FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH OF COMMERCIAL-AIRLINE STEWARDESSES

Introduction.

On every commercial flight, members of the
flighterew, which consists of pilots, flight engi-
neers, and flight attendants, have workspaces
defined by their assigned duties. Within these
workspaces, they must function efficiently and
quickly, since the safety of the passengers, plane,
and cargo depends on the execution of their
skills. The pilot and flight engineer, who are
responsible for the operation of the aircraft, have
been studied in great detail from abdominal
girth: to zygotic selection. The female flight
attendants, whose safety responsibilities exist pri-
marily in the passenger cabin, have been de-
scribed in less detail. In fact, engineering design
data have come from studies of populations
unlike the present-day stewardess population.
For example, one of the prime sources of data
has been an anthropometric study of WAF’s,!
who were shorter and heavier than stewardesses,
and, although comparative data are missing,
probably stronger. Thus, design criteria based
on the WAF population could create difficult
situations for stewardesses.

Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) pre-
scribe three major responsibilities that are gen-
erally accomplished by the stewardesses on board
the aircraft. First, they disseminate information
to the passengers during takeoff, in-flight, and
landing operations (FAR 121.571 and FAR
121.578). Second, they are responsible for food
and beverage service control during takeoff and
landing (FAR 121.577) and the use and abuse
of alcoholic beverages during flight (FAR
121.575). Third, they are responsible for specific,
assigned duty stations during emergency opera-
tions (FAR 121.397 and FAR 191.417). In the
performance of the third duty, they are respon-
sible for the safe and rapid evacuation of pas-
sengers under emergency conditions. Since, in
most aircraft accidents, the pilots and flight

engineers usually are injured on impact or are
busy performing emergency shutdown proce-
dures, the stewardesses are the only members of
the flightcrew in the passenger cabin, There-
fore, it is important that they not only survive
the accident, but also be capable of executing the
prescribed emergency evacuation procedures.
Thus it is necessary to provide the design engi-
neer with appropriate data to make the stew-
ardess-machine interface compatible with their
duty requirements.

A previous study, “Anthropometry of Airline
Stewardesses” by Snow, Reynolds, and Allgood,®
was directed toward defining the anthropometric
dimensions of stewardesses. The present study
will present data on some of the static forces
that on-line stewardesses can apply within their
workspace environment.

These strength data are unique in that they
have been taken from a well-defined population
and are directed toward defining work capability
within a specific work environment. Most prior
studies have measured the strength of females in
educational institutions®*® Few studies of
female strength have attempted to deal with the
actual work environment,’ 1°" and these have
been directed toward specific tasks.

Methods.

Measurement Technique. The measurement
team consisted of one anthropologist, two labora-
tory assistants, and one photographer. All meas-
urements were taken at two stations in one room
of the Braniff stewardess “ready” area at Love
Field, Dallas, Texas.* The personal data and 13

* The sample population of this study was limited by
economic and time factors. Nevertheless, it is believed
that these subjects are representative of stewardesses
from all domestic airlines. ‘The reader is referred to the
comparison in Appendix B of this report and to the dis-
cussion in Reference 5 for further information.





50cm

Ficure 4, Schematic of position for back lift.

8. Back lift. The back lift was measured by
having the subject lift a bar 50 cm from the
floor (see Figure 4) by using primarily the
muscles in her back. The subject was instructed
to bend at the waist with her arms and legs
fully extended, grasp the bar with her hands,
and lift it with her back. The task was simple
to perform, but 9.2 percent (14) of the subjects
did not participate due to back problems arising
either from relatively recent injuries or from
congenital conditions for which they were under
the care of a physician.

Table 4 reports the summary statistics for the
back lift. These data also have a large range,
which probably reflects the extent to which moti-
vation as well as other sociocultural variables
affect the subjects’ performance.

TABLE 4. Summary Statistics for the Back Lift.

Strength Measures Ho. Fa sp Min. Max.
Average Plateau (1b) 138 WA.T 43.85 62.7 257.3
Maximum Force (1b) 138 263.3 47.89 63.8 285.3
Pulse (1b-sec) 138 129.1 39.19 64.2 19.2

There were no photographs taken of this test,
but observations made during the test procedure
indicate that none of the subjects had difficulty
in following the instructions.

