United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted December 22, 2010

Decided December 27, 2010

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge

DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

   

No. 09‐4118

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

JOSHUA L. DAVIS,

Defendant‐Appellant.                 

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Northern District of Illinois,

Western Division.

08 CR 50026‐1

Philip G. Reinhard,

Judge.

O R D E R

Joshua Davis pleaded guilty to distributing crack cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),

and possessing firearms as a felon, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).  At sentencing the district court

concluded that he qualified for application of the career‐offender guideline.  See U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.1.  Davis’s base‐offense level under § 4B1.1 was 37, but he received a three‐level

deduction for acceptance of responsibility.  See id. § 3E1.1.  With a total offense level of 34

and a criminal‐history category of VI, Davis’s guidelines imprisonment range was 262 to

327 months.  The court sentenced him to 240 months.  Davis appeals, but his appointed

lawyer seeks to withdraw under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), because he cannot

identify a nonfrivolous issue to pursue on appeal.  Davis opposes this motion, see CIR. R.

51(b), and has asked that we appoint him new counsel.  We confine our review to the

potential issues identified in counsel’s facially adequate brief and in Davis’s response.

See United States v. Schuh, 289 F.3d 968, 973‐74 (7th Cir. 2002).

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 09‐4118 Page 2

Counsel represents that Davis does not want his guilty pleas set aside, a point Davis

does not contradict in his Rule 51(b) response.  Counsel thus appropriately omits from his

Anders submission any discussion about the adequacy of the plea colloquy or the

voluntariness of the guilty pleas.  See United States v. Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 671‐72 (7th Cir.

2002).

At sentencing Davis argued that he deserved a below‐range prison term because, he

said, he and a friend had provided the government with substantial assistance.  See U.S.S.G.

§ 5K1.1.  The government opposed Davis’s request and explained that his friend had ceased

cooperating and that neither Davis nor his friend had provided information that led to

arrests or other charges.  The district court agreed with the government that Davis had not

provided substantial assistance, but still the court explicitly stated that it would recognize

his effort as a factor in mitigation.

Davis also urged the district court to treat crack and powder cocaine equally when

deciding his sentence.  The court considered this argument but responded that, even if it

relied on the lower statutory penalty for a like amount of powder, Davis would still face an

imprisonment range of 188 to 235 months because he was a career offender.  And given

Davis’s need for deterrence and treatment for his mental illness, the court concluded that an

appropriate sentence was 240 months.

Counsel now questions whether Davis could challenge the validity of one of the

prior convictions that qualified him as a career offender.  A collateral attack on a predicate

conviction, however, is allowed only when the conviction was obtained in violation of the

right to counsel. See Wilson‐El v. Finnan, 544 F.3d 762, 765 (7th Cir. 2008).  Neither counsel

nor Davis has made such an argument, and the state‐court records from Davis’s predicate

convictions show that he was represented during both proceedings.  Thus we agree with

counsel that it would be frivolous to pursue this issue.  

Counsel and Davis consider whether Davis could challenge the substantive

reasonableness of his prison sentence.  Counsel does not identify any potential issue apart

from a claim that the term is unreasonable.  A reasonableness argument would be frivolous,

however, because Davis’s prison sentence is 22 months below the bottom of the guidelines

range, and counsel cannot articulate any basis to challenge the presumption of

reasonableness that applies.  See United States v. Pape, 601 F.3d 743, 746 (7th Cir. 2010);

United States v. Wallace, 531 F.3d 504, 507 (7th Cir. 2008).  

Davis, on the other hand, questions whether the district court should have exercised

its discretion to sentence him even further below the guidelines.  He challenges what he

characterizes as the court’s refusal to give him “any credit” for his assistance to the

government, and he also criticizes the court’s conclusion that the stiffer sentences for
No. 09‐4118 Page 3

1

  Davis also asserts in his Rule 51(b) response that when he committed his crimes he

was not taking his psychiatric medication and therefore was unable “to make the right

decisions.”  To the extent that he implies that his mental state provided a ground in

mitigation at sentencing, we note that the district court addressed this point in fashioning

an appropriate sentence.  Davis may disagree with the weight the court gave to his

explanation, but that disagreement is not a ground for appeal.

offenses involving crack had little impact on his imprisonment range.  Both contentions

would be frivolous.  The court took into account Davis’s assistance when selecting a prison

term below the range and also evaluated his argument that he should receive a reduced

sentence because of the differing penalties for like amounts of power and crack.  We would

not find an abuse of discretion merely because Davis disagrees with the weight the court

gave to his pleas in mitigation.  See United States v. Haskins, 511 F.3d 688, 696 (7th Cir. 2007).1

Moreover, Davis cannot benefit from the recently enacted Fair Sentencing Act because that

legislation is not retroactive.  United States v. Bell, 624 F.3d 803, 814‐15 (7th Cir. 2010).

Finally, counsel points out that the district court impermissibly ordered Davis to

participate in the Inmate Financial Responsibility Program but notes that Davis does not

wish to raise the issue.  Even so, we have made clear that sentencing courts do not have the

authority to mandate participation in the IFRP. United States v. Boyd, 608 F.3d 331, 335 (7th

Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 2010 WL 3485626 (U.S. Nov. 29, 2010); United States v. Munoz, 610

F.3d 989, 997 (7th Cir. 2010).  But we are satisfied here that this error did not affect what is

otherwise a reasonable sentence, and so we modify the sentence to clarify that Davis’s

participation in the IFRP must be voluntary.  See Boyd, 608 F.3d at 335.  And because we

agree with counsel that an appeal would be frivolous, we deny Davis’s motion for

appointment of new counsel.

Accordingly, counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED.  The judgment is

MODIFIED in accordance with this order, Davis’s motion for substitute counsel is DENIED,

and the appeal is DISMISSED.