Contents

Introduction .................. 1

What's New for 2024 ............. 2

Reminders ................... 2

Chapter 1. Tax Withholding 

for 2024 .................. 2

Salaries and Wages ........... 3

Tips .................... 8

Taxable Fringe Benefits ......... 8

Sick Pay .................. 9

Pensions and Annuities ......... 9

Gambling Winnings .......... 10

Unemployment Compensation .... 10

Federal Payments ........... 11

Backup Withholding .......... 11

Chapter 2. Estimated Tax for 2024 ... 19

Who Does Not Have To Pay 

Estimated Tax ............ 19

Who Must Pay Estimated Tax ..... 20

How To Figure Estimated Tax ..... 21

When To Pay Estimated Tax ...... 23

How To Figure Each Payment ..... 24

How To Pay Estimated Tax ...... 26

How To Get Tax Help ............ 40

Index ..................... 43

Introduction

The federal income tax is a pay-as-you-go tax. 

You must pay the tax as you earn or receive income during the year. There are two ways to 

pay as you go.

• Withholding. If you are an employee, your 

employer probably withholds income tax 

from your pay. In addition, tax may be withheld from certain other income, such as 

pensions, bonuses, commissions, and 

gambling winnings. The amount withheld is 

paid to the IRS in your name.

• Estimated tax. If you don’t pay your tax 

through withholding, or don’t pay enough 

tax that way, you might have to pay estimated tax. People who are in business for 

themselves will generally have to pay their 

tax this way. You may have to pay estimated tax if you receive income such as dividends, interest, capital gains, rents, and 

royalties. Estimated tax is used to pay not 

only income tax, but other taxes such as 

self-employment tax and alternative minimum tax.

This publication explains both of these methods. It also explains how to take credit on your 

return for the tax that was withheld and for your 

estimated tax payments.

If you didn’t pay enough tax during the year, 

either through withholding or by making estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty. Generally, the IRS can figure this penalty 

for you.

Nonresident aliens. Before completing 

Form W-4, Employee's Withholding Certificate, 

nonresident alien employees should see Notice 

Department 

of the 

Treasury

Internal 

Revenue 

Service

Publication 505

Cat. No. 15008E

Tax

Withholding

and Estimated

Tax

For use in 2024

Get forms and other information faster and easier at:

• IRS.gov (English) 

• IRS.gov/Spanish (Español) 

• IRS.gov/Chinese (中文) 

• IRS.gov/Korean (한국어) 

• IRS.gov/Russian (Pусский) 

• IRS.gov/Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt) 

Mar 5, 2024
1392, Supplemental Form W-4 Instructions for 

Nonresident Aliens (Rev. January 2020), which 

provides nonresident aliens who are not exempt 

from withholding instructions for completing 

Form W-4, and the Instructions for Form 8233, 

Exemption From Withholding on Compensation 

for Independent (and Certain Dependent) Personal Services of a Nonresident Alien Individual. Also, see chapter 8 of Pub. 519, U.S. Tax 

Guide for Aliens, for important information on 

withholding.

Final regulations on income tax withholding. Final regulations on income tax withholding were published in the Federal Register 

on October 6, 2020 (at 85 FR 63019). The regulations implement changes made by the Tax 

Cuts and Jobs Act and reflect the redesigned 

withholding certificate (Form W-4). See the regulations for detailed information on income tax 

withholding.

Comments and suggestions. We welcome 

your comments about this publication and suggestions for future editions.

You can send us comments through 

IRS.gov/FormComments. Or, you can write to 

the Internal Revenue Service, Tax Forms and 

Publications, 1111 Constitution Ave. NW, 

IR-6526, Washington, DC 20224.

Although we can’t respond individually to 

each comment received, we do appreciate your 

feedback and will consider your comments and 

suggestions as we revise our tax forms, instructions, and publications. Don’t send tax questions, tax returns, or payments to the above address.

Getting answers to your tax questions. 

If you have a tax question not answered by this 

publication or the How To Get Tax Help section 

at the end of this publication, go to the IRS Interactive Tax Assistant page at IRS.gov/

Help/ITA where you can find topics by using the 

search feature or viewing the categories listed.

Getting tax forms, instructions, and publications. Go to IRS.gov/Forms to download 

current and prior-year forms, instructions, and 

publications.

Ordering tax forms, instructions, and 

publications. Go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to order current forms, instructions, and publications; call 800-829-3676 to order prior-year 

forms and instructions. The IRS will process 

your order for forms and publications as soon 

as possible. Don’t resubmit requests you’ve already sent us. You can get forms and publications faster online.

What's New for 2024

Use your 2023 tax return as a guide in figuring 

your 2024 estimated tax, but be sure to 

consider the following.

Form 1040-SS filers. For 2024 the Estimated 

Tax Worksheet for filers of Form 1040-SS has 

been added to Form 1040-ES. See Form 

1040-ES and its instructions for more information.

Standard deduction amount increased. For 

2024, the standard deduction amount has been 

increased for all filers, and the amounts are as 

follows.

• Single or Married Filing Separately—$14,600.

• Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviving Spouse—$29,200.

• Head of Household—$21,900.

Retirement savings contribution credit income limits increased. In order to claim this 

credit for 2024, your MAGI must not be more 

than $38,250 ($76,500 if married filing jointly; 

$57,375 if head of household).

Adoption credit or exclusion. The maximum 

adoption credit or exclusion for employer-provided adoption benefits has increased to 

$16,810. In order to claim either the credit or exclusion, your MAGI must be less than $292,150.

Reminders

Future developments. The IRS has created a 

page on IRS.gov for information about Pub. 505 

at IRS.gov/Pub505. Information about any future developments affecting Pub. 505 (such as 

legislation enacted after we release it) will be 

posted on that page.

Social security tax. Generally, each employer 

for whom you work during the tax year must 

withhold social security tax up to the annual 

limit. The annual limit is $168,600 in 2024.

Individual taxpayer identification number 

(ITIN) renewal. If you were assigned an ITIN 

before January 1, 2013, or if you have an ITIN 

that you haven’t included on a tax return in the 

last 3 consecutive years, you may need to renew it. For more information, see the Instructions for Form W-7.

Advance payments of the premium tax 

credit. If you buy health insurance through the 

Health Insurance Marketplace, you may be eligible to have advance payments of the premium 

tax credit paid on your behalf to the insurance 

company. Receiving too little or too much in advance will affect your refund or balance due. 

Promptly report changes in your income or family size to your Marketplace. See Form 8962 

and its instructions for more information.

Additional Medicare Tax. Generally, a 0.9% 

Additional Medicare Tax applies to Medicare 

wages, Railroad Retirement Tax Act compensation, and self-employment income over 

$200,000 if you are filing as single, head of 

household, or qualifying surviving spouse; over 

$250,000 if you are married filing jointly; and 

over $125,000 if you are married filing separately. You may need to include this amount 

when figuring your estimated tax. You may also 

request that your employer deduct and withhold 

an additional amount of income tax withholding 

from your wages on Form W-4.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). You may 

be subject to NIIT. NIIT is a 3.8% tax on the 

lesser of net investment income or the excess of 

your MAGI over $200,000 ($250,000 if married 

filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse; 

$125,000 if married filing separately). NIIT may 

need to be included when figuring estimated 

tax. You may also request that your employer 

deduct and withhold an additional amount of income tax withholding from your wages on Form 

W-4.

Access your online account. Go to IRS.gov/

Account to securely access information about 

your federal tax account.

• View the amount you owe and a breakdown by tax year.

• See payment plan details or apply for a 

new payment plan.

• Make a payment, view 5 years of payment 

history and any pending or scheduled payments.

• Access your tax records, including key 

data from your most recent tax return, your 

economic impact payment amounts, and 

transcripts.

• View digital copies of select notices from 

the IRS.

• Approve or reject authorization requests 

from tax professionals.

• Update your address or manage your communication preferences.

Photographs of missing children. The IRS is 

a proud partner with the National Center for 

Missing & Exploited Children® (NCMEC). Photographs of missing children selected by the 

Center may appear in this publication on pages 

that would otherwise be blank. You can help 

bring these children home by looking at the 

photographs and calling 800-THE-LOST 

(800-843-5678) if you recognize a child.

1.

Tax Withholding 

for 2024

Introduction

This chapter discusses income tax withholding 

on:

• Salaries and wages,

• Tips,

• Taxable fringe benefits,

• Sick pay,

• Pensions and annuities,

• Gambling winnings,

• Unemployment compensation, and

• Certain federal payments.

This chapter explains in detail the rules for withholding tax from each of these types of income. 

The discussion of salaries and wages includes 

an explanation of how to complete Form W-4.

This chapter also covers backup withholding 

on interest, dividends, and other payments.

Useful Items

You may want to see:

Form (and Instructions)

W-4 Employee's Withholding Certificate

W-4Pithholding Certificate for Periodic 

Pension or Annuity Payments

 W-4

 W-4P

2 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
ithholding Certificate for 

Nonperiodic Payments and Eligible 

Rollover Distributions

Request for Federal Income Tax 

Withholding From Sick Pay

oluntary Withholding Request

See How To Get Tax Help at the end of this publication for information about getting these publications and forms.

Salaries and Wages

Income tax is withheld from the pay of most employees. Your pay includes your regular pay, bonuses, commissions, and vacation allowances. 

It also includes reimbursements and other expense allowances paid under a nonaccountable 

plan. See Supplemental Wages, later, for definitions of accountable and nonaccountable plans.

If your income is low enough that you won’t 

have to pay income tax for the year, you may be 

exempt from withholding. This is explained under Exemption From Withholding, later.

You can ask your employer to withhold income tax from noncash wages and other wages 

not subject to withholding. If your employer 

does not agree to withhold tax, or if not enough 

is withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax, 

as discussed in chapter 2.

Military retirees. Military retirement pay is 

treated in the same manner as regular pay for 

income tax withholding purposes, even though 

it is treated as a pension or annuity for other tax 

purposes.

Household workers. If you are a household 

worker, you can ask your employer to withhold 

income tax from your pay. A household worker 

is an employee who performs household work 

in a private home, local college club, or local fraternity or sorority chapter.

Tax is withheld only if you want it withheld 

and your employer agrees to withhold it. If you 

don’t have enough income tax withheld, you 

may have to pay estimated tax, as discussed in 

chapter 2.

Farmworkers. Generally, income tax is withheld from your cash wages for work on a farm 

unless your employer both:

• Pays you cash wages of less than $150 

during the year, and

• Has expenditures for agricultural labor totaling less than $2,500 during the year.

Differential wage payments. When employees are on leave from employment for military 

duty, some employers make up the difference 

between the military pay and civilian pay. Payments to an employee who is on active duty for 

a period of more than 30 days will be subject to 

income tax withholding, but not subject to social 

security or Medicare taxes. The wages and 

withholding will be reported on Form W-2, 

Wage and Tax Statement.

 W-4R

 W-4S

 W-4V

Determining Amount of Tax

Withheld Using Form W-4

The amount of income tax your employer withholds from your regular pay depends on three 

things.

• The amount you earn in each payroll period.

• Your payroll period.

• The information you give your employer on 

Form W-4.

Form W-4 includes four steps that will give 

information to your employer to figure your withholding. Complete Steps 2 through 4 only if they 

apply to you.

Step 1. Enter your personal information, including your anticipated filing status. Your anticipated filing status will determine the standard 

deduction and tax rates used to figure your 

withholding.

Step 2. Complete this step if you (1) hold more 

than one job at a time, or (2) are married and 

plan to file a joint return and your spouse also 

works.

If you or your spouse have another job, 

complete Steps 3 through 4(b) on only 

one Form W-4. Your withholding will be 

most accurate if you do this on the Form W-4 for 

the highest paying job.

Step 3. Complete this step if you have dependents and think you may be eligible to claim the 

child tax credit or credit for other dependents on 

your tax return. Also, complete this step if you 

want to include an estimate of your other tax 

credits (for example, an education credit or the 

foreign tax credit).

Step 4. Complete this optional step to make 

other adjustments.

• Other income (not from jobs).

• Deductions (other than the standard deduction).

• Any additional amounts you want to withhold from each check.

New Job

When you start a new job, you must fill out a 

Form W-4 and give it to your employer. Your 

employer should have copies of the form. If you 

need to change the information later, you must 

fill out a new form.

If you work only part of the year (for example, you start working after the beginning of the 

year), too much tax may be withheld. You may 

be able to avoid overwithholding if your employer agrees to use the part-year method. See 

Part-Year Method, later, for more information.

Employee also receiving pension income. If 

you receive pension or annuity income and begin a new job, you will need to file Form W-4 

with your new employer. You should also consider furnishing a new Form W-4P.

CAUTION

!

Changing Your Withholding

During the year, changes may occur to your 

marital status, adjustments, deductions, or 

credits you expect to claim on your tax return. 

When this happens, you may need to give your 

employer a new Form W-4 to change your withholding.

If a change in personal circumstances reduces the amount of withholding you are entitled to claim, you are required to give your employer a new Form W-4 within 10 days after the 

change occurs.

The following rules apply in determining 

whether you are required to furnish a new Form 

W-4 to your employer.

Change of status resulting in withholding 

less than your tax liability. If you have one of 

the changes in the following bullet list and you 

won't have enough tax withheld for the remainder of 2024 to cover your income tax liability for 

2024, you are required to furnish a new Form 

W-4 to your employer within 10 days after the 

date of the change.

• Your filing status changes from Married Filing Jointly (or Qualifying Surviving Spouse) 

to Head of Household or Single (or Married 

Filing Separately) or from Head of Household to Single (or Married Filing Separately).

• You or your spouse start another job, and 

you chose to use the Multiple Jobs Worksheet or the Tax Withholding Estimator to 

account for your other job in determining 

your withholding.

• You or your spouse start another job, and 

as a result file a new 2024 Form W-4, and 

you or your spouse select the checkbox in 

Step 2(c) (in this case, you must furnish a 

new Form W-4 for your first job and select 

the checkbox in Step 2(c)).

• You or your spouse expect a raise of more 

than $10,000 in regular wages (not a bonus) at a second or third job, and the Form 

W-4, Step 2(c), checkbox is not selected 

on your Forms W-4.

• You no longer expect to be able to claim a 

Child Tax Credit you took into account on a 

previously furnished Form W-4.

• Your other credits you took into account on 

a previously furnished Form W-4 decrease 

by more than $500.

• Your deductions decrease by more than 

$2,300 from the amount you took into account on a previously furnished Form W-4.

• You no longer reasonably expect to claim 

exemption from withholding.

Change of status resulting in withholding 

that will cover your tax liability. If you have a 

change of status listed in the previous section, 

you don't have to furnish a new Form W-4 for 

2024 if after the change you will have enough 

tax withheld for the remainder of 2024 to cover 

your income tax liability. However, if you will 

have enough tax withheld for 2024 to cover your 

income tax liability after a change or changes in 

status, but your filing status changes from Married Filing Jointly (or Qualifying Surviving 

Spouse) to Head of Household or to Single (or 

Married Filing Separately) or from Head of 

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 3
Household to Single (or Married Filing Separately) during 2024, you are required to furnish 

your employer a new Form W-4 for 2025 by December 2, 2024, or, if later, 10 days after the 

date of the change in filing status, to take effect 

in 2025.

Otherwise, if you want to change your withholding for any other reason, you can generally 

do that whenever you wish. See Table 1-1 for 

examples of personal and financial changes 

you should consider.

Personal and Financial 

Changes

Table 1-1.

Factor Examples

Lifestyle 

change

Marriage

Divorce

Birth or adoption of child

Purchase of a new home

Retirement

Filing chapter 11 bankruptcy

Wage income You or your spouse start or 

stop working, or start or stop a 

second job

Change in the 

amount of 

taxable 

income not 

subject to 

withholding

Interest income

Dividends

Capital gains

Self-employment income

IRA (including certain Roth 

IRA) distributions

Change in the 

amount of 

adjustments to 

income

IRA deduction

Student loan interest

deduction

Alimony expense

Change in the 

amount of 

itemized 

deductions or 

tax credits

Medical expenses

Taxes

Interest expense

Gifts to charity

Dependent care expenses

Education credit

Child tax credit

Earned income credit

If you change the amount of your withholding, you can request that your employer withhold using the Cumulative Wage Method, later.

Checking Your Withholding

After you have given your employer a Form 

W-4, you can check to see whether the amount 

of tax withheld from your pay is too much or too 

little. If too much or too little tax is being withheld, you should give your employer a new 

Form W-4 to change your withholding. You can 

get a blank Form W-4 from your employer or 

print the form from IRS.gov.

You can use the Tax Withholding Estimator at IRS.gov/W4App instead of the 

worksheets in this publication or included with Form W-4 to determine whether you 

need to have your withholding increased or decreased.

You should try to have your withholding 

match your actual tax liability. If not enough tax 

is withheld, you will owe tax at the end of the 

year and may have to pay interest and a 

TIP

penalty. If too much tax is withheld, you will lose 

the use of that money until you get your refund. 

Always check your withholding if there are personal or financial changes in your life or 

changes in the law that might change your tax liability. See Table 1-1 for examples.

Note. You can’t give your employer a payment to cover federal income tax withholding on 

salaries and wages for past pay periods or a 

payment for estimated tax.

When Should You Check Your 

Withholding?

The earlier in the year you check your withholding, the easier it is to get the right amount of tax 

withheld.

You should check your withholding when 

any of the following situations occur.

1. You receive a paycheck stub (statement) 

covering a full pay period in 2024 showing 

tax withheld based on 2024 tax rates.

2. You prepare your 2023 tax return and get 

a:

a. Big refund, or

b. Balance due that is:

i. More than you can comfortably 

pay, or

ii. Subject to a penalty.

3. There are changes in your life or financial 

situation that affect your tax liability. See 

Table 1-1.

4. There are changes in the tax law that affect your tax liability.

How Do You Check Your 

Withholding?

You can use the worksheets and tables in this 

publication to see if you are having the right 

amount of tax withheld. You can also use the 

Tax Withholding Estimator at IRS.gov/W4App. If 

you use the worksheets and tables in this publication, follow these steps.

1. Fill out Worksheet 1-3 to project your total 

federal income tax liability for 2024.

2. Fill out Worksheet 1-5 to project your total 

federal withholding for 2024 and compare 

that with your projected tax liability from 

Worksheet 1-3.

If you are not having the correct amount of 

tax withheld, line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 will show 

you how to adjust the amount withheld each 

payday. For ways to increase the amount of tax 

withheld, see How Do You Increase Your Withholding, later.

If line 5 of Worksheet 1-5 shows that you are 

having more tax withheld than necessary, see 

How Do You Decrease Your Withholding, later, 

for ways to decrease the amount of tax you 

have withheld each payday.

Detailed instructions for completing a new 

Form W-4 to adjust your withholding follow 

Worksheet 1-5.

How Do You Increase Your 

Withholding?

You can increase your withholding by entering 

an additional amount that you want withheld 

from each paycheck on Form W-4.

Requesting an additional amount be withheld. You can request that an additional 

amount be withheld from each paycheck by entering the additional amount in Step 4(c) of 

Form W-4. To see if you should request an additional amount be withheld, complete Worksheets 1-3 and 1-5. Complete a new Form W-4 

if the amount on Worksheet 1-5, line 5:

1. Is more than you want to pay with your tax 

return or in estimated tax payments 

throughout the year, or

2. Would cause you to pay a penalty when 

you file your tax return for 2024.

What if I have more than one job or my 

spouse also has a job? You are more likely to 

need to increase your withholding if you have 

more than one job or if you are married filing 

jointly and your spouse also works. If this is the 

case, you can increase your withholding for one 

or more of the jobs.

You can apply the amount on Worksheet 

1-5, line 5, to only one job or divide it between 

the jobs any way you wish. For each job, determine the extra amount that you want to apply to 

that job and divide that amount by the number 

of paydays remaining in 2024 for that job. This 

will give you the additional amount to enter on 

the Form W-4 you will file for that job. You need 

to give your employer a new Form W-4 for each 

job for which you are changing your withholding.

Example. You work in a store and earn 

$46,000 a year. Your spouse works in a factory, 

earns $68,000 a year, and has 49 pay periods 

left. In 2024, you will also have $184 in taxable 

interest and $1,000 of other taxable income. 

You expect to file a joint income tax return. You 

and your spouse complete Worksheets 1-3, 

1-4, and 1-5. Line 5 of Worksheet 1-5 shows 

that you will owe an additional $4,459 after subtracting your withholding for the year. You can 

divide the $4,459 any way you want. You can 

enter an additional amount on either of your 

Forms W-4, or divide it between the two of you. 

You decide to have the additional amount withheld from your spouse’s wages, so your spouse 

enters $91 ($4,459 ÷ 49 remaining paydays) on 

their Form W-4 in Step 4(c).

How Do You Decrease Your 

Withholding?

If your completed Worksheets 1-3 and 1-5 show 

that you may have more tax withheld than your 

projected tax liability for 2024, you may be able 

to decrease your withholding by following the instructions in Worksheet 1-5.

Tax Credits

Table 1-2 shows many of the tax credits you 

may be able to use to decrease your withholding. For a complete list of credits you may be 

4 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
able to claim, see the 2023 Instructions for 

Form 1040.

Step 3 of Form W-4 provides instructions for 

determining the amount of the child tax credit 

and the credit for other dependents. You can 

also include other tax credits in Step 3 of Form 

W-4. To do so, complete Worksheet 1-6 and 

add the amount from line 11 of that worksheet 

to the amount you are entering for other dependents in Step 3 of Form W-4. Including 

these credits will increase your paycheck and 

reduce the amount of any refund you may receive when you file your tax return.

When Will Your New Form W-4 Go 

Into Effect?

If the change is for the current year, your employer must put your new Form W-4 into effect 

no later than the start of the first payroll period 

ending on or after the 30th day after the day on 

which you give your employer your revised 

Form W-4.

If the change is for next year, your new Form 

W-4 won’t take effect until next year.

