SECOND DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

BROWN and GOSS, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 15, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A18A1975.MACON-BIBB COUNTY PLANNINGANDZONING

COMMISSION et al. v. EPIC MIDSTREAM, LLC.

TB-078

GOSS, Judge.

In this discretionary appeal, the Macon-Bibb County Planning and Zoning

Commission (“the Commission”) appeals from the superior court order reversing its

denial of a conditional use permit for a railroad spur transfer station to unload ethanol

into a pipeline. The Commission contends that the superior court erred in (1) failing

to consider its answer to the certiorari petition; (2) failing to adhere to the deferential

standard of review in a certiorari proceeding; and (3) issuing a final decision rather

than remanding the case to the Commission for a new hearing. For the reasons that

follow, we reverse.
“When reviewing a local governing body’s zoning decision, the superior court

applies the any evidence standard of review. In the appellate courts, the standard of

review is whether there is any evidence supporting the decision of the local governing

body, not whether there is any evidence supporting the decision of the superior

court.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Bulloch County Bd. of Commrs. v.

Williams, 332 Ga. App. 815 (773 SE2d 37) (2015).

So viewed, the record showsthat Epic Midstream, LLC, a handler of petroleum

fuels, acquired roughly 80 acres of property (“the property”) at the intersection of

Barnes Ferry Road with Sofkee Road and the Norfolk Southern rail line in Bibb

County. Some of the property was zoned M-1 Light Industrial (“M-1”),1

but a portion

was zoned Agricultural. Epic sought to have the entire property zoned M-1 and filed

a rezoning application on February 4, 2015. The application was deferred numerous

times before Epic was instructed to also apply for a conditional use permit, which it

did on June 4, 2015. Both applications were subsequently withdrawn, and Epic then

submitted newapplicationsfor rezoning and a conditional use permit. The application

1 Section 16.01 of the Comprehensive Land Development Resolution for the

City of Macon and Bibb County provides that “[t]he M-1 district is intended for

wholesale and light industrial uses where resultant noise, odors, pollution, and

congestion are minimized. Residential development is prohibited. This district is not

suitable for heavy industrial uses.” 

2
sought conditional use approval pursuant to Section 16.03 of the Comprehensive

Land Development Resolution for the City of Macon and Bibb County, Georgia

(“CLDR”) to build and operate a railroad spur transfer station for the offloading of

ethanol from railroad tanker cars directly into an underground pipeline which would

transport the ethanol to Epic’s petroleumdistribution facility nearby.

2 A final hearing

was held on Epic’s applications on November 9, 2015, during which Epic presented

testimony from its project director, the design firm’s project manager, and a land

planner. 

During the hearing, the design manager testified that the rail cars carrying

ethanol would be redirected from the Norfolk Southern rail line onto the rail spur, or

“loop.”3 Sixteen train cars would be unloaded at a time, five times, for a total of 80

train cars at a time. The entire process would be completed within 24 hours, meaning

it was likely that some of the process would take place during the night. Epic’s

project director testified that the unloading process would happen approximatelyonce

2 The railspur would connect to the already-existing Norfolk Southern rail line,

on which ethanol is currently transported in train cars. The pipeline had not yet been

built, but had been approved by the Georgia Department of Transportation and the

Macon-Bibb County Engineering Department.

3 We are unable to determine from the record the distance from the Northfolk

Southern rail line to the rail spur at its farthest point from the rail line.

3
per month for a total of 13 unloadings per year. He further testified that the frequency

could increase in the future based on contractual demands. 

The land planner hired by Epic testified that there would be three access points

to the property — two from Barnes Ferry Road and one from Sofkee Road. He

explained that directly west of the property lies the main rail line, running parallel to

Sofkee Road, and that the area further west is zoned M-2 Industrial, in which area a

truck loading facility with above-ground tanks is located.