4. Arm lift. The arm lift was measured by
having the subject stand erect and isometrically
lift a bar 100 cm from the floor (see Figure 5).
None of the subjects had any difficulty with this
strength test, and all subjects participated.

100cm

Ficure 5. Schematic of position for arm lift.

Table 5 reports the summary statistics for the
arm lift. It is interesting to note, however, that
the range and standard deviation are again large.

TABLE 5. Sumary Stetistics for the Arm Lift

Strength Measures No. z 8D. Min Max.
Average Plateau (1b) 1520 78.8 21.95 Bh 165.7
Maxinua Foree (1b) 5290.3 aks kT a2.
Pulse (1b-see) 1520 TH6 ako BLT 1S

Conclusions.

Obviously, strength test’ results reflect the ex-
tent to which subjects are motivated, either by
themselves or the environment in which the tests
are conducted. Most of the subjects in the present
study were experienced flight attendants (aver-
age service time of 44.1 months) who under-


Ficure la.

Freure 1c.

Ficure 1b.

Fioure 1d.

Figure 1. Test apparatus arranged for: (a) 25 cm lift height; (b) 50 cm lift height; (¢) 100 cm lift height; and
(d) 110 em push height.

These anthropometric data describe a stew-
ardess sample that is tall and lightweight as
compared to the female population at large. The
stewardesses’ average height is 3.7 cum and 4.2
om taller and their average weight is 3.3 kg and
5.7 kg lighter than the Public Health Service
and WAF samples, respectively. Furthermore,

the stewardesses have relatively less fat as
measured at the triceps skinfold and apparently
less total soft tissue when circumferences are
compared.

In general, the average airline stewardess does
not appear to have the body build of the average
American female.



anthropometric dimensions were taken at the first
station. Photographs and four measurements of
strength were taken during the strength tests
given at the second station.

Anthropometry. The anthropometric measure-
ments were taken by one laboratory assistant
and recorded by the other. The techniques used
were described in a previous paper® and did not
differ in this study.

To make the strength tests representative of
on-line aircraft situations, the stewardesses wore
their flight uniforms, which limited the number
and type of anthropometric measurements taken.
In addition, the number of measurements was
restricted because many of the stewardesses were
measured in the “ready” area while en route to
their flights. Thus, time was a factor that had
to be considered in the experimental design.
As a result, the amount of time spent with each
stewardess was minimized and consisted of one
interview in which personal data, 13 anthropo-
metric measurements, and 4 strength measure-
ments were obtained.

Strength Measurements. Traditionally, studies
of strength have déscribed measures of force that
can be applied across one joint. The present
study reports data on four functional measures
of strength involving complex body movements
across several joints. Thus, the results are
greatly dependent on the body leverage system
employed by stewardesses, which is in turn con-
founded by the relationship between their an-
thropometric dimensions and the spatial location
of the testing device. The strength tests in
this study were devised primarily to provide the
design engineer with data on the maximal] static
forces that stewardesses could employ at various
work levels in commercial aircraft. The sites
of isometric strength measurement were a leg
lift (25 cm from floor), a back lift (50 cm from
floor), an arm lift (100 cm from floor), and a
push (110 cm from floor). The heights at which
these measurments were made were determined
by the senior author, who made measurements
in several aircraft to determine common work-
ing heights for stewardesses.

During the test procedure, photographs of 103
subjects were taken for analysis of body position
relative to performance for the leg lift and push
test. The remaining two strength tests (back
and arm lifts) were simple to perform and the
results were not confounded by position.

Figure 1 illustrates the test device. The force
generated by the stewardesses was reacted by a
lever system (located under the floor of the test
device) loading a GSE type FT-164 force trans-
ducer with a range of 0 to 2,000 pounds but
calibrated in terms of actual force application
to the push or lift bars. The data are reported
in pounds force exerted by the stewardess.