Form W-4P

When you first began receiving your pension, 

you told the payer how much tax to withhold, if 

any, by completing Form W-4P, Withholding 

Certificate for Pension or Annuity Payments (or 

similar form). However, if your retirement pay is 

from the military or certain deferred compensation plans, you completed Form W-4 instead of 

Form W-4P. You completed either form based 

on your projected income at that time. If you are 

returning to the workforce, your new Form W-4 

(given to your employer) and your Form W-4 or 

W-4P (on file with your pension plan) must work 

together to determine the correct amount of 

withholding for your new amount of income.

Form W-4P includes four steps that will give 

information to the payer of your pension or annuity for how to figure your withholding. Complete Steps 2 through 4 only if they apply to you.

Step 1. Enter your personal information, including your anticipated filing status. Your anticipated filing status will determine the standard 

deduction and tax rates used to figure your 

withholding.

Step 2. Complete this step if you (1) have income from a job or more than one pension/

annuity, and/or (2) are married filing jointly and 

your spouse receives income from a job or a 

pension/annuity.

If you (or if married filing jointly, you 

and/or your spouse) have a job(s), 

don't complete Steps 3 through 4b on 

Form W-4P. Instead, complete Steps 3 through 

4b on the Form W-4 for the job. If you (or if married filing jointly, you and your spouse) don't 

have a job, complete Steps 3 through 4b on 

Form W-4P for only the pension or annuity that 

pays the most annually. Leave those steps 

blank for the other pensions or annuities.

Step 3. Complete this step if you have dependents and think you may be eligible to claim the 

child tax credit or credit for other dependents on 

your tax return. Also, complete this step if you 

want to include an estimate of your other tax 

credits (for example, an education credit or the 

foreign tax credit).

Step 4. Complete this optional step to make 

other adjustments.

• Other estimated income (Step 4a).

• Deductions (other than the standard deduction)(Step 4b) you expect to claim. Use 

the Step 4(b)—Deductions Worksheet in 

the instructions for Form W-4P to help you 

determine the amount to enter on line 4b.

• Any additional amounts you want to withhold from each payment (Step 4c).

CAUTION

!

Note. If you don't give Form W-4P to your 

payer, you don't provide an SSN, or the IRS notifies the payer that you gave an incorrect SSN, 

then the payer will withhold tax from your payments as if your filing status is single with no adjustments in Steps 2 through 4. For payments 

that began before 2024, your current withholding election (or your default rate) remains in effect unless you submit a new Form W-4P.

And remember, this isn’t a final decision. If 

you don’t get the correct amount of withholding 

with the first Forms W-4 and W-4P you submit, 

you should refigure your withholding using the 

information and worksheets in this publication, 

or the resources mentioned above.

You should go through this same process 

each time your life situation changes, whether it 

be for personal or financial reasons. You may 

need more tax withheld, or you may need less.

Getting the Right Amount

of Tax Withheld

In most situations, the tax withheld from your 

pay will be close to the tax you figure on your return if you follow these two rules.

• You accurately complete all the Form W-4 

worksheets that apply to you.

• You give your employer a new Form W-4 

when changes occur.

But because the worksheets and withholding methods don’t account for all possible situations, you may not be getting the right amount 

withheld. This is most likely to happen in the following situations.

• You are married and both you and your 

spouse work.

• You have more than one job at a time.

• You have nonwage income, such as interest, dividends, alimony, or unemployment 

compensation.

Table 1-2. Tax Credits for 2024

For more information about the... See...

Adoption credit Instructions for Form 8839

Credit for child and dependent care expenses Pub. 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses

Child tax credit (including the additional child tax credit) 2023 Instructions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040)

Credit for other dependents 2023 Instructions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040)

Earned income credit Pub. 596, Earned Income Credit (EIC)

Education credits Pub. 970, Tax Benefits for Education

Credit for the elderly or the disabled Pub. 524, Credit for the Elderly or the Disabled

Foreign tax credit (except any credit that applies to wages not subject to 

U.S. income tax withholding because they are subject to income tax 

withholding by a foreign country)

Pub. 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals

General business credit Form 3800, General Business Credit

Mortgage interest credit Pub. 530, Tax Information for Homeowners

Qualified electric vehicle credit Form 8834

Credit for prior year minimum tax (if you paid alternative minimum tax in an 

earlier year)

Instructions for Form 8801

Retirement savings contributions credit (saver's credit) Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)

Credit to holders of tax credit bonds Instructions for Form 8912

Premium tax credit Pub. 974, Premium Tax Credit (PTC)

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 5
• You will owe additional amounts with your 

return.

• Your withholding is based on obsolete 

Form W-4 information for a substantial part 

of the year.

• You work only part of the year.

• You change the amount of your withholding 

during the year.

• You are subject to Additional Medicare Tax 

or NIIT. If you anticipate liability for Additional Medicare Tax or NIIT, you may request that your employer withhold an additional amount of income tax withholding on 

Form W-4.

If any of these situations apply to you, you 

can use the Tax Withholding Estimator at 

IRS.gov/W4App to see if you need to change 

your withholding.

If you have self-employment income or owe 

self-employment tax, you should use the worksheets in this publication to determine if you 

should pay estimated tax.

Part-Year Method

If you work only part of the year and your employer agrees to use the part-year withholding 

method, less tax will be withheld from each 

wage payment than would be withheld if you 

worked all year. To be eligible for the part-year 

method, you must meet both of the following requirements.

• You must use the calendar year (the 12 

months from January 1 through December 

31) as your tax year. You can’t use a fiscal 

year.

• You must not expect to be employed for 

more than 245 days during the year. To figure this limit, count all calendar days that 

you are employed (including weekends, 

vacations, and sick days) beginning with 

the first day you are on the job for pay and 

ending with your last day of work. If you are 

temporarily laid off for 30 days or less, 

count those days too. If you are laid off for 

more than 30 days, don’t count those days. 

You won’t meet this requirement if you begin working before May 1 and expect to 

work for the rest of the year.

How to apply for the part-year method. You 

must ask your employer in writing to use this 

method. The request must state all three of the 

following.

• The date of your last day of work for any 

prior employer during the current calendar 

year.

• That you don’t expect to be employed 

more than 245 days during the current calendar year.

• That you use the calendar year as your tax 

year.

Cumulative Wage Method

If you change your withholding during the year, 

too much or too little tax may have been withheld for the period before you made the change. 

You may be able to compensate for this if your 

employer agrees to use the cumulative wage 

withholding method for the rest of the year. You 

must ask your employer in writing to use this 

method.

To be eligible, your payroll periods (weekly, 

biweekly, etc.) must have been the same since 

the beginning of the year.

Aids for Figuring Your Withholding

Tax Withholding Estimator. If you are concerned that you may be having too much or too 

little income tax withheld from your pay, the IRS 

provides a withholding estimator on its website. 

Go to IRS.gov/W4App. It can help you determine the correct amount to be withheld any time 

during the year.

Rules Your Employer

Must Follow

It may be helpful for you to know some of the 

withholding rules your employer must follow. 

These rules can affect how to fill out your Form 

W-4 and how to handle problems that may 

arise.

New Form W-4. When you start a new job, 

your employer should give you a Form W-4 to fill 

out. Beginning with your first payday, your employer will use the information you give on the 

form to figure your withholding.

If you later fill out a new Form W-4, your employer can put it into effect as soon as possible. 

The deadline for putting it into effect is the start 

of the first payroll period ending 30 or more 

days after you turn it in.

No Form W-4. If you don't give your employer 

a Form W-4, your employer should treat you as 

though you checked the box for Single or Married filing separately in Step 1(c) and made no 

entries in Step 2, Step 3, or Step 4 of the 2024 

Form W-4.

Repaying withheld tax. If you find you are 

having too much tax withheld because you 

didn’t account for all your dependents or deductions you are entitled to, you should give your 

employer a new Form W-4. Your employer can’t 

repay any of the tax previously withheld. Instead, claim the full amount withheld when you 

file your tax return.

However, if your employer has withheld 

more than the correct amount of tax for the 

Form W-4 you have in effect, you don’t have to 

fill out a new Form W-4 to have your withholding 

lowered to the correct amount. Your employer 

can repay the amount that was withheld incorrectly. If you are not repaid, your Form W-2 will 

reflect the full amount actually withheld, which 

you would claim when you file your tax return.

IRS review of your withholding. Your withholding or any claim for a complete exemption 

from withholding is subject to review by the IRS. 

Your employer may be required to send a copy 

of the Form W-4 to the IRS. There is a penalty 

for supplying false information on Form W-4. 

See Penalties, later.

If the IRS determines that you have overstated your withholding or can’t claim a complete 

exemption from withholding, the IRS will issue a 

notice that specifies the withholding arrangement permitted for the employee (commonly referred to as a “lock-in letter”) to both you and 

your employer.

The IRS will provide a period of time during 

which you can dispute the determination before 

your employer adjusts your withholding. If you 

believe that you are entitled to claim complete 

exemption from withholding or that the IRS determination was otherwise incorrect, you must 

submit a new Form W-4 and a written statement 

to support your claims made on Form W-4 that 

would decrease federal income tax withholding 

to the IRS. Contact information (a toll-free number and an IRS office address) will be provided 

in the lock-in letter. At the end of this period, if 

you haven’t responded or if your response isn’t 

adequate, your employer will be required to 

withhold based on the original lock-in letter.

After the lock-in letter takes effect, your employer must withhold tax on the basis of the 

withholding rate (marital status) and maximum 

withholding specified in that letter.

If you later believe that you are entitled to 

claim exemption from withholding or otherwise 

adjust your withholding, you can complete a 

new Form W-4 and a written statement to support the claims made on the Form W-4 and 

send them directly to the IRS address shown on 

the lock-in letter. Your employer must continue 

to figure your withholding on the basis previously determined by the IRS until the IRS advises your employer otherwise.

At any time, either before or after the lock-in 

letter becomes effective, you may give your employer a new Form W-4 that does not claim 

complete exemption from withholding and results in more income tax withheld than specified 

in the lock-in letter. Your employer must then 

withhold tax based on this new Form W-4.

Additional information is available at 

IRS.gov. Enter ``withholding compliance 

questions'' in the search box.

Exemption From Withholding

If you claim exemption from withholding, your 

employer won’t withhold federal income tax 

from your wages. The exemption applies only to 

income tax, not to social security or Medicare 

tax.

You can claim exemption from withholding 

for 2024 only if both of the following situations 

apply.

• For 2023, you had a right to a refund of all 

federal income tax withheld because you 

had no tax liability.

• For 2024, you expect a refund of all federal 

income tax withheld because you expect to 

have no tax liability.

Use Figure 1-A to help you decide whether 

you can claim exemption from withholding. 

Don’t use Figure 1-A if you:

• Are 65 or older,

• Are blind,

• Will itemize deductions on your 2024 return, or

• Will claim any tax credits on your 2024 return.

These situations are discussed later.

Students. If you are a student, you are not automatically exempt. If you work only part time or 

during the summer, you may qualify for exemption from withholding.

6 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Example 1. You are a high school student 

and expect to earn $2,500 from a summer job. 

You don’t expect to have any other income during the year, and your parents will be able to 

claim you as a dependent on their tax return. 

You worked last summer and had $375 federal 

income tax withheld from your pay. The entire 

$375 was refunded when you filed your 2023 return. Using Figure 1-A, you find that you can 

claim exemption from withholding.

Example 2. The facts are the same as in 

Example 1, except that you also have a savings 

account and expect to have $475 interest income during the year. Using Figure 1-A, you 

find that you can’t claim exemption from withholding because your unearned income will be 

more than $450 and your total income will be 

more than $1,300.

You may have to file a tax return, even if 

you are exempt from withholding. See 

Pub. 501 to see whether you must file a 

return.

Age 65 or older or blind. If you are 65 

or older or blind, use Worksheet 1-1 or 

Worksheet 1-2 to help you decide 

whether you can claim exemption from withholding. Don’t use either worksheet if you will 

itemize deductions or claim tax credits on your 

2024 return. Instead, see Itemizing deductions 

or claiming credits next.

CAUTION

!

Itemizing deductions or claiming credits. If 

you had no tax liability for 2023, and you will:

• Itemize deductions, or

• Claim a tax credit,

use Worksheet 2-1 (also, see chapter 2) to figure your 2024 expected tax liability. You can 

claim exemption from withholding only if your total expected tax liability (line 11c of the worksheet) is zero.

Claiming exemption from withholding. To 

claim exemption, you must give your employer a 

Form W-4. Write “Exempt” on the form in the 

space below Step 4(c) and complete Steps 

1(a), 1(b), and 5. Don’t complete any other 

steps.

Figure 1-A. Exemption From Withholding on Form W-4

For 2023, did you have a

right to a refund of ALL

federal income tax withheld

because you had NO tax

liability?

For 2024, will

someone (such as

your parent) be able

to claim you as a

dependent?

Will your 2024 income

be more than $1,300?

Will your 2024 income

include more than $450

of unearned income

(interest, dividends, etc.)?

You CAN’T claim

exemption from

withholding.

You CAN claim

exemption from

withholding.

You CAN’T claim

exemption from

withholding.

Will your 2024 total income be more than the amount shown below for

your ling status?

Single

Head of household

Married ling separately for

BOTH 2023 and 2024

Other married status (include BOTH

spouses’ income whether ling

separately or jointly)

Qualifying surviving spouse

$14,600

Note. Don’t use this chart if you are 65 or older or blind, or if you will itemize your deductions or claim tax credits. Instead, see

the discussions in this chapter under Exemption From Withholding. If none of these situations apply to you, but you have 

adjustments to income, use the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet. 

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Start Here

Will your 2024 total income be

$14,600 or less? Yes

No

 21,900

 14,600

 29,200

 29,200

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 7
If you claim exemption, but later your situation changes so that you will have to pay income tax after all, you must file a new Form W-4 

within 10 days after the change. If you claim exemption in 2024 but you expect to owe income 

tax for 2025, you must file a new Form W-4 by 

December 2, 2024.

Your claim of exempt status may be reviewed by the IRS. See IRS review of your withholding, earlier.

An exemption is good for only 1 year. 

You must give your employer a new Form W-4 

by February 15 each year to continue your exemption.

Supplemental Wages

Supplemental wages include bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, vacation allowances, certain sick pay, and expense allowances under 

certain plans. The payer can figure withholding 

on supplemental wages using the same method 

used for your regular wages. However, if these 

payments are identified separately from regular 

wages, your employer or other payer of supplemental wages can withhold income tax from 

these wages at a 22% flat rate under certain circumstances as explained in the section on supplemental wages in Pub. 15.

Expense allowances. Reimbursements or 

other expense allowances paid by your employer under a nonaccountable plan are treated 

as supplemental wages. A nonaccountable plan 

is a reimbursement arrangement that does not 

require you to account for, or prove, your business expenses to your employer or does not require you to return your employer's payments 

that are more than your proven expenses.

Reimbursements or other expense allowances paid under an accountable plan that are 

more than your proven expenses are treated as 

paid under a nonaccountable plan if you don’t 

return the excess payments within a reasonable 

period of time.

Accountable plan. To be an accountable plan, 

your employer's reimbursement or allowance 

arrangement must include all three of the following rules.

• Your expenses must have a business connection. That is, you must have paid or incurred deductible expenses while performing services as an employee of your 

employer.

• You must adequately account to your employer for these expenses within a reasonable period of time.

• You must return any excess reimbursement 

or allowance within a reasonable period of 

time.

An excess reimbursement or allowance is 

any amount you are paid that is more than the 

business-related expenses that you adequately 

accounted for to your employer.

The definition of reasonable period of time 

depends on the facts and circumstances of your 

situation. However, regardless of those facts 

and circumstances, actions that take place 

within the times specified in the following list will 

be treated as taking place within a reasonable 

period of time.

• You receive an advance within 30 days of 

the time you have an expense.

• You adequately account for your expenses 

within 60 days after they were paid or incurred.

• You return any excess reimbursement 

within 120 days after the expense was paid 

or incurred.

• You are given a periodic statement (at least 

quarterly) that asks you to either return or 

adequately account for outstanding advances and you comply within 120 days of the 

statement.

Nonaccountable plan. Any plan that does not 

meet the definition of an accountable plan is 

considered a nonaccountable plan.

For more information about accountable and 

nonaccountable plans, see chapter 6 of Pub. 

463, Travel, Entertainment, Gift, and Car Expenses.

Penalties

You may have to pay a penalty of $500 if both of 

the following apply.

• You make statements on your Form W-4 

that reduce the amount of tax withheld.

• You have no reasonable basis for those 

statements at the time you prepare your 

Form W-4.

There is also a criminal penalty for willfully 

supplying false or fraudulent information on your 

Form W-4 or for willfully failing to supply information that would increase the amount withheld. The penalty upon conviction can be either 

a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment for up to 

1 year, or both.

These penalties will apply if you deliberately 

and knowingly falsify your Form W-4 in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the proper withholding of taxes. A simple error or an honest 

mistake won’t result in one of these penalties.

Tips

The tips you receive while working on your job 

are considered part of your pay. You must include your tips on your tax return on the same 

line as your regular pay. However, tax isn’t withheld directly from tip income, as it is from your 

regular pay. Nevertheless, your employer will 

take into account the tips you report when figuring how much to withhold from your regular pay.

Reporting tips to your employer. If you receive tips of $20 or more in a month while working for any one employer, you must report to 

your employer the total amount of tips you receive on the job during the month. The report is 

due by the 10th day of the following month.

If you have more than one job, make a separate report to each employer. Report only the 

tips you received while working for that employer, and only if they total $20 or more for the 

month.

How employer figures amount to withhold. 

The tips you report to your employer are counted as part of your income for the month you report them. Your employer can figure your withholding in either of two ways.

• By withholding at the regular rate on the 

sum of your pay plus your reported tips.

• By withholding at the regular rate on your 

pay plus a percentage of your reported 

tips.

Not enough pay to cover taxes. If your regular pay isn’t enough for your employer to withhold all the tax (including income tax and social 

security and Medicare taxes (or the equivalent 

railroad retirement tax)) due on your pay plus 

your tips, you can give your employer money to 

cover the shortage.

If you don’t give your employer money to 

cover the shortage, your employer first withholds as much Medicare tax and social security 

or railroad retirement tax as possible, up to the 

proper amount, and then withholds income tax 

up to the full amount of your pay. If not enough 

tax is withheld, you may have to pay estimated 

tax. When you file your return, you may also 

have to pay any Medicare and social security 

tax or railroad retirement tax your employer 

could not withhold.

Tips not reported to your employer. On your 

tax return, you must report all the tips you receive during the year, even tips you don’t report 

to your employer (this includes the value of any 

noncash tips you received, such as tickets, 

passes, or other items of value). Make sure you 

are having enough tax withheld, or are paying 

enough estimated tax (see chapter 2), to cover 

all your tip income.

Allocated tips. If you work in a large food or 

beverage establishment, your employer may 

have to report an allocated amount of tips on 

your Form W-2.

Your employer should not withhold income 

tax, Medicare tax, and social security or railroad 

retirement tax on the allocated amount. Withholding is based only on your pay plus your reported tips. Your employer should refund to you 

any incorrectly withheld tax.

More information. For more information on 

the reporting and withholding rules for tip income and on tip allocation, see Pub. 531, Reporting Tip Income.

Taxable Fringe Benefits

The value of certain noncash fringe benefits you 

receive from your employer is considered part 

of your pay. Your employer must generally withhold income tax on these benefits from your 

regular pay.

Although the value of your personal use of 

an employer-provided car, truck, or other highway motor vehicle is taxable, your employer can 

choose not to withhold income tax on that 

amount. Your employer must notify you if this 

choice is made.

When benefits are considered paid. Your 

employer can choose to treat a fringe benefit as 

paid by the pay period, by the quarter, or on 

some other basis as long as the benefit is 

8 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
considered paid at least once a year. Your employer can treat the benefit as being paid on 

one or more dates during the year, even if you 

get the entire benefit at one time.

Special rule. Your employer can choose to 

treat a benefit provided during November or December as paid in the next year. Your employer 

must notify you if this rule is used.

Example. Your employer considers the 

value of benefits paid from November 1, 2022, 

through October 31, 2023, as paid to you in 

2023. To determine the total value of benefits 

paid to you in 2024, your employer will add the 

value of any benefits paid in November and December of 2023 to the value of any benefits paid 

in January through October of 2024.

Exceptions. Your employer can’t choose 

when to withhold tax on the transfer of either 

real property or personal property of a kind normally held for investment (such as stock). Your 

employer must withhold tax on these benefits at 

the time of the transfer.

How withholding is figured. Your employer 

can either add the value of a fringe benefit to 

your regular pay and figure income tax withholding on the total or withhold a flat 22% of the 

benefit's value.

If the benefit's actual value can’t be determined when it is paid or treated as paid, your 

employer can use a reasonable estimate. Your 

employer must determine the actual value of the 

benefit by January 31 of the next year. If the actual value is more than the estimate, your employer must pay the IRS any additional withholding tax required. Your employer has until 

April 1 of that next year to recover from you the 

additional income tax paid to the IRS for you.

How your employer reports your benefits. 

Your employer must report on Form W-2 the total of the taxable fringe benefits paid or treated 

as paid to you during the year and the tax withheld for the benefits. These amounts can be 

shown either on the Form W-2 for your regular 

pay or on a separate Form W-2. If your employer provided you with a car, truck, or other 

motor vehicle and chose to treat all of your use 

of it as personal, its value must be either separately shown on Form W-2 or reported to you on 

a separate statement.

More information. For information on fringe 

benefits, see Fringe Benefits under Employee 

Compensation in Pub. 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income.

Sick Pay

Sick pay is a payment to you to replace your 

regular wages while you are temporarily absent 

from work due to sickness or personal injury. To 

qualify as sick pay, it must be paid under a plan 

to which your employer is a party.