4 At the time of the hearing,

the area to the northwest of the property and west of the rail line was vacant and

mostly zoned M-1. A residential neighborhood was located to the north of the

property, on the other side of Barnes Ferry Road, nested in between the property and

an Industrial Park. The land to the east of the property was primarily undeveloped

with some residences scattered along Barnes Ferry Road. A large farm was located

directly southeast of the property while the area directly to the south was largely

undeveloped and zoned Agricultural or M-1. Various industrial developments were

located in the area southwest of the property, which was zoned M-1. The land planner

4 Per the CLDR, “[t]he M-2 Heavy Industrial District is intended to provide

appropriate locations for any use which may be obnoxious or offensive by reason of

emission of odors, dust, smoke, gas, noise, or vibration. Residential uses are

prohibited in this district.” 

4
testified that the region in which the property is located is “largely industrial,” that

the property is within close proximity to five industrial parks, and that the property

is best suited to an industrial purpose. No homes had been built in the neighborhood

abutting the property since 1991. According to him, this showed that this was not a

“thriving” residential area, and the trajectory of the area did not point toward

residential development. The land planner testified that the unloading area would be

320 feet from the nearest residential structure. 

Three neighboring residents and a city council member spoke during the

hearing as to the damage done to their properties by a jet-fuel pipeline leak that

occurred in the 1980s in the same area, while the property was owned by NuStar

Energy, LLC. Epic purchased the property as well asthe jet-fuel pipeline fromNuStar

in 2012.

5 However, NuStar retained responsibility for the jet-fuel leak and its

remediation. 

Residents of the nearby neighborhood stated their opposition to the ethanol

offloading station, citing their belief that their land was already “contaminated,” that

this development would further decrease their property values, and that another leak

5 Epic planned to build a new pipeline to transport the ethanol using the

existing right of way for the jet-fuel pipeline. 

5
or spill would occur. Elaine Lucas, a member of the Macon-Bibb County Board of

Commissioners (the “Board”) and the Macon City Council representative for the

nearby residents, believed that her constituents were suffering “environmental

injustice” and still had no answers about the past jet-fuel pipeline leak. 

The Commission granted Epic’s application for rezoning, making the property

M-1 in its entirety, but denied the application for a conditional use permit to operate

the rail spur and ethanol facility. Following the Commission’s denial of the permit

application, Epic filed a motion for a rehearing on the matter pursuant to CLDR §

27.13.

6 As part of its motion, Epic submitted revised site development plans, in which

the proposed transfer facility was moved to the southern end of the property at a

6

 Section 27.13 of the CLDR provides that any applicant 

whose application has been denied by the Commission may, within

thirty (30) days from the date of disapproval, file an application for a

rehearing. All motionsfor a rehearing by the Commission shall be heard

in the same manner as any other application and may be granted if new

or additional written information or graphical information that was not

available at the time of the original hearing, or was not presented for

excusable neglect, is shown. Such information shall be submitted at the

time the request for rehearing application is filed. 

6
greater distance fromthe residential neighborhood to the north.7 The revised plan also

included additional engineering and safety controls, such as an earthen berm, which

would serve as a containment device if any vapors were released and would run

parallel to Barnes Ferry Road, providing an additional barrier between the residential

neighborhood; additional fire hydrants; and a security fence to enclose the facility.

Additionally, Epic communicated that it had met with a representative of the

neighborhood and Elaine Lucas in an effort to coordinate a meeting with local

residents to help alleviate their concerns and explain their new development plan. 

Lucas again testified on behalf of the residents at the hearing on Epic’s motion

for rehearing, stating, “The major concern and the reason we don’t want you to

approve anything else is we are notsure of what’s out there, what’sin the ground. We

are not sure the level of contamination. We are not sure whether any remediation has

been done. . . .” She asked that the Commission defer or deny the motion “until we

get some answers [on those issues]” and until the neighborhood could set up a

7

 In an email sent the month prior to the final hearing on Epic’s applications,

an urban planner for the Commission who was preparing the Commission staff report

on the applications, asked Epic whether the transloading station could be “relocated

to an area along the western property lines or to an area along the southern property

lines.” And if it could not, to “please explain.” 

7
meeting with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. Some nearby residents

again stated their opposition.

With the general consensus among the Commission being that nothing had changed

and ethanol was still hazardous, the motion was denied on January 11, 2016. 

