UPPER ARM CIRCUMFERENCE --EXTENDED

Subject stands erect with arms hanging extended at her sides.

Holding

the tape at the same level as the previous measurement, measure
circumference of the relaxed bicep.

N 422
MEAN 23.32 + 0.07 CM.
S.D. 1.35 +0.05 CM.
MINI MUM 19.50 CM.
MAXI MUM 27.00 CM.
C.Ve 5.80 @
CM. INe
L 20.18 7.94
2 20.54 8.09
3 20.76 8.17
3 21.07 8.30
10 21.56 8.49
15 21.89 8.62
P 20 22.15 8.72
E 25 22.38 8.81
R 30 22.58 8.89
c 35 22.77 8.97
E 40 22.96 9.04
N 45 23.13 9.11
T 50 23.31 9.18
I 55 23248 9.25
Ll 60 23266 9232
E 65 23284 9.39
Ss 70 24.04 9.46
75 24.24 9.54
80 24.47 9264
85 24.74 9.74
90 25.06 9.87
95 25.52 10.05
97 25.80 10.16
98 26.00 10.24
99 26228 10.35

59

9.18

0.53

IN.
IN.

IN.

IN.



ANTERIOR THIGH SKINFOLD

Subject stands with left leg slightly flexed. Using the Lange skinfold
caliper, measure the thickness of the skinfold at the anterior midline
of the level marked for thigh circumference,

N 400
MEAN 19.67 + 0.22 MM. 0.77 + 0.01 IV.
$.0. 4.48 + 0.16 MM. 0.18 + 0.01 IN.
MINIMUM 4.00 MM. 0.16 IN.
MAXI MUM 33.00 MM. 1.30 IN.
Cee 22.75 % 22.75 %
MM. IN.

1 9.88 0.39

2 11.26 0.44

3 12.04 0.47

5 13.02 0.51

10 14.40 0.57

15 15.31 0.60

P 20 16.03 0.63
E 25 16.68 0.66
R 30 17.27 0.68
c 35 17.83 0.70
E 40 18.38 0.72
N 45 18.93 0.75
T 50 19.49 0.77
I 55 20.07 0.79
L 60 20.68 0.81
E 65 21.32 0.84
s 70 22.02 0.87
75 22.79 0.90
80 23.67 0.93
85 24.71 0.97
90 26.04 1.03
95 27.96 1.10
oT 29.14 1.15
98 29.94 1.18
99 31.05 1.22

25





HIP BREADTH, STANDING

Subject stands erect with weight evenly distributed on both feet,
Using the anthropometer, measure the maximum transverse diameter
of the hips,

N 422
MEAN 33.07 +0.07 CM 13.02 +0.03 IN.
SD. 1.47 40.05 CM. 0.58 + 0.02 IN.
MLNI MUM 24.90 CM. 9.80 IN.
MAXI MUM 38.00 CM. 14.96 IN.
C.Ve 4a4e % 444 %

CM. IN.

L 29.75 11672
2 30625 11.91
3 30.55 12.03
5 30.92 12.17
1031.45 12.38
1531.78 12.51
20 32.03 12.61
25 32.24 12.69
30 32.42 12.77
35 32.59 112.83
40 32.76 12:90
32.91 12.96
50 33.07 13.02
55 33.23 13.08
60 33.39 13.15
65 33.57 13.21
70 33.75 13.29
75 33.97 13.37
80 34.21 13.47
85 34.51 13.59
90 34.92 «13.75
95 35.60 = 14.02
97 36.09 14.21
98 36649 14436
9937416 14.63

“amMmermaZzmMormy
+
uw

68


HAND LENGTH

Subject extends her left hand with the palm upward and fingers together.
Using the sliding caliper with the bar parallel to the long axis of the hand,
measure the distance from the proximal edge of the navicular bone to the
tip of the middle finger,

N 423
MEAN 17.33 +0.04 CM 6.82+ 0.02 IN.
$.0. 0.79 +0.03 CM. O.31+ 0.01 IN.
MINIMUM 15.20 CM. 5.98 IN.
MAXI MUM 19.50 CM. 7.68 IN.
Cee 4.58 2% 4.58 %
CM. IN.

L 15.47 6.09

2 15.66 6.16

3 15.78 6.21

5 15.96 6.28

10 16.25 6.40

15 16.45 6048

Pp 20 16662 6.54 —
E 25° 16.75 6.60

R 30 16.88 6.64

c 35 17.00 6.69

E 40 17.11 6.73

N 45 17.21) 6.78

T 50 17.32 6.82

I 5517.42 6.86

L 60 17.53 6.90 —jfr
E 65 17.63 6.94

s

70 17.75 6.99
5 17.86 7.03
80 18.00 7.08
85 18.14 7.14
90 18.33 7.22
95 18.59 7.32
oT 18.75 7.38
98 18.86 7243
99 19.04 7.50

79


DISTRIBUTION OF ; BIRTHPLACES OF UNITED. STATES-BORN
SUBJECTS COMPARED TO CENSUS DIVISION DISTRIBUTION

TABLE 2

OF BIRTHS OF U.

S$. POPULATION IN 1950

Percent Percent U.S.

Birthplace No. of Sample Births 1950 Difference

NEW ENGLAND 32 7.9 5.4 2.5
(Conn., Maine, Mass.,
N. H., R. I., Vt.)

MIDDLE ATLANTIC 77 19.1 17.2 1.9
(N. Y., N. J., Pa.) ‘

EAST NORTH CENTRAL 103 25.6 19.8 5.8
(Ohio, Ind., Ill.,
Mich., Wisc.)

WEST NORTH CENTRAL 24 5.9 9.3 3.4
(Minn., Iowa, Mo., N. Dak.,
S. Dak., Nebr., Kans.)

SOUTH ATLANTIC 37 9.2 15.4 6.2
(Del., Md., D. C., Va.,
W. Va., N. C., S. C., Ga.,
Fla.)

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL 29 7.2 8.7 -1,5
(Ky., Tenn., Ala., Miss.)

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL 45 11.2 10.9 0.3
(Ark., La., Okla., Tex.)

MOUNTAIN 13 3.2 4.0 -0.8
(Mont., Idaho, Wyo., Colo.,
N. Mex., Ariz., Utah, Nev.)

PACIFIC 43 10.7 9.4 1.3

(Wash., Oreg., Calif.,
Alaska, Hawaii)

15



WRIST BREADTH

Subject stands with arm slightly abducted. Using the sliding caliper
with firm pressure, measure the distance between the radial and ulnar
styloid prominences of the left wrist.

N 422
MEAN 5.03 + 0.01 CM. 1.98 + 0.01 IN.
$.0. 0.27 + 0.01 CM. 0.11 + 0.00 IN.
MINI MUM 4.20 CM. 1.65 IN.
MAXI MUM 5.80 CM. 2.28 IN.
C.Ve 5.38 & 5.38 &
CM. IN.
L 4.27 1.68
2 4.40 1.73
3 4.48 1.76
5 4.57 1.80
10 4.70 1.85
15 4.78 1.88
P 20 4.83 1.90
E 25 4.88 1.92
R 30 4.92 1.94
c 35 4.96 1.95
E 40 4.99 1.96
N 45 5.02 1.98
T 50 5.05 1.99
I 55 5.08 2.00
L 60 5.12 2.01
E 65 5.15 2.03
s 70 5.18 2.04

75 522 2.06
80 5.26 2.07
85 5.32 2.09

90 5.39 2.12
95 5.50 2.16
37 5.57 2.19
98 5.63 2.22
99 5.73 2.26

74


ST Y LION HEIGHT

Subject stands erect with arms hanging naturally at her sides, Using

the anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
left stylion.

N 422

MEAN 81.16 + 0.16 CM. 31.95 + 0.06 IN.

$.D. 3.37 £0.12 CM. 1.33 + 0.05 IN.

“MINIMUM 72.20 CM. 28.43 INe

MAXI MUM : 90.60 CM. 35.67 INe

cee (415 8B 4.15%
cM. IN.

lL 73.90 29.09

2 74.56 29235
3 75.03 29.54

5 75.72 29-81
10 76.87 30.26
15 77.68 30.58
20 78.33 30.84
25 78.90 31.06
30 79.42 31427
35 79.89 31645
40° 80.34 31.63
80.78 31.80
50 81-21 31.97
55. 81.64 32414
60 82.08 32.431
65 82.53 32449
70 83.00 32468
75 83.52 32.88
80 84.10 33611
85 84.79 33238
90° 85.67 33.73
95 87.04 34.27
97 37.99 34.64
98 88.73 34.93
99 89.97 35.42

amr aZzMowmy
+
w

32


REFERENCES

Snow, C. C., J. J. Carroll, and M. A. Allgood: Survival in
Emergency Escape from Passenger Aircraft. FAA Office of
Aviation Medicine Report No. AM 70-16, 1970.

National Transportation Safety Board. A Study of U. S. Air f
Carrier Accidents, 1964-1969. National Transportation Safety
Board Report No. NISB-AAS 72-5, 1972.

Mott, D. R., and B. J. Boadwine: Accident/Incident Research
Summary. Steward and Stewardess Division of the Air Line Pilots
Association, Engineering and Air Safety Department, Nov. 1970.

Bradley, J. V.: Distribution-Free Statistical Tests,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968.

Hertzberg, H. T. E., G. S. Daniels, and E, Churchill: Anthropometry
of Flying Personnel. WADC Technical Report No. 52-321, Wright Air
Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, United
States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954.

Hertzberg, H. T. E., E . Churchill, C. W. Dupertuis, R. M. White,
and A. Damon: Anthropometric Survey of Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1963.

Clauser, C. E., P. E. Tucker, J. T. McConville, E. Churchill,

L. L. Laubach, and J, A, Reardon: Anthropometry of Air Force
Women, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical
Division, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air

Force Base, Ohio, National Technical Information Service, 1972.

U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 93rd Edition, Washington, D. C., 1972.

103


ELBOW RESTING HEIGHT

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, upper arms
hanging at her sides, and lower arms extended forward horizontally.
Using the anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the
sitting surface to the lowest bony point at the tip of the left elbow.

N 423

ME AN 24.06 +012 CM.

$.0. 2-52 + 0.09 CM.
MINIMUM 16.30 CM.
MAXI MUM 31.00 CM.
C.Ve 10.49 %
CM. IN.
L 17.60 6.93
2 18.40 7.24
3 18.91 7.45
5 19.62 7.72
10 20.71 8.15
15 21.43 8.44
P 20 21.99 8.66
E 25 22.47 8.85
R 30 22.88 9.01
c 35 23226 9.16
E 40 23.62 9230
N 45 23.95 9.43
T 50 24.28 9.56
I 55 24.59 9.68
L 60 24.91 9.81
E 65 25422 9.93
Ss 70 25.55 10.06
75 25.90 10.20
80 26.27 10.34
85 26.69 10.51
90 27.21 10.71
95 27.94 11.00
97 28.40 11.18
98 28.73 11.31
99 29.26 11.52

39

9047

0.99

I+

0.05 IN.
0.03 IN.
6642 IN.

12.20 IN.

10.49 %



CHEST BREADTH

Subject stands erect with arms initially raised and then lowered when
the instrument is in place. Using the anthropometer, measure the
horizontal breadth of the chest at the level of the inferior margin of
the xiphoid process of the sternum,

N 422
ME AN 24.06 + 0.07 CM. 9.47 +0.03 IN.
S.De 1.39 + 0.05 CM. 0.55 +0.02 IN.
MINI MUM 20.40 CM. 8.03 IN.
MAXI MUM 27.70 CM. 10.91 IN.
Ce Ve 5.77 & 5.77 &
CM. IN.

L 21.24 8.36

2 21.36 8.41

3 21.49 8.46

5 21.73 8.55

10 22.18 8.73
15 22.52 8.87

P 20 22.81 8.98
— 25 23.07 9.08
R 30 23.29 9.17
c 35 23.51 9.25
E 40 23.71 9233
N 45 23.90 9.41
T 50 24.09 9.48
I 55 24.27 9.56
L 60 24.45 9.63
E 65 24.64 9.70
s 70 24.84 9.78

75 25.04 9.86

80 25-27 9.95
85 25.52 10.05
90 25.85 10.18
95 26.33 10.37
97 26.66 10.50
98 26.92 10.60
99 27.37 10.78



SPHYRION HEIGHT

Subject stands erect with feet approximately 12 inches apart and left
foot slightly forward, Holding the fixed branch of the sliding caliper
in contact and parallel to the floor, measure the vertical height of the
sphyrion with the movable branch,

N 420
MEAN 6.89 +
S.D. 0.61 +
MINIMUM
MAXI MUM
CeVe
cM.
L 5.47
2 5.63
3 5.73
5 5.87
10 6.08
15 6423
Pp 20 6.35
E 25 6.45
R 30 6.54
c 35 6.63
E 40 6.71
N 45 6.79
T 50 6.87
I 55 6.96
L 60 7.04
E 65 7.13
s 70 7.22
5 7.32
80 7.43
85 7.55
90 Te7L
95 7.94
97 8.08
98 8.18
99 8.31

0.03
0.02
5.20
8.70

8.86

CM.
CM.
CM.

CM.

INe

2015
2.22
2.26
2.31
240
2645
2.50
2.54
2.58
2-61
2.64
2.67
2.71
2.74
2.77
2.81
2.84
2.88
2.92
2.97
3.04
3.13
3.18
3.22
327

85

2.71 40.01 IN.
0.24 +0.01 IN.
2.05 IN.
3643 INe

8.86 %


ILIOSPINALE BREADTH

Subject stands erect with weight evenly distributed on both feet.
Using the anthropometer, measure the transverse distance between
the centers of the anterior superior iliac spines,

N 406

MEAN 22.11 + 0.08 CM. 8.70 +0.03 IN.
S.D. 1.59 + 0.06 CM. 0.63 +0.02 IN.
MINI MUM 18.30 CM. 7.20 IN.
MAXI MUM 29.50 CM. 11.61 IN.
C.Vve 7.20 % 7220 &

CM. IN.
1 18.63 7.34
2 19.02 7.49
3 19.28 7.59
5 19.63 7.73
10 20.18 7.94
15 20.55 8.09
20 20.85 8.21
25 21.10 8.31
30 21.33 8.40
35 21.53 8.48
40 21.73 8.56
21.92 8.63
50 22.11 8.70
55 22.30 8.78
60 22.49 8.85
65 22.68 8.93
70 22.90 9.0L
75 23213 9e1ll
80 23.39 9.21
85 23.71 9.33
90 24.13 9.50
95 24.81 9.77
97 25229 9.96
98 25.68 10.11
99 26.35 10.37

“umMraazMODamMs
+
IN)

67


ELBOW-HAND LENGTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, upper arms
hanging to her side and lower arms and hands extended forward

, horizontally. Using the anthropometer, measure the distance from
the back of the left elbow to the tip of the middle finger.

