Data were reported in graphic form with re-
spect to localization (posterior, anterior) of the
slow component of the body response as well as
to laterality (left, right). In cases in which
there was an observed increase in the area of the
slow component, or in which more than 35 dis-
placements (in one-half minute) of the rapid
component were observed, the subjects were given
a complete vestibular examination and study
(roughly 1 percent of all subjects). These fur-
ther tests included pointing, walking, and electro-
nystagmography together with acceleratory,
deceleratory, and caloric stimuli. The results of
these tests were not presented in the text.

From the data of the statokinesimetry tests,
the author concluded: (1) the projection of the
center of gravity was predominately to the rear
and to the left in all groups; (2) the ratio of
forward-backward movements to left-right move-
ments was approximately 3:1 for men and 2:1
for women; (3) the average number of move-
ments was greater in men; and (4) the average
number of displacements in dark was approxi-
mately double the number obtained in light.

Fokkema, S. D.

La motivacion y las otras variables de person-
alidad en el piloto. (Motivation and the other
variables in the personality of the pilot.) Revista
de psicologia general y aplicada (Madrid)
25 261-275, 1970.

This article discusses motivation and psycho-
physiological variables in the selection of pilots.
Tt also presents: (1) a concept of motivation as
it relates to psychodiagnostic agents used in se-
lecting pilots; (2) a distinction between motiva-
tion as a disposition and an_ interpersonal
variable as opposed to motivation as a current
state (determined by the external environment)
and intrapersonal values; and (8) variants re-
lated to anxiety and their effect on “weak per-
sonalities” (extroverts) as opposed to “strong
personalities” (introverts).

Topics discussed at length include effectiveness
of various personality tests (Taylor anxiety
scale, Illinois Personality Judgment Test) as
well as the use of psychophysiological tests
(GSR, EEG, and vasoconstriction detection for
anxiety) in determining motivation and other
factors in the personalities of pilots.

The author concludes that it is not yet possible
to use psychophysiological variables in selecting
pilots and states that, on the basis of present day
evidence, personalities best suited for ‘the pilot
occupation have an average-to-moderate activa-
tion, a strong nervous system, and an anxiety
level that is moderate at most.

Hoffelt, W.
Flugstress, eine messbare Grésse? (Flight
stress: a measurable magnitude.) Wehrmedi-

zinische Monatsschrift (Munich), 17 :263-266,
1973.

This is a general article on the difficulties in-
volved in measuring flight stress on both an
intraindividual and an extraindividual basis.
The article includes a discussion of the relative
merits and disadvantages of in-flight studies
versus laboratory studies.

Because stress is not a static force but one that
is difficult to measure, the author believes science
is still far removed from the interindividually
valid statements with which he feels stress studies
are concerned in the final analysis, The author
concludes that, for the time being, applied re-
search has only three basic forms of stress
measurement: quantification of physical environ-
mental stressors, psychological activity analysis
at the work place, and standardized interviews.

Kuerschner, D.

Augenfunktion und die Beleuchtung der In-
strumentenanzeigen im Flugzeug. (Eye function
and the illumination of instrument dials in air-
craft.) Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift (Mu-
nich), 17 281-283, 1973.

This article discusses physiological function of
the eye in relation to illumination of instrument
dials in aircraft. It compares and reviews
various illumination studies done in Germany
and the United States from 1940 to the present
time. The article discusses the effectiveness of
red light (wavelengths above 610 nanometers)
and white light or blue-filtered white light and
points out the advantages and disadvantages of
these various illumination methods.

The author believes that many  optical-
physiological problems of illumination may be
solved through compromise and are somewhat
dependent on whether operation of the respec-
tive aircraft model requires optimal night vision
of the crew. A bibliography is included.



tem, endocrine glands, and various reactional
phenomena (sleep study data, reflexes, and re-
lated arthritic conditions).

Tomilin, V. V., and B. M. Pikovskiy.

CYREBHO-MEQHILHHCKAS SKCMEPTH3A
NPH JIETHBIX MPOHCIWECTBHAX

(Forensic medical expert testimony in airplane
crashes.)  Sudebno-Meditsinskaia Ekspertiza
(Moskva), 17:7-12, 1974.