If you receive sick pay from your employer or 

an agent of your employer, income tax must be 

withheld. An agent who does not pay regular 

wages to you may choose to withhold income 

tax at a flat rate.

However, if you receive sick pay from a third 

party who isn’t acting as an agent of your employer, income tax will be withheld only if you 

choose to have it withheld. See Form W-4S, 

later.

If you receive payments under a plan in 

which your employer does not participate (such 

as an accident or health plan where you paid all 

the premiums), the payments are not sick pay 

and are usually not taxable.

Union agreements. If you receive sick pay under a collective bargaining agreement between 

your union and your employer, the agreement 

may determine the amount of income tax withholding. See your union representative or your 

employer for more information.

Form W-4S. If you choose to have income tax 

withheld from sick pay paid by a third party, 

such as an insurance company, you must fill out 

Form W-4S. Its instructions contain a worksheet 

you can use to figure the amount you want withheld. They also explain restrictions that may apply.

Give the completed form to the payer of your 

sick pay. The payer must withhold according to 

your directions on the form.

Form W-4S remains in effect until you 

change or cancel it, or stop receiving payments. 

You can change your withholding by giving a 

new Form W-4S or a written notice to the payer 

of your sick pay.

Estimated tax. If you don’t request withholding 

on Form W-4S, or if you don’t have enough tax 

withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. If 

you don’t pay enough tax, either through estimated tax or withholding, or a combination of 

both, you may have to pay a penalty. See chapter 2.

Pensions and Annuities

Income tax will usually be withheld from your 

pension or annuity distributions unless you 

choose not to have it withheld. This rule applies 

to distributions from:

• An IRA;

• A life insurance company under an endowment, annuity, or life insurance contract;

• A pension, annuity, or profit-sharing plan;

• A stock bonus plan; and

• Any other plan that defers the time you receive compensation.

The amount withheld depends on whether 

you receive payments spread out over more 

than 1 year (periodic payments), within 1 year 

(nonperiodic payments), or as an eligible rollover distribution (ERD). Income tax withholding 

from an ERD is mandatory. ERDs are discussed 

under Eligible Rollover Distributions, later.

Nontaxable part. The part of your pension or 

annuity that is a return of your investment in 

your retirement plan (the amount you paid into 

the plan or its cost to you) isn’t taxable. Income 

tax won’t be withheld from the part of your pension or annuity that isn’t taxable. The tax withheld will be figured on, and can’t be more than, 

the taxable part.

For information about figuring the part of 

your pension or annuity that isn’t taxable, see 

Pub. 575, Pension and Annuity Income.

Periodic Payments

Withholding from periodic payments of a pension or annuity is figured similarly to withholding 

from certain salaries and wages. To tell the 

payer of your pension or annuity how much you 

want withheld, fill out Form W-4P or a similar 

form provided by the payer. Follow instructions 

for Form W-4P and the rules discussed under 

Form W-4P, earlier, to fill out your 2024 Form 

W-4P.

Note. Use Form W-4, not Form W-4P, if you 

receive any of the following.

• Military retirement pay.

• Payments from certain nonqualified deferred compensation plans. These are employer plans that pay part of your compensation at a later time, but are not 

tax-qualified deferred compensation plans. 

See Nonqualified Deferred Compensation 

and Section 457 Plans in Pub. 957, Reporting Back Pay and Special Wage Payments to the Social Security Administration.

Withholding rules. The withholding rules for 

pensions and annuities differ from those for salaries and wages in the following ways.

• If a 2024 Form W-4P is used for withholding for payments beginning in 2024, and 

you don't fill out a withholding certificate, 

tax will be withheld as if your filing status is 

single with no adjustments made in Steps 

2 through 4.

• You can choose not to have tax withheld, 

regardless of how much tax you owed last 

year or expect to owe this year. You don’t 

have to qualify for exemption. See Choosing Not To Have Income Tax Withheld, 

later.

• If a 2024 Form W-4P is used for withholding for payments beginning in 2024, and 

you don't give the payer your SSN in the 

required manner or the IRS notifies the 

payer before any payment or distribution is 

made that you gave an incorrect SSN, tax 

will be withheld as if your filing status is single with no adjustments in Steps 2 through 

4.

Effective date of withholding certificate. If 

you give your withholding certificate (Form 

W-4P or a similar form) to the payer on or before 

the date your payments start, it will be put into 

effect by the first payment made more than 30 

days after you submit the certificate.

If you give the payer your certificate after 

your payments start, it will be put into effect with 

the first payment, which is at least 30 days after 

you submit it. However, the payer can elect to 

put it into effect earlier.

Nonperiodic Payments

Tax will be withheld at a flat 10% rate on any 

nonperiodic payments you receive, unless you 

choose a different withholding rate.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 9
Use Form W-4R, line 2, to choose a withholding rate other than the default 10% rate. 

You can choose a rate between 0% and 100%. 

You can choose to have no federal income tax 

withheld by entering “-0-” on line 2. Generally, 

you can't choose less than 10% for payments to 

be delivered outside of the United States and its 

territories. If you want to revoke a choice not to 

have tax withheld, see Choosing Not To Have 

Income Tax Withheld, later.

You may need to use Form W-4R to 

ask for additional withholding. If you 

don’t have enough tax withheld, you 

may need to pay estimated tax, as explained in 

chapter 2.

Eligible Rollover 

Distributions

A distribution you receive that is eligible to be 

rolled over tax free into a qualified retirement or 

annuity plan is called an eligible rollover distribution (ERD). This is the taxable part of any distribution from a qualified pension plan or 

tax-sheltered annuity that isn’t any of the eight 

following distributions.

The payer of a distribution described in numbers 1, 2, and 3 in the following list must withhold at a flat 20% rate on any part of an ERD 

that is distributed rather than rolled over directly 

to another qualified plan. Withholding on these 

distributions is mandatory. You may choose a 

rate higher than 20% by entering it on line 2 of 

Form W-4R. Don't give Form W-4R to your 

payer unless you want more than 20% withheld.

The distributions described in numbers 4 

through 8 in the following list are not ERDs for 

purposes of the mandatory withholding requirement.

1. Distributions required by federal law, such 

as required minimum distributions.

2. One of a series of substantially equal periodic pension or annuity payments made 

over:

a. Your life (or your life expectancy) or 

the joint lives of you and your beneficiary (or your life expectancies), or

b. A specified period of 10 or more 

years.

3. Qualifying "hardship" distributions.

4. Generally distributions from a pension-linked emergency savings account.

5. Eligible distributions to a domestic abuse 

victim.

6. Qualified disaster recovery distributions.

7. Qualified birth or adoption distributions.

8. Emergency personal expense distributions.

Choosing Not To Have

Income Tax Withheld

For payments other than eligible rollover distributions, you can choose not to have income tax 

withheld. The payer will tell you how to make 

this choice. If you use Form W-4R, enter “-0-” 

CAUTION

!

on line 2 to choose not to have withholding. This 

choice will remain in effect until you decide you 

want withholding and inform the payer. See Revoking a choice not to have tax withheld, later.

The payer must withhold if either of the following applies.

• You don’t give the payer your SSN in the 

required manner.

• The IRS notifies the payer, before any payment or distribution is made, that you gave 

it an incorrect SSN.

If you don’t have any income tax withheld 

from your pension or annuity, or if you don’t 

have enough withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.

If you don’t pay enough tax, either through 

estimated tax or withholding, or a combination 

of both, you may have to pay a penalty.

Payments delivered outside the United 

States. You must generally have tax withheld 

from pension or annuity benefits delivered outside the United States. However, if you are a 

U.S. citizen or resident alien, you can choose 

not to have tax withheld if you give the payer of 

the benefits a home address in the United 

States or in a U.S. territory. The payer must 

withhold tax if you provide a U.S. address for a 

nominee, trustee, or agent to whom the benefits 

are to be delivered, but don’t provide your own 

home address in the United States or in a U.S. 

territory.

Notice required of payer. The payer of your 

pension or annuity must send you a notice telling you about your right to choose not to have 

tax withheld.

Generally, the payer won’t send a notice to 

you if it is reasonable to believe that the entire 

amount you will be paid isn’t taxable.

Revoking a choice not to have tax withheld. 

The payer of your pension or annuity will tell you 

how to revoke your choice not to have income 

tax withheld from periodic or nonperiodic payments. You can tell the payer exactly how much 

to withhold by completing a new Form W-4P for 

periodic payments or Form W-4R for nonperiodic payments.

Gambling Winnings

Income tax is withheld at a flat 24% rate from 

certain kinds of gambling winnings.

Gambling winnings of more than $5,000 

from the following sources are subject to income tax withholding.

• Any sweepstakes; wagering pool, including 

payments made to winners of poker tournaments; or lottery.

• Any other wager if the proceeds are at 

least 300 times the amount of the bet.

It does not matter whether your winnings are 

paid in cash, in property, or as an annuity. Winnings not paid in cash are taken into account at 

their fair market value.

Exception. Gambling winnings from bingo, 

keno, and slot machines are generally not subject to income tax withholding. However, you 

may need to provide the payer with an SSN to 

avoid withholding. See Backup withholding on 

gambling winnings, later. If you receive gambling winnings not subject to withholding, you 

may need to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.

If you don’t pay enough tax, either through 

withholding or estimated tax, or a combination 

of both, you may have to pay a penalty.

Form W-2G. If a payer withholds income tax 

from your gambling winnings, you should receive a Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, showing the amount you won and the 

amount withheld.

Report the tax withheld on your 2024 Form 

1040 or 1040-SR, along with all other federal income tax withheld, as shown on Forms W-2 

and 1099.

Information to give payer. If the payer asks, 

you must give the payer all the following information.

• Your name, address, and SSN.

• Whether you made identical wagers (explained below).

• Whether someone else is entitled to any 

part of the winnings subject to withholding. 

If so, you must complete Form 5754, Statement by Person(s) Receiving Gambling 

Winnings, and return it to the payer. The 

payer will use it to prepare a Form W-2G 

for each of the winners.

Identical wagers. You may have to give the 

payer a statement of the amount of your winnings, if any, from identical wagers. If this statement is required, the payer will ask you for it. 

You provide this statement by signing Form 

W-2G or, if required, Form 5754.

Identical wagers include two bets placed in 

a pari-mutuel pool on one horse to win a particular race. However, the bets are not identical if 

one bet is “to win” and one bet is “to place.” In 

addition, they are not identical if the bets were 

placed in different pari-mutuel pools. For example, a bet in a pool conducted by the racetrack 

and a bet in a separate pool conducted by an 

offtrack betting establishment in which the bets 

are not pooled with those placed at the track 

are not identical wagers.

Backup withholding on gambling winnings. 

If you have any kind of gambling winnings and 

don’t give the payer your SSN, the payer may 

have to withhold income tax at a flat 24% rate. 

This rule also applies to winnings of at least 

$1,200 from bingo or slot machines or $1,500 

from keno, and to certain other gambling winnings of at least $600.

Unemployment 

Compensation

You can choose to have income tax withheld 

from unemployment compensation. To make 

this choice, fill out Form W-4V (or a similar form 

provided by the payer) and give it to the payer.

All unemployment compensation is taxable. 

So, if you don’t have income tax withheld, you 

may have to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.

10 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
If you don’t pay enough tax, either through 

withholding or estimated tax, or a combination 

of both, you may have to pay a penalty.

Form 1099-G. If you receive $10 or more in unemployment compensation, you will receive a 

Form 1099-G, Certain Government Payments. 

Box 1 will show the amount of unemployment 

compensation you got for the year. Box 4 will 

show the amount of federal income tax withheld, if any.

Federal Payments

You can choose to have income tax withheld 

from certain federal payments you receive. 

These payments are the following.

1. Social security benefits.

2. Tier 1 railroad retirement benefits.

3. Commodity credit corporation loans you 

choose to include in your gross income.

4. Payments under the Agricultural Act of 

1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.), as amended, or title II of the Disaster Assistance 

Act of 1988 that are treated as insurance 

proceeds and that you received because:

a. Your crops were destroyed or damaged by drought, flood, or any other 

natural disaster; or

b. You were unable to plant crops because of a natural disaster described

in (a).

5. Dividends and other distributions from 

Alaska Native Corporations to their shareholders.

6. Any other payment under federal law as 

determined by the Secretary.

To make this choice, fill out Form W-4V (or a 

similar form provided by the payer) and give it to 

the payer.

If you don’t choose to have income tax withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. See 

chapter 2.

If you don’t pay enough tax, either through 

withholding or estimated tax, or a combination 

of both, you may have to pay a penalty.

More information. For more information about 

the tax treatment of social security and railroad 

retirement benefits, see Pub. 915, Social Security and Equivalent Railroad Retirement Benefits. 

Get Pub. 225, Farmer's Tax Guide, for information about the tax treatment of commodity credit 

corporation loans or crop disaster payments.

Payment to shareholders of Alaska Native 

Corporations (ANCs). If you are a shareholder of an ANC, you can request to have income tax withheld from dividends and other distributions you receive from the ANC. To make 

this request, fill out Form W-4V (or a similar 

form provided by the payer) and give it to the 

payer. A request for withholding isn’t effective 

until the ANC indicates in writing that it accepts 

the request or begins withholding. Contact the 

payer if it isn’t clear that the payer has accepted 

your Form W-4V.

If you don’t choose to have income tax withheld, or the ANC doesn’t accept your request, 

you may have to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.

If you don’t pay enough tax, either through 

withholding or estimated tax, or a combination 

of both, you may have to pay a penalty.

Backup Withholding

Banks or other businesses that pay you certain 

kinds of income must file an information return 

(Form 1099) with the IRS. The information return shows how much you were paid during the 

year. It also includes your name and taxpayer 

identification number (TIN). TINs are explained 

later in this discussion.

These payments are generally not subject to 

withholding. However, “backup” withholding is 

required in certain situations.

Payments subject to backup withholding. 

Backup withholding can apply to most kinds of 

payments that are reported on Form 1099. 

These include:

• Interest payments (Form 1099-INT);

• Government payments (Form 1099-G);

• Dividends (Form 1099-DIV);

• Patronage dividends, but only if at least 

half the payment is in money (Form 

1099-PATR);

• Rents, profits, or other gains (Form 

1099-MISC);

• Commissions, fees, or other payments for 

work you do as an independent contractor 

(Form 1099-NEC);

• Payments by brokers (Form 1099-B);

• Payments by fishing boat operators, but 

only the part that is in money and that represents a share of the proceeds of the 

catch (Form 1099-MISC); and

• Royalty payments (Form 1099-MISC).

Backup withholding may also apply to gambling 

winnings. See Backup withholding on gambling 

winnings under Gambling Winnings, earlier.

Payments not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding does not apply to payments reported on Form 1099-MISC (other than 

payments by fishing boat operators and royalty 

payments) unless at least one of the following 

three situations applies.

• The amount you receive from any one 

payer is $600 or more.

• The payer had to give you a Form 1099 last 

year.

• The payer made payments to you last year 

that were subject to backup withholding.

Form 1099 and backup withholding are generally not required for a payment of less than 

$10.

Withholding rules. When you open a new account, make an investment, or begin to receive 

payments reported on Form 1099, the bank or 

other business will give you Form W-9, Request 

for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification, or a similar form. You must enter your 

TIN on the form and, if your account or investment will earn interest or dividends, you must 

also certify (under penalties of perjury) that your 

TIN is correct and that you are not subject to 

backup withholding.

The payer must withhold at a flat 24% rate in 

the following situations.

• You don’t give the payer your TIN in the required manner.

• The IRS notifies the payer that the TIN you 

gave is incorrect.

• You are required, but fail, to certify that you 

are not subject to backup withholding.

• The IRS notifies the payer to start withholding on interest or dividends because you 

have underreported interest or dividends 

on your income tax return. The IRS will do 

this only after it has mailed you four notices 

over at least a 210-day period.

Taxpayer identification number (TIN). 

Your TIN is one of the following three numbers.

• An SSN.

• An employer identification number (EIN).

• An IRS individual taxpayer identification 

number (ITIN). Aliens who don’t have an 

SSN and are not eligible to get one should 

get an ITIN. Use Form W-7, Application for 

IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, to apply for an ITIN.

An ITIN is for federal tax use only. It does not 

entitle you to social security benefits or change 

your employment or immigration status under 

U.S. law. For more information on ITINs, see 

Pub. 1915, Understanding Your IRS Individual 

Taxpayer Identification Number.

If you were assigned an ITIN before 

January 1, 2013, or if you have an ITIN 

that you haven’t included on a tax return in the last 3 consecutive years, you may 

need to renew it. For more information, see the 

Instructions for Form W-7.

How to prevent or stop backup withholding. 

If you have been notified by a payer that the TIN 

you gave is incorrect, you can usually prevent 

backup withholding from starting or stop backup 

withholding once it has begun by giving the 

payer your correct name and TIN. You must certify that the TIN you give is correct.

However, the payer will provide additional instructions if the TIN you gave needs to be validated by the Social Security Administration or 

by the IRS. This may happen if both the following conditions exist.

1. The IRS notifies the payer twice within 3 

calendar years that a TIN you gave for the 

same account is incorrect.

2. The incorrect TIN is still being used on the 

account when the payer receives the second notice.

Underreported interest or dividends. If 

you have been notified that you underreported 

interest or dividends, you must request and receive a determination from the IRS to prevent 

backup withholding from starting or to stop 

backup withholding once it has begun. Your request must show that at least one of the following situations applies.

• No underreporting occurred.

• You have a bona fide dispute with the IRS 

about whether an underreporting occurred.

• Backup withholding will cause or is causing an undue hardship and it is unlikely that 

CAUTION

!

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 11
you will underreport interest and dividends 

in the future.

• You have corrected the underreporting by 

filing an original return if you didn’t previously file one, or by filing an amended return, and by paying all taxes, penalties, and 

interest due for any underreported interest 

or dividend payments.

If the IRS determines that backup withholding should stop, it will provide you with certification and will notify the payers who were sent notices earlier.

Penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties for giving false information to avoid backup 

withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The criminal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to 

$1,000 or imprisonment of up to 1 year, or both.

Worksheets for Chapter 1

Use the following worksheets to figure your correct withholding and adjustments.

Use... To...

Worksheet 1-1 and 

Worksheet 1-2

Exemption From Withholding for 

Persons/Dependents Age 65 or 

Older or Blind

Figure your total expected income for 2024 to determine if you are exempt from withholding. Use Worksheet 

1-1 if, in 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because of no tax liability. Use 

Worksheet 1-2 if you are a dependent for 2024 and, for 2023, you had a refund of all federal income tax 

withheld because of no tax liability.

Worksheet 1-3

Projected Tax for 2024

Project the taxable income you will have for 2024 and figure the amount of tax you will have to pay on that 

income.

Worksheet 1-4

Tax Computation Worksheets for 

2024

Figure the amount of tax on your projected taxable income.

Worksheet 1-5

Projected Withholding for 2024

Project the amount of federal income tax that you will have withheld in 2024, compare your projected 

withholding with your projected tax, and determine whether the amount withheld each payday should be 

adjusted.

Worksheet 1-6

Tax Credits for 2024 Form W-4 or 

Form W-4P

Figure any extra amount to include in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P to account for your projected tax 

credits that are not otherwise taken into consideration.

12 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Exemption From Withholding for Persons Age 65 or Older or Blind

Use this worksheet only if, for 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you had no tax liability.

Caution. This worksheet does not apply if you can be claimed as a dependent. See Worksheet 1-2 instead.

1. Check the boxes below that apply to you.

65 or older Blind 

2. Check the boxes below that apply to your spouse’s standard deduction.*

65 or older Blind 

3. Add the number of boxes you checked in 

1 and 2 above. Enter the result ..................................................................................

You can claim exemption from withholding if:

Your filing status is: and the number on line 3 above is:

and your 2024 

total income will 

be no more than:

Single 1 $16,550

2 18,500

Head of 1 $23,850

household 2 25,800

Married filing 1 $16,150

separately for 2 17,700

both 2023 and 3 19,250

2024 4 20,800

Other married 1 $30,750**

status 2 32,300**

3 33,850**

4 35,400**

** Include both spouses' income whether you will file separately or jointly.

Qualifying 1 $30,750

surviving spouse 2 32,300

You can’t claim exemption from withholding if your total income will be more than the amount shown for your filing status.

* You can check the appropriate boxes for your spouse if your filing status is married filing jointly. You can check the appropriate boxes for your spouse if your filing 

status is married filing separately and your spouse had no income, isn't filing a return, and can't be claimed as a dependent on another person's return.

Worksheet 1-1.

Exemption From Withholding for Dependents Age 65 or Older or Blind

Use this worksheet only if, for 2024, you are a dependent and if, for 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you 

had no tax liability.

1. Enter your expected earned income plus $450 ............................................ 1.

2. Minimum amount ..................................................................... 2. $ 1,300

3. Compare lines 1 and 2. Enter the larger amount ........................................... 3.

4. Limit ................................................................................ 4. 14,600

5. Compare lines 3 and 4. Enter the smaller amount ......................................... 5.

6. Enter the appropriate amount from the following table ...................................... 6.

Single

Either 65 or older or blind $1,950

Both 65 or older and blind 3,900

Married filing separately

Either 65 or older or blind 1,550

Both 65 or older and blind 3,100

7. Add lines 5 and 6. Enter the result ....................................................... 7.

8. Enter your total expected income ........................................................ 8.

You can claim exemption from withholding if line 7 is equal to or more than line 8. You can’t claim exemption from withholding if line 8 is more than 

line 7.

Worksheet 1-2.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 13
Worksheet 1-3. Projected Tax for 2024 Keep for Your Records

Use this worksheet to figure your projected tax for 2024. Note. Enter combined amounts if married filing jointly.

1. Enter amount of adjusted gross income (AGI) you expect in 2024. (To determine this, you may want to start with 

the AGI on your last year's return, and add or subtract your expected changes. Also, take into account items listed 

under What's New for 2024, earlier.)

Note. If self-employed, first complete Worksheet 2-3 to figure your expected deduction for self-employment tax. 

