UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, DC 20460 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

PC Code: 128931 

DP Barcode : 425049 

Date: March 24, 2016 

MEMORANDUM 

Subject: 

To: 

From: 

Through: 

Addendum to Dicamba Diglycolamine Salt (DOA) and its Degradate, 3,6-

dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA) Section 3 Risk Assessment: Refined Endangered 

Species Assessment for Proposed New Uses on Herbicide-Tolerant Soybean and 

Cotton in in 11 U.S. States: (Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, 

New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia). 

Grant Rowland, Risk Manager Reviewer 

Kathryn Montague, Product Manager Team 23 

Dan Kenny, Branch Chief 

Herbicide Branch 

Pesticide Registration Division (7505P) 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

Elizabeth Donovan, Biologist ~ ;~----- Michael Wagman, Biologist JV;t lr~ 'f /(~ 

Monica Wait, Risk Assessment Process Leader ~ W ~ 

Environmental Risk Branch 6 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

Mark Corbin, Branch Chief 

Environmental Risk Branch 6 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7 

Office of Pesticide Programs 
2

Prior to conducting this refined Endangered Species Assessment, the Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division (EFED) performed a screening level ecological risk assessment for a Federal 

action involving proposed new uses of the diglycolamine salt of dicamba (dicamba DGA) on 

dicamba herbicide-tolerant soybean on March 8, 2011 (DP 378444); an amendment to the 

assessment was issued on May 20, 2014 (DP 404138, 404806, 405887, 410802, and 411382). 

Concurrent with this refined Endangered Species Assessment, a Section 3 New Use dicamba 

DGA salt on dicamba-tolerant cotton screening-level assessment (DP 404823) and a subsequent 

addendum (DP 426789) that addresses multiple issues (spray drift buffers, runoff, risk to 

terrestrial invertebrates and updated mammalian toxicological endpoints for parent dicamba and 

its degradate, DCSA) have been finalized. In the screening level risk assessment, potential direct 

risk concerns could not be excluded for:

• mammals (chronic, from the soybean use only, due to residues from dicamba’s 

metabolite, DCSA, rather than from parent dicamba); 

• birds (acute from parent dicamba for both soybean and cotton uses; chronic from DCSA 

residues only in soybean but not in cotton), considered surrogates for reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase amphibians; and

• terrestrial plants (soybean and cotton uses)

In the screening level risk assessments, indirect effect risk concerns for all taxa were possible for 

any species that have dependencies (e.g., food, shelter, and habitat) on mammals, birds, reptiles, 

terrestrial-phase amphibians, or terrestrial plants. Additionally, the screening level assessment

showed that direct risk concerns were unlikely (i.e. levels of concern were not exceeded) for: 

• mammals (acute) and (chronic—for the cotton use only); 

• birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians (chronic from parent dicamba or DCSA 

degradate from use on cotton); 

• terrestrial insects (acute and chronic); 

• freshwater fish (acute and chronic);

• aquatic-phase amphibians (acute and chronic); 

• estuarine/marine fish (acute and chronic); 

• freshwater invertebrates (acute and chronic); estuarine/marine invertebrates (acute and 

chronic); and 

• aquatic plants1

EPA has a specific process based on sound science that it follows when assessing risks to listed 

species for pesticides like dicamba that will be used on seeds that have been genetically modified 

to be tolerant to the pesticide. The Agency begins with a screening level assessment that 

 1 The listed species LOC was exceeded for non-vascular aquatic plants, however there are no listed 

species of this taxa.
3

includesa basic ecological risk assessment based on its 2004 Overview of the Ecological Risk 

Assessment Process document. [USEPA, 2004, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/litstatus/riskasses.htm]. That assessment uses broad 

default assumptions to establish estimated environmental concentrations of particular pesticides. 

If the screening level assessment results in a determination that no levels of concern are 

exceeded, EPA concludes its analysis. On the other hand, where the screening level assessment 

does not rule out potential effects (exceedances of the level of concern) based on the broad 

default assumptions, EPA then uses increasingly specific methods and exposure models to refine 

its estimated environmental concentrations. At each screening step, EPA compares the more 

refined exposures to the toxicity of the pesticide active ingredient to determine whether the 

pesticide exceeds levels of concern established for listed aquatic and terrestrial species. EPA 

determines that there is “no effect” on listed species if, at any step in the screening level 

assessment, no levels of concern are exceeded. If, after performing all of the steps in the 

screening level assessment, a pesticide still exceeds the Agency’s levels of concern for listed 

species, EPA then conducts a species-specific refined assessment to make effects determinations 

for individual listed species. The refined assessment, unlike the screening level assessment, 

takes account of species’ habitats and behaviors to determine whether any listed species may be 

affected by use of the pesticide. 

The screening level ecological risk assessment generates a series of taxonomic (e.g., mammals, 

birds, fish, etc.) risk quotients (RQs) that are the ratio of estimated exposures to acute and 

chronic effects endpoints. These RQs are then compared to EPA established levels of concern 

(LOCs) to determine if risks to any taxonomic group are of concern. The LOCs address risks for 

both acute and chronic effects. Acute effects LOCs range from 0.05 for aquatic animals that are 

Federally-listed threatened or endangered species (listed species) to 0.5 for aquatic non-listed 

animal species and 0.1 to 0.5 for terrestrial animals for listed and non-listed species. The LOC 

for chronic effects for all animal taxa (listed and non-listed) is 1. Plant risks are handled in a 

similar manner, but with different toxicity thresholds (NOAEC/EC05 and EC25, respectively) used 

in RQ calculation for listed and non-listed species and an LOC of 1 used to interpret the RQ. 

When a given taxonomic RQ exceeds either the acute or chronic LOC a concern for direct toxic 

effects is identified for that particular taxon. If RQs fall below the LOC, a no effect 

determination is identified for the corresponding taxon.

The purpose of this document is to explain the refined risk assessment conducted for Federallylisted threatened or endangered (listed) species that could potentially be impacted by this 

pesticide registration. The refined assessment was conducted based on the 2004 Overview 

document, as discussed above. The assessment of risks to listed species posed by the use of 

Dicamba DGA has been conducted in phases covering a specific set of states, assessing risk to 

all the listed species covered in those states. This assessment covers the endangered species 

analysis for 11 states: Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia (AZ, CO, DE, FL, MD, NM, NJ, 

NY, PA, VA and WV). Based on EFED’s LOCATES v.2.4.0 database and information from the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 322 species in the 11 states proposed for registration 

were identified as within the action area (at a preliminary county-wide level of resolution) 

associated with the new herbicide-tolerant soybean and cotton uses. Table 1 below presents a 
4

summary of this assessment. Separate concurrent assessment phases cover the endangered 

species analysis for 16 states (Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, 

Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and 

Wisconsin (DP 416416, 420160, 420159, 420352, 421434, 421723)) and 7 states (Alabama, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas (DP 422305). 

EPA consulted U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Plans to determine whether listed 

species in these states would be expected to occur in an action area encompassing the treated 

soybean and corn fields. The refined assessment was then conducted on those species that could 

not be excluded from the action area. EPA also consulted the recovery plans in the refined 

assessment for additional habitat information and incorporated species biological information 

regarding dietary items (used to model dicamba DGA residues in prey tissue) and body weight 

(used to determine food consumption rates and scale ecotoxicity data from the tested surrogate 

species, the bobwhite quail and rat, to the body weight of the listed species). 

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has completed an endangered species risk 

assessment for Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, New Jersey, New 

York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia in support of registering dicamba diglycolamine 

(DGA) salt on herbicide-tolerant cotton and soybean in these states. Table 1 presents a summary 

of the assessment.

Table 1. Summary of species effects determinations and critical habitat modification 

determinations for Federally listed threatened or endangered species in Arizona, Colorado, 

Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia 

and West Virginia for dicamba DGA use on genetically modified cotton and soybeans.

Species Effects Determination Comments

Audubon Crested Caracara May Affect, Not Likely to 

Adversely Affect for Palm 

Beach County (Cotton only; 

concurrence by USFWS 

pending)

No effect (soybean; and for 

cotton in all other counties 

except Palm Beach)

The species is found in 22 

counties in Florida. 

However, no county has 

soybean production and only 

one county has any cotton: 

Palm Beach County

All other species (terrestrial 

and aquatic)

No effect

Critical Habitat Modification Determination Comments

All Critical Habitats (322 

species)

No Modification None

Making an Effects Determination
5

The bullets below outline EFED’s process for making an effects determination for the Federal 

action:

• For listed individuals inside the action area but NOT part of an affected taxa NOR relying on 

the affected taxa for services (involving food, shelter, biological mediated resources 

necessary for survival/reproduction), use of a pesticide would be determined to have NO 

EFFECT.

• For listed individuals outside the action area, use of a pesticide would be determined to have 

NO EFFECT.

• Listed individuals inside the action area may either fall into the NO EFFECT or MAY 

AFFECT (LIKELY or NOT LIKELY TO ADVERSELY AFFECT) categories depending 

upon their specific biological needs, circumstances of exposure, etc.

• LIKELY or NOT LIKELY TO ADVERSELY AFFECT determinations are made using 

the following criteria:

o Insignificant - The level of the effect cannot be meaningfully related to a “take.”

o Highly Uncertain - The effect is highly unlikely to occur.

o Wholly beneficial - The effects are only good things.

Spray Drift Mitigation

EFED’s refined endangered species risk assessment took into account the spray drift mitigation 

language that was added to the most recent proposed label submitted by the registrant. An 

accounting of federally-listed threatened or endangered species within the 11 states (covered in 

this assessment) proposed for dicamba DGA use on genetically modified cotton and soybeans is 

included in Appendix 1 (322 species). Specifically, the spray drift mitigation language on the 

M1691 Herbicide Supplemental labels for the use dicamba DGA salt on ROUNDUP READY 2 

XTENDTM soybean and BOLLGARD II® XTENDFLEX cotton includes the following 

limitations:

Specifically, the spray drift mitigation language includes the following limitations:

• Specifying the use of a nozzle (Tee Jet® TTI11004) with ASABE S-572 ultra-coarse and 

extremely coarse droplet spectra and a maximum operating pressure of 63 psi. 

species action 

NO EFFECT

NO EFFECT or

MAY AFFECT 

(LAA/NLAA)

MAY AFFECT
6

• A maximum equipment ground speed of 15 miles per hour and ground boom height of 24 

inches above the target pest or crop canopy.

• Restricting all applications when wind speeds are < 3 mph or > 15 mph and restricting 

applications when wind is blowing towards sensitive areas at > 10 mph. Maintaining use 

of a 110 foot in-field buffer for a 0.5 lb a.i./A application (220 foot in-field buffer for a 1 

lb a.i./A application) when the wind is blowing towards any areas that are not fields in 

crop cultivation, paved areas, or areas covered by buildings and other structures. 

• Applications done in low relative humidity conditions are to use equipment set to 

produce larger droplet spectra to compensate for evaporation. 

• Applications are not be conducted during temperature inversions.

• In order to prevent effects to non-target susceptible plants, the label also includes the 

following language: “do not apply under circumstances where spray drift may occur to 

food, forage or other plantings that might be damaged or the crops thereof rendered unfit 

for sale, use or consumption. Avoid contact of herbicide with foliage, green stems, 

exposed non-woody roots of crops, and desirable plants, including beans, cotton, flowers, 

fruit trees, grapes, ornamentals, peas, potato, soybean, sunflower, tobacco, tomato, and 

other broadleaf plants because severe injury or destruction may result, including plants in 

a greenhouse. Applicators are required to ensure that they are aware of the proximity to 

sensitive areas, and to avoid potential adverse effects from the off-target movement of 

M1691 Herbicide. The Applicator must survey the application site for neighboring 

sensitive areas prior to application. The applicator also should consult sensitive crop 

registries for locating sensitive areas where available.”

• Finally, in order to prevent unintended damage from the drift of M1691 Herbicide, the 

label says not to apply this product when the wind is blowing towards adjacent 

commercially grown sensitive crops. 

The incorporation of the spray drift mitigation measures into the product labeling as outlined 

above would result in exposure to dicamba DGA from spray drift at a level where effects are 

expected only within the confines of the treated field and so the action area is limited to the 

dicamba DGA treated field. Further, the incorporation of the “susceptible plants” spray drift 

mitigation language on the label is to avoid damage to these plants (including adjacent crops). 

Because the risk assessment interprets the threshold for plant damage concern to be based on the 

most sensitive plant species tested and the screening level ecological risk assessment has 

demonstrated that these plant effects endpoints constitute the most conservative terrestrial 

organism levels of effect, it is concluded that the “susceptible plants” requirement requires a 

level of drift mitigation that would also prevent less sensitive organisms from being exposed at 

levels of concern. Terrestrial species that are not expected to occur on treated fields under the 

provisions of the proposed label are not expected to be directly exposed to dicamba DGA, nor 

are their critical biologically mediated resources expected to be exposed to levels of the herbicide 

above any effects thresholds of concern. Additionally, as indicated in the screening level 

ecological risk assessments for cotton and soybean, no aquatic receptor taxa are of concern for 

drift or runoff exposure (LOCs were not exceeded for aquatic taxa). Consequently, all but 14

of the 322 listed species originally identified as potentially at-risk are determined to be 
7

given a “no effect” (NE) without further refinement because they are not expected to occur 

in an action area encompassing the treated soybean and cotton fields (Appendix 2). The 

remaining 14 species are assessed using the refinements set forth in the 2004 Overview 

document referred to earlier in this assessment and considering the restictions contained in the 

proposed labeling, species specific biology, dicamba-specific foliar residue data and dicamba 

application timing information in this refined endangered species assessment.

Exposure through Runoff

The cotton screening-level risk assessment and the concurrently issued soybean addendum 

characterized risk following exposure to dicamba residues in runoff and found that the predicted 

concentrations from modeling were lower than the most sensitive taxa’s endpoint (soybean plant 

height). Combining the predictions of this modeling, the toxicological endpoints and that most 

of the off-site plant community would not experience foliar contact with dicamba DGA in runoff 

sheet flow, EFED concluded that all available lines of evidence supported a “no effects” 

determination for runoff exposure for off-field listed plants for the proposed labeled use of 

dicamba DGA. Additionally, rainfast mitigation on the label would also protect against the risk 

of exposure to listed species off the treated field. 

In addition to the spray drift and runoff mitigation measures contained in the proposed labeling, 

EFED analyzed species-specific biology, dicamba-specific foliar residue data and dicamba 

application timing information in this refined endangered species assessment. An accounting of 

the federally-listed threatened or endangered species within the 11 states proposed for this 

registration showed 322 listed species as potentially at risk (direct or indirect effects) as a result 

of the screening-level assessment (Appendix 1). The spray drift mitigation label language 

cannot preclude listed species being exposed to dicamba DGA salt or DCSA residues on treated 

fields, should a listed species utilize such areas as part of its range and corresponding habitat. Of 

the 322 listed species within the 11 states (AZ, CO, DE, FL, MD, NM, NJ, NY, PA, VA and 

WV) considered part of the proposed Federal decision, the following 14 species were reasonably 

expected to occur on soybean and cotton fields, which could potentially be treated with dicamba

and therefore could not be assumed to be “no effect” solely on the basis of occurrence outside 

the action area: 

Of these 14 species, a “no effect” determination was reached in the concurrent assessment 

actions for 16 states(DP 416416, 420160, 420159, 420352, 421434, 421723 covering AR, IL, IA, 

IN, KS, LA, MN, MS, MO, NE, ND, OH, OK, SD, TN, and WI) and 7 states (DP 422305 

covering AL, GA, KY, MI, NC, SC, and TX) for the following species and is applicable to these 

11 states as well:

• Eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi)

• Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)

• Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)

• Virginia big-eared bat (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii virginianus)
8

• Ocelot (Leopardus (Felis) pardalis)

• Whooping crane (Grus americana)

• Red wolf (Canis rufus)

• Gray wolf (Canis lupus)

This leaves the following species for which the remainder of this document uses species specific 

biological information and dicamba DGA use patterns in more depth to further refine the 

assessment and effects determinations:

 

• California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)

• Audubon’s crested caracara (Polyborus plancus audubonii)

• Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel (Sciurus niger cinereus)

• Jaguar (Panthera onca)

• Florida panther (Puma (=felis) concolor coryi)

• Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis)

Therefore, species specific biological information (e.g., body size, dietary requirements, and 

seasonality) and dicamba DGA use patterns were considered in more depth to further refine the 

assessment and effects determinations. 

This assessment also uses the refined exposure values determined in the cotton screening level 

assessment and the concurrently issued addendum to the soybean screening level risk assessment 

documents compared to the initial exposure estimates from the soybean screening level 

assessment. This ESA assessment also evaluates chronic exposures from DCSA separately from 

the chronic exposure to parent dicamba. Dicamba exposure values were determined from the 

upper bound of the modeled T-REX run for exposures following spray applications based on the 

Kenaga nomogram modified by Fletcher et al (1984), which is based on a large set of actual field 

residue data. Modeled dicamba exposure values were identical between the soybean addendum 

and the cotton screening level risk assessment (since the maximum application rates and 

minimum application intervals are the same). 

Similar modeling of DCSA residues, which are formed inside the tolerant-soybean and tolerantcotton plants through plant metabolism, is not feasible at this time due to a lack of sufficient data 

tracking DCSA residues in plant tissues over time to ascertain degradation rates. Therefore, in 

the soybean addendum and the cotton screening-level risk assessment, EFED used the maximum 

empirical measured DCSA residue concentrations in dicamba-tolerant soybean (61.1 mg/kg 

(ppm) DCSA in broadleaf plants and 0.440 ppm in soybean seeds) and cotton plant tissues (6.29 

ppm DCSA in cotton gin byproducts and 0.27 ppm in undelinted cotton seed) to evaluate chronic 

exposures to DCSA for animals foraging on soybean and cotton plants. Residues in arthropods 

(as a dietary item for birds and mammals consuming insects that have consumed soybean/cotton 

tissues with DCSA residues) were assumed to follow the Kenaga nomogram relationship 

between broadleaf plants and arthropods for spray applications (i.e. arthropod concentrations 

estimated to be approximately 70% of the concentrations in broadleaf plant tissues or 42.5 ppm 
9

DCSA in arthropods feeding on soybean plants and 4.4 ppm in arthropods feeding on cotton 

plants). The empirical residue data for cotton indicated that chronic exposures of birds and 

mammals to dicamba or DCSA in cotton tissues would not be above any levels of concern. 

Although the concurrently issued soybean addendum indicates that chronic risk to mammals and 

birds was only a concern from DCSA residues in plant/prey tissues and not from residues of 

parent dicamba, since the original soybean screening-level assessment (USEPA, 2011) indicated 

chronic risk to mammals, this assessment presents the estimated exposures and comparisons to 

threshold toxicity values for both dicamba and DCSA for mammals, but evaluates them 

separately since their chronic toxicity and exposure profiles differ greatly. For birds, following 

the conclusions of the screening level assessments and the soybean addendum, only acute risk 

from dicamba exposures and chronic risk from DCSA exposures is evaluated.

The following text discusses the lines of evidence and processes that were used to make 

effects determinations for listed species identified as potentially at-risk in the screening 

level assessment. 

Refined ecological risk assessment for the remaining species potentially exposed to dicamba 

residues

For the effects determinations for California condor, Audobon’s crested caracara, Delmarva 

Peninsula fox squirrel, jaguar, Florida panther and Sonoran pronghorn, a refined risk assessment 

approach was used to evaluate additional lines of evidence to determine whether the conservative 

generic assumptions in the screening risk assessment apply to a particular species of interest (e.g.

the California condor). In the case of the California condor, the refined risk assessment 

investigated the impacts of more condor-specific data related to: 

1. Bird size (as the condor is larger than the 1000g large bird category used in the 

initial screen) 

2.. Bird food consumption tailored to:

a. The true weight of the bird

b. Energy requirements of the condor

c. Improvement on the generic food intake model of the screen to assess energy 

content of the diet and the actual free living energy requirements of a bird the size 

of a California condor

3. Toxicity endpoints scaled from the weight of the tested surrogate species 

(bobwhite quail) to reflect the comparatively larger actual size of the condor.

Using the California condor as the example to show how EPA made its effects determinations, 

EPA determined that the California condor could be primarily feeding on carcasses of large 

mammals that may have been present in treated cotton and soybean fields. EPA therefore 

assumed that the predicted concentrations of dicamba DGA salt found in large (1000g) mammals 

that were exclusively feeding on short grass exposed to dicamba residues from the spray 

application would be a conservative prey analysis for the condor consistent with the preliminary 

risk concerns identified in the screening assessments. For chronic exposures to DCSA residues, 

EPA assumed the prey mammal was feeding exclusively on soybean forage containing the 
10

maximum measured DCSA concentrations. This analysis is conservative as it assumes 1) that 

100% of the condor’s food consumption comes from 1kg mammals that have fed exclusively on 

dicamba exposed short grass (the dietary item with the highest modeled residue levels) or DCSA 

residues in exposed dicamba-tolerant soybean plants (the only plants that would have significant 

DCSA residues) and 2) the level of dicamba DGA residues assumed to be on the consumed short 

grass is based on the upper bound Kenaga residues expected for short grass directly exposed to 

spray applications of dicamba DGA while the level of DCSA residues is assumed to be the 

maximum measured concentration (61.1 ppm). Additionally, using the residues in a 1 kg 

mammal carcass is also likely conservative, given that condor primarily feeds on larger prey 

species such as deer, elk, feral pigs, livestock, horses, and pinnipeds. EPA determined the field 

metabolic rate of the California condor through the use of a published peer reviewed allometric 

equation that relates bodyweight to energy requirements. Values were obtained from a published 

peer reviewed EPA document produced by the Office of Research and Development for Agencywide use in conducting ecological risk assessment (USEPA, 1993) and the work of Dunning, 

1984. The mass of dicamba DGA in the mammalian prey diet is determined from the T-REX 

run found in the addendum to the screening-level risk assessment (USEPA, 2016a), issued 

concurrently with this refined risk assessment The mass of prey consumed per day is then 

multiplied by mass of dicamba in the mammal’s diet to determine the mass of dicamba or DCSA 

in the condor’s daily diet in mg/day. Then the daily dose that the condor (considering its 

bodyweight) receives is determined by multiplying the mass of dicamba or DCSA in the exposed

mammalian prey (which had consumed exclusively exposed plants) divided by the bodyweight 

of the condor. Then EPA scaled the acute toxicity endpoint (based on the tested surrogate bird 

species, bobwhite quail’s default weight of 178 grams) to the bodyweight of the California 

condor to determine the acute oral toxicity for the condor. For exposures to DCSA residues, the 

chronic toxicity endpoint for the mallard (the most sensitive tested species) was modified by the 

relationship between the chronic dicamba and DCSA endpoints for rats (a 17x difference). The 

acute RQ for dicamba exposures is then calculated by dividing the daily dose of dicamba from 

consuming the exposed mammal carcasses by the acute oral toxicity endpoint while the chronic 

RQ is calculated by dividing the daily dose of DCSA by the chronic toxicity endpoint. In this 

case, the acute RQ was 0.01, which is below the endangered species level of concern of 0.1

while the chronic RQ was 0.02 which is below the listed and non-listed species chronic LO of 

1.0. At this point, EPA was able to conclude that dicamba DGA would not have an effect on the 

California condor. 

Birds

The screening-level assessments showed that birds could be at risk of mortality from acute 

exposures to dicamba DGA on treated fields, but chronic risk was not expected as no chronic 

RQs exceeded the Agency’s LOC (1.0) for chronic risk (USEPA 2011. D378444, p. 15). The 

concurrently issued soybean addendum did indicate that chronic exposures to DCSA residues in 

soybean could be a concern, while the screening level cotton assessment indicated that chronic 

exposures to DCSA residues in cotton would not exceed the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk. 

Therefore, for listed species that could reasonably be expected to occur on treated soybean and 

cotton fields, EPA conducted a refined assessment for acute (dicamba only) and chronic (DCSA 

only, and only for soybean) exposures. Of the remaining bird species identified as potentially at 

acute risk in the seven states, two are reasonably expected to occur on treated soybean and cotton 
11

fields. Therefore, species specific biological information and dicamba DGA use patterns were 

considered in more depth to further refine the assessment and effects determinations for those 

species. 

California condor

Dicamba Acute Effects Assessment

Initial screening level risk assessment results for birds showed concerns for acute effects. The 

species’ 5-Year review (USFWS, 2013) describes the condor as an obligate scavenger feeding 

primarily on large mammalian carcasses including deer, elk, feral pigs, livestock, horses, and 

pinnipeds, though smaller carrion may also be consumed. The assumptions in the initial screen 

were adjusted to account for the condor’s biology:

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate dicamba DGA residues in the prey species. 

Using the conservative assumptions that the prey species is represented by a 1000 g mammal that 

feeds exclusively on exposed short grass receiving the upper bound Kenaga residues from the 

spray application of dicamba, EFED calculated the residues in this prey as 40.17 mg dicamba 

DGA salt/kg-bw (T-REX modeling from concurrently issued dicamba soybean addendum).

The next step is to calculate the expected daily dose for a typical 10 kg (10000 g, Dunning 1984) 

condor, the adjusted LD50 value, and the acute dose-based RQ for the condor based on the 

following allometric equations: 

Food Intake (wet) = (0.301(10000)

0.75)/(1-0.69)/1000 = 0.97 kg wet/day

Dose-based EEC in condor eating large mammal= 40.17 mg/kg wet x 0.97/(10000/1000) 

= 3.90 mg/kg-bw/day

Adjusted LD50 = 188 mg/kg-bw (10000/178)

(1.15-1) = 344 mg/kw-bw

Acute Dose-Based RQ = 3.90/344 = 0.01

An RQ of 0.01 does not exceed the LOC of 0.1; consequently a “no effect” determination is 

concluded for the California condor.

DCSA Assessment for California condor consuming prey that had previously consumed soybean forage

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate DCSA residues in the prey species. Using 

the assumption that the prey species is represented by a 1000 g mammal and the conservative 

assumptions that the prey animal feeds exclusively on exposed soybean forage containing the 

maximum measured residues of 61.1 ppm, EFED calculated the residues based on the following 

allometric equations (USEPA, 1993): 

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (dry) = 0.621(1000)0.564 =30.56 g /day
12

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (wet) = 30.56/0.2 = 152.8 g/day

DCSA residue in prey eating soybean forage/hay 61.1 mg DCSA/kg-food (ww) x 0.1528 

kg food/kg-bw = 9.34 mg/kg-bw/day

The next step is to calculate the expected daily dose for a typical 10 kg (10000 g, Dunning 1984) 

condor, the adjusted LD50 value, and the acute dose-based RQ for the condor based on the 

following allometric equations: 

Food Intake (wet) = (0.301(10000)0.75)/(1-0.69)/1000 = 0.97 kg wet/day

Dose-based EEC in condor eating large mammal= 9.34 mg/kg wet x 0.97/(10000/1000) = 

0.91 mg/kg-bw/day

Avian Chronic Endpoint of 695 mg/kg-diet (from mallard duck study for parent dicamba) 

modified by ratio of parent dicamba to metabolite DCSA from chronic rat studies (17x) 

results in Avian chronic NOAEC of 40.88 mg/kg-diet.

Chronic Dose-Based RQ = 0.91/40.88 = 0.02

Audubon’s Crested Caracara

Dicamba Acute Effects Assessment

The five year review (USFWS 2009) of the caracara indicated that current habitat use includes 

(ranked highest to lowest proportion): improved pasture, dry prairie, freshwater marsh, mixed 

upland hardwoods, shrub swamp, shrub and brushland, grassland, pinelands, bare soil, urban, 

other agriculture, citrus, and scrub. It is therefore considered likely that individual birds may 

make use of cultivated soybean and cotton fields as potential foraging habitat.

Initial screening level risk assessment results for birds indicated concerns for acute effects. The 

assumptions in the initial screen were adjusted to account for the caracara’s biology:

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate dicamba DGA residues in the prey species. 

The caracara is an opportunistic predator of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates 

(USFWS 1999). In evaluating dicamba residues from the screening risk assessment, the residues

for a small bird consuming short grass exceed those of other dietary items (such as arthropods) 

and so conservatively serve as a dietary exposure pathway for this species-specific risk 

assessment, and EFED calculates the residues as 299.47 mg DGA/kg-bw (T-REX modeling from 

concurrently issued dicamba soybean addendum). This is a conservative approach as it assumes 

that the caracara if feeding exclusively on a prey species represented by a small (20g) bird 

feeding exclusively on exposed short grass receiving the upper bound Kenaga residues from the 

spray application of dicamba.
13

The next step is to calculate the expected daily dose for a typical 900g (Dunning 1984) bird, the 

adjusted LD50 value, and the acute dose-based RQ for the caracara based on the following 

allometric equations: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 1.146(900)0.749 = 187 kcal/day (USEPA 1993, body 

weight Dunning 1984).

Mass of prey consumed per day = 187 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.78 AE) = 141 g/day

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.78 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993, assumption of small mammal prey from Biological Information on 

Listed Species of Amphibians and Model Parameterization for Pesticide Effects 

Determinations, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide 

Programs July 15, 2013)

Mass of dicamba DGA in 20 g small bird diet item= 299.47 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run

Mass of dicamba in daily diet = 141 g/day X 299.47 mg dicamba/kg-ww small bird prey 

X 0.001 = 42.23 mg/day

Daily dose in cararcara = 42.23 dicamba/day/0.9 = 46.92 mg/kg-bw/day

Adjusted LD50 = 188 mg/kg-bw (900/178)(1.15-1) = 239.74 mg/kw-bw

Acute Dose-Based RQ = 46.92/239.74 = 0.20

An RQ of 0.20 exceeds the LOC of 0.1, suggesting that even at a more refined level of 

assessment for this species an effect is possible should the species be found in treated 

fields. Similar though lower RQs would follow for consumption of small mammals (screening 

assessment dicamba residue 250.70 mg/kg, but not for the more likely insect diet during preplant 

with screening assessment residues of 102.99 mg/kg).