This paper presents the difficulties forensic
medical experts face when investigating an air-
craft accident. Areas discussed are forensic
medicine criminology, biochemistry, and histo-
chemistry.

It has been found that the most suitable meth-
ods of detection were direct detection work on
the wreckage, analyzing the oral reactions of
erew and incidental noises arising at the time of
the accident, and experimentally modeling emer-
gency situations, An overview of each of these
methods and their effectiveness is presented.

Biochemical and histochemical methods were
found to be less suitable because of complications
in procedures and the fact that they can be used
only when direct information indicates there
were no wounds, blood loss, oxygen starvation,
etc., that would negate the findings of chemical
analysis.

It was concluded that biochemical and _histo-
chemical examination and testimony should be
reviewed in terms of the features of the specific
case and should play a supplementary role to
other methods of investigation.

Uematsu, H., and H. Mori.

HOALABKBM7-) MMIC L
ily G1 © He Bah HL EO BIG eS
Oils AIC OWT

(Characteristics extraction and pattern recogni-
tion of electrocardiograms using fast Fourier
transforms in the folding mode.) Japanese
Journal of Medical Electronics and Biological
Engineering (Tokyo), 11:78-85, 1973.

This paper develops the folding-mode, fast.
Fourier transform method that is designed to
effect high-speed Fourier transforms by a dif-
ferent mode. The invariant (/A,?+B,?)
Fourier component of the electrocardiogram
wave obtained was used to construct a character-
istic space, and the threshold logic unit (TLU)

was used to differentiate between three groups:
normal, myocardial infarction, and atrial septal
defect. - The study includes the method of re-
cording cardiograms as well as a detailed de-
scription of the computer program (ALGOL).

The authors made 100-percent-correct dis-
crimination between the three groups (normal,
myocardial infarction, and atrial septal defect)
even with a low sampling point number of 100
and a dimensional number of 12. These results
are integrated to indicate the great potential of
low frequency wave components in electrocardio-
gram diagnosis.

Vettes, B., J. Demange, and R. Auffret.

Mesure de la dégradation de la performance
humaine sous influence d’une hypoxie chro-
nique. (Measurement of human performance
deterioration under the influence of chronic
hypoxia.) In: /nternational Congress on Avia-
tion and Space Medicine, 21st, Munich, West
Germany, September 17-21, 1973, Preprints of
Lecture (Munich), 1973.

The effects of hypoxia were studied under lab-
oratory conditions by means of a primary com-
pensated visual pursuit task and an associated
secondary task, also visual (dealing with reac-
tion time). Hypoxia was established by means
of a low-pressure chamber simulating an altitude
of 5,000 m.

Four subjects participated in four trials each
during an experiment that comprised the follow-
ing features: (1) 10-min tracking task; (2) fast
reduction of pressure in the altitude chamber
followed by another 10-min tracking task; and
(3) moderate intellectual work during a 40-min
trial and a final 10-min tracking task.

Statistical analyses showed a significant differ-
ence with respect to complex task errors (track-
ing) between ground-level performance and
after 50 min at a 5,000-m altitude. There was
also a slight dispersion in reaction time.

The authors feel that the study helped to per-
fect a method associating two psychomotor tasks
that are slightly sensitive to learning and are
reproducible in time. They believe that addi-
tional studies by association of these two tasks
will allow better differentiation between meas-
urement of various types of hypoxia (different
origins) and will permit more complete studies
on protection against adverse effects (i.e., drugs,
acclimatization).


lives of stewardesses (60 percent of examined
stewardesses) ; (3) few acute psychotic condi-
tions (8 percent); (4) more frequent occupa-
tional conflicts, such as lack of motivation for
work or maladjustment toward work, in steward-
esses who had been working 5 years or longer
(20 percent) ; (5) the etiological role of fatigue
and occupational duties affecting those steward-
esses suffering from conflicts in their private
lives; and (6) a limited etiological impact of
somatic diseases (5 to 10 percent).