The data from the load cell were recorded
through a signal conditioner (Endevco Model
4470 with 4476.2 amplified bridge signal con-
ditioner) onto an oscillograph recorder (Con-
solidated Electrodynamics. Corporation oscillo-
graph recorder type 5-124). The data were
analyzed manually and then processed on an
IBM 360/67 computer through the MIDAS pro-
gram at the University of Michigan. Definitions
of all data taken from the strength measures are
given, with examples, in Appendix A.

Results.

Sample Population. Data describing the flight
status, racial characteristics, language capabil-
ities, educational accomplishment, martial status,
and place of birth of the test subjects are pre-
sented in Appendix B.

Anthropometry. Table 1 presents the anthro-
pometric summary statistics with comparative
data from stewardess trainess,> United States
Public Health Survey (18- to 24-year-old fe-
males),‘15 and Air Force women.’® For the
anthropometric dimensions presented here, the
two stewardess samples—on-line and trainee—
have relatively small differences in comparison
to either the Public Health Service survey or the
WAF survey. There are methodological prob-
lems in comparing anthropometric data not
collected by the same measurement team using
the same instruments, but, in general, the four
studies appear to be similar in measurement
definition and technique.




Each of the flight attendants was asked to
push on the test device as if it were a Type I
door exit with an emergency evacuation in
process. The subject was asked to imagine that
the door was jammed and a strong wind was
blowing outside. Thus, the typical force curve
should have had a peak at the beginning of the
test followed by a plateau for the remaining 5
seconds (see Appendix A). As shown in Table
2, approximately 80 percent (122) of the flight
attendants generated a peak.

‘TABLE 2. Summary Statistics for the Pusii

Strength Measures Now Fa sp Min. Max.
Average Plateau (1b) 152 66.7 17-82 -30.0 128.0
Maxinun Peak Force (1b) 122 9.568 50.3 ATT.
‘Time to peak (sec) 122 O29 1.32 0,05

Pulse (1b.-sec) 152 65.6 16.29 27-8 124.3

The two-handed forward push is described by
Kroemer? as Experiment I in a series of push
tests conducted by the Air Force. The present
study measured the push force exerted by the
stewardesses at 66.3 percent of their mean statute.
The subjects had an average 24° body angle from
the vertical (approximated from photographs as
the included angle between vertical and an axis
drawn between shoulder and ankle joints of the
load-bearing leg). This angle had a positive
correlation (r=0.306) with pulse.** The feet
were separated in the midsagittal plane by an
average distance of 14.6 inches (approximated
from photographs). Sixty percent of the sub-
jects placed the right foot in front of the left
foot, thereby pushing primarily from the left
foot.

2, Leg Lift. Measurement of the force exerted
by the legs was made by having each subject
isometrically lift a bar 25 cm from the floor of
the test device (see Figure 3). The subject was
instructed to squat, grasp the bar with her arms
extended, keep her head up, and lift the bar
with her legs by pushing against the floor. It
was obvious during the data collection that this
test was physically the most difficult task to
perform.

cm

Ficure 8. Schematic for position of leg lift.

Table 3 reports the summary statistics for the

leg lift. The wide range in the data reflects
both motivation and physical coordination
factors.

As in the push test, photographs were taken
during the leg lift test. Analysis of the photo-
graphs indicates that many subjects tended to
lower their heads and raise their buttocks during
the test. The most frequent positional problems
occurred at the feet (48.8%) and trunk (45.9%).
In general, the subjects tended to position their
feet away from the bar and elevate their but-
tocks, which tended to increase the angle of the
trunk from vertical. It is interesting to note
that the correlation between trunk angle and
pulse (r=0.429, « <.05) was positive and signifi-
cant.

These data indicate that there is a behavioral
tendency to lift loads primarily with the back
musculature rather than the legs. This observa-
tion opposes traditional views on load lifting,
but recent data’? support these observations.