The analysis suggests that if a caracara is feeding in a cotton or soybean field, then there is a 

potential for a lethal event. Establishing a potential for overlap between species range and the 

cropped areas proposed for treatment is an important consideration in how likely an exposure 

event might be for individual caracara. To evaluate overlap between cotton or soybean and a 

specific species range, a GIS co-occurrence analysis was conducted. The caracara’s range was 

compared to the aggregated National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported acres from 

the 2012 Census of Agriculture Full Report, and the 5 year aggregated USDA Cropland Data 

Layer (CDL) crop group layers. The most recent species range file provided by U.S Fish and 

Wildlife Service headquarters office, as of May 26, 2015, was used for these analyses. 

To calculate the NASS overlap, first all the reported crops from the 2012 Census of Agriculture 

Full Report were cross walked into the 11 EFED crop groups for each county. All counties 

within the species range were selected from the aggregated crop group table, each crop was 

summed to generate the total NASS acres, and then percent overlap was calculated. 
14

The CDL is the best available land cover data to spatially characterize agricultural crops 

nationally. As with any land cover data, there will be errors present. The accuracy of the CDL is 

well documented on a state by state basis. Essentially, major commodity crops have a more 

robust training and validation dataset than minor crops, and their accuracy values correspond 

accordingly. Several methods have been employed to minimize data errors within the CDL.

The CDL has over 100 cultivated classes hierarchically grouped into 11 general classes. 

Combining classes reduces errors of omission and commission between similar crop categories. 

The CDL is also annually produced. Five years of CDL from 2010-2014 were temporally 

aggregated. The concept is that anywhere a class occurs within those 5 years is represented as a 

temporally aggregated individual class. Temporal aggregation also accounts for crop rotations.

The CDL’s agricultural classes were further refined by comparing county level NASS 2012 

Census of Agriculture (CoA) acreage reports to county level CDL acreages. If a county’s CDL 

acreage for a given class was lower than the CoA, EPA expanded the CDL class’s extent within 

cultivated areas until the CDL acreage matched the CoA acreage. Using the temporally and 

thematically aggregated CDL as an input, EPA developed a script that compares each CDL crop 

group in each county to the corresponding CoA acreage report. If the CDL acreage was less than 

NASS, EPA expanded the raster in 1 pixel iterations until the CoA value was reached, or the area 

within the county’s cultivated mask was built out. Region growing was restricted using the most 

recent CDL Cultivated Layer as a mask, so as to avoid buffering into any non-agricultural land 

cover types. This method reduces land cover mapping errors by adjusting the extent of each 

category to the best available census values.

To calculate the overlap of the 5-year CDL-aggregated layers, the zonal statistics tool in ArcGIS 

was used to count the pixels for each layer within the species range. These counts were 

converted to an area measurement, and the percent overlap calculated. The intersection of the 

maps represents the geographical extent of overlap of caracara habitat with cotton and soybeans. 

None of the Audubon’s crested caracara’s range overlaps with soybean using either the NASS or 

CDL datasets. Using the NASS dataset, none of the caracara’s range overlaps with cotton

production while using the CDL dataset <0.00001% of the established range overlaps with cotton

(1 acre cotton coverage overlap within the caracara’s habitat in Palm Beach County). As the 

crop overlap analysis suggests no soybean cropland co-occurrence with caracara range, EPA 

concludes a No Effect (NE) determination for the soybean use.

On the basis of the extremely low identified proportion of the distribution of the species, the cooccurrence of the species with treated cotton is determined to not occur in the majority of the 

caracara range (<0.00001%), and to be highly unlikely to occur in the one county with any cotton 

acreage (Palm Beach County with 1 acre of cotton according to the CDL dataset).

Consequently, if the dicamba cotton label does not restrict Palm Beach County, EPA would 

conclude a May Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect (NLAA) determination for the 

Audubon’s Crested Caracara with Palm Beach County (concurrence pending) while a No 

Effect (NE) determination would be concluded for the other counties in the caracara’s 
15

range. If use in Palm Beach County was excluded on the cotton label, than EPA would also 

conclude a No Effect determination for the cotton use.

DCSA Assessment for Audubon caracara 

Given the acute analysis for parent dicamba DGA and the conclusion of a No effect or May 

Affect/Not Likely to Adversely Affect determination based on a lack of co-occurrence of the 

caracara with soybean and cotton production outside of Palm Beach County and extremely low 

co-occurrence in Palm Beach County, further analysis was deemed unnecessary for the DCSA 

degradate effects to the caracara.

Mammals

The screening-level assessments indicated that acute risk to mammals was not expected as no 

acute RQs exceeded the Agency’s LOC (0.1) for acute risk (USEPA 2011. D378444, p. 15). 

However, the soybean screening-level assessment (USEPA, 2011) indicated that mammals could 

be at reproductive risk from chronic exposures to dicamba DGA on treated fields, though the 

cotton screening level and concurrently issued soybean addendum (USEPA, 2016a and USEPA, 

2016b) indicated that chronic exposures to dicamba DGA would be below the chronic LOC 

(1.0). This difference is due to soybean screening level risk assessment’s use of a chronic 

endpoint from the rat 2-generation study (MRID 43137101), of 45 mg/kg-bw for the NOAEL, 

based on decreased pup weight at 136 mg/kg-bw compared to the concurrent controls. HED 

recently reanalyzed the data from this study (USEPA, 2016c; D431873) in comparison to the 

historical control database range and determined that the NOAEL and LOAEL should be raised 

to 136 and 450 mg/kg-bw, respectively, as pup weights in each generation in the 136 mg/kg-bw 

treatment group were within the historical control range and above the historical control mean 

for the F1, F2A and F2B generations. Therefore, the cotton screening level risk assessment, the 

concurrently issued soybean addendum and this refined endangered species risk assessment use 

this revised NOAEL for dicamba DGA salt. 

The concurrently issued soybean addendum did indicate that chronic exposures to dicamba’s 

metabolite, DCSA, residues in soybean could be a concern, while the screening level cotton 

assessment indicated that chronic exposures to DCSA residues in cotton would not exceed the 

Agency’s LOC for chronic risk. Therefore, EPA only conducted a refined assessment for 

chronic exposures to DCSA in soybeans for listed species that could reasonably be expected to 

occur on treated soybean fields. 

Of the mammalian species identified as potentially at risk in the eleven states, four are 

reasonably expected to occur on treated soybean fields. Species specific biological information 

and dicamba DGA use patterns were considered in more depth to further refine the assessment 

and effects determinations for the four species potentially expected to occur on treated soybean 

fields. 
16

Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel

Dicamba Chronic Effects Assessment

The recovery plan for the squirrel (USFWS 1993;

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930608.pdf)) discusses a number of food items for the 

organism, however much of the discussion centers on forest habitat and its resources. The 

document does mention the squirrel’s association with woodlands proximal to corn and soybean 

fields. Corn, soybean, and other grains provide reliable supplemental food according to Sheperd 

and Swihart (1995). However, it is unlikely, given the toxic gossypol content of cotton seed, that 

the plant provides similar resources as soybean for the squirrel. The following represents a 

refined risk assessment considering the body mass associated energy requirements of the squirrel 

and the use of soybeans as a food source.

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals identified concerns for chronic 

effects. Using the conservative assumption that 100% of the fox squirrel’s diet is made up of 

exposed soybean seed/grain having received the upper bound Kenaga residues from the spray 

application of dicamba, exposure assumptions from the screening assessment were adjusted to 

account for fox squirrel’s biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 2.514(800)

0.507= 74.51 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the fox squirrel from 

Recovery Plan (USFWS 1993; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930608.pdf))

Mass of soybean seed consumed per day = 74.51 kcal/day /(5 kcal/g ww X 0.85 AE)= 

17.5 g/day

(5 is energy content of seed item from USEPA (1993); 0.85 is assimilation efficiency for 

seeds consumed by rodents from USEPA 1993)

Mass of dicamba DGA in seed/grain diet 17.74 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run

(conservative estimate of exposure for the fox squirrel’s diet of tree mast, buds, flowers, 

insects, fruit, seeds etc. and available dietary items in agricultural fields).

Mass of dicamba DGA in daily diet = 17.5 g/day X 16.43 mg dicamba DGA/kg-ww seed 

X 0.001 = 0.29 mg/day

Daily dose in fox squirrel = 0.29 mg dicamba DGA/day/0.8 kg = 0.36 mg/kg-bw/day

Fox squirrel NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 136 mg/kg-bw (350/800)

(0.25) = 110.61 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 0.36/110.61 = 0.003

A chronic RQ of 0.003 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, it is reasonable 

to make a “no effect” determination for the Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel.
17

DCSA Analysis for Delmarva Fox Squirrel consuming DCSA residues present in soybean grain

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals identified concerns for chronic 

effects. Using the conservative assumption that 100% of the fox squirrel’s diet is made up of 

exposed soybean seed/grain having containing the maximum measured DCSA residues, 

exposure assumptions from the screening assessment were adjusted to account for fox squirrel’s 

biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 2.514(800)0.507= 74.51 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the fox squirrel from 

Recovery Plan (USFWS 1993; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930608.pdf))

Mass of soybean seed/grain consumed per day = 74.51 kcal/day /(5 kcal/g ww X 0.85

AE)= 17.5 g/day

(5 is energy content of seed item from USEPA (1993); 0.85 is assimilation efficiency for 

seeds consumed by rodents from USEPA 1993)

Mass of DCSA in seed/grain diet 0.44 mg/kg-ww (maximum empirical residues for the 

most likely available dietary items (soybean grain) in agricultural fields).

Mass of DCSA in daily diet = 17.5 g/day X 0.44 mg DCSA/kg-ww seed X 0.001 = 0.008

mg/day

Daily dose in fox squirrel = 0.008 mg DCSA /day/0.8 kg = 0.01 mg/kg-bw/day

Fox squirrel NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 8 mg/kg-bw (350/800)(0.25) = 6.51 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 0.01/6.51 = 0.001

An chronic RQ of 0.001 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, it is 

reasonable to make a “no effect” determination for the Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel.

Jaguar

Dicamba Chronic Effects Assessment

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals identified concerns for chronic 

effects. Jaguars are ambush hunters with large home ranges, capable of feeding on a wide 

variety of prey, though medium-sized (1-10 kg) and larger prey appear to be much more 

commonly used than smaller prey species (USFWS, 2012, Rosas-Rosas, 2006 and LópezGonzález and Miller, 2002). Using the conservative assumptions that the prey species is 

represented by a 1000 g mammal that feeds exclusively on exposed short grass receiving the 
18

upper bound Kenaga residues from the spray application of dicamba, exposure assumptions from 

the screening assessment were adjusted to account for the jaguar’s biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(45000)

0.862= 6326 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the jaguar from Recovery 

Plan, USFWS 2012; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/049777%20-

%20Jaguar%20Recovery%20Outline%20-%20April%202012_2.pdf)

Mass of prey consumed per day = 6326 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.84 AE)= 4430 g/day

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.84 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993, 1 kg mammal diet from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2012; 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/049777%20-

%20Jaguar%20Recovery%20Outline%20-%20April%202012_2.pdf)

Mass of dicamba DGA in 1 kg mammal diet 40.17 mg/kg-ww (conservative estimate for 

a 1 kg mammal feeding on short grass) from T-REX run

Mass of dicamba DGA in daily diet = 4430 g/day X 40.17 mg dicamba DGA/kg-ww 

mammal prey X 0.001 = 178 mg/day

Daily dose in jaguar = 178 mg dicamba DGA/day/45 kg = 3.95 mg/kg-bw/day

Jaguar NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 136 mg/kg-bw X (350/45000)

(0.25) = 40.39 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 3.95/40.39 = 0.10. 

A chronic RQ of 0.10 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, a “no effect” 

determination is made for the jaguar.

DCSA Assessment for Jaguar consuming prey that had previous consumed exposed soybean 

forage

Using the conservative assumptions that the prey species is represented by a 1000 g mammal that 

feeds exclusively on exposed soybean forage containing the maximum measured DCSA residues 

(61.1 mg/kg), exposure assumptions from the screening assessment were adjusted to account for 

the jaguar’s biology:

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate DCSA residues in the prey species. 

Using the assumption that the prey species is represented by a 1000 g mammal and the 

conservative assumptions that the prey animal feeds exclusively on exposed soybean 

forage containing the maximum measured residues of 61.1 ppm, EFED calculated the 

residues based on the following allometric equations (USEPA, 1993): 
19

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (dry) = 0.621(1000)0.564 =30.56 g /day

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (wet) = 30.56/0.2 = 152.8 g/day

DCSA residue in prey eating soybean forage/hay 61.1 mg DCSA/kg-food (ww) x 0.1528 

kg food/kg-bw = 9.34 mg/kg-bw/day

The next step is to determine the expected daily dose for a typical 45 kg jaguar, the 

adjusted NOAEL value and the chronic dose-based RQ for the jaguar based on the 

following allometric equations:

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(45000)0.862= 6326 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the jaguar from Recovery 

Plan, USFWS 2012; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/049777%20-

%20Jaguar%20Recovery%20Outline%20-%20April%202012_2.pdf)

Mass of prey consumed per day = 6326 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.84 AE)= 4430 g/day

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.84 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993, 1 kg mammal diet from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2012; 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/049777%20-

%20Jaguar%20Recovery%20Outline%20-%20April%202012_2.pdf)

Mass of DCSA in 1 kg mammal diet = 9.34 mg/kg-ww (conservative estimate for a 1 kg 

mammal feeding on soybean forage containing the maximum measured empirical 

residues of 61.1 mg/kg) 

Mass of DCSA in daily diet = 4430 g/day X 9.34 mg DCSAA/kg-ww mammal prey X 

0.001 = 41.38 mg/day

Daily dose in jaguar = 41.38 mg DCSA/day/45 kg = 0.92 mg/kg-bw/day

Jaguar NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 8 mg/kg-bw X (350/45000)(0.25) = 2.38 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 0.92/2.38 = 0.39

A chronic RQ of 0.39 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, a “no effect” 

determination is made for the jaguar.

Florida Panther

Dicamba Chronic Effects Assessment
20

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals identified concerns for chronic 

effects. The recovery plan (USFWS, 2008) describes the panther as a wide ranging animal 

primarily feeding on white-tailed deer and feral hogs with secondary prey including raccoon, 

armadillos, rabbits and alligators. Using the conservative assumptions that the prey species is 

represented by a 1000 g mammal that feeds exclusively on exposed short grass receiving the 

upper bound Kenaga residues from the spray application of dicamba, exposure assumptions from 

the screening assessment were adjusted to account for the panther’s biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(34000)0.862= 4968 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the typical panther female

from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2008)

Mass of prey consumed per day = 4968 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.84 AE)= 3479 g/day

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.84 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993, 1 kg mammal diet from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2008)

Mass of dicamba DGA in 1 kg mammal diet 40.17 (conservative estimate for a 1kg 

mammal feeding on short grass) mg/kg-ww from T-REX run

Mass of dicamba DGA in daily diet = 3479 g/day X 40.17 mg dicamba DGA/kg-ww 

mammal prey X 0.001 = 139.75 mg/day

Daily dose in panther = 139.75 mg dicamba DGA /day/34 kg = 4.11 mg/kg-bw/day

Panther NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 136 mg/kg-bw X (350/34000)(0.25) = 43.32 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 4.11/43.32 = 0.09

A chronic RQ of 0.09 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, a “no effect” 

determination is made for the panther.

DCSA Assessment for Florida panther consuming prey that had consumed exposed soybean 

forage

The first step in the refinement process is to calculate DCSA residues in the prey species. 

Using the assumption that the prey species is represented by a 1000 g mammal and the 

conservative assumptions that the prey animal feeds exclusively on exposed soybean 

forage containing the maximum measured residues of 61.1 ppm, EFED calculated the 

residues based on the following allometric equations (USEPA, 1993): 

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (dry) = 0.621(1000)0.564 =30.56 g /day
21

1000 g mammal prey ingestion rate (wet) = 30.56/0.2 = 152.8 g/day

DCSA residue in prey eating soybean forage/hay 61.1 mg DCSA/kg-food (ww) x 0.1528 

kg food/kg-bw = 9.34 mg/kg-bw/day

The next step is to determine the expected daily dose for a typical 34 kg panther, the 

adjusted NOAEL value and the chronic dose-based RQ for the panther based on the 

following allometric equations:

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 0.6167(34000)0.862= 4968 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the typical panther female

from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2008)

Mass of prey consumed per day = 4968 kcal/day/(1.7 kcal/g ww X 0.84 AE)= 3479 g/day

(1.7 is energy content of prey item from USEPA (1993); 0.84 is assimilation efficiency 

from USEPA 1993, 1 kg mammal diet from Recovery Plan, USFWS 2008)

Mass of DCSA in 1 kg mammal diet 9.34 (conservative estimate for a 1kg mammal 

feeding on soybean forage containing the maximum measured empirical resiudes of 61.1

mg/kg-ww)

Mass of DCSA in daily diet = 3479 g/day X 9.34 mg DCSA/kg-ww mammal prey X 

0.001 = 32.49 mg/day

Daily dose in panther = 32.49 mg DCSA /day/34 kg = 0.96 mg/kg-bw/day

Panther NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 8 mg/kg-bw X (350/34000)

(0.25) = 2.55 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 0.96/2.55 = 0.38

A chronic RQ of 0.38 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, a “no effect” 

determination is made for the panther.

Sonoran pronghorn 

Dicamba Chronic Effects Assessment

Initial screening level risk assessment results for mammals identified concerns for chronic 

effects. Pronghorn consume forbs such as buckwheat, ragweed, milkvetch and borage species as 

well as some woody species including ironwood and mesquite and succulent fruit such as chainfruit cholla (USFWS, 2015). Though many agricultural crops do not provide adequate forage for 

the pronghorn, some, such as alfalfa do (USFWS, 2015). Therefore, it is possible that pronghorn 
22

may forage on agricultural crops such as soybean. Given the toxic gossypol content of cotton 

plant parts, it is unlikely that this plant provides similar resources as soybean for the pronghorn. 

Using the conservative assumptions that the pronghorn is exclusively consuming exposed 

broadleaf plants (the most likely dietary item with the highest modeled dicamba residues) 

receiving the upper bound Kenaga residues from the spray application of dicamba, exposure 

assumptions from the screening assessment were adjusted to account for the pronghorn’s 

biology: 

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 1.419(47630)

0.727= 3571 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the pronghorn from 

Recovery Plan, USFWS 2003; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/031126.pdf)

Mass of broadleaf plants consumed per day = 3571 kcal/day/(0.63 kcal/g ww X 0.76

AE)= 7458 g/day (0.63 is energy content of broadleaf dietary item from USEPA (1993); 

0.76 is assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993, broadleaf plant diet from Recovery 

Plan, USFWS 2003; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/031126.pdf)

Mass of dicamba DGA in broadleaf plant diet 147.91 mg/kg-ww from T-REX run

Mass of dicamba DGA in daily diet = 7458 g/day X 147.91 mg dicamba DGA/kg-ww 

mammal prey X 0.001 = 1103 mg/day

Daily dose in pronghorn = 1103 mg dicamba DGA/day/47.63= 23.16 mg/kg-bw/day

Pronghorn NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 136 mg/kg-bw X (350/47630)

(0.25) = 39.82mg/kgbw

The RQ for chronic effects = 23.16/39.82 = 0.58. 

A chronic RQ of 0.58 does not exceed the chronic LOC of 1.0. Consequently, a “no effect” 

determination is made for the pronghorn.

DCSA Analysis for Pronghorn

Using the conservative assumptions that the pronghorn is exclusively consuming exposed 

soybean plants containing the maximum measured DCSA residues (61.1 mg/kg), exposure 

assumptions from the screening assessment were adjusted to account for the pronghorn’s 

biology:

Field metabolic rate kcal/day = 1.419(47630)0.727= 3571 kcal/day 

(USEPA 1993, body weight reflects screening assumption for the pronghorn from 

Recovery Plan, USFWS 2003; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/031126.pdf)
23

Mass of soybean forage consumed per day = 3571 kcal/day/(0.63 kcal/g ww X 0.76 AE)= 

7458 g/day (0.63 is energy content of broadleaf dietary item from USEPA (1993); 0.76 is 

assimilation efficiency from USEPA 1993, broadleaf plant diet from Recovery Plan, 

USFWS 2003; http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/031126.pdf)

Mass of DCSA in broadleaf plant diet 61.1 mg/kg-ww (maximum measured 

concentrations in soybean forage) 

Mass of DCSA in daily diet = 7458 g/day X 61.1 mg DCSA/kg-ww soybean forage X 

0.001 = 455.68 mg/day

Daily dose in pronghorn = 455.68 mg dicamba DGA/day/47.63= 9,57 mg/kg-bw/day

Pronghorn NOAEL mg/kg-bw/day = 8 mg/kg-bw X (350/47630)(0.25) = 2.34 mg/kg-bw

The RQ for chronic effects = 9.57/2.34 = 4.09

A chronic RQ of 4.09 exceeds the chronic LOC of 1.0, suggesting that an effect is possible 

should the species be found in treated soybean fields (There were no exceedances for mammals 

feeding on DCSA contaminated cotton tissues based on the Section 3 screening level risk 

assessment. However, similar calculations conducted for pronghorn feeding in cotton fields 

would result in an RQ of 0.42, based on the maximum measured DCSA residues in cotton. As 

this would be below the LOC, a “no effect” (NE) determination could be made for pronghorn 

feeding on cotton fields) 

This analysis suggests that if a pronghorn is feeding in a soybean field there is a potential for a 

lethal event. Establishing a potential for overlap between species range and the cropped areas 

proposed for treatment is an important consideration in how likely an exposure event might be 

for individual pronghorn.

To evaluate overlap between cotton and soybean and a specific species range a GIS cooccurrence analysis was conducted. Specific species range maps for the pronghorn are not 

currently available. However, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Species Profile Page2 identifies the 

pronghorn to be known or believed to occur in Yuma, Pinal, Maricopa, Pima, La Paz and Santa 

Cruz counties. The pronghorn recovery plan (USFWS, 1998) describes pronghorn habitat as 

broad alluvial valleys ranging in elevation from 122 meters in the west to 488 meters in the east. 

Using the county and elevation information, the species’ range was compared to the aggregated 

NASS reported acres from the 2012 Census of Agriculture Full Report, and the 5 year 

aggregated CDL crop group layers. 

 

https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=A009. Accessed 6/16/2015.3 Critical 

habitat designation status determined using U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation Online 

System (ECOS) species profiles.
24

To calculate the NASS overlap, first all the reported crops from the 2012 Census of Agriculture 

Full Report were cross walked into the 11 EFED crop groups for each county. All counties 

within the species range were selected from the aggregated crop group table, each crop was 

summed to generate the total NASS acres, and then percent overlap was calculated. 

The CDL is the best available land cover data to spatially characterize agricultural crops 

nationally. As with any land cover data, there will be errors present. The accuracy of the CDL is 

well documented on a state by state basis. Essentially, major commodity crops have a more 

robust training and validation dataset than minor crops, and their accuracy values correspond 

accordingly. Several methods have been employed to minimize data errors within the CDL.

The CDL has over 100 cultivated classes hierarchically grouped into 11 general classes. 

Combining classes reduces errors of omission and commission between similar crop categories. 

The CDL is also annually produced. Five years of CDL from 2010-2014 were temporally 

aggregated. The concept is that anywhere a class occurs within those 5 years is represented as a 

temporally aggregated individual class. Temporal aggregation also accounts for crop rotations.

The CDL’s agricultural classes were further refined by comparing county level NASS 2012 

Census of Agriculture (CoA) acreage reports to county level CDL acreages. If a county’s CDL 

acreage for a given class was lower than the CoA, EPA expanded the CDL class’s extent within 

cultivated areas until the CDL acreage matched the CoA acreage. Using the temporally and 

thematically aggregated CDL as an input, EPA developed a script that compares each CDL crop 

group in each county to the corresponding CoA acreage report. If the CDL acreage was less than 

NASS, EPA expanded the raster in 1 pixel iterations until the CoA value was reached, or the area 

within the county’s cultivated mask was built out. Region growing was restricted using the most 

recent CDL Cultivated Layer as a mask, so as to avoid buffering into any non-agricultural land 

cover types. This method reduces land cover mapping errors by adjusting the extent of each 

category to the best available census values.

To calculate the overlap of the 5 year CDL-aggregated layers, the zonal statistics tool in ArcGIS 

was used to count the pixels for each layer within the species range. These counts were 

converted to an area measurement, and the percent overlap calculated. This process was 

repeated to calculate the overlap of each crop group layer with the species range between 122 

and 488 m using the National Elevation Dataset. The National Elevation Dataset was 

downloaded on May 26, 2015 from: http://ned.usgs.gov/.

In Yuma, Pinal, Maricopa, Pima, La Paz and Santa Cruz counties between 122 and 488 meters, 

there was no identified soybean production according to either the NASS or CDL datasets. 

Cotton production was limited to 0.24% (CDL) to 0.74% (NASS) of the area in those counties at 

this elevation. Since the screeing level assessment identified that risks to mammals are not 

anticipated for dicamba use on dicamba-tolerant cotton (levels of concern were not exceeded for 

exposure to either dicamba or its degradate DCSA), a No Effect (NE) determination is 

concluded for pronghorn feeding on cotton fields. Since the crop overlap analysis suggests 
25

that there is no soybean cropland co-occurrence with pronghorn range, EPA also concludes a No 

Effect (NE) determination for pronghorn from soybean uses

Critical Habitat Determinations

In addition to the species-specific effects determinations, EFED also conducted a critical habitat 

modification analysis consistent with the Overview Document as discussed earlier in this refined 

assessment. The critical habitat modification analysis is based on an assessment of how dicamba 

DGA salt would affect the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or National Marine Fisheries Service 

(the Services) established principle constituent elements (PCE’s) of the designated habitat as 

well as how direct species effects outcomes would impact critical habitat’s present and future 

utility for promoting the conservation of a particular listed species. The Agency will conclude 

“modification” of designated critical habitat if the range of designated critical habitat co-occurs 

with the states subject to the Federal action and one or more of the following conditions exist:

1. The available Services’ information indicates that cotton or soybean fields are habitat for 

the species and there is a “may affect” determination for the species associated with exposure to

dicamba DGA salt or its degradate, DCSA, as labeled.

2. The available Services’ information indicates that the species uses cotton or soybean 

fields and one or more effects on taxonomic groups predicted for dicamba DGA salt or its 

degradate DCSA, on cotton and soybean fields would modify one or more of the designated 

PCEs.

If neither of the above conditions are met, EPA concludes “no modification.”

Results of Analysis

Of the 322 listed species within the states, there are 308 species identified in the effects 

determinations as not using cotton or soybean fields and 14 species using these fields (Appendix 

3). Critical habitats have been designated for 122 of the 322 species. One-hundred sixteen (116)

species with critical habitat were judged to not use cotton or soybean fields and so the critical 

habitat determination for these species was “no modification.” 

The remaining 6 species with critical habitat designations were assumed to use cotton or soybean 

fields and so the previous listed species effects determinations were consulted to ascertain if any 

were determined to be at risk for direct adverse effects. None of the species were determined to 

be at risk for direct adverse effects, so the PCE’s listed in the Services’ critical habitat 

designations were consulted to determine if, in light of the screening assessment risk findings, 

they would be impacted by on-field exposure to dicamba DGA salt. For all but one of these 

species, the PCE’s are not relatable to agricultural fields and so a determination of no 

modification has been made for these 5 species. 
26

The only remaining species using cotton or soybean fields and with critical habitat PCE’s 

relatable to agricultural fields was the whooping crane, for which agricultural fields were 

discussed as providing waste grain as a potential food source for migratory cranes. The only 

way the proposed dicamba DGA salt could affect this PCE is by making grain potentially toxic 

to the birds. As there is unlikely to be any edible waste grain remaining following cotton 

harvesting, it is unlikely that the proposed dicamba DGA salt use on cotton could affect this

PCE, however the proposed use on soybean could affect this PCE by making waste soybean 

grain potentially toxic.

The Health Effects Division summarized available soybean grain residues of dicamba in the 

Human Health Risk Assessment for the Registration Eligibility Decision for Dicamba and 

Associated Salts (DP317703). Based on the soybean trials results, maximum residues of dicamba 

were 0.04 ppm in hay, 0.097 ppm in forage, and 8.13 ppm in seed 6-8 days post treatment 

(MRIDs 43814101 and 44089307). These measured values were used to set the tolerance value 

of 10 ppm for soybean seeds. The measured residues are not reasonably expected to be at a level 

raising a concern for direct effects to the whooping crane because the direct effects assessment 

for this species (presented in the Section 3 Risk Assessment Refined Endangered Species 

Assessment that assessed risks to endangered species in 16 states (Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, 

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, 

Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin {DP 416416, 420160, 420159, 420352, 

421434, 421723})) did not establish a concern for residues in other dietary items at much higher

(~ 1 order of magnitude) concentrations than would occur at the maximum measured residues in 

seed or if residues were present even at the tolerance level of 10.0 ppm. Because this analysis 

shows no direct effects of dicamba at levels that would be expected in the fields as waste grain, 

an indirect effect, there is no modification of critical habitat. Similarly, measured DCSA residues 

in waste soybean grain (0.44 ppm) would be well below the estimated DCSA concentrations in 

arthropods (42.5 ppm) used in the direct effects assessment for this species (D416516+, pp. 9-

10). Therefore, whooping crane critical habitat within the 11 states in this refined assessment 

would not be modified.

Summary of Determinations for Critical Habitat

The Agency has determined that the proposed labeled use of dicamba DGA salt on cotton and 

soybeans will not modify designated critical habitat for all 122 species for which such habitats 

have been designated in AZ, CO, DE, FL, MD, NM, NJ, NY, PA, VA and WV.

A summary of listed species identified as not being on agricultural fields with and without 

critical habitat designations for the seven states assessed for dicamba DGA salt is provided in 

Appendix 3.

References:

Dunning, JB. 1984. Bodyweights of 686 species of North American birds. Western Bird 

Banding Association Monograph 1.
27

López-González, C.A. and B.J. Miller. 2002. Do jaguars (Panthera onca) depend on large prey? 

