|          | Exploring: NIAID, NIH, U.S. DHHS
        May 2006
        HIV Infection in Adolescents and Young Adults in the U.S.
        OVERVIEW
        There is a rising concern about the effects of HIV/AIDS among adolescents and young adults between ages of 13 to 24 in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 40,049 cumulative cases of AIDS among people ages 13 to 24 through 2004. Since the epidemic began, an estimated 10,129 adolescents and young adults with AIDS have died and the proportion diagnosed with AIDS has also increased. Likewise, the proportion of adolescents and young adults with an AIDS diagnosis has increased from 3.9 percent in 1999 to 4.2 percent in 2004.
        Moreover, African-American and Hispanic adolescents have been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Between the ages of 13 and 19, African-Americans and Hispanics accounted for 66 percent and 21 percent, respectively, of the reported AIDS cases in 2003.
        Because the average duration from HIV infection to the development of AIDS is 10 years, most adults with AIDS were likely infected as adolescents or young adults. In 2004, an estimated 4,883 were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, while an estimated 18,293 were living with HIV/AIDS. However, health experts estimate the number of adolescents and adults living with HIV infection to be much higher.
        TRANSMISSION
        *Modes of Transmission*
        Most HIV-infected adolescents and young adults are exposed to the virus through sexual intercourse. Recent HIV surveillance data suggest that the majority of HIV-infected adolescent and young adult males are infected through sex with men. Only a small percentage of males appear to be exposed by injection drug use and/or heterosexual contact. These data also suggest that adolescent and young adult females infected with HIV were exposed through heterosexual contact, with a very small percentage through injection drug use. In addition, there is an increasing number of children who were infected as infants that are now surviving to adolescence.
        *Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV*
        Approximately 25 percent of cases of STIs reported in the United States each year are among teenagers. This is particularly significant because the risk of HIV transmission increases substantially if either partner is infected with an STI. Discharge of pus and mucus as a result of STIs such as gonorrhea or chlamydia also increase the risk of HIV transmission three- to five-fold. Likewise, STI-induced ulcers from syphilis or genital herpes increase the risk of HIV transmission nine-fold.
        CARE AND TREATMENT
        Because many adolescents and young adults tend to think they are invincible, this belief may cause them to engage in risky behavior, delay HIV testing, and if they test positive, delay or refuse treatment. The inability to link them to medical care can lead to increased transmission of HIV. Health care providers report that many young people, when they learn they are HIV-positive, take several months to accept their diagnosis and return for treatment.
        Health care providers may be able to help young people understand their situation during visits by
        Ensuring confidentiality
          Explaining the information clearly
          Eliciting questions
          Emphasizing the success of newly available treatmentsThe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has also developed documents that address the standard of care for the treatment of HIV, including information about how to treat HIV in adolescents. The documents *Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents and Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection are available from AIDSinfo* (www.aidsinfo.nih.gov).
        *According to the Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents*, adolescents exposed to HIV sexually or via injection drug use appear to follow a clinical course that is more similar to HIV disease in adults than in children. Most adolescents with sexually acquired HIV are in a relatively early stage of infection and are ideal candidates for early intervention that includes education and counseling, identifying high-risk behaviors, and recommended therapies and behavioral changes.
        Adolescents who were infected at birth or via blood products as young children, however, follow a unique clinical course that may differ from that of other adolescents and adults. Health care providers should refer to the treatment guidelines for detailed information about treating HIV-infected adolescents.
        CURRENT RESEARCH
        The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) supports research in adolescents and young adults through studies conducted by clinical trial networks and sites within the United States. These studies help evaluate promising therapies to
        Prevent HIV infection
          Discover new therapies to improve control of viral replication in people with HIV/AIDS
          Prevent and treat co-infections and cancers associated with AIDS
          Prevent and treat complications of HIV therapies
          Reconstitute HIV-damaged immune systemsIn response to the growing epidemic among adolescents and young adults in the United States, NIAID supports the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) (http://pactg.s-3.com), a clinical trial network co-funded with the *Eunice Kennedy Shriver* National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The PACTG's adolescent treatment research agenda focuses on
        Studying the safety and use of new and existing drugs and treatment management to prevent perinatal transmission and pediatric infection
          Studying the effects of treatment on acute and early infection
          Increasing commitment to long-term studies of safety and clinical effectiveness of antiretroviral therapies
          Engaging youth in treatment research opportunities
          Restoring immune function
          Promoting domestic and international collaborations, including prevention and behavioral research
          Expanding and enhancing adolescent research at all PACTG sitesIn addition, the *Eunice Kennedy Shriver* NICHD supports the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network (ATN) (www.atnonline.org) for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Its mission is to conduct research, both independently and in collaboration with existing research networks supported by NIAID, on promising behavioral, microbicidal, prophylactic, therapeutic, and vaccine modalities in HIV-infected and HIV-at-risk adolescents between the ages 12 to 24 years old.
        As such, recruiting adolescents and young adults into clinical trials is important to ensure that research results will be applicable to therapy for that age group. Most clinical trials are open to adolescents and young adults, but in reality very few enroll. Of the approximately 9,500 participants in studies conducted by the NIAID-supported Adult and Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Groups in Fiscal Year 2005, only 5.4 percent of the participants were adolescents (ages 13 to 19).
        MORE INFORMATION
        AIDSinfo is a comprehensive resource for up-to-date information on government- and industry-sponsored HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention clinical trials. AIDS*info* also maintains the most current, federally approved guidelines for treating and preventing HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children, for AIDS-related illnesses, for managing occupational exposure to HIV, and for preventing HIV transmission from mother-to-child during pregnancy. AIDS*info* is sponsored by the NIH Office of AIDS Research, NIAID, National Library of Medicine, CDC, Health Resources and Service Administration, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
        AIDSinfo P.O. Box 6303
          Rockville, MD 20849-6303
          1-800-HIV-0440 (1-800-448-0440) or 301-519-0459
          1-888-480-3739 (TTY/TDD)www.aidsinfo.nih.gov
          Monday to Friday, 12:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time
          Spanish-speaking health information specialists are available
        For information specifically about clinical trials conducted by the NIAID Intramural AIDS Research Program, call 1-800-243-7644 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
        
        
        NIAID is a component of the National Institutes of Health. NIAID supports basic and applied research to prevent, diagnose and treat infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria and illness from potential agents of bioterrorism. NIAID also supports research on basic immunology, transplantation and immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies.
          The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-*The Nation's Medical Research Agency*-includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
          **News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at www.niaid.nih.gov.**
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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