The authors concluded that, on the psycho-
pathological level, the data distinguish steward-
esses from other groups of flight personnel.
Stewardesses are more affected by depressive and
neurotic disorders, have relatively acute emo-
tional reactions of conflictive origin, and are the
most vulnerable and sensitive to job demands.

Borredon, P., and J. Nathie.

Réactions physiologiques de sujets humains
exposés a des infra-sons. (Physiological reac-
tions of human subjects exposed to infrasonic
vibrations.) Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et
Spatiale (Paris) , 46 276-279, 1973.

This study concerns 42 men (aged 19-27) ex-
posed to 50 min of sinusoidal infrasonic varia-
tions in atmospheric pressure (fundamental: a
frequency of 7.5 Hz at a level of 130 dB) accom-
panied by a parasitic sonic spectrum. Subjects
were studied for physiological effects. Four
variables chosen for measurements of the effects
of treatment were reaction time in response to a
light signal, heart rate, maximum arterial pres-
sure, and minimum arterial pressure.

Stimuli were applied at three levels: infrasonic
stimulation, noise stimulation, and silence (with-
in environmental conditions). Comparisons of
three averages corresponding to each of the three
levels of treatment were made as follows: (1)
infrasonic/noise comparison; (2) noise,
comparison; and (3) infrasonic/silence compari-
son. Eight measurements of arterial pressure
taken included two premeasurements and _ six
measurements during the course of the experi-
ment.

A significant increase (at the 0.05 level) in
diastolic pressure was obtained by comparing the
mean of minimum arterial pressure under silence
(61.9 mm Hg) and the mean under infrasonic
treatment (63.2 mm Hg). A bibliography is
included.

Bremond, J.

Recueil par questionnaire des données du com-
portement dans une perspective ergonomique.
(Behavioral data collection by questionnaire in
a human engineering perspective.) Revue de
Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale (Paris),
47 493498, 1973.

This article concerns the collection of be-
havioral data by the use of a questionnaire on
human engineering problems. Three major topics
are discussed within the report: (1) use of ques-
tionnaires as a method of data acquisition in
human engineering; (2) different forms of ques-
tionnaires; and (3) four examples of question-
naire usage.

The forms of questionnaires discussed are the
standardized interview, the collection of critical
incidents, rating scales, and the opinion ques-
tionnaire. Applications of these forms are de-
seribed in aviation contexts, which include a
study of duty stations in the French System of
Air Defense Information Processing, a study on
the pilot’s workload, annoyance resulting from
airport noise, and evaluation of the feeling of
fatigue.

Cabezas, P. G.

Nuestra experiencia de estatoquinesimetria en
pilotos de aviacion. (Our experience with stato-
kinesimetry in pilots.) Agressologie (Paris),
13:85-41, 1972.

A standard statokinesimetry test was given to
2,000 pilots and 1,000 trainees at the Center for
Research in Aviation Medicine. The study was
conducted to devise a method of selecting and
testing military and civilian pilots. with respect
to psychophysiological anomalies in the field of
otolaryngology.

A standard half-minute test (threshold I)
was acdininistered first in the light, then. in the
dark, and then once more in the dark with sub-
jects holding their arms in an extended position.
Subjects were placed in the following categories:
(1) 700 pilot trainees; (2) 600 pilots with 1,000
to 5,000 hours of flight time; (3) 400 pilots with
5,000 to 30,000 hours of flight time; (4) 300
stewardess applicants; (5) 300 stewardesses with
more than 1,000 hours of flight time; (6) 300
male flight attendants with more than 2,000
hours of flight time; and (7) 350 active flying
personnel without reference to total flight time.


Lehwess-Litzmann, I.

Lageillusionen und. optische Tiiuschungen.
(Illusions of location and optical illusions.)
Technisch-bhonomische Informationen der zivilen
Lufifahrt (Berlin-Schénefeld), 9 :278-281, 1973.

This is a general review of research done in
the fields of illusions of location, optical illusions
produced by ocular nystagmus due to various
forms of acceleration, and optical distortions
caused by various adverse conditions (e.g., dark-
ness, inclement weather, etc.). The author in-
cludes studies conducted under laboratory
conditions and under actual flight conditions and
suggests that indoctrination regarding such il-
lusions should be included in the training pro-
gram of aircraft pilots, A bibliography is
included.