Western North American Naturalist 62(2): 218—222. 

Rosas-Rosas. O.C. 2006. Ecological status and conservation of jaguars (Panthera onca) in 

northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Ph.D. Dissertation, Mew Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 

New Mexico. 

Sheperd, B.F. and R.K. Swihart. 1995. Spatial dynamics of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in 

fragmented landscapes. Can. J. Zool. 73: 2098—2105. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors 

Handbook EPA/600/R-93/187a, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

USEPA, 2013. Biological Information on Listed Species of Amphibians and Model 

Parameterization for Pesticide Effects Determinations, United States Environmental Protection 

Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC. July 15, 2013.

USEPA, 2016a. Dicamba DGA: Second Addendum to the Environmental Fate and Ecological 

Risk Assessment for Dicamba DGA salt and its Degradate, 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA) 

for the Section 3 New Use on Dicamba-Tolerant Soybean. D426789. Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution 

Prevention. Washington, DC. March 24, 2016

USEPA, 2016b. Ecological Risk Assessment for Dicamba DGA Salt and its Degradate, 3,6-

dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA), for the Proposed New Use on Dicamba-Tolerant Cotton (MON 

87701). DP Barcodes: 404823. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide 

Programs, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Washington, DC. March 24, 

2016.

USEPA, 2016c. 3,6-Diclorosalicyclic acid (DCSA): Benchmark Dose Analysis of a 

Reproduction Study. Health Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington D.C. 

March, 2, 2016. D431873.

USEPA, 2016d. Addendum to Dicamba Diglycolamine Salt (DGA) Section 3 Risk Assessment: 

Refined Endangered Species Assessmen t for Proposed New Uses on Herbicide-Tolerant 

Soybean and Cotton. DP Barcodes: 416416, 420160, 420159, 420352, 421434, 421723. 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Chemical 

Safety and Pollution Prevention. Washington, DC. March 24, 2016

USEPA, 2016e. Addendum to Dicamba Diglycolamine (DGA) Salt and its Degradate, 3,6-

dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA) Section 3 Risk Assessment: Refined Endangered Species 

Assessment for Proposed New Uses on Herbicide-Tolerant Cotton and Soybean in 7 U.S. States 
28

(Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas). D422305. 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Chemical 

Safety and Pollution Prevention. Washington, DC. March 24, 2016

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Delmarva Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger 

cinereus) Recovery Plan. Second Revision. 102 pp. URL: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930608.pdf

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1995. Lesser Long-nosed Bat Recovery Plan. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 45 pp.

USFWS, 1998. Final Revised Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Plan. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 70 

pp. URL: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/981203.pdf

USFWS. 1999. South Florida multi-species recovery plan. Atlanta, Georgia. 2172 pp. URL:

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/140903.pdf

USFWS. 2003. Supplement and Amendment to the 1998 Final Revised Sonoran Pronghorn 

Recovery Plan (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis). U.S. DOI Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Albuquerque, New Mexico. I-iv+60pp., A1-3, B1-30, C1-8. URL: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/031126.pdf

USFWS. 2008. Florida Panther Recovery Plan (Puma concolor coryi), Third Revision. U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, Georgia. 217 pp. URL: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/081218.pdf

USFWS. 2009. Florida Population of the Audubon’s Crested Caracara (Polyborus plancus 

audubonii)=Northern Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway) 5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. URL: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc2507.pdf

USFWS. 2012. Recovery Outline for the Jaguar (Panthera onca). U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Region 2. April, 2012. 59 pp. URL: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/049777%20-%20Jaguar%20Recovery%20Outline%20-

%20April%202012_2.pdf

USFWS. 2013. California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) 5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. Pacific Southwest Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. June, 2013.
29

Appendix 1

Threatened and Endangered Species in Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, 

New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia

Common Name Scientific Name Taxon

Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Mammal

Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Mammal

Gray wolf Canis lupus Mammal

Finback whale Balaenoptera physalus Mammal

Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal

North Atlantic Right Whale Eubalaena glacialis Mammal

Gray bat Myotis grisescens Mammal

Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis Mammal

Virginia big-eared bat Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii virginianus Mammal

Ocelot Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis Mammal

Carolina northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal

Mexican long-nosed bat Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal

Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis Bird

Mexican spotted owl Strix occidentalis lucida Bird

Piping Plover Charadrius melodus except Great Lakes watershed Bird

Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Great Lakes watershed Bird

Least tern Sterna antillarum Bird

Roseate tern Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird

Southwestern willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii extimus Bird

Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Bird

Whooping crane Grus americana Bird

Hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile

Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea Reptile

Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta Reptile

Kemp's ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii Reptile

Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas Reptile

Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Fish

Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis Fish

Spotfin Chub Erimonax monachus Fish

Slender chub Erimystax cahni Fish

Yellowfin madtom Noturus flavipinnis Fish

Blackside dace Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish

Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi Fish

Smalleye Shiner Notropis buccula Fish

Duskytail darter Etheostoma percnurum Fish

Cumberland bean (pearlymussel) Villosa trabalis Bivalve

Choctaw bean Villosa choctawensis Bivalve
30

Purple bean Villosa perpurpurea Bivalve

Appalachian monkeyface 

(pearlymussel)

Quadrula sparsa Bivalve

Chipola slabshell Elliptio chipolaensis Bivalve

Cumberland monkeyface 

(pearlymussel)

Quadrula intermedia Bivalve

Fat three-ridge (mussel) Amblema neislerii Bivalve

Fuzzy pigtoe Pleurobema strodeanum Bivalve

Pink mucket (pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta Bivalve

Dromedary pearlymussel Dromus dromas Bivalve

Round Ebonyshell Fusconaia rotulata Bivalve

Littlewing pearlymussel Pegias fabula Bivalve

Finerayed pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus Bivalve

Gulf moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus Bivalve

Narrow pigtoe Fusconaia escambia Bivalve

Ochlockonee moccasinshell Medionidus simpsonianus Bivalve

Oval pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme Bivalve

Rough pigtoe Pleurobema plenum Bivalve

Shinyrayed pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata Bivalve

Shiny pigtoe Fusconaia cor Bivalve

Southern kidneyshell Ptychobranchus jonesi Bivalve

Southern sandshell Hamiota (=Lampsilis) australis Bivalve

Spectaclecase (mussel) Cumberlandia monodonta Bivalve

Tan riffleshell Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri) Bivalve

Tapered pigtoe Fusconaia burkei Bivalve

Rayed Bean Villosa fabalis Bivalve

Clubshell Pleurobema clava Bivalve

Cumberlandian combshell Epioblasma brevidens Bivalve

Oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis Bivalve

Cracking pearlymussel Hemistena lata Bivalve

Slabside Pearlymussel Pleuronaia dolabelloides Bivalve

James spinymussel Pleurobema collina Bivalve

Dwarf wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria Bivalve

Northern riffleshell Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Bivalve

Purple bankclimber (mussel) Elliptoideus sloatianus Bivalve

Snuffbox mussel Epioblasma triquetra Bivalve

Rabbitsfoot Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica Bivalve

Fluted kidneyshell Ptychobranchus subtentum Bivalve

Sheepnose Mussel Plethobasus cyphyus Bivalve

Pecos assiminea snail Assiminea pecos Gastropod

Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis Insect

Mitchell's satyr Butterfly Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii Insect
31

Spruce-fir moss spider Microhexura montivaga Arachnid

Colorado Butterfly plant Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis Dicot

Pecos (=puzzle, =paradox) 

sunflower

Helianthus paradoxus Dicot

Northern wild monkshood Aconitum noveboracense Dicot

Small-anthered bittercress Cardamine micranthera Dicot

Sneed pincushion cactus Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii Dicot

Small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides Monocot

Sensitive joint-vetch Aeschynomene virginica Dicot

Smooth coneflower Echinacea laevigata Dicot

Swamp pink Helonias bullata Monocot

Canby's dropwort Oxypolis canbyi Dicot

Eastern prairie fringed orchid Platanthera leucophaea Monocot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Dicot

Michaux's sumac Rhus michauxii Dicot

American chaffseed Schwalbea americana Dicot

Houghton's goldenrod Solidago houghtonii Dicot

Seabeach amaranth Amaranthus pumilus Dicot

Virginia sneezeweed Helenium virginicum Dicot

Virginia spiraea Spiraea virginiana Dicot

Running buffalo clover Trifolium stoloniferum Dicot

Ute ladies'-tresses Spiranthes diluvialis Monocot

Leedy's roseroot Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. leedyi Dicot

American hart's-tongue fern Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum Ferns

Rock gnome lichen Gymnoderma lineare Lichen

Sonoran pronghorn Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Mammal

Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal

Florida panther Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi Mammal

Jaguar Panthera onca Mammal

Mount Graham red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis Mammal

New Mexico meadow jumping 

mouse

Zapus hudsonius luteus Mammal

Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae Mammal

Preble's meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius preblei Mammal

Hualapai Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Mammal

Red wolf Canis rufus Mammal

California condor Gymnogyps californianus Bird

Florida grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum floridanus Bird

Yuma clapper rail Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird

Masked bobwhite (quail) Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bird

California least tern Sterna antillarum browni Bird

American crocodile Crocodylus acutus Reptile

Atlantic salt marsh snake Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile
32

New Mexican ridge-nosed 

rattlesnake

Crotalus willardi obscurus Reptile

Bluetail mole skink Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile

Bog (=Muhlenberg) turtle Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile

Desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii Reptile

Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile

Narrow-headed gartersnake Thamnophis rufipunctatus Reptile

Northern Mexican gartersnake Thamnophis eques megalops Reptile

Cheat Mountain salamander Plethodon nettingi Amphibian

Frosted Flatwoods salamander Ambystoma cingulatum Amphibian

Jemez Mountains Salamander Plethodon neomexicanus Amphibian

Reticulated flatwoods 

salamander Ambystoma bishopi Amphibian

Shenandoah salamander Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian

Sonora tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian

Chiricahua leopard frog Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian

Humpback chub Gila cypha Fish

Maryland darter Etheostoma sellare Fish

Colorado pikeminnow 

(=squawfish)

Ptychocheilus lucius Fish

Gila topminnow (incl. Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish

Apache trout Oncorhynchus apache Fish

Gila trout Oncorhynchus gilae Fish

Greenback Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish

Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus Fish

Diamond Darter Crystallaria cincotta Fish

Roanoke logperch Percina rex Fish

Bonytail chub Gila elegans Fish

Chihuahua chub Gila nigrescens Fish

Sonora chub Gila ditaenia Fish

Virgin River Chub Gila seminuda (=robusta) Fish

Yaqui catfish Ictalurus pricei Fish

Gila chub Gila intermedia Fish

Yaqui chub Gila purpurea Fish

Loach minnow Tiaroga cobitis Fish

Desert pupfish Cyprinodon macularius Fish

Beautiful shiner Cyprinella formosa Fish

Okaloosa darter Etheostoma okaloosae Fish

Pecos bluntnose shiner Notropis simus pecosensis Fish

Little Colorado spinedace Lepidomeda vittata Fish

Razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus Fish

Spikedace Meda fulgida Fish

Zuni Bluehead Sucker Catostomus discobolus yarrowi Fish

Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus Fish
33

Smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata Fish

Atlantic Sturgeon (gulf 

subspecies)

Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish

Green blossom (pearlymussel) Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum Bivalve

Tubercled blossom 

(pearlymussel)

Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Bivalve

Birdwing pearlymussel Lemiox rimosus Bivalve

Rough rabbitsfoot Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Bivalve

Chittenango ovate amber snail Succinea chittenangoensis Gastropod

Flat-spired three-toothed Snail Triodopsis platysayoides Gastropod

Virginia fringed mountain snail Polygyriscus virginianus Gastropod

Kanab ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Gastropod

Alamosa springsnail Tryonia alamosae Gastropod

Chupadera springsnail Pyrgulopsis chupaderae Gastropod

Roswell springsnail Pyrgulopsis roswellensis Gastropod

Koster's springsnail Juturnia kosteri Gastropod

Three Forks Springsnail Pyrgulopsis trivialis Gastropod

San Bernardino springsnail Pyrgulopsis bernardina Gastropod

Socorro springsnail Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Gastropod

Pawnee montane skipper Hesperia leonardus montana Insect

Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly Boloria acrocnema Insect

Northeastern beach tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Insect

Puritan tiger beetle Cicindela puritana Insect

Hay's Spring amphipod Stygobromus hayi Crustacean

Madison Cave isopod Antrolana lira Crustacean

Socorro isopod Thermosphaeroma thermophilus Crustacean

Noel's Amphipod Gammarus desperatus Crustacean

Lee County cave isopod Lirceus usdagalun Crustacean

Squirrel Chimney Cave shrimp Palaemonetes cumingii Crustacean

Acuna Cactus Echinomastus erectocentrus var. acunensis Dicot

Fickeisen Plains cactus Pediocactus peeblesianus fickeiseniae Dicot

DeBeque phacelia Phacelia submutica Dicot

Sacramento prickly poppy Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta Dicot

Sentry milk-vetch Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax Dicot

Mancos milk-vetch Astragalus humillimus Dicot

Osterhout milkvetch Astragalus osterhoutii Dicot

Virginia round-leaf birch Betula uber Dicot

Navajo sedge Carex specuicola Monocot

Lee pincushion cactus Coryphantha sneedii var. leei Dicot

Lewton's polygala Polygala lewtonii Dicot

Jones Cycladenia Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii Dicot

Nichol's Turk's head cactus Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii Dicot

Kuenzler hedgehog cactus Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri Dicot
34

Arizona hedgehog cactus Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus Dicot

Zuni fleabane Erigeron rhizomatus Dicot

Gypsum wild-buckwheat Eriogonum gypsophilum Dicot

Penland alpine fen mustard Eutrema penlandii Dicot

Brady pincushion cactus Pediocactus bradyi Dicot

Knowlton's cactus Pediocactus knowltonii Dicot

Peebles Navajo cactus Pediocactus peeblesianus var. peeblesianus Dicot

Siler pincushion cactus Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri Dicot

North Park phacelia Phacelia formosula Dicot

Arizona Cliff-rose Purshia (=Cowania) subintegra Dicot

Northeastern bulrush Scirpus ancistrochaetus Monocot

Colorado hookless Cactus Sclerocactus glaucus Dicot

Mesa Verde cactus Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Dicot

San Francisco Peaks ragwort Packera franciscana Dicot

Todsen's pennyroyal Hedeoma todsenii Dicot

Sandplain gerardia Agalinis acuta Dicot

Kearney's blue-star Amsonia kearneyana Dicot

Welsh's milkweed Asclepias welshii Dicot

Sacramento Mountains thistle Cirsium vinaceum Dicot

Cochise pincushion cactus Coryphantha robbinsorum Dicot

Pima pineapple cactus Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina Dicot

clay-loving wild buckwheat Eriogonum pelinophilum Dicot

Peter's Mountain mallow Iliamna corei Dicot

Holmgren milk-vetch Astragalus holmgreniorum Dicot

Huachuca water-umbel Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva Dicot

Pagosa skyrocket Ipomopsis polyantha Dicot

Dudley Bluffs twinpod Physaria obcordata Dicot

Shale barren rock cress Arabis serotina Dicot

Penland beardtongue Penstemon penlandii Dicot

Holy Ghost ipomopsis Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus Dicot

Dudley Bluffs bladderpod Lesquerella congesta Dicot

Parachute beardtongue Penstemon debilis Dicot

Canelo Hills ladies'-tresses Spiranthes delitescens Monocot

Gierisch mallow Sphaeralcea gierischii Dicot

Aboriginal Prickly-apple Harrisia aboriginum Dicot

Apalachicola rosemary Conradina glabra Dicot

Avon Park harebells Crotalaria avonensis Dicot

Beach jacquemontii Jacquemontia reclinata Dicot

Beautiful pawpaw Deeringothamnus pulchellus Dicot

Brooksville bellflower Campanula robinsiae Dicot

Cape Sable Thoroughwort Chromolaena frustrata Dicot

Carter's mustard Warea carteri Dicot

Carter's small-flowered flax Linum carteri carteri Dicot
35

Chapman rhododendron Rhododendron chapmanii Dicot

Cooley's meadowrue Thalictrum cooleyi Dicot

Cooley's water-willow Justicia cooleyi Dicot

Crenulate lead-plant Amorpha crenulata Dicot

Deltoid spurge Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea Dicot

Etonia rosemary Conradina etonia Dicot

Florida bonamia Bonamia grandiflora Dicot

Florida brickell-bush Brickellia mosieri Dicot

Florida golden aster Chrysopsis floridana Dicot

Florida semaphore cactus Consolea corallicola Dicot

Florida skullcap Scutellaria floridana Dicot

Florida ziziphus Ziziphus celata Dicot

Four-petal pawpaw Asimina tetramera Dicot

Fragrant prickly-apple Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans Dicot

Fringed campion Silene polypetala Dicot

Garber's spurge Chamaesyce garberi Dicot

Garrett's mint Dicerandra christmanii Dicot

Gentian pinkroot Spigelia gentianoides Dicot

Godfrey's butterwort Pinguicula ionantha Dicot

Highlands scrub hypericum Hypericum cumulicola Dicot

Key tree cactus Pilosocereus robinii Dicot

Lakela's mint Dicerandra immaculata Dicot

Longspurred mint Dicerandra cornutissima Dicot

Miccosukee gooseberry Ribes echinellum Dicot

Okeechobee gourd Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis Dicot

Papery whitlow-wort Paronychia chartacea Dicot

Pigeon wings Clitoria fragrans Dicot

Pygmy fringe-tree Chionanthus pygmaeus Dicot

Roan Mountain Bluet Hedyotis purpurea var. montana Dicot

Rugel's pawpaw Deeringothamnus rugelii Dicot

Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla Dicot

Scrub blazingstar Liatris ohlingerae Dicot

Scrub buckwheat Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium Dicot

Scrub lupine Lupinus aridorum Dicot

Scrub mint Dicerandra frutescens Dicot

Scrub plum Prunus geniculata Dicot

Short-leaved rosemary Conradina brevifolia Dicot

Small's milkpea Galactia smallii Dicot

Snakeroot Eryngium cuneifolium Dicot

Telephus spurge Euphorbia telephioides Dicot

Tiny polygala Polygala smallii Dicot

White birds-in-a-nest Macbridea alba Dicot

Wide-leaf warea Warea amplexifolia Dicot
36

Wireweed Polygonella basiramia Dicot

Bartram's Hairstreak Butterfly Strymon acis bartrami Insect

Florida Leafwing Butterfly Anaea troglodyta floridalis Insect

Miami Blue Butterfly Cyclargus (=Hemiargus) thomasi bethunebakeri Insect

Schaus swallowtail butterfly Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Insect

Florida perforate cladonia Cladonia perforata Lichen

Anastasia Island beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus phasma Mammal

Choctawhatchee beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Mammal

Florida Bonneted bat Eumops floridanus Mammal

Florida salt marsh vole Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Mammal

Key deer Odocoileus virginianus clavium Mammal

Key Largo cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Mammal

Key Largo woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli Mammal

Lower Keys marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Mammal

Perdido Key beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Mammal

Rice rat Oryzomys palustris natator Mammal

Southeastern beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris Mammal

St. Andrew beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis Mammal

West Indian Manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris Mammal

Audubon crested caracara Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird

Cape Sable seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis Bird

Everglade snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Bird

Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird

Kirtland’s Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii Bird

Wood stork Mycteria americana Bird

Bachman's warbler (=wood) Vermivora bachmanii Bird

Sand skink Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile

Stock Island tree snail Orthalicus reses (not incl. nesodryas) Gastropod

Britton's beargrass Nolina brittoniana Monocot

Harper's beauty Harperocallis flava Monocot

Johnson's seagrass Halophila johnsonii Monocot

Knieskern's Beaked-rush Rhynchospora knieskernii Monocot

Florida torreya Torreya taxifolia Conf/cycds

Elkhorn coral Acropora palmate Coral

Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis Coral
37

Appendix 2

Listed Species Rationale for NO Effects When Action Area is Limited to Treated 

Agricultural Filed by Assumed Mitigation for Spray Drift

The spray drift (in-field buffer) and rainfast mitigations discussed in the cotton section 3 ecological risk 

assessment (D404823), the concurrently issued soybean addendum (D426789) and at the beginning of 

this assessment are anticipated to restrict dicamba and DCSA residues above any threshold toxicity values 

to the agricultural field. Therefore, the following table describes the habitat and rationale for all listed 

species that were determined to not use cotton and soybean fields or resources that may overlap with 

dicamba DGA uses.

Species Habitat Rationale Source

Terrestrial Animals

Anastasia Island 

beach mouse

(Peromyscus 

polionotus phasma)

Primarily located on coastal 

sand dunes, coastal scrub, 

sandy areas, and inland wood 

vegetation. The species 

occupy both frontal (primary 

and secondary) and scrub 

dunes. Habitat size is 3-14 

linear miles of beach. Young 

beach mice move an average 

of 432 m (1,415 ft) before 

establishing a home range. 

Elevated coastal scrub 

provides refugia from storms.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub, beach, dune 

or woody habitat.

US FWS. 1993. Recovery 

Plan for the Anastasia Island 

and Southeastern Beach 

Mouse. Atlanta Georgia. 30 

pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930923b.pdf.

US FWS. 2007. Anastasia 

Island beach mouse

(Peromyscus polionotus 

phasma), 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. 

Jacksonville, Florida. 25 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1086.pdf.

Bachman's warbler 

(Vermivora 

bachmanii)

Breeds in palustrine forested 

wetlands; seen near longleaf 

pine forest near brackish 

marsh. (USFWS 2007)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetlands. 

USFWS 2007. Five Year 

Review: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1037.pdf

Bartram’s 

Hairstreak Butterfly, 

(Strymon acis 

bartrami)

Mostly occur within pine 

rocklands, specifically those 

that retain their mutual and 

sole host plant, pineland 

croton. Adult butterflies will 

also make use of rockland 

hammock and hydric pine 

flatwood vegetation when 

interspersed within the pine 

rockland habitat.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland 

habitat.

US FWS. 2014. Endangered 

Status for the Florida 

Leafwing and Bartam’s ScrubHairstreak Butterflies. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2014-08-12/pdf/2014-

18614.pdf

Black-footed 

ferret (Mustela 

nigripes)

The black-footed ferret 

relies on prairie dog 

colonies for both food and 

shelter.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with prairie 

dog colonies. 

USFWS. 2008. 5-Year 

Review.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc2364.pdf
38

Butterfly, Karner 

blue (Lycaeides 

melissa samuelis)

Habitat is successional 

areas with wild lupines, 

such as open areas in and 

near forest stands, along 

with old fields, highway 

and powerline rights-ofway, and remnant barrens 

and savannas, having a 

broken or scattered tree or 

tall shrub canopy (US 

FWS, 2003. pp.28-30)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

successional areas 

with lupines or other 

wildflowers.

USFWS. 2003. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030919.pdf

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's satyr

(Neonympha 

mitchellii 

mitchellii)

Mitchell’s satyr habitat is 

best characterized as a 

sedge-dominated fen 

community; Known 

habitats are all peatlands 

but range along a 

continuum from 

prairie/bog fen to sedge 

meadow/swamp. 

However, certain attributes 

at each site remain fairly 

constant. All historical and 

active habitats have a 

herbaceous community 

which is dominated by 

sedges, usually Carex 

stricta, with scattered 

deciduous and/or 

coniferous trees, most 

often L. laricina or 

Juniperus virginiana (red 

cedar) (US FWS 1998, pp. 

11-12). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with wetlands 

or areas with sedge 

communities. 

USFWS 1998. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/980402.pdf

Cape Sable seaside 

sparrow

(Ammodramus 

maritimus mirabilis)

Species habitat consists of 

short hydroperiod prairie, 

freshwater to brackish 

marshes, mixed marl prairie 

community that often 

includes muhly grass 

(Muhlenbergia filipes). 

These short-hydroperiod 

prairies contain moderately 

dense, clumped grasses, with 

open space permitting ground 

movements by the sparrows. 

Sparrows tend to avoid tall, 

dense, saw- grass-dominated 

communities, spike-rush 

(Eleocharis sp.) marshes, 

extensive cattail (Typha sp.) 

monocultures, longThe proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats 

and open areas. 

Agricultural field 

monocultures are not 

expected to provide 

adequate habitat for the 

sparrow.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

multiple-species recovery 

plan. Available on FWS 

website.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf

http://www.fws.gov/southeast/

vbpdfs/species/birds/csss.pdf
39

hydroperiod wetlands with 

tall, dense vegetative cover, 

and sites supporting woody 

vegetation. Cape Sable 

seaside sparrows avoid sites 

with permanent water cover.

Carolina northern 

flying squirrel 

(Glaucomys 

sabrinus coloratus)

Species composition of the 

occupied forest may vary 

in different locations, 

some combination of 

hardwoods and conifers 

(particularly spruce and 

fir) appears essential to 

support these 

animals...Food sources for 

the Carolina northern 

flying squirrel include 

fungi, lichens, staminate 

cones, insects, and other 

animal matter (US FWS 

1990, p. 6-7)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

hardwood and conifer 

forests. 

USFWS. 1990. Recovery 

Plan for Appalachian 

Northern Flying Squirrels. 

United States Fish and 

Wildlife Service. 

Chittenango ovate 

amber snail

(Succinea 

chittenangoensis)

Habitat is in a ravine at the 

base of the 167-foot-tall 

waterfall formed by 

Chittenango Creek. The snail 

requires cool to mildtemperature, moist conditions 

provided by the waterfalls 

and mist in its environment. 

The base of the waterfall, and 

the ledges where it is found 

comprise an early 

successional sere that is 

periodically rejuvenated to a 

bare substrate by 

floodwaters. 

Seems to prefer green 

vegetation such as the 

various mosses, liverworts, 

and other low herbaceous 

vegetation found within the 

spray zone adjacent to the 

Falls (US FWS 2006.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with waterfall habitat. 

US FWS. 2006. Recovery 

Plan for the Chittenango 

Ovate Amber Snail 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060823.pdf

Choctawhatchee 

beach mouse

(Peromyscus 

polionotus 

allophrys)

The beach mouse is inhabits 

coastal sand dunes and 

coastal scrub; primary, 

secondary, and interior or 

scrub dunes (vegetation 

includes sea oats, grasses, 

woody goldenrod, false 

rosemary, scrub oats, and 

yaupon holly). 

Approximately 2,500 acres of 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with sand dune and 

coastal scrub habitat.

US FWS. 1987. Recovery 

plan for the Choctawhatchee, 

Perdido Key and Alabama 

Beach Mouse. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Atlanta, 

Georgia. 45 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/870812.pdf.
40

habitat separated into four 

populations.

US FWS. 2007. 

Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse 

(Peromyscus polionotus 

allophrys), 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. 

Panama City, Florida. 25 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1081.pdf.

Everglade snail kite

(Rostrhamus 

sociabilis plumbeus)

Located on wetlands, 

lowland freshwater marshes, 

and shallow vegetated edges 

of lakes (natural and 

manmade). Range restricted 

to the watersheds of the 

Everglades, Lake 

Okeechobee and Kissimmee, 

and Upper St. John River.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitat

US FWS. 1999. South Florida

multiple-species recovery 

plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/EvergladeSnailK

ite.pdf

Flat-spired threetoothed Snail

(Triodopsis 

platysayoides)

Found in cool, moist, deep 

fissures in shale, sandstone, 

and limestone outcrops and 

in talus. Outcrops of rock 

more than one meter high are 

considered potential habitat if 

they contain cracks and 

crevices at least one meter 

deep. Rock structure is more 

important than the age and 

type of trees growing on 

rock. At night, the species 

has seen observed foraging 

and resting under wet leaves, 

next to rock structures.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with rock outcrops. 

US FWS. 2007. Flat-spired 

Three-Toothed Snail 

(Triodopsis platysayoides) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1172.pdf

Florida Bonneted 

bat

(Eumops floridanus)

Habitat mainly consists of 

foraging areas and roosting 

sites, including artificial 

structures. Open, fresh water 

and wetlands provide prime 

foraging areas for bats.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland and other 

aquatic habitats.

US FWS. 2013. Endangered 

Species Status for the Florida 

Bonneted Bat. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-10-02/pdf/2013-

23401.pdf

Florida Leafwing 

Butterfly

(Anaea troglodyta 

floridalis)

Mostly occur within pine 

rocklands, specifically those 

that retain their mutual and 

sole host plant, pineland 

croton. Adult butterflies will 

also make use of rockland 

hammock and hydric pine 

flatwood vegetation when 

interspersed within the pine 

rockland habitat.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland and 

other rocky or woody 

habitats.

US FWS. 2014. Endangered 

Status for the Florida 

Leafwing and Bartam’s ScrubHairstreak Butterflies. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2014-08-12/pdf/2014-

18614.pdf

Florida salt marsh 

vole

Located on salt marsh 

habitats dominated by salt 

grass (Distichlis spicata), but 

may also contain smooth 

cordgrass (Spartina 

The proposed uses of

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with salt marsh 

habitats.

US FWS. 1997. Recovery plan 

for the Florida salt marsh vole. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Atlanta Georgia. 9pp. 
41

(Microtus 

pennsylvanicus 

dukecampbelli)

alterniflora) and glasswort 

(Salicornia spp.) vegetation. 

Dense ground-level 

vegetation is common. 

Estimated home range is 804 

square meters.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/970930d.pdf.

Florida scrub-jay

(Aphelocoma 

coerulescens)

Habitat is mostly scrub 

communities (primarily oak 

scrub) with find, white, 

drained sand. Currently only 

occurs in scattered and often 

small patches in peninsular

Florida.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrubland habitats.

US FWS. 1990. Recovery 

Plan for the Florida Scrub Jay. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/900509.pdf

Frosted Flatwoods 

salamander 

(Ambystoma 

cingulatum)

Fire-maintained, opencanopied, flatwoods and 

savannas dominated by 

longleaf pine (Pinus 

palustris), with naturally 

occurring slash pine (P. 

elliotti) in wetter areas.

Adults spend most of their 

lives underground.