TABLE 3, Sumary Statistics for the Leg Lift

‘Strength Measures Wo. Fa sp Man. Max.
Average Plateau (1b) akg aash 33.85 7.3 BAD
Maximun Force (1b) 150 130.9 35.44 95.0 253.0

Pulse (1b-sec) Wg 103,730.38 M62 200.2



TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

T. Report No. % Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

FAA-AM -75-13

4. Title and Subtitle

5. Report Date

FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH OF CONMERCTAL-AIRLINE STEWARDESSES [November 1973 ———

ing Organization Report No.

7 Author(s) 8. Per

Herbert M. Reynolds, PhD, and Mackie A. Allgood, MS

9. Performing Organization Name ond Address 10, Work Unit No.
FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P.0. Box 25082 TT. Contract or-Brant No.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12, Sponsoring Agency Nome and Address

Office of Aviation Medicine OAM Report
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

Washington, D.C. 20591

15. Supplementary Notes

Research leading to preparation of this report was performed under

Project AM-B-73-PRS-48.

16. Abstract

Data from 13 body measurements and 4 strength tests on 152 female flight attendants
are reported herein. The stewardesses are taller (K = 165.8 cm) and lighter

(% = 54.6 kg) than the corresponding age in the civilian population. The strength
tests are reported as the average plateau, maximum force, and pound-second force
for a two-handed push (110 cm from floor), leg lift (25 cm from floor), back lift
(50 cm from floor). and arm lift (100 cm from floor). There are no comparable
data in the literature; thus, these data can provide a general guideline as to

the maximum strength capabilities of the on-line airline stewardess.

17, Key Words 18, Distribution Stotement

Document is available to the public
Aviation Medicine, Anthropometry, Civil | through the National Technical
Aviation, Stewardess, Human Factors Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Clossif. (of this page) TI. No. of Pages | 22. Price

$3.00 PC
$ 95 MF

Unclassified Unclassified
Form DOT F 1700.7 (s-69)





stood the utility of the project. Thus, the
maximum values in the present study should
reflect maximum voluntary force exertions for
the corresponding working heights and positions.
However, these values do not define the maxi-
mum forces that could be exerted by flight
attendants under stress. There appears to be
a psychological and/or physiological stop for
strength tests that prohibits muscle exertion to
the point of self-injury.** **

The present study attempted to measure not
the maximum force exerted under stress, but
typical loads at various levels in the aircraft
that the flight attendants could be expected to
handle. The minimum values tend to have less
significance, since they reflect motivation rather
than maximum voluntary strength of a subject.
In conclusion, these data should provide the de-
sign engineer with general guidelines on the
strength capabilities of stewardesses.



Strength. The data reported herein measured
voluntary strength of each subject for four tests:
push, leg lift, back lift, and arm lift. To mini-
mize the effects of motivation, the instructions
for each test were phrased in terms applicable to
the flight attendant’s job. In addition, the se-
quence of strength tests was changed for each
subject. (e)

1. Push. In the isometric push test, the sub-
ject pushed against an aluminum cylinder located |

110 cm from the floor (see Figure 2). The floor
of the test device was covered with flame-
resistant carpeting used in FAA aircraft so that
the reaction between feet and floor would ap- Ficuae 2. Schematic of position for two-handed
proximate airplane conditions. forward push.

TABLE 1. Summary Statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation)
for On-line Stewardess Sample with Comparative Data
from Stewardess Trainee, USPHS, and WAF Samples’

STEWARDESS STEWARDESS USPHS SAMPLE WAF
(ON-LINE) (TRAINEE ) (18-24 YRS.) SAMPLE,
Wo. ise 423 53k 1905
Age 25.0 22.1 21.0 23.4 (6.45)
MEASUREMENTS
Height 165.8 166.3 162.2 162.2
(5.19) (4.85) (6.00)
Weight 54.6 52.9 58.6 57.9
(1.52)
Suprasternale Height 133.4 134.6 - 132.0
(hug) (43h) (5.30)
TLiospinale Height 93.0 92.3 -- -
(3.82) (3.40)
Shoulder Breadth 39.6 40.6 - 42,0
(4b) (1.56) (2.32)
Bicristal Breadth 26.7 27.3 - ~
(0.13) (2.40)
Knee Breadth 8.8 8.9 - 8.2
(0.32) (0.38) (0.45)
Elbow Breadth 6.2 6.2 _ 6.1
(0.27) (0.32) (0.30)
Upper Arm Circumference 23.9 23.3, 25.9 25.6
(Relaxea) aan) (2.35) (2.29)
Lover Arm Circumference 23.9 - - 25.0
(Flexea) (1.42) (1.52)
calf Circumference 33.2 32.2 ~- Buea
(1.68) (1.63) (2.25)
Anterior Thigh Skinfold 2a 2.0 ~ ~
(0.56) (0-45)
Triceps Skinfold 1.4 1k 1.8 1.9
(0.40) (0.33) (0.54)

