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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS

No. CV-13-399

CHRISTOPHER CORDERO

APPELLANT

V.

ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF

HUMAN SERVICES

APPELLEE

Opinion Delivered: February 13, 2014

APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. JV-2010-288]

HONORABLE BARBARA ELMORE,

JUDGE

AFFIRMED.

JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Associate Justice

Christopher Cordero appeals from an order of the Lonoke County Circuit Court

finding that he was not indigent for the purpose of receiving appointed appellate counsel. 

On appeal, Cordero argues that the circuit court erred in finding that he was not indigent. 

We affirm.

The parental rights of Cordero, the putative father of J.C., were terminated by the

Lonoke County Circuit Court by an order entered on February 5, 2013. On February 21,

2013, Cordero filed a “Motion for Determination of Indigency for Purpose of Appointed

Appellate Counsel.”1

 Cordero’s indigency motion was heard on February 26, 2013. That

same day, Cordero filed a notice of appeal from the order terminating his parental rights.

Cordero did not appear, but he was represented by his trial counsel. Cordero rested

1We are mindful that Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 6-9(b)(2) requires that a motion

asserting indigency must be filed within fourteen days of entry of the order appealed from. 

However, this requirement is not jurisdictional.
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on an unsworn document that purported to be an affidavit2 that his trial counsel had filed

along with his motion. The document asserted that Cordero’s monthly take-home pay was

$900 and that he had the following expenses: rent: $300, food: $100, utilities: $150, vehicle

expenses: $200. The attorney ad litem opposed Cordero’s motion. In her response, she

asserted that Cordero’s document contradicted his January 8, 2013 hearing testimony, in

which he claimed he had a monthly income of $2100, and a home study, which was filed

along with the response, in which he claimed a monthly income of $1700. 

At the hearing on Cordero’s motion, the attorney for ADHS argued that Cordero

gave sworn testimony at the termination hearing that he was earning $2100 per month. The

attorney ad litem agreed with ADHS on Cordero’s indigency and noted further that

Cordero claimed he was earning $1700 per month in his home study. The attorney ad litem

asserted that the home study had been admitted into evidence at the termination hearing,

and asked that a photocopy of the page on which Cordero stated that he was earning $1700

per month be admitted into evidence. Cordero’s trial counsel expressly declined to object

to the admission of the document. Additionally, the attorney ad litem asserted that

Cordero’s testimony at the termination hearing was that he “made even more than that.” 

The circuit court noted that Cordero’s affidavit was not sworn to, and, without

objection, took judicial notice that Cordero testified at the January 8, 2013 termination

2An affidavit is defined as a written statement affirmed or sworn to by some person

legally authorized to administer an oath or affirmation. Wetzel v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys.,

Inc., 2010 Ark. 242.

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hearing that he made $2100 per month. The circuit court denied Cordero’s motion for

indigency. Cordero filed a notice of appeal.

The burden of establishing indigency is on the person claiming indigency status.

McDonald v. State, 358 Ark. 434, 191 S.W.3d 538 (2004). Whether a person is indigent is

a mixed question of law and fact. Id. In dependency-neglect proceedings, the circuit court

is directed to use the federal poverty guidelines in determining indigency. Ark. Sup. Ct. R.

6-9(b)(2)(B). On appeal, the standard of review is whether the trial court abused its

discretion in finding that petitioner was not indigent. Burmingham v. State, 342 Ark. 95, 27

S.W.3d 351(2000).

On appeal, Cordero argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in finding him

not indigent because it made a mistake of fact. He asserts that “the sole basis” on which the

circuit court relied for its ruling, judicial notice of termination-hearing testimony that he was

earning $2100 per month, “does not exist.” He points to the termination-hearing record

to note that alleged testimony concerning his monthly earnings was untrue. Cordero

contends that this court could reverse and remand this case to the trial court to redetermine

his indigency, but invites us to undertake that task ourselves. He asserts that the highest

earnings figure “supported by the appellate record,” is the $1700 per month reflected in the

home study. Cordero argues that $1700 in monthly income did not represent sufficient

“disposable income” when compared to the federal poverty guidelines after he made a

number of notional deductions. We find this argument unpersuasive.

While the termination-hearing transcript demonstrates that there was no testimony

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by Cordero that he earned $2100 per month, we find this fact to be of no moment.3 Our

review is limited to the evidence that was before the circuit court at the indigency hearing. 

Cordero sought to prove his entire case with an unsworn document. The fact that the

document that he claimed was an affidavit was unsworn was duly noted by the circuit court. 

At the same time, the circuit court relied, without objection, on what it thought was

termination-hearing testimony. Evidence placed in the record by judicial notice is still

evidence. See Ark. R. Evid. 201. Pursuant to Rule 201(e), Cordero had the opportunity

to be heard on this matter, but did not object. Accordingly, while the recollection of the

circuit court judge—and the attorney ad litem—proved to be inaccurate, we have before us

nothing more than the type of spurious evidence that our adversarial system of justice should

have prevented, but the failure of Cordero’s trial counsel to object allowed it to be admitted. 

Moreover, we emphasize that Cordero bore the burden of proving that he was indigent, and

he did nothing more than submit an unsworn document. Under these circumstances, we

cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion in finding that Cordero was not

indigent.

Affirmed.

Leah Lanford, Arkansas Public Defender Commission, for appellant.

Tabitha Baertels McNulty, Office of Policy and Legal Services, for appellee.

Chrestman Group, PLLC, by: Keith Chrestman, attorney ad litem for minor child.

3We note that while Cordero did not actually testify to a sum certain that he was

earning per month, he stated that he was doing better financially than when he underwent

his home study. Further, he testified that he would be living rent free with a girlfriend, in a

dwelling owned by the girlfriend’s parents.

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