Breed in small, isolated 

ephemeral ponds (USFWS 

2009)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

flatwoods or 

savannas. 

USFWS 2009. Federal 

Register, vol. 74, No. 62. 

50 CFR 17. Endangered 

and threatened wildlife and 

plants; determination of 

endangered status of 

reticulated flatwoods 

salamander; designation of 

critical habitat for frosted 

flatwoods salamander and 

reticulated flatwoods 

salamander. United States 

Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Available on line at: 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2009-02-10/pdf/E9-

2403.pdf#page=1

Bat, gray (Myotis 

grisescens)

Gray bats are year round 

cave dwellers, although 

they may also use mines. 

They hibernate from as 

late as November 10 to 

late March or early April. 

At other times, they forage 

from late afternoon 

through early morning 

within 12-20 miles of their 

caves, most often within 4 

miles of their caves. 

Foraging habitat is 

strongly correlated with 

open waters (rivers, lakes, 

reservoirs) (US FWS, 

2009, pp. 6-7). 

Historically, rivers near 

caves provided both 

foraging habitat and 

riparian tree vegetation 

that provided cover. Small 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

encompass caves or 

the forest/open water 

areas where bats 

forage.

USFWS. 1982. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/820701.pdf

USFWS. 2009. 5-Year 

Review.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc2625.pdf
42

lakes and reservoirs where 

cover is not too distant 

also provide foraging 

habitat. Bats will 

opportunistically forage in 

riparian and upland areas, 

particularly when 

migrating (US FWS, 1982. 

pp. 6-7).

Key deer

(Odocoileus 

virginianus clavium)

Habitat consists of pine 

flatwoods, pine rocklands, 

hardwood hammocks, 

buttonwood wetlands, 

mangrove wetlands, and 

freshwater wetlands.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland, woodland

or rocky habitats.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

multi-species recovery plan, 

Florida. United States Fish 

and Wildlife Service. 

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/KeyDeer.pdf.

Key Largo cotton 

mouse

(Peromyscus 

gossypinus 

allapaticola)

Tropical hardwood 

hammock; upland forest; tall 

canopy (average 9.8 m) and 

an open understory; canopy 

trees include black ironwood 

(Krugiodendron ferreum), 

gumbo limbo (Bursera 

simaruba) Jamaican 

dogwood (Piscidia 

piscipula), mahogany 

(Swietenia mahagani), 

pigeon plum (Coccoloba 

diversifolia), poisonwood 

(Metopium toxiferum), 

trangler fig (Ficus aurea), 

and wild tamarind (Lysiloma 

latisiliquum). Hammock 

understory contains 

torchwood (Amyris 

elemifera), milkbark 

(Drypetes diversifolia), wild 

coffee (Psychotria nervosa), 

marlberry (Aroisia

escallonioides), stoppers 

(Eugenia spp.), soldierwood 

(Colubrina elliptica), 

crabwood (Gymnanthes 

lucida), and velvetseed 

(Guettarda scabra); ground 

cover contains cheese shrub 

(Morinda royoc) and 

snowberry (Chicocoea alba); 

adjacent Salicornia coastal 

strands, recently burned ferndominated (Pteridium 

aquilinum) areas.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wooded habitats.

US FWS. 2009. Key Largo 

Cotton Mouse (Peromyscus 

gossypinus allapaticola), 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. Vero Beach, 

Florida. 19 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2378.pdf.

US FWS. 1999. Key Largo 

Cotton Mouse in South 

Florida Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan. Atlanta, 

Georgia. pgs. 4-79 - 4-95. 

2172 pp. 

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/KeyLargoCotton

mouse.pdf;

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/990518_1.pdf.
43

Key Largo woodrat

(Neotoma floridana 

smalli)

Habitat consists of tropical 

hardwood hammocks; mature 

and younger hardwood 

hammocks, as well as 

disturbed areas adjacent to 

mature hammocks.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wooded habitats.

US FWS. 1999. Key Largo 

Woodrat (Neotoma floridana 

smalli) in South Florida MultiSpecies Recovery Plan. 

Atlanta, Georgia. pgs. 4-195 -

4-216. 2172 pp. 

 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/990518_1.pdf

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/KeyLargoWoodr

at.pdf

Kirtland's Warbler 

(Setophaga 

kirtlandii)

Kirtland's warblers generally 

occupy jack pine stands that 

are 5-23 years old and at least 

30 acres in size. Stands with 

less than 20% canopy over 

are rarely used for nesting. 

Occupied stands usually 

occur on dry, excessively 

drained and nutrient poor 

glacial outwash sands. They 

are structurally homogenous 

with trees ranging from 1.7-

5.0 m in height (US FWS, 

2012, p. 24). Species is 

migratory and mobile species 

and breeding areas are found 

in Wisconsin.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA salt uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with jack pine stands.

USFWS. 2012. 5-Year 

Review.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_re

view/doc4045.pdf

Lower Keys marsh 

rabbit

(Sylvilagus palustris 

hefneri)

Found in salt marshes, 

freshwater bordered with 

hammocks and flatwoods; 

transition zone on grasses 

and sedges, grassy marshes 

and prairies; coastal berm. 

Species occasionally use low 

shrub marshes and mangrove 

communities; salt marshbutonwood transition zones, 

freshwater wetlands; upland 

pinelands and hammocks.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland or wooded 

habitats.

US FWS. 1999. Lower Keys 

Rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris 

hefneri) in South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan. 

Atlanta, Georgia. pgs. 4-151 -

4-172. 2172 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/990518_1.pdf; and 

http://www.fws.gov/southeast/

vbpdfs/species/mammals/lkmr

.pdf

US FWS. 2007. Lower Keys 

Rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris 

hefneri) 5-Year review: 

Summary and Evaluation. 

Vero Beach, Florida. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1110.pdf

US FWS. 1990. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Endangered Status for 
44

the Lower Keys Rabbit and 

Threatened Status for the 

Squirrel Chimney Cave 

Shrimp. Federal Register Vol. 

55, No. 120. June 21, 1990. 

pgs 25588-25591. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr1715.pdf

Lesser long-nosed 

bat (Leptonycteris 

curasoae 

yerbabuenae)

The bat has evolved an 

apparent mutualistic 

association with columnar 

cacti Agave sp. The bat is 

principally a nectar feeder, 

foraging on the flowers of 

Agave, and in some minor 

proportions consuming the 

pollen, fruits, and any 

incidental insects associated 

with the flowers. The bat 

uses caves and mines as day 

roosts. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with the caves and 

mines the bat uses as 

day roosts and The 

bat’s major resource 

need, Agave plants 

are not expected to be 

on soybean and 

cotton fields. 

USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/970304.pdf

Mexican spotted 

owl (Strix 

occidentalis 

lucida)

Forest and canyonlands in 

SW U.S. (USFWS 2011, 

p. 7).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with forests 

or Canyonlands. 

USFWS 2011. Species 

specific recovery plan 

available on FWS website. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/FR00000557-

%20BP031995%20Draft%

20MSO%20Recovery%20P

lan%20First%20Revision.p

df

Miami Blue 

Butterfly

(Cyclargus 

(=Hemiargus) 

thomasi 

bethunebakeri)

Species is a coastal butterfly 

reported to occur in openings 

and around the edges of 

hardwood hammocks (forest 

habitats characterized by 

broad-leaved evergreens), 

and in other communities 

adjacent to the coast that are 

prone to frequent 

disturbances (e.g., coastal 

berm hammocks, dunes, and 

scrub).

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wooded, coastal or 

scrubland habitats.

US FWS. 2012. Listing of the 

Miami Blue Butterfly as 

Endangered Throughout its 

Range: Listing of the Cassius 

Blue, Ceraunus Blue, and 

Nickerbean Blue Butterflies as 

Threatened Due to Similarity 

of Appearance to the Miami 

Blue Butterfly in Coastal 

South and Central Florida: 

Final rule. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-04-06/pdf/2012-

8088.pdf

Kanab ambersnail

(Oxyloma haydeni 

kanabensis)

The known Kanab 

ambersnail populations 

generally occur within habitat 

conditions described as 

marshes and other wetlands 

watered by springs and seeps 

at the base of sandstone or 

limestone cliffs. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats. US FWS. 2011. Kanab 

ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni 

kanabensis) 5-Year Review.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3885.pdf
45

The sites this snail is found 

(Three Lakes and Vasey’s 

Paradise), vary in their 

vegetation distribution and 

water flow, with the Three 

Lakes site being more of a 

marsh habitat, while the 

Vasey’s Paradise site is a 

cool dolomitic spring habitat.

Virginia fringed 

mountain snail

(Polygyriscus 

virginianus)

Usually in areas where 

limestone is mixed with clay 

soil and is associated with 

permanently damp rock 

fragments and angular 

limestone pieces. These areas 

are heavily shaded and may 

be overgrown with 

honeysuckle. Living 

individuals occur in the soil 

at depths of four to twentyfour inches. Live snails have 

never been observed on the 

soil surface

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with limestone 

outcrops. 

US FWS species life-history 

profile

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=G00Z#lifeHistory

Narrow-headed 

gartersnake 

(Thamnophis 

rufipunctatus)

PCE’s are: 1) stream habitat 

2) up to 600 ft space on either 

side of bankful stage river w/ 

sufficient structural 

characteristics to support lifehistory functions, 3) prey 

base of fish, 4) absence or 

low levels only of nonnative 

sunfish and catfish, bullfrogs 

and/or crayfish.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with stream or 

floodplain habitats.

USFWS 2013. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Designation of Critical 

Habitat for the Northern 

Mexican Gartersnake and 

Narrow-Headed Gartersnake. 

Federal Register V78(132): 

41550—41608

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-07-10/pdf/2013-

16520.pdf

New Mexico 

meadow jumping 

mouse (Zapus 

hudsonius luteus) 

PCE’s are: 1) riparian 

communities along rivers, 

streams, springs and 

wetlands, 2) flowing water 

that provides saturated soils 

supporting tall herbaceous 

vegetation comprised mostly 

of sedges and forbs, 

sufficient areas along a 

stream, ditch or canal that 

contain suitable habitat, 

adjacent floodplain and 

upland areas extending 

~100m from water’s edge. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with riparian 

communities and 

saturated soils.

USFWS, 2013. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Proposed Designation 

of Critical Habitat for the New 

Mexico Meadow Jumping 

Mouse. Federal Register 

V78(119): 37328—37363

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-06-20/pdf/2013-

14366.pdf)

Northeastern beach 

tiger beetle

(Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis)

Open sand flats, dunes, water 

edges, beaches, woodland 

paths, and sparse grassy 

areas. Maryland ( Calvert 

and Tangier Sound counties); 

Massachusetts (Coastal 

Massachusetts and 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with beach habitats. 

US FWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan for Northeastern Beach 

Tiger Beetle

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940929b.pdf
46

Islands);Virginia (Eastern 

Shore and Western Shore)

Northern Mexican 

gartersnake 

(Thamnophis eques 

megalops)

PCE’s are: 1) aquatic or 

riparian habitat, 2) up to 600 

ft space on either side of 

bankful stage river w/ 

sufficient structural 

characteristics to support lifehistory functions 3) prey base 

of native amphibians and fish 

and 4) absence or low levels 

only of nonnative sunfish and 

catfish, bullfrogs and/or 

crayfish.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with stream or 

floodplain habitats

USFWS 2013. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Designation of Critical 

Habitat for the Northern 

Mexican Gartersnake and 

Narrow-Headed Gartersnake. 

Federal Register V78(132): 

41550—41608

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-07-10/pdf/2013-

16520.pdf

Pawnee montane 

skipper

(Hesperia leonardus 

montana)

The skippers occur in 

Colorado (Teller, Park, 

Jefferson, and Douglas) in 

dry, open, Ponderosa pine 

woodlands where the slopes 

are moderately steep with 

soils derived from Pikes Peak 

granite. The understory is 

limited in the pine 

woodlands.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats. 

US FWS. 1998. Recovery 

Plan for Pawnee Montane 

Skipper

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/980921.pdf

Perdido Key 

beach mouse 

(Peromyscus 

polionotus 

trissyllepsis)

Coastal sand dunes & 

coastal scrub (USFWS 

1987, p. 2); primary, 

secondary and interior or 

scrub dunes (USFWS 

2007, p. 9)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with sand 

dunes or coastal 

scrub. 

USFWS. 1987. Recovery 

plan for the 

Choctawhatchee, Perdido 

Key and Alabama Beach 

Mouse. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Atlanta, 

Georgia. 45 pp. Available 

online at: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/870812.pdf.

USFWS. 2007. Perdido 

Key Beach Mouse 

(Peromyscus polionotus 

trissyllepsis), 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. Panama City, 

Florida. 24 pp. Available 

online at: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc1081.pdf

.

Piping plover, 

Great Lakes 

watershed 

(Charadrius 

melodus)

The breeding habitat of the 

Great Lakes DPS of the 

piping plover is well 

defined by the Critical 

Habitat designation. 

Critical Habitat for this 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with sparsely 

vegetated sandy 

USFWS. 2009. 5-Year 

Review.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc3009.pdf
47

DPS consists of 

approximately 200 miles 

of Great Lakes shoreline 

(extending 1640 ft inland) 

in 26 counties in 

Minnesota, Wisconsin, 

Michigan, Illinois, 

Indiana, Ohio, 

Pennsylvania, and New 

York. Additional Critical 

Habitat for wintering 

populations of this DPS 

are in the southeastern 

United States and other 

areas that are outside the 

scope of this analysis 

(USFWS, 2000; USFWS, 

2009, p.2).

shorelines or islands 

of the Great Lakes.

USFWS. 2000. Federal 

Register Notice

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fe

deral_register/fr3648.pdf

Piping plover, 

except Great 

Lakes watershed 

(Charadrius 

melodus)

The northern Great Plains 

DPS of the piping plover 

utilizes four types of 

habitats for breeding: 

alkali lakes and wetlands, 

inland lakes (Lake of the 

Woods), reservoirs, and 

rivers. Most breeding 

occurs along

alkali lakes and wetlands, 

where nesting sites are 

generally wide, gravelly, 

salt encrusted beaches 

with minimal vegetation. 

At inland lakes, they use 

barren to sparsely 

vegetated islands, beaches, 

and peninsulas. Sparsely 

vegetated sandbars and 

reservoir shorelines are 

preferred in riverine 

systems (US FWS, 2002, 

p. 57640).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

shorelines, beaches, 

and sandbars of rivers 

and alkali wetlands. 

USFWS. 2002. Federal 

Register Notice.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fe

deral_register/fr3943.pdf

Puritan tiger beetle

(Cicindela puritana)

The Maryland population 

(Calvert, Kent and Cecil 

Counties) is found in deep 

burrows, which they dig in 

sandy deposits on nonvegetated portions of the

bluff face. The Connecticut 

population (Hartford; 

middlesex) is found in 

burrows among scattered 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with beach habitats.

US FWS. 1993. Recovery 

Plan for the Puritan Tiger 

Beetle

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930929a.pdf
48

herbaceous vegetation at the 

upper portions of sandy 

beaches and occasionally 

near the water’s edge. 

Uncompahgre 

fritillary butterfly

(Boloria 

acrocnema)

All colonies known to FWS 

occur in alpine environments, 

within large patches of snow 

willow and on northeast 

facing slopes.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with alpine habitats.

US FWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan for Boloria acrocnema

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940317.pdf

Bluetail mole skink

(Eumeces egregius 

lividus)

Habitat is primarily xeric 

(dry) upland communities 

above 30 m. The species 

relies on soils that have few 

root structures and sparse 

stands of vegetation but a 

large amount of debris 

providing shelter. These 

attributes are not consistent 

with cultivated row crop 

fields.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA use sites are not 

expected to provide 

appropriate habitat.

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida: Bluetail Mole Skink. 

United States Fish and 

Wildlife Service.

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/BluetailMoleSki

nk.pdf

Bog (=Muhlenberg) 

turtle

(Clemmys 

muhlenbergii)

Wetland habitats including 

dry, wet, and periodically 

flooded micro-habitats and 

are often interspersed with 

agricultural areas and 

livestock grazing.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic habitats.

US FWS. 2001. Recovery 

Plan for the Bog Turtle. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/010515.pdf

Cheat Mountain 

salamander

(Plethodon nettingi)

This species occurs in red 

spruce and mixed deciduous 

forests. Microhabitats have 

high humidity, moist soil and 

cool temperatures. The forest 

floor is (usually) covered 

with liverwort (Bazzania 

trilobata) and contains rocks.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest habitats. 

US FWS. 1991. Cheat 

Mountain salamander 

(Plethodon nettingi) recovery 

plan. United States Fish and 

Wildlife Service. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/910725.pdf

USFWS. 2009. Cheat 

Mountain salamander 

(Plethodon nettingi) 5-year 

review: summary and 

evaluation. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3267.pdf.
49

Chiricahua leopard 

frog

(Rana 

chiricahuensis)

Adults are primarily aquatic 

and found in a variety of 

aquatic habitats including 

cienegas, springs, pools, 

cattle tanks, lakes, reservoirs, 

streams, and rivers. The 

species also requires 

permanent

or semi-permanent pools for 

breeding, water characterized 

by low levels of 

contaminants and

moderate pH, and may be 

excluded or exhibit periodic 

die-offs where a pathogenic

chytridiomycete fungus is 

present

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic habitats. 

US FWS. 2007. Chiricahua 

leopard frog (Rana 

chiricahuensis) final recovery 

plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/070604_v3.pdf.

Desert tortoise 

(Gopherus 

agassizii)

The Mojave population of the

desert tortoise is most

commonly found within the 

desert scrub vegetation type, 

primarily in creosote bushscrub vegetation,but also in 

succulent scrub, cheesebush 

scrub, blackbush scrub, 

hopsage scrub, shadscale 

scrub, microphyll woodland, 

and Mojave saltbush-allscale 

scrub. Within the desert

microphyll woodland, the

desert tortoise occurs in blue 

palo verde-ironwood-smoke 

tree woodland. The desert

tortoise also occurs in scrubsteppe vegetation types of the 

desert and semidesert 

grassland complex.

Within these vegetation 

types, desert tortoises 

potentially can survive and 

reproduce where their basic 

habitat requirements are met. 

These requirements include a 

sufficient amount and quality 

of forage species; shelter 

sites for protection from 

predators and environmental 

extremes; suitable substrates

for burrowing, nesting, and

overwintering; various plants

for shelter; and adequate area 

for movement, dispersal, and 

gene flow.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with the scrub-steppe 

vegetation types of the 

desert and semidesert 

grassland complex 

(Mojave population) or 

the steep rocky slopes, 

drought resistant scrub 

and tree habitat 

(Sonoran population) 

and the agricultural 

fields where it will be 

used are not expected to 

provide the soil and 

understory 

requirements of this 

species.

US FWS, 2011. Revised 

Recovery Plan for the Mojave 

Population of the Desert 

Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/RRP%20for%20the

%20Mojave%20Desert%20To

rtoise%20-

%20May%202011_1.pdf

US FWS, 1994. Determination 

of Critical Habitat for the 

Mojave Population of the 

Desert Tortoise. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr2519.pdf
50

In the Sonoran Desert, 

tortoises tend to inhabit 

bajadas (slopes at the base of 

a mountain) and steep, rocky 

slopes and are not common in 

the valleys) and are also 

found in the Sinaloan 

thornscrub, where vegetation 

is dominated by droughtresistant shrubs and 

deciduous trees.

Jemez Mountains 

Salamander

(Plethodon 

neomexicanus)

The strictly terrestrial Jemez 

Mountains salamander 

predominantly inhabits 

mixed-conifer forest, 

consisting primarily of 

Douglas fir, blue spruce, 

Engelman spruce, white fir, 

limber pine, Ponderosa pine, 

Rocky Mountain maple, and 

aspen (Populus tremuloides). 

Pure stands of Ponderosa 

pine, fir and aspen stands, 

and high-elevation meadows 

are not considered ideal 

habitats but species have 

been known to occur in such 

places.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest habitats. 

US FWS species life-history 

profile.

ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/pr

ofile/speciesProfile?spcode=D

019#lifeHistory

Red-cockaded 

entire woodpecker 

(Picoides borealis)

Habitat: Forest, Savannah 

(open pine woodlands and 

savannahs with large old 

pines) (US FWS 2003, p. 

x)

Habitat size (home range): 

116 – 357 acres (US FWS 

2003, p. 49)

Proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest or 

savannah. 

USFWS. 2003. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030320_2.pdf

Reticulated 

flatwoods 

salamander 

(Ambystoma 

bishopi)

Aquatic and terrestrial.

Longleaf pine ecosystems 

(Coastal Plain in what 

were historically longleaf 

pine-wiregrass flatwoods 

and savannas).

Adults spend most of their 

lives underground.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2009. Federal 

Register, vol. 74, No. 26. 

50 CFR 17. Endangered 

and threatened wildlife and 

plants; determination of 

endangered status of 

reticulated flatwoods 

salamander; designation of 

critical habitat for frosted 

flatwoods salamander and 
51

Breed in small, isolated 

ephemeral ponds. 

(USFWS 2009)

reticulated flatwoods 

salamander. United States 

Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Available on line at: 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2009-02-10/pdf/E9-

2403.pdf#page=1

Rice rat

(Oryzomys palustris 

natator)

Found in scrub and fringe 

mangrove communities. Live 

on small wetland islands, 23 

ha.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with wetland or 

scrubland habitats.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

multiple-species recovery 

plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/990518_1.pdf

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf

Roseate tern 

(Sterna dougallii 

dougallii)

Rocky offshore islands 

with sparse vegetation; 

although Northeastern 

Roseate tern nest under 

vegetation or some other 

shelter (USFWS 1993, p. 

3).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with offshore 

islands.

USFWS 1993. Species 

specific recovery plan 

available on FWS website.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/930924_v2.pdf

Sand skink

(Neoseps reynoldsi)

Habitat is primarily xeric 

(dry) upland communities 

between high pine and scrub.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or high 

pine wooded habitats.

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida: Sand Skink. United 

States Fish and Wildlife 

Service. 

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/SandSkink.pdf

Schaus swallowtail 

butterfly

(Heraclides 

aristodemus 

ponceanus)

Occur exclusively in 

subtropical dry forests 

(hardwood hammocks) 

including areas that were 

formerly cleared and farmed, 

but have since regrown.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forested areas or 

areas that were farmed 

but have since regrown.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan: 

Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

Shenandoah 

salamander

(Plethodon 

shenandoah)

The species is found in 

forests, and dry, rocky, talus 

slopes, of mountains, 

generally facing north at 

elevations greater than 800 m 

in Shenandoah National park.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest habitats. 

US FWS. 1994. Shenandoah 

salamander (Plethodon 

shenandoah Highton and 

Worthington) recovery plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940929a.pdf
52

Sonora tiger 

Salamander

(Ambystoma 

tigrinum stebbinsi)

Found in standing water, 

grassland and oak woodland 

terrestrial habitats as well as

human-constructed ponds or 

cattle tanks

Terrestrial adults most likely 

spend time in mammal 

burrows or buried in the 

ground

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic, grassland 

or woodland habitats. US FWS. 2002. Sonora tiger 

salamander recovery plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/020924.pdf.

Southeastern beach 

mouse

(Peromyscus 

polionotus 

niveiventris)

Located on coastal sand 

dunes & coastal scrub, frontal 

(primary and secondary) and 

scrub dunes (including oak 

scrub), and inland habitats 

such as coastal strand woody 

plants. Habitat size is 

approximately 80.5 km, with 

young beach mice moving an 

average of 432 m (1,415 ft) 

before establishing a home 

range.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or 

woodland habitats

US FWS. 2008. Southeastern 

Beach Mouse (Peromyscus 

polionotus niveiventris), 5-

year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. Jacksonville, 

Florida. 36 pp. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1888.pdf.

US FWS. 1993. Recovery 

Plan for the Anastasia Island 

and Southeastern Beach 

Mouse. Atlanta Georgia. 30 

pp.

 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930923b.pdf.

Southwestern 

willow flycatcher 

(Empidonax 

traillii extimus)

Breeding: Forested

wetlands or scrub-shrub 

wetlands-dense riparian 

habitat of rivers, swamps, 

wetlands, lakes (USFWS 

2002, p. iv).

Wintering: brushy 

savanna edges, second 

growth, shrubby clearings 

and pastures, woodlands 

near water (USFWS 2002, 

p. iv).

Recommend off-field 

status for row crop 

agriculture. 

According to the 

Critical Habitat 

designation document 

(USFWS 2013) 

essential 

characteristics for 

southwestern will 

flycatcher habit 

include riparian areas 

for flowing stream 

that support 

expansive riparian 

vegetation areas. 

Riparian trees and 

understory species 

are viewed as 

essential elements of 

flycatcher habitat. 

Row crop soy and 

corn are 

monocultures of nonriparian vegetation 

USFWS 2002. Species 

specific recovery plan 

available on FWS website. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plans/2002/020830c.

pdf

USFWS. 2013. Designation 

of Southwestern Willow 

Flycatcher Critical Habitat: 

Final Rule. Federal 

Register Vol. 78 No.2.
53

and consequently not 

suitable habitat for 

this species.

Spruce-fir moss 

spider 

(Microhexura 

montivaga)

Typical habitat appears to 

be associated with moist, 

well-drained moss mats 

growing on rocks and 

boulders in well-shaded 

situations in mature highelevation conifer forests 

dominated by Fraser fir, 

Abiesfraseri, often with 

scattered red spruce, Picea 

rubens. (US FWS 1998, p. 

iii)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with highelevation conifer 

forests. 

US FWS, 1998, Recovery 

Plan. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2011-09-

27/pdf/2011-24046.pdf

St. Andrew beach 

mouse

(Peromyscus 

polionotus 

peninsularis)

Found on coastal dunes. 

Range of species is 

approximately 46 km.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal dune 

habitats

US FWS. 2010. Recovery plan 

for St. Andrews Beach 

Mousse (Peromyscus 

polionotus peninsularis). 

United States Fish and 

Wildlife Service. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/20110104_SABM_re

cov_plan_FINAL.pdf

Stock Island tree 

snail

(Orthalicus reses 

(not incl. nesodryas)

Survive best in hardwood 

hammocks with smoothbarked native trees that 

support relatively large 

amounts of lichen and algae. 

Species is entirely arboreal 

except when they move to the 

forest floor for nesting and 

traveling.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forested habitats

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida: Stock Island Tree 

Snail. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

California least tern

(Sterna antillarum 

browni)

Coastal lagoons and estuaries 

(freshwater marshes, lakes, 

lagoons, beaches, and estuary 

areas. Additionally can be 

found in man-made habitats 

such as airports and land 

fields. 

This species feeds 

exclusively on fish and 

are therefore not 

expected to be exposed 

to dicamba DGA. 

US FWS. 1985. Revised 

California Least Tern Recover 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/850927_w%20signat

ure.pdf

US FWS. 2006. California 

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum 

browni) 5-Year Review and 

Evaluation: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc775.pdf

Florida grasshopper 

sparrow

(Ammodramus 

savannarum 

floridanus)

Habitat is large (greater than 

50 ha), treeless, and 

relatively poorly-drained 

grasslands that have a history 

of frequent fires. Average 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA use sites are not 

expected to provide 

appropriate fire 

influenced habitat.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

multiple-species recovery 

plan. 
54

and maximum habitat size 

are 1.8 and 4.82 ha, 

respectively. The species 

requires relatively large open 

areas maintained by periodic 

fires. An analogy to row 

cropped areas is the effect of 

overgrazed grasslands with 

poorly structured and 

inappropriately dispersed 

habitat stands. These areas 

are not capable of 

maintaining population of the 

species. It is reasonable to 

expect that row-cropped 

agricultural fields provide 

even less suitable habitat than 

the already unsuitable 

overgrazed pasture lands.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf

http://www.fws.gov/verobeach

/MSRPPDFs/FloridaGrasshop

perSparrow.pdf

Masked bobwhite 

(quail)

(Colinus virginianus 

ridgwayi)

Open savanna grassland 

within dry-tropic scrub. 

These birds are associated 

with weedy bottom lands, 

grassy and herb-strewn 

valleys, and forb-rich plains.

- Only known US 

population is in captive 

flock on the BANWR. 

Attempts to release the 

birds back to the wild 

have been unsuccessful 

and evidence of wild 

populations does not 

exist. “As of 2001, 

occurrence of wild 

masked bobwhite is 

nearly completely 

restricted to the captive 

flock occurring on the 

BANWR.”

- Habitat requirements 

include 15-30% 

scrub/shrub cover and a 

diverse range of 

grass/forb species (at 

least 10-12 different 

species). They do not 

use monocultures, even 

if it is an attractive food 

source. “Monocultures 

of even such important 

food species as vine 

mesquite grass and 

Johnson grass were 

avoided”.

- Once home ranges are 

established they do not 

leave their boundaries. 

- While this species has 

been seen in rangeland 

it has never been 

associated with row 

US FWS. 1995. Masked 

Bobwhite Quail Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/950421.pdf
55

crops (most likely 

because of the 

monoculture).

Yuma clapper rail

(Rallus longirostris 

yumanensis)

Salt to brackish water 

marshes, mangrove swamps, 

other tidal wetlands. Found 

in the lower Colorado River 

(LCR) and tributaries (Virgin 

River, Bill Williams River, 

lower Gila River [LGR]) in 

Arizona, California, Nevada; 

the Salton Sea in California; 

and the Cienegade Santa 

Clara and Colorado River 

Delta in Mexico

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats. 

US FWS. 1983. Yuma 

Clapper Rail Recovery Plan

(Rallus longirostris 

yumanensis)

DRAFT FIRST REVISION

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/Draft%20Yuma%20

Clapper%20Rail%20Recovery

%20Plan,%20First%20Revisi

on.pdf 

Hualapai Mexican 

vole

(Microtus 

mexicanus 

hualpaiensis)

Woodland forest types 

containing grasses and grasssedge habitats. associated 

with moist grass-sedge areas 

along permanent or semipermanent waters fed by 

springs or seeps in either 

open forest or chapparal. 