Lehwess-Litzmann, I.

Leistung und Zeitzonenfltige. (Performance
and inter-time-zone flight.) Technisch-dkono-
mische Informationen der zivilen Luftfahrt
(Berlin-Schénefeld) , 10 :50-54, 1974.

This article contains a review of the literature
of aircraft crew performance with respect to
inter-time-zone flight, including both Jongitudi-
nal and latitudinal changes. The body of the
article is a study relating published guidelines
of the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) for necessary crew rest periods and
actual conditions prevailing in long-distance
flights. Data were subjective feelings obtained
by means of a rating scale that included measures
of duration of sleep in hours (including type of
sleep) during flight days and during 3 rest days
that followed.

The study concluded that the guidelines of the
ICAO are supported by data from the subjective
rating scale. The author feels it is necessary to
establish medical requirements associated with
flights involving time shifts.

Maciejezyk, J.

Stress jako prayezyna zaburzen emocjonalnych
pilotow. (Stress as a cause of emotional disturb-
ances in pilots.) Przeglad psychologiceny
(Warszawa), 17 :89-103, 1969.

This study of the causes of emotional disturb-
ances as an impact of stress in airline pilots is
limited primarily to the extent that traumatic
factors may be considered a cause of emotional

disturbances. Included is a motivational study
of pilots in regard to in-flight service and mili-
tary service.

The author concludes that one of the causes of
emotional disturbances is the quantity of stress
experiences—the greater the number of experi-
ences, the greater the probability of emotional
disturbances. Pilots with emotional disturbances
had more stress experiences caused by pilot error,
improper orientation of flight equipment, and
poor physical equipment. Results of the moti-
vation portion of the study showed that pilots
affected by emotional disturbances display lower
motivation for flight service and military service.

Magdalena, F. M.

Los cambios de postura en los accidentes aereos.
(Postural changes in air accidents.) Agressolo-
gie (Paris), 13 :49-59, 1972.

Postural, directional, temporal, and spatial
disturbances that cause air crashes or disasters
were reviewed. Vestibular disturbances, Coriolis
vertigo after angular acceleration, false sensa-
tions following linear acceleration, and postural
illusions were also discussed.

Two case studies are presented. In one, the
cause of the accident was determined to be a
Coriolis reaction; the second was a case of false
“inverted” flight, a typical oculogravie illusion.

The text includes a table in which the author
has schematized all flight situations that can lead
to disorientation of a pilot.

Nainys, I. V.

Vaeutubuxauna avunootu
NO NPOKCHMaNbHbIM KOCTAM HOHeYHOCTeK

(Identification of persons according to the proxi-
mal bones of the extremities.) Vilnius, 1972,
158 pp.

This book deals with the identification of in-
dividuals by means of the proximal bones of the
extremities in work associated with medicological
osteology and some juridical disciplines, primar-
ily that of criminology. The aim was to provide
scientifically grounded criteria for determining
age, sex, stature, and some specific characteristics
of an individual according to the humerus and
femur. The history of the problem and the


Technical Report Documentation Page

T. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
FAA-AM-76- 4
‘4, Title and Subtitle 5, Report Date

AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: ANNOTATED April 1976
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLY TRANSLATED MATERIAL, 6. Performing Organization Code
rx.

[8. Performing Organization Report No.

7. Autho’s) Gregory N. Constant, B.A., E. Jean Grimm,
B.S., D. R. Goulden, M.S., and LaNelle E. Murcko

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute
P.O. Box 25082 TT. Contract or Grant No.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Office of Aviation Medicine OAM Report
Federal Aviation Administration
800 Independence Avenue, S.W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

Washington, D.C, 20591

15. Supplementary Notes

This research was conducted under Tasks AM-D-75-PSY-54 and AM-D-76-PSY-62.