N 423
MEAN 43.52 +0.08 CM. 17.13 +0.03 IN.
$.D. 1.71 +0.06 CM. 0.67 +002 INe
MINI MUM 39.20 CM. 15.43 IN.
MAXI MUM 49.10 CM. 19.33 IN.
C.Ve 3.9% % 3.94 %
CMe INe

1 39294 15.73

2 40.20 15.83

3 40.41 15.91

5 40.74 16.04

10 41.32 16.27
15 41.74 16.43
20 42208 16.57
25 42.38 16.69
30 42.65 16.79
35 42.90 16.89
40 43.13 16.98
45 43.35 17.07
50 43.57 17.15
55 43.79 17.24
60 44.01 17.33
65 44023 17.41
70 44.46 17.50
75 44.71 17.60
80 44.99 17.71
6 85 45.31 17.84

90 45074 18.01

95 46240 18.27

97 46.88 18.46

98 47226 18.61

99 47293 18.87

umereazmoames

45



MINIMUM FRONTAL HEAD BREADTH

Subject sits, Holding the spreading caliper near the tips, measure the
minimum horizontal distance between the greatest indentation of the
temporal crests,

N 423

MEAN 107.28 + 0.21 MM. 4.22 + 0.01 IN.
$.D. 4.36 +0.15 MM. 0.17 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 95.00 MM. 3-74 IN.
MAXI MUM 123.00 MM. 4.84 IN.
C.Ve 4.07 3% 4.07 %

MM. IN.

1 98.49 3.88
2 99.52 3.92
3 100.16 3.94
5 101.03 3.98
10 102.38 4.03
15 103.32 4.07
20 104.07 4.10
25 104.74 4.12
30 105.35 4.15
35 105.92 417
40 106.47 4.19
107.02 421
50 107.56 4.23
55 108.12 4.26
60 108.69 4.28
65 109.29 4.30
70 109.93 4.33
75 110.63 4.36
80 111.43 4.39
85 112.36 4042
90 113.55 4.47
95 115.32 4.54
97 116.46 4.59
98 117.29 4.62
99 118.55 4.67

“mere azmonmes
+
w

87


Stewardess Training Academy officials , when contacted, readily agreed
to cooperate by providing space and assistance with stipulations that we
not interfere with regular training schedules and that the subjects be
volunteers.

A review of training schedules revealed that trainees were free on
four weekends during their 6-week training period. Accordingly, anthro-
pometrics were scheduled for Saturdays and Sundays. Since subjects wore
bathing suits, problems of taking measurements over clothing were negligible
except for one dimension, bust circumference. In this instance, arrange-
ments were made with the clinic nurse to obtain a nude bust circumference
on each applicant as she presented herself for a routine chest X-ray.
Since a number of subjects had been recently X-rayed prior to training,
they were not reexamined and our sample for this measurement was reduced
accordingly.

To induce trainees to volunteer for measurement, their instructors
explained the purpose of the project to each incoming class, This briefing
was supplemented by a form letter in which objectives and procedures of
the project were explained in detail. Further inducement was provided by
payment of a subject fee of 3 dollars for each volunteer. Of the 763
trainees processed through the training academy in this survey, 423 (55.4%)
volunteered for measurements.

Reliance on volunteer subjects raises a question of sample reliability.
There is the possibility, for example, that exceptionally tall or short
individuals, or those with peculiarities of physique, might be hesitant
to expose themselves to anthropometric scrutiny. In the present case,

the possibility of such bias was to an extent minimized by the rather


ANTHROPOMETRY OF AIRLINE STEWARDESSES

Introduction.

On November 22, 1964, a TWA Boeing 707 crashed on takeoff at Rome's
Fiumicino Airport. In addition to the regular complement of five
stewardesses, this flight carried six other TWA stewardesses, five of
whom were trayeling together to Cairo as a "deadhead" crew; the sixth
off-duty stewardess was traveling with her parents on vacation.

After the aircraft skidded to a stop, it was engulfed in flames and,
a few seconds later, the cabin was rocked by the explosion of a fuel
tank. Approximately 20 seconds after the initial explosion, there was a
second and much larger explosion, which killed all passengers and
crewmembers still within the cabin and many others already outside but
in the immediate vicinity of the aircraft. In this accident, two of the
five regular crew stewardesses were killed and the three survivors were
seriously injured. All six of the off-duty stewardesses also died. The
bodies of five of the off-duty stewardesses were found aboard the aircraft;
the sixth stewardess, who was severely burned, died in the hospital
24 hours after the accident. From survivor accounts and from the location
of the bodies within the wreckage, it was apparent that most of these
stewardesses, including those nominally off duty, died while assisting
other. Passengers to escape.

While this may seem a strange introduction to a report concerned

Primarily with the body measurements of airline stewardesses, it serves


BUTTOCK-KNEE LENGTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting on a surface adjusted so that the knees

are bent at about right angles.

Using the anthropometer, measure the

horizontal distance from the rearmost surface of the left buttock to the

front of the kneecap.

N 423
MEAN 57.46 + 0.11 CM.
S.De 2.35 + 0.08 CM.
MINI MUM 48.20 CM.
MAXI MUM 66.10 CM.
Cove 4.09 &
CM IN.
1 52021 20.56
2 52.84 20.80
3 53.23 20.96
5 53.76 21.17
10 54.57 21.48
15 55.11 21.70
P 20 55.54 21.87
E 25 55.91 22.01
R 30 56025 22.14
c 35 56.56 22.27
E 40 56.86 22.38
N 45 57.15 22.50
T 50 57044 22.61
I 55 57.73 22.73
L 60 58.03 22.84
E 65 58.3% 22.97
s 70 58.67 23.10
75 59.03 23.24
80 59045 23.40
85 59.93 23.60
90 60.56 + 23.84
95 61.53 24.22
97 62.18 24.48
98 62.66 24.67
99 63.45 24.98

42

+ 0.04 IN.

0.03 INe

18.98 IN.

26.02 IN.

4.09



HUMERAL EPICONDYLAR BREADTH

Subject stands with upper arm slightly abducted and elbow flexed,
Using the sliding caliper with maximum pressure to compress the
flesh, measure the distance between the medial and lateral epicondyles
of the left humerus,

N 422

MEAN 6.06 +0.02 CM. 2.39 + 0.01 IN.
$.D. 0.31 +0.01 CM. 0.12 + 0.00 IN.
MINI MUM 5.00 CM. 1.97 IN.
MAXI MUM 7.00 CM. 2.76 IN.
C.Ve 5eli 2 5o11 %

CM. IN.
1 5.29 2.08
2 5.42 2.13
3 5.49 2.16
5 5.57 2.19
10 5.68 2.24
15 5.75 2.26

P 20 5.80 2-28
E 25 5.84 2.30
R 30 5.89 2.32
c 35 5.93 2.33
E 40 5.97 2.35
N 45 6.01 2.36
T 50 6.05 2.38
I 55 6.09 2.40
L 60 6.13 2-41
E 65 6.18 2243
s 70 6623 2245
75 6029 2248
80 6.35 2.50
85 6.42 2.53
90 6.52 2.57
95 6.64% 2061
97 6.70 2.64
98 6.74 2.65
99 6.77 2.66

73


FOOT LENGTH

Subject stands with her feet about 12 inches apart and weight evenly
distributed, Holding the sliding caliper parallel to the long axis of the
foot, measure the distance between the most posterior point on the
heel to the most anterior point on the longest toe.

N 422

MEAN 23.87 + 0.05 CM. 9.40 + 0.02 IN.
‘Se De 1.05 + 0.04 CM. 0.41 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 20.50 CM. 8.07 IN.
MAXI MUM 27.50 CM. 10.83 IN.
Le Ve 4.41 8 4041 8

CM. INe
1 21.51 8.47
2 21.77 8.57
3 21.94 8.64
5 22.17 8.73
10 22.52 8.86
15 22.76 8.96

P 20 22.95 9.03
E 25 23.12 9.10
R 30 23.27 9.16
c 35 23.41 9.22
E 40 23.55 9.27
N 45 23.68 9.32
T 50 23.81 9.38
1 55 23.95 9.43
L 60 24.09 9.48
E 65 24.23 9.54
Ss 70 24.38 9.60

75 24.54 9.66

80 24.73 9.73

85 24.94 9.82
90 25220 9.92
95 25.58 10.07
97 25.82 10.17
98 25299 10.23
99 26.23 10.33


TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

T. Report No.
FAA-AM- 75-2

2. Government Accession No.

3, Recipient's Catalog No.

‘4. Title and Subtitle

ANTHROPOMETRY OF AIRLINE STEWARDESSES

5. Report Date
March 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)
Clyde C. Snow, PhD
Herbert M. Reynolds, PhD

Mackie A. Allgood, MS

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P. 0. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

10, Work Unit No.

TY. Contract or Grant No.

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addres=
Office of Aviation Medicine
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S. W.
Washington, D. C. 20591

OAM Report

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

Research leading to preparation of this report was performed under
Projects AM-B-71-PRS-48, AM-B-72-PRS~48, and AM-B~73-PRS-48.

16. Abstract

This report presents the body measurements of 423 stewardess trainees enrolled
in the American Airlines Stewardess Training Academy in Fort Worth, Texas,

It includes the means, standard deviations,
coefficients of variation, percentiles, and related statistics of 72 standard
anthropometric and functional measurements.
adequate criteria for improving the emergency equipment availability and

between February and June 1971.

workspace design for the stewardess.

The survey was initiated to provide

17. Key Words
Aviation Medicine, Anthropometry, Civil
Aviation, Stewardess, Human Factors

18. Distribution Statement

Document is available to the public
through the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield,

Virginia 22151
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 2. No. of Pages | 22. Price
Unclassified Uncl. £ $3.00 PC
classified 103 $ .95 MF

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69)


Figure 1

qable l.

Table 2.

fable 3.

Table 4.

Table A-1.

Table A-2.

Table A-3.
Table A-4,

Table A-5,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Age distribution of subjects

LIST OF TABLES

Comparison of first-day heights and weights of
stewardess trainees who volunteered for
anthropometrics with those of stewardess
trainees who did not volunteer

Distribution of birthplaces of United States-
born subjects compared to census division
distribution of births of U. S. population
in 1950

Level and type of education of anthropometric
sample

List of measurements

Percentages of stewardesses employed by 55
United States, Canadian, and Caribbean
airlines in relation to 1971 minimum and
maximum recruiting age limits

Percentages of stewardesses employed by 55
major United States, Canadian, and Caribbean
airlines in relation to 1971 minimum and
maximum height limits

Weight maximum (pounds) per unit height for
14 airlines employing 400 or more stewardesses

Specified weight minimum for seven airlines
employing 400 or more stewardesses

Maximum girth measurements (inches) per
unit height

PAGE
13

10

15

17
19

94

95

97

99

100


RADIALE HEIGHT

Subject stands erect with arms hanging naturally at her sides, Using
the anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
left radiale.

N 422

MEAN 104.30 +0.18 CM. 41.06 + 0.07 IN.
S$.D. 3.78 £0.13 CM. 1.49 + 0.05 IN.
MINI MUM 94.70 CM. 37.28 IN.
MAXI MUM 133.30 CM. 52248 IN.
C.Ve 3.63 % 3.63 %

CM. IN.
L 96.46 37.98
2. 97.02 38.20
3 97246 38.37
5 98.14 38.64
10 99.35 39.12
15 100.25 39.47
20 100.98 39.76
25 101.63 40.0i
30 102.22 40.24
35 102.77 40.46
40 103.29 40.67
103.80 40.86
50 104.30 41.06
55 104.79 41.26
60 105.30 41.45
65 105.81 41.66
70 106.36 41.87
75 106.9% - 42.10
80 107.60 42.36
85 108.35 42.66
90 109.31 43.03
i 95 110.75 43.60
; 97 111.72 43.98
98 112.46 44.28
99° 113.68 44.176

YMre AH ZMODMV
+
wy

30


BIGONIAL BREADTH

Subject sits, Holding the spreading caliper near the tips and using
firm contact, measure the maximum horizontal width of the jaw across
the gonial angles,

N 422

MEAN 97.14 +0.21 MM. 3.82 + 0.01 IN.
S.D. 4e23 +0.15 MM. 0O.17+ O.O1 IN.
MINI MUM 85.00 MM. 3.35 IN.
MAXI MUM 113.00 MM. 4.45 IN.
C.V. 4.36 &@ 4.36 &

MM. INe

L 88.92 3.50
2 89.61 3253
3 90.12 3.55
5 90.90 3.58
10 92.24 3.63
15 93.20 3.67
20 93.99 3.70
25 94.69 3.73
30 95-32 3.75
35 95.91 3.78
40 96.46 3.80
97.00 3.82
50 97.54 3.84
55 98.07 3.86
60 98.61 3.88
65 99.17 3.90
70 99.76 3.93
75 100.40 3.95
80 101.1: 3.98

YUMraeaZMoODM
+
uw

85 101.94 4.01
90 103.00 4.05
95 104.61 412

97 105.69 4.16
98 106.53 4.19
99 107.91 4025

89


BIMALLEOLAR BREADTH

Subject stands with her legs slightly apart and weight equally distributed on
both feet, Holding the sliding caliper perpendicular to the long axis of the
left foot, measure horizontally across the maximum protrusions of the
medial and lateral malleoli,

N 406

MEAN 6.28 +0.01 CM. 2.47 + 0.01 IN.

$.D. 0.29 +0.01 CM. O.11 + 0.00 IN.

MINIMUM 5.10 CM. 2.01 IN.

MAXI MUM 7.10 CM. 2.80 IN.

C.Ve 4.61 % 4.61 %
CM IN.

1 5.62 2621
2 5072 2.25
3 5.77 2.27
5 5.85 2.30
10 5.96 2.35
15 6.04 2.38

P 20 6.09 2.40
E 25 6014 2.42
R 30 6019 2044
c 35 6.23 2245
E 40 6.26 2.47
N 45 6230 2.48
T 50 6.33 2.49
I 55 6.37 2.51
L 60 6.40 2.52
E 65 6044 2.54
s 70 6.48 2.55

75 6.52 2.57

80 6.57 2.59

85 6.63 2.61

90 6.70 2.64

95 6.80 2.68
97 6.87 2671
98 6.93 2.73
99 7.01 2.76

84


Description of Sample.

Age. From the subject's birth date, her age at the time of measure-
ment was computed to the nearest 0.01 year. Figure 1 shows the age
distribution of the sample, The range of 19.5 to 27.8 years reflects
American Airlines recruiting standards of a minimum of 19.5 years with no
maximum but a stated preference for applicants under 28 years of age.

The mean age of the 423 subjects was 22.08 years.

Race, Most of the subjects were racially classified by phenotypic
examination during anthropometry. In a few doubtful cases, the subject
was asked to state her race. Classification was limited to the major
racial stocks of white, Negro, and mongoloid--the last including all
Orientals and the single American Indian (Choctaw) subject. Of the 423
subjects, 381 (90.1%) were white, 32 (7.6%) were Negro, and 10 (2.3%)
were mongoloid.