Subtract the amount from Worksheet 2-3, line 11, to figure the line 1 entry ............................. 1.

2. If you:

• Don’t plan to itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040), use Worksheet 2-4 to figure your expected 

standard deduction.

• Plan to itemize deductions, enter the amount of your estimated itemized deductions. 

• Qualify for the deduction for qualified business income, enter the estimated amount of the deduction you are 

allowed on your qualified business income from a qualified trade or business. Add this amount to your expected 

standard deduction or estimated itemized deductions and enter the total here ........................ 2.

3. Expected taxable income. Subtract line 2 from line 1. (If zero or less, enter -0- here and on line 4, 

then go to line 5.) ....................................................................... 3.

4. If the amount on line 1:

• Doesn’t include a net capital gain or qualified dividends and you didn’t exclude foreign earned income or 

exclude or deduct foreign housing in arriving at the amount on line 1, use Worksheet 1-4 to figure the tax to enter 

here.

• Includes a net capital gain or qualified dividends, use Worksheet 2-5 to figure the tax to enter here.

• Was figured by excluding foreign earned income or excluding or deducting foreign housing, use 

Worksheet 2-6 to figure the tax to enter here ................................................. 4.

5. Enter any expected additional taxes from an election to report your child's interest and dividends, lump-sum 

distributions (Form 4972), and alternative minimum tax ........................................... 5.

6. Add lines 4 and 5 ....................................................................... 6.

7. Enter the amount of any expected tax credits. See Table 1-2 ....................................... 7.

8. Subtract line 7 from line 6 (if zero or less, enter -0-) .............................................. 8.

9. Self-employment tax. Enter the amount from Worksheet 2-3, line 10. (If you expect to file jointly and both of you are 

self-employed, figure the self-employment tax for each of you separately and enter the total on line 9.) ........ 9.

10. Enter the total of any other expected taxes* .................................................... 10.

11. Projected tax for 2024. Add lines 8 through 10. Enter the total here and on Worksheet 1-5, line 1 ........... 11.

* Use the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040 to determine if you expect to owe, for 2024, any of the taxes that would have been entered on 

your 2023 Schedule 2 (Form 1040), lines 7 through 17z.

14 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Worksheet 1-4. Tax Computation Worksheets for 2024 Keep for Your Records

Note. If you are figuring the tax on an amount from Worksheet 2-5 (line 1 or 14), or Worksheet 2-6 (line 2 or 3), enter the 

amount from that worksheet in column (a) of the row that applies to that amount of income. Enter the result on the 

appropriate line of the worksheet you are completing.

a. Single. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 to be Single.

Expected Taxable 

Income

(a)

Enter amount 

from 

Worksheet 1-3, 

line 3*

(b)

Multiplication amount

(c)

Multiply 

(a) by (b)

(d)

Subtraction 

amount

(e)

Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 

here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4* If Worksheet 1-3,

 line 3* is —

Over But not 

over

$0 $11,600 × 10% (0.10) $0

11,600 47,150 × 12% (0.12) 232.00

47,150 100,525 × 22% (0.22) 4,947.00

100,525 191,950 × 24% (0.24) 6,957.50

191,950 243,725 × 32% (0.32) 22,313.50

243,725 609,350 × 35% (0.35) 29,625.25

609,350 - - - - - × 37% (0.37) 41,812.25

* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 or 

line 39, as appropriate. 

If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or line 5, 

as appropriate.

b. Head of Household. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 

to be Head of Household.

Expected Taxable 

Income

(a)

Enter amount 

from 

Worksheet 1-3, 

line 3*

(b)

Multiplication 

amount

(c)

Multiply 

(a) by (b)

(d)

Subtraction 

amount

(e)

Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 

here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4* If Worksheet 1-3,

 line 3* is —

Over But not 

over

$0 $16,550 × 10% (0.10) $0

16,550 63,100 × 12% (0.12) 331.00

63,100 100,500 × 22% (0.22) 6,641.00

100,500 191,950 × 24% (0.24) 8,651.00

191,950 243,700 × 32% (0.32) 24,007.00

243,700 609,350 × 35% (0.35) 31,318.00

609,350 - - - - - × 37% (0.37) 43,505.00

* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 

or line 39, as appropriate. 

If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or 

line 5, as appropriate.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 15
Tax Computation Worksheet for 2024 (Continued)

c. Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviving Spouse. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if 

you expect your filing status for 2024 to be Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviving Spouse.

Expected Taxable 

Income

(a)

Enter amount 

from 

Worksheet 1-3,

line 3*

(b)

Multiplication 

amount

(c)

Multiply 

(a) by (b)

(d)

Subtraction 

amount

(e)

Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 

here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4* If Worksheet 1-3,

 line 3* is —

Over But not 

over

$0 $23,200 × 10% (0.10) $0

23,200 94,300 × 12% (0.12) 464.00

94,300 201,050 × 22% (0.22) 9,894.00

201,050 383,900 × 24% (0.24) 13,915.00

383,900 487,450 × 32% (0.32) 44,627.00

487,450 731,200 × 35% (0.35) 59,250.50

731,200 - - - - - × 37% (0.37) 73,874.50

* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 

or line 39, as appropriate. 

If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or 

line 5, as appropriate.

d. Married Filing Separately. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 to 

be Married Filing Separately.

Expected Taxable 

Income

(a)

Enter amount from 

Worksheet 1-3, 

line 3*

(b)

Multiplication amount

(c)

Multiply 

(a) by (b)

(d)

Subtraction 

amount

(e)

Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 

here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4* If Worksheet 1-3,

 line 3* is —

Over But not 

over

$0 $11,600 × 10% (0.10) $0

11,600 47,150 × 12% (0.12) 232.00

47,150 100,525 × 22% (0.22) 4,947.00

100,525 191,950 × 24% (0.24) 6,957.50

191,950 243,725 × 32% (0.32) 22,313.50

243,725 365,600 × 35% (0.35) 29,625.25

365,600 - - - - - × 37% (0.37) 36,937.25

* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 or 

line 39, as appropriate. 

If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or line 5, 

as appropriate.

16 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Worksheet 1-5. Projected Withholding for 2024 Keep for Your Records

Use this worksheet to figure the amount of your projected withholding for 2024, compare it to your projected tax for 2024, and, if necessary, figure 

any adjustment to the amount you have withheld each payday.

Note. If married filing jointly, enter combined amounts.

1. Enter your projected tax for 2024 from Worksheet 1-3, line 13 ....................................... 1.

2. Enter your total federal income tax withheld to date in 2024 from all sources of income. (For wages, you should be 

able to find the withholding-to-date on your last pay slip or statement.) .................................. 2.

3. Enter the federal tax withholding you expect for the rest of 2024.

a. For each source of wages, multiply the amount of federal income tax now being withheld each payday by the 

number of paydays remaining in the year and enter the combined amount for all jobs ..................... 3a.

b. For all other sources of recurring taxable income, multiply the withholding amount by the remaining number of 

times the income is expected. For example, if you have federal income tax withheld from your monthly pension and 

you will receive nine more payments this year, multiply your monthly withholding amount by 9 ............... 3b.

4. Add lines 2, 3a, and 3b. This is your projected withholding for 2024 .................................. 4.

5. Compare the amounts on lines 1 and 4.

• If line 1 is more than line 4, subtract line 4 from line 1. You need to increase your withholding. Enter the result here 

and go to line 6.

• If line 4 is more than line 1, subtract line 1 from line 4. You may want to decrease your withholding. Enter the 

result here and go to line 6. 5.

6. Divide line 5 by the number of paydays (or other withholding events) remaining in 2024 and enter the result. This is the 

additional amount you should use to either increase or decrease the amount you have withheld from each remaining 

payday (or other withholding event). Follow the instructions for line 6 for your situation for completing a 2024 Form 

W-4. The instructions are different if your withholding so far this year was based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form W-4 or a 

2024 Form W-4 .......................................................................... 6.

Instructions for line 6—If your 

withholding to date was figured 

based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form 

W-4.

Use the following instructions to 

increase your withholding.

How do you increase your withholding? Follow 

these steps to increase your withholding by completing 

a 2024 Form W-4.

Step 1: • If your filing status was "Single" or 

"Married, but withhold at higher 

Single rate," check "Single."

• If your filing status was "Married," 

check "Married filing jointly."

Note. Head of household filing status 

was not a choice on the 2019 (or 

earlier) Form(s) W-4.

Step 4(a): • If your filing status was "Single" or 

"Married, but withhold at higher 

Single rate," enter $10,100 (the 

equivalent of 2 allowances) on 

Step 4(a).

• If your filing status was "Married," 

enter $15,150 (the equivalent of 3 

allowances) on Step 4(a).

Step 4(b): • If there was an entry on line 5 

(number of allowances), multiply 

each claimed allowance by 

$5,050 and enter the result on 

Step 4(b).

Step 4(c): • If there is an amount on line 6, 

add it to the amount on line 6 of 

Worksheet 1-5 above, and enter 

the result on Step 4(c).

Instructions for line 6—If your 

withholding to date was figured 

based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form 

W-4.

Use the following instructions to 

decrease your withholding.

How do you decrease your withholding? Follow 

these steps to decrease your withholding by completing 

a 2024 Form W-4.

Step 1: • If your filing status was "Single" or 

"Married, but withhold at higher 

Single rate," check "Single."

• If your filing status was "Married," 

check "Married filing jointly."

Note. Head of household filing status was 

not a choice on the 2019 (or earlier) 

Form(s) W-4.

Step 3: Multiply the amount on line 6 of 

Worksheet 1-5 by the number of paydays 

in 2024 and enter this amount on Step 3.

Step 4(a): • If your filing status was "Single" or 

"Married, but withhold at higher 

Single rate," enter $10,100 (the 

equivalent of 2 allowances) on Step 

4(a).

• If your filing status was "Married," 

enter $15,150 (the equivalent of 3 

allowances) on Step 4(a).

Step 4(b): • If there was an entry on line 5 

(number of allowances), multiply 

each claimed allowance by $5,050 

and enter the result on Step 4(b).

Step 4(c): • If there was an amount on line 6, 

add it to the amount on Step 4(c).

Instructions for line 6—If your 

withholding to date was figured 

based on a 2024 Form W-4.

Use the following instructions to either 

increase or decrease your 

withholding.

How do you increase your withholding? Follow 

these steps to increase your withholding by completing 

a 2024 Form W-4. 

• Complete your new 2024 Form W-4 

through Step 4(b) in the same way you 

completed your previous Form W-4.

• Add the amount, if any, on Step 4(c) of 

your previous Form W-4 to the amount 

on line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 above and 

enter the result on Step 4(c) of your 

new Form W-4.

How do you decrease your withholding?

• Complete Steps 1, 2(c), 4(a), 4(b), 

and 4(c) in the same way as you 

completed your previous Form W-4.

• Add the amount, if any, on Step 3 of 

your previous Form W-4 to the product 

of line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 multiplied 

by the total number of paydays in 2024 

and enter the result on Step 3 of your 

new Form W-4.

If you make a mid-year change to your 

withholding, you should complete and 

give to your employer a new Form W-4 

in January. The later in the year you change 

your Form W-4, the more important it is that you 

submit a new form the following January.

CAUTION

!

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 17
Worksheet 1-6. Tax Credits for 2024 Form W-4 or Form W-4P Keep for Your Records

Use this worksheet to figure any extra amount to enter in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P. For more information on these credits, see Tax 

Credits, earlier.

Caution. The child tax credit and the credit for other dependents are already figured in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P.

Enter the projected amount for each credit you expect to take (other than the child tax credit or credit for other 

dependents).

1. Credit for the elderly or the disabled ............................................................. 1.

2. Credit for child and dependent care expenses ...................................................... 2.

3. Education credits ............................................................................ 3.

4. Adoption credit .............................................................................. 4.

5. Foreign tax credit ............................................................................ 5.

6. Retirement savings contributions credit ........................................................... 6.

7. Earned income credit ......................................................................... 7.

8. Premium tax credit ........................................................................... 8.

9. Other credits (see Table 1-2) ................................................................... 9.

10. Add lines 1 through 9. This is your total estimated tax credits. Include this amount in the total entered on Form W-4, 

Step 3 .................................................................................... 10.

18 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
2.

Estimated Tax 

for 2024

Introduction

Estimated tax is the method used to pay tax on 

income that isn’t subject to withholding. This includes income from self-employment, interest, 

dividends, rent, gains from the sale of assets, 

prizes, and awards. You may also have to pay 

estimated tax if the amount of income tax being 

withheld from your salary, pension, or other income isn’t enough. 

Estimated tax is used to pay both income 

tax and self-employment tax, as well as other 

taxes and amounts reported on your tax return. 

If you don’t pay enough tax, either through withholding or estimated tax, or a combination of 

both, you may have to pay a penalty. If you don’t 

pay enough by the due date of each payment 

period (see When To Pay Estimated Tax, later), 

you may be charged a penalty even if you are 

due a refund when you file your tax return. For 

information on when the penalty applies, see 

the Instructions for Form 2210.

It would be helpful for you to have a 

copy of your 2023 tax return and an estimate of your 2024 income nearby 

while reading this chapter. Also, keep in mind 

the items under What's New for 2024, earlier.

Topics

This chapter discusses:

• Who must pay estimated tax,

• How to figure estimated tax (including 

illustrated examples),

• When to pay estimated tax,

• How to figure each payment, and

• How to pay estimated tax.

Useful Items

You may want to see:

Form (and Instructions)

stimated Tax for Individuals

See How To Get Tax Help at the end of this publication for information about how to get this 

publication and form.

TIP

 1040-ES

Worksheets. You may need to use several of 

the blank worksheets included in this chapter. 

See Worksheets for Chapter 2 to locate what 

you need.

Who Does Not Have To 

Pay Estimated Tax

If you receive salaries and wages, you may be 

able to avoid paying estimated tax by asking 

your employer to take more tax out of your earnings. To do this, file a new Form W-4 with your 

employer. See chapter 1.

Estimated tax not required. You don’t have to 

pay estimated tax for 2024 if you meet all three 

of the following conditions.

• You had no tax liability for 2023.

• You were a U.S. citizen or resident alien for 

the whole year.

• Your 2023 tax year covered a 12-month period.

You had no tax liability for 2023 if your total 

tax (defined later under Total tax for 

2023—line 12b) was zero or you didn’t have to 

file an income tax return.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 19
Who Must Pay

Estimated Tax

If you owed additional tax for 2023, you may 

have to pay estimated tax for 2024.

You can use the following general rule as a 

guide during the year to see if you will have 

enough withholding, or should increase your 

withholding or make estimated tax payments.

General Rule

In most cases, you must pay estimated tax for 

2024 if both of the following apply.

1. You expect to owe at least $1,000 in tax for 

2024 after subtracting your withholding 

and tax credits.

2. You expect your withholding and tax credits to be less than the smaller of:

a. 90% of the tax to be shown on your 

2024 tax return, or

b. 100% of the tax shown on your 2023 

tax return. Your 2023 tax return must 

cover all 12 months.

Note. The percentages in (2a) or (2b) just listed 

may be different if you are a farmer, fisher, or 

higher income taxpayer. See Special Rules, 

later.

If the result from using the general rule 

above suggests that you won’t have 

enough withholding, complete the 

2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet for a more accurate calculation.

CAUTION

!

Figure 2-A takes you through the general 

rule. You may find this helpful in determining if 

you must pay estimated tax.

If all your income will be subject to income tax withholding, you probably 

don’t need to pay estimated tax.

Married Taxpayers

If you qualify to make joint estimated tax payments, apply the rules discussed here to your 

joint estimated income.

You and your spouse can make joint estimated tax payments even if you are not living together.

However, you and your spouse can’t make 

joint estimated tax payments if:

• You are legally separated under a decree 

of divorce or separate maintenance,

• You and your spouse have different tax 

years, or

• Either spouse is a nonresident alien (unless that spouse elected to be treated as a 

resident alien for tax purposes). See 

Choosing Resident Alien Status in Pub. 

519.

Note. Individuals who are in registered domestic partnerships, civil unions, or other similar formal relationships that are not marriages 

under state law can’t make joint estimated tax 

payments. These individuals can take credit 

only for the estimated tax payments that he or 

she made.

If you and your spouse can’t make joint estimated tax payments, apply these rules to your 

separate estimated income.

TIP

Making joint or separate estimated tax payments won’t affect your choice of filing a joint 

tax return or separate returns for 2024.

2023 separate returns and 2024 joint return. 

If you plan to file a joint return with your spouse 

for 2024, but you filed separate returns for 2023, 

your 2023 tax is the total of the tax shown on 

your separate returns. You filed a separate return if you filed as single, head of household, or 

married filing separately.

2023 joint return and 2024 separate returns. 

If you plan to file a separate return for 2024, but 

you filed a joint return for 2023, your 2023 tax is 

your share of the tax on the joint return. You file 

a separate return if you file as single, head of 

household, or married filing separately.

To figure your share of the tax on a joint return, first figure the tax both you and your 

spouse would have paid had you filed separate 

returns for 2023 using the same filing status for 

2024. Then, multiply the tax on the joint return 

by the following fraction.

The tax you would have paid 

had you filed a separate 

return

The total tax you and your 

spouse would have paid 

had you filed separate 

returns

Special Rules

There are special rules for farmers, fishers, and 

certain higher income taxpayers.

Figure 2-A. Do You Have To Pay Estimated Tax?

1. Will you owe $1,000 or

more for 2024 after

subtracting income tax

withholding and refundable

credits* from your total

tax? (Don’t subtract any

estimated tax payments.)

2b. Will your income tax withholding

and refundable credits* be at

least 100%** of the tax shown

on your 2023 tax return?

Note: Your 2023 return must

have covered a 12-month

period.

No

Yes

Start Here

2a. Will your income tax

withholding and refundable

credits* be at least 90%

(662⁄3% for farmers and

shermen) of the tax shown on

your 2024 tax return?

You MUST make estimated

tax payment(s) by the

required due date(s).

You are NOT required to pay

estimated tax.

Yes

No

Yes

No

* Use the refundable credits shown on the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet, line 11b.

See When To Pay

Estimated Tax.

** 110% if less than two-thirds of your gross income for 2023 or 2024 is from farming or shing and your 2023 adjusted gross income was 

more than $150,000 ($75,000 if your ling status for 2024 is married ling a separate return).

20 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Farmers and Fishers

If at least two-thirds of your gross income for 

2023 or 2024 is from farming or fishing, substitute 662/3% for 90% in (2a) under General Rule, 

earlier.

Gross income. Your gross income is all income you receive in the form of money, goods, 

property, and services that isn’t exempt from 

tax. To determine whether two-thirds of your 

gross income for 2023 was from farming or fishing, use as your gross income the total of the income (not loss) amounts.

Joint returns. On a joint return, you must add 

your spouse's gross income to your gross income to determine if at least two-thirds of your 

total gross income is from farming or fishing.

Gross income from farming. This is income 

from cultivating the soil or raising agricultural 

commodities. It includes the following amounts.

• Income from operating a stock, dairy, poultry, bee, fruit, or truck farm.

• Income from a plantation, ranch, nursery, 

range, orchard, or oyster bed.

• Crop shares for the use of your land.

• Gains from sales of draft, breeding, dairy, 

or sporting livestock.

For 2023, gross income from farming is the 

total of the following amounts.

• Schedule F (Form 1040), Profit or Loss 

From Farming, line 9.

• Form 4835, Farm Rental Income and Expenses, line 7.

• Your share of the gross farming income 

from a partnership, S corporation, estate or 

trust from Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), 

Schedule K-1 (Form 1120-S), or Schedule K-1 (Form 1041).

• Your gains from sales of draft, breeding, 

dairy, or sporting livestock shown on Form 

4797, Sales of Business Property.

Wages you receive as a farm employee and 

wages you receive from a farm corporation are 

not gross income from farming.

Gross income from fishing. This is income 

from catching, taking, harvesting, cultivating, or 

farming any kind of fish, shellfish (for example, 

clams and mussels), crustaceans (for example, 

lobsters, crabs, and shrimp), sponges, seaweeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and 

vegetable life.

Gross income from fishing includes the following amounts.

• Schedule C (Form 1040), Profit or Loss 

From Business, line 7.

• Income for services as an officer or crew 

member of a vessel while the vessel is engaged in fishing.

• Your share of the gross fishing income 

from a partnership, S corporation, estate or 

trust from Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), 

Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S), or Schedule K-1 (Form 1041).

• Certain taxable interest and punitive damage awards received in connection with the 

Exxon Valdez litigation.

• Income for services normally performed in 

connection with fishing.

Services normally performed in connection with 

fishing include:

• Shore service as an officer or crew member of a vessel engaged in fishing; and

• Services that are necessary for the immediate preservation of the catch, such as 

cleaning, icing, and packing the catch.

Higher Income Taxpayers

If your AGI for 2023 was more than $150,000 

($75,000 if your filing status for 2024 is married 

filing a separate return), substitute 110% for 

100% in (2b) under General Rule, earlier.

For 2023, AGI is the amount shown on Form 

1040 or 1040-SR, line 11.

Note. This rule does not apply to farmers 

and fishers.

Aliens

Resident and nonresident aliens may also have 

to pay estimated tax. Resident aliens should follow the rules in this publication, unless noted 

otherwise. Nonresident aliens should get Form 

1040-ES (NR), U.S. Estimated Tax for Nonresident Alien Individuals.

You are an alien if you are not a citizen or national of the United States. You are a resident 

alien if you either have a green card or meet the 

substantial presence test.

For more information about withholding, the 

substantial presence test, and Form 1040-ES 

(NR), see Pub. 519.

Estates and Trusts

Estates and trusts must also pay estimated tax. 

However, estates (and certain grantor trusts 

that receive the residue of the decedent's estate 

under the decedent's will) are exempt from paying estimated tax for the first 2 years after the 

decedent's death.

Estates and trusts must use Form 1041-ES, 

Estimated Income Tax for Estates and Trusts, to 

figure and pay estimated tax.