Good

cover of grasses, sedges and 

forbs is characteristic of this 

waterside

vole habitat, which is usually 

found in narrow bands 

paralleling the water

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats. 

US FWS. 1991. Hualapai 

Mexican Vole Recovery Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/910819.pdf

Tern, least interior 

pop. (Sterna 

antillarum)

Species is a piscivore, 

feeding in shallow waters 

of rivers, streams 

(USFWS, 1990, p. 20). 

Beaches, sand pits, 

sandbars, islands and 

peninsulas are the 

principal breeding habitats 

of coastal areas and 

nesting can be close to 

water but is usually 

between the dune 

environment and the high 

tide line. Vegetation at 

coastal nesting areas is 

sparse, scattered and short. 

Riverine nesting areas are 

sparsely vegetated sand 

and gravel bars within a 

wide unobstructed river 

channel, or salt flats along 

lake shorelines. Nesting 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with riparian 

areas, including 

coastal areas. 

USFWS. 1990. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/900919a.pdf
56

occurs along river banks 

(US FWS, 1990, p. 20).

Mount Graham red 

squirrel

(Tamiasciurus 

hudsonicus 

grahamensis)

Pinaleño Mountains in the 

Coronado National Forest. 

The species inhabits upper 

elevation, mature to oldgrowth associations in mixed 

conifer and spruce-fir above 

approximately 2,425 m 

(8,000 ft).

The majority of surviving red 

squirrels now occur at lower 

elevations in the mixedconifer forest that extend 

well down the mountain

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest habitats. US FWS. 2011. Draft Mount 

Graham Red Squirrel 

Recovery Plan, First Revision

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/FR00000388%20Dra

ft%20Mount%20Graham%20

Red%20Squirrel%20Recovery

%20Plan%20First%20Revisio

n%20Final.pdf

Preble's meadow 

jumping mouse

(Zapus hudsonius 

preblei)

Heavily vegetated riparian 

habitats. Water source 

(creeks, streams, rivers), 

consisting of shrubs, forbs, 

grasses, woodland, and 

herbaceous species and can 

occur upland beyond 

floodplain.

Habitat for the PMJM 

is listed as “well 

developed riparian 

vegetation, adjacent 

relatively undisturbed 

grasslands, and a 

nearby water source”. 

The mouse may travel 

up to 100m upland 

from the riparian zone 

but the habitat needs to 

be undisturbed 

grasslands. 

PCEs for the mouse 

include “riparian 

corridors... and 

additional adjacent 

floodplain and upland 

habitat with limited 

disturbance (including 

hayed fields, grazed 

pastures, other 

agricultural lands that 

are not plowed or 

disked regularly, etc)”

(US FWS. 1998. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Final Rule to List the 

Preble’s Meadow Jumping 

Mouse as a Threatened 

Species. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3260.pdf

US FWS. 2007. Endangered 

and Threatened Wildlife and 

Plants; Revised Proposed Rule 

to Amend the Listing for the 

Preble’s Meadow Jumping 

Mouse (Zapus hudsonius 

preblei) to Specify Over What 

Portion of Its Range the 

Subspecies is Threatened; 

Proposed Rule. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1719.pdf.

New Mexican ridgenosed rattlesnake

(Crotalus willardi 

obscurus)

Mountains, elevated plateaus, 

and pine-oak vegetation

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats. 

(US FWS. 1985. Recovery 

Plan for the New Mexican 

Ridge-Nosed Rattlesnake. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/850322.pdf

Wood stork 

(Mycteria 

americana)

Freshwater and estuarine 

Wetlands. (US FWS 1986, 

p. iii).

Wood storks breed in FL, 

GA and SC. They migrate 

south in winter (US FWS 

1986, p. 2). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

wetlands.

USFWS. 1986. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/970127.pdf

USFWS. 2006. Five year 

Review. 
57

Require a mosaic of 

wetlands with varying 

climatological and 

seasonal conditions around 

colonies and within the 

wintering habitat in the 

coastal plain of the 

Southeast U.S. (US FWS 

2006, p. 12).

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc1115.pdf
58

Species Habitat Rationale Source

Aquatic Organisms

Alamosa 

springsnail

(Tryonia 

alamosae)

The Alamosa springsnail is 

found mainly where minor 

rivulets flow out of the main 

channel downstream of the 

springhead. In these 

situations, there is a mat of 

watercress and filamentous 

green algae over water 1—2 

inches deep flowing over fine 

gravel and sand among 

rhyolitic cobbles and rocks. 

The species is found in slow 

current on gravel and among 

vegetation, and is most 

abundant where an organic 

film covers the pebbles and 

cobbles.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1994. Socorro and 

Alamosa Springsnail 

Recovery Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940831b.pdf

Apache trout

(Oncorhynchus 

apache)

Apache trout currently exist 

mainly in headwater areas 

upstream from natural and 

artificial barriers. This 

environment is subject to 

extreme variations in both 

temperature and flow. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2009. Apache Trout 

(Oncorhynchus apache) 

Recovery Plan, Second 

Revision 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/090903.pdf

Arkansas River 

shiner (Notropis 

girardi)

Wilde et al. (2000) found no 

obvious selection for or 

avoidance of any particular 

habitat type (i.e., main 

channel, side channel, 

backwaters, and pools) by 

Arkansas River shiner. 

Arkansas River shiners did 

tend to select side channels 

and backwaters slightly more 

than expected based on the 

availability of these habitats 

(Wilde et al. 2000). Likewise, 

they appeared to make no 

obvious selection for, or 

avoidance of, any particular 

substrate type. Substrates 

(i.e., the river bed) in the 

Canadian River in New 

Mexico and Texas were 

predominantly sand, 

however, the Arkansas River 

shiner was observed to occur 

over silt slightly more than 

expected based on the 

availability of this substrate 

(Wilde et al. 2000) ; 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

US FWS. 2005. Federal 

Register Notice: Designation 

of Critical Habitat. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/950830.pdf
59

preferred habitat for the 

Arkansas River shiner is the 

mainstem of larger plains 

rivers... historically inhabited 

the main channels of wide, 

shallow, sandy-bottomed 

rivers and larger streams of 

the Arkansas River basin 

(Gilbert 1980). Adults are 

uncommon in quiet pools or 

backwaters lacking 

streamflow, and almost never 

occurred in habitats having 

deep water and bottoms of 

mud or stone (Cross 1967) 

(US FWS 2005). 

Bean, 

Cumberland 

(pearlymussel) 

(Villosa trabalis)

Restricted

typically to tributary streams 

of the upper reaches of the 

Tennessee and Cumberland 

Rivers. This species is most 

often found associated with 

clean, fast flowing water in 

stable substrate, which 

contains relatively firm 

rubble, gravel, and sand 

swept-free from siltation. 

Typically, V. trabalis is 

found buried in shallow riffle 

and shoal areas, often located 

under large rocks that must 

be removed by hand to 

inspect the habitat 

underneath. Ideal habitat 

conditions are difficult to 

find; much of the historical 

habitat for the species has 

likely been degraded and 

may be incapable of currently 

harboring the species (US 

FWS 2010, p. 7).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2010. 5 Year 

Review. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3244.pdf

Bean, purple 

(Villosa 

perpurpurea)

Inhabits small headwater 

streams (Neves 1991) to 

medium-sized rivers

(Gordon 1991). It is found in 

moderate to fast-flowing 

riffles with sand, gravel, and 

cobble substrates (Neves 

1991) and rarely occurs in 

deep pools or slack water 

(Ahlstedt 1991a). It is 

sometimes found out of the 

main current adjacent to 

water-willow beds and under 

flat rocks (Ahlstedt 1991a, 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/040524.pdf
60

Gordon 1991) (US FWS 

2004, p. 19). 

Bean, rayed 

(Villosa fabalis)

The rayed bean is generally 

known from smaller, 

headwater creeks, but 

occurrence records exist from 

larger rivers (Cummings and 

Mayer 1992, p. 142; 

Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. 

244). They are usually found 

in or near shoal or riffle 

(short, shallow length of 

stream where the stream 

flows more rapidly) areas, 

and in the shallow, wavewashed areas of glacial lakes, 

including Lake Erie (West et 

al. 2000, p. 253). In Lake 

Erie, the species is generally 

associated with islands in the 

western portion of the lake. 

Preferred substrates typically 

include gravel and sand. The 

rayed bean is oftentimes 

found among vegetation 

(water willow (Justicia 

americana) and water milfoil 

(Myriophyllum sp.)) in and 

adjacent to riffles and shoals 

(Watters 1988b, p. 15; West 

et al. 2000, p. 253) (US FWS 

2012, p. 8633).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

US FWS 2012 - Federal 

Register Determination of 

Endangered Status.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-02-14/pdf/2012-

2940.pdf

Beautiful shiner

(Cyprinella 

formosa)

Found in small to medium 

streams with sand, gravel, 

and rock bottoms below 4500 

ft elevation and is also found 

in artificial ponds.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species fact sheet

http://www.fws.gov/southwest

/es/arizona/Documents/Redbo

ok/Beautiful%20Shiner.pdf

Birdwing 

pearlymussel

(Lemiox 

rimosus)

The birdwing pearlymussel 

inhabits small to medium, 

low turbidity, cool-water, 

high to moderate gradient 

streams in the Cumberland 

and Tennessee River basins. 

The species is commonly 

found near riffles on sand and 

gravel substrates with firm 

rubble. Individuals have been 

found in waters ranging from 

six to seven feet deep. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/F00I.html

Blackside dace 

(Phoxinus 

This species inhabits cool, 

small, upland streams with 

moderate flows. The fish is 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

USFWS. 1988. Recovery 

Plan. 
61

cumberlandensis

)

generally associated with 

undercut stream banks and 

large rocks, and it is usually 

found within well-vegetated 

watersheds with good 

riparian vegetation (US FWS 

1988, p. 6). 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/880817.pdf

Bonytail chub

(Gila elegans)

This is a freshwater 

mainstream, big-river fish. It 

is also found in pools and 

eddies, with gravel, rocky, 

silt and/or silt-boulder 

substrates. The bonytail chub 

has also been found in rocky 

shoals and shorelines, and is 

adapted for swift, strong 

currents.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2002. Bonytail 

(Gila elegans) Recovery 

Goals.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060727c.pdf

Canada lynx

(Lynx 

canadensis)

PCE: Boreal forest 

landscapes with large 

populations of snowshoe 

hares. Distribution and 

abundance of prey and 

microclimate influence 

movement, hunting 

behavior, and den and 

resting site locations. 

Areas with dense cover. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with boreal 

forests. The lynx’s 

prey, snowshoe hares, 

also do not overlap 

with the proposed 

dicamba DGA use 

sites.

USFWS. 2014. Federal 

Register Notice: 

Designation of Critical 

Habitat

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2014-09-

12/pdf/2014-21013.pdf

Chihuahua chub

(Gila nigrescens)

Deep pools, undercut banks, 

or over-hanging vegetation. 

Adults are in lateral scour 

pools, beneath undercut 

banks, under solid objects 

(e.g., logs, boulders) and/or 

adjacent to moderate to fast 

flowing water in small to 

medium sized streams. The 

species also utilizes corner 

and backwater pools 

containing large woody 

debris (also used) with 

extensive cover composed of 

organic debris or root wads 

of large trees. Pools are 1-2 

m deep with water velocity 

<15 cm/sec and small grained 

substrates (sand to peasized). Juveniles are found in 

shallower water with or 

without cover in small and 

medium sized streams.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1986. Chihuahua 

Chub Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4325.pdf

US FWS. 2007.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4325.pdf

Chipola 

slabshell

(Elliptio 

chipolaensis)

The Chipola slabshell 

inhabits silty sand 

substrates of large creeks 

and the main channel of 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

43.
62

the Chipola River in slow 

to moderate current 

(Williams and Butler 

1994). Specimens are 

generally found in sloping 

bank habitats. Nearly 70 

percent of the specimens 

found during the status 

survey were associated 

with a sandy substrate 

(Brim Box and Williams 

2000).

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Choctaw bean 

(Villosa 

choctawensis)

It is found in medium 

creeks to medium rivers in 

stable substrates of silty 

sand to sandy clay with 

moderate current.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61669

Chupadera 

springsnail

(Pyrgulopsis 

chupaderae)

Chupadera springsnail has 

been documented on two 

hillsides where groundwater 

discharges flow through 

volcanic gravels containing 

sand, mud, and aquatic plants

with water temperatures 

ranging from 15 to 25 

degrees Celsius (°C) (59 to 

77 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)) 

and velocities ranging from 

0.01 to 0.19 meters per 

second (m/s) (0.03 to 0.6 feet 

per second (ft/s))

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2012. Determination 

of Endangered Status for the 

Chupadera Springsnail and 

Designation of Critical 

Habitat: Final rule.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-07-12/pdf/2012-

16988.pdf

Clubshell 

(Pleurobema 

clava)

Clubshell is generally found 

in clean, coarse sand and 

gravel in runs, often just 

downstream of a riffle, and 

cannot tolerate mud or 

slackwater conditions 

(USFWS, 1994).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940921.pdf

Colorado 

pikeminnow 

(=squawfish)

(Ptychocheilus 

lucius)

The adult Colorado 

pikeminnow requires pools, 

deep runs, and eddy habitats 

maintained by high spring 

flows.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2002. Colorado Pike 

Minnow (Ptychocheilus 

lucius) Recovery Goals

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/020828b.pdf
63

Combshell, 

Cumberlandian 

(Epioblasma 

brevidens)

This species inhabits 

medium-sized streams to 

large rivers on shoals and 

riffles in coarse, sand, gravel, 

cobble, and boulders. It is not 

associated with small stream 

habitats and tends not to 

extend as far upstream in 

tributaries (US FWS 2004, p. 

18). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/040524.pdf

Cracking 

pearlymussel, 

(Hemistena lata)

The cracking pearlymussel 

has undergone a substantial 

range reduction. It was 

historically distributed in the 

Ohio, Cumberland, and 

Tennessee River systems. 

The species has been 

extirpated throughout much 

of its range. It was last 

collected from Mussel 

Shoals, an 85 km reach of the 

Tennessee River in Alabama, 

prior to 1925 and is 

presumed to be extirpated 

from the shoal. It is presently 

known to survive at only a 

few shoals in the Clinch and 

Powell Rivers in Tennessee 

and Virginia, and it has likely 

been reduced to only three 

viable populations in these 

systems. The species possibly 

survives in the Green River, 

Kentucky, and below 

Pickwick Reservoir in the 

Tennessee River, Tennessee 

as well 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/F01X.html

Desert pupfish

(Cyprinodon 

macularius)

Habitats have included clear, 

shallow waters with soft 

substrate associated with 

cienegas, springs, streams, 

margins of larger lakes and 

rivers, shoreline pools, and 

irrigation drains and ditches 

below 1,585 meters (5,200 

feet) in elevation. Known 

natural populations are now 

restricted to two streams 

tributary, and in shoreline 

pools and irrigation drains of, 

the Salton Sea in California

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2010. Desert 

Pupfish (Cyprinodon 

macularius) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3573.pdf

Diamond Darter

(Crystallaria 

cincotta)

Adult diamond darters and 

crystal darters typically have 

been captured in riffle-pool 

transition areas with 

predominately (greater than 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2013. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for the 

Diamond Darter (Crystallaria 

cincotta); Final Rule 
64

20 percent each) sand and 

gravel substrates.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-08-22/pdf/2013-

20449.pdf

Dromedary 

pearlymussel,

(Dromus 

dromas)

This species is most often 

observed in clean, fastflowing water in substrates 

that contain relatively firm 

rubble, gravel and sand 

substrates swept free from 

siltation. These mussels are 

usually found buried in the 

substrate in shallow riffle and 

shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, 

p. 8). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840709c.pdf

Duskytail darter,

(Etheostoma

percnurum)

This species inhabits rocky 

areas in gently flowing 

shallow pools and runs in 

large creeks and moderately 

large rivers in the Tennessee 

and Cumberland River 

Systems (US FWS, 1994, 

Executive Summary). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/duskytaildarter_RP.p

df

Dwarf 

wedgemussel 

(Alasmidonta 

heterodon)

The dwarf wedge mussel 

lives on muddy sand, sand, 

and gravel bottoms in 

creeks and rivers of 

varying sizes, in areas of 

slow to moderate current 

and little silt deposition.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 1993. Dwarf 

Wedge Mussel recovery 

plan. Page 3.

Fanshell 

(Cyprogenia 

stegaria)

The fanshell inhabits gravel 

substrates in medium to large 

rivers of the Ohio River basin 

(US FWS, 1991, Executive 

Summary).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1991. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/910709.pdf

Fat three-ridge 

(mussel) 

(Amblema 

neislerii)

The fat threeridge inhabits 

the main channel of small 

to large rivers in slow to 

moderate current. 

Substrate used by this 

mussel varies from gravel 

to cobble to a mixture of 

sand and sandy mud 

(Williams and Butler 

1994). Brim Box and 

Williams (2000) found 60 

percent of the specimens 

were located in a sandy silt 

substrate.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

42.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Finback whale, 

(Balaenoptera 

physalus)

Fin whales are found in 

deep, offshore waters of 

all major oceans, primarily 

in temperate to polar 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/

pr/species/mammals/cetace

ans/finwhale.htm
65

latitudes, and less 

commonly in the tropics. 

They occur year-round in 

a wide range of latitudes 

and longitudes, but the 

density of individuals in 

any one area changes 

seasonally.

overlap with coastal 

waters.

Finerayed 

pigtoed 

(Fusconaia 

cuneolus)

This species is typically a 

riffle species that inhabits 

ford and shoal areas in freeflowing streams of moderate 

gradient (US FWS, 1984, p. 

7). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/fine%20rayed%20re

cov%20plan.pdf

Fluted 

kidneyshell 

(Ptychobranchus 

subtentum)

Associated with the 

Cumberland and Tennessee 

River drainages. Generally 

live embedded in the bottom 

of stable streams and other 

bodies of water, and within 

riffle areas of sufficient 

current velocities to remove 

finer sediments and provide 

well oxygenated waters (US 

FWS, 2013, p. 59560)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2013. Federal 

Register Notice: Designation 

of Critical Habitat. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-09-26/pdf/2013-

23357.pdf

Fuzzy pigtoe 

(Pleurobema 

strodeanum)

The fuzzy pigtoe is found 

in medium creeks to 

medium rivers in stable 

substrates of sand and silty 

sand with slow to 

moderate current. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61673

Gila chub

(Gila 

intermedia)

Found in pools in smaller 

streams, cienegas, and 

artificial ponds. Highly 

secretive, adults prefer 

deeper, quieter waters in 

pools and eddies below 

riffles or runs, often 

remaining in cover from 

terrestrial vegetation, 

boulders, and fallen logs. 

Young-of-the year use the 

shallow margins of pools 

with aquatic vegetation or 

debris for cover. Older 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile?spc

ode=E02P#lifeHistory
66

juveniles may be found in 

higher velocity runs and 

riffles.

Gila topminnow 

(incl. Yaqui)

(Poeciliopsis 

occidentalis)

Shallow, warm, fairly quiet 

waters in ponds, cienegas, 

tanks, pools, springs, small 

streams, and the margins of 

larger streams. Dense mats 

of algae and debris along the 

margins of the habitats are an 

important component for 

cover and foraging. 

Substrates of organic muds 

and detritus also provide 

foraging areas. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS Species life history 

page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=E00C#lifeHistory

Gila trout

(Oncorhynchus 

gilae)

clean gravel, moderate to 

high gradient in perennial 

mountain streams

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2003. Gila trout 

recovery plan (third revision).

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/030910.pdf

Green blossom 

(pearlymussel)

(Epioblasma 

torulosa 

gubernaculum)

Clean, fast-flowing water in 

substrates that contain 

relatively firm rubble, gravel, 

and sand substrates swept 

free from siltation. These 

mussels are

usually found buried in the 

substrate in shallow riffle and 

shoal areas E. t. 

gubernacululm was restricted 

to the high gradient rivers of 

the Appalachian mountains 

and the Cumberland Plateau

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1983. Recovery 

Plan Green-blossom Pearly 

Mussel Epioblasma 

(=Dysnomia) torulosa 

gubernaculum. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060228.pdf

Greenback 

Cutthroat trout

(Oncorhynchus 

clarki stomias)

Require clear, swift -flowing 

mountain streams with cover 

such as overhanging banks 

and vegetation. Riffle areas 

are used for spawning. 

Juveniles tend to shelter in 

shallow backwaters until 

large enough to fend for 

themselves in the 

mainstream.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life-history 

page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E00F.html

Green sea turtle 

(Chelonia 

mydas)

Green turtles are primarily 

restricted to tropical and 

subtropical waters. In U.S. 

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico 

waters, green turtles are 

found from

Massachusetts to Texas and 

in the U.S. Virgin Islands and 

Puerto Rico...Seagrasses are 

the principal dietary 

component of juvenile and 

adult green turtles throughout 

the Wider Caribbean region 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

NMFS, NOAA. 1998. Federal 

Register Notice: Designated 

critical habitat.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3295.pdf
67

(Bjorndal, 1995). (NMFS, 

NOAA 1998, p. 46694)

Gulf 

moccasinshell 

(Medionidus 

penicillatus)

The Gulf moccasinshell 

inhabits the channels of 

small to medium-sized 

creeks to large rivers with 

sand and gravel or silty 

sand substrates in slow to 

moderate currents 

(Williams and Butler 

1994; Garner, pers. comm. 

2003). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

43.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Gulf sturgeon, 

(Acipenser 

oxyrinchus 

desotoi)

The Gulf sturgeon is an 

Anadromous fish which 

migrates from salt water 

into large coastal rivers to 

spawn and spend the warm 

months. The majority of 

its life is spent in fresh 

water (US FWS, 1995). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/950922.pdf

Hawksbill sea 

turtle, 

(Eretmochelys 

imbricata)

The hawksbill turtle occurs in 

tropical and subtropical 

waters of the Atlantic, 

Pacific, and Indian Oceans. 

Coral reefs, like those found 

in the waters surrounding 

Mona and Monito Islands, 

are widely recognized as the 

primary foraging habitat of 

juvenile, subadult, and adult 

hawksbill turtles. This habitat 

association is directly related 

to the species’ highly specific 

diet of sponges (Meylan, 

1988). Hawksbills depend on

coral reefs for food and 

shelter; therefore, the 

condition of reefs directly 

affects the hawksbill’s wellbeing. (NMFS, NOAA 1998, 

p. 46695)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

NMFS, NOAA. 1998. Federal 

Register Notice: Designated 

critical habitat. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3295.pdf

Hay's Spring 

amphipod

(Stygobromus 

hayi)

The Hay’s Spring amphipod 

inhabits a ground water outlet 

that feeds into a low gradient 

creek. Precise data on this 

habitat is lacking due to 

inaccessibility of habitat. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/K004.html

Humpback chub

(Gila cypha)

Humpback chub are found in 

association with fast current, 

deep pool, and boulder 

habitats. They can occupy 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

US FWS. 1990. Recovery 

Plan for the Humpback Chub -

1990 2nd Revised Final Plan
68

deep, swift riverine areas 

with large boulders and steep 

cliffs.

with aquatic 

environments. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/900919c.pdf

Humpback 

whale 

(Megaptera 

novaeangliae)

During migration, 

humpbacks stay near the 

surface of the ocean.

While feeding and calving, 

humpbacks prefer shallow 

waters. During calving, 

humpbacks are usually found 

in the warmest waters 

available at that latitude. 

Calving grounds are 

commonly near offshore reef 

systems, islands, or 

continental shores.

Humpback feeding grounds 

are in cold, productive 

coastal waters. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/

species/mammals/cetaceans/h

umpbackwhale.htm

James 

spinymussel 

(Pleurobema 

collina)

This species lives in 

stream sites that vary in 

width from 10-75 feet and 

depth of 1/2 to 3 feet. It 

requires a slow to 

moderate water current 

with clean sand and cobble 

bottom sediments. The 

James spinymussel is 

limited to areas of 

unpolluted water, and may 

be more susceptible to 

competition from exotic 

clam species when its 

habitat is disturbed (Clark 

and Neves 1984, USFWS 

1990).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/lif

e_histories/F025.html

Kemp’s ridley 

sea turtle, 

(Lepidochelys 

kempii)

This life history pattern is 

characterized by three basic 

ecosystem zones: (1) 

Terrestrial zone 

(supralittoral) - the nesting 

beach where both oviposition 

and embryonic development 

occur; (2) Neritic zone - the 

nearshore (including bays 

and sounds) marine 

environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths do not 

exceed 200 meters, including 

the continental shelf; and (3) 

Oceanic zone - the vast open 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

NMFS, NOAA. 2011. Binational recovery plan for the 

kemp's ridley sea turtle.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/090116.pdf
69

ocean environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths are 

greater than 200 meters. 

(NMFS, NOAA 2011, p. I-8)

Koster's 

springsnail

(Juturnia 

kosteri)

They inhabit springs and 

spring-fed wetland systems 

with variable water 

temperatures and slow to 

moderate water velocities 

over compact substrate 

(material on the bottom of the 

stream) ranging from deep 

organic silts to gypsum sands 

and gravel. Additionally, the 

habitat of Koster’s 

springsnail consists of soft 

substrates of springs and 

seeps.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2011. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for Roswell 

Springsnail, Koster's 

Springsnail, Noel's Amphipod, 

and Pecos Assiminea; Final 

Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2011-06-07/pdf/2011-

13227.pdf 

Leatherback sea 

turtle, 

(Dermochelys 

coriacea)

Leatherbacks are able to take 

advantage of a wide variety 

of marine ecosystems 

(reviewed by Saba 2013; see 

NOAA large marine 

ecosystem website: 

http://www.lme.noaa.gov/). 

Within these ecosystems, 

various oceanic features such 

as water temperature, 

downwelling, Ekman 

upwelling, sea surface height, 

chlorophyll-a concentration, 

and mesoscale eddies affect 

the presence of leatherbacks 

(Bailey et al. 2013; Benson et 

al. 2011). The physical 

characteristics observed 

within these marine 

ecosystems also affect the 

distribution and abundance of 

leatherback prey (reviewed 

by Saba 

2013). (NFMS, NOAA 2013, 

p. 20-22).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

NMFS, NOAA. 2013. Five 

Year Review. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/090116.pdf

Lee County cave 

isopod

(Lirceus 

usdagalun)

Found on the surfaces of 

small, submerged rocks and 

gravels in cave streams.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS 1997. Lee County 

Cave Isopod (Lirceus 

usdagalun) Recover Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/970930c.pdf

Littlewing 

pearlymussel,

(Pegias fabula)

This species inhabits small to 

medium, low turbidity, coolwater, high to moderate 

gradient streams in the 

Cumberland and Tennessee 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1989. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/890922.pdf
70

River basins (US FWS, 1989, 

p. 5).

Little Colorado 

spinedace

(Lepidomeda 

vittata)

Freshwater springs, streams 

and rivers. Tends to prefer 

pools, but occurs sporadically 

throughout the habitat. 

Predominately in open pools 

with undercut banks and/or 

boulders for cover. During 

periods of drought spinedace 

are believed to persist in 

springs and intermittent 

streambed pools; and during 

flooding they tend to 

distribute themselves 

throughout the stream. 

Found in pools with slow to 

moderate current adjacent to 

riffles; during spate 

conditions, in eddies lateral 

to the current.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1997. Little 

Colorado River Spinedace 

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/980109.pdf 

Federal Register/Vol. 52, No. 

179. September 16, 1987, 

Little Colorado Spinedace 

Critical Habitat.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr1325.pdf 

Loach minnow

(Tiaroga cobitis)

Inhabits turbulent waters over 

gravel and/or cobble bottoms 

in riffles of mainstream 

rivers, fast-flowing streams, 

and tributaries. Due to a 

reduced gas bladder the 

species is restricted almost 

exclusively to a bottomdwelling habit, swimming in 

swift water is only for brief 

moments. Most habitat is 

relatively shallow and the 

fish is found at elevations up 

to 2200 meters.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1991. Loach 

Minnow Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/910930f.pdf

Loggerhead sea 

turtle, Northwest 

Atlantic DPS 

(Caretta caretta)

The three basic ecosystems in 

which loggerheads live are 

the: 

1. Terrestrial zone 

(supralittoral) - the nesting 

beach where both oviposition 

(egg laying) and embryonic 

development and hatching 

occur. 

2. Neritic zone - the 

nearshore marine 

environment (from the 

surface to the sea floor) 

where water depths do not 

exceed 200 meters. The 

neritic zone generally 

includes the continental shelf, 

but in areas where the 

continental shelf is very 

narrow or nonexistent, the 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal waters.

NMFS. NOAA. 2009. 

Recovery Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/090116.pdf
71

neritic zone conventionally 

extends to areas where water 

depths are less than 200 

meters. 

3. Oceanic zone - the vast 

open ocean environment 

(from the surface to the sea 

floor) where water depths are 

greater than 200 meters. 

(NMFS, NOAA 2009, p. I20)

Madison Cave 

isopod

(Antrolana lira)

Flooded limestone caves 

beneath the Great Valley of 

Virginia and West Virginia 

where it swims freely 

through calcite-saturated 

waters of deep karst aquifers

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life-history 

page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile?spc

ode=K008#lifeHistory

Maryland darter

(Etheostoma 

sellare)

Found in swiftly flowing 

streams (with rocky, rubble 

and gravel substrates), and 

prefers rock crevices and 

similar shelters in clean, 

well- oxygenated, parts of 

those streams. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

USFWS. 1985. Maryland 

darter revised recovery plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/851017.pdf

Mexican longnosed bat 

(Leptonycteris 

nivalis)

The Mexican long-nosed 

bat has evolved an 

apparent mutualistic 

association with Agave sp.

The bat is principally a 

nectar feeder, foraging on 

the flowers of Agave, and 

in some minor proportions 

consuming the pollen, 

fruits, and any incidental 

insects associated with the 

flowers. The bats occupy 

mid- to high- elevational 

desert scrub, open coniferoak woodlands, and pine 

forest habitats in the 

Upper Sonoran and 

Transition Life Zones. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with the 

desert scrub, open 

conifer-oak 

woodlands and pine 

forest habitats of the 

bat. The bat’s major 

resource need, Agave 

plants are not 

expected to be on 

soybean and cotton 

fields. 

USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan.

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/re

covery_plan/940908.pdf

Monkeyface, 

Appalachian 

(pearlymussel) 

(Quadrula 

sparsa)

This species is most often 

observed in clean-fastflowing water in substrates 

that contain relatively firm 

rubble, gravel, and sand 

substrates swept free from 

siltation. These mussels are 

usually found buried in the 

substrate in shallow riffle and 

shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, 

p. 7).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840709.pdf
72

Monkeyface, 

Cumberland 

(pearlymussel) 

(Quadrula 

intermedia)

This species is most often 

observed in clean-fastflowing water in substrates 

that contain relatively firm 

rubble, gravel, and sand 

substrates swept free from 

siltation. These mussels are 

usually found buried in the 

substrate in shallow riffle and 

shoal areas (US FWS, 1984, 

p. 9). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840709b.pdf

Narrow pigtoe 

(Fusconaia 

escambia)

It is found in medium 

creeks to medium rivers, 

in stable substrates of 

sand, sand and gravel, or 

silty sand, with slow to 

moderate current. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61671

Noel's 

Amphipod

(Gammarus 

desperatus)

Inhabits shallow, cool, welloxygenated waters of 

streams, ponds, ditches, 

sloughs, and springs.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2010. Noel’s 

amphipod (Gammarus 

desperatus) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3600.pdf

North Atlantic 

Right Whale 

(Eubalaena 

glacialis)

The North Atlantic right 

whale primarily occurs in 

coastal or shelf waters, but 

may go into deeper waters. 

(NMFS 2004, p. v)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with coastal 

waters. 

NMFS. 2004. Recovery 

plan for the north Atlantic 

right whale (Eubalaena 

glacialis). Available online 

at: 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/whale_right_no

rthatlantic.pdf

Ochlockonee 

moccasinshell 

(Medionidus 

simpsonianus)

The Ochlockonee

moccasinshell inhabits 

large creeks and the 

Ochlockonee River main 

stem in areas with current. 

Typical substrates are sand 

with some gravel 

(Williams and Butler 

1994).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

43.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Oval pigtoe 

(Pleurobema 

pyriforme)

The oval pigtoe occurs in 

small to medium-sized 

creeks to small rivers 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

43.
73

where it inhabits silty sand 

to sand and gravel 

substrates, usually in slow 

to moderate current 

(Williams and Butler

1994; Garner, pers. comm. 

2003). Stream channels 

appear to offer the best 

habitat for this species.

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Oyster Mussel 

(Epioblasma 

capsaeformis)

This species is generally 

adapted to live in the gravel 

shoals of free-flowing rivers 

and streams (US FWS, 2004, 

Executive Summary). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2004. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/040524.pdf

Pecos 

assiminea snail 

(Assiminea 

pecos)

The Pecos assiminea 

requires saturated, moist 

soil at stream or springrun margins and is found 

in wet mud or beneath 

mats of vegetation, usually 

within 1 inch (in) (2 to 3 

centimeters 

(cm)) of flowing water. 

Spring complexes that 

contain flowing water 

create saturated soils that 

provide the specific habitat 

needed for population 

growth, sheltering, and 

normal behavior of the 

species. Although this 

snail seldom occurs 

immersed in water, the 

species cannot withstand 

permanent drying of 

springs or spring 

complexes. 

Consequently, wetland 

plant species are required 

to provide leaf litter (dead 

leaf material), shade, and 

appropriate microhabitat. 

Plant species such as 

Scirpus americanus 

(American threesquare), Eleocharis 

spp. (spike rush), 

Distichlis spicata 

(inland saltgrass), and 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2011. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for 

Roswell Springsnail, 

Koster's Springsnail, Noel's 

Amphipod, and Pecos 

Assiminea; Final Rule. 

Page 33039. Available at:

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2011-06-

07/pdf/2011-13227.pdf
74

Juncus spp. (rushes) 

provide the appropriate 

cover and shelter required 

by Pecos assiminea 

(NMDGF 2005, p. 

13). 

Pecos bluntnose 

shiner

(Notropis simus 

pecosensis)

Sandy substrate with low 

velocity flow, and at depths 

between 7-16 inches. 

Backwater, riffles, and pools 

are also used by younger 

individuals. Natural springs 

which are sources of 

continuous water flow also 

serve as habitat for Notropis 

simus pecosensis.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E04F.html

Pecos 

gambusia 

(Gambusia 

nobilis)

Gambusia nobilis occurs 

abundantly in springheads 

and spring runs. 

Moderately abundant 

populations are also 

known from areas with 

little spring influence, but 

with abundant overhead 

cover, sedge covered 

marshes, and gypsum 

sinkholes. G. nobilis has 

been observed to occur 

from the surface to depths 

of three meter. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS ECOS Life 

Histories for the Pecos 

gambusia (Gambusia 

nobilis)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/lif

e_histories/E00V.html

Pink Mucket 

(pearlymussel) 

(Lampsilis 

abrupta)

The pink mucket may still 

exist in stretches of the lower 

Ohio River (US FWS, 1985, 

p. 10).

The pink mucket habitat is 

large rivers at least 60 feet 

wide, where it occurs at 

depths up to 25 feet deep. 

Currents are typically 

moderate to fast and 

substrates range from silt to 

boulders, rubble, gravel, and 

sand (US FWS, 1985, p. 11). 

The species seems to have 

adapted to living in 

impounded waters, at least in 

the upper reaches where the 

water is flowing (US FWS, 

1985, p. 10).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1985. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/pink%20mucket%20

rp.pdf

Purple 

bankclimber 

(mussel) 

The purple bankclimber 

inhabits small to large 

river channels in slow to 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

43.
75

(Elliptoideus 

sloatianus)

moderate current over 

sand or sand mixed with 

mud or gravel substrates 

(Williams and Butler 

1994). 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Rabbitsfoot 

(Quadrula 

cylindrica 

cylindrica)

Primarily an inhabitant of 

small to medium sized 

streams and some larger 

rivers. It usually occurs in 

shallow water areas along the 

bank and adjacent runs and 

shoals with reduced water 

velocity. They have been 

reported in deep water runs 

up to 12 feet depth. "Bottom 

substrates generally include 

gravel and sand" (US FWS, 

2012, p. 63446).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Register Notice.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-10-16/pdf/2012-

24151.pdf

Razorback 

sucker

(Xyrauchen 

texanus)

Fresh, large warm-water 

rivers: deep runs, eddies, 

backwaters, flooded offchannel. The species prefers 

shallow swift waters of midchannel sandbars (less than 

12ft deep) during the summer 

months, and slow runs, slack 

waters and eddies (2.0 to 

4.6ft) in the winter.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2002. Razorback 

Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) 

Recovery Goals.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060727c.pdf

Riffleshell, 

northern 

(Epioblasma 

torulosa 

rangiana)

The habitat of the riffleshell 

occurs in packed sand and 

gravel in riffles and runs, and 

also in the western basin of 

Lake Erie where there is 

sufficient wave action to 

produce continuously moving 

water (US FWS, 1994, p. 

18). FWS further describes 

the habitat as medium to 

large rivers where they are 

often associated with high 

water velocities, although 

they have also been 

documented in Lake Erie and 

in deep more slow-flowing 

rivers down to 20 feet (US 

FWS, 2009. p. 9).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1994. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940921.pdf

USFWS. 2009. Five Year 

Review. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3284.pdf

Rio Grande 

silvery minnow

(Hybognathus 

amarus)

In general, the species is 

most often found in areas of 

low or moderate water 

velocity (e.g., eddies formed 

by debris piles,

pools, backwaters, and 

embayments), and is rarely 

found in habitats with high 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1999. Rio Grande 

Silvery Minnow Recovery 

Plan (Hybognathus amarus) 

First Revision

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/022210_v2.pdf
76

water velocities, such as main 

channel runs, which are often 

deep and swift.

Roanoke 

logperch

(Percina rex)

The Roanoke logperch 

occupies medium to large 

warm-water streams and 

rivers of moderate gradient 

with relatively unsilted 

substrata. During different 

phases of life history and 

season, every major riverine 

habitat is exploited by the 

logperch. Except in winter, 

all age classes are intolerant 

of moderately to heavily 

silted substrata. It is found in 

two river systems in 

Virginia-The Roanoke River 

drainage.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E01G.html

Round 

Ebonyshell 

(Fusconaia 

rotulata)

It occurs in small to 

medium rivers, typically in 

stable substrates of sand, 

small gravel, or sandy mud 

in slow to moderate 

current. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61668

Rough pigtoe, 

(Pleurobema 

plenum)

The rough pigtoe habitat is 

medium to large rivers, 60 

feet or wider, in sand and 

gravel substrates. Very 

limited collection 

information suggests it 

occurs below spillways, in 

transition zones, and in sand 

and gravel substrates (US 

FWS, 1984, p. 8).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840806.pdf

Roswell 

springsnail

(Pyrgulopsis 

roswellensis)

Springs and spring-fed 

wetland systems with slow to 

moderate flowing water 

velocities, deep organic silts 

to limestone cobble and

gypsum substrates and stable 

water levels.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2012. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for Roswell 

Springsnail, Koster’s 

Springsnail, Noel’s 

Amphipod, and Pecos 

Assiminea; Final Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2011-06-07/pdf/2011-

13227.pdf
77

Rough 

rabbitsfoot

(Quadrula 

cylindrica 

strigillata)

Found in medium to large 

rivers with silt, sand gravel or 

cobble substrates, in eddies at 

edge of midstream currents. 

The species may be 

associated with macrophyte 

beds.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2004. Recovery 

Plan for Rough Rabbitsfoot 

(Quadrula cylindrica 

strigillata)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/040524.pdf

San Bernardino 

springsnail

(Pyrgulopsis 

bernardina)

Associated with seeps, spring 

runs, and especially perennial 

spring systems that produce 

running water 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2012. 

Determination of Endangered 

Status for Three Forks 

Springsnail and Threatened 

Status for San Bernardino 

Springsnail Throughout Their 

Ranges and Designation of 

Critical Habitat for Both 

Species; Final Rule.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-04-17/pdf/2012-

8811.pdf

Shiny entire 

pigtoe, 

(Fusconaia cor)

This species is typically a 

riffle species, found along 

fords and shoals of clear, 

moderate to fast-flowing 

streams and rivers with stable 

substrate. It does not inhabit 

deep pools or impounded 

areas. This species is usually 

found well-buried in the 

substrate during most of the 

year and is more readily 

visible in early summer (US 

FWS, 1984, p. 8). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840709d.pdf

Shortnose 

sturgeon 

(Acipenser 

brevirostrum)

Shortnose sturgeon are 

found in rivers, estuaries, 

and the sea, but 

populations are confined 

mostly to

natal rivers and estuaries. 

The species appears to be 

estuarine anadromous in 

the southern part of its

range, but in some 

northern rivers it is 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

NMFS 1998. Final 

Recovery Plan for the 

Shortnose Sturgeon 

(Acipenser brevirostrum). 

Page 25. Available at:

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/sturgeon_shortn

ose_1.pdf
78

"freshwater 

amphidromous", i.e., 

adults spawn in freshwater 

but regularly enter 

saltwater habitats during 

their life (Kieffer and 

Kynard 1993). Adults in 

southern rivers forage at 

the interface of fresh tidal 

water and saline estuaries 

and enter the upper 

reaches of rivers to spawn 

in early spring (Savannah 

River: Hall et al. 1991; 

Altamaha River: Heidt and 

Gilbert 1979; Flouronoy et 

al. 1992, Rogers and 

Weber 1995a; Ogeechee 

River: Weber 1996). 

Slabside 

pearlymussel, 

(Pleuronaia 

dolabelloides)

Associated with the 

Cumberland and Tennessee 

River drainages. Generally 

live embedded in the bottom 

of stable streams and other 

bodies of water, and within 

riffle areas of sufficient 

current velocities to remove 

finer sediments and provide 

well oxygenated waters (US 

FWS, 2013, p. 59560)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2013. Federal 

Register Notice: Designation 

of Critical Habitat. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-09-26/pdf/2013-

23357.pdf

Slender chub 

(Erimystax 

cahni)

The slender chub is restricted 

to the upper Tennessee River 

drainage in Tennessee and 

Virginia (US FWS 2014, p. 

6)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2014. 5 Year 

Review. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4357.pdf

Shiner, 

smalleye 

(Notropis 

buccula)

Occur in fairly shallow, 

flowing water, often less 

than 0.5 m deep with 

sandy substrates (US FWS 

2014, p. 45252)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS. 2014. Designation 

of Critical Habitat. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/p

kg/FR-2014-08-

04/pdf/2014-17694.pdf

Smalltooth 

sawfish (Pristis 

pectinata)

Smalltooth sawfish are 

tropical marine and estuarine 

fish that have the 

northwestern terminus of 

their Atlantic range in the 

waters of the eastern United 

States. In the United States, 

smalltooth sawfish are 

generally a shallow water 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

NMFS, NOAA. 2001. Federal 

Register Notice: Proposed 

Endangered Status for a DPS 

of Smalltooth Sawfish.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3741.pdf
79

fish of inshore bars, 

mangrove edges, and 

seagrass beds, but are 

occasionally found in deeper 

coastal waters. (US FWS 

NMFS, NOAA 2001, p. 

19416)

Sheepnose 

mussel, 

(Plethobasus 

cyphyus)

The sheepnose is a largerstream species occurring 

primarily in shallow shoal 

habitats with moderate to 

swift currents over coarse 

sand and gravel. Habitats 

with sheepnose may also 

have mud, cobble, and 

boulders. Sheepnose in 

larger rivers may occur at 

depths exceeding 6 m (US 

FWS, 2012, p 14916).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Register Notice: Final Rule. 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-03-13/pdf/2012-

5603.pdf

Shinyrayed 

pocketbook 

(Lampsilis 

subangulata)

The shinyrayed 

pocketbook inhabits small 

to medium-sized creeks, to 

rivers in clean or silty sand 

substrates in slow to 

moderate current 

(Williams and Butler 

1994; Garner, pers. comm. 

2003). 

Specimens are often found 

in the interface of stream 

channel and sloping bank 

habitats, where sediment 

particle size and current 

strength are transitional. 

Clench and Turner (1956) 

noted it preferred small

creeks and spring-fed 

rivers. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2003. Recovery 

Plan for 7 mussels. Page 

42.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/030930.pdf

Snuffbox Mussel 

(Epioblasma 

triquetra )

The habitat is described as 

swift currents and riffles, and 

shoals and wave-washed 

shores of lakes over gravel 

and sand with occasional 

cobble and boulders. They 

generally burrow deep into 

the substrate (US FWS, 2010, 

p 67554). This constitutes a 

wide diversity of habitats. 

However, they do not occur 

in impounded areas or 

reservoirs (except tailwaters) 

(US FWS, 2012, p 8652).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2010. Federal 

Register Notice: Listing.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2010-11-02/pdf/2010-

27413.pdf#page=2

USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Register Notice: Final Rule.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-02-14/pdf/2012-

2940.pdf
80

Spectaclecase 

(mussel) 

(Cumberlandia 

monodonta)

The spectaclecase generally 

inhabits large rivers where it 

occurs in microhabitats 

sheltered from the main force 

of current. It occurs in a 

variety of substrates from 

mud and sand to gravel, 

cobble, and boulders in 

relatively shallow riffles and 

shoals with a slow to swift 

current. It is most often 

found in firm mud between 

large rocks in quiet water 

very near the interface with 

swift currents (US FWS, 

2012, p 14916).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2012. Federal 

Register Notice: Final Rule.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2012-03-13/pdf/2012-

5603.pdf

Spotfin chub 

(Erimonax 

monachus)

The species is an insectivore, 

feeding diurnally presumably 

by both sight and taste in 

benthic areas of slow to swift 

current over various 

substrates with little siltation. 

Streams may range from 15-

60 m in width and, where 

occupied, 0.3-10.0 m in 

depth. Water temperature in 

their summer habitat usually 

reaches greater than 20°C, 

and submerged macrophytes 

are usually absent, 

occasionally common. The 

species has been observed 

associated with sand, gravel, 

rubble, boulder, and bedrock 

substrates (Jenkins and 

Burkhead, 1982) (US FWS 

1983, p. 15). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 1983. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/831121.pdf

Socorro isopod

(Thermosphaero

ma 

thermophilus)

Small pools and runs 

characterized by relatively 

stable temperatures and 

physical factors with algae 

covering most surfaces.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1982. Socorro 

Isopod Recover Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/820216.pdf

Socorro 

springsnail

(Pyrgulopsis 

neomexicana)

Occurs on stones and among 

aquatic plants. Pyrgulopsis 

neornexicana is also found in 

the uppermost layer of an 

organic muck substrate with 

slow moving currents in 

rivers and streams.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1991. Final Rule To 

List the Alamosa Springsnail 

and the Socorro Springsnail as 

Endangered

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr1933.pdf

Sonora chub

(Gila ditaenia)

Perennial and spatially 

intermittent small to 

moderately sized streams. It 

prefers pools near cliffs, 

boulders, or other cover in 

stream channels. The chub is 

restricted to one river system, 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1992. Sonora Chub 

Recovery Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/920930.pdf
81

and as noted, is able to move 

through the system when 

flows are suitable.

US FWS. Species Fact Sheet 

for SONORA CHUB (Gila 

ditaenia)

http://www.fws.gov/southwest

/es/arizona/Documents/Redbo

ok/Sonora%20Chub%20RB.p

df

Southern 

kidneyshell 

(Ptychobranch

us jonesi)

It is typically found in 

medium creeks to small 

rivers in firm sand 

substrates with slow to 

moderate current 

(Williams et al. 2008, pp. 

625).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61668

Southern 

sandshell 

(Hamiota 

(=Lampsilis) 

australis)

The southern sandshell is 

typically found in small 

creeks and rivers in stable 

substrates of sand or 

mixtures of sand and fine 

gravel, with slow to 

moderate current. 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61672

Spikedace

(Meda fulgida)

Moderate to large perennial 

streams with moderate to 

swift currents. It inhabits 

shallow riffles with sand 

gravel and rubble substrates. 

Specific habitat consists of 

shear zones where rapid flow 

borders slower flow, areas of 

sheet flow at the upper end of 

mid-channel sand/gravel bars 

and eddies at downstream 

riffle edges. All suitable 

habitats are found under 

2,000 meters elevation. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E05J.html

Tan riffleshell

(Epioblasma 

florentina 

This species inhabits streams 

described as shallow and 

turbid with numerous riffles 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

USFWS. 1984. Recovery 

Plan. 
82

walkeri (=E. 

walkeri)

and substrate consisting of 

loose rocks and gravel bars 

with an abundance of water 

willow (US FWS, 1984. P, 

7). 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/tan%20riffleshell%2

0rp.pdf

Tapered pigtoe 

(Fusconaia 

burkei)

The tapered pigtoe is 

found in medium creeks to 

medium rivers in stable 

substrates of sand, small 

gravel, or sandy mud, with 

slow to moderate current 

(Williams et al. 2008, p. 

296). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or 

other water bodies.

USFWS 2012. 

Determination of 

Endangered Species Status 

for the Alabama Pearlshell, 

Round Ebonyshell, 

Southern Kidneyshell, and 

Choctaw Bean, and 

Threatened Species Status 

for the Tapered Pigtoe, 

Narrow Pigtoe, Southern 

Sandshell, and Fuzzy 

Pigtoe, and Designation of 

Critical Habitat: Final rule. 

Page 61670

Three Forks 

Springsnail

(Pyrgulopsis 

trivialis)

Shallow waters up to 6 cm 

(2.35 in) deep, high 

conductivity, alkaline waters 

of pH 8, and suitable 

substrates that are typically 

firm, characterized by cobble, 

gravel, sand (and sometimes 

fine-grained mud), woody 

debris, and aquatic vegetation 

such as watercress.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2011. ; Proposed 

Endangered Status for the 

Three Forks Springsnail and 

San Bernardino Springsnail, 

and Proposed Designation of 

Critical Habitat; Proposed 

Rule 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2011-04-12/pdf/2011-

8176.pdf

Tubercled 

blossom 

(pearlymussel)

(Epioblasma 

torulosa 

torulosa)

Large-river species that was 

endemic to the Ohio River 

system.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2011 Tubercled 

Blossom Epioblasma torulosa 

torulosa 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3781.%20toru

losa.pdf

Virgin River 

Chub

(Gila seminuda 

(=robusta))

Virgin River chubs are most 

often associated with deep 

runs or pool habitats of slow 

to moderate velocities with 

large boulders or instream 

cover, such as root snags. 

Adults and juveniles are 

often associated together 

within these habitats; 

however, the larger adults are 

collected most often in the 

deeper pool habitats within 

the river.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2013. Virgin River 

Fishes Recover Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/950419a.pdf
83

West Indian 

Manatee 

(Trichechus 

manatus

latirostris)

This species lives in 

freshwater, brackish and 

marine habitats (US FWS, 

2001, Executive Summary). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

US FWS. 2001. Recovery 

Plan- Third Revision. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/011030.pdf

Woundfin

(Plagopterus 

argentissimus)

Rivers and creeks, depths 

between 0.15 and 0.42 m and 

velocities between 0.24 and 

0.49 m/s and sandy 

substrates.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E00Z.html

Yaqui catfish

(Ictalurus pricei)

Larger rivers in areas of 

medium to slow

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 1994. Yaqui Fishes 

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/950329.pdf

Yaqui chub

(Gila purpurea)

Inhabits deeper pools of 

small streams near undercut 

banks and debris between 

1,219 - 1,828 m (4,000 -

6,000 ft). Is also found in 

pools associated with 

springheads. Also occurs in 

artificial ponds.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. Species Fact Sheet.

http://www.fws.gov/southwest

/es/arizona/Documents/Redbo

ok/Yaqui%20Chub%20RB.pd

f

Madtom, 

yellowfin 

(Noturus 

flavipinnis)

This species prefers pool 

habitats beneath cobble and 

small boulder substrates 

(Miller 2011). The strongest 

habitat models identified 

preferred pools for yellowfin 

madtoms as greater than 40 

meters in length with gravel 

being the main substrate 

beneath cover rocks (Miller 

2011). (US FWS, 2012, p. 

16).

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rivers, streams, 

creeks, or other water 

bodies.

USFWS. 2012. Five Year 

Review. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4146.pdf

Zuni Bluehead 

Sucker

(Catostomus 

discobolus 

yarrowi)

Stream reaches with clean, 

perennial water flowing over 

hard substrate (material on 

the stream bottom), such as 

bedrock. Habitat areas are 

generally shaded with water 

velocities of less than 0.1 

meter per second (0.3 feet per 

second) in water that was 30 

to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) deep 

with cobble, boulders, and 

bedrock substrate. Pools 

often edged by emergent 

aquatic plants and riparian 

vegetation.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments. 

US FWS. 2014. Endangered 

Species Status for the Zuni 

Bluehead Sucker; Final Rule 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2014-07-24/pdf/2014-

17205.pdf

American 

crocodile

(Crocodylus 

acutus)

Found primarily in mangrove 

swamps and along lowenergy mangrove-lined bays, 

creeks, and inland swamps. 

During the non-nesting 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan 

(68 spp.)
84

season, they are found 

primarily in the fresh and 

brackish-water inland 

swamps, creeks, and bays, 

retreating further into the 

back country in fall and 

winter. Can be found in 

inland ponds and creeks, 

protected coves exposed 

shorelines mud flats. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

Atlantic salt 

marsh snake

(Nerodia clarkii 

taeniata)

The Atlantic salt marsh snake 

inhabits coastal salt marshes 

and mangrove swamps. 

Specifically, it occurs along 

shallow tidal creeks and 

pools, in a saline 

environment ranging from 

brackish to full strength. It is 

often associated with fiddler 

crab burrows.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. Profile page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile?spc

ode=C01T#lifeHistory

Elkhorn coral

(Acropora 

palmat)a

Turbulent shallow water on 

the seaward face of reefs in 

water ranging from 1 to 5 m 

in depth. It has been found in 

waters up to 30 m in depth.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. 2008. Critical 

Habitat for Threatened 

Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; 

Final Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2008-11-26/pdf/E8-

27748.pdf#page=1

Okaloosa darter

(Etheostoma 

okaloosae)

Fast-flowing streams. 

Bottoms are mostly sand, 

with detritus collecting in 

areas along the edges and 

eddy areas where the currents 

are deflected. Darete streams 

are heavily shade over most 

of their courses with ti-ti, 

alder, wax myrtly, oak, pine, 

juniper, and black gum.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. Species life history 

page

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/life_h

istories/E00H.html

Squirrel 

Chimney Cave 

shrimp

(Palaemonetes 

cumingii)

Squirrel Chimney cave 

system. Entrance is a steep 

to vertical sloped sink with a 

shaft 3-6 ft wide and extends 

to the main cave and is 

referred to as a chimney. The 

cave has bedding plane 

tunnels, ledges, and a debris 

cone which opens to an air 

chamber.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. 2008. Squirrel 

Chimney Cave shrimp

(Palaemonetes cumingii) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1919.pdf

Staghorn coral

(Acropora 

cervicornis)

Staghorn coral commonly 

grows in more protected, 

deeper water ranging from 5 

to 20 m in depth and has been 

found in rare instances to 60 

m.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with aquatic 

environments.

US FWS. 2008. Critical 

Habitat for Threatened 

Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; 

Final Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2008-11-26/pdf/E8-

27748.pdf#page=1
85

Species Habitat Rationale Source

Plants

Acuna Cactus

(Echinomastus 

erectocentrus var. 

acunensis)

The acuña cactus occurs in 

valleys and on small knolls 

and gravel ridges of up to 30 

percent slope in the PaloVerde-Saguaro Association 

of the Arizona Upland 

subdivision of the Sonoran 

desertscrub at 365 to 1,150 m 

(1,198 to 3,773 ft) in 

elevation. The plant is not 

found on all seemingly 

suitable habitat and 

microclimate (soil structure, 

chemistry, and moisture) may 

be important factors.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert 

environments. 

US FWS. Species life history 

page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile?spc

ode=Q0OU#lifeHistory

American 

chaffseed, 

(Schwalbea 

americana)

Habitats described as pine 

flatwoods, fire-maintained 

savannas, ecotonal areas 

between peaty wetlands 

and xeric sandy soils, and 

other open grass-sedge 

systems (US FWS, 1995).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with pine 

flatwoods, firemaintained savannas, 

wetland or sedge 

dominated systems. 

USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/950929c.pdf

American hart’s 

tongue fern, 

(Asplenium 

scolopendrium 

var. americanum)

Early successional habitats 

Northern populations 

occur in forests of 

secondary growth where 

canopy openings are 

abundant. New York 

populations occur in 

conifer forests. Bryophyte 

beds are an important 

substrate.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap early 

successional forests, 

conifer forests or 

bryophyte beds where 

the species is found.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/930915.pdf

Arizona Cliff-rose

(Purshia 

(=Cowania) 

subintegra)

Dry. At each site P. 

subintegra is part of a locally 

unique vegetative 

community. The geographic 

and local distribution of P. 

subintegra appears to be 

limited by competition from 

other plant species rather 

than a requirement for a 

specific soil type. 

Distribution may be limited 

by competition from 

creosotebush.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats. 

US FWS. 2013. Arizona 

Cliffrose (Purshia subintegra) 

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4260.pdf

Arizona hedgehog 

cactus

Plants are found on dacite or 

granite bedrock, open slopes, 

in narrow cracks between 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

US FWS. 2008. 5-Year 

Reviews of 28 Southwestern 

Species
86

(Echinocereus 

triglochidiatus var. 

arizonicus)

boulders, and in the 

understoryof shrubs in the 

ecotone between Madrean 

EvergreenWoodland and 

Interior Chapparal. 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2008-03-20/pdf/E8-

5632.pdf#page=1

Brady pincushion 

cactus

(Pediocactus 

bradyi)

Pediocactus bradyi is 

restricted to habitat 

composed of Kaibab 

limestone chips overlying 

soil derived from Moenkopi 

shale and sandstone outcrops. 

Chert and quartzite pebbles 

eroded from the Shinarump 

member of the Chinle 

Formation are also present at 

some sites (USFWS 1985). 

The rock chips that overlay 

the soil have clear crystalline 

coatings and a whiter color 

that appears distinct from the 

adjacent brown limestones 

where few or no P. bradyi

occur

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2012. Brady 

Pincushion Cactus 

(Pediocactus bradyi) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4036.pdf

Canby's dropwort 

(Oxypolis canbyi)

Coastal plains -

specifically in pond 

cypress savannas, the 

shallows and edges of 

cypress pond/pine sloughs, 

and wet pine savannas. 

These are shallowly 

flooded, open habitats. 

Found in natural ponds 

dominated by cypress, 

grass-sedge dominated 

Carolina bays.

(USFWS 1990)

Wetlands (USFWS 2010)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

wetlands. 

1990 USFWS Canby's 

dropwort recovery plan

2010 USFWS Canby's 

dropwort 5-year review

Canelo Hills ladies'-

tresses

(Spiranthes 

delitescens)

Occurs in rare wetland 

habitats in southern Arizona 

and northern Sorona, Mexico 

called "cienegas." Ciengas 

are mid-level wetland 

communities, often 

surrounded by relatively arid 

environments, that are 

usually associated with 

perrenial springs or stream 

headwaters. They have 

permamently or seasonally 

saturated organic soils, and 

have a low probability of 

flooding or scouring.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 1997. ETWP; 

Determination of Endangered 

Status for Three Wetland 

Species Found in Southern 

Arizona and Northern Sonora, 

Mexico (62 FR 665 689)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3030.pdf

Carter’s smallflowered flax Proposed PCE’s for this 

species are areas of pine 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

US FWS. 2013. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for 
87

(Linum carteri 

carteri)

rockland habitat with 

frequent disturbances (e.g. 

fire)

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland 

habitats with frequent 

disturbance regimes.