Birthplace. Of the 423 subjects of this study, 20 (4.73%) were
foreign-born. This percentage is slightly lower than that of the U. S.
population (5.452).8 Birthplaces of the foreign-born subjects are

as follows:

Canada 3 Korea 1
West Indies 3 Indonesia 1
Peru 1 Philippines_2
Germany 4

Total 20
Austria 2
Japan 1
China 2

12


HIP CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect, Holding the tape in a horizontal plane, measure
the circumference of the hip at the level of maximum posterior protru-
sion of the buttocks.

N 422
MEAN 90.06 + 0.16 CM. 35.46 +0.06 IN.
S.D. 3034+ O.1L CM 1.31 40.05 IN.
MINI MUM 81.20 CM. 31.97 IN.
MAXI MUM 99.80 CM. 39.29 IN.
C.Ve 3.71 2% 3.71 %
CM. IN.
l 82.37 32.43
2 83.33 32.81
3 83.92 33.04
5 84.71 33.35
10 85.88 33.81
15 86.66 34.12
P 20 87.28 34.36
E 25 87.80 34.57
Rg 30 88.27 34.75
c 35 88.71 34.93
E 40 89.13 35.09
N 45 89.53 35.25
T 50 89.94 35.41
I 55 90.35 35.57
L 60 90.77 35.73
E 65 91.21 35.91
Ss 70 91.68 36.09

75 92.20 36.30
80 92.79 36.53
85 93.51 36.81
90 94.44 37.18
95 95.92 37.76
97 96.94% 38.17
98 97.73 38.48
99 99.04 38.99

54


Weight. Only a few airlines specify minimum and maximum weights as
recruiting limits. Instead, they maintain height-weight tables that
specify a maximum weight for a given height. In some instances, a minimum
weight for each height ‘is also specified; in others, no minimums are speci-
fied, but presumably an applicant appearing abnormally thin for her height
is subject to rejection by airline interviewers. Most airlines require that
a stewardess maintain her "table weight" throughout her career. A few
allow a slight increase (usually 2-5 pounds) after age 35.

The origins of these tables are not always clear. Some were
apparently devised by airline health officials using various medical
sources. Others were devised by stewardess training officials and are
based merely on their general impression of the maximum weight at which
a stewardess “looks good" for her height. The height-weight table of
American Airlines is adopted from that of a well-known modeling agency.
The tables of many smaller airlines were simply borrowed from their
larger competitors (See Table A~2),

In Table A-3 are the height maximum and weight requirements for the
14 major airlines, which, together, employ more than 80 percent of the
active stewardess population. Inspection of this table shows that among
the airlines, the range of maximum allowable weights averages around
10 pounds for a given height category. For example, a 65-inch stewardess
employed by CP Air may not exceed 120 pounds, while her twin, if employed
by Continental, could weigh as much as 129 pounds.

Of the 14 major airlines employing 400 or more stewardesses, five

(Northwest Orient, American, Delta, United, and Continental) do not

96


FEMORAL BICONDYLAR BREADTH

Subject stands erect with left leg slightly flexed. Using the sliding
caliper with very firm contact, measure the transverse distance
between the lateral and medial femoral epicondyles.

N 421
MEAN 8.86 + 0.02 CM. 3.49 + 0.01 IN.
S$.D. 0.39 + 0.01 CM. 0.15 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 7.80 CM. 3.07 IN.
MAXI MUM 10.10 CM. 3.98 IN.
Ce Ve 4.40 % 4.40 %
CMe IN.

1 8.00 3415

2 8.10 3.19

3 8.17 3.22

5 8.26 3.25

10 8.41 3.31

15 8.51 3.35

P 20 8.58 3.38
E 25 8.65 3.41
R 30 8.71 3.43
c 35 8.76 3245
E 40 8.81 3.47
N 45 8.86 3.49
T 50 8.91 3.51
I 55 8.96 3.53
L 60 9.01 3.55
E 65 9.06 3.57
s 70 9ell 359

75 9.17 3.61
80 9.23 3264
85 9.31 3.66
90 9240 3.70

95 9.55 3.76
oT 9.65 3.80
98 9.72 3.83
99 9.85 3.88

75


SITTING HEIGHT

Subject sits erect with head in the Frankfort plane and feet resting
lightly on footrest, Using the anthropometer with its arm firmly
touching the scalp, measure vertically from the sitting surface to the

top of the head,

N 419

MEAN 87.05 + 0.14 CM. 34.27 + 0.05 IN.

S.D. 2.81 + 0.10 CM. 1.11 + 0.04 IN.

MINI MUM 79.10 CM, 31.14 IN.

MAXI MUM 96.60 CM. 38.03 IN.

Cove 3.22 2 3.22%
CM. IN.

1 80.52 31.70
2 81.23 31.98
3 81.671 = 3.2.17
5 82.38 32.43
10 83.44 = 32.85
15 84.16 «33.14
20 84.73 33.36
25° 85.22 33.55
30 85.65 33.72
35 86.05 33.88
40 86.42 34.02
86.78 34.16
50 87.13 34.30
55 87.47 34.46
60 87.82 34.57
65 88.18 34.72
70 88.55 34.86
75 88.96 35.02
80 89.42 35.20
85 89.95 35.41
90 90.64 35.69
95° 91.72 36.11
97 92.48 = 36.41
98 93.07 36.64
99 94.09 37.04

YOMremaZmMODmy
£
w

36


NECK CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect, Holding the tape perpendicular to the axis of the
neck at the level immediately below the thyroid cartilage, measure the
‘circumference of the neck.

N 421

MEAN 29.87 + 0.06 CM. 11.76 +0.02 IN.
$.D. 1.16 + 0.04 CM. 0.46 +0.02 IN.
MINIMUM 27.30 CM. 10.75 IN.
MAXI MUM 33.30 CM. 13.11 IN.

C.Ve 3.88 2 3.88 %

CM. IN.
1 27.58 10.86
2 27.79 «10.94
3 27.92 10.99
5 28.12 11.07

10 28.45 11.220

15 28.69 11.30

20 28.89 11.37

25 29.07 11644

30 29.24 11.51

35 29.40 11.57

40 29.55 11.63

29.70 11.69

50 29.85 11.75

55 30.01 11.81

60 30.17 11.88

65 30.34 11.94

70 30.52 12.01

75 30.71 12.09

80 30.93 12.18

85 31.18 12.28

90 31.51 | 12.40

95 31.97 12.59

97 32.26 12.70

98 32.46 «12.78

99 32.77 12.90

YMNreaeZMORMVY
+
w



WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect with arms slightly raised, Holding the tape in

a horizontal plane, measure the minimum circumference between the
\ superior margins of the iliac crest and the inferior lateral margins of

the thorax. The subject is instructed not to contract abdominal mus-

culature,

N 394

ME AN 62622 +0214 CM. 24.50 + 0.06 IN.
$.D. 2.80 +0.10 CM. 1.10 + 0.04 IN.
MINI MUM 55.50 CM. 21.85 IN.
MA XI MUM 71.00 CM. 27.95 IN.
C.Vve 4.50 % 4.50 %

CM. IN.

L 56.33. 22.18
2 56.91 22.40
3 57.30 22.56
5 57.86. 22.78
10 58.77 23.14
15 59.41 23.39
20 59.92 23.59
25 60.38 23.77
30 60.79 23.93
35 61.17 24.08
40 61.53 24.23
61.89 24.37
50 62.24 24.51
55 62.60 24.65
60 62.96 24.79
65 63.34 = 24.94
70 63.74 25.09
75 64.17 25.27
80 64.67 25.46
85 65.24 25.69
90 65.99 25.98
95 67.13 26.43
97 67.90 26.73
98 68.49 26.96
99 69.45 27.34

“mre aZzmMowmme
+
a

53



SHOULDER CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect with arms hanging relaxed at her sides. Holding
the tape in a horizontal plane, measure the maximum circumference of
the shoulders at the level of greatest lateral protrusion of the deltoid

muscles,

N 422

MEAN 95.53 +0.16 CM.

S.D. 3023 +0.11 CM.
MINI MUM 85.50 CM.
MAXI MUM 110.50 CM.
cv. 3.38 %
cM. IN.
lL 87.78 34456
2 88.89 34.99
3 89.55 35.25
5 90.40 35.59
10. 91.65 = 36.08
15 92.44 36.40
Pp 20 93.06 36.64
E 25 93.58 9-36.84
R 30 94.04 37.02
& 35. 94.46 © -37219
E 40 94.87 37.35
N 45 95.25 37.50
T 50 95.63 37.65
I 55 96.02 37.80
L 60 96.41 37.96
E 65 96.81 38.612
s 70 97.24 38.29
75 97.72 © 38.47
80 98.25 38.68
85 98.88 38.93
90 99.69 39.25
95 100.93 39.74
97 101.76 40.06
98 102.38 40.31
99 103.39 40.70

49

37.61 + 0.06 IV.
1.27 + 0.04 IV.

33.66 IN.

43.50 IN.

3.38 3



BUTTOCKS DEPTH

Subject stands erect, Using the anthropometer, measure the horizontal
distance between the anterior surface of the abdomen and the buttocks at
the level of maximum posterior protrusion,

N 421
MEAN 20.38 +0.05 CM. 8.03 + 0.02 IN.
$.D. 1.02 + 0.04 CM. 0.40 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 17.50 CM. 6.89 IN.
MAXI MUM 23.20 CM. 9.13 IN.
Cave 4.99 % 4.99 %
CM. IN.

1 18.18 7216

2 18.42 7.25

3 18.57 7.31

5 18.77 7.39
10 19.09 7.52
15 19.31 7.60

P 20 19.49 7.67
E 25 19.65 7.73
R 30 19.79 7.79
c 35 19.92 7.84
E 40 20.05 7.89
N 45 20.18 1.94
T 50 20.31 7.99
I 55 20.44 8.05
L 60 20.57 8.10
E 65 20.71 8.15
s 70 20.86 8.21
75 21.02 8.28
80 21.21 8.35
85 21.42 8.43
90 21.70 8.54
95 22.12 8.71
oT 22.38 8.8)
98 22.58 8.89
99 22.87 9.01

78


BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH

Subject sits. Holding the spreading caliper near the tips, measure the
maximum horizontal breadth of the face across the zygomatic arches.

N 423
MEAN 128.69 + 0.21 MM. 5.07 + 0.01 IN.
$.D. 4.39 + 0.15 MM. 0.17+ 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 116.00 MM. 4.57 IN.
MAXIMUM 141.00 MM. 5.55 IN.
Ce Ve 3.41 % 3641 %
MM. IN.

1 119.28 4.70

2 120.28 4.74

3 120.96 4.76

5 121.9¢ 4.80

10 123.52 4.86

15) 124.61 4o9L
20 125248 4.94
25 126.24 4.97
30 126.91 5.00
35 127,52 5.02
40 128.11 5.04
45 128.67 5.07
50 129.22 5.09
55 129.76 Sell
60 130.32 5.13
65 130.88 515
70 131.48 5.18
75 «132.12 5.20
80 132.84 5.23
85 133.68 5226
90 134.76 5.31
95 136.43 5.37
97 137.57 5 042
98 138.46 5245
99 139.96 5.51

YNraeaZzmMoams

88


BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting on a surface adjusted, so that the knees
are bent at about right angles and the calves are in contact with the edge of
the table. With a sheet of plexiglass touching the rearmost surface of the
buttocks and using the scale on the table surface, measure the horizontal
distance from the most posterior protrusion of the left buttock to the back

of the knee,

N 423

MEAN 48.17 + 0.12 CM.

S.D. 2.48 + 0.09 CM.
MINI MUM 39.20 CM.
MAXI MUM 56.70 CM.
C.Ve 5.16 %
cM. INe
L 42.72 16.82
2 43.32 17.06
3 43672-17221
5 44027 = 17043
10 45.14 «17.77
15 45-72 18.00
P 20 46.18 18.18
E 25 46.58 18.34
R 30 46.93 18.48
C 35 47.25 «18.60
E 40 47.56 18.72
N 45 47.86 18.84
T 50 48.15 18.96
I 55 48444 «= 19.07
L 60 48.74 19.19
E 65 49.05 19.31
s 70 49438 = 194644
75 49675 = 1959
80 50017 19.75
85 50.67 19.95
90 51634 20.21
95 52644 20.64
97 53424 20.96
98 53.88 21621
99 54.99 21.65

43

e
©
°

°
x
+

+ 0.05 IN.
0.98 + 0.03 IN.

15.43 IN.
22.32 IN.

5.16 %



Introduction

The Stewardess Population
Survey Design

Methods

Description of Sample

Age

Race

Place of Birth
Handedness
Marital Status
Education

Anthropometric Data
Appendix A

Age

Height

Weight

Girth Measurements
Marital Status
Education

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Citizenship Requirements

Foreign Languagues

References


ILIOCRISTALE BREADTH

Subject stands erect with weight evenly distributed on both feet,
Using the anthropometer with firm pressure, measure the maximum
transverse diameter between the superio-lateral margins of the iliac
crests.

N 406
ME AN 27.27 + 0.07 CM. 10.74 + 0.03 IN.
S$.D. 1.41 40.05 CM. 0.55 + 0.02 IN.
MINIMUM 23.70 CM. 9.33 IN.
MAXI MUM 31.60. CM. 12044 IN.
C.Ve 5.16 & 5.16 %
CM. INe

L 24.19 9.53

2 24.48 9.64

3 24.68 9.72

5 24.97 9.83

10 25244 = 10.02
15 25.78 =610.15
20 26.0% 10.25
25 26628 =—:10635
39 26649 10.43
35 26-69): 10.51
40 26.88 10.58
27.06 10.65
50 27.24 =10.72
55 27.42 910.79
60 27.60 10.87
65 27.79 10.94
7O 27.99 11.02
75 28.20 11.10
80 28.44 11.20
85 28.73 11.31
90 29.09 11.45
95 29.65 11.67
97 30.03 11.82
98 = 30632) = 11.94
99 30.80 12.13

YyMraaZzmMommMo
+
vi

66


CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE--EXPIRATION

Subject stands erect with arms slightly raised, Holding the tape ina
horizontal position immediately below the breasts, measure the
circumference of the chest at maximum exhalation,

N 406

ME AN 67.69 +0615 CM. 26.65 + 0.06 IN.
S$.D. 2.94 +0.10 CM. 1.16 + 0.04 IN.
MINI MUM 60.00 CM. 23262 IN.
MAXI MUM 75.50 CM. 29.72 IN.
C.Ve 4.34 2% 4.34%

CM. IN.
L 61.11 = 24.06
2 61.94 24.39
3 62044 24.58
5 63011 24.85

10 64.12 © 25.24

15 64.80 25.51

20 65.33 25.72

25 65.80 25.90

30 66.21 26.07

35 66.61 26422

40 66.98 26.37

67.35 26.51

50 67.71 26.66

55 68.08 26.80

60 68.46 26.95

65 68.86 27611

70 69.29 27.28

75 69.75 27646

80 70.28 27.67

85 70.90 27.91

90 71.69 28.22

95 72.88 28.69

97 73.65 29.00

98 74.22 29.22

99 75.11 29.57

YMreaZMOBDMD
+
u

52


While several airlines do not retain a stewardess who marries after
training, the majority allow post-training matrimony. An increasing
number, including American Airlines, grant pregnancy leaves and retain a
stewardess with children on flying status providing flight assignments
and domiciles are not restricted by dependents.