How To Figure

Estimated Tax

To figure your estimated tax, you must figure 

your expected AGI, taxable income, taxes, deductions, and credits for the year.

When figuring your 2024 estimated tax, it 

may be helpful to use your income, deductions, 

and credits for 2023 as a starting point. Use 

your 2023 federal tax return as a guide. You can 

use Form 1040-ES to figure your estimated tax. 

Nonresident aliens use Form 1040-ES (NR) to 

figure estimated tax.

You must make adjustments both for 

changes in your own situation and for recent 

changes in the tax law. Some of these changes 

are discussed earlier under What's New for 

2024. For information about these and other 

changes in the law, visit the IRS website at 

IRS.gov.

The instructions for Form 1040-ES include a 

worksheet to help you figure your estimated tax. 

Keep the worksheet for your records.

2024 Estimated Tax 

Worksheet

If you file Form 1040-SS use the Estimated Tax Worksheet for Filers of Form 

1040-SS, in Form 1040-ES to figure your estimated tax.

Use Worksheet 2-1 to help guide you 

through the information about completing the 

2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet. You can also 

find a copy of the worksheet in the instructions 

for Form 1040-ES.

Expected AGI—Line 1

Your expected AGI for 2024 (line 1) is your expected total income minus your expected adjustments to income.

Total income. Include in your total income all 

the income you expect to receive during the 

year, even income that is subject to withholding. 

However, don’t include income that is tax exempt.

Total income includes all income and loss 

for 2024 that, if you had received it in 2023, 

would have been included on your 2023 tax return in the total on line 9 of Form 1040 or 

1040-SR.

Social security and railroad retirement benefits. If you expect to receive 

social security or tier 1 railroad retirement benefits during 2024, use Worksheet 2-2 

to figure the amount of expected taxable benefits you should include on line 1.

Adjustments to income. Be sure to subtract 

from your expected total income all of the adjustments you expect to take on your 2024 tax 

return.

Self-employed. If you expect to have 

income from self-employment, use 

Worksheet 2-3 to figure your expected 

self-employment tax and your allowable deduction for self-employment tax. Include the 

amount from Worksheet 2-3 in your expected 

adjustments to income. If you file a joint return 

and both you and your spouse have net earnings from self-employment, each of you must 

complete a separate worksheet.

Expected Taxable Income—

Line 2

Reduce your expected AGI for 2024 (line 1) by 

either your expected itemized deductions or 

your standard deduction.

Itemized deductions—line 2a. If you expect 

to claim itemized deductions on your 2024 tax 

return, enter the estimated amount on line 2a.

Itemized deductions are the deductions that 

can be claimed on Schedule A (Form 1040).

CAUTION

!

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 21
Standard deduction—line 2a. If you expect 

to claim the standard deduction on your 2024 

tax return, enter the amount on line 2a. Use 

Worksheet 2-4 to figure your standard deduction.

No standard deduction. The standard deduction for some individuals is zero. Your standard deduction will be zero if you:

• File a separate return and your spouse 

itemizes deductions,

• Are a dual-status alien, or

• File a return for a period of less than 12 

months because you change your accounting period.

Expected Taxes and Credits—

Lines 4–11c

After you have figured your expected taxable income (line 3), follow the steps next to figure 

your expected taxes, credits, and total tax for 

2024. Most people will have entries for only a 

few of these steps. However, you should check 

every step to be sure you don’t overlook anything.

Step 1. Figure your expected income tax 

(line 4). Generally, you will use the 2024 Tax 

Rate Schedules to figure your expected income 

tax.

However, see below for situations where you 

must use a different method to figure your estimated tax.

Tax on child's investment income. You 

must use a special method to figure tax on the 

income of the following children who have more 

than $2,600 of investment income.

1. Children under age 18 at the end of 2024.

2. The following children if their earned income isn’t more than half their support.

a. Children age 18 at the end of 2024.

b. Children who are full-time students at 

least age 19 but under age 24 at the 

end of 2024.

Tax on net capital gain. The regular income tax rates for individuals don’t apply to a 

net capital gain. Instead, your net capital gain is 

taxed at a lower maximum rate.

The term “net capital gain” means the 

amount by which your net long-term capital gain 

for the year is more than your net short-term 

capital loss.

Tax on capital gain and qualified 

dividends. If the amount on line 1 includes a net capital gain or qualified 

dividends, use Worksheet 2-5 to figure your tax.

Note. The tax rate on your capital gains and 

dividends will depend on your income.

Tax if excluding foreign earned income or excluding or deducting foreign housing. If you expect to claim 

the foreign earned income exclusion or the 

housing exclusion or deduction on Form 2555, 

use Worksheet 2-6 to figure your estimated tax.

Step 2. Total your expected taxes (line 6). Include on line 6 the sum of the following.

1. Your tax on line 6.

2. Your expected alternative minimum tax 

(AMT) from Form 6251.

3. Your expected additional taxes from Form 

8814, Parents' Election To Report Child's 

Interest and Dividends, and Form 4972, 

Tax on Lump-Sum Distributions.

4. Any recapture of education credits.

Step 3. Subtract your expected credits (line 7). 

If you are using your 2023 return as a guide and 

filed Form 1040 or 1040-SR, your total credits 

for 2023 were shown on line 21.

If your credits on line 7 are more than your 

taxes on line 6, enter -0- on line 8 and go to 

Step 4.

Step 4. Add your expected self-employment 

tax (line 9). You should already have figured 

your self-employment tax (see Self-employed 

under Expected AGI—Line 1, earlier).

Step 5. Add your expected other taxes 

(line 10).

Other taxes include the following. The total 

of these taxes are entered on line 10.

1. Additional tax on early distributions from:

a. An IRA or other qualified retirement 

plan,

b. A tax-sheltered annuity, or

c. A modified endowment contract entered into after June 20, 1988.

2. Household employment taxes if:

a. You will have federal income tax withheld from wages, pensions, annuities, 

gambling winnings, or other income; 

or

b. You would be required to make estimated tax payments even if you didn’t 

include household employment taxes 

when figuring your estimated tax.

3. Amounts entered on Schedule 2 (Form 

1040), line 14 through 17z. But don’t include the following.

a. Line 17b, recapture of a federal mortgage subsidy;

b. Line 17k, tax on excess golden parachute payments;

c. Line 17m, excise tax on insider stock 

compensation from an expatriated 

corporation; or

d. Line 17n, look-back interest due under section 167(g) or 460(b) of the Internal Revenue Code.

4. Repayment of the first-time homebuyer 

credit. See Form 5405.

5. Additional Medicare Tax. A 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax applies to your combined Medicare wages and self-employment income and/or your RRTA 

compensation that exceeds the amount 

listed in the following chart, based on your 

filing status.

Filing Status Threshold Amount

Married filing jointly $250,000

Married filing separately $125,000

Single $200,000

Head of household $200,000

Qualifying surviving spouse $200,000

Medicare wages and self-employment 

income are combined to determine if your 

income exceeds the threshold. A self-employment loss should not be considered 

for purposes of this tax. RRTA compensation should be separately compared to the 

threshold. Your employer is responsible for 

withholding the 0.9% Additional Medicare 

Tax on Medicare wages or RRTA compensation it pays to you in excess of $200,000 

in 2024. You should consider this withholding, if applicable, in determining whether 

you need to make an estimated payment.

6. Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). The 

NIIT is 3.8% of the lesser of your net investment income or the excess of your 

MAGI over the amount listed in the following chart, based on your filing status.

Filing Status Threshold Amount

Married filing jointly $250,000

Married filing separately $125,000

Single $200,000

Head of household $200,000

Qualifying surviving spouse $250,000

Step 6. Subtract your refundable credits 

(line 11c). These include the earned income 

credit, additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit, 

net premium tax credit, refundable American 

opportunity credit, and section 1341 credit.

To figure your expected fuel tax credit, don’t 

include fuel tax for the first 3 quarters of the 

year that you expect to have refunded to you.

The result of Steps 1 through 6 is your total 

estimated tax for 2024 (line 11c).

Required Annual Payment—

Line 12c

On lines 12a through 12c, figure the total 

amount you must pay for 2024, through withholding and estimated tax payments, to avoid 

paying a penalty.

General rule. The total amount you must pay 

is the smaller of:

1. 90% of your total expected tax for 2024, or

2. 100% of the total tax shown on your 2023 

return. Your 2023 tax return must cover all 

12 months.

Special rules. There are special rules for 

higher income taxpayers and for farmers and 

fishers.

Higher income taxpayers. If your AGI for 

2023 was more than $150,000 ($75,000 if your 

filing status for 2024 is married filing separately), substitute 110% for 100% in (2) above. 

This rule does not apply to farmers and fishers.

22 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
For 2023, AGI is the amount shown on Form 

1040 or 1040-SR, line 11.

Example. Your total tax on the 2023 return 

was $42,581, and the expected tax for 2024 is 

$71,253. Your 2023 AGI was $180,000. Because you had more than $150,000 of AGI in 

2023, you figure the required annual payment 

as follows. You determine that 90% of the expected tax for 2024 is $64,128 (90% (0.90) × 

$71,253). Next, you determine that 110% of the 

tax shown on the 2023 return is $46,839 (110% 

(1.10) x $42,581). Finally, you determine that 

the required annual payment is $46,839, the 

smaller of the two.

Farmers and fishers. If at least two-thirds 

of your gross income for 2023 or 2024 is from 

farming or fishing, your required annual payment is the smaller of:

1. 662/3% (0.6667) of your total tax for 2024, 

or

2. 100% of the total tax shown on your 2023 

return. (Your 2023 tax return must cover all 

12 months.)

For definitions of “gross income from farming” and “gross income from fishing,” see Farmers and Fishers, earlier, under Special Rules.

Total tax for 2023—line 12b. Your 2023 total 

tax is the amount on line 24 reduced by the following.

1. Unreported social security and Medicare 

tax or RRTA tax from Forms 4137 or 8919 

included on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), lines 

5 and 6.

2. Amounts from Form 5329, Parts III through 

IX only.

3. The following amounts from Schedule 2 

(Form 1040).

a. Excise tax on excess golden parachute payments (Schedule 2, 

line 17k).

b. Excise tax on insider stock compensation from an expatriated corporation 

(Schedule 2, line 17m).

c. Look-back interest due under section 

167(g) (Schedule 2, line 17n).

d. Look-back interest due under section 

460(b) (Schedule 2, line 17n).

e. Recapture of federal mortgage subsidy (Schedule 2, line 17b).

f. Uncollected social security and Medicare tax or RRTA tax on tips or 

group-term life insurance (Schedule 2, 

line 13).

4. Any refundable credit amounts on Form 

1040 or 1040-SR, line 27, 28, and 29, and 

Schedule 3 (Form 1040), lines 9, and 12, 

13b and Schedule H lines 8e and 8f.

Total Estimated Tax Payments 

Needed—Line 14a

Use lines 13 and 14a to figure the total estimated tax you may be required to pay for 2024. 

Subtract your expected withholding from your 

required annual payment (line 12c). You must 

usually pay this difference in four equal installments. See When To Pay Estimated Tax and 

How To Figure Each Payment, later.

You don’t have to pay estimated tax if:

• Line 12c minus line 13 is zero or less, or

• Line 11c minus line 13 is less than $1,000.

Withholding—line 13. Your expected withholding for 2024 (line 13) includes the income 

tax you expect to be withheld from all sources 

(wages, pensions and annuities, etc.). It includes excess social security and tier 1 railroad 

retirement tax you expect to be withheld from 

your wages and compensation. For this purpose, you will have excess social security or tier 

1 railroad retirement tax withholding for 2024 

only if your wages and compensation from two 

or more employers are more than $168,600.

It also includes Additional Medicare Tax you 

expect to be withheld from your wages or compensation. Your employer is responsible for 

withholding the 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax 

on Medicare wages or RRTA compensation it 

pays to you in excess of $200,000.

When To Pay

Estimated Tax

For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided 

into four payment periods. Each period has a 

specific payment due date. If you don’t pay 

enough tax by the due date of each of the payment periods, you may be charged a penalty 

even if you are due a refund when you file your 

income tax return.

If a payment is mailed, the date of the U.S. 

postmark is considered the date of payment. 

The general payment periods and due dates for 

estimated tax payments are shown next. For exceptions to the dates listed, see Saturday, Sunday, holiday rule.

For the 

period:

General due 

date:

Tax year 

2024 due 

date:

Jan. 11

– March 31 ... April 15 April 15, 2024

April 1 

– May 31 ..... June 15 June 17, 2024

June 1 

– Aug. 31 .... Sept. 15 Sept. 16, 2024

Sept. 1 

– Dec. 31 ....

Jan. 15, next 

year2 Jan. 15, 2025

1

 If your tax year does not begin on January 1, 

see Fiscal-year taxpayers, later.

2

 See January payment, later.

Saturday, Sunday, holiday rule. If the due 

date for an estimated tax payment falls on a 

Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the payment 

will be on time if you make it on the next day 

that isn’t a Saturday, Sunday, or a holiday. See 

Pub. 509 for a list of all legal holidays.

January payment. If you file your 2024 Form 

1040 or 1040-SR by January 31, 2025, and pay 

the rest of the tax you owe, you don’t need to 

make the payment due on January 15, 2025.

Example. You do not pay any estimated tax 

for 2024. You file the 2024 income tax return 

and pay the balance due shown on the return 

on January 26, 2025.

Your estimated tax for the fourth payment 

period is considered to have been paid on time. 

However, you may owe a penalty for not making 

the first three estimated tax payments, if required. Any penalty for not making those payments will be figured up to January 26, 2025.

Fiscal-year taxpayers. If your tax year does 

not start on January 1, your payment due dates 

are:

1. The 15th day of the 4th month of your fiscal year,

2. The 15th day of the 6th month of your fiscal year,

3. The 15th day of the 9th month of your fiscal year, and

4. The 15th day of the 1st month after the 

end of your fiscal year.

You don’t have to make the last payment listed above if you file your income tax return by 

the last day of the first month after the end of 

your fiscal year and pay all the tax you owe with 

your return.

When To Start

You don’t have to make estimated tax payments 

until you have income on which you will owe income tax. If you have income subject to estimated tax during the first payment period, you 

must make your first payment by the due date 

for the first payment period.

You have several options when paying estimated taxes. You can:

• Apply an overpayment from the previous 

tax year,

• Pay all your estimated tax by the due date 

of your first payment, or

• Pay it in installments.

If you choose to pay in installments, make 

your first payment by the due date for the first 

payment period. Make your remaining installment payments by the due dates for the later 

periods.

To avoid any estimated tax penalties, all installments must be paid by their due date and 

for the required amount.

No income subject to estimated tax during 

first period. If you don’t have income subject 

to estimated tax until a later payment period, 

you must make your first payment by the due 

date for that period. You can pay your entire estimated tax by the due date for that period or 

you can pay it in installments by the due date for 

that period and the due dates for the remaining 

periods. Table 2-1 shows the general due dates 

for making installment payments when the due 

date does not fall on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 23
General Due Dates for 

Estimated Tax 

Installment Payments

Table 2-1.

If you first have 

income on which 

you must pay 

estimated tax:

Make a

payment 

by:*

Make later 

installments 

by:*

Before April 1 April 15 June 15

Sept. 15

Jan. 15 next year

April 1–May 31 June 15 Sept. 15

Jan. 15 next year

June 1–Aug. 31 Sept. 15 Jan. 15 next year

After Aug. 31 Jan. 15

next year

(None)

*See January payment and Saturday, Sunday, 

holiday rule, earlier.

How much to pay to avoid penalty. To determine how much you should pay by each payment due date, see How To Figure Each Payment, later.

Farmers and Fishers

If at least two-thirds of your gross income for 

2023 or 2024 is from farming or fishing, you 

have only one payment due date for your 2024 

estimated tax: January 15, 2025. The due dates 

for the first three payment periods, discussed 

under When To Pay Estimated Tax, earlier, don’t 

apply to you.

If you file your 2024 Form 1040 or 1040-SR 

by March 3, 2025, and pay all the tax you owe 

at that time, you don’t need to make an estimated tax payment.

Fiscal year farmers and fishers. If you are a 

farmer or fisher, but your tax year does not start 

on January 1, you can either:

• Pay all your estimated tax by the 15th day 

after the end of your tax year, or

• File your return and pay all the tax you owe 

by the 1st day of the 3rd month after the 

end of your tax year.

How To Figure

Each Payment

After you have figured your total estimated tax, 

figure how much you must pay by the due date 

of each payment period. You should pay 

enough by each due date to avoid a penalty for 

that period. If you don’t pay enough during any 

payment period, you may be charged a penalty 

even if you are due a refund when you file your 

tax return. The penalty is discussed in the Instructions for Form 2210.

Regular Installment Method

If your first estimated tax payment is due April 

15, 2024, you can figure your required payment 

for each period by dividing your annual estimated tax due (line 14a of the 2024 Estimated Tax 

Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1)) by 4. Enter this 

amount on line 15. However, use this method 

only if your income is basically the same 

throughout the year.

Change in estimated tax. After you make an 

estimated tax payment, changes in your income, adjustments, deductions, or credits may 

make it necessary for you to refigure your estimated tax. Pay the unpaid balance of your 

amended estimated tax by the next payment 

due date after the change or in installments by 

that date and the due dates for the remaining 

payment periods.

If you don’t receive your income evenly 

throughout the year, your required estimated tax 

payments may not be the same for each period. 

See Annualized Income Installment Method, 

later.

Amended estimated tax. If you refigure your estimated tax during the year, 

or if your first estimated tax payment is 

due after April 15, 2024, figure your required 

payment for each remaining payment period using Worksheet 2-10.

Example. Early in 2024, you figure estimated tax due of $1,800. You make estimated tax 

payments on April 15 and June 17 of $450 each 

($1,800 ÷ 4).

On July 10, you sell investment property at a 

gain. Your refigured estimated tax is $4,100. 

The required estimated tax payment for the third 

payment period is $2,175.

If your estimated tax does not change again, 

the required estimated tax payment for the 

fourth payment period will be $1,025.

Underpayment penalty. The penalty is figured separately for each payment period. If you 

figure your payments using the regular installment method and later refigure your payments 

because of an increase in income, you may be 

charged a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax for the period(s) before you changed 

your payments. To see how you may be able to 

avoid or reduce this penalty, see Schedule AI—Annualized Income Installment Method 

in the Instructions for Form 2210.

Worksheet 2-10. Amended Estimated Tax Worksheet

Keep for Your Records

1. Amended total estimated tax due ......................................................... 1.

2. Multiply line 1 by:

50% (0.50) if next payment is due June 17, 2024

75% (0.75) if next payment is due September 16, 2024

100% (1.00) if next payment is due January 15, 2025 ................. 2.

3. Estimated tax payments for all previous periods ...................... 3.

4. Next required payment: Subtract line 3 from line 2 and enter the result (but not 

less than zero) here and on your payment voucher for your next required 

payment ................................................... 4.

Note. If the payment on line 4 is due January 15, 2025, stop here. Otherwise, 

go to line 5.

5. Add lines 3 and 4 ..................................................................... 5.

6. Subtract line 5 from line 1 and enter the result (but not less than zero) .............................. 6.

7. Each following required payment: If the payment on line 4 is due June 17, 2024, enter one-half of the 

amount on line 6 here and on the payment vouchers for your payments due September 16, 2024, and January 

15, 2025. If the amount on line 4 is due September 16, 2024, enter the amount from line 6 here and on the 

payment voucher for your payment due January 15, 2025 ....................................... 7.

24 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Annualized Income 

Installment Method

If you don’t receive your income evenly throughout the year (for example, your income from a 

repair shop you operate is much larger in the 

summer than it is during the rest of the year), 

your required estimated tax payment for one or 

more periods may be less than the amount figured using the regular installment method.

The annualized income installment method 

annualizes your tax at the end of each period 

based on a reasonable estimate of your income, deductions, and other items relating to 

events that occurred from the beginning of the 

tax year through the end of the period. To see 

whether you can pay less for any period, complete the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7).

You first must complete the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) 

through line 14b.

Use the result you figure on line 32 of Worksheet 2-7 to make your estimated tax payments 

and complete your payment vouchers.

Note. If you use the annualized income installment method to figure your estimated tax 

payments, you must file Form 2210 with your 

2024 tax return. See Schedule AI—Annualized 

Income Installment Method in the Instructions 

for Form 2210 for more information.

Instructions for the 2024 

Annualized Estimated Tax 

Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)

Use Worksheet 2-7 to help you follow 

these instructions.

The purpose of this worksheet is to determine your estimated tax liability as your income 

accumulates throughout the year, rather than dividing your entire year's estimated tax liability by 

4 as if your income was earned equally throughout the year. The top of the worksheet shows 

the dates for each payment period. The periods 

build; that is, each period includes all previous 

periods. After the end of each payment period, 

complete the corresponding worksheet column 

to figure the payment due for that period.

Line 1. Enter your AGI for the period. This is 

your gross income for the period, including your 

share of partnership or S corporation income or 

loss, minus your adjustments to income for that 

period. See Expected AGI—Line 1, earlier.

Self-employment income. If you had 

self-employment income, first complete Section B of this worksheet. Use the amounts on 

line 41 when figuring your expected AGI to enter 

in each column of Section A, line 1.

Line 4. Be sure to consider deduction limits figured on Schedule A (Form 1040), such as the 

$10,000 limit on state and local taxes. Figure 

your deduction limits using your expected AGI 

in the corresponding column of line 1 (2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 

2-7)).

CAUTION

!

TIP

Line 7. If you won’t itemize your deductions, 

use Worksheet 2-4 to figure your standard deduction.

Line 12. Generally, you will use the Tax Rate 

Schedules to figure the tax on your annualized 

income. However, see below for situations 

where you must use a different method to figure 

your estimated tax.

Tax on child's investment income. You 

must use a special method to figure tax on the 

income of the following children who have more 

than $2,600 of investment income.