“Weight is in kilograms; all other measurements are in centimeters.




APPENDIX B

SAMPLE POPULATION DATA

The subjects in this study were paid, volunteer
stewardesses from one airline, Braniff Interna-
tional, which was selected because its age, height,
and weight entrance requirements for stew-
ardesses in 1971 (Table B-1) were characteristic
of the majority of domestic airlines? Further-
more, the actual range of values in the present
study for age, height, and weight encompassed
all of the domestic carrier requirements for
stewardesses. .

The subjects were measured in the Braniff
stewardess ready area at Love Field, Dallas,
Texas, either just before entry on flight duty
or immediately after release from flight duty.
There was no attempt to control the immediate
flight status of the attendants, as the research
effort was directed toward evaluating the effec-
tive functional strength of stewardesses on duty
rather than the maximum laboratory strength.

The experimental design considered sampling
bias to be unavoidable, since the subjects were
volunteers and it was believed that the measure-
ment program. would appeal to experienced stew-
ardesses. The age and experience distributions
discussed later confirm this sampling bias.

Flight Status. Twenty-eight subjects, or 18.4
percent of the total sample, were trainees who
had completed 4 of the 8 weeks prescribed train-
ing. The remaining 124 subjects, or 81.6 percent
of the total sample, were airline stewardesses who

TABLE B-1.

had collectively accumulated 5,474 months of duty
for a mean length of service of 44.1 months.

The remaining discussion and all data consider
trainees together with the on-line stewardesses.
The differences between means for the two
groups in.a representative s6ties of anthropomet-
rical and strength variables (age, height, weight,
shoulder breadth, upper arm circumference—
flexed, average plateau—push, average plateau—
25-cm lift, average plateau—60-cm lift) were
tested by the student “t” test for unpaired ob-
servations in normally distributed data, and only
age was significantly lower («<.01) for the
trainees.

Race. The sample was predominantly (97.4%)
Caucasian with three Negroes and one American
Indian.

Language. There were 12 foreign languages
spoken, with Spanish, French, and German being
the most common. Twenty-five (16.5%) of the
stewardesses spoke two languages (including
English) and six (3.9%) spoke three lan-
guages (including English). The remaining 121
(79.6%) stewardesses spoke only English.

Education. Eighteen (11.8%) of the stew-
ardesses had. had no formal education beyond
high school, while 8 (6.5%) had attended only
vocational school (model, fashion merchandising,
business, etc.). The majority, 126 (82.9%), had
attended college, including four (2.6%) who had

Comparison of Age, Height, and Weight Minimum-Maximum Requirements

Between Braniff/All Domestic Airlines and the Present Study

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT MAXIMUM REQUIREMENT
Selection
Variables
‘ALL Domestic Airlines Present Study Al1 Domestic Airlines Present Study
$ Airlines # Airlines @ Airlines % Airlines
Requirement | Represented by |Measured | vith Minimum | Requirenent | Represented by|Measured | with Maximum
Requirement > Measured Requirement < Measured
Age (yr). 19.5 ho 19.6 100 None 37.5 46.3 100
Height (in) 62 ie 60.8 100 69 52.5 10.7 100
Weight (1b) 100-105 Be a 100 131-135 21.2 146 100

11



cS

a

a

10.

REFERENCES

Churchill, BE, J. T..McConville, L. Laubach, and
R. M. White: Anthropometry of U.S. Army Aviators:
—1970. U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Technical
Report No. 72-52-CE, Series C & PLSEL-95, 1971.