Education. For all United States, Canadian, and Caribbean airlines,
the minimal education requirements is a high school diploma or its
equivalent. A number of companies indicate a preference for 2 years of
college, although some type of public-oriented work experience may be
substituted. Nine airlines make the 2 years of college a mandatory require-
ment. Four years of college or equivalent occupational experience is
required by two airlines, Trans International and World Airways.

Citizenship Requirements. In the United States, four airlines

(Airlift, Alaska, Seaboard World, and World Airways) have no citizenship
requirements. One airline (Capital) will hire applicants who are not
United States citizens if they are fluent in English and two other
languages. The great majority of U. S. airlines will accept resident
aliens who have permanent visas. A few (e.g., Frontier and Delta)

require full U. S. citizenship. The most restrictive is Southern Airways,
whose applicants must have been born or be currently residing in

Southeastern United States.

All Canadian airlines except Quebecair require that applicants be
Canadian citizens or landed immigrants. In the Caribbean, Air Jamaica
and BWI restrict applicants to their own nationals. Air Bahama has no

citizenship requirements.

101



POSTERIOR CALF SKINFOLD

Subject stands with left leg relaxed and slightly flexed. Using the
Lange skinfold caliper, measure the thickness of the skinfold at the
posterior midline of the calf at the level of maximum circumference,

N 178
MEAN =-:1548 + 0.23 MM. 0.614 0.01 IN.
S.D. 3.10 + 0.16 MM. 0.12 + 0.01 IN.
MINIMUM 7.50 MM. 0.30 IN.
MAXI MUM 24.50 MM. 0296 INe
CoVe 20.02 % 20.02 %
MM. IN.
l 8-76 0.34
2 9.46 0.37
3 9.94 0.39
5 10.60 0.42
1011.66 0.46
150 12.39 0.49
P 20 12.98 0.51
E 25° 13449 0.53
R 30 13694 0455
c 3514.36 0.57
E 40 14.76 0.58
N 45 15015 0.60
T 50 15.54 0.61
I 55 15.92 0.63
L 60 16.31 0.64
E 65 «16672 0.66
s 70 17615 0.68
75 17662 0.69
80 18.15 0.71
85 18.78 0.74

90 19.59 0.77
95 20.84 0.82

oT 21.70 0.85
98 22.37 0.88
99 23.48 0.92

26


SUBSCAPULAR SKINFOLD

Subject stands erect with arms hanging relaxed at her sides, Using the
Lange skinfold caliper, measure the thickness of the skinfold immediately
below the inferior angle of the left scapula and parallel to the tension lines

of the skin.

N 407
MEAN
S$.D.
MINI MUM
MAXI MUM
CeVe
1
2
3
5
10
15
P 20
E 25
R 30
c 35
E 40
N 45
T 50
I 55
L 60
E 65
Ss mAs)
75
80
85
90
95
oT
98
99

9.04 +0.11
2.27 +0.08
4.70

20.90

25.08

MM.
5.17
5.58
5.83
6016
6.67
7.03
7232
7-58
7.82
8.06
8.30
8.53
8.78
9.04
9-31
9.61
909%
10.32
10.78
11.34
12.12
13.41
14.34
15.09
16.35

MM.
MM.
MM.

MM.

INe

0.20
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.41
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.64

22

0.36
0.09

I+

0.00 IN.
0.00 IN.
0.19 IN.

0.82 IN.

25.08 %


KNEE HEIGHT

Subject stands erect. Using the anthropometer, measure the vertical
distance from the floor to the left tibiale.

N 422

MEAN 43243 +0.10 CM 17.10 + 0.04 IN.
S.D. 2011 40.07 CM. 0.83 + 0.03 IN.
MINI MUM 37.20 CM. 14.65 IN.
MAXI MUM 49.80 CM. 19.61 IN.
CeVe 4.86 % 4.86 &

CM. IN.

ry 39.00 15.35
2 39.46 15.54

3 39.76 15.65
5 40.17 15.81
10 40.82 16.07
15 41.28 16.25
20 41.65 16.40
25 41.98 16.53
30 42.28 16.65
35 42.56 16.76
40 42.84 16.87
43.11 16.97
50 43.38 17.08
55 43.65 17.19
60 43.94 17.30
65 44.23 17.41
70 44.54 17.54
75 44.89 17.67
80 45627 17.82
85 45.72 18.00
90 46029 18.23
95 47.13 18.56
oT 47.66 18.76
98 48.04 18.91
99 48.61 19.14

uomMreaZzMovamsD
+
w

34


UPPER ARM CIRCUMFERENCE -- FLEXED

Subject stands erect with left arm raised and maximally flexed. Holding
the tape in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the upper arm, measure
the maximum circumference of the left bicep.

N 422

MEAN 24.57 + 0.07 CM. 9067+ 0.03 IN.
$.D. 1.35 + 0.05 CM. 0.53 + 0.02 IN.
MINI MUM 20.70 CM. 8.15 IN.
MAXI MUM 28.20 CM. 11.10 IN.
ce Ve 5-51 % 5-51 8

CM. IN.
1 21.49 8.46
2 21.77 8.57
3 21.98 8.65
5 22.28 8.77

10 22.77 8.96
1523.11 9.10

Pp 20 23.39 9-21
E 25 23.63 9.30
R 30 23.85 9.39
c 35 24.05 9.47
“Eg 40 24.23 9.54
N 45 24.41 9.61
T 50 24.59 9.68
I 55 24.76 9.75
L 60 24.94 9.82
E 65 25611 9.89
s 70 25.30 9.96

75 25.49 = 10.04
80 25.71 10.12
8 25.96 10.22
90 26.27 10.34
95 26.73 10.52
oT 27.03 10.64
98 27.26 10.73
99 27.63 =—-10.88

58


CHEST DEPTH

Subject stands erect with arms relaxed. Using the anthropometer,
measure the horizontal depth of the chest at the level of the inferior
margin of the xiphoid process,

N 404

MEAN 16.60 +0.06 CM. 6.54 +0.02 IN.
S.D. 1.22 +0.04 CM. 0.48 +0.02 IN.
MINI MUM 13.70 CM. 5.39 IN.
MAXI MUM 20.20 CM. 7.95 IN.
CeVe 7.36 2 7.36%

CM. IN.
lL 14.22 5.60
2 14.38 5.66
3 14.51 5.71
5

14.71 5.79

10 15.06 5.93

15 15.32 6.03

P 20 15.53 6.12
E 25 15.72 6.19
R 30 15.90 6.26
C° 35 16.06 6.32
E 40 16.22 6.38
N 45 16.37 6.44
T 50 16.52 6.50
I 55 16.67 6.56
L 60 16.83 6.63
E 65 16.99 6.69
s 70 17.16 6.76
75 17.35 6.83

80 17.57 6.92

85 17.82 7.02

90 18.16 7.15

95 18.69 7.36

97 19.07 7.51

98 19.36 7262

99 19.87 7-82

76


Subject stands erect.

ACROMIAL HEIGHT

Using the anthropometer,

distance from the floor to the left acromiale,

N 422
MEAN 135.18 + 0.23 CM. 53.22
S.D. 4.65 + 0.16 CM. 1.83
MINI MUM 124.70 CM.
MAXI MUM 149.10 CM.
Ce Ve 3.44 2
cM. IN.
1 125.97 49.59
2 126644 49.78
3 126.89 49.96
5 127.64 50.25
10 129.05 50.81
15 130.13 51.23
Pp 20 131.03 51.59
E 25° 131.84 51.91
R 30 132.57 52.19
c 35 133626 52.47
E 40 133.92 52.72
N 45 134.55 52.97
T 50 135.18 53.22
I 55 135.81 53.47
L 60 136.44 53.71
€ 65 137.08 53.97
s 70 137.76 54.24
75 138.49 54.52
80 139.29 54.84
85 140.21 55.20
90 141.37 55.66
95 143.08 56.33
97 144.21 56.78
98 145.07. 57.11
99 146.47 57.67

28

measure the vertical

+ 0.09 IV.

+ 0.06

IN.
49.09 IN.

58.70 IN.

3044 %



TABLE A-1
PERCENTAGES OF STEWARDESSES EMPLOYED BY 55 UNITED STATES,

CANADIAN, AND CARIBBEAN AIRLINES IN RELATION TO 1971
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM RECRUITING AGE LIMITS

Maximum Age

25 26 27 238% Over 28 Total

19 2.77 1.09 1.05 0.68 1.59 7.18
19.5* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.98 37.98
20 4.28 : 9.75 1.11 0.15 35.25 50.54
21 0.00 0.50 1.06 0.89 1.85 4.30
Total 7.05 11.34 3.22 1.72 76.67 100.00

*American Airlines age limits.

Height. All airlines use minimum and maximum height limitations in
selection of stewardesses. In most, for example, 5 feet 2 inches is con-
sidered the minimum height for an applicant. Some airlines, however,
recruit girls as short as 5 feet 1 inch and one (Air West) takes girls
as short as 5 feet.* At the other extreme, several will not accept
applicants shorter than 5 feet 3 inches and, recently, Northwest Orient
raised its minimum to 5 feet 4 inches.

Maximum stature limits are more variable, ranging from 5 feet
5 inches to 6 feet with most airlines using 5 feet 9 inches as an upper

limit.

*A few small commuter airlines, because of limited head room of the
smaller aircraft, employ "mini" stewardesses ranging from 4 feet 5 inches
to 4 feet 11 inches in stature,

94


rigid selection of applicants for training, which would have already
screened out individuals with extreme physiques or disfigurements.

A further check to discern bias introduced by use of volunteers was
accomplished by comparing "first day" heights and weights of the volun-
teers with those trainees who chose not to be measured. First-day
measurements are taken on the initial day of training by the applicants'
instructors using an ordinary physician's scale with an attached stadiom-
eter. Weight is recorded to the nearest 0.25 pound and height to the
nearest 0.25 inch, Since these measurements were. taken independently
from our own and before the trainee's decision to volunteer as a subject,
any significant difference in first-day measurements between volunteers
and nonvolunteers might be taken as evidence that physique-related factors
may have influenced their decisions. The first-day height and weight means
of volunteers and nonvolunteers are given in Table 1. ‘Students! t-tests
of height and weight means and F-tests of the variances showed no signifi-
cant difference between the two groups. Comparison of the univariate
frequency distributions for both height and weight, made by using the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test,’ also failed to show statistically
significant differences between the volunteers and nonvolunteers. Thus,
at least in regard to the two key anthropometric variables of height and
weight, our subjects were representative of the 1971 American Airlines

stewardess trainees.

Methods.
The survey was conducted by a five-member team consisting of two

male anthropometrists and three female laboratory assistants. One



WAIST DEPTH

Subject stands erect with abdomen relaxed, Using the anthropometer,
measure the horizontal depth of the abdomen at the level of minimum
waist circumference, The subject is instructed not to contract her

abdominal musculature,

N 393
MEAN
S.0.
MINI MUM
MAXI MUM
C.Ve
L
2
3
5
10
15
Pp 20
E 25
R 30
c 35
E 40
N 45
T 50
I 55
L 60
E 65
s 70
5
80
85
90
5
97
98
99

14.79 + 0.05

1.05 + 0.04

12.10
18.10

7.08

CM.
12.52
12.71
12.85
13.07
13.44
13.70
13.92
14.10
14.26
14.42
14.56
14.69
14.83
14.96
15.09
15.23
15.37
15.52
15.69
15.88
16.13
16.53
16.80
17.02
17.40

CM.
CM.
CM.

CM.

INe

4.93
5.00
5.06
5.15
5.29
5240
5.48
5.55
5.62
5.68
5.73
5.78
5.84
5.89
5.9%
5.99
6.05
611
6.18
6.25

~ 6035

6-51
6061
6.70
6.85

q7

5.82

0.41

40.02 IN.
+0.01 IN.
4.76 IN.

Tel3 IN.

7.08 %


FOOT BREADTH

Subject stands with her feet about 12 inches apart and weight evenly
distributed, Holding the sliding calipers perpendicular to the anterior-
posterior axis of the foot, measure the maximum distance across the
metatarsal-phalangeal joints.

N 422
MEAN
$.D.
MINI MUM
MAXI MUM

C.Ve

ww ne

10

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
7
98
99

“mre azmMowmms

8.81 + 0.02

0.47 + 0.02

7.50
10.50

5.29

CMe
7.67
7.83
7.92
8.04
8.2L
8.32
8.40
8.47
8.54
8.60
8.65
8.71
8.76
8.82
8.87
8.93
9.00
9.07
9.15
9025
9.38
9.58
9.72
9283
10.00

CM.
cM.
CM.

CM.

IN.

3.02
3.08
3.12
3.16
3.23
3.28
331
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.41
3043
3645
3.47
3249
3.52
3.54
3.57
3.60
3264
3.69
3.77
3.83
3.87
3.94

83

3.47

0.18

0.01 IN.
0.01 IN.
2.95 INe
4.13 IN.

5.29 %



Not all the faults of poor design are the results of carelessness, Even
with the best of intentions, human engineers can design well only for
humans they know something about, Until the present study, no data have
been available on the body dimensions of the airline stewardesses who,
as will be shown below, differ significantly in many respects from other
female populations. Lacking adequate anthropometric data, aircraft design
engineers have been forced to use data gathered on other female occupational
groups, such as WAF recruits, student nurses, and college women.

The object of the present study is to provide anthropometric data
that, hopefully, will be applied toward improving the chances of survival

of the stewardess and, thus, those of her passengers.

The Stewardess Population.

In 1971, the year this survey was conducted, 41,700 stewardesses were
employed by 55 airlines based in the United States, Canada, and the
Caribbean, The smallest airline (Johnson Flying Service) employed six
stewardesses; the largest (United) employed 6,154. Most of the 55
airlines employed fewer than 400 stewardesses, Fourteen major companies
employed more than 400 stewardesses, and their combined stewardess comple-
ment totaled 35,730, or 85.7 percent of the overall stewardess population.

The criteria used in selecting stewardess trainees varies from airline
to airline. In general, each airline selects its applicants on the basis
of height, weight, age, education, health, and marital status. Applicants
meeting these basic requirements are then evaluated on less tangible
attributes, such as personal appearance and personality. Other abilities

may also be taken into account by some airlines; for example, those with


HAND BREADTH

Subject extends her left hand with the palm upward and fingers together
and the thumb held away from the hand. Using the sliding caliper,
measure the distance across the distal ends of the metacarpal bones.