16, Abstract

An annotated bibliography of translations of foreign-language articles is
presented. The 20 listed entries are concerned with studies of cardiology;
aviation vestibular testing and vestibular factors in accidents; use of

bones in identification of remains; psychological characteristics associated
with pilots, stewardesses, and nuclear workers; stresses of flying; and
performance effects of time-zone crossings as well as studies of hypoxia, visual
illusions, lighting of instrument dials, noise effects, toxicology, physiological
effects of infrasonic stimulation, and expert testimony in aircraft accident
investigation, Procedures for obtaining copies of the translations are included.

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Stotement
Translations Document is available to the public
Cardiology through the National Technical Information
Vestibular Function Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Stress
Vision

19.” Security Classif. (of this report) 2. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages | 22. Price

$3.00 PC
Unclassified Unclassified $§ .95 MF

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized



methods used in studying 253 cadavers are pre-
sented in detail. Discussion of results covers the
morphological criteria of bones, age changes of
the femoral and humeral bones, identification of
individuals by means of the humeral and femoral
bones, and problems of osteological expertise
(including forensic-osteological expertise, iden-
tification of a person after exhumation from
mass graves, and victims of aviation injury).
The text also contained a detailed bibliography.

Riscutia, R., G. Kurth, and E. May.

,, Photostereotomie-ein neues Verfahren zur
Ahnlichkeitsdiagnose an Schiideln wie Skelet-
teilen. Sind die beiden spitbronzezeitlichen
Kinder von Runstedt enger verwandt? (Phot-
ostereotomy, a new method for similarity diag-
nosis of skulls and skeletal parts. Are the two
late-bronze-age Runstedt children closely re-
lated?) Zedtschrift fir Morphologie und An-
thropologie (Stuttgart), 65:55-69, 1973.

Two skulls of children about the same age,
found in two late-bronze-age midden pits in the
Treue coal workings, Runstedt, Germany, were
photostereotomically checked for similarities, for
multiplicity of identities, and, primarily, for the
similarity of specific traits. The same methods
and traits as those used in paternity assessments
or in studies of twins were used in making the
diagnos Similarity of form of the two skulls
was confirmed by three-dimensional measures
plotted.on grid lines and was further emphasized
by unidirectional asymmetries in both skulls.
Grounds for a working hypothesis of “close kin-
ship” include the special in situ conditions; the
slight probability that according to the statistical
distribution of mortality, two children of the
same age would have been “buried” practically
simultaneously instead of being cremated; and
the higher-than-average similarity between the
skulls. An assumption that these skulls repre-
sent (enzygotic) “twins” could be validly tested
and confirmed or rejected only if there were
authentic enzygotic twin skeletons available for
study and comparison. The article also reviews
the history of the two skulls and the work done
previously by older methods.

Sivadon, P., and A. Fernandez.

Les troubles psychopathologiques en milieu de
travail nucleaire. (Psychopathological disorders
in nuclear work environment.) Annales médico-
psychologiques (Paris), 2:201-2138, 1968.

Approximately 536 employees were observed
for psychopathological manifestations that might
exist in various nuclear work environments, The
study is based on psychological tests, specific
questionnaires, and clinical observation. Among
the tests used by the authors were efficiency tests
(Wechsler-Bellevue and Cattell), projection tests
(Rorschach, Rosenzweig, Holtzman, and The-
matic Apperception Test), and specific question-
naires (Cornell-Index and Berger).

Using clinical observations and test data, the
authors constructed the basic personality pattern
of the nuclear worker. Personality type includes
effects on behavior in the working environment
and manifestations of the work on the personal
life of the workers. The most common clinical
observations were psychosomatic illnesses, neu-
rotic disorders and neuroses, and pathological
personalities. Several major reactive states and
cases of radiation exposure were investigated.

The authors report no real difference between
observed behavior in the nuclear environment
and that in other types of work situations. In
no case were traits observed that could classify
the worker as mentally ill. The authors did find,
however, emotional disorders, minor neurotic
manifestations, psychosomatic disorders, and sev-
eral cases of intellectual deficiencies caused by
alcoholism. Finally, the authors draw attention
to a few anomalies linked more directly to the
nuclear work environment, especially those syn-
dromes related to the fear of irradiation and
psychosomatic syndromes linked with former or
recent situations of radioactive risk.