. Snyder, R. G.: The Sex Ratio of Offspring of High

Performance Military Aircraft Pilots, HUMAN BI-
OLOGY, 33(1): 1-10, 1961.

. Daniels, G. S., H. ©. Meyers, and 8. H. Worrall:

Anthropometry of WAF Basic Trainees. Technical
Report No, 58-12, Wright Air Development Center,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1953.

. Snow, C. ©. J. J. Carroll, and M. A. Allgood: Sur-

yival in Emergency Escape from Passenger Aircraft.
FAA Office of Aviation Medicine Report No. AM-
70-16, 1970.

. Snow, C. G. H. M. Reynolds, and M. A. Allgood :

Anthropometry of Airline Stewardesses, FAA Office
of Aviation Medicine Report No. AM-75-2, 1975.

. Clarke, H. H., and R. A. Munroe: Test Manual:

Oregon Cable Tension Strength Test Batteries for
Boys and Girls from Fourth Grade Through College,
Bugene, Oregon, Microcord Publications in Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation, 1970.

Haynes, E. M.: The Relationship Between Certain
Anthropometric Measurements and Certain Tests of
Strength and Motor Ability Among College Women.
Unpublished Masters thesis, Florida State University,
1962.

. Darwick, D.: Maximal Work Capacity as Related to

Strength, Body Composition, and Physical Activity
in Young Women, Unpublished Masters thesis,
Michigan State University, 1964.

Karim, B. B.: A Study of Female Pilot Control
Force Capabilities for General Aviation Aircraft.
Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Oklahoma,
1971.

McFadden, E, B., and J. J, Swearingen: Forces That
May Be Exerted by Man in the Operation of Air-

13

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12.

13.

14.

15.

17.

18.

rt

craft Door Handles, HUMAN FACTORS, 1(1) 116-22,
1958,

McFadden, E. B., J. J. Swearingen, and C. D. Wheel-
wright: The Magnitude and Direction of Forces Man
can Exert in Operating Aircraft Emergency Exits,
HUMAN FACTORS, 1(4) :16-27, 1959.

Morton, A. C.: The 1970-71 Airline Guide to Stew-
ardess Careers, International Stewardess News,
Hialeah, Florida, 1970.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
tion, Vol. 1, 1950.

Stoudt, H. W., A. Daman, and R. McFarland: Weight,
Height, and Selected Body Dimensions of Adults,
1960-1967. National Center for Health Statistics,
Series 11, Number 8. United States Public Health
Service, U.S. Dept. of HEW, 1965.

Stoudt, H., A. Daman, R. McFarland, and J. Roberts:
Skinfolds, Body Girths, Bicranial Diameter, and Se-
lected Antrropometric Indices of Adults, 1960-1962.
National Center for Health Statistics, Series 11,
Number 35, 1970.

U.S. Census of Popula-

. Clauser, C. E., P. E, Tucker, J. T. McConville, E.

Churchill, L. 1, Laubach, and J. A. Rearden: Anthro-
pometry of Air Force Women, Report No, AMRL-
'TR-70-5, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio,
1972.

Kroemer, K. H, E.: Push Forces Exerted in Sixty-
Five Common Working Positions. Report No.
AMRL-TR-68-148, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio, 1969.

Kroemer, K. H. E.: Human Strength: Terminology,
Measurement and Interpretation of Data. HUMAN
FACTORS, 12(3) :297-818, 1970.

. Ikai, M., and A. H. Steinhaus: Some Factors Modify-

ing the Expression of Human Strength. J. APPL.
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3 :404-410, 1951.



Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Dean Dahlin and Mr. Bill
Barry of Braniff Airways, Inc., for their cooperation in permitting the use
of the Braniff stewardess facility at Love Field, Dallas. More important,
however, the authors thank the stewardesses who volunteered to participate
in the study; without. their utmost cooperation, the data could not have been
collected.