N 423
MEAN 7.37 + 0.02 CM 2.90 + 0.01 IV.

S.D. 0.32 + 0.01 CM. 0.13 + 0.00 IV.

MINI MUM 6.50 CM. 2656 IN. a
MAXI MUM 8.40 CM 3.31 IN.

Ce Ve 4.37 % 4.37%

CM. IN.
1 6.56 2.58
2 6.67 2.63
3 6.74 2.65
5 6.82 2.69
10 6.95 2.73
15 7.02 2.77

P 20 7.08 2.79
E 25 7.13 2.81
R 30 7.18 2.83
c 35 7.22 2.84
E 40 7.26 2.86
N 45 7.30 2.88
T 50 7.34 2.89
I 55 7.38 2.91 —
L 60 7.43 2.92
E 65 7.47 2.94
s 70 7.52 2.96

75 7.57 2.98
80 7.63 3.00
85 7.70 3.03
90 7.80 3.07
95 7.95 3.13
97 8.05 3.17
98 8.12 3.20
99 8.24 3224

81


NASAL BREADTH

Subject sits. Using the sliding caliper, measure the maximum horizontal

breadth of the nose,

N 422

MEAN 31.64 +0214

S.D. 2.93 +0.10
MINI MUM 25.00
MAXI MUM 43.00
Cee 9.24
uM.

lL 26616

2 26.80

3 27.21

5 27.78

10 28.66

15 29.26

Pp 20 29.74

E 25 30.16

R 30 30.53

c 35 30.88

E 40 31.22

N 45 31.55

T 50 31.88

I 55 32622

L 60 32.58

E 65 32.95

s 70 33.36

75 33.82

80 34.36

85 35.02

30 35292

95. 37.43

97 3.8.55

98 394.45

99 41.02

MMe
MM.
MM.

MM.

IN.

1.03
1.06
1.07
1.09
1.13
1.15
1.17
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.38
1.41
1.47
1.52
1.55
1.61

1.25

0.12

0.01 IN.
0.00 IN.

0.98 IN.

9224 %


FOREARM CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect with arms extended. Holding the tape perpendicular
to the long axis of the arm, measure the maximum circumference of the

forearm,

N 422
MEAN 20.69 + 0.05 CM. 8.14 + 0.02 IN.
S.D. 1.06 + 0.04 CM. 0.42 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 17.50 CM. 6.89 IN.
MAXIMUM 24.00 CM. 9.45 IN.
C.Ve 5ell 2% 5e1l1 %
CM. IN.
L i8.23 7.18
2 18.52 7.29
3 18.71 7.37
5 18.96 7.46
10 19.34 7.6L
15 19.59 7.71
P 20 19.79 7.79
E 25 19.96 7.86
R 30 20.11 7.92
c 35 20.25 7.97
E 40 20.39 8.03
N 45 20.51 8.08
T 50 20.64 8.13
1 55 20.77 8.18
L 60 20.90 8.23
E 65 21.03 8.28
s 70 21.17 8.34
75 21.33 8.40
80 21.51 8.47
85 21.72 8.55
90 22.00 8.66
95 22644 8.84
7 22.75 8.96
98 22.99 9.05
99 23.39 9.21

60


CALF CIRCUMFERENCE

Subjects stands with heels about 10 cm apart and weight equally distributed
on both feet, Holding the tape in a horizontal plane, measure the maximum
circumference of the left calf, .

N 422
ME AN 32.21 +0.08 CM. 12.68 + 0.03 IN.
S$.De 1.63 40.06 CM. , 0664 +0.02 IN.
MINIMUM 27.30 CM. 10.75 IN.
MAXI MUM 37.00. CM. 14.57 IN.
C.Ve 5.06 % 5.06 8
CMe. IN.

1 28.38 11.17

2 28.84 11.35

3 29.13 11.47

5 29.53 11.62

10 30.14 11.87
15 30.55 12.03
20 30.87 12.16
25 31.15 12.27
30 31.40 12.36
35 31.63 12.45
40 31.85 12.54
45 32.06 12.62
50 32.27 12.71
55 32.48 12.79
60 32.69 12.87
65 32.90 12.95
70 33.13 13.04
75 33.37 13614
80 330.6% 13.25
85 33.95 13.37
90 34.34 13.52
95 34.90 13.74
97 35.25 13.88
98 35.51 13.98
99 35.90 14.13

uvumreazmoams

56


The single exception to this is body weight (page 23), which was recorded
in pounds and conyerted to kilograms,

The statistics reported are those basic to any standard anthropometric
survey: sample size, mean, standard deviation (the two latter measure-
ments with their appropriate standard errors), the minimum and maximum
values observed, the coefficient of variation, and, finally, a table
of percentiles. The latter are the traditional parameters employed by
human engineers in designing equipment to fit user populations.

Since the primary purpose of this paper is to present the findings
in a form useful to basic design engineering, much secondary data of
interest to physical anthropologists and human biologists has been omitted.
For example, we have not calculated the traditional indices employed by
physical anthropologists to study body proportions. The authors plan to
follow the present publication with one or more subsequent monographs
dealing with these topics. Meanwhile, it is hoped that the data given
here will be found useful in providing safer and better designed crew
stations and equipment so that stewardesses may better serve--and protect--

their passengers.

18


MAXIMUM OVERHEAD ARM REACH, SITTING

Subject sits erect with left arm extended vertically. With the anthropometer,
measure the distance from the seat level to the tip of the extended middle
finger,

N 423

MEAN 132.91 +0.23 CM. 52.33 + 0.09 IN.
S.D. 4.74 40.16 CM, 1.87 + 0.06 IN.
MINI MUM 118.70 CM. 46.73 IN.
MAXI MUM 148.10 CM. 56.31 IN.
cee 3.57 & 3.57 %

CM. INe
1 121.83 47.98
2 122.76 48.33
3 123.50 48.62
5 124.62 49.06
10 126.54 49.82
15 127.88 50.35
20 128.95 50.77
25 129.86 51.13
30 130.65 51.44
35 131.37 51.72
40 132.03 51.98
132.66 52623
50 133.25 52.46
55 133.83 52.69
60 134.40 52.91
65 134.97 53.14
70. 135.55 53.37
75 13616 53.61
80. 136.83 53.87
85 137.60 54.17
90 138.57 54.56
95 140.12 55.17
97 141.26 55.62
98 142.21 55.99
99 143.92 56.66

YMreRazmMonms
£
wt

al



CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE --INSPIRATION

Subject stands erect with arms slightly raised, Holding the tape ina
horizontal position immediately below the breasts, measure the
circumference of the chest at maximum inhalation,

N 406

MEAN 74.63 + 0.16 CM. 29.38 + 0.06 IN.

S.D. 3024 + O.1i CM. 1.28 + 0.04 IN.

MINI MUM 65.30 CM. 25.71 IN.

MAXI MUM 84.00 CM. 33.07 IN.

C.Ve 4.34 % 4034 %
CM. INe

1 67.23 26.47
2 68.01 26.78
3 68.53 26.98
5 69.27 27.27
10 70.45 27.74
15 71.27 28.06
20 71.92 28.31
25 72248 28.54
30 72.98 28.73
35 73245 28.92
40 73.88 29.09
74230 29225
50 74.72 29242
55 75.13 29.58
60 75.54 29.74
65 75.97 29.91
70 76.41 30.08
75 76.89 30.27
80 77243 30.48
85 78.04 30.73
90 78.82 31.03
95 79.98 31.49
97 80.74 31.79
98 81.31 32.01
99 82.24 32.38

UME aaZMoDMD
+
a

51


PALM LENGTH

Subject extends her left hand with the palm upward and fingers together,
Using the sliding caliper with the bar parallel to the long axis of the hand,
measure the distance from the proximal edge of the navicular bone to the
skin furrow formed where the middle finger folds upon the palm.

N 423
MEAN 9.68 + 0.03 CM. 3.81+ 0.01 IN.
S.D. 0.54 + 0.02 CM. 0.21 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 8.20 CM. 3.23 IN.
MAXI MUM 11.10 CM. 4.37 IN.
C.V. 5.56 & 5.56 %
cM. IN.

L 8.36 3.29

2 8.53 3.36

3 8.63 3.40

5 8.77 3.45

10 8.99 3.54

15 9.14 3.60
Pp 20 9.25 3.64
E 25 9.35 3.68
R 30 9.44 3.72
c 35 9.52 3.75 -
E 40 9.59 3.78
N 45 9.67 3.81
T 50 9.74 3.83
I 55 9.81 3.86 |
L 60 9.88 3.89 ~
E 65 9.95 3.92
s 70 10.02 3.95

75 10.11 3.98
80 10.20 4.01
85 10.30 4.05
90 10.43 411
95 10.62 4.18
a7 10.74 4.23
98 10.84 4.27
99 10.98 4.32

80


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18



THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect with feet slightly apart and weight evenly distributed,
Holding the tape in a horizontal plane, measure the circumference of the

thigh at a point midway between the crotch and the superior border of the

patella,

N 422

MEAN 46.21 + O.11 CM. 18.19 +0.04 IN.
S.D. 2.24 + 0.08 CM. 0.88 +0.03 IN.
MINIMUM 39.70 CM. 15.63 IN.
MA XI MUM 51.70 CM. 20.35 IN.
CeVe 4.84 & 4.84 %

CM. IN.

L 40.47 15.93
2 41.38 16.29
3 41.90 16.50
5 42.54 16.75
10 43.43 17.10
15 43.98 17.32
20 44.40 17.48
25 44.77 17.62
30 45.09 17.75
35 45.38 17.87
40 45.67 17.98
45294 18.09
50 46.22 18.20
55 46.50 18.31
60 46679 18.42
65 47.09 18.54
70 47.41 18.66
75 47.75 18.80
80 48.15 18.95
85 48.60 19.13
90 49.17 19.36
95 49.97 19.67
oT 50.45 19.86
98 50.76 19.99
99 51.19 20.15

nmr ZTMOBDMVY
+
wn

55



to emphasize the need to apply the data herein in ways that will help
the individual stewardess fulfill the most important of her many duties--
that of assisting passengers to evacuate the aircraft during an
emergency. The overriding priority of this function of the stewardess

is often overlooked by the government, the airlines, and the flying
public. To an extent, this attitude is understandable, since a
stewardess may serve thousands of meals and drinks during her career

yet, fortunately, may never be called upon to exercise her primary
responsibility--that of saving lives.

It is in takeoff and landing accidents, which make up a dispro-
portionate number of the total of fatal commercial air crashes ,“ that
her training and dedication to duty are most crucial. In such accidents,
male crewmembers in the cockpit are exposed to the fullest impact forces
and frequently are killed or seriously injured. Even if the male
crewmembers are uninjured, emergency routines may require that the pilot
and copilot go through involved shutdown procedures to minimize postcrash
fire hazards and only the second officer is assigned to immediately
assist in the evacuation. Thus, the success or failure of an emergency
evacuation, when measured in human lives, depends on the performance
of each stewardess. Alone and unassisted, she must manually open exit
doors weighing several hundred pounds; deploy escape slides, which can
be a complex and tricky procedure; manhandle window exits that weigh
almost half as much as she does; and physically assist children or
disabled passengers to an exit. To perform these duties in a crisis,

she must be superbly trained, physically fit, mentally alert, and, above

all, uninjured in the crash itself.


KNEE-KNEE BREADTH, SITTING

Subject sits erect with knees touching and feet resting on a surface
adjusted so that her knees are bent at about right angles. Using the

anthropometer, measure the maximum horizontal distance across the
lateral surfaces of the knees. .

N 423

MEAN 17.73 + 0.04 CMe 6.98 + 0.02 IN.
S.D. 0.85 + 0.03 CM. 0.34 +0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 15.40 CM. 6.06 IN.
MAXI MUM 20.80 CM. 8.19 IN.
C.Ve 4.80 % 4480 z

CM IN.

l 15.98 6.29
2 16.11 6.34
3 16.21 6.38
5 16.37 6.44
10 16.63 6.55
15 16.82 6.62

r
»

te

Pp 20 16.98 6.68
E 250 «17.1L 6.74
R 30 17.24 6.79 . _
c 35 «17.35 6.83
E 40 17.46 6.87 ot
N 45 17.56 6.91
T 50 17.67 6.95 -/-
I 55 17.77 7.00 +
L 60 17.87 7.04
E 65 «17.98 7.08 ,
$ 70 18.10 7.13

75 18.23 7.18

80 18.38 7223
85 18.55 7.30
90 18.79 7.40
95 19.18 7.55
97 19.46 7.66 +
98 19.69 7.75
99 20.10 7.91

72


STATURE

Subject stands with heels together, back straight, head in horizontal
plane defined by line from tragion to bottom of bony orbit. Bring the
counterweighted board of the Harpenden stadiometer into firm contact

with vertex.

N 422

MEAN 166.25 +0.24 CM.

SD. 4.85 +0.17 CM.
MINI MUM 155.50 CM.
MAXI MUM 179.40 CM.
C.Ve 2.91 %
CM. IN.
1 157.10 61.85
2 157.62 62.05
3 158.05 62.22
5 158.74 62.50
10 160.04 63.01
15 161.04 63.40
P 20 161.90 63.74
E 25 162.68 64.05
R 30 163.40 64.33
c 35 164.09 64.60
E 40 164.76 64.86
N 45 165.41 65.12
T 50 166.07 65.38
I 55 166.74 65.64
L 60 167.42 65.91
E 65 168.12 66.19
Ss 70 168.87 66.48
75 169.68 66.80
80 170.58 67.16
85 171.62 67.57
90 172.91 68.08
95 174.77 68.81
97 175.92 69226
98 176.74 69.58
99 177.95 70.06

27

+ 0.09
+ 0.07

61.22

70.63

IN.
IN.
IN.

IN.

2.91 8



HIP BREADTH, SITTING

Subject sits erect with knees together and feet resting lightly on footrest,
Using the anthropometer, measure horizontally across the widest protru-
sions of the hips.

N 422

MEAN 36682 + 0.09 CM. 14.50 + 0.03 IN.
S.D. 1.79 + 0.06 CM. 0.70 + 0.02 IN.
MINIMUM 32.20 CMe 12.68 INe
MAXI MUM 42.00 CM. 16.54 IN.
CoV. 4.85 4.85 %

CM IN.

1 32.73 12.89
2 33.12 13.04
3 33.40 13.15
5 33.81 13.31
19 34.50 13.58
15 34.98 13.77
20 35.36 13.92
25 35.68 14.05
39 35.96 14.16
35 36022 14.26
40 36.46 14.36
36.69 14.45
50 36.92 14.53
55 37.13 14.62
60 37.35 14.71
65 37.57 14.79
70 37.80 14.88
75 38.05 14.98
80 38.33 15.09
85 38.65 15.22
90 39.07 15.38
95 39.75 15.65
7 40.24 15.84
98 40.64 16.00
99 41.36 16.28

“omreazmMowmme
+
vy

70


BIDELTOID BREADTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, upper arms
hanging at her sides, and lower arms extended forward horizontally,
Using the anthropometer, measure the horizontal distance across the
maximum lateral protrusions at the deltoid muscles,

N 421

MEAN 40.56 + 0.08 CM. 15.97 +0.03 IN.