Strumza, M. V.
Effets somatiques des bruits. (Somatic effects
of noises.) Sciences (Paris), 12:58-63, 1972.
This general article on the somatic effects of
noises consists of two parts—the properties of
sonic vibrations and the organic effects of noises.
Included in the discussion of the properties of
sonic vibrations are a definition of sound as it is
applied to physiological data (i.e., pitch, timbre,
loudness) ; a definition of audible frequencies;
perception of energy as received by the organ-
ism; conversion and diffusion of acoustical en-
ergy; and mechanisms that attenuate perceptions.
The section on organic effects of noises in-
cludes a discussion on the interaction of noise
with the respiratory system, circulatory system,
blood, digestive system, vegetative nervous sys-





AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF RECENTLY TRANSLATED MATERIAL. IX.

Asmus, E., and H. Garschagen.

Ubér die Verwendung der Barbitursture fiir
die photometrische Bestimmung von Cyanid und
Rhodanid. (On the use of barbituric acid in
the photometric determination of cyanide and
thiocyanate.) Zeitschrift filr analytische Chemie
(Wiesbaden), 138 :414-422, 1953.

The text begins with a brief review of recent
studies on detecting cyanide and thiocyanate
through optical methods. Because of present
methods and lack of selectivity, determining the
presence of cyanide and thiocyanate in aqueous
solutions can be difficult.

A photometric cyanide and thiocyanate deter-
mination method in water, based on the Zincke-
Koenig reaction, is described. Instead of a
primary aromatic amine, however, barbituric
acid is used to obtain polymethyne dye. An-
alytical methods, reagents, measurement range,
and equipment used in the procedure are dis-
cussed, as~ are the effects of pH dependence,
temperature, and other solutes on the reaction.

Under the conditions listed, cyanide contents
in the range from 1 pg/l to 1 mg/l] and thio-
cyanate contents in the range from 1 pg/] to 2.5
mg/l can be determined by using a Leitz com-
pensating photometer or a Zeiss-Opton “Elko
II” photometer in aqueous solutions of pH 2-10.

Azuma, M., and C. Umezono.

HA RCL EAC OWT
— £ELTER
BREOBRICOWT —

(High-speed magnified cardiography (with spe-
cial reference to the influence of high-cut fre-
quency on the P-wave).) Bulletin of the Chest
Disease Research Institute (Kyoto), 6:122-125,
1978.

The authors discuss high-speed magnified
cardiography and the influence of high-cut fre-

quency on the P-wave by means of an expanded
high-speed (100 mm/s) recording of modified
electrocardiograms. <A history of various noises
that plague this technique is reported along with
testing techniques, data, and results.

Basic results were that the measurements of
the P-wave and the T-a wave of a cardiogram
are greatly facilitated when working at 16 times
the standard sensitivity with a recording speed
of 100 mm/s. It was also preferable to work at
a high region cutoff frequency (60-90 Hz) to
observe fine changes in the P-wave.

The authors believe that although this tech-
nique is quite useful, countermeasures against
various noises are not yet at a satisfactory stage.
The authors are presently investigating the use
of collages as electrode material in an effort to
minimize the noise from electrodes.

Blane, C. J., R. Digo, and P. Moroni.

Psicopatologia de la azafata. (Psychopathol-
ogy of the airline stewardess.) Revista de psi-
cologia general y aplicada (Madrid), 25 :353-358,
1970.

This general study of the psychopathologies
of airline stewardesses was based on 300 psycho-
logical or psychiatric records collected from 151
stewardesses of a French airline over a 5-year
period. The article discusses the difficulties of
etiological interpretations and patterns of their
assessment together with results that were more
readily defined. Statistical analyses were con-
ducted from histograms in which psychopatho-
logical structures and etiological factors were
separated and determined for each patient.

The authors listed six major factors that ap-
peared most frequently on the histograms: (1) a
large number of neurotic and depressive symp-
toms (80 percent of the total psychiatric pathol-
ogies of the stewardesses); (2) a significant
number of conflicting elements, not directly as-
sociated with occupational activity, in the private