Brickellia mosieri (Florida 

Brickell-bush) and Linum 

carteri var. carteri (Carter’s 

Small-flowered Flax).

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-10-03/pdf/2013-

24174.pdf

Clay-loving wild 

buckwheat

(Eriogonum 

pelinophilum)

Distribution is linked to soil 

type. Found within swales 

and drainages. Mat saltbrush 

community.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 2009. Clay-loving 

wild buckwheat 5-year review

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2635.pdf

Cochise pincushion 

cactus

(Coryphantha 

robbinsorum)

Bedrock and stony soils of 

the Permian Limestone 

Formation . Transition zone 

between the Chihuahuan 

desert scrub and the semidesert grassland habitats. 

Occupies limestone hills. 

Grows on bedrock areas with 

very little soil in sunny, open, 

well-drained areas 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats. US FWS. 1993. Cochise 

pincushion cactus 

(Coryphantha robbinsorum) 

recovery plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930927c.pdf

Butterfly plant, 

Colorado (Gaura 

neomexicana var. 

coloradensis)

This species requires 

early- to mid-succession 

riparian habitat. It 

commonly occurs in 

habitat types that are 

usually intermediate in 

moisture between wet, 

streamside communities 

dominated by sedges, 

rushes, and cattails, and 

dry, upland short-grass 

prairie. Typically, 

Colorado butterfly plant 

habitat is open, without 

dense or overgrown 

vegetation (US FWS, 

2010). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with riparian 

habitat or upland 

prairies. 

USFWS. 2010. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/Colorado%20B

utterfly%20Plant%20Recov

ery%20Outline_Final_May

%202010.pdf

Colorado hookless 

Cactus

(Sclerocactus 

glaucus)

Populations of S. glaucus 

occur on alluvial benches and 

lower mesa slopes along the 

Green, Colorado, and 

Gunnison Rivers. Soils are 

usually coarse, gravelly river 

alluvium above the river 

flood plains. Mancos shale 

with volcanic cobbles and 

pebbles form surface material

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 2010. Recovery 

Outline for the Colorado 

hookless cactus (Sclerocactus 

glaucus) 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/CO%20hookless%20

cactus_recovery%20outline_A

pr%202010.pdf

Cooley's 

meadowrue 

Grassland/herbaceous, 

woody wetland, and 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

1994 USFWS Recovery 

Plan
88

(Thalictrum 

cooleyi)

herbaceous wetlands (p. i). 

(USFWS 1994)

overlap with 

wetlands. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/940421.pdf

DeBeque phacelia

(Phacelia

submutica)

DeBeque phacelia is 

restricted to exposures of 

chocolate to purplish brown 

and dark charcoal gray 

alkaline clay soils derived 

from the Atwell Gulch and 

Shire members of the 

Wasatch Formation. These 

expansive clay soils are 

found on moderately steep 

slopes, benches, and ridge 

tops adjacent to valley floors 

of the southern Piceance 

Basin in Mesa and Garfield 

Counties, Colorado. On these 

slopes and soils, DeBeque 

phacelia usually grows only 

on one unique small spot of 

ground that shows a slightly 

different texture, color, and 

crack pattern than the similar 

surrounding soils. We do not 

have a precise scientific 

description of the soil 

features required to support 

this species. The natural 

shrink-swell cracking process 

creates the conditions needed 

for the plants and seed bank 

to thrive. Its habitat lies at 

the interface of the NorthCentral Highlands and Rocky 

Mountain Section and

the Intermountain Semidesert and Desert Province.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with steep slopes, 

benches or ridge tops.

US FWS. 2013. Recovery 

Outline DeBeque phacelia 

(Phacelia submutica)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/Debeque%20Phaceli

a%20Recovery%20Outline.pd

f

Dudley Bluffs 

bladderpod

(Lesquerella 

congesta)

Found on drainages along 

barren outcrops formed by 

erosion by the downcutting 

of streams in the Piceance 

Basin. Grows on level 

surfaces at the points of 

ridges and on narrow 

outcrops of exposed, level, 

white shale . Surrounding 

hills and mesas are juniper 

and pinyon woodlands 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats. US FWS. 1993. Dudley’s 

bluff bladderpod (Lesquerella 

congestai) and Dudleys bluff 

twinpod (Physaria obcordata) 

recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930813a.pdf

Dudley Bluffs 

twinpod

(Physaria 

obcordata)

Found on drainages along 

barren outcrops formed by 

erosion by the downcutting 

of streams in the Piceance 

Basin. Grows on steep 

sideslopes. Surrounding hills 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 1993. Dudley’s 

bluff bladderpod (Lesquerella 

congestai) and Dudleys bluff 

twinpod (Physaria obcordata) 

recovery plan
89

and mesas are juniper and 

pinyon woodlands.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930813a.pdf

Eastern prairie 

fringed orchid 

(Platanthera 

leucophaea)

The eastern prairie fringed 

orchid occurs in a wide 

variety of habitats, from 

mesic prairie to wetland 

communities such as sedge 

meadows, marsh edges 

and even fens and 

sphagnum bogs. It 

requires full sunlight for 

optimum growth and 

flowering, which restricts 

it to grass- and sedgedominated plant 

communities. The 

substrate of the sites where 

it occurs ranges from more 

or less neutral to mildly 

calcareous, typically 

glacial soils. It is often 

early successional, but can 

be maintained in mid- to 

late successional wetlands 

that remain open and 

sunny (US FWS, 1999, 

pp. 6-7).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with grass or 

sedge-dominated 

plant communities.

USFWS. 1999. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/990929.pdf

Fickeisen Plains 

cactus

(Pediocactus 

peeblesianus 

fickeiseniae)

Occurs on shallow soils 

derived from exposed layers 

of Kaibab limestone. Most 

populations occur on the 

margins of canyon rims, on 

flat terraces or benches, or on 

the toe of well-drained hills 

with less than 20 percent 

slope. Within the Plains and 

Great Basin grasslands and 

the Great Basin desert scrub 

vegetation communities.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=Q1C9#lifeHistory

Florida brickellbush (Brickellia 

mosieri)

Proposed PCE’s for this 

species are areas of pine 

rockland habitat with 

frequent disturbances (e.g. 

fire)

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland 

habitats with frequent 

disturbance regimes.

US FWS. 2013. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for 

Brickellia mosieri (Florida 

Brickell-bush) and Linum 

carteri var. carteri (Carter’s 

Small-flowered Flax).

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-10-03/pdf/2013-

24174.pdf
90

Fringed campion 

(Silene polypetala)

Occurs in hardwood 

forests in bottomland and 

ravines. It is often on 

fairly steep slopes of deep 

ravines or north-facing 

hillsides, sometimes on 

nearly level ground, 

particularly in flatwoods 

developed on Iredell soils. 

Occurs mainly in small 

isolated patches of rich 

hardwood. The great 

majority of populations 

occur in the watershed of 

the Apalachicola River 

and its tributary, the Flint 

River. (USFWS 1996)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with forests. 

1996 USFWS Technical 

Agency Draft Recovery 

Plan for Fringed Campion 

(Salene polypetula)

USFWS Species Profile: 

Fringed campion (Silene 

polypetala)

(http://ecos.fws.gov/species

Profile/profile/speciesProfil

e.action?spcode=Q21P)

Gentian pinkroot 

(Spigelia 

gentianoides)

Well drained upland 

pinelands; longleaf pinewiregrass ecosystem 

(USFWS 2012)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with forests.

2012 US FWS Gentian 

pinkroot 5-Year Review

Gierisch mallow

(Sphaeralcea 

gierischii)

Found on gypsum outcrops 

associated with the 

Harrisburg Member of the 

Kaibab Formation in northern 

Mohave County, Arizona and 

closely adjacent Washington 

County, Utah. The 

surrounding plant community 

is that of warm desertscrub 

(Mohave desertscrub)

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. Species profile 

page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=Q3LJ 

Gypsum wildbuckwheat

(Eriogonum 

gypsophilum)

Chihuahuan region of the 

Desert Scrub Formation. The 

climate is semi-arid and 

receives an average of about 

14 inches of precipitation per 

year

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1981. 50 CFR Part 

17. Endangered and 

Threatened Plants; 

Determination of two New 

Mexico Plants to be 

Endangered Species and 

Threatened Species with 

Critical Habitat. Final Rule. 

Federal Register / Vol. 46, No. 

12 / Monday, January 19, 

1981 / Rules and Regulations. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr515.pdf

Harperella 

(Ptilimnium 

nodosum)

Harperella is known from 

only two locations in 

North Carolina. One 

population occurs in the 

Tar River in Granville 

County. Another 

population was 

reintroduced to the Deep 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with river 

habitats. 

USFWS. 1991. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/910305b.pdf
91

River recently after the 

original population known 

from that area 

disappeared. This 

population occurs in 

Chatham County, but the 

river serves as the divide 

between Chatham and Lee 

counties (US FWS, 1991). 

Holmgren milkvetch

(Astragalus 

holmgreniorum)

Grows on the shallow, 

sparsely vegetated soils 

derived primarily from the 

Virgin limestone member of 

the Moenkopi Formation. 

The species is a principal 

member of a warm-desert 

shrub vegetative community.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2006. Astragalus 

holmgreniorum

(Holmgren Milk-Vetch)

and

Astragalus ampullarioides

(Shivwits Milk-Vetch): 

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060929.pdf

Holy Ghost 

ipomopsis

(Ipomopsis sanctispiritus)

Holy Ghost ipomopsis is 

known from a single 

population in the Sangre de 

Cristo

Mountains of San Miguel 

County in north-central New 

Mexico (Figure 2). Plants are

relatively continuous in 

scattered patches for about 

3.5 kilometers (km) (2.2 

miles (mi)) of

Holy Ghost Canyon 

beginning 1.6 km (1.0 mi) 

above the confluence with 

the Pecos River

then up Holy Ghost Creek to 

the confluence with Doctor 

Creek. There are about 80

hectares (ha) (200 acres (ac)) 

of occupied habitat. The 

Santa Fe National Forest

manages most of the habitat. 

The USFS maintains a 

campground and leases land 

in Holy

Ghost Canyon as the Holy 

Ghost Summer Home Area. 

About 80 percent of the 

population

grows on, or immediately 

adjacent to, the west-facing 

cutslopes

along Forest Road 122 in 

Holy Ghost Canyon. Plant 

density varies from small

dense patches (5 plants/m2) 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with montane forest 

habitats.

US FWS. 2002. Holy Ghost 

Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sanctispiritus) Recovery Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/020926.pdf
92

to single, isolated plants 

found greater than 50 m from 

others. The occupied habitat 

in Holy

Ghost Canyon ranges in 

elevation from 2,350 - 2,500 

m (7,730 - 8,220 ft).

Holy Ghost ipomopsis occurs 

in the Rocky Mountain 

montane conifer forest plant

community (Brown 1982). 

Commonly associated 

species are ponderosa pine 

(Pinus

ponderosa), Douglas fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii ), 

aspen (Populus tremuloides), 

Gambel oak

(Quercus gambelii), 

mountain mahogany 

Houghton's 

goldenrod 

(Solidago 

houghtonii)

This plant grows on the 

shores of the Great Lakes, 

mainly Lake Huron and 

Lake Michigan, at the 

Michigan-Ontario border. 

(USFWS 2011)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with shores. 

2011 US FWS Houghton’s 

Goldenrod (Solidago 

houghtonii

A. Gray, Asteraceae)

5-Year Review:

Summary and Evaluation 

Huachuca waterumbel

(Lilaeopsis 

schaffneriana var. 

recurva)

Cienegas (marshy wetlands) 

and associated vegetation 

within Sonoran desert scrub, 

grassland or oak woodland, 

and conifer forest 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1997. Lilaeopsis 

schaffneriana ssp. recurva.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4435.pdf

Jones Cycladenia

(Cycladenia humilis 

var. jonesii)

The species can be found in 

Eriogonum-Ephedra, mixed 

desert shrub, and scattered 

pinyon-juniper communities, 

at elevations ranging from 

4,390 to 6,000 feet elevation 

in plant communities.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2008. Recover 

outline for the Jones 

Cycladenia (Cycladenia 

humilis var. jonesii)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/Jones%20cycladenia

_123008.pdf

Kearney's blue-star

(Amsonia 

kearneyana)

South Canyon in the 

Baboquivari Mountains, 

Brown Canyon, Jaguar 

Canyon, and Thomas 

Canyon. In two distinct 

habitats: open woodland on 

unconsolidated slopes of over 

20 degrees, and canyon 

bottoms in full sun to partical 

shade. once thought to only 

occupy canyon bottoms, we 

now know that this is 

secondary habitat for the 

species, with most 

subpopulations being located 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats.

US FWS. 2013. 5-YearReview for Kearney Bluestar 

– 2013

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4261.pdf
93

on steep, dry, and open 

woodland-dominated slopes 

Knowlton's cactus

(Pediocactus 

knowltonii)

The species occurs on

rolling, gravelly hills in a 

pinon-juniper-sagebrush 

community at about 1,900

meters (m) (6,200-6,300 feet 

(ft)).

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with sagebrush habitats.

US FWS. 2010. Knowlton’s 

Cactus (Pediocactus 

knowltonii) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3082.pdf

Kuenzler hedgehog 

cactus

(Echinocereus 

fendleri var. 

kuenzleri)

Throughout its range, 

pinkflower hedgehog cactus 

occurs in desert grasslands, 

honey mesquite (Prosopis 

glandulosa) and other desert 

shrubland communities, 

pinyon-juniper (PinusJuniperus spp.) woodlands 

dominated mostly by 

Colorado pinyon (P. edulis) 

and oneseed juniper (J. 

monosperma), and pine-oak 

(Quercus spp.) woodlands. 

At the Desert Laboratory in 

Arizona, pinkflower 

hedgehog cactus grows in a 

creosotebush/triangle bursage 

(Larrea tridentata/Ambrosia 

deltoidea) community. In a 

1941 survey, pinkflower 

hedgehog cactus was rare in 

the Colorado River canyon, 

where it was usually found in 

association with Engelmann's 

hedgehog cactus (E. 

engelmannii).

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1985. Recovery 

Plan for the Kuenzler's 

hedgehog cactus

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/850328a.pdf

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute (Spiranthes 

diluvialis)

Occurs in relatively low 

elevation riparian, spring, 

and lakeside wetland 

meadows. Endemic to 

mois soils in mesic or wet 

meadows near springs, 

lakes, or perrenial streams. 

Occur primarily in areas 

where the vegetation is 

relatively open and not 

overly dense or 

overgrown, but some 

populations are found in 

riparian woodlands. 

Observed to be shadeintolerant (US FWS, 

1995). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with riverine, 

spring, or lakeside 

wet meadows. 

USFWS. 1995. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/950921.pdf

USFWS. Species Profile 

Page. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/species

Profile/profile/speciesProfil

e.action?spcode=Q2WA
94

Occurs in relatively low 

elevation riparian, spring, 

and lakeside wetland 

meadows. Endemic to 

moist soils in mesic or wet 

meadows near springs, 

lakes, or perennial 

streams. Occur primarily 

in areas where the 

vegetation is relatively 

open and not overly dense 

or overgrown, but some 

populations als found in 

riparian woodlands. 

Observed to be shadeintolerant (US FWS, 

Species Profile Page).

Lee pincushion 

cactus

(Coryphantha 

sneedii var. leei)

Chihuahuan desert scrub to 

conifer woodlands, rock 

outcrops (rarely alluvial 

rubble), usually narrowly 

confined to cracks in 

limestone

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1986. Recovery 

Plan for the Sneed and Lee 

Pincushion Caciti

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/860321b.pdf

Leedy’s roseroot 

(Rhodiola 

integrifolia ssp. 

leedyi)

New York populations 

occur on cliffs along the 

western shore of Seneca 

lake. In Minnesota, 

populations occur on 

moderate cliffs, which are 

cooled by air exiting 

underground passages in 

the karst topography (US 

FWS, 1998).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with cliffs. 

USFWS. 1998. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/980925.pdf

Lewton's polygala 

(Polygala lewtonii)

This plant grows on the 

sandhills of Central Florida 

and the transition between 

sandhill and Florida scrub. 

The land is dominated by 

longleaf pine, turkey oak, and 

other oaks. It can also be 

found in recently cleared 

areas such as the dry, open 

clearings around power lines.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with sandhills.

US FWS. 2010. Lewton’s 

polygala (Polygala lewtonii) 

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3261.pdf

Mancos milk-vetch

(Astragalus 

humillimus)

Semi-arid sandstone rimrock 

ledges and mesa tops. 

Usually found on large, 

usually flat sheets of 

sandstone and is clustered 

around bowl-like depressions 

on the bedrock. Also found 

in cracks and fissures in the 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats. US FWS. 1989. Mancos 

milkvetch recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/891220.pdf
95

sandstone and at the base of 

slickrock inclines.

Mesa Verde cactus

(Sclerocactus

mesae-verdae)

In general, the cactus is 

restricted to the Mancos and 

Fruitland Shale Formations 

which have high alkalinity 

are gypsiferous and shrinkswell properties that make 

them harsh sites for plant life. 

The Mesa Verde cactus is 

most frequently found 

growing on the tops of hills 

or benches, slopes of hills 

and very rarely on level 

ground between the hills or 

benches. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1984. Mesa Verde 

Cactus Recovery Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/840330a.pdf

Miccosukee 

gooseberry (Ribes 

echinellum)

Mixed mesophytic 

hardwoods (USFWS 

2008)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with forests. 

2008 US FWS Miccosukee 

Gooseberry 5-Year Review

Michaux's sumac 

(Rhus michauxii)

It is endemic to the inner 

coastal plain and piedmont 

of the Carolinas, Georgia, 

and Florida, where it 

occupies sandy or rocky 

open woods. It appears to 

depend upon some form of 

disturbance to maintain the 

open quality of its habitat. 

(USFWS 1993)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with sandy or 

rocky open woods. 

1993 USFWS RECOVERY 

PLAN

for Michaux’s Sumac (Rhus 

michauxii) Sargent

Navajo sedge

(Carex specuicola)

Endemic to Navajo nation, 

and is now restricted to 

Navajo Sandstone Formation 

bedrock seep-spring pockets 

or in hanging gardens within 

the Great Basin conifer 

woodland at an elevation of 

1740m to 1824 m. May have 

occurred in lower riparian 

areas in other canyons on the 

Navajo Nation. Grows in 

variety of situations, from 

inaccessible sheer cliff faces 

to accessible alcoves. 

Dominant associated species 

include monkey flower 

(Mimulus eastwoodiae), 

helleborine (Epipactis 

gigantea), water bentgrass 

(Agrostis semiverticillata), 

sand bluestem (Andropogon 

hallii), thistle (Cirsium spp.) 

Foxtail barley (Hordeum 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with hanging garden 

habitats.

US FWS. 1987. Navajo Sedge 

(Carex speculcola) Recovery 

Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/870924.pdf 
96

jubatum), and common reed 

(Phragmites communis). 

Nichol's Turk's head 

cactus

(Echinocactus 

horizonthalonius 

var. nicholii)

The cactus grows in

open areas and partially to 

shaded area

s underneath the canopy of 

shrubs and

trees, or shouldered next to 

rocks on steep

slopes and within limestone 

outcrops. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2009. Nichol’s

Turk’s Head Cactus

(Echinocactus 

horizonthalonius var. nicholii)

5-Year Review:

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2509.pdf

North Park phacelia

(Phacelia 

formosula)

Outcrops are rust-yellow 

sandstone and sandy areas 

along steep slopes, dissected 

by ravines, sparsely 

vegetated. More individuals 

are found on steep sided 

ravines. Other plants found in 

association include the 

genera Mentzelia, 

Chrysothamnus, Oryzopisis, 

Arenaria, Eriogonum, and 

Rosa 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with steep slopes.

US FWS. 1986. North Park 

Phacelia (Phacelia formosula) 

Recovery Plan 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/860321.pdf

Northeastern 

bulrush

(Scirpus 

ancistrochaetus)

Found in ponds, wet 

depressions, or shallow 

sinkholes within small 

(generally less than one acre) 

wetland complexes. These 

weltands are characterized by 

seasonally variable water 

levels (p. i)

In general, the northeastern 

bulrush tends to grow in 

acidic to circumneutral 

natural ponds, shall sinkoles, 

wet depressions (wet 

meadows and marshes) found 

in hilly country (p. 28). 

Wetlands occupied by the 

species in the northern part of 

its range do not appear to 

have any obvious unique 

habitat characteristics; 

indeed, many wetlands 

appear to have habitat 

suitable for the plant but do 

not harbor it (p. 28). 

Common to all of the ponds 

occupied by S. 

ancistrochaetus, however, 

are water levels that fluctuate 

seasonally and/or annually, 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 1993. Recovery 

Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930825.pdf
97

from inundation (in late 

winter and spring) to 

saturation (in summer and 

late fall) (p. 28). 

Northern wild 

monkshood 

(Aconitum 

noveboracense)

Typical habitat is shaded 

to partially shaded cliffs 

and talus slopes or in New 

York, also occurs in semishaded seepage springs at 

high elevation headwaters. 

Various bedrock types 

from sandstones to 

dolomite and others act as 

substrates. All habitats 

have a cold soil 

environment associated 

with active and continuous 

cold air drainage or cold 

ground water flowage out 

of the nearby bedrock. 

Typically cliff and talus 

slope populations are 

associated with openings 

or caves, often ice-filled, 

through which the cold air 

emanates (US FWS, 1983, 

p. 18-20).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

cliffsides, rockfalls at 

cliff bases or springs 

associated with cold 

air or water.

USFWS. 1983. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/830923.pdf

Osterhout milkvetch

(Astragalus 

osterhoutii)

Middle Park desert badlands 

surrounded by high ranges of 

the Rocky Mountains and 

characterized by open grassy 

vegetation with scattered 

shrubs of big sagebrush, 

rabbitbrushes, bitterbrush, 

horsebrush, winterfat, 

snowberry, and/or mountain 

mahogany.

Osterhout milkvetch shows 

evidence of

light grazing and can be 

found on old road cuts and 

fills,

Occur within six (6) miles to 

the north and east of the town 

of Kremmling.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1992. 

1992_USFWS_Osterhout 

milkvetch (Astragulus 

osterhoutii) and penland 

beardtongue (Penstemon 

penlandii) recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/920930c.pdf
98

Pagosa skyrocket

(Ipomopsis 

polyantha)

Shale outcrops— The Pagosa 

Skyrocket is limited to the 

Mancos Shale

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with shale outcrops.

US FWS. . ECOS: Pagosa 

skyrocket (Ipomopsis 

polyantha) Species Profile -

Life History

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=Q2U7#lifeHistory 

Parachute 

beardtongue

(Penstemon debilis)

Steep, continually shifting 

surface layers of broken shale 

rubble, along with sparse 

(less than 10 percent cover) 

vegetation of other oil shalespecific plants on the 

Parachute Creek Member and 

Lower Part of the Green 

River geologic formations. 

Rocky Mountain Cliff and 

Canyon plant community.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with shale outcrops. US FWS. 2013. Recovery 

Outline Parachute beardtongue 

(Penstemon debilis)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/Parachute%20Beardt

ongue%20Recovery%20Outli

ne.pdf

Pecos (=puzzle, 

=paradox) 

sunflower 

(Helianthus 

paradoxus)

Pecos sunflower is a 

wetland plant that grows 

on wet, alkaline soils at 

spring seeps, wet 

meadows, stream courses 

and pond margins. It has 

seven widely spaced 

populations in west-central 

and eastern New Mexico 

and adjacent Trans-Pecos 

Texas. These populations 

are all dependent upon 

wetlands from natural 

groundwater deposits. 

Incompatible land uses, 

habitat degradation and 

loss, and groundwater 

withdrawals are historic 

and current threats to the 

survival of Pecos 

sunflower. (USFWS 2005)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to

overlap with 

wetlands. 

USFWS 2005 Final Pecos 

Sunflower Recovery Plan

Available at:

http://www.fws.gov/southw

est/es/documents/r2es/peco

s_sunflower_final_recovery

_plan.pdf

Peebles Navajo 

cactus

(Pediocactus 

peeblesianus var. 

peeblesianus)

The species occurs in desert 

habitat and the transition to 

Great Basin grassland 

habitat.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2008. Peebles 

Navajo Cactus(Pediocactus 

peeblesianus var. 

peeblesianus) 5-Year 

Review:Summary and 

Evaluation
99

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1960.pdf

Penland alpine fen 

mustard

(Eutrema penlandii)

small calcareous wetlands, 

Oligotrophic rheotrophic 

alpine marshes 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 1993. Eutrema 

penlandii (Penland alpine 

mustard) Federal Register 

document

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/920930c.pdf

Penland 

beardtongue

(Penstemon 

penlandii)

Penstemon penlandii is found 

in co-existence with 

Astracialus osterhoutii and 

both are endemic to Middle

Park, a high elevation 

sagebrush park at 7,500 feet, 

surrounded by various ranges 

of the Rocky Mountains, in 

Grand County, Colorado. It 

is found in badlands of

Pierre Shales and of late 

Tertiary (Miocene 

Troublesome Formation) in 

siltstone sediments and the 

habitat is characterized by an 

open grassy vegetation with 

scattered shrubs of big 

sagebrush, rabbitbrushes, 

bitterbrush, horsebrush, 

winterfat, snowberry, and/or 

mountain mahogany

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with sagebrush habitats.

US FWS. 1992. 

OSTERIIOUT

KILKVETCH

(Astra~a1us

osterhoutil) PENLAND

BEAROTONGUE

(Penstemon

Denlandil)

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/920930c.pdf

Peter's Mountain 

mallow

(Iliamna corei)

Iliamna corei occurs in the 

shallow soil of the Clinch 

sandstone outcrops on the

northwest-facing slope of 

Peters Mountain

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with sandstone 

outcrops.

US FWS. 1990. Peters 

Mountain Mallow

(Iliamna corei (Sherli) Sherff)

RECOVERY PLAN

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/900928a.pdf

Pima pineapple 

cactus

(Coryphantha 

scheeri var. 

robustispina)

Desert scrubland or the 

ecotone between desert 

scrubland and desert 

grasslands on flat terrain. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 2007. Pima 

Pineapple Cactus 5-Year 

Review Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1041.pdf

Roan Mountain 

bluet, (Hedyotis 

purpurea var. 

montana)

This species grows in 

shallow soils and crevices 

of cliffs and outcrops and 

on thin rocky soils of 

grassy balds (US FWS, 

1996). 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with cliffs 

and outcrops. 

USFWS. 1996. Recovery 

Plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/960513.pdf

Rock gnome 

lichen 

(Gymnoderma 

lineare)

Rock gnome lichen is 

primarily limited to 

vertical rock faces where 

seepage water from forest 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with high 

http://www.fws.gov/raleigh

/species/es_rock_gnome_lic

hen.html
100

soils above flows during 

(and only during) very wet 

times. It appears the 

species needs a moderate 

amount of light, but that it 

cannot tolerate highintensity solar radiation. It 

does well on moist, 

generally open, sites, with 

northern exposures, but 

needs at least partial 

canopy coverage where 

the aspect is southern or 

western

Rock gnome lichen is 

known from the Southern 

Appalachian Mountains of 

North Carolina and South 

Carolina, Tennessee, and 

Georgia, in areas of high 

humidity, either at high 

elevations, where it is 

frequently bathed in fog, 

or in deep gorges at lower 

elevations.

elevation vertical 

rock faces where the 

species occurs.

Running buffalo 

clover (Trifolium 

stoloniferum)

Running buffalo clover 

occurs in mesic habitats of 

partial to filtered sunlight, 

where there is a prolonged 

pattern of moderate 

periodic disturbance, such 

as mowing, trampling, or 

grazing. It is most often 

found in regions underlain 

with limestone or other 

calcareous bedrock. 

Specific habitats include 

mesic woodlands, 

savannahs, floodplains, 

stream banks, sandbars, 

grazed woodlots, mowed 

paths (e.g. cemeteries, 

parks), old logging roads, 

jeep trails, ATV trails, 

skid trails, mowed wildlife 

openings within mature 

forest, and steep ravines. 

It has been suggested that 

the original habitat may 

have been open woods or 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with mesic 

habitats where the 

clover is expected to 

be found. 

USFWS. 2007. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/070627.pdf
101

savannah, and bison 

herbivory on associated 

species may have kept the 

habitats open (US FWS, 

2007, p. 12.).

Sacramento 

Mountains thistle

(Cirsium vinaceum)

Occur in wetlands, or 

subirrigated areas associated 

with springs, streams, and 

seeps. Most existing 

populations are in mixed 

conifer/mountain meadow 

settings. Riparian habitat on 

wet travertine deposits. It 

typically has meadows and 

streams on steep slopes with 

little other vegetation, 

including grass

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with wetland habitats.

US FWS. 1993. Sacramento 

mountains thistle (Cirsium 

vinaceum) recovery plan. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930927a.pdf

Sacramento prickly 

poppy

(Argemone 

pleiacantha ssp. 

pinnatisecta)

Occurs in steep, rocky 

canyons between the 

pinyon/juniper zone of the 

Chihuahuan Desert 

Scrublands and Grasslands 

(1,310 m [4,300 ft]), and the 

lower edge of the ponderosa 

pine community of the Great 

Basin Conifer Woodlands 

(2,164 m [7,100 ft]). 

Habitats include arid canyon 

bottoms, dry terraces above 

riparian areas, and stream 

banks, as well as areas 

around

springs and seeps. Plants 

grow directly in the rocks and

gravel of stream beds; on 

vegetated bars of silt, gravel, 

and rock; on cut slopes; and 

on

terraces above stream 

channels.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with canyon habitats.

US FWS. 2013. Sacramento 

prickly poppy 5-year review

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc4324.pdf

San Francisco Peaks 

ragwort

(Packera 

franciscana)

Found on the talus slopes in 

the alpine fellfield on the San 

Francisco Peaks. 3,445-3,780 

m. Ground surface is 

gravelly and existing 

boulders are more rounded 

with better lichen 

development that in the 

boulder field. Plant common 

in fine-medium grain soils on 

inclines from moderate to 

60%; aspect ranged from 45-

315 degrees, with largest 

population/greatest densities 

on slopes with aspects from 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with alpine habitats.