S.D. 1.57 + 0.05 CM. 0.62 +0.02 IN.

MINI MUM 35.40 CM. 13.94 IN.

MAXI MUM 44.40 CM. 17.48 IN.

Cove 3.87 % 3.87 &
CM. IN.

1 36.25 14.27
2 36.95 14.55

3 37.36 14.71
5 37.87 14.91
10 38.59 15.19
15 39.03 15.37
20 39.36 15.50
25 39.64% 15.60
30 39.88 15.70
35 40.09 15.78
40 40.29 15.86
40.49 15.94
50 40.68 16.01
55 40.86 16.09
60 41.05 16.16
65 41.24 16.24
70 41.45 16.32
75 41.67 16.41
80 41.92 16.50
85 42.21 16.62
90 42.57 16.76
95 43.12 16.98
97 43.48 17.12
98 43.74% 17.22
99 44.15 17.38

“ymreazmMowms
+
u

63


Head length

Hip breadth, sitting

Hip breadth, standing

Hip circumference

Humeral epicondylar breadth
Iliocristale breadth
Iliospinale breadth
Iliospinale height

Knee height

Knee height, sitting
Knee-knee breadth, sitting
Nasal breadth

Nasal height

Neck circumference

Palm length

Popliteal height, sitting
Radiale height

Shoulder breadth, biacromial
Shoulder breadth, bideltoid
Shoulder circumference
Shoulder-elbow length
Sitting height

Sphyrion height

Stature

Stylion height

Subscapular skinfold
Suprailiac skinfold
Suprasternal height

Thigh circumference

Thigh skinfold

Triceps skinfold

Waist breadth

Waist circumference

Waist depth

Weight

Wrist breadth

Wrist circumference


EYE HEIGHT, SITTING
Subject sits erect with head in the Frankfort plane and feet resting
lightly on footrest. Using the anthropometer, measure the vertical
distance from the sitting surfacé to the outer corner of the left eye.

N 423

MEAN 76.00 +0213 CM. 29.92 + 0.05 IN.
S.D. 2.75 +0.09 CM. 1.08 +0604 IN.’
MINI MUM 68.70 CM. 27.05 IN.
MAXI MUM 86.30 CM. 33.98 IN.
cave 3.62 % . 3062 B

CM. IN.

1 69.47 27.35
2 70.28 27.67
3 70.79 27.87
5 71.47 28.14
10 72.50 28.54
15 73.19 28.81
20 73.73 29.03
25 74.19 29.21
30 74.60 . 29.37
35 74.99 29.52
40 75235 29.66
"75-70 29.80
50 76004 ' 29.94
55 76.39 30.07
60 76.74 30.21
65 77.10 30.35
70 77248 30.50
75 77290 30.67
80 178436 30.85
85 78.89 31.06
90 79.57 31.33
95 80.58 31.72
97 81.22 31.98
98 81.70 32.17
99 82.44 32046

aMreaZzMormsy
+
a

37



ANKLE CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands with heels about 10 cm apart and weight equally distributed
on both feet. Holding the tape in a horizontal plane, measure the minimum
circumference of the left ankle.

N 422

MEAN 20.14 +0.05

S.D. 1.03 +0.04
MINI MUM 17.20
MAXI MUM 22.80
Cove 5e1ll
CM.
L 17.72
2 18.05
3 18.24
5 18.49
10 18.84
15 19.07
P 20 19.25
E 25 19.41
R 30 19.56
c 35 19.70
E 40 19.84
N 45 L9.97
T 50 20.11
I 55 20.25
L 60 20.39
E 65 20.54
Ss 70 20.70
75 20.87
80 21.06
85 21.28
90 21.55
95 21.91
o7 22.1k
98 22.23
99 22.35

CM.
CM.
CM.

CM.

IN.

6.98
Tell
7.18
7228
7.42
751
7258
7.64
7.70
7.76
7.81
7.86
7.92
7.97
8.03
8.09
8.15
8.22
8.29
8.38
8.48
8.63
8.70
8.75
8.80

BT

7.93 +0.02 IN.
0.40 +0.01 IN.
6.77 IN.
8.98 IN.

Sell &



Subject stands erect with right elbow flexed at 90°,
posterior surface of the upper arm halfway between the acromion and the
tip of the elbow, pick up a skinfold parallel to the long axis of the arm,

The subject is then allowed to extend her arm relaxed to her side and the

TRICEPS SKINFOLD

skinfold measurement is taken with a Lange caliper,

N 421
MEAN
S.D.
MINI MUM
MAXI MUM

ce Ve

OMreR ae ZFMO DMV
+
wn

14.36 + 0.16

3233 + 0.11

MMe.
7.75
8.53
8.98
9.56
10.44
11.04
11.55
12.00
12.43
12.83
13.24
13.65
14.07
14.50
14.95
15.44
15.96
16.55
17.22
18.01
19.02
20.51
21.43
22.07
22.98

MM.
MM.
MM.

MM.

23

0.57

0.13

+ 0.01 IN.

0.00 IN.
0.22 IN.

1.00 IN.

23.20 %

At the point on the


TOTAL FACE HEIGHT

Subject sits. Using the sliding caliper, measure the vertical distance
from menton to nasion,

N 423
MEAN 110.36 +0.24 MM. 4.34 + 0.01 IN.
S.D. 4.92 +0017 MM. 0.19 + 0.01 IN.
MINIMUM 97.00 MM. 3.82 IN.
MAXI MUM 127.00 MM. 5.00 IN.
Cee 4.46 & 4.46 %

MM. IN.
1 98.65 3.88
2 100.13 3.94
3 101.09 3.98
5 102.40 4.03
10 104.41 4.11
15 105.75 4.16

P 20 106.78 4.20
E 25 107.66 4024
R 30 108.42 4.27
c 35 109.12 4.30
E 40 109.77 4.32
N 45 110.39 4.35
T 50 110.99 4.37
I 55 111.59 4.39
L 60 112.18 4.42
E 65 112.79 4.44
Ss 70 113.43 4.47

75 114.11 4.49

80 114.88 4.52

85 115.77 4256

90 116.92 4.60

95 118.72 4.67
97 119.97 4.72
98 «#120.97 4.76
99 122.66 4.83

90


SHOULDER-ELBOW LENGTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, left upper arm
hanging at her side and lower arm extended forward horizontally. Using
the anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the left acromiale
to the bottom of the elbow.

N 423

MEAN 33.70 +0.07 CM. 13.27 +0.03 IN.
S.D. 1.46 +0.05 CM. 0.57 +0.02 IN.
MINI MUM 29.80 CM. 11.73 IN.
MAXI MUM 39.40 CM. 15.51 IN.
ce Ve 4.33 % 4.33 %

CM. IN.

L 30.57 12.03

2 30.93 12.18
3 31.16 12.27
5 31.47 12.39
10 31.94 12.57
15 32.26 12.70
20 32.52 12.80
25 32.74 12.89
30 32.95 12.97
35 33.14 13.05
40 33.32 13.12
33.50 13.19
50 33.69 13.26
55 33.87 13.33
60 34.06 13.41
65 34.26 13.49
70 34.47 13.57
75 34.70 13.66
80 34.96 13.76
85 35.27 13.88
90 35.66 14.04
95 36.23 14.26
oT 36.60 14.41
98 36.87 14.51
99 37.27 14.67

umreaZmMOrms
+
uw



HEAD LENGTH

Subject sits, Holding the spreading caliper near the tips, measure the
maximum length of the head between the glabella and the occiput.

N 417

MEAN 185.20 +0.31 MM. 7.29 + 0.01 IN.
$.De. 6624 +0.22 MM. 0.25 + 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 167.00 MM. 6057 IN.
MAXI MUM 205.00 MM. 8.07 IN.
C.Ve 3.37 % 3.37 %

MM. IN.

L 171.49 6.75
2 173.09 6.81
3 174.11 6.85
5 175.51 6.91
10 177.70 7.00
15 179.20 7.06
20 180.40 7.10
25° 181.44 Tel4
30 182.37 7.18
35 183.24 721
40 184.06 7.25
184.86 7.28
50 185.66 7.31
55 186.45 7234
60 187.26 7.37
65 188.09 7.41
70 188.97 7.44
75 189.91 7248
80 190.97 7.52
85 192.18 7.57
90 193.70 7263
95 195.90 7.71
97 (197.29 7.77
98 198.28 7281
99 199.79 7.87

ANres SMO DMD
ry
w

85


BIACROMIAL BREADTH

Sabject stands erect with arms hanging at her sides, Using the anthro.
pometer, measure the distance between the acromial points,

N 422

MEAN 35.03 + 0.07 CM. 13.79 +0.03 IN.
$.D. 1.48 + 0.05 CM. 0.58 + 0.02 IN-
MINI MUM 30.10 CM. 11.85 IN.
MAXI MUM 39.50 CM. 15.55 IN.

C.Ve 4.23 % 4.23%

CM. IN.

L 31.56 12.42
2 32.05 12.62
3 32.34 12.73
5 32.71 12.88
10 33.24 13.09
15 33.58 13.22
20 33.84 13.32
25 34.07 (13.41
30 34.28 13.50
35 34.47 13.57
40 34.66 13.64
34.84 13.72
50 35.02 13.79
55 35.20 13.86
60 35.39 13.93
65 35.59 14.01
70 35.80 14.10
75 36.04 14.19
80 36.30 14.29
85 36.61 14.42
90 37.01 14.57
95 37.59 14.80
97 37.96 14.95
98 38.22 15.05
99 38.61 15.20

“umMrea2zmonamsy
+
a

62


HEAD BREADTH

Subject sits, Holding the spreading caliper near the tips, measure
the maximum breadth of the head in a line perpendicular to the mid-

sagittal plane.

N 418
MEAN 145.42 +£0.25 MM. 5.73 £0.01 IN.
$.D. 5.0% +0.17 MM. 0.20 +0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 131.00 MM. 5.16 IN.
MAXI MUM 161.00 MM. 6.34 IN.
C.Ve 3.46 8 3046 &
MM. IN.

lL 134.68 5.30

2 136.06 5.36

3 136.90 5.39

5 138.00 5243

10 139,66 5-50

15 140.77 5.54
P 20 141.65 5.58
E 25 142.43 5-61
R 30 143.14 5 264
c 35 143.80 5266
E 40 144.44 5.69
N 45 145.07 5.71
T 50 145.70 5.7%
I 55 146.34 5.76
L 60 147.00 5.79
E 65 147.69 5.81
s 70 148.43 5.84

75 149.24 5.88

80 150.16 5.91

85 151.23 5.95

90 152.59 6.01

95 154.58 6.09

97 155.83 6.13

98 156.72 6.17

99 «158.03 6.22

86


Subject stands erect,

ILIOSPINALE HEIGHT

Using the anthropometer, measure the vertical

distance from the floor to the left iliospinale.

N 422
MEAN 92.84 +0.19 CM. 36.55 + 0.07 IN.
$.D. 3.88 +0.13 CM. 1.53 + 0.05 IN.
MINI MUM 82.90 CM. 32.64 IN.
MAXI MUM 106.60 CM. 41.97 INe
C.V. 4.18 2% 4.18 %
CMe INe
1 84.78 33.38
2 85.43 33.64
3 85.93 33.83
5 86.67 34.12
10 87.94 34.62
15 88.85 34.98
P 20 89.59 35027
E 25 90.24 35.53
R 30 90.82 35.75
c 35 91.35 35.97
E 40 91.87 36.17
N 45 92.36 36236
T 50 92.84 36.55
I 55 93.33 36.74
L 60 93.82 36.94%
E 65 94632 37.13
s 70 94.85 37.34
75 95.43 37.57
80 96.08 37.83
85 96.84 38.13
90 97.83 38.51
95 99.37 39.12
97 100.46 39.55
98 101.31 39.89
99 102.77 40.46

31



to obtain such a sample would require an inordinately large travel budget,
complex negotiations with many airlines, and a large number of research
personnel, Since available resources did not permit such an exhaustive
study, the subjects were selected from a single airline with stewardess
selection criteria typical of the industry as a whole. After some review
(see below), American Airlines seemed to meet most specifications, In
1971, American Airlines employed 4,215 stewardesses, ranking fourth among
U. S. domestic carriers in this regard.

Preliminary discussions with American Airlines officials convinced
us, however, that a randomized selection of on-line stewardesses would be
difficult, since they are currently domiciled in nine U. S. cities, reside
in widely scattered areas within each city, and are on such varying flight
duties that any reasonable advance scheduling for anthropometrics would
be virtually impossible. As a practical alternate, it was suggested that
we choose our subjects from trainees at American Airlines Stewardess
Training Academy in Fort Worth, Texas.

A disadvantage of using trainees as subjects is that they differ
from the airline population in age and those anthropometric variables such
as weight and girth measurements that are age dependent. However,
considering the high replacement rate within the stewardess population,
it was felt that the age differential between trainees and on-line stew-
ardesses would be minimal. Also operative in minimizing post-training
anthropometric changes are the rigid weight and hip girth limitations
that must be maintained by on-line stewardesses throughout their careers
and are identical to those imposed during selection of applicants. From
these considerations, it appeared that anthropometric differences between
on-line and trainee stewardesses were likely to be negligible.

7


ARM REACH, HORIZONTAL

Subject stands erect with shoulders firmly against the wall and extends her
left arm horizontally with fingers extended. Using the anthropometer,
measure the distance between the tip of the middle finger and the wall.

N 422

MEAN 78.81 +0.165 CM. 31.03 + 0.06 IN.
$.D. 3.26 +0.11 CM. 1.28 + 0.04 IN.
MINI MUM 70.00 CM. 27.56 IN.
MAXI MUM 88.30 CM. 34.76 IN.
C.Ve 4.14 4o14 %

CM. IN.

L 72.03 28.36
2 72.73 28.63
3 73.18 28.81
5 73.79 29.05
10 74.76 29.43
15 75444 29.70
20 76.00 29.92
25 76.50 30.12
30 76.96 30.30
35 77.39 30.47
40 77.83 30.63
78.23 30.80
50 78.65 30.96
55 79.07 31.13
60 79.51 31.30
65 79.97 31.49
70 80.47 31.68
75 81.01 31.89
80 81.63 32.14
85 82.34 32.42
90 83.26 32.78
95 84.61 33.31
o7 85.46 33.65
98 86.07 33.89
99 86.99 34.25

YONre ae ZMODMY
+
uw

46


extensive overseas routes prefer (and, in some instances, require) that
an applicant be fluent in at least one of the foreign languagues spoken
in the regions served by the airline.