Epic petitioned the superior court for certiorari pursuant to OCGA § 5-4-1 and

Section 27.15 of the CLDR, arguing that it “met and exceeded every ascertainable

and objective standard, criterion, term, condition and requirement necessary for

issuance of the Permit as requested,” and that it had “a clear legal right to issuance

of the Conditional Use Permit[.]” After a hearing for oral argument, the superior court

granted Epic’s petition, concluding that the Commission grossly abused its discretion

in denyingEpic’s application.The superior courtreversed the Commission’s decision

and ordered that Epic’s conditional use application be granted. The Commission

subsequently filed an application for discretionary review, which this Court granted.

This appeal followed. Additional facts adduced at the conditional use hearing before

the Commission will be cited as necessary to consider the Commission’s arguments.

1. In related enumerations of error, the Commission asserts that the superior

court, applying judicial review by certiorari, erred because it weighed the evidence

8
presented before the Commission rather than applying the appropriate any evidence

standard. We agree.

When reviewing a local governing body’s zoning decision bywrit of certiorari,

“[t]he scope of review is limited to all errors of law and determination as to whether

the judgment or ruling below wassustained by substantial evidence.” OCGA § 5-4-12

(b). “Substantial evidence” under this section has been consistently interpreted to

mean “any evidence.” City of Atlanta Government v. Smith, 228 Ga. App. 864, 865

(1) (493 SE2d 51) (1997). Thus, in order to reverse the judgment of the Commission,

the superior court must conclude that the record below lacked “any” evidence to

support theCommission’s decision. JacksonCounty v. Earth Resources, Inc., 280 Ga.

389 (627 SE2d 569) (2006). This Court’s “standard of review is whether there is any

evidence supporting the decision of the local governing body, not whether there is

anyevidence supporting the decision of the superior court.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Id. 

Neither the superior court nor this Court reweighs credibility

determinations of the factfinder. In other words, because the factfinder

in the initial proceedings is charged with weighing the evidence and

judging the credibility of the witnesses, the superior court and this Court

must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the factfinder’s

decision and must affirm the decision if there is any evidence to support

9
it, even when the party challenging the factfinder’s conclusions

presented evidence during the initial proceedings that conflicted with

those conclusions.

(Citations omitted.) Dekalb County v. Bull, 295 Ga. App. 551, 552-553 (1) (672 SE2d

500) (2009).8

Section 303 (2) of the CLDR contains standards to be considered by the

Commission, where applicable, in an application for a conditional use permit. Those

standards, in pertinent part, are:

(a) The existing land use pattern. . . . 

(d) Whether the proposed use will be of such location, size, and

character that, in general, it will be in harmony with the appropriate and

orderly development of the area in which it is proposed to be situated

and will not be detrimental to the orderly development of adjacent

properties or a deterrent to the improvement of adjacent properties in

accordance with the zoning classification of such properties, the existing

land use pattern, or the comprehensive land development plan. 

(e) Whether, in the case of any use located in, or directly adjacent to, a

residential district or area:

8 See also OCGA § 5-4-15 (b) (when reviewing a lower tribunal’s ruling on

writ of certiorari, the superior court may only issue a final decision “if there is no

question of fact involved which makes it necessary to send the case back for a new

hearing before the tribunal below”).

10
(i) The nature and intensity of operations will be such that both

pedestrian and vehicular traffic to and from the use and the assembly of

persons in connection therewith will not be hazardous or inconvenient

to, or incongruous with, said residential district or area, or conflict with

the normal traffic of the neighborhood; and

(ii) The location and height of buildings, and other structures, and

the nature and extent of screening, buffering or landscaping on the site

will be such that the use will not hinder or discourage the appropriate

development and use of adjacent land and buildings in conformance

with existing zoning districts and development pattern.

(f) Whether the proposed use will increase the population density

resulting in the increase or overtaxing of the load on public facilities

such as schools, utilities, streets, etc.; or approval of the use would

encourage adjacent areas to develop at higher densitiesthan provided in

the comprehensive plan resulting in the overtaxing of such public

facilities.

(g) Whether the proposed use will cause a health hazard, a public safety

problem, or nuisance created or excessively increasing traffic and

associated congestion; creating a drainage problem; generating

unnecessary disturbances due to noise, the emittance of smoke or other

contaminants, odor, electrical interference or causing pollution to land,

air and/or water.

(h) Whether the proposed change will adversely affect property values

in adjacent areas. . . . . 