1. Children under age 18 at the end of 2024.

2. The following children if their earned income isn’t more than half their support.

a. Children age 18 at the end of 2024.

b. Children who are full-time students at 

least age 19 but under age 24 at the 

end of 2024.

Tax on net capital gain. The regular income tax rates for individuals don’t apply to a 

net capital gain. Instead, your net capital gain is 

taxed at a lower maximum rate.

The term “net capital gain” means the 

amount by which your net long-term capital gain 

for the year is more than your net short-term 

capital loss.

Tax on qualified dividends and capital 

gains. For 2024, your capital gain and dividends rate will depend on your income.

Tax on capital gain or qualified dividends. If the amount on line 1 includes 

a net capital gain or qualified dividends, use Worksheet 2-8 to figure the amount 

to enter on line 10.

Tax if excluding foreign earned income or excluding or deducting foreign housing. If you expect to claim 

the foreign earned income exclusion or the 

housing exclusion or deduction on Form 2555, 

use Worksheet 2-9 to figure the amount to enter 

on line 10.

Line 13. Add the tax from Forms 8814, 4972, 

and 6251 for the period. Also, include any recapture of an education credit for each period. 

You may owe this tax if you claimed an education credit in an earlier year and you received either tax-free educational assistance or a refund 

of qualifying expenses for the same student after filing your 2023 return.

Use the 2023 forms or worksheets to see if 

you will owe any of the taxes just discussed. 

Figure the tax based on your income and deductions during the period shown in the column 

headings. Multiply this amount by the annualization amounts shown for each column on 

line 2 of the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax 

Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7). Enter the result on 

line 13 of this worksheet.

Line 15. Include all the nonrefundable credits 

you expect to claim because of events that will 

occur during the period.

Note. When figuring your credits for each 

period, annualize any item of income or 

deduction to figure each credit. For example, if 

you need to use your AGI to figure a credit, use 

line 3 of Worksheet 2-7 to figure the credit for 

each column.

Line 18. Add your expected other taxes.

Other taxes include the following.

1. Additional tax on early distributions from:

a. An IRA or other qualified retirement 

plan,

b. A tax-sheltered annuity, or

c. A modified endowment contract entered into after June 20, 1988.

2. Household employment taxes if:

a. You will have federal income tax withheld from wages, pensions, annuities, 

gambling winnings, or other income; 

or

b. You would be required to make estimated tax payments even if you didn’t 

include household employment taxes 

when figuring your estimated tax.

3. Amounts on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), 

lines 14 through 16, and 17a, 17c through 

17j, 17l, and 17o through 17z.

4. Repayment of the first-time homebuyer 

credit if the home will cease to be your 

main home in 2024. See Form 5405 for exceptions.

5. Additional Medicare Tax. A 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax applies to your combined Medicare wages and self-employment income and/or your RRTA 

compensation that exceeds the amount 

listed in the following chart, based on your 

filing status.

Filing Status Threshold Amount

Married filing jointly $250,000

Married filing separately $125,000

Single $200,000

Head of household $200,000

Qualifying surviving spouse $200,000

Medicare wages and self-employment 

income are combined to determine if your 

income exceeds the threshold. A self-employment loss should not be considered 

for purposes of this tax. RRTA compensation should be separately compared to the 

threshold.

Your employer is responsible for withholding the 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax 

on Medicare wages or RRTA compensation it pays you in excess of $200,000 in 

2024. You should consider this withholding, if applicable, in determining whether 

you need to make an estimated payment.

6. Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). The 

NIIT is 3.8% of the lesser of your net investment income or the excess of your 

MAGI over a specified threshold amount. 

Threshold amounts:

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 25
Filing Status Threshold Amount

Married filing jointly $250,000

Married filing separately $125,000

Single $200,000

Head of household $200,000

Qualifying surviving 

spouse

$250,000

Line 20. Include all the refundable credits 

(other than withholding credits) you can claim 

because of events that occurred during the period. These include the earned income credit, 

additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit, net 

premium tax credit, refundable American opportunity credit, and section 1341 credit.

Note. When figuring your refundable credits 

for each period, annualize any item of income or 

deduction used to figure each credit.

Line 29. If line 28 is smaller than line 25 and 

you are not certain of the estimate of your 2024 

tax, you can avoid a penalty by entering the 

amount from line 25 on line 29.

Line 31. For each period, include estimated 

tax payments made and any excess social security and railroad retirement tax.

Also, include estimated federal income tax 

withholding. One-fourth of your estimated withholding is considered withheld on the due date 

of each payment period. To figure the amount to 

include on line 31 for each period, multiply your 

total expected withholding for 2024 by:

• 25% (0.25) for the first period,

• 50% (0.50) for the second period,

• 75% (0.75) for the third period, and

• 100% (1.00) for the fourth period.

However, you may choose to include your 

withholding according to the actual dates on 

which the amounts will be withheld. For each 

period, include withholding made from the beginning of the period up to and including the 

payment due date. You can make this choice 

separately for the taxes withheld from your wages and all other withholding. For an explanation of what to include in withholding, see Total 

Estimated Tax Payments Needed—Line 14a, 

earlier.

Nonresident aliens. If you will file Form 

1040-NR and you don’t receive wages as an 

employee subject to U.S. income tax withholding, the instructions for the worksheet are modified as follows.

1. Skip column (a).

2. On line 1, enter your income for the period 

that is effectively connected with a U.S. 

trade or business.

3. On line 21, increase your entry by the 

amount determined by multiplying your income for the period that isn’t effectively 

connected with a U.S. trade or business by 

the following.

a. 72% (0.72) for column (b).

b. 45% (0.45) for column (c).

c. 30% (0.30) for column (d).

However, if you can use a treaty rate 

lower than 30%, use the percentages determined by multiplying your treaty rate by 

2.4, 1.5, and 1, respectively.

4. On line 26, enter one-half of the amount 

from line 14c of the Form 1040-ES (NR) 

2023 Estimated Tax Worksheet in column 

(b), and one-fourth in columns (c) and (d) 

of Worksheet 2-7.

5. On lines 24 and 27, skip column (b).

6. On line 31, if you don’t use the actual withholding method, include one-half of your 

total expected withholding in column (b) 

and one-fourth in columns (c) and (d).

See Pub. 519 for more information.

Estimated Tax

Payments Not Required

You don’t have to pay estimated tax if your withholding in each payment period is at least as 

much as:

• One-fourth of your required annual payment, or

• Your required annualized income installment for that period.

You also don’t have to pay estimated tax if 

you will pay enough through withholding to keep 

the amount you will owe with your return under 

$1,000.

How To Pay

Estimated Tax

There are several ways to pay estimated tax.

• Credit an overpayment on your 2023 return 

to your 2024 estimated tax.

• Pay by direct transfer from your bank account, or pay by debit or credit card using a 

pay-by-phone system or the Internet.

• Send in your payment (check or money order) with a payment voucher from Form 

1040-ES.

Credit an Overpayment

If you show an overpayment of tax after completing your Form 1040 or 1040-SR for 2023, 

you can apply part or all of it to your estimated 

tax for 2024. On Form 1040 or 1040-SR, enter 

the amount you want credited to your estimated 

tax rather than refunded. Take the amount you 

have credited into account when figuring your 

estimated tax payments. If you timely file your 

2023 return, treat the credit as a payment made 

on April 15, 2024.

If you are a beneficiary of an estate or trust, 

and the trustee elects to credit 2024 trust payments of estimated tax to you, you can treat the 

amount credited as paid by you on January 15, 

2025.

If you choose to have an overpayment of tax 

credited to your estimated tax, you can’t have 

any of that amount refunded to you until you file 

your tax return for the following year. You also 

can’t use that overpayment in any other way.

Example. When you finished filling out the 

2023 tax return, the result was an overpayment 

of $750. You knew additional tax would be owed 

in 2024. You credited $600 of the overpayment 

to the 2024 estimated tax and had the remaining $150 issued as a refund.

In September, you amended the 2023 return 

by filing Form 1040-X, Amended U.S. Individual 

Income Tax Return. It turned out that you owed 

$250 more in tax than was originally thought. 

This reduced the 2023 overpayment from $750 

to $500. Because the $750 had already been 

applied to the 2024 estimated tax or refunded, 

the IRS billed you for the additional $250 owed, 

plus penalties and interest. You could not use 

any of the $600 that had been credited to the 

2024 estimated tax to pay this bill.

Pay Online

Paying online is convenient and secure and 

helps make sure we get your payments on time. 

To pay your taxes online or for more information, 

go to IRS.gov/Payments. You can pay using any 

of the following methods.

• Your Online Account. You can now make 

tax payments through your online account, 

including balance payments, estimated tax 

payments, or other types. You can also see 

your payment history and other tax records 

there. Go to IRS.gov/Account.

• IRS Direct Pay. For online transfers directly from your checking or savings account at no cost to you, go to IRS.gov/

Payments.

• Pay by Card or Digital Wallet. To pay by 

debit or credit card or digital wallet, go to 

IRS.gov/Payments. There is a fee charged 

by these service providers. You can also 

pay by phone with a debit or credit card. 

See Debit or credit card under Pay by 

Phone, later.

• Electronic Funds Withdrawal (EFW) is 

an integrated e-file/e-pay option offered 

when filing your federal taxes electronically 

using tax preparation software, through a 

tax professional, or the IRS at IRS.gov/

Payments.

• Online Payment Agreement. If you can’t 

pay in full by the due date of your tax return, you can apply for an online monthly 

installment agreement at IRS.gov/OPA. 

Once you complete the online process, 

you will receive immediate notification of 

whether your agreement has been approved. A user fee is charged.

Electronic Federal Tax 

Payment System (EFTPS)

Allows you to pay your taxes online or by phone 

directly from your checking or saving account.There is no fee for this service. You must 

be enrolled either online or have an enrollment 

form mailed to you. See EFTPS under Pay by 

Phone, later.

Pay by Phone

Paying by phone is another safe and secure 

method of paying electronically. Use one of the 

following methods: (1) call one of the debit or 

26 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
credit card service providers, or (2) use the 

Electronic Federal Tax Payment System 

(EFTPS) to pay directly from your checking or 

savings account.

Debit or credit card. Call one of our service 

providers. Each charges a fee that varies by 

provider, card type, and payment amount.

WorldPay US, Inc.

844-PAY-TAX-8TM (844-729-8298)

www.payUSAtax.com

ACI Payments, Inc.

888-UPAY-TAXTM (888-872-9829)

fed.acipayonline.com

Link2GOV Corporation

888-PAY-1040TM (888-729-1040)

www.PAY1040.com

EFTPS. To get more information about EFTPS 

or to enroll in EFTPS, visit EFTPS.gov or call 

800-555-4477. To contact EFTPS using Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) for people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a 

speech disability, dial 711 and then provide the 

TRS assistant the 800-555-4477 number above 

or 800-733-4829. Additional information about 

EFTPS is also available in Pub. 966.

Pay by Mobile Device

To pay through your mobile device, download 

the IRS2Go application.

Pay by Cash

Cash is an in-person payment option for individuals provided through retail partners with a 

maximum of $1,000 per day per transaction. To 

make a cash payment, you must choose a payment processor online with ACI Payments, Inc. 

at fed.acipayonline.com or www.Pay1040.com. 

For more information, go to IRS.gov/

paywithcash or see Pub. 5250. Don't send cash 

payments through the mail.

Pay by Check or Money 

Order Using the Estimated 

Tax Payment Voucher

Before submitting a payment through the mail, 

please consider alternative methods. One of 

our safe, quick, and easy electronic payment 

options might be right for you. Each payment of 

estimated tax by check or money order must be 

accompanied by a payment voucher from Form 

1040-ES. If you use your own envelopes (and 

not the window envelope that comes with the 

1040-ES package), make sure you mail your 

payment vouchers to the address shown in the 

Form 1040-ES instructions for the place where 

you live.

Don’t use the address shown in the Instructions for Form 1040.

If you didn’t pay estimated tax last year, get 

a copy of Form 1040-ES from the IRS (see How 

To Get Tax Help, later). Follow the instructions 

to make sure you use the vouchers correctly.

Notice to taxpayers presenting checks. 

When you provide a check as payment, you authorize us either to use information from your 

check to make a one-time electronic fund transfer from your account or to process the payment 

as a check transaction. When we use information from your check to make an electronic fund 

CAUTION

!

transfer, funds may be withdrawn from your account as soon as the same day we receive your 

payment, and you will not receive your check 

back from your financial institution.

No checks of $100 million or more accepted. The IRS can’t accept a single check (including a cashier's check) for amounts of 

$100,000,000 ($100 million) or more. If you are 

sending $100 million or more by check, you'll 

need to spread the payment over two or more 

checks with each check made out for an 

amount less than $100 million. This limit doesn't 

apply to other methods of payment (such as 

electronic payments). Please consider a 

method of payment other than check if the 

amount of the payment is over $100 million.

Joint estimated tax payments. If you file a 

joint return and are making joint estimated tax 

payments, enter the names and social security 

numbers on the payment voucher in the same 

order as they will appear on the joint return.

Change of address. You must notify the IRS if 

you are making estimated tax payments and 

you changed your address during the year. 

Complete Form 8822, Change of Address, and 

mail it to the address shown in the instructions 

for that form.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 27
Worksheets for Chapter 2

Use the following worksheets and tables to figure your correct estimated tax.

IF you need... THEN use...

2024 Tax Rate Schedules 2024 Tax Rate Schedules

the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet Worksheet 2-1

to estimate your taxable social security and railroad retirement benefits—line 1 of ES Worksheet (or 

Annualized ES Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) Worksheet 2-2

to estimate your self-employment (SE) tax and your deduction for SE tax—lines 1 and 11 of ES Worksheet 

(lines 1 and 17 of Annualized ES Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) Worksheet 2-3

to estimate your standard deduction—line 2 of ES Worksheet (line 7 of Annualized ES Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-7)) Worksheet 2-4

to estimate your income tax if line 1 of your ES Worksheet includes a net capital gain or qualified 

dividends—line 4 of ES Worksheet Worksheet 2-5

to estimate your income tax if you expect to claim a foreign earned income exclusion or foreign housing 

exclusion or deduction on Form 2555—line 4 of ES Worksheet Worksheet 2-6

the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Annualized ES Worksheet) Worksheet 2-7

to estimate your income tax if line 1 of your Annualized ES Worksheet includes a net capital gain or 

qualified dividends—line 10 of Annualized ES Worksheet Worksheet 2-8

to estimate your income tax if you expect to claim a foreign earned income exclusion or foreign housing 

exclusion or deduction on Form 2555—line 10 of Annualized ES Worksheet Worksheet 2-9

to refigure (amend) your estimated tax during the year Worksheet 2-10

28 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
2024 Tax Rate Schedules

CAUTION

!

 Don’t use these Tax Rate Schedules to figure your 2023 taxes. Use them only to figure your 2024 estimated 

taxes.

Schedule X—Use if your 2024 filing status is

Single

Schedule Z— Use if your 2024 filing status is

Head of household

If line 3 is: The tax is: If line 3 is: The tax is:

Over—

But not

over—

of the

amount 

over— Over—

But not

over—

of the

amount 

over—

$0 $11,600 10% $0 $0 $16,550 10% $0

11,600 47,150 $1,160.00 + 12% 11,600 16,550 63,100 $1,655.00 + 12% 16,550

47,150 100,525 5,426.00 + 22% 47,150 63,100 100,500 7,241.00 + 22% 63,100

100,525 191,950 17,168.50 + 24% 100,525 100,500 191,950 15,469.00 + 24% 100,500

191,950 243,725 39,110.50 + 32% 191,950 191,950 243,700 37,417.00 + 32% 191,950

243,725 609,350 55,678.50 + 35% 243,725 243,700 609,350 53,977.00 + 35% 243,700

609,350 - - - - - - 183,647.25 + 37% 609,350 609,350 - - - - - - 181,954.50 + 37% 609,350

Schedule Y-1— Use if your 2024 filing status is

Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving spouse

Schedule Y-2— Use if your 2024 filing status is

Married filing separately

If line 3 is: The tax is: If line 3 is: The tax is:

Over—

But not

over—

of the

amount 

over— Over—

But not

over—

of the

amount 

over—

$0 $23,200 10% $0 $0 $11,600 10% $0

23,200 94,300 $2,320.00 + 12% 23,200 11,600 47,150 $1,160.00 + 12% 11,600

94,300 201,050 10,852.00 + 22% 94,300 47,150 100,525 5,426.00 + 22% 47,150

201,050 383,900 34,337.00 + 24% 201,050 100,525 191,950 17,168.50 + 24% 100,525

383,900 487,450 78,221.00 + 32% 383,900 191,950 243,725 39,110.50 + 32% 191,950

487,450 731,200 111,357.00 + 35% 487,450 243,725 365,600 55,678.50 + 35% 243,725

731,200 - - - - - - 196,669.50 + 37% 731,200 365,600 - - - - - - 98,334.75 + 37% 365,600

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 29
Worksheet 2-1. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet Keep for Your Records

CAUTION

!

When this worksheet refers you to instructions, you can find those instructions in the 2024 Form 1040-ES.

1. Adjusted gross income you expect in 2024 (see instructions) ........................................ 1.

2a. Deductions 

• If you plan to itemize deductions, enter the estimated total of your itemized deductions.

• If you don’t plan to itemize deductions, enter your standard deduction (see instructions) .................. 2a.

b. If you can take the qualified business income deduction, enter the estimated amount of the deduction .......... 2b.

c. Add lines 2a and 2b ...................................................................... 2c.

3. Subtract line 2c from line 1 ................................................................. 3.

4. Tax. Figure your tax on the amount on line 3 by using the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules.

Caution: If you will have qualified dividends or a net capital gain, or expect to exclude or deduct foreign earned 

income or housing, see Worksheets 2-5 and 2-6 to figure the tax ..................................... 4.

5. Alternative minimum tax from Form 6251 ...................................................... 5.

6. Add lines 4 and 5. Add to this amount any other taxes you expect to include in the total on Form 1040 or 1040-SR, 

line 16 ................................................................................ 6.

7. Credits (see instructions). Don’t include any income tax withholding on this line .......................... 7.

8. Subtract line 7 from line 6. If zero or less, enter -0- ................................................ 8.

9. Self-employment tax (see instructions) ........................................................ 9.

10. Other taxes including, if applicable, Additional Medicare Tax and/or NIIT (see instructions) .................. 10.

11a. Add lines 8 through 10 .................................................................... 11a.

b. Earned income credit, additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit, net premium tax credit, refundable American 

opportunity credit, and section 1341 credit. ..................................................... 11b.

c. Total 2024 estimated tax. Subtract line 11b from line 11a. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. ▶ 11c.

12a. Multiply line 11c by 90% (0.90) (662/3% (0.6667) for farmers and fishers) ..... 12a.

b. Required annual payment based on prior year's tax (see instructions) ....... 12b.

c. Required annual payment to avoid a penalty. Enter the smaller of line 12a or 12b ............... ▶ 12c.

Caution: Generally, if you don’t prepay (through income tax withholding and estimated tax payments) at least the 

amount on line 12c, you may owe a penalty for not paying enough estimated tax. To avoid a penalty, make sure your 

estimate on line 11c is as accurate as possible. Even if you pay the required annual payment, you may still owe tax 

when you file your return. If you prefer, you can pay the amount shown on line 11c.

13. Income tax withheld and estimated to be withheld during 2024 (including income tax withholding on pensions, 

annuities, certain deferred income and Additional Medicare Tax withholding.) ............................ 13.

14a. Subtract line 13 from line 12c ..................................... 14a.

Is the result zero or less?

Yes. Stop here. You are not required to make estimated tax payments.

No. Go to line 14b.

b. Subtract line 13 from line 11c ..................................... 14b.

Is the result less than $1,000?

Yes. Stop here. You are not required to make estimated tax payments.

No. Go to line 15 to figure your required payment.

15. If the first payment you are required to make is due April 15, 2024, enter 1⁄4 of line 14a (minus any 2023 overpayment 

that you are applying to this installment) here, and on your estimated tax payment voucher(s) if you are paying by 

check or money order .................................................................... 15.

30 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 1

Estimated Taxable Social Security and Railroad Retirement 

Benefits

Worksheet 2-2.

Keep for Your Records

Note. If you are using this worksheet to estimate your taxable social security or railroad retirement benefits for Worksheet 2-7, 2024 

Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet, multiply the expected amount of benefits for each period by the annualization amount shown on 

Worksheet 2-7, line 2, for the same period before entering it on line 1 below. 

1. Enter your expected social security and railroad retirement benefits ................ 1.

2. Enter one-half of line 1 ................................................... 2.

3. Enter your expected total income. Don’t include any social security and railroad 

retirement benefits, nontaxable interest income, nontaxable IRA distributions, or 

nontaxable pension distributions ........................................... 3.

4. Enter your expected nontaxable interest income ............................... 4.

5. Enter (as a positive amount) the total of any expected exclusions or deductions for:

• U.S. savings bond interest used for higher education expenses (Form 8815)

• Employer-provided adoption benefits (Form 8839)

• Foreign earned income or housing (Form 2555)

• Income by bona fide residents of American Samoa (Form 4563) or Puerto 

Rico ............................... ............................... 5.

6. Add lines 2, 3, 4, and 5 ................................................... 6.

7. Enter your expected adjustments to income. Don’t include any student loan 

interest deduction ...................................................... 7.

8. Subtract line 7 from line 6. If zero or less, stop here. 

Note. Don’t include any social security or railroad retirement benefits in the amount on 

line 1 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated 

Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) ........................................... 8.

9. Enter $25,000 ($32,000 if you expect to file married filing jointly; $0 if you expect to file 

married filing separately and expect to live with your spouse at any time during the 

year) ................................................................. 9.

10. Subtract line 9 from line 8. If zero or less, stop here. 

Note. Don’t include any social security or railroad retirement benefits in the amount on 

line 1 of your Worksheet 2-1 (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 

2-7)) ................................................................. 10.