After she is selected, the applicant must undergo a 4- to 6-week
training period. Precise statistics are lacking, but estimates by
training officials indicate that, in most schools, about 5 percent of the
applicants fail to finish training, When her training is completed, the
fledgling stewardess is given a base assignment. Thereafter, the length
of her stewardess career will depend on many variables. In many cases,
disenchantment with the supposedly glamorous life of the airline stewardess
sets in early and the stewardess resigns after a few months of service.
Marriage is a frequent reason for leaving, although airlines have recently
relaxed their rules requiring that stewardesses remain single. Some now
allow married stewardesses with children to remain on duty. Other stew-
ardesses who remain with an airline a number of years may find it
increasingly difficult to maintain the rather rigid weight requirements
and either resign or take other non-flying positions with their companies.
Many stewardesses, after several years of on-line duty, are promoted to
supervisory, training, or other administrative posts, These factors,
plus many others, interact to produce a young population with a high

replacement rate.

Survey Design.
Ideally, an anthropometric survey should be designed so as to
randomly sample the population to be studied. A review of characteristics

of the stewardess population, as outlined above, made it obvious that


KNEE HEIGHT, SITTING

Subject sits erect with feet resting on a surface adjusted so that the
knees are bent at about right angles. Using the anthropometer, measure
the vertical distance from the footrest surface to the top of the left knee.

N 423

MEAN 51091 + O.11 CM. 20.44 + 0.04 IN.
S.D. 2.24 + 0.08 CM. 0.88 + 0.03 IN.
MINIMUM 41.20 CM. 16.22 IN.
MAXI MUM 58.70 CM. 23e11 IN.

Ce Ve 4.31 % 4.31%

cM. IN.
lL 46.81 = 18.43
2 47.48 = 18.69
3 47.88 «= 18.685
5 48.41 19.06
10 49.20 19.37
15 49.73 19.58
20 50.14 19.7%
25 50.50 19.88
30 50.82 20.01
35 51.12. 20.12
40 51.40 20.24
51.68 20.35
50 51.95 20.45
55 52.23 20.56
60 52.51 20.67
65 52.80 20.79
70 53.11 20.91%
75 53.45 21.04
80 53.83 21.19
85 54.26 21.36
90 54.80 21.58
95 55.59 21.88
97 56.07 22.07
98 56.40 22.21
99 56.89 22.40

AMesnasmowpme
+
uw



TABLE 4

LIST OF MEASUREMENTS

Acromial height

Acromial height, sitting

Ankle breadth, bimalleolar
Ankle circumference

Arm circumference, forearm

Arm circumference, upper, extended
Arm circumference, upper, flexed
Arm reach, horizontal

Arm reach, maximum overhead, sitting
Biacromial breadth

Bideltoid breadth

Bigonial breadth

Bimalleolar breadth
Bitrochanteric breadth
Bizygomatic breadth

Bust circumference

Buttocks depth

Buttock-knee length
Buttock-popliteal length

Calf circumference

Calf skinfold

Chest breadth

Chest circumference, expiration
Chest circumference, inspiration
Chest depth

Dactylion height

Elbow breadth, humeral epicondylar
Elbow-elbow breadth

Elbow-hand length

Elbow resting height

Eye height, sitting

Face breadth, bigonial

Face breadth, bizygomatic

Face height, total

Femoral bicondylar breadth

Foot breadth

Foot length

Forearm circumference

Hand breadth

Hand length

Head breadth

Head breadth, minimum frontal

19



The birthplaces of the 403 United States-born subjects represented
all states except Alaska, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Nevada, and Wyoming.
Three subjects were of Puerto Rican parentage but were born in
New York City. New York (42), Illinois (39), California (36), and
Texas (33) were the most frequently listed birthplaces.

In Table 2 the census division (geographical area) distribution of
birthplaces of subjects born in the United States is compared to the total
number of births occurring in the corresponding census divisions in 1950--
the census year closest to the mean birth year of the sample. Compared
to general population statistics, the percentage of subjects from the
East North Central division is greater by 5.8 percent and the percentage
of those from the South Atlantic division is smaller by 6.2 percent, With
these exceptions, the sample appears fairly typical of the U. S. population
in regard to birthplaces within the United States and the percentage of
foreign-born subjects.

Handedness. After the interview, each subject was asked to sign a
voucher to obtain her subject fee. Handedness was classified by observing
the hand with which the subject wrote her name. Forty-three (10.2%) of
the subjects were classified as left handed.

Marital Status. Applicants for American Airlines stewardess training
must be single. Of the 423. subjects, 26 (6.1%) stated that they had
been married.

Education. The minimum education requirement for acceptance as an
American Airlines stewardess trainee is a high school diploma or an
equivalent General Education Development rating issued by the state in

which the applicant resides. Among the trainees measured in this study,

14


Much effort has been spent in designing safe, comfortable, and
efficient seating, restraint, and display systems for pilots. Conse-
quently, commercial air carrier aircraft cockpits are second only to
space capsules as monuments to the ingenuity and ability of human
engineers to master the complexities of the man-machine interface. The
money and effort are well spent, since even a subliminal reduction of
pilot stress and fatigue through better design may be rewarded by signif-
icant gains in air safety. Yet even within such marvelously designed
cockpits, mechanical and human errors still occur and result in that
seemingly irreducible number of accidents in which preserving the lives
of hundreds of passengers suddenly becomes the immediate responsibility
of a few young women. That they can be dedicated and self-sacrificing
in fulfilling this responsibility was proved at Rome. However, these
qualities are of little value if the stewardesses have already been
injured or killed because of poorly designed jump seats, restraint
harnesses, or cabin furnishings. Unfortunately, the care and effort
expended on the stewardess station has been meager in contrast to that
devoted to cockpit design.

Some specific design deficiencies in the flight attendant's station
were isolated in a 1970 study conducted by the Steward and Stewardess
Division of the Air Line Pilots Association.> This study analyzes
National Transportation Safety Board statistics on 103 accidents and
incidents involving emergency evacuations. All occurred between 1964

and 1970 and involved a total of 471 flight attendants. Of this number,


BITROCHANTERIC BREADTH

Subject stands erect with feet together and weight evenly distributed on
both feet. Using the anthropometer with firm pressure, measure the
maximum transverse distance between the external surface of the

greater trochanters,

N 406
MEAN 30.19 + 0.07 CM.
S.D. 1.38 + 0.05 CM.
MINIMUM 23.40 CM
“MAXI MUM 34.90 CM.
C.Ve 4.57 %
CM. IN.
1 27.02 10.64
2 27246 10.81
3 27.72 10.91
5 28.07 11.05
10 28.657 11.25
15 28.90 11.38
P 20 29.15 11.48
E 25 29.36 11.56
R 30 29.55 11.63
c 35 29.72 11.70
E 40 29.89 11.77
N 45 30.04 11.83
T 50 30.20 11.89
I 55 30.36 11.95
L 60 30.52 12.02
E 65 30.69 12.08
s 70 30.87 12.15
75 31.07 , 12.23
80 31.29 12.32
85 31.57 12.43
90 31.93 12.57
95 32.51 12.80
97 32.92 12.96
98 33.24 13.09
99 33.78 13.30

11.89

69

+ 0.03 IN.
+ 0.02 IN.

921 IN.

13.74 IN.

4.57%



SUPRAILIAC SKINFOLD '

Subject stands erect with abdomen relaxed, Using the Lange skinfold
caliper, measure the thickness of the skinfold approximately 1 cm
above and 2 cm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine.

N 376

MEAN 9.91 + 0.18 MM. 0.39 £0.01 IN.
S$.D. 3.56 + 0.13 MM. 0.14 +0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 3200 MM. ‘ “  Oe12 IN.
MAXI MUM 23.50 MM. : 0.93 IN.
Ce Ve 35.9% % 35.94 %

MM. IN.
1 4.27 0.17
2 4.61 0.18
3 4.86 0.19
5 { 5.24 0.21
10 5.93 0.23
15 6.47 0.25

P 20 6.95 0.27
E 25 7.39 0.29
R 30 7.82 0.31
c 35 8.23 0.32 \
E- 40 8.65 0.34
N 45 9.07 0.36
T 50 9-51 0.37
I 55 9296 0.39
L 60 10.43 0.41
E 65 10.94 0.43
s 70 11.50 0.45

75 12.13 0.48
80 12.86 0.51
85 13.74 0.54
90 14.90 0.59
95 16.71 0.66
9o7 17.93 0.71
98 18.84 0.74
99 20.31 0.80



TABLE 1

COMPARISON OF FIRST-DAY HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF
STEWARDESS TRAINEES WHO VOLUNTEERED FOR
ANTHROPOMETRICS WITH THOSE WHO DID NOT VOLUNTEER

Height (inches) Weight (pounds)
x sD x sD
Volunteers
(No. = 423) 65.29 1.88 117.56 9.60
Nonvolunteers
(No. = 340) 65.32 1.90 118.04 9.99
Comparisons Method
Means t-test p 70.10 p 70.10
Variances F-test p 70.10 p 7 0.10
Distributions Kolmogorov—
Smirnov test p 70.10 p 70.10

10


SUPRASTERNAL HEIGHT

Subject stands erect. Using the anthropometer, measure the vertical
distance from the floor to suprasternale.

N 422

MEAN 134.59 40.21 CM. 52.99 + 0.08 IN.
SeD. 4034 40.15 CM. 1.71 + 0.06 IN.
MINI MUM 124.90 CM. 49.17 IN.
MAXIMUM 147.50 CM. 58.07 IN.
C.Ve 3.22 2 3.22%

cM. IN.

lL 126.50 49.80
2 126.79 49.92
3 127.12 50.05
5 127.73 50.29
10 128.94 50.76
15 129.89 51.14
20 130.70 51.46
25° 131.44 52.75
30 132.11 52.01
35° 132.74 52.26
40 133.35 52.50
133.94 52.73
50 134.52 52.96
55 135.11 53.19
60 135.70 53.43
65 136.31 53.67
70 136.95 53.92
75 137.64 54.19
80 138.41 54.49
85 139.29 54.84
90 140.39 55.27
95 142.05 55.92
9T 143.14 56.36
98 143.97 56.68
99 145.33 57222

unre aZmMormms
>
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29


specify weight minimums, Two (National and Pan American) require a
minimum weight of 100 pounds, regardless of stature. The remaining seven
specify a minimum weight for each l-inch increment in height; these minimums
are given in Table A-4.

In contrast to weight maximum, in which interairline variability
tends to be constant throughout the stature range, the variability for
minimum weight increases with height. Thus, a 62-inch Western stewardess
must maintain a weight of 100 pounds while a Braniff stewardess of the
same height must maintain a weight of 105 pounds; at 70 inches,
stewardesses of these same airlines must maintain minimum weights of
126 and 145 pounds, respectively.

Girth Measurements. In addition to height and weight limits, some
airlines specify a maximum hip girth which stewardesses of a given height
may not exceed, Of the large 14 airlines, only three have such specifica-
tions (Table A-5). Several others specify a maximum hip girth of 38 inches
regardless of height or weight. A number of ‘airlines merely note that an
applicant's hip girth must be proportionate to her weight and height.

Only National Airlines specified waist and bust measurements in addition
to hip girth.

Marital Status. Most airlines, like American, hire single applicants
only. With two exceptions (Delta and Pacific Western), divorcees are
accepted if their divorces are final. Divorcees with dependents are
accepted by Hughes Airwest and Northwest Orient. Five small airlines
that have limited training facilities prefer to hire ex-stewardesses and

will accept married applicants.

98


NASAL HEIGHT

Subject sits. Using the sliding caliper, measure the vertical distance
from subnasale to nasion,

N 423

MEAN 47.49 +0216 MMe 1.87 + 0.01 IN.
S.D. 3.24 + 0.11 MM. 0.13 + 0.00 IV.
MINI MUM 37.00 MM. 1.46 IN.
MAXI MUM 56.00 MM. 2.20 IN.
Cee 6.82 2 6.82 %

MM. IN.

1 40.61 1.60

2 41.37 1.63

3 41.87 1.65

5 42.59 1.68
10 43.75 1.72
15 44.56 1.75
20 45.21 1.78
25 45.77 1.80
30 46.27 1.82
35 46.74 1.84
40 47.18 1.86
47.60 1.87
50 48.02 1.89
55 48.44 1.91
60 48.86 1.92
65 49.29 1.94
70 49.75 1.96
75 50.23 1.98
80 50.78 2.00
85 51.40 2.02
90 52.17 2.05
95 53.32 2.10
97 54.06 2.13
98 54.60 2.15
99 55.47 2.18

vmnreazmMoamy
*
on

91


assistant was assigned to each anthropometrist to record measurements,
The third assistant conducted subject interviews and marked the necessary
measuring points on each subject. The composition of the team and the
duties of its members remained constant throughout the study.

Subjects were processed through three stations. At the first,
personal interview data were obtained and anthropometric measuring points
applied with a skin-marking pencil. At the second station, sitting and
facial measurements were taken. Body weight, standing measurements,
girths, and skinfolds were taken at the third station.

All measurements were entered directly on computer data sheets.

Body weight was recorded to the nearest pound, and linear measurements
were recorded in millimeters. To correct for clothing, 0.25 pound was
subtracted from body weight.

Weight was recorded on a calibrated physician's scales. Stature
was measured with a Harpenden portable stadiometer. Other linear body
measurements were taken with Harpenden anthropometers with digital
readout or, where appropriate, with the smaller GPM sliding or spreading
caliper. Girths were measured with steel tapes. A Lange caliper was
used to obtain skinfolds.

When possible, the measuring techniques used in this survey followed
the definitions and measurements defined in the series of anthropometric
surveys of USAF personnel 5167 conducted by the Physical Anthropology

Section of the U. S. Air Force Research and Development Command.

11



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97


Foreign Languages. The majority of U. S. airlines require no
foreign language ability, but most stress that fluency in at least one
language other than English is considered an asset in hiring. Of the
airlines that do require an additional language, the choice reflects
the region and foreign routes they serve. Thus, Caribbean demands that
all its stewardesses be fluent in both English and Spanish. Hughes Airwest
and Western require Spanish fluency only for stewardesses serving Mexican
routes, New York Airlines, Pan American, and Trans International require
one language in addition to English but do not specify any particular
foreign language. National requires that stewardesses serving its over-
seas flights be fluent in both French and German as well as English.

Caribbean-based airlines require only English with the exception
of Air Bahama, which specifies an additional language, preferably French
or German.