As detailed below, there was evidence presented before the Commission from

which it could deny Epic’s request for a conditional use permit under the standards

set forth in Section 302 (2) of the CLDR. Notably, there was a written petition in the

11
record before the Commission signed by nearly one hundred area residents opposing

the related re-zoning application to allow the construction of the rail spur line and

development of a renewable energy rail-to-pipeline loading station. This petition

raised concerns about the flammable nature of the ethanol, concerns that the pipeline

would devalue their property, and traffic and noise issues. The petitions also noted

concerns about the hazardous nature of ethanol, and concernsregarding the potential

for spills during the unloading process. Further, at the conditional use application

hearing, a city council member and three area residentsspoke in opposition, outlining

additional specific concerns about prior contamination by a fuel pipeline leak in the

area which required capping of area water wells. Reverend Arthur Hubbard, a pastor

of a nearby church, explained that his church and community had been at that location

for over a hundred and twenty years, before industrial uses moved into the area. He

explained that his property and the property of his neighbors had already been

contaminated and devalued by the prior jet fuelspill. Commissioner Lucas noted that

the Macon-Bibb County Commission sent a letter to the Planning and Zoning

Commission, asking it to defer the decision until residents could have a community

meeting with the State of Georgia Environmental Protection Division. Another

speaker brought evidence of a prior derailment of train cars carrying ethanol in

12
another state to demonstrate that their fears regarding the potential for a spill or

contamination were not unwarranted. 

In October 2015, after Epic’s initial application for re-zoning, ethanol was

designated as a hazardous liquid by the Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety

Administration (“PHMSA”) and the Federal Railway Administration. See 49 C. F. R.

§195.2 (“Hazardous liquid means . . . ethanol”); 49 U. S. C. A. §60101 (a) (4) (C)

(“‘hazardous liquid’ means . . . a substance that the Secretary of Transportation

decides may pose an unreasonable risk of life or property when transported by a

hazardous liquid pipeline facility in a liquid state”). After these changes were

presented to the Commission, the planning report noted that “in light of the additional

information regarding ethanol and its dangers to public health and welfare, staff has

concerns that this proposed development will pose significant negative impactsto the

adjoining and nearby properties.” Further, the planning report stated that the rezoning would cause “negative impacts as light and noise from the rail cars and diesel

locomotives that could affect adjacent properties” as well as concerns that ethanol is

a “hazardous and flammable liquid that could pose a danger to the adjacent residents

in the event of a derailment, spill, or fire.” During the hearing, Epic was unable to

confirm that the trains that would be transporting the ethanol would be retrofitted to

13
comply with the newest regulations applying to the transportation of ethanol. Epic

also responded to questions by concerned neighbors, and explained that although it

would do its best to unload the pipeline during business hours, it was unable to

guarantee that it would not happen at night. 

In reversing the Commission’s denial of the special use permit, the superior

court’s order cites to assurances by Epic that the chances of an accident or spill were

low and that the operation was designed so as to avoid pollution to the area “land, air

or water on or off property.” The order notes that the superior court took

notice of the fear the community holds and the hardships it has endured

in the past. . . Yet, the issue at hand must be determined on more than

fear alone. As stated above, generalized fears do not rise to the level of

any evidence. The [c]ourt recognizes that the fear is real, but the

evidence in opposition does not support any reasonable likelihood or

probability of incident. The only evidence reflects a highly regulated

process to ensure the proper handling of a substance . . . Therefore, the

Courtsees no evidence to the degree necessary to support a denial of the

application[.]

Unlike the generalized concerns voiced about landfills in Fulton County v.

Bartenfield, 257 Ga. 766 (363 SE2d 555) (1988), there were specific issues raised

during the hearing about noise, traffic, possible contamination, and the flammability

14
and hazardous nature of ethanol that were specific to this tract and conditional use

application. See Jackson County, 280 Ga. at 391 (finding that the local zoning board

had evidence before it from which to deny a special use permit when, inter alia,

residents raised specific concerns about the proposal to create a landfill in the area).

There wasrecord evidence before the Commission to support its decision to deny the

conditional use application. The superior court’s order acknowledges this evidence,

but then weighs evidence in the record to conclude that there was “no evidence to the

degree necessary to support a denial of the application based on the above standard.”