APPENDIX A

STRENGTH DATA REDUCTION

Force generated by the subjects was measured
directly from an oscillograph recording. Figures
A-1 and A-2 are examples of typical recordings
of the push test and of the arm, back, and leg
lift tests, respectively.

TIME sec

1 2 3 5 6 r

es ar oe

mi

Ficurr A-1. Typical force-time curve tracing of

push test.

Push

1—Average plateau. The height of the trac-
ing was measured at the intersection of the
curve and timing mark for 5 seconds and
averaged in pounds force (1b).

2—Maximum strength. The height of the first
peak in the recording was measured in
pounds force (1b).

8—Time to maximum strength. The time to
produce the first peak in the recording was
measured within 50 milliseconds (sec).

wont ee
3 m3 Unt Ht :
a ri el | ~7

[

Ficure A-2. Typical force-time curve of the arm, back,
and leg lift tests.

4—Pulse. The area under the curve for the
first 3 seconds was measured and averaged
for 1 second (1b-sec).

Leg, Back, and Arm Lifts

1-—-Average plateau. The height of the trac-
ing was measured at the intersection of the
curve and timing mark for 5 seconds and
averaged in pounds force (1b).

2—Maximum force. The maximum height of
the tracing was measured in pounds force
(1b).

8—Pulse. The area under the curve for the
first 3 seconds was measured and averaged
for 1 second (1b-sec).



also attended vocational school. Table B-2 re-
ports the level of college education that had
been attained at the time of measurement.

TABLE B-2. Level of Education Completed for 126 College
Attendees in the Present Sample
% Cumulative

Classification No. Of College Attendees
Freshman 31 24.6
Sophomore ur 61.9
Junior Ww 15.4
Senior 3 11.8
Bachelor's degree 25 97.6
Graduate school 3 100.0

By considering those attending vocational school
to have had 1 year of post-high-school education
and those attending graduate school to have had
5 years, the average number of years of post-
high-school education in the sample is about 2
years.

TABLE B~3. Place of Birth
Compared With the 1950

Marital Status. Ninety-nine _ stewardesses
(65.1%) were single and had never been married,
41 stewardesses (27.0%) were married, and 12
stewardesses (7.9%) were divorced or widowed.
One trainee, who was divorced, had one child.

Place of Birth. Since Braniff International is
largely a Texas-based airline, the West South
Central census region was the best represented—
Arkansas, 1; Louisiana, 2; Oklahoma, 7; and
Texas, 33. The remaining census regions were
relatively well-represented (see Table B-3) ex-
cept the Middle Atlantic region (N.Y., N.J., Pa.),
for which there was a difference of 15.2 percent
between the native-born stewardess sample and
the 1950 census population distribution?® (the
census closest to the year of birth of the majority
of the stewardesses in this sample).

of the Present Sample
Census Distribution

Present Census Difference
CENSUS REGION No. Sample 1950 from census
New England
Maine, N.H., Mass., R.I., Conn.) .. 2... . 2.24. 6 Wl 6.2 - 2.2
Middle Atlantic
N.Y., NJe, Pas) ee ee ee ee ee ee +7 4.8 20.0 715.2
East North Central.
(ohio, Ind., Ill., Mich., Wis)... 2. . : se OL hed We + 0.3
West North Central
Minn., Ia., Mo., N. Dak., S. Dak., Neb., Kan.) ... . . 30 20.5 20.2 + 0.3
South Atlantic
Wel., Ma., D.C., Va., W. Vas, N.C., S.C., Gas, Fla.) .. 7 4.8 1.6 - 2.8
East South Central
y.; Tenn., Ala., Miss.).- 2... ee 8 5.5 9.3 - 3.8
West_South Central
(ark., La., Okle., Tex.) 2.2... ee ee 43 29.4 9.6 +19.8
Mountain
Mont., Idaho, Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Uteh, Nev.) . 9 6.2 3.4 + 2,8
Pacific
ash., Oreg., Calif., Alaska, Hawaii) .. 2.2... | 15 2.6 + O.7
Subtotal 146 100.0 100.0
Forel
Belgium, Canada, Chile, Germany, and Panama) oe 6
Total 152

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