11. Enter $9,000 ($12,000 if you expect to file married filing jointly; $0 if you expect to file 

married filing separately and expect to live with your spouse at any time during the 

year) ................................................................. 11.

12. Subtract line 11 from line 10. If zero or less, enter -0- ........................... 12.

13. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11 ....................................... 13.

14. Enter one-half of line 13 .................................................. 14.

15. Enter the smaller of line 2 or line 14 ........................................ 15.

16. Multiply line 12 by 85% (0.85). If line 12 is zero, enter -0- ........................ 16.

17. Add lines 15 and 16 ..................................................... 17.

18. Multiply line 1 by 85% (0.85) .............................................. 18.

19. Enter the smaller of line 17 or line 18 ....................................... 19.

20. Expected taxable social security and railroad retirement benefits for the period. 

Divide line 19 by the annualization amount shown on Worksheet 2-7, line 2, for the same 

period and enter here. Include this amount in the total on line 1 of your 2024 Estimated 

Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 

2-7)) ................................................................. 20.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 31
2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Lines 1 and 9

Estimated Self-Employment Tax and Deduction Worksheet

Worksheet 2-3.

Keep for Your Records

1 a. Enter your expected income and profits subject to self-employment 

tax* ....................................................... 1a. .

b. If you will have farm income and also receive social security retirement or 

disability benefits, enter your expected Conservation Reserve Program 

payments that will be included on Schedule F (Form 1040) or listed on 

Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) ..................................... 1b.

2. Subtract line 1b from line 1a .................................... 2.

3. Multiply line 2 by 92.35% (0.9235). If less than $400, don’t complete this 

worksheet; you won’t owe self-employment tax on your expected net 

earnings from self-employment ................................. 3.

4. Multiply line 3 by 2.9% (0.029) ........................................................ 4.

5. Maximum income subject to social security tax ..................... 5. $168,600

6. Enter your expected wages (if subject to social security tax or the 

6.2% portion of tier 1 railroad retirement tax) ....................... 6.

7. Subtract line 6 from line 5 ...................................... 7.

Note. If line 7 is zero or less, enter -0- on line 9 and skip to line 10.

8. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 .............................. 8.

9. Multiply line 8 by 12.4% (0.124) ....................................................... 9.

10. Add line 4 and line 9. Enter the result here and on line 9 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-1) (or line 15 of the Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) .......... 10.

11. Multiply line 10 by 50% (0.50). This is your expected deduction for self-employment tax on Schedule 1 

(Form 1040), line 15. Subtract this amount when figuring your AGI on line 1 of your 2024 Estimated 

Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) ........ 11.

*Net profit from self-employment is found on Schedule C, Schedule F, and Schedule K-1 (Form 1065).

32 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 2

Standard Deduction Worksheet

Worksheet 2-4.

Keep for Your Records

Caution. Don’t complete this worksheet if you expect your spouse to itemize on a separate return or you expect to be a dual-status alien. In 

either case, your standard deduction will be zero.

1. Enter the amount shown below for your filing status.

• Single or married filing separately—$14,600

• Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving spouse—$29,200

• Head of household—$21,900 ............................................... 1.

2. Can you (or your spouse if filing jointly) be claimed as a dependent on someone else's 

return?

No. Skip line 3; enter the amount from line 1 on line 4.

Yes. Go to line 3.

3. Is your earned income* more than $850?

Yes. Add $450 to your earned income. Enter the total.

No. Enter $1,300 ................................................... 3.

4. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 3 ............................................................ 4.

5. Were you (or your spouse if filing jointly) born before January 2, 1960, or blind?

No. Go to line 6.

Yes. Check if:

a. You were Born before January 2, 1960 Blind

b. Your spouse was Born before January 2, 1960 Blind

c. Total boxes checked in 5a and 5b

▶ Multiply $1,550 ($1,950 if single or head of household) by the number in the box on line 5c ........ 5.

6. Standard deduction. Add lines 4 and 5. Enter the result here and on line 2 of your 2024 Estimated Tax 

Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or line 7 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 

2-7)) .................................................................................... 6.

* Earned income includes wages, salaries, tips, professional fees, and other compensation received for personal services you performed. It also includes taxable scholarships and 

fellowship grants. Reduce your earned income by your allowed deduction for self-employment tax (Worksheet 2-3, line 11).

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 33
2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4

Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet

Worksheet 2-5.

Keep for Your Records

1. Enter the amount from the appropriate worksheet.

• Line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet.

• Line 3 of Worksheet 2-6 (use if you will exclude or deduct foreign earned 

income or housing) ................... ................... 1.

2. Enter your qualified dividends expected for 

20241.................................. 2.

3. Enter your net capital gain expected for 20241...... 3.

4. Add lines 2 and 3 .......................................... 4.

5. Enter your 28% rate gain or loss expected for 

20242.................................. 5.

6. Enter your unrecaptured section 1250 gain expected for 

2024 .................................. 6.

7. Add lines 5 and 6 .......................... 7.

8. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 ............................. 8.

9. Subtract line 8 from line 4 .................................... 9.

10. Subtract line 9 from line 1. If zero or less, enter -0- ................... 10.

11. Enter the smaller of line 1 or $94,050 ($47,025 if single 

or married filing separately, or $63,000 if head of 

household) .............................. 11.

12. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11 ........... 12.

13 a. Subtract line 4 from line 1. If zero or less, 

enter -0- ................................ 13a.

b. Enter the smaller of line 1 or:

• $191,950 if single or married filing separately;

• $191,950 if head of household; or 

• $383,900 if married filing jointly or qualifying 

surviving spouse ........... ........... b.

c. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 13b ......... c.

14. Enter the larger of line 13a or 13c ............................................... 14.

Note. If line 11 and line 12 are the same, skip line 15 and go to line 16.

15. Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is the amount taxed at 0% ............................. 15.

Note. If lines 1 and 11 are the same, skip lines 16 through 36 and go to line 37.

16. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 9 ............................. 16.

17. Enter the amount from line 15. If line 15 is blank, enter -0- .............. 17.

18. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. 18.

19. Enter:

• $518,900 if single,

• $291,850 if married filing separately,

• $583,750 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse, or

• $551,350 if head of household ............... ............... 19.

20. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 19 ............................. 20.

21. Add lines 14 and 15 ........................ 21.

22. Subtract line 21 from line 20. If zero or less, 

enter -0- ................................ 22.

23. Enter the smaller of line 18 or line 22 ............................................. 23.

24. Multiply line 23 by 15% (0.15) .................................................................. 24.

25. Add lines 17 and 23. If line 1 equals the sum of lines 21 and 23, skip lines 26 

through 36 and go to line 37 .................................. 25.

26. Subtract line 25 from line 16 ................................................... 26.

27. Multiply line 26 by 20% (0.20) .................................................................. 27.

28. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 6 ............................. 28.

29. Add lines 4 and 14 ......................... 29.

30. Enter the amount from line 1 above ............. 30.

31. Subtract line 30 from line 29. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. 31.

32. Subtract line 31 from line 28. If zero or less, enter -0- .................................. 32.

33. Multiply line 32 by 25% (0.25) .................................................................. 33.

Note. If line 5 is zero or blank, skip lines 34 through 36 and go to line 37.

34. Add lines 14, 15, 23, 26, and 32 ................................................ 34.

35. Subtract line 34 from line 1 .................................................... 35.

34 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Worksheet 2-5. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4

Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet (Continued) Keep for Your Records

36. Multiply line 35 by 28% (0.28) ................................................................. 36.

37. Figure the tax on the amount on line 14 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules .................................. 37.

38. Add lines 24, 27, 33, 36, and 37 ............................................................... 38.

39. Figure the tax on the amount on line 1 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules ................................... 39.

40. Tax on all taxable income (including capital gains and qualified dividends). Enter the smaller of line 38 

or line 39 here and on line 4 of the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or line 4 of Worksheet 2-6) ......... 40.

1

 If you expect to deduct investment interest expense, don’t include on this line any qualified dividends or net capital gain that you will elect to treat as 

investment income. 

2

 This includes a section 1202 exclusion from eligible gain on qualified small business stock and gain or loss from the sale or exchange of collectibles. See the 

Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) for more information.

2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4

Foreign Earned Income Tax Worksheet

Worksheet 2-6.

Keep for Your Records

Before you begin: If line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) is zero, don’t complete this worksheet.

1. Enter the amount from line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) ................. 1.

2. Enter the total foreign earned income and housing amount you (and your spouse if filing jointly) expect to 

exclude or deduct in 2024 on Form 2555 .................................................... 2.

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ...................................................................... 3.

4. Tax on the amount on line 3. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules or Worksheet 2-5,* as appropriate ..... 4.

5. Tax on the amount on line 2. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules ................................ 5.

6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. Enter the result here and on line 4 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-1). If zero or less, enter -0- .................................................... 6.

*If using Worksheet 2-5 (Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet), enter the amount from line 3 above on line 1 of 

Worksheet 2-5. Complete Worksheet 2-5 through line 9. Next, determine if you have a capital gain excess.

Figuring capital gain excess. To find out if you have a capital gain excess, subtract line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-1) from line 9 of Worksheet 2-5. If the result is more than zero, that amount is your capital gain excess.

Make these modifications only for purposes of filling out Worksheet 2-6.

a. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 3 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 

gain excess.

b. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 2 of Worksheet 2-5 by any of your 

capital gain excess not used in (a) above.

c. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 5 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 

gain excess.

d. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 6 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 

gain excess.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 35
Worksheet 2-7. 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet Keep for Your Records

Note. For instructions, see Annualized Income Installment Method, earlier.

Before you begin: Complete the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Worksheet 2-1.

Section A (For Figuring Your Annualized Estimated Tax Payments)—Complete each column after end of period shown.

Estates and trusts: See Form 1041-ES and Form 2210 for more information. (a)

1/1/24–3/31/24

(b)

1/1/24–5/31/24

(c)

1/1/24–8/31/24

(d)

1/1/24–

12/31/24

 1. Adjusted gross income (AGI) for each period (see instructions). Complete 

Section B first ........................................... 1.

 2. Annualization amounts .................................... 2. 4 2.4 1.5 1

 3. Annualized income. Multiply line 1 by line 2 ....................... 3.

 4. If you itemize, enter itemized deductions for period shown in the column 

headings (see instructions). If you take the deduction for qualified business 

income, add it to your itemized deductions. All others, enter -0- and skip to 

line 7 ................................................. 4.

 5. Annualization amounts ..................................... 5. 4 2.4 1.5 1

 6. Multiply line 4 by line 5 ..................................... 6.

 7. Standard deduction from Worksheet 2-4 (see instructions) ............ 7.

 8. Enter the larger of line 6 or line 7 .............................. 8.

 9. Deduction for qualified business income ......................... 9.

10. Add lines 8 and 9 ......................................... 10.

11. Subtract line 10 from line 3. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. 11.

12. Figure your tax on the amount on line 11 (see instructions) ............ 12.

13. For each period, enter any tax from Forms 8814, 4972, and 6251. Also, 

include any recapture of education credits (see instructions) ........... 13.

14. Add lines 12 and 13 ....................................... 14.

15. Enter nonrefundable credits for each period (see instructions) .......... 15.

16. Subtract line 15 from line 14 ................................. 16.

17. Self-employment tax from line 41 of Section B ..................... 17.

18. Enter other taxes for each period, including, if applicable, Additional Medicare 

Tax and/or NIIT (see instructions) ............................. 18.

19. Total tax. Add lines 16, 17, and 18 ............................. 19.

20. Enter refundable credits for each period (see instructions for type of credits 

allowed). Don’t include any income tax withholding on this line ......... 20.

21. Subtract line 20 from line 19. If zero or less, enter -0- ................ 21.

22. Applicable percentage ..................................... 22. 22.5% 45% 67.5% 90%

23. Multiply line 21 by line 22 ................................... 23.

Complete lines 24 through 29 of one column before going to line 24 of 

the next column.

24. Enter the total of the amounts in all previous columns of line 29 ......... 24.

25. Annualized income installment. Subtract line 24 from line 23. If zero or less, 

enter -0- ............................................... 25.

26. Enter 25% (0.25) of line 12c of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-1) in each column .............................. 26.

27. Subtract line 29 of the previous column from line 28 of that column ....... 27.

28. Add lines 26 and 27 ....................................... 28.

29. Enter the smaller of line 25 or line 28 (see instructions) .............. 29.

30. Total required payments for the period. Add lines 24 and 29 ........... 30.

31. Estimated tax payments made (line 32 of all previous columns) plus tax 

withholding through the due date for the period (see instructions) ........ 31.

32. Estimated tax payment required by the next due date. Subtract line 31 from 

line 30 and enter the result (but not less than zero) here and on your payment 

voucher ............................................... 32.

36 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
Worksheet 2-7. 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Continued) Keep for Your Records

Section B (For Figuring Your Annualized Estimated Self-Employment Tax)—Complete each column after end of period shown.

(Form 1040 or 1040-SR filers only) (a)

1/1/24–3/31/24

(b)

1/1/24–5/31/24

(c)

1/1/24–8/31/24

(d)

1/1/24–12/31/24

33. Net earnings from self-employment for the period .......... 33.

34. Prorated social security tax limit ....................... 34. $42,150 $70,250 $112,400 $168,600

35. Enter actual wages for the period subject to social security tax or 

the 6.2% portion of the tier 1 railroad retirement tax. 

Exception: If you file Form 4137 or Form 8919, see 

instructions ..................................... 35.

36. Subtract line 35 from line 34. If zero or less, enter -0- ........ 36.

37. Annualization amounts ............................. 37. 0.496 0.2976 0.186 0.124

38. Multiply line 37 by the smaller of line 33 or line 36 .......... 38.

39. Annualization amounts ............................. 39. 0.116 0.0696 0.0435 0.029

40. Multiply line 33 by line 39 ........................... 40.

41. Add lines 38 and 40. Enter the result here and on line 17 of 

Section A ...................................... 41.

42. Annualization amounts ............................. 42. 8 4.8 3 2

43. Deduction for self-employment tax. Divide line 41 by line 42. 

Enter the result here. Use this result to figure your AGI on 

line 1 ......................................... 43.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 37
2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 10

Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet

Worksheet 2-8.

Keep for Your Records

Note. To figure the annualized entries for lines 2, 3, 5, and 6 below, multiply the expected amount for the period by the annualization amount on line 2 of 

Worksheet 2-7 for the same period.

1. Enter the amount from the appropriate worksheet.

• Line 11 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet 

(Worksheet 2-7).

• Line 3 of Worksheet 2-9 (use if you will exclude or deduct foreign earned 

income or housing) ...................................... 1.

2. Enter your annualized qualified dividends expected for 

20241.................................. 2.

3. Enter your annualized net capital gain expected 

for 20241............................... 3.

4. Add lines 2 and 3 .......................................... 4.

5. Enter your annualized 28% rate gain or loss expected 

for 20242............................... 5.

6. Enter your annualized unrecaptured section 1250 gain 

expected for 2024 ......................... 6.

7. Add lines 5 and 6 .......................... 7.

8. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 ............................. 8.

9. Subtract line 8 from line 4 .................................... 9.

10. Subtract line 9 from line 1. If zero or less, enter -0- ................... 10.

11. Enter the smaller of line 1 or $94,050 ($47,025 if single 

or married filing separately, or $63,000 if head of 

household) .............................. 11.

12. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11 ............ 12.

13. a. Subtract line 4 from line 1. If zero or less, 

enter -0- ................................ 13a.

b. Enter the smaller of line 1 or:

• $191,950 if single or married filing separately;

• $191,950 if head of household; or 

• $383,900 if married filing jointly or qualifying 

surviving spouse ........... ........... b.

c. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 13b ......... c.

14. Enter the larger of line 13a or 13c ............................................... 14.

Note. If line 11 and line 12 are the same, skip line 15 and go to line 16 .

15. Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is the amount taxed at 0% ............................. 15.

Note. If lines 1 and 11 are the same, skip lines 16 through 36 and go to line 37.

16. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 9 ............................. 16.

17. Enter the amount from line 15. If line 15 is blank, enter -0- .............. 17.

18. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. 18.

19. Enter:

• $518,900 if single,

• $291,850 if married filing separately,

• $583,750 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse, or

• $551,350 if head of household .............................. 19.

20. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 19 ............................. 20.

21. Add lines 14 and 15 ........................ 21.

22. Subtract line 21 from line 20. If zero or less, 

enter -0- ................................ 22.

23. Enter the smaller of line 18 or line 22 ............................................. 23.

24. Multiply line 23 by 15% (0.15) .................................................................. 24.

25. Add lines 17 and 23. If line 1 equals the sum of lines 21 and 23, skip lines 26 

through 36 and go to line 37 .................................. 25.

26. Subtract line 25 from line 16 ................................................... 26.

27. Multiply line 26 by 20% (0.20) .................................................................. 27.

28. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 6 ............................. 28.

29. Add lines 4 and 14 ......................... 29.

30. Enter the amount from line 1 above ............. 30.

31. Subtract line 30 from line 29. If zero or less, enter -0- ................. 31.

32. Subtract line 31 from line 28. If zero or less, enter -0- .................................. 32.

33. Multiply line 32 by 25% (0.25) .................................................................. 33.

Note. If line 5 is zero or blank, skip lines 34 through 36 and go to line 37.

38 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)
34. Add lines 14, 15, 23, 26, and 32 ................................................ 34.

35. Subtract line 34 from line 1 .................................................... 35.

36. Multiply line 35 by 28% (0.28) .................................................................. 36.

37. Figure the tax on the amount on line 14 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules ................................... 37.

38. Add lines 24, 27, 33, 36, and 37 ................................................................ 38.

39. Figure the tax on the amount on line 1 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules .................................... 39.

40. Tax on all taxable income (including capital gains and qualified dividends). Enter the smaller of line 38 or 

line 39 here and on line 12 of the appropriate column of the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (or line 4 of 

Worksheet 2-9) ............................................................................ 40.

1

 If you expect to deduct investment interest expense, don’t include on this line any qualified dividends or net capital gain that you will elect to treat as 

investment income.

2

 This includes a section 1202 exclusion from eligible gain on qualified small business stock and gain or loss from the sale or exchange of collectibles. See the 

Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) for more information.

2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 10

Foreign Earned Income Tax Worksheet

Worksheet 2-9.

Keep for Your Records

Before you begin: If line 11 of Worksheet 2-7 (2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet) is zero for the period, don’t complete this 

worksheet.

1. Enter the amount from line 11 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet for the period ...... 1.

2. Enter the annualized amount* of foreign earned income and housing amount you (and your spouse if 

filing jointly) expect to exclude or deduct for the period on Form 2555 ........................... 2.

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ................................................................... 3.

4. Tax on the amount on line 3. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules or Worksheet 2-8,** as 

appropriate ........................................................................ 4.

5. Tax on the amount on line 2. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules ............................. 5.

6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. Enter the result here and on line 12 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax 

Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7). If zero or less, enter -0- ........................................ 6.

* To figure the annualized amount for line 2, multiply the expected exclusion for the period by the annualization amount 

on line 2 of Worksheet 2-7 for the same period.

** If using Worksheet 2-8 (Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet), enter the amount from line 3 above on 

line 1 of Worksheet 2-8. Complete Worksheet 2-8 through line 9. Next, determine if you have a capital gain excess.

Figuring capital gain excess. To find out if you have a capital gain excess for the appropriate period, subtract line 11

of Worksheet 2-7 from line 9 of Worksheet 2-8. If the result is more than zero, that amount is your capital gain excess.

No capital gain excess. If you don’t have a capital gain excess, complete the rest of Worksheet 2-8 according to its instructions. Then, 

complete lines 5 and 6 above.

Capital gain excess. If you have a capital gain excess, complete a second Worksheet 2-8 as instructed above but in its entirety and with 

the following additional modifications. Then, complete lines 5 and 6 above.

Make these modifications only for purposes of filling out Worksheet 2-9.

a. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 3 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.

b. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 2 of Worksheet 2-8 by any of your capital gain excess 

not used in (a) above.

c. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 5 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.

d. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 6 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.

Publication 505 (2024) 39
How To Get Tax Help

If you have questions about a tax issue; need 

help preparing your tax return; or want to download free publications, forms, or instructions, go 

to IRS.gov to find resources that can help you 

right away.

Preparing and filing your tax return. After 

receiving all your wage and earnings statements (Forms W-2, W-2G, 1099-R, 1099-MISC, 

1099-NEC, etc.); unemployment compensation 

statements (by mail or in a digital format) or 

other government payment statements (Form 

1099-G); and interest, dividend, and retirement 

statements from banks and investment firms 

(Forms 1099), you have several options to 

choose from to prepare and file your tax return. 

You can prepare the tax return yourself, see if 

you qualify for free tax preparation, or hire a tax 

professional to prepare your return.

Free options for tax preparation. Your options for preparing and filing your return online 

or in your local community, if you qualify, include 

the following.

• Free File. This program lets you prepare 

and file your federal individual income tax 

return for free using software or Free File 

Fillable Forms. However, state tax preparation may not be available through Free File. 

Go to IRS.gov/FreeFile to see if you qualify 

for free online federal tax preparation, e-filing, and direct deposit or payment options.

• VITA. The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) program offers free tax help to 

people with low-to-moderate incomes, persons with disabilities, and limited-English-speaking taxpayers who need help 

preparing their own tax returns. Go to 

IRS.gov/VITA, download the free IRS2Go 

app, or call 800-906-9887 for information 

on free tax return preparation.

• TCE. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly 

(TCE) program offers free tax help for all 

taxpayers, particularly those who are 60 

years of age and older. TCE volunteers 

specialize in answering questions about 

pensions and retirement-related issues 

unique to seniors. Go to IRS.gov/TCE or 

download the free IRS2Go app for information on free tax return preparation.