“It is not the law that only expert opinions could be presented to, and considered by,

the Board, nor is the superior court to weigh the evidence before it; the question is

whether there was any evidence before the Board to support its decision.” Jackson

County, supra. As the record supported the Commission’s decision to deny the

conditional use permit, the superior court erred in ordering the Board to issue it.

2. As a result of our holding in Division 1, the Commission’s remaining

enumerations of error are moot.

Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., concurs and Brown, J. dissents.*

*THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY, COURT OF

APPEALS RULE 33.2(a).

15
A18A1975.MACON-BIBBCOUNTYPLANNING AND ZONING

COMMISSION et al. v. EPIC MIDSTREAM, LLC.

BROWN, Judge, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent. To accept the majority’sinterpretation of “any evidence”

isto accept any modicum of speculative fear or unsubstantiated and misplaced blame

as reasonable cause to deny an appropriate use of private property.

At the outset, it isimportant to recall that the conditional use application before

the Commission was not for an ethanol pipeline. As the majority notes in passing in

a footnote, Epic already had obtained the approval of the Georgia Department of

Transportation and the Macon-Bibb County Engineering Department for the ethanol

pipeline right of way. Thus, regardless of whether the Commission approved or

denied the conditional use application before it, Epic could build the ethanol pipeline

along Barnes Ferry Road and the neighborhood. And regardless of whether the

Commission approved or denied the application before it, the Norfolk Southern main

rail line would continue to run adjacent to the neighborhood, already carrying

hazardous substances such as ethanol. 

Our Supreme Court has “previously ruled that in Georgia the

substantial-evidence standard is effectively the same as the any-evidence standard .
. . which shall mean that the record does not contain such relevant evidence as a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support said decision.” (Citations and

punctuation omitted.) Emory Univ. v. Levitas, 260 Ga. 894, 897 (1) (401 SE2d 691)

(1991). See also City of Atlanta Govt. v. Smith, 228 Ga. App. 864, 865 (1) (493 SE2d

51) (1997) (overruling casesto the extent they recognize a difference between the any

evidence and substantial evidence standards and recognizing that the appropriate

standard of review to be applied to issues of fact on writ of certiorari is whether the

decision is supported by any evidence).

The majority omits important details from the record in order to downplay the

fact that the 1980s jet-fuel pipeline leak, an incident wholly unrelated to the

application, and the affected residents’ discontent with NuStar, an entity wholly

unrelated to Epic, were at the core of the opposition to Epic’s application. For

instance, at the final hearing, one resident voiced that “the big issue” was that

“[NuStar] . . . left a leaking pipeline that has not been cleaned up . . . [NuStar has]

contaminated the area, and they have notremediated it.” During the hearing regarding

Epic’s motion for rehearing, one resident testified as follows:

the last time the Commission voted on this, it was unanimous because

— not because it was not the right place for it, but because this

community has already been super scarred. . . . I’m angry that [Epic]

2
would even come back to y’all and ask to put it in the same spot. The

contamination is there. . . . We really, really, really need for Epic and

NuStar to take responsibility for what’s out there now, clean it up and

maybe in ten, 15 years when that community is clean, then they can

resubmit. . . .” 

In denying Epic’s application, one member of the Commission stated,

there will be negative impacts such as light and noise from the rail cars

and locomotives that could affect adjacent properties. Additionally,

there is the aspect of ethanol being a hazardous and flammable liquid

that could pose dangers to the adjacent residents in the event of a

derailment, spill, or fire. To me, that’s the issue, especially for this

neighborhood. . . . [B]ecause of this neighborhood and some of the

things that it’s been through and some of the things that they’re still

trying to figure out, I don’t feel comfortable approving [the conditional

use application]. 

The Chairman of the Commission echoed this sentiment, stating “I understand this

operation between the 1984 spill and what’s going on right now. I know they are two

separate issues. But fear is common here. And another opportunity for – for any kind

of tragedy is – it’s very obvious here. . . .” 

The majority’s attempt to distinguish the instant case from Fulton County v.

