ - $ - $ 1,964 $ 132 $ - $ 64 $ 1,96Ecuador $ - $ 50,000 $ 81,964 $ 20,000 $ - $ 6,000 $ 81,96Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ 800 $ 17,831 $ 4,000 $ 17,83Honduras $ - $ 414 $ - $ 48 $ - $ - $ Jamaica $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 35,866 $ - $ 35,86Mexico $ 259,593 $ 5,150 $ 128,951 $ 200 $ 66,824 $ - $ 455,3Nicaragua $ - $ - $ - $ 1,225 $ - $ - $ Panama $ 37,856 $ 750 $ 3,205 $ 40,270 $ 17,875 $ 500 $ 58,93Paraguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 5,000 $ - $ 5,00Peru $ 50,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 3,206 $ 200 $ 53,20Uruguay $ - $ - $ - $ 885 $ - $ 80,000 $ Venezuela $ 833 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 150 $ 83

Total $391,318 $87,579 $ 321,081 $ 130,458 $ 194,585 $ 92,348 $906,98
Table B18b - Resources brokered from domestic sources other than local 

National 

Businesses Public sector Other types of institutions Tota

Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash 

Argentina $ - $ - $ 124,138 $ 600 $ - $ - $ 124,138 $ Bolivia $ - $ - $ - $ 78,723 $ 8,814 $ 18,949 $ 8,814 $ Brazil $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Caribbean* $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ 470 $ - $ - $ - $ Dominican Republic $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Ecuador $ - $ - $ 63,000 $ - $ - $ - $ 63,000 $ El Salvador $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ 2,022 $ - $ 450 $ - $ Haiti $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Honduras $ - $ 2,100 $ - $ 113,192 $ - $ - $ - $Jamaica $ 5,385 $ - $ - $ 1,500 $ 48,869 $ - $ 54,254 $ Mexico $ - $ - $ 23,584 $ 7,500 $ - $ - $ 23,584 $ Nicaragua $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Panama $ - $ - $ 4,913 $ 16,895 $ - $ - $ 4,913 $ Paraguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Peru $ - $ - $ - $ 3,870 $ 350 $ 5,926 $ 350 $ Trinidad & Tobago $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Uruguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Venezuela $ - $ - $ 121,860 $ - $ - $ - $ 121,860 $ 

Total $ 5,385 $ 2,100 $ 337,495 $ 224,772 $ 58,033 $ 25,326 $ 400,913 $

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean 
Table B19a - Resources mobilized from local sources 

Local 

Businesses Public sector Communities Other types of institutions 

Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind 

Argentina $ 96,552 $ - $ 12,204 $ 4,580 $ - $ 56,064 $ - $ 2,756 Bolivia $ - $ - $ 20 $ 5,997 $ 385 $ 540 $ - $ 326 Brazil $ - $22,229 $ - $ 4,265 $ 19,540 $ 10,439 $ - $ 14,629 Caribbean* $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 20,185 $ - Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ 166 $ - $ - $ - $ - Dominican Republic $ - $ 1,140 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Ecuador $ - $ - $100,000 $ 36,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Honduras $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 11,710 $ - $ 2,120 Mexico $324,478 $ 898 $121,285 $ - $ 82,146 $ - $291,281 $ 5,150 Nicaragua $ 235 $ 1,304 $ - $ 1,242 $ - $ 50 $ - $ 20 Panama $ 3,640 $ - $ - $ 11,140 $ - $ 56,860 $ 21,149 $ 31,085 Paraguay $ - $ - $ 1,200 $ 2,500 $ - $ 1,500 $ - $ - Peru $ - $ - $ 18,099 $ 6,350 $ - $ - $ 1,088 $ 1,635 Regional** $ - $ 5,500 $ - $ 7,000 $ - $ 2,000 $ - $ - Uruguay $ - $ - $ - $ 2,316 $ - $ 4,522 $ - $ - Venezuela $ 1,396 $ 1,500 $ 3,488 $ 1,645 $ - $ 3,527 $ - $ 2,213 

Total $ 426,301 $ 32,571 $ 256,296 $ 84,201 $ 102,071 $ 147,211 $ 333,703 $ 59,934 

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean **Includes Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil 
Table B19b - Resources brokered from local sources 

Local 

Businesses Public sector Communities Other types of institutions 

Country 

Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind Cash In-kind 

Argentina $ - $ 1,000 $ 16,600 $ 200 $ - $ - $ - $ 500 $ Bolivia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Brazil $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,730 $ 6,723 $ - $ - $ Caribbean* $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Colombia $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Dominican Republic $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Ecuador $ - $ - $ 166,314 $ - $ 3,110 $ - $ - $ 45,000 $ El Salvador $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Guatemala $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 285 $ Haiti $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Honduras $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 15,706 $ - $ - $ Jamaica $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Mexico $ - $ 7,945 $ 26,214 $ 37,909 $ 3,494 $ 31,381 $ - $ 8,492 $ Nicaragua $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Panama $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 9,540 $ - $ - $ Paraguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Peru $ - $ 746 $ - $ 16,583 $ - $ 209 $ 600 $ 1,362 $ Trinidad & Tobago $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Uruguay $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Venezuela $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 

Total $ - $ 9,691 $ 209,128 $ 54,692 $ 8,334 $ 63,559 $ 600 $ 55,639 $ 

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean 
Table B20 - Dissemination activities by type and country 

Dissemination practices and techniques used by grantees 

Pamphlets and 

brochures Books Videos/mov

Country Speeches and/or 

presentations 

Radio and 

television 

interviews Produced Distri- buted 

Magazine 

or newspaper 

articles 

Press 

releases Written Distri- buted Made D

b

Argentina 77 60 15 21,740 56 28 0 0 6 Bolivia 0 88 17 24,604 8 36 0 0 0 Brazil 143 58 18 42,000 29 133 3 1,238 2 Caribbean* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Colombia 23 1 1 1,200 2 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 4 16 8 2,980 9 11 0 0 0 Ecuador 13 27 16 14,550 8 6 0 0 3 El Salvador 16 25 14 18,443 0 2 0 0 0 Guatemala 19 16 0 0 3 1 0 0 9 2Haiti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Honduras 1 43 2 600 0 0 0 0 10 Jamaica 8 0 7 39 0 0 0 0 2 Mexico 535 94 62 286,235 19 101 4 16 11 Nicaragua 17 4 6 1,698 7 1 0 0 0 Panama 9 25 6 2,200 4 0 1 150 2 1Paraguay 5 14 10 6,400 4 13 0 0 0 Peru 33 48 24 18,920 7 34 0 0 5 Trinidad & Tobago 2 1 5 266 3 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 21 96 54 4,548 78 44 0 0 6 Venezuela 33 16 10 2,730 19 15 0 0 2 

Total 1,709 1,113 275 509,153 426 575 9 1,504 58 5

*Includes the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean 


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