In Canada, CP Air and Pacific Western require only English but
indicate that any additional language is considered an asset in hiring.
Air Canada requires that stewardesses on routes originating in Montreal
speak both English and French fluently. Eastern Provincial and
Nordair Canadian require that all stewardesses speak both English and

French,

102


WAIST BREADTH

Subject stands erect. Holding the anthropometer horizontally,
measure the transverse breadth at the narrowest part of the

waist.
N 394
MEAN 22-26+ 0.06
S.D. Le1l+ 0.04
MINI MUM 19.60
MAXIMUM 25.80
Cove 5.01
CM.
1 20.01
2 20.18
3 20.32
5 20.52
10 20.87
15 21.13
P 20 21.33
— 25 21.51
R 30 21268
c 35 21.83
— 40 21.97
N 45 22.11
T 50 22.25
I 55 22.39
L 60 22.53
— 65 22.67
Ss 70 22.83
75 22.99
80 23.18
85 23.41
90 23.71
95 24019
7 24.53
98 24.81)
99 25229

CM.
cM
CM.

cM.

IN.

7.88
7.95
8.00
8.038
8.22
8.32
8.40
8.47
8.53
8.59
8.65
B.7k
8.76
8.81
8.87
8.93
8.99
9.05
9.13
9.22
9.33
9.52
9.66
9.77
9.95

65

8.76

0.44%

0.02 IN.
0.02 IN.
7.72 IN.

10.16 IN.

\ y))



ELBOW -ELBOW BREADTH

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, upper arms
hanging at her sides, lower arms extended forward horizontally, and
elbows against her body, Using the anthropometer with firm pressure,
measure the maximum horizontal distance across the lateral surfaces
of the elbows,

N 423

MEAN 33600 +0.11 CM. 12.99 +0.04 IN.
S.Ds 2.32 +0.08 CM. 0.91 +0.03 IN.
MINI MUM 27.00 CM. 10.63 IN.
MAXI MUM 39.90 CM. 15.71 IN.
cee 7.03 2 7.03 %

CM. IN.
1 28.06 11.05
2 28.67 11.29
3 29.03 11.43
5 29.51 11.62
10 30.21 11.89
15 30.69 12.08
20 31.07 12.23
25 31.41 12.37
30 31.72 12.49
35 32.02 12.61
40 32.31 12.72
32.60 12.83
50 32.89 12.95
55 33.19 13.07
69 33.49 13.19
65 33.82 13.32
70 34.18 13.45
75 34.57 13.61
80 35.01 13.78
85 35254 13.99 \
90 3622 14.26
95 37-22 14.65
97 37.86 14.90
98 38.31 15.08
99 38.99 15.35

YMNrK ae ZSMODMV.
+
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71


about 89 percent had some post-high-school education (Table 3), For
about 13 percent of the latter group, this education consisted of
vocational training, such as business or technical schools. The remaining
76 percent had completed at least one semester of college. Almost one-
fourth (23.5%) of the sample had earned bachelor's degrees, Five subjects
had undertaken graduate work and, of these, one had received her Master's

Degree in Education.

Anthropometric Data.

The measurements taken in this study are listed in Table 4 and
presented in tabular form on the following pages. The definition of
each measurement (except body weight) is supplemented by an illustration
useful in providing a visual guide to the landmarks and method used in
taking it. Due to technical limitations, some of the illustrations do
not reflect exactly the actual position of the subject. For
example, in taking anterior thigh skinfold (page 27), the subject was
asked to stand with her left leg slightly flexed instead of fully erect,
as shown in the drawing. Therefore, the definition, not the drawing,
should be used as final arbiter in resolving any apparent conflict between
the two.

Following the definition, the basic statistics for each measurement
are presented ‘in the metric and English units. Since the measurements
were recorded in metric units and converted to English units, second-
decimal discrepancies between the two are due to rounding errors in the
English system units. For this reason, the metric measurements should

be used in computations where second-decimal accuracy is required.

16


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99



Subject's weight to the nearest pound as recorded on standard medical

scales,

WEIGHT

N 422

MEAN 116.42 + 0.46

'SeDe 9039 + 0.32

MINI MUM 94.00

MAXI MUM 145.00

CeVe 8.07
LB.

LB.
LB.
LB.
LB.

KG.

1 98.78 44.81
2 99.98 45.35
3 100.89 45.76
5 102.30 46.40
10 104.83 47.55
15 106.76 48.43
20 108.41 49.17
25 109.91 49.85
30 111.30 50.48
35 112.62 51.09
40 113.91 51.67

115.18 52.25

50 116.46 52.83
55 117.76 53.42
60 119.08 54.02
65 120.46 54.6%
70 121.92 55.30
75 123.50 56.02
80 125.26 56.82
85 127.26 57.73
90 129.74 58.85
95 133.18 60.41
97 135.23 61.34
98 136.61 61.97
99 138.54 62.84

OMrRaZMoams
+
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21

52.81 + 0.21 KG.
4.26 + 0.15 KG.
42.64 KG.
65.77 KG.

8.07 &



BUST CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands erect with arms slightly raised, Holding the tape ina
horizontal plane at the level of the nipples, measure the maximum
circumference during normal breathing.

N 221

MEAN 85464 +027 CM. 33.71 + 0.11 IN.
S.Ds 3.97 +0.19 CM. 1.56 + 0.07 IN.
MINI MUM 75.60 CM. 29.76 IN.
MAXI MUM 95.20 CM. 37.48 IN.
Cove 4064 8 4064 %

cM. IN.
Ll 76.10 ©2996
2 77.50 30.51
3 78.30 30-83
5 79.31 31.422
10 80.73 31479
15 81.65 32415
20 82.36 32643
25 82.98 32.67
30 83.53 32.89
35 84.05 33.09
40 84.55 33429
85.04 33.48
50 85.54 33.68
55 86.04 33.87
60 86.56 34.08
65 87.10 34.29
70 87.68 34.52
75 86.32 34.77
80 89.05 35.06
85 89.89 35.39
90 90.96 35-81
95 92.50 36442
97 93.44 36679
98 94.08 37-04
99 94.98 37.40

“mMerHazMowame
+
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50


TABLE A-2
PERCENTAGES OF STEWARDESSES EMPLOYED BY 55 MAJOR UNITED STATES,

CANADIAN, AND CARIBBEAN AIRLINES IN RELATION TO 1971
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM HEIGHT LIMITS

Maximum Height

sts" 5'6" 5 '7" 5'8" stg" #510" 5'11" 6'0" Total

5 ‘o" 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25
Bone 0.00 0.00 0,13 0.19 1.26 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.84
= 512" 0.05 0.31 1.13 15.15. 31.61 25.12 0.00 0.00 73.37
i 5'3" 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 17.61 0.10 0.00 0.00 18.17
z 5'4" 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.37 5.37
Total 0.05 0.31 1.72 15.67 51.40 25.48 0.00 5.37 100.00

*American Airlines height limits.

Table A-2 combines the available data on minimum and maximum height
limits in percentages of stewardesses employed by the 55 United States,
Canadian and Caribbean carriers. From the table, it can be seen that
31.61 percent of the 42,000 currently employed stewardesses work for
companies that recruit within the height ranges of 5 feet 2 inches to
5 feet 9 inches. American Airlines, which furnished our subjects, accepts
applicants between 5 feet 2 inches and 5 feet 10 inches. Airlines using
height standards identical to American's employ 25.12 percent of the

North American stewardesses.

95


Subject stands erect with arms and hands extended at her sides,

DACTYLION HEIGHT

Using

the anthropometer, measure the vertical distance from the floor to the
tip of the extended left middle finger.

N 422
MEAN
$d.

MINI MUM

MAXIMUM

cee

wmreazmMoames

63.95

3.18

£0.15 CM.

40.11 CM.

53.60 CM.

74.30 CM.

4.97 &
CM. IN.

56.66 22.31
57.56 22.66
58.12 22.88
58.86 23.17
59.99 23.62
60.75 23.92
61.34 24.15
61.86 24.35
62.32 24.53
62674 24.70
63.15 24.86
63.55 25.02
63.94% 25.17
64.33 25.33
64.7% = 25.49
65.16 25.65
65.60 25.83
66.09 26.02
66.64 26.24
67.29 26.49
68.13 26.82
69.40 27.32
70.25 27.66
70.89 27.91

71.91

28.31

33

25.18 +0.06 IN.
1.25 +0.04 IN.
21.10 IN.

29.25 IN.

4.97



TABLE 3

LEVEL AND TYPE OF EDUCATION OF
ANTHROPOMETRIC SAMPLE (No. - 422)

Education Number Percent of Sample
High School Only 46 10.9
Post High School

Vocational:
Business 18 4.3
Paramedical 10 2.4
Fashion-Merchandizing 21 4.9
Arts 2 0.5
Other 5 1.2
Total 56 13.3

University:
Freshman 70 16.6
Sophomore 95 22.5
Junior 40 9.5
Senior, no degree 11 2.6
Senior, bachelor's degree 99 23.5
Graduate school, no degree 4 0.9
Graduate school, master's degree 1 0.2
Total 320 75.8

W


WRIST CIRCUMFERENCE

Subject stands with hand extended, Holding the tape perpendicular to
the long axis of the arm, measure thé circumference of the wrist im-
, mediately proximal to the ulnar styloid process,

N 422

MEAN 13.68 +0.03 CM. 5.39+ 0.01 IN.
S.0. 0.69 £0.02 CM. 0.27+ 0.01 IN.
MINI MUM 11.80 CM. 4.65 IN.
MAXI MUM _ 16.00 CM. : 6230 INe
TeV. 5.06 % 5.06 %

CM. IN.
1. 12.24 4.82
2° 12.40 4.88
3 12.51 4.92
5 12.65 4.98
10. 12.86 5.06
15 13.02 5.12
20 13.13 5.17
25° 13.24 521
30 13.34 5.25
35 13643 5229
40 13.52 5.32
13.61 5.36
50° 13.70 5239
55 13679 5.43
; 60 13.88 5.46
65 13.98 5.50
70. 14.08 5.54
75 14620 5.59
80 14.32 5.64
85 14.47 5.70
90 14.66 5.77
95 14.93 5.88
97, 15.09 5.94
98 =15.20 5.98
99° 15.36 6.05

ymMreaZMOamMy
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61



66 (14.0%) were killed and 89 (18.9%) were seriously injured. Design
deficiencies identified in that study as influencing the death or injury
rate of flight attendants (hence, the efficiency of passenger evacuation)
are quoted:?

"(1) Flight attendant seats are under and next to galley
and related equipment which dislodges as a result of
inadequate securing mechanisms;

(2) Flight attendant seats often fold up while occupied;

(3) Occupied flight attendant seats often detach from
the structures to which they are fastened;

(4) No shoulder harnesses are provided on rear-facing
seats and attendants are injured as they are thrown from
side to side;

(5) Many flight attendant seats have no head padding to
prevent impact with the solid bulkhead behind them;

(6) The type of shoulder harness supplied for flight
attendants’ forward-facing seats on all aircraft is
entirely inadequate and frequently causes strangulation,
broken shoulders and internal injuries;

(7) Some seats located in galleys are placed so that
when the flight attendant is seated, the 20" access for
Type I and II emergency exits is eliminated by the
attendant's body;

(8) Side-facing flight attendant seats are dangerous
and have inadequate restraint systems, Also if the
flight attendant occupying such a seat is killed or
injured and remains in the seat, the 20" access to the
exit is blocked;

(9) Flight attendants have no view of the passenger
cabin;

(10) Flight attendants have no view outside the aircraft;
(11) Megaphones and flashlights are not quickly accessible

from the flight attendant's seat location. In addition,
megaphones of excess weight create difficulty."


APPENDIX A

APPLICABILITY OF DATA OF STEWARDESSES OF OTHER AIRLINES

Although all airlines recruit stewardesses from the same general
population of young females, each has its own selection standards for
age, height, weight, education, and other variables, Therefore, we
might expect the stewardess complement of each airline to be anthropo-
metrically unique--a factor to be considered in the application of the
present data taken from a single airline to the stewardess population
as a whole. For this reason, we have reviewed the selection criteria
of the 55 United States, Canadian, and Caribbean air carriers. Users of
this report, when applying our data to stewardésses of particular airlines,
should take such differences into account.

Age. Airlines vary in both minimum and maximum age requirements for
stewardess trainees.’ Age minimums vary from 19 to 21 years; most require
that an applicant be at least 20 years old when she enters training.
Maximum ages for acceptance for training, when specified, range from
25 to 28 years. Many airlines, however, stipulate no maximum age.
American Airlines accepts trainees as young as 19.5 years old and has no
stated maximum but prefers’ that an applicant be less than 28 years old.

Table A-1 shows minimum and maximum age requirements in terms of
percentage of stewardesses employed. About 38 percent.of all currently
employed stewardesses work for airlines with acceptance age requirements

similar to those of American Airlines.

98



ACROMIAL HEIGHT, SITTING

Subject sits erect with feet resting lightly on footrest, upper arms hanging
at her sides, and lower arms extended horizontally. Using the anthropometer,
measure the vertical distance from the sitting surface to the left acromiale.

N 423

MEAN 57014 + 0.12 CM. 22.50 + 0.05 IN.
$.D. 2656 + 0.09 CM. 1.01 + 0.03 IN.
MINIMUM 49.30 CM. 19.41 IN.
MAXIMUM 66.30 CM. 26.10 IN.
ce Ve 4048 Z 4.48 %

CM IN.
1 51.32 20.20
2 51.80 20.40
3 52.17 20.54
5 52.74 20.76
10 53.70 21.14
15 54.38 21.41
20 54.93 21.63
25 55.41 21.81
30 55.83 21.98
35 56022 22.14
40 56.59 22.28
56.94 22.42
50 57.27 22.55
55 57.61 22.68
60 57.94 22.81
65 58.27 22.94
70 58.62 23.08
75 58.98 23.22
80 59.38 23.38
85 59.83 23.56
90 60.40 23.78
95 61.23 24.1)
97 61.79 24.33
98 62.22 24.50
99 62.94 24.78

YMre ey ZSMODMD
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38


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100


POPLITEAL HEIGHT, SITTING

Subject sits erect with feet resting on a surface adjusted so that the knees
are bent at approximately right angles. Using the anthropometer, measure
the vertical distance from the footrest surface to the underside of the left

knee.

N 422

MEAN 43.47 +0.10 CM. 17.12 + 0.04 IN.
SD. 2011 +0.07 CM. 0.83 +0.03 IN.
MINI MUM 29.00 CM. 11.42 IN.
* MAXI MUM 49.90 CM. 19.65 IN.
Cove 4.85 % 4.85 %

CM. IN.
1 39.15 15.41
2 39.65 15.61
3 39.96 15.73
5 40.36 15.89
10 40.99 16.14
15 41.42 16.31
20 41.77 16.45
25 42.08 16.57
30 42.37 16.68
35 42.64 16.79
40 42.90 16.89
43.16 16.99
50 43.42 17.10
55 43.69 17.20
60 43.96 17.31
65 44.25 17.42
70 44.56 17.54
75 44.89 17.67
80 45.27 17.82
> 85 45.71 17.99
90 46.25 18.21
95 47.02 18.51
97 47248 18.69
98 47.79 18.82
99 48.22 18.98

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