Bartenfeld, 257 Ga. 766, 770 (3) (363 SE2d 555) (1988), by pointing to the “specific

issues raised” here is to no avail. For instance, the majority highlights traffic as a

3
specific issue raised by a citizen during the final hearing to support the Commission’s

decision. However, the planning report specifically noted that the traffic impact to

Barnes Ferry Road would be minimal based on the limited development proposed. In

reaching this conclusion, the planning staff requested input from the Macon-Bibb

County Traffic Engineering Department, which had “no traffic issues with the

proposal.”1 As our Supreme Court explained in Bartenfeld,supra, “opposition [based]

upon . . . generalized fear, not specifically shown to exist under the facts of this case,

[is] insufficient” to rise to the level of any evidence. Id. at 770 (3). Following the

majority’sline of reasoning leadsto the conclusion thatspecific, unsubstantiated fears

somehow hold more weight than general, unsubstantiated fears. Regardless of how

narrowly the fear or issue isframed, if it still is “not specifically shown to exist under

the facts of the case,” it does not rise to the level of any evidence. (Emphasis

supplied.) Id. (hearing testimony in opposition to development regarding generalized

fear that landfills lower property values and create traffic problems insufficient

1 The issue of traffic was raised in a petition opposing the proposed

developmentsubmitted to the Commission.The majority neglectsto point out that the

record also contains a second written petition signed by localresidentssupporting the

proposed development. Simply put, these rival petitions show public opposition to

and support of the proposed development, both grounded on generalized points of

view rather than facts supported by evidence.

4
evidence). Compare Jackson County v. Earth Resources, Inc., 280 Ga. 389, 391 (627

SE2d 569)(2006) (land planning staff’s conclusion that landfill would be inconsistent

with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, certified real estate appraiser’s opinion that

the landfill would negatively affect surrounding property values, and testimony of

nearby towns’ officials regarding the negative impact of truck traffic amounted to

more than generalized fears concerning landfills and supported zoning body’s denial

of special use permit);2 Fulton County v. Congregation of Anshei Chesed, 275 Ga.

856, 858-859 (2) (572 SE2d 530) (2002) (evidence that the introduction of similar

“institutional uses” in a neighborhood across the street had led to increased density

development, threatening “the stability of the neighborhood,” was sufficient to

support the zoning body’s decision to deny a conditional use permit for a place of

worship within a single-family residential neighborhood), disapproved of on other

grounds by City of Cumming v. Flowers, 300 Ga. 820 (797 SE2d 846) (2017).

The majority offers that “the planning report stated that the re-zoning would

cause ‘negative impacts’ [such] as light and noise from the rail cars and diesel

2 By contrast, here, the planning staff report concluded that the proposed

development would not have an adverse effect on the comprehensive land

development plan and that there was “no evidence provided that [the proposed]

development [would] adversely affect[] property values in adjacent areas.” 

5
locomotives’” to support its foregone conclusion that the proposed development

would negatively impact adjacent properties. However, the planning reportstatesthat

these were negative impacts that “could affect adjacent properties.” (Emphasis

supplied.) Furthermore, the planning report, after identifying these potential negative

impacts, went on to outline the various remedial measures Epic proposed to

counteract the possibility of these impacts, including that the development would

include a 100-foot undisturbed tree buffer, providing a vertical screen as well as

horizontal separation from the residences on the opposite side of Barnes Ferry Road.

The staff also explained that Epic had designed the transfer facility as a loop such that

rail cars would not be uncoupled and recoupled to transfer the ethanol, thus limiting

the process’s noise. During the final hearing, Epic presented testimony from its land

planner that the only noise would come from the train cars traveling on the loop and

the transfer process, which would only occur around once per month. According to

him, the noise generated from the unloading would be less than the noise already

generated by the main rail line and two nearby airports. The design project manager

testified that the transfer facility would utilize electrical pumps, making the process

“relatively quiet” and that the “loop” design, such that train cars would not have to

uncouple and recouple, would further reduce noise. He also explained at the hearing

6
that the lighting for the transfer area would be concentrated at the “loop” and

“directional,” meaning it would be pointed down toward the operational area. The

record is devoid of any evidence that despite those measures there would still be

“negative impacts” from light or noise. Compare City of Roswell v. Fellowship

Christian School, Inc., 281 Ga. 767-768 (1) (642 SE2d 824) (2007) (zoning body was

authorized to deny permit for high school stadium when applicant’s own evidence

showed that the stadium would add to the already existing adverse traffic conditions

in the area due to two other stadiums within one mile, and no practical remedial

measures could be taken to counteract that negative consequence). 