• MilTax. Members of the U.S. Armed 

Forces and qualified veterans may use MilTax, a free tax service offered by the Department of Defense through Military OneSource. For more information, go to 

MilitaryOneSource (MilitaryOneSource.mil/

MilTax).

Also, the IRS offers Free Fillable Forms, 

which can be completed online and then 

e-filed regardless of income.

Using online tools to help prepare your return. Go to IRS.gov/Tools for the following.

• The Earned Income Tax Credit Assistant 

(IRS.gov/EITCAssistant) determines if 

you’re eligible for the earned income credit 

(EIC).

• The Online EIN Application (IRS.gov/EIN) 

helps you get an employer identification 

number (EIN) at no cost.

• The Tax Withholding Estimator (IRS.gov/

W4App) makes it easier for you to estimate 

the federal income tax you want your employer to withhold from your paycheck. 

This is tax withholding. See how your withholding affects your refund, take-home pay, 

or tax due.

• The First-Time Homebuyer Credit Account 

Look-up (IRS.gov/HomeBuyer) tool provides information on your repayments and 

account balance.

• The Sales Tax Deduction Calculator 

(IRS.gov/SalesTax) figures the amount you 

can claim if you itemize deductions on 

Schedule A (Form 1040).

Getting answers to your tax questions. On IRS.gov, you can get 

up-to-date information on current 

events and changes in tax law.

• IRS.gov/Help: A variety of tools to help you 

get answers to some of the most common 

tax questions.

• IRS.gov/ITA: The Interactive Tax Assistant, 

a tool that will ask you questions and, 

based on your input, provide answers on a 

number of tax topics.

• IRS.gov/Forms: Find forms, instructions, 

and publications. You will find details on 

the most recent tax changes and interactive links to help you find answers to your 

questions.

• You may also be able to access tax information in your e-filing software.

Need someone to prepare your tax return? 

There are various types of tax return preparers, 

including enrolled agents, certified public accountants (CPAs), accountants, and many others who don’t have professional credentials. If 

you choose to have someone prepare your tax 

return, choose that preparer wisely. A paid tax 

preparer is:

• Primarily responsible for the overall substantive accuracy of your return,

• Required to sign the return, and

• Required to include their preparer tax identification number (PTIN).

Although the tax preparer always signs 

the return, you're ultimately responsible 

for providing all the information required for the preparer to accurately prepare 

your return and for the accuracy of every item 

reported on the return. Anyone paid to prepare 

tax returns for others should have a thorough 

understanding of tax matters. For more information on how to choose a tax preparer, go to Tips 

for Choosing a Tax Preparer on IRS.gov.

Employers can register to use Business 

Services Online. The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers online service at SSA.gov/

employer for fast, free, and secure W-2 filing options to CPAs, accountants, enrolled agents, 

and individuals who process Form W-2, Wage 

and Tax Statement, and Form W-2c, Corrected 

Wage and Tax Statement.

IRS social media. Go to IRS.gov/SocialMedia 

to see the various social media tools the IRS 

uses to share the latest information on tax 

changes, scam alerts, initiatives, products, and 

CAUTION

!

services. At the IRS, privacy and security are 

our highest priority. We use these tools to share 

public information with you. Don’t post your social security number (SSN) or other confidential 

information on social media sites. Always protect your identity when using any social networking site.

The following IRS YouTube channels provide 

short, informative videos on various tax-related 

topics in English, Spanish, and ASL.

• Youtube.com/irsvideos.

• Youtube.com/irsvideosmultilingua.

• Youtube.com/irsvideosASL.

Watching IRS videos. The IRS Video portal 

(IRSVideos.gov) contains video and audio presentations for individuals, small businesses, 

and tax professionals.

Online tax information in other languages. 

You can find information on IRS.gov/

MyLanguage if English isn’t your native language.

Free Over-the-Phone Interpreter (OPI) Service. The IRS is committed to serving taxpayers 

with limited-English proficiency (LEP) by offering OPI services. The OPI Service is a federally 

funded program and is available at Taxpayer 

Assistance Centers (TACs), most IRS offices, 

and every VITA/TCE tax return site. The OPI 

Service is accessible in more than 350 languages.

Accessibility Helpline available for taxpayers with disabilities. Taxpayers who need information about accessibility services can call 

833-690-0598. The Accessibility Helpline can 

answer questions related to current and future 

accessibility products and services available in 

alternative media formats (for example, braille, 

large print, audio, etc.). The Accessibility Helpline does not have access to your IRS account. 

For help with tax law, refunds, or account-related issues, go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp.

Note. Form 9000, Alternative Media Preference, or Form 9000(SP) allows you to elect to 

receive certain types of written correspondence 

in the following formats.

• Standard Print.

• Large Print.

• Braille.

• Audio (MP3).

• Plain Text File (TXT).

• Braille Ready File (BRF).

Disasters. Go to IRS.gov/DisasterRelief to review the available disaster tax relief.

Getting tax forms and publications. Go to 

IRS.gov/Forms to view, download, or print all 

the forms, instructions, and publications you 

may need. Or, you can go to IRS.gov/

OrderForms to place an order.

Getting tax publications and instructions in 

eBook format. Download and view most tax 

publications and instructions (including the Instructions for Form 1040) on mobile devices as 

eBooks at IRS.gov/eBooks.

40 Publication 505 (2024)
IRS eBooks have been tested using Apple's 

iBooks for iPad. Our eBooks haven’t been tested on other dedicated eBook readers, and 

eBook functionality may not operate as intended.

Access your online account. Go to IRS.gov/

Account to securely access information about 

your federal tax account.

• View the amount you owe and a breakdown by tax year.

• See payment plan details or apply for a 

new payment plan.

• Make a payment or view 5 years of payment history and any pending or scheduled payments.

• Access your tax records, including key 

data from your most recent tax return, and 

transcripts.

• View digital copies of select notices from 

the IRS.

• Approve or reject authorization requests 

from tax professionals.

• View your address on file or manage your 

communication preferences.

Get a transcript of your return. With an online account, you can access a variety of information to help you during the filing season. You 

can get a transcript, review your most recently 

filed tax return, and get your adjusted gross income. Create or access your online account at 

IRS.gov/Account.

Tax Pro Account. This tool lets your tax professional submit an authorization request to access your individual taxpayer IRS online account. For more information, go to IRS.gov/

TaxProAccount.

Using direct deposit. The safest and easiest 

way to receive a tax refund is to e-file and 

choose direct deposit, which securely and electronically transfers your refund directly into your 

financial account. Direct deposit also avoids the 

possibility that your check could be lost, stolen, 

destroyed, or returned undeliverable to the IRS. 

Eight in 10 taxpayers use direct deposit to receive their refunds. If you don’t have a bank account, go to IRS.gov/DirectDeposit for more information on where to find a bank or credit 

union that can open an account online.

Reporting and resolving your tax-related 

identity theft issues. 

• Tax-related identity theft happens when 

someone steals your personal information 

to commit tax fraud. Your taxes can be affected if your SSN is used to file a fraudulent return or to claim a refund or credit.

• The IRS doesn’t initiate contact with taxpayers by email, text messages (including 

shortened links), telephone calls, or social 

media channels to request or verify personal or financial information. This includes 

requests for personal identification numbers (PINs), passwords, or similar information for credit cards, banks, or other financial accounts.

• Go to IRS.gov/IdentityTheft, the IRS Identity Theft Central webpage, for information 

on identity theft and data security protection for taxpayers, tax professionals, and 

businesses. If your SSN has been lost or 

stolen or you suspect you’re a victim of 

tax-related identity theft, you can learn 

what steps you should take.

• Get an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). IP 

PINs are six-digit numbers assigned to taxpayers to help prevent the misuse of their 

SSNs on fraudulent federal income tax returns. When you have an IP PIN, it prevents someone else from filing a tax return 

with your SSN. To learn more, go to 

IRS.gov/IPPIN.

Ways to check on the status of your refund. 

• Go to IRS.gov/Refunds.

• Download the official IRS2Go app to your 

mobile device to check your refund status.

• Call the automated refund hotline at 

800-829-1954.

The IRS can’t issue refunds before 

mid-February for returns that claimed 

the EIC or the additional child tax credit 

(ACTC). This applies to the entire refund, not 

just the portion associated with these credits.

Making a tax payment. Payments of U.S. tax 

must be remitted to the IRS in U.S. dollars. 

Digital assets are not accepted. Go to IRS.gov/

Payments for information on how to make a payment using any of the following options.

• IRS Direct Pay: Pay your individual tax bill 

or estimated tax payment directly from your 

checking or savings account at no cost to 

you.

• Debit Card, Credit Card, or Digital Wallet: 

Choose an approved payment processor 

to pay online or by phone.

• Electronic Funds Withdrawal: Schedule a 

payment when filing your federal taxes using tax return preparation software or 

through a tax professional.

• Electronic Federal Tax Payment System: 

Best option for businesses. Enrollment is 

required.

• Check or Money Order: Mail your payment 

to the address listed on the notice or instructions.

• Cash: You may be able to pay your taxes 

with cash at a participating retail store.

• Same-Day Wire: You may be able to do 

same-day wire from your financial institution. Contact your financial institution for 

availability, cost, and time frames.

Note. The IRS uses the latest encryption 

technology to ensure that the electronic payments you make online, by phone, or from a 

mobile device using the IRS2Go app are safe 

and secure. Paying electronically is quick, easy, 

and faster than mailing in a check or money order.

What if I can’t pay now? Go to IRS.gov/

Payments for more information about your options.

• Apply for an online payment agreement 

(IRS.gov/OPA) to meet your tax obligation 

in monthly installments if you can’t pay 

your taxes in full today. Once you complete 

the online process, you will receive immediate notification of whether your agreement has been approved.

• Use the Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier 

to see if you can settle your tax debt for 

CAUTION

!

less than the full amount you owe. For 

more information on the Offer in Compromise program, go to IRS.gov/OIC.

Filing an amended return. Go to IRS.gov/

Form1040X for information and updates.

Checking the status of your amended return. Go to IRS.gov/WMAR to track the status 

of Form 1040-X amended returns.

It can take up to 3 weeks from the date 

you filed your amended return for it to 

show up in our system, and processing 

it can take up to 16 weeks.

Understanding an IRS notice or letter 

you’ve received. Go to IRS.gov/Notices to find 

additional information about responding to an 

IRS notice or letter.

Responding to an IRS notice or letter. You 

can now upload responses to all notices and 

letters using the Document Upload Tool. For notices that require additional action, taxpayers 

will be redirected appropriately on IRS.gov to 

take further action. To learn more about the tool, 

go to IRS.gov/Upload.

Note. You can use Schedule LEP (Form 

1040), Request for Change in Language Preference, to state a preference to receive notices, 

letters, or other written communications from 

the IRS in an alternative language. You may not 

immediately receive written communications in 

the requested language. The IRS’s commitment 

to LEP taxpayers is part of a multi-year timeline 

that began providing translations in 2023. You 

will continue to receive communications, including notices and letters, in English until they are 

translated to your preferred language.

Contacting your local TAC. Keep in mind, 

many questions can be answered on IRS.gov 

without visiting a TAC. Go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp 

for the topics people ask about most. If you still 

need help, TACs provide tax help when a tax issue can’t be handled online or by phone. All 

TACs now provide service by appointment, so 

you’ll know in advance that you can get the 

service you need without long wait times. Before you visit, go to IRS.gov/TACLocator to find 

the nearest TAC and to check hours, available 

services, and appointment options. Or, on the 

IRS2Go app, under the Stay Connected tab, 

choose the Contact Us option and click on “Local Offices.”

The Taxpayer Advocate 

Service (TAS) Is Here To 

Help You

What Is TAS?

TAS is an independent organization within the 

IRS that helps taxpayers and protects taxpayer 

rights. TAS strives to ensure that every taxpayer 

is treated fairly and that you know and understand your rights under the Taxpayer Bill of 

Rights.

CAUTION

!

Publication 505 (2024) 41
How Can You Learn About Your 

Taxpayer Rights?

The Taxpayer Bill of Rights describes 10 basic 

rights that all taxpayers have when dealing with 

the IRS. Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov to 

help you understand what these rights mean to 

you and how they apply. These are your rights. 

Know them. Use them.

What Can TAS Do for You?

TAS can help you resolve problems that you 

can’t resolve with the IRS. And their service is 

free. If you qualify for their assistance, you will 

be assigned to one advocate who will work with 

you throughout the process and will do everything possible to resolve your issue. TAS can 

help you if:

• Your problem is causing financial difficulty 

for you, your family, or your business;

• You face (or your business is facing) an immediate threat of adverse action; or

• You’ve tried repeatedly to contact the IRS 

but no one has responded, or the IRS 

hasn’t responded by the date promised.

How Can You Reach TAS?

TAS has offices in every state, the District of 

Columbia, and Puerto Rico. To find your advocate’s number:

• Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/ContactUs;

• Download Pub. 1546, The Taxpayer Advocate Service Is Your Voice at the IRS, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1546.pdf;

• Call the IRS toll free at 800-TAX-FORM 

(800-829-3676) to order a copy of Pub. 

1546;

• Check your local directory; or

• Call TAS toll free at 877-777-4778.

How Else Does TAS Help 

Taxpayers?

TAS works to resolve large-scale problems that 

affect many taxpayers. If you know of one of 

these broad issues, report it to TAS at IRS.gov/

SAMS. Be sure to not include any personal taxpayer information.

Low Income Taxpayer Clinics 

(LITCs)

LITCs are independent from the IRS and TAS. 

LITCs represent individuals whose income is 

below a certain level and who need to resolve 

tax problems with the IRS. LITCs can represent 

taxpayers in audits, appeals, and tax collection 

disputes before the IRS and in court. In addition, LITCs can provide information about taxpayer rights and responsibilities in different languages for individuals who speak English as a 

second language. Services are offered for free 

or a small fee. For more information or to find an 

LITC near you, go to the LITC page at 

TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/LITC or see IRS 

Pub. 4134, Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List, at 

IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4134.pdf.

42 Publication 505 (2024)
To help us develop a more useful index, please let us know if you have ideas for index entries.

See “Comments and Suggestions” in the “Introduction” for the ways you can reach us. Index

A

Additional Medicare Tax 22, 25

Address change 27

Adjustments to income:

Estimated tax 21

AGI:

Expected AGI 21

Alaska Native Corporations 11

Aliens:

Nonresident aliens 21

Annualized estimated tax 

worksheets 36, 37

Annualized - Capital gains 38

Annualized - Foreign Earned 

Income 39

Annualized - Qualified 

dividends 38

Annualized income installment 

method 25

Annuities 9

Assistance (See Tax help)

B

Backup withholding 11, 12

C

Capital gains and losses:

Annualized estimated tax 25

Estimated tax on net capital 

gain 22

Qualified dividends 25

Change of address 27

Commodity credit corporation 

loans 11

Compensation 3

Independent contractors, backup 

withholding 11

Supplemental wages 8

Tips 8

Wages and salaries 3

Crediting of overpayment 26

Credits:

Expected taxes and credits 22

Criminal penalties:

Willfully false or fraudulent Form 

W-4 8

Crop insurance payments 11

Cumulative wage method of 

withholding 6

D

Dividends:

Backup withholding 11

Underreported 11

Domestic help 3

Definition 3

Withholding 3

E

Eligible rollover distributions 10

Employee business expenses:

Accountable plans 8

Nonaccountable plans 8

Reimbursements 8

Employer Identification Numbers 

(EINs) 11

Employers:

Repaying withheld tax 6

Tips 8

Withholding rules 6

Estates:

Estimated tax 21

Estimated tax:

Adjustments to income 21

Aliens 21, 26

Amended tax 24

Annualized income installment 

method 25

Change in amount 24

Change of address 27

Crediting of overpayment 26

Estates and trusts 21

Expected AGI 21

Expected taxable income 21

Expected taxes and credits 22

Farmers and fishers 21, 23, 24

Fiscal year taxpayers 23

Higher income individuals 22

How to figure 21, 24

How to pay 26

Instructions for Worksheet 2-7, 

annualized estimated tax 25

Itemized deductions 21

Married taxpayers 20

Net capital gain 22, 25

No standard deduction 22

Nonresident aliens 26

Overpayment 26

Payment vouchers 27

Payments not required 26

Regular installment method 24

Required annual payment 22

Self-employment income 25

Sick pay 9

Standard deduction 22, 25

Total estimated tax payments 23

Types of taxes included 19

Underpayment penalty 24

When to pay 23

When to start payments 23

Who does not have to pay 19

Who must pay 20

Estimated tax worksheets 28, 30, 

31

2019 annualized estimated tax 

worksheet 36

Amended estimated tax, 

illustrated (Worksheet 

2-10) 24

Capital gains 34

Capital gains, tax on 22

Foreign earned income 35

Form 1040-ES 30

Qualified dividends 34

Railroad retirement benefits 31

Self-employment tax 32

Social security benefits 31

Standard deduction 33

Exemption from withholding 6

Claiming 7

Good for only one year 8

Itemized deductions 7

Students 6

Expenses:

Allowances 8

F

Farmers:

Estimated tax 20, 23, 24

Fiscal years 24

Gross income 21

Joint returns 21

Required annual payment 23

Withholding for farmworkers 3

Figures:

Tables and figures (See Tables 

and figures)

Fiscal years:

Estimated tax 23

Farmers and fishers 24

Fishers:

Estimated tax 20, 23, 24

Fiscal years 24

Gross income 21

Joint returns 21

Required annual payment 23

Form 1040-ES 19, 26

Form 1040-ES (NR) 21

Form 1041-ES 21

Form 1099 series 11

Form W-2G 10

Form W-4 worksheets:

Tax withholding estimator 6

Form W-4, Employee's Allowance 

Withholding Certificate 3

Form W-4P 9

Form W-4S 9

Form W-4V 10

Form W-7 11

Form W-9 11

Fraud:

Form W-4 statements 8

Fringe benefits 8, 9

G

Gross income 21

Farming 21

Fishing 21

H

Higher income individuals:

Required annual payment 22

Household workers 3

I

Individual retirement 

arrangements (IRAs) 9

(See also Pensions)

(See also Retirement plans)

Interest income:

Backup withholding 11

Underreported 11

Itemized deductions:

Estimated tax, expected taxable 

income 21

Exemption from withholding 7

J

Joint returns:

Farmers and fishers 21

M

Married taxpayers:

Estimated tax 20

Military retirement pay 3, 9

Missing children, photographs 

of 2

N

Net investment income tax 22, 

25

NIIT 22, 25

Noncitizens:

Estimated tax 21

Nonqualified deferred 

compensation 9

Nonresident aliens:

Estimated tax 21, 26

Individual taxpayer identification 

numbers (ITINs) 11

O

Overpayment:

Crediting to estimated tax 26

P

Part-year method of 

withholding 6

Patronage dividends:

Backup withholding 11

Payment vouchers 27

Penalties:

Backup withholding 12

Willfully false or fraudulent Form 

W-4 8

Withholding allowances 8

Pensions 9

New job 3

Rollovers 10

Wages and salaries withholding 

rules compared 9

Publications (See Tax help)

R

Railroad retirement benefits:

Choosing to withhold 11

Regular installment method, 

estimated tax 24

Reimbursements 8

Excess 8

Reporting:

Fringe benefits 9

Gambling winnings 10

Tips to employer 8

Required annual payment 22, 23

Retirement plans

Pension plans 9

Pensions 9

Rollovers 10

Rollovers 10

Royalties:

Backup withholding 11

S

Salaries 3

Saturday, Sunday, holiday 

rule 23

Self-employment tax 25

Sick pay 9

Social security benefits:

Choosing to withhold 11

Social security taxes:

Taxpayer identification numbers 

(TINs) 11

Withholding obligation 2

Standard deduction 22, 25

Publication 505 (2024) 43
Students 6

Supplemental wages 8

T

Tables and figures:

Do you have to pay estimated 

tax? (Figure 2-A) 20

Due dates, estimated tax 

(Table 2-1) 24

Exemption from withholding on 

Form W-4 (Figure 1-A) 7

Worksheets, where to find 28

Tax help 40

Tax Rate Schedules 29

Tax withholding estimator 6

Taxpayer identification numbers 

(TINs) 11

Tips 8

Total income 21

U

Underpayment penalty:

Amended estimated tax 24

Unemployment 

compensation 10, 11

W

Wages and salaries 3

Withholding

Amount of tax withheld, Form 

W-4 3

Annuities 9

Backup withholding 11

Changing 3

Checking amount of 4

Choosing not to withhold 10

Cumulative wage method 6

Domestic help 3

Employers' rules 6

Estimated tax 23

Exemption from 6

Farmworkers 3

Form W-2G 10

Form W-4 3

Fringe benefits 8

Gambling winnings 10

Getting right amount of tax 

withheld 5, 6

Household workers 3

Nonperiodic payments 9

Part-year method 6

Penalties 8

Pensions 9

Periodic payments 9

Railroad retirement benefits 11

Repaying withheld tax 6

Rollovers 10

Salaries and wages 3

Sick pay 9

Social security (FICA) tax 2, 11

Tips 8

Types of income 2, 3

Unemployment 

compensation 10

Worksheets (blank):

Annualized - Capital gains 

(Worksheet 2-8) 38

Annualized - Foreign Earned 

Income (Worksheet 2-9) 39

Annualized - Qualified dividends 

(Worksheet 2-8) 38

Annualized estimated tax 

(Worksheet 2-7) 36, 37

Capital gains tax worksheet:

Worksheet 2-5 34

Dependents (age 65 or older or 

blind) exemption from 

withholding (Worksheet 

1-2) 13

Estimated tax worksheets 

(Worksheet 2-1) 30

Foreign earned income 

(Worksheet 2-6) 35

Qualified dividends:

Worksheet 2-5 34

Railroad retirement benefits 

(Worksheet 2-2) 31

Self-employment tax and 

deduction (Worksheet 

2-3) 32

Social security benefits 

(Worksheet 2-2) 31

Standard deduction (Worksheet 

2-4) 33

44 Publication 505 (2024)