The majority also points to the planning report’s note “that ethanol is a

‘hazardous and flammable liquid that could pose a danger to the adjacent residents

7
in the event of a derailment, spill, or fire.’”

3 Again, the majority omits that the

planning report goes on to consider the proposed remedial measures:

[Epic] must maintain compliance with several federal and state

requirements that are designed to mitigate potential dangers associated

with the transfer of ethanol liquid. . . . The applicant has outlined a plan

to mitigate negative impactsto the nearby property ownersincluding the

possibility of relocating the ethanol transfer station to a different area of

the site [with a greater distance from residences]. 

The record shows that Epic provided the Commission with its work instructions and

safety checklist to be completed each time a transfer occurred, a detailed outline of

operational procedures, and a summary of the proposed spill containment system for

the facility, including the applicable regulations. During the final hearing, the design

3

In its initial report on Epic’s re-zoning application, the planning report

recommended granting Epic’s request to re-zone. However, the planning staff later

issued an amended report based on information regarding ethanol that had since come

to light. According to the report, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety

Administration (PHMSA) added ethanol to its definition of “hazardous liquids” in

March of 2015, meaning PHMSA had determined that ethanol was a substance which

“may pose an unreasonable risk to life or property when transported by a hazardous

liquid pipeline facility in a liquid state” pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 60101 (a) (4) (B).

(Emphasis supplied.) PHMSA’s decision was based on the projected increase in

biofuels demand; the belief that pipeline transportation was a more efficient mode of

transportation with a consistently lower accident rate than other modes of

transportation; and the need for uniformoversight and consistentregulation of energy

liquids by PHMSA. Despite this new information, the planning staff did not

recommend denying the request to re-zone.

8
project manager, an engineer, testified that the facility would have a containment area

— regulated by federal, state, and county guidelines — where any drips or spills

would be captured. When questioned by the Commission, he also explained that no

vapors or fumes would escape during the process because it is a “closed system,”

meaning the ethanol is “suck[ed]” out of the train car while air is pumped into the car.

Again, no specific evidence was offered to rebut this testimony apart from vocalized

and unsubstantiated concerns of “human error[].” 

In sum, the opposition to the conditional use application was based almost

wholly upon the prior NuStar jet-fuel pipeline leak which occurred over 30 years ago

along with the affected residents’ dissatisfaction with the remediation process and the

perceived lack of communication about that spill.

4 Because I believe the superior

4 NuStar held a meeting with some of the affected residents in May of 2015 to

explain the remediation efforts and the progressthat had been made. An official from

the Georgia Department of Public Health sent a memorandum dated June 2, 2015, to

the Macon-Bibb County Environmental Health Manager after “a resident of Barnes

Ferry Road raised concerns of the proposed Epic . . . Ethanol transfer rail spur

rezoning. . . .” The memorandum clarified that “[t]he past [jet-fuel] incident and its

cleanup is [a] separate issue from the proposed rail spur,” and included a summary

of the jet-fuel pipeline leak and the remediation efforts. The memorandum explained

that Epic had submitted a required safety plan to the PHMSA which covered safety

protocol for staff training, equipment, and procedures on how to respond to

emergency situations. Additionally, the memorandum set forth general information

about ethanol, including that ethanol rapidly biodegrades in soil and water; any

released ethanol vapor disperses rapidly; and “[f]rom a toxicity and environmental

9
court clearly grappled with an emotionally charged issue and properly concluded that

no evidence supported the Commission’s decision under the appropriate standard of

review, I respectfully dissent.

standpoint, denatured fuel grade Ethanol is a safer alternative to the 50/50 mix of

gasoline and kerosene that comprised [the jet-fuel pipeline leak].” The land planner’s

report echoes this, citing a portion of a class given to firefighters on ethanol as

follows: “Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol. Carcinogenic compounds

are not present in pure ethanol.” 

10