US FWS. 1987. Recovery 

Plan for San Francisco Peaks 

Groundsel Senecio 

franciscanus Greene

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/870721.pdf
102

180-270 degrees. Vegetation 

here is of low stature, sparse, 

characterized by herbs, 

grasses, occasional shrubs, 

and at timberline by dwarf 

trees.

Sandplain gerardii

(Agalinis acuta)

Typically occurs on dry, 

sandy, poor-nutrient soils of 

sparsely vegetated sandplain 

environments and serpentine 

barrens. Lives in grassland 

communities.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with grassland habitats.

US FWS. 1989. Sandplain 

gerardia recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/890920.pdf

Scrub mint 

(Dicerandra 

frutescens)

Dicerandra frutescens is 

mostly restricted to 

excessively drained, yellow 

sandy soils of the Astatula 

and Paola soil types. 

However, it has been found 

on a moderately welldrained, yellow sand of the 

Orsino type. The plant 

requires periodic fire to 

maintain populations and 

populations decline in areas 

without fire in as little as five 

years. Row crop lands are 

expected to be maintained in 

a fireless state continually 

and it is not reasonable to 

assume that population of 

this species persist in row 

cropped areas.

The proposed 2,4-D 

choline use sites are not 

expected to provide 

appropriate fire 

influenced habitat.

US FWS. 2009. Scrub Mint 

(Dicerandra frutescens) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2492.pdf

Seabeach 

amaranth 

(Amaranthus 

pumilus)

Barrier island beaches of 

the Atlantic coast, inlets, 

temporary habitats, may 

move as areas become 

suitable or unsuitable 

habitat. Overwash flats at 

accreting ends of islands, 

lower foredunes and upper 

strands of noneroding 

beaches (landward of the 

wrackline). Does not 

occur on well-vegetated 

sites. (USFWS 1996)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with beaches. 

1996 Weakley, Bucher, 

Murdock U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. 1996. 

Recovery Plan for 

Seabeach 

Amaranth.(Amaranthuspum

ilius) Rafinesque). Atlanta, 

Georgia. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/961112b.pdf.

2007 USFWS Seabeach 

Amaranth Five-Year 

Review; 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc1068.pdf

Sensitive jointvetch 

(Aeschynomene 

virginica)

Occurs in fresh to slightly 

brackish tidal river 

systems, within the 

intertidal zone where 

populations are flooded 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

wetlands. 

1995 USFWS Sensitive 

joint-vetch recovery plan

2012 USFWS Sensitive 

joint-vetch 5-year review
103

twice daily. Typically 

occur in the estuarine 

meander zone of tidal 

rivers where sediments 

transported from upriver 

settle out and extensive 

marshes form. Need 

disturbed/open habitats 

such as: accreting point 

bars that have not yet been 

colonized by perennial 

species, low swales within 

extensive marshes, areas 

of nutrient deficiencies in 

saturated organic 

sediments, or areas of 

muskrat herbivory. 

(USFWS 1995)

Majority are found in 

natural tidal marsh 

habitats, but also a few 

documented cases of a 

pocket marsh wetland, 

edge of a moist soybean 

field, and a mowed grassy 

strip between a manmade 

drainage channel and dirt 

road. (USFWS 2012)

Sentry milk-vetch

(Astragalus 

cremnophylax var. 

cremnophylax)

Found on scarcely visible 

cracks in Kaibab limestone, 

in sand-filled hollows in 

rock, or on shallow gravelly 

soils.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with limestone 

outcrops.

US FWS. 2009. Sentry milkvetch 5-Year Review

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/actio

n_plans/doc3054.pdf

Shale barren rock 

cress

(Arabis serotina)

This plant grows on the soils 

of the restricted to shale 

barrens and adjacent 

woodlands found in western 

Virginia and eastern West 

Virginia.

Shale barren is a designation 

for a shale slope of the region

with an open, scrubby growth 

of pine, oak, red cedar, and

other woody species adapted 

to the xeric conditions. 

Amidst

the woody growth, which 

may form a canopy cover of 

less than

10%, an open herbaceous 

cover is found with species 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with shale barren or 

woodland habitats.

US FWS. 1991. SHALE 

BARREN ROCK

(Arabis serotina)

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/910815.pdf
104

also

adapted to the harsh 

conditions. 

Siler pincushion 

cactus

(Pediocactus 

(=Echinocactus,=Ut

ahia) sileri)

Badland like rolling hills. The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with desert habitats.

US FWS. 1986. Recovery 

Plan for the Pediocactus sileri

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/860414b.pdf

Small-anthered 

bittercress 

(Cardamine 

micranthera)

Native to small 

streambank seeps, adjacent 

sandbars, and stream 

edges in the Dan River 

drainage of the North 

Carolina and Virginia 

piedmont. (USFWS 1991)

This plant occurs in moist 

and wet, shady areas near 

streams and in dim 

woodlands. Smallanthered bittercress is 

known only from the Dan 

River basin in northcentral North Carolina 

(Stokes County) and 

south-central Virginia 

(Patrick County). (USFWS 

1998)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with stream 

edges. 

1991 USFWS Recovery 

Plan for the Small-anthered 

bittercress Cardamine 

micranthera

1998 USFWS Recovery 

Plan for the Cardamine 

micranthera

Small whorled 

pogonia (Isotria 

medeoloides)

The small whorled 

pogonia occurs on upland 

sites in mixed-deciduous 

or mixed 

deciduous/coniferous 

forests that are generally 

in second- or third-growth 

successional stages. It 

occurs on both fairly 

young and maturing forest 

stands. Most occurrences 

include sparse to moderate 

ground cover in the 

species’ microhabitat, a 

relatively open understory 

canopy, and proximity to 

features that create long 

persisting breaks in the 

forest canopy. Soils at 

most sites are highly 

acidic and nutrient poor, 

with moderately high soil 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with mixed 

deciduous/coniferous 

forests.

USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/921113b.pdf
105

moisture values. Light 

availability could be a 

limiting factor for this 

species. The one Illinois 

site is unusual in being on 

a dry, steep, thinly 

forested slope atop a 

vertical sandstone bluff. 

The one Ohio site is along 

the Ohio River in a typical 

Appalachian-type forest 

association (US FWS, 

1992, pp. 23-24).

Smooth 

coneflower 

(Echinacea 

laevigata)

The habitat of smooth 

coneflower consists of 

open woods, cedar 

barrens, roadsides, 

clearcuts, dry limestone 

bluffs, and power line 

rights-of-way, usually on 

magnesium- and calciumrich soils associated with 

amphibolite, dolomite, or 

limestone (USFWS 2011)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with open 

woods, barrens, or 

bluffs. 

2011 USFWS Smooth 

Coneflower (Echinacea 

laevigata) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

Sneed pincushion 

cactus 

(Coryphantha 

sneedii var. 

sneedii)

The Sneed and Lee 

pincushion cacti grow in 

semi-desert grassland 

(Brown, 1982). The Sneed 

pincushion cactus is 

restricted to limestone and 

grows in cracks on vertical 

cliffs or ledges. The 

Sneed pincushion cactus 

grows at an elevation of 

1,200-2,350 m in areas 

where the average 

precipitation varies from 

19.7 to 40 cm per year. 

Edaphic requirements are 

poorly understood. 

(USFWS 1986)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with semidesert grasslands. 

1986 USFWS Recovery 

Plan for the Sneed and Lee 

Pincushion Cacti. Pages 8-

9. Available at:

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/860321b.pdf

Swamp pink 

(Helonias bullata)

Swamp pink is found in a 

variety of wetland 

habitats, including 

swampy forested wetlands 

bordering small streams; 

headwater wetlands; 

sphagnous, hummocky, 

dense Atlantic white cedar 

swamps; Blue Ridge 

swamps; meadows; bogs; 

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with 

wetlands. 

1991 USFWS Swamp Pink

(Helonias bullata)

Recovery Plan

Available at:

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/910930c.pdf
106

and spring seepage areas 

(USFWS 1991)

Todsen's pennyroyal

(Hedeoma todsenii)

Todsen’s pennyroyal occurs 

in the Great Basin Conifer 

Woodland community where

piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and 

one seed juniper (Juniperus 

monosperma) are the 

dominant species (Brown and 

Lowe 1980). Besides piñon 

and juniper, other common 

associates with Todsen’s 

pennyroyal include mountain 

mahogany (Cercocarpus 

montanus), yellowleaf sil 

ktassel (Garrya flavescens), 

wavyleaf oak (Quercus 

undu/ata), white ragweed 

(Hymenopappus radiatus), 

snakeweed

(Gutierrezia sp.), and muhly 

grass (Muhienbergia sp.). 

Todsen’s pennyroyal does

not appear to associate 

consistently with any 

particular species. It grows 

(and

flowers) in the shade of piñon 

pines and junipers, and in 

woodland openings with

thin grasses (mostly 

Muhienbergia sp.). At some 

sites, it is absent from 

thickets of

wavyleaf oak; at other sites, 

flowering plants are under 

wavyleaf oak and other

shrubs (The Nature 

Conservancy, New Mexico 

Field Office 1 990; Sarah 

Wood, pers.

comm. 1993). Todsen’s 

pennyroyal is restricted to 

loose, gypseous-Plants grow 

in loose

limestone substrates 

associated with or positioned 

gypseous-limestone 

immediately below the 

Permian Yeso Formation 

soils on north-facing 

(NMFRCD 1991) Most 

plants are on steep (20 70 

slopes degree), north-facing 

slopes, with a surface of 

scree or

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats.

US FWS. 2001. Todsen’s 

Pennyroyal Recovery Plan -

2001

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/010131.pdf
107

gravelly cobble; however, 

some plants at Mountain 

Lion Peak are on small, 

nearly level terraces along 

intermittent streams. The 

substrates have a thin layer of 

conifer litter over a mixture 

of limestone and finer 

materials.

Virginia round-leaf 

birch

(Betula uber)

Transitional between the oakpine and maple-beech-birch 

associations, with some 

tendencies toward the elmash-cottonwood association 

because of the riparian 

setting. Disturbance and 

moderate levels of incoming 

solar radiation associated 

with seedling establishment

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with forest habitats. US FWS. 1990. 

1990_USFWS_Virginia 

round-leaf birch (Betula uber) 

recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/900924a.pdf

Virginia 

sneezeweed 

(Helenium 

virginicum)

Seasonal wetlands, sink 

hole ponds varying from 

forest settings to farm 

pond margins.

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap sink hole 

ponds and seasonal 

wetlands.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/001002.pdf

Spiraea, Virginia 

(Spiraea 

virginiana)

Spiraea virginiana is 

found along the banks of 

high gradient sections of 

second and third order 

streams, or on meander 

scrolls and point bars, 

natural levees, and other 

braided features of lower 

reaches (often near the 

stream mouth). The 

habitat is in oft-disturbed 

early successional areas. 

Occasional flood scouring 

reduces shading and seems 

to be essential, although 

the spiraea can tolerate 

some overstory growth 

(US FWS, 1992, pp.17-

18.).

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with rivers, 

streams, creeks, or

other water bodies.

USFWS. 1992. Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/rec

overy_plan/921113a.pdf

Welsh's milkweed

(Asclepias welshii)

Aeolian sand dunes in a plant 

community dominated by 

sand mulesears with 

prominent groves of 

ponderosa pine and clumps 

of Gambel oak. Vegetation 

surrounding the sand dune 

habitat is dominated by 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland or 

sagebrush habitats.

US FWS. 1992. Welsh's 

Milkweed (Asclepias welshii) 

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/920930a.pdf
108

pinyon-juniper woodlands 

with sagebrush.

Zuni fleabane

(Erigeron 

rhizomatus)

Found on red detrital clay 

with steep easily erodable 

slopes that do not crust over. 

Associated with pinyonjuniper woodland. Prefers 

slopes of up to 40 degrtees, 

usually with a north-facing 

aspect, but it also occurs on 

eastern and western 

exposures. It never occurs on 

slopes with a southern aspect.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats.

US FWS. 1988. Zuni fleabane 

recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/880930.pdf

Aboriginal Pricklyapple 

(Harrisia 

aboriginum)

This cactus occurs in Florida 

in coastal strand vegetation 

(relatively low salt-tolerant 

shrubs and grasses), tropical 

coastal hammocks with trees 

including gumbo limbo 

(Bursera simaruba), wild 

lime (Zanthoxylum fagara), 

or live oak (Quercus 

virginiana). Populations are 

likely to be on shell mounds 

created by pre-European 

local residents, or at least on 

sites with shelly substrates. 

Plants may be quite close to 

the mangrove zone

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with habitats on shelly 

substrates or vegetation 

that is at all salttolerant.

US FWS. Species life history 

page.

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesPro

file/profile/speciesProfile.actio

n?spcode=Q0DR

Apalachicola 

rosemary 

(Conradina glabra)

Xeric longleaf pine 

communities; prefers sunny 

or lightly shaded areas. Edges 

of steephead ravines, upland 

pine-wiregrass vegetation, 

also found in right-of-ways, 

edges of roads in pine 

plantations

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with woody habitats. 

US FWS. 2009. Conradina 

glabra (Apalachicola 

rosemary)

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2421.pdf

Avon Park harebells 

(Crotalaria 

avonensis)

Sparsely vegetated, xeric 

white sand scrub. Prefers (but 

does not require) open scrub, 

with less vegetation cover 

and more bare sand. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland habitats

or areas of bare sand.

Avon Park harebells 

(Crotalaria avonensis) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

US FWS. 2007. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1067.pdf

Beach jacquemontii

(Jacquemontia 

reclinata)

Jacquemontia reclinata 

requires open areas that are 

typically found on the crest 

and lee sides of stable dunes 

(Austin 1979), and may also 

invade and restabilize 

maritime hammock or coastal 

strand communities that have 

been disturbed by tropical 

storms, hurricanes, and 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with sand dune or 

maritime habitats.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Field Office Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf
109

possibly fire. Common 

vegetative associates found 

with J. reclinata include sea 

grape (Coccoloba uvifera), 

cabbage palm (Sabal 

palmetto), poisonwood 

(Metopium toxiferum), 

Madagascar periwinkle 

(Catharanthus roseus), 

Croton involucrata, gopher 

apple (Licania michauxii), 

prickly pear cactus (Opuntia 

sp.), sandspurs (Cenchrus

spp.), sea oats (Uniola 

paniculata) and other shrubs 

and dwarfed trees. It is also 

an inhabitant of disturbed or 

sunny areas In the tropical 

maritime hammock 

(hardwood forest) or the 

coastal strand vegetation, 

typically with sea grape 

(Coccoloba uvifera) and 

other shrubs and dwarfed 

trees. It usually occurs with 

more or less weedy plants 

such as Madagascar 

periwinkle (Catharanthus 

roseus) and sand spurs 

(Cenchrus spp.). It 

occasionally occurs in the 

beach dune community with 

sea oats (Uniola paniculata).

Beautiful pawpaw 

(Deeringothamnus 

pulchellus)

Pristine and modified pine 

flatwoods, roadsides, and 

mowed areas

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with woodland habitats

or roadsides and 

mowed areas.

US FWS. 2009. Beautiful 

pawpaw (Deeringothamnus 

pulchellus) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2588.pdf

Britton's beargrass 

(Nolina brittoniana)

Occurs in scrub, high 

pineland, and even 

occasionally in hammocks.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or 

woodland habitats.

US FWS. 1996. Recovery 

Plan for Nineteen Central 

Florida Scrub and High 

Pineland Plants (revised) 

(960622)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/960622.pdf

Brooksville 

bellflower 

(Campanula 

robinsiae)

Deciduous forest: Occurs on 

pond margins, wet prairies, 

and seepage areas in adjacent 

hardwood forests, Also along 

the margins of marshes. 

Important characteristic is 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with forested or 

wetland habitats

US FWS. 1994. Recovery plan 

Brooksville bellflower 

(Campanula robinsiae) and 

Cooley’s water willow 

(Justicia cooleyi). 
110

that the water line fluctuates. 

Often the Brooksville 

bellflower’s habitat is 

surrounded by pastures 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940620b.pdf

Cape Sable 

Thoroughwort 

(Chromolaena 

frustrata)

Grows in open

canopy habitats in coastal 

berms and

coastal rock barrens, and in 

semi-open

to closed canopy habitats, 

including

buttonwood forests, coastal 

hardwood

hammocks, and rockland 

hammocks. C.

frustrata is often found in the 

shade of

associated canopy and 

subcanopy plant

species

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with coastal or 

woodland habitats

US FWS. 2014. Designation 

of Critical Habitat for 

Chromolaena frustrata (Cape 

Sable Thoroughwort); Final 

Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2014-01-08/pdf/2013-

31576.pdf

Carter's mustard 

(Warea carteri)

Found almost exclusively in 

upland areas. It is found 

primarily in sandhills and 

scrubby flatwoods, and often 

at the ecotone between these 

two vegetation types. In the 

northern part of its range, 

most sites are on sandhill. 

Near the south end of its 

range (e.g., ABS), Carter's 

mustard is found primarily in 

scrubby flatwoods. Also 

grows along sandy trails and 

roadsides.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with sandhills or 

flatwoods habitats.

US FWS 2008. Carter's 

mustard 

(Warea carteri) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1977.pdf

Chapman 

rhododendron 

(Rhododendron 

chapmanii)

Transitional area between 

upland mesic or scrubby 

flatwoods and floodplain 

swamps or baygalls. Also 

found in mesic pine 

flatwoods or on the lower 

elevations of sandhills. Fire 

dependent community. Camp 

Blanding population grows 

on the edge of a xeric 

hammock next to a stream 

bank. The Camp Blanding 

sites are dominated by sand 

live oak (Quercus 

germinata), laural oak (Q. 

hemisphaerica), and water 

oak (Q. nigra). Gulf and 

Liberty/Gadsden populations 

are dominated by wiregrass, 

longleaf pine and/or slash 

pine.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with wetland or 

woodland habitats and 

are not expected to be 

associated with frequent 

fires.

US FWS. 2010. Chapman's 

Rhododendron 

(Rhododendron minus var. 

chapmanii) 5 year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3201.pdf
111

Cooley's waterwillow 

(Justicia cooleyi)

Hardwood forests and 

hardwood pine forests. Also 

found along roadways among 

species of various grasses 

and herbs.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with forested habitats or 

along roadways.

US FWS. 1994. Brooksville 

bellflower and Cooley's waterwill recovery plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940620b.pdf

Crenulate lead-plant 

(Amorpha 

crenulata)

Historically, this species 

occupied the ecotone 

between wet prairie and pine 

rockland, but wet prairie 

habitat no longer exists in the 

sites containing the two 

largest natural populations, 

and pine rockland is rare. 

Prefers open sun to partial 

shade sites.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with wetland, forested 

or rockland habitats.

US FWS. 2007. Crenulate 

lead-plant (Amorpha 

crenulata) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1111.pdf

Deltoid spurge 

(Chamaesyce 

deltoidea ssp. 

deltoidea)

Pine rocklands of Miami 

Rock Ridge. Open shrub 

canopy, exposed limestone, 

and minimal litter

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with wooded habitats

and exposed soils.

US FWS. 2010. Deltoid 

Spurge (Chamaesyce 

deltoidea ssp. deltoidea) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3243.pdf

Etonia rosemary 

(Conradina etonia)

Deep white sand scrub with 

shrubby evergreen oaks and 

sand pines; occur in natural 

openings/disturbed areas

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland wooded 

habitats

US FWS. 1994. Etonia 

rosemary recovery plan

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/940927c.pdf

Florida bonamia 

(Bonamia 

grandiflora)

Occurs mainly in scrub, but 

occasionally occurs in high 

pinelands in the Ocala 

National Forest (pg 14); In 

Ocala National Forest, the 

bonamia has been observed 

in the following stand 

condition classes of sand 

pine: regeneration, seedling 

and sapling, immature 

poletimber, mature 

poletimber (pg 15).

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or 

wooded habitats.

US FWS. 1996. Recovery 

Plan for Nineteen Central 

Florida Scrub and High 

Pineland Plants (revised) 

(960622)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/960622.pdf

Florida golden aster 

(Chrysopsis 

floridana)

Prefers open, sandy areas 

within the sand pine scrub 

community. They have been 

found growing in 

the ecotone between scrub 

and other communities. 

Historically, C. floridana was 

known to occur in scrub 

habitat 

on coastal dunes, and was 

reintroduced to this habitat 

type at 

Fort Desoto County Park.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or 

wooded habitats.

US FWS. 2009. 

Florida Golden-aster 5-year 

review

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2411.pdf
112

Florida perforate 

cladonia

(Cladonia 

perforata)

This lichen occurs on a 

barrier island in the Florida 

panhandle (Okaloosa 

County) and in scrub 

vegetation

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with barrier island or 

scrubland habitats.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan 

(68 spp.)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf

Florida Semaphore 

Cactus 

(Consolea 

corallicola)

Occurs on rockland 

hammocks; coastal berm, and 

buttonwood forests. 

Consolea corallicola also 

occurs on sandy soils and 

limestone rockland soils with 

little organic matter and 

seems to prefer areas where 

canopy cover and sun 

exposure are moderate.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with rocky, coastal or 

wooded habitats.

US FWS. 2013. 

Determination of Endangered 

Status for Chromolaena 

frustrata (Cape Sable 

Thoroughwort), Consolea 

corallicola (Florida 

Semaphore Cactus), and 

Harrisia aboriginum

(Aboriginal Prickly-Apple); 

Final Rule

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg

/FR-2013-10-24/pdf/2013-

24177.pdf

Florida skullcap 

(Scutellaria 

floridana)

The primary habitat of 

Florida skullcap is wet 

longleaf pine flatwoods and 

wet prairie, within the grassy 

seepage bog communities at 

the edge of forested or 

shrubby wetlands, a habitat 

defined as a fire-dependent 

community. It is also found 

in the ecotones between 

mesic flatwoods and swamps 

sites or grassy margins of 

wetland habitats, and 

somewhat disturbed wetland 

savanna. Florida skullcap can 

be found growing in full sun 

or light shade.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with wetland or 

forested habitats or in 

areas with frequent fire 

disturbance.

US FWS. 2009. Scutellaria 

floridana (Florida skullcap)

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2416.pdf

Florida torreya 

(Torreya taxifolia)

The Florida torreya is a 

dioecious coniferous tree 

found in the slope forest 

(FNAI 2010) that cover 

hammocks, steep, deeply 

shaded limestone slopes 

and wooded ravines along 

the east side of the 

Apalachicola River in 

Florida (Fig. 1), and 

adjacent Lake Seminole in 

Georgia. Soils in these 

areas are within the orders 

Alfisols and Mollisols. 

(USFWS 2010)

The proposed 

dicamba DGA uses 

are not expected to 

overlap with forests.

USFWS 2010. Torreya 

taxifolia (Florida torreya) 

5-Year Review. Page 13.

Available at:

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/fiv

e_year_review/doc3258.pdf

Florida ziziphus Seems to prefer high pine 

habitats or the transition zone 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

US FWS. 2009. Florida 

Ziziphus
113

(Ziziphus celata) between scrubby flatwoods 

and high pine. In general 

habitat characterization for 

this particular species is 

extremely complexed. Many 

of the known sites are in 

pasture and one site in 

particular is identified as a 

Remnant Sandhill. Another 

site in particular is described 

as open Oak Hickory, yellow 

sand scrub.

expected to overlap 

with wooded habitats.

(Ziziphus celata) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2587.pdf

Four-petal pawpaw

(Asimina 

tetramera)

Found on sand pine scrub 

vegetation on old, coastal 

dunes 1979). The species 

grows in excessively-drained,

quartz sand of both the Paola 

and the St. Lucie soil series 

showing a preference for the 

Paola soils. Asimina 

tetramera is found in various 

seral stages of sand pine 

scrub, ranging from open [no 

canopy] to mature [closed 

canopy] and is adapted to 

infrequent, intense fires, 

perhaps every 20 to 80 years.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with scrubland or 

wooded habitats.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan 

(68 spp.)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

Fragrant pricklyapple

(Cereus eriophorus 

var. fragrans)

The plant's favored natural 

habitat is mostly coastal 

hammocks with some shade, 

as the cactus can become 

desiccated in full sun. 

Coastal hammocks of this 

kind have become 

uncommon as they have been 

cleared for development and 

heavily fragmented

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not

expected to overlap 

with coastal habitats

with shade.

US FWS. 2010. Fragrant 

prickly-apple (Cereus 

eriophorus var. fragrans) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3246.pdf

Garber's spurge 

(Chamaesyce 

garberi)

Garber’s spurge occurs at 

low elevations either on thin 

sandy soils composed largely 

of Pamlico sands or directly 

on limestone. It is found in a 

variety of open to moderately 

shaded habitat types. In pine 

rocklands, it grows out of 

crevices in oolitic limestone. 

On Cape Sable, Everglades 

NP, it has been reported from 

hammock edges, open grassy 

prairies, and backdune 

swales. In the Florida Keys, 

it grows on semi-exposed 

limestone shores, open 

calcareous salt flats, pine 

rocklands, calcareous sands 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rocklands, 

limestone crevices, the 

Everglades National 

Park, and the Florida 

Keys.

US FWS. 1999. South Florida 

Multi-Species Recovery Plan 

(68 spp.)

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/140903.pdf
114

of beach ridges, and along 

disturbed roadsides.

Garrett's mint 

(Dicerandra 

christmanii)

Dicerandra christmanii

is found within openings in 

sclerophyllous oak scrub. As 

a gap species, it prefers open 

areas and does not grow

vigorously when in shaded 

conditions. The habitat is 

yellow-sand Florida scrub 

dominated by sand pines 

(Pinus clausa), several 

species of oak, and scrub 

hickory.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with oak scrub, sand 

pines, and scrub 

hickory.

US FWS 2009. Garrett’s Mint

(Dicerandra christmanii) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2545.pdf

Godfrey's butterwort

(Pinguicula 

ionantha)

Occurs in herb bog habitats 

embedded in longleaf pine 

savannas. Specifically, it is 

found between a lower 

elevation habitat dominated 

by pond cypress overstory 

and a slightly higher 

elevation pine flatwoods 

dominated by an overstory of 

longleaf pine. This species 

inhabits seepage bogs, deep 

swampy bogs, ditches, and 

depressions in grassy pine 

flatwoods and savannas (p. 

11). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with longleaf pine 

savannas.

US FWS. 2009. Pinguicula 

ionantha Godfrey’s butterwort

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2590.pdf

Harper's beauty 

(Harperocallis 

flava)

Gentle slopes, seepage 

savannas between pinelands, 

and cypress swamps to open 

roadside depressions. 

Observed in pine flatwoods 

bog areas surrounded with titi 

(Cyrilla racemiflora), 

wiregrass (Aristida stricta), 

and slash pine (Pinus 

elliottii), along roadsides, in 

damp roadside ditches 

adjacent to planted pines near 

flatwoods. Wet prairie in 

transitions to wetter shrub 

zones and roadside ditches. 

Wet prairie is characterized 

as a treeless plain with sparse 

to dense ground cover of 

grasses and herbs, dominated 

by wiregrass in the 

Apalachicola NF; low 

relatively flat poorly drained 

terrain of the coastal plain, 

seasonally innundated for 50-

100 days each years, burns 

every 2-4 years. Fire prone 

habitat. 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with savannas and pine 

flatwoods bog areas.

US FWS. 2009. Harperocallis 

flava Harper’s beauty 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2579.pdf
115

Highlands scrub 

hypericum 

(Hypericum 

cumulicola)

Highlands scrub hypericutn 

is

found almost exclusively in 

upland areas with 

excessively-drained white 

sand. It is found primarily in 

rosemary scrub but also in 

xeric scrubby flatwoods. 

These areas have fire return 

intervals of 5-30 years or 10-

100 years. The species is not

found in all areas of suitable 

habitat probably because of 

dispersal limitations.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with white sand areas.

US FWS 2008. beauty 

Highlands scrub hypericum 

(Hypericum cumulicola) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1959.pdf

Johnson's seagrass

(Halophila 

johnsonii)

Estuarine/Marine Submerged 

Environments. Lagoons 

along approximately 200 km 

of coastline in southeastern 

Florida between Sebastian 

Inlet and north Biscayne Bay. 

Extending from intertidal to 

3m of depth

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with lagoons and other 

aquatic habitats.

US FWS. 2002. Endangered 

and Threatened Species; 

Notice of Availability for the 

Final Recovery Plan for 

Johnson's Seagrass

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/feder

al_register/fr3965.pdf

Key tree cactus 

(Pilosocereus 

robinii)

This cactus grows in upland 

tropical hardwood hammocks 

on limestone or coral 

substrates. It sometimes 

grows on sparsely vegetated 

coral rock and just above the 

high tide mark.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with upland tropical 

hardwood hammocks 

on limestone or coral 

substrates.

US FWS. 2010. Key treecactus

(Pilosocereus robinii) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3278.pdf

Knieskern's Beakedrush 

(Rhynchospora 

knieskernii)

Occurs in groundwaterinfluenced, fluctuating, 

successional habitats. Found 

on bare substrates with sparse 

vegetation. Requires 

disturbance and is an early 

successional species. 

Historical records indicate 

species occupied wet open 

areas in fire-dependent pitch 

pine forests. Species is now 

found in human-influenced 

sites such as the edges of 

abandoned clay, sand, and 

gravel pits; borrow pits that 

are functioning as vernal 

pools; ditches; unimproved 

roads; cranberry bogs; and 

railroad and powerline rightsof-way

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with the edges of 

abandoned clay, sand, 

and gravel pits; borrow 

pits that are functioning 

as vernal pools; ditches; 

unimproved roads; 

cranberry bogs; and 

railroad and powerline 

rights-of-way.

US FWS. 1993. Knieskern's 

Beaked-rush (Ii) Recovery 

Plan.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/930929b.pdf

Lakela's mint 

(Dicerandra 

immaculata)

Dicerandra immaculata is 

found in open scrub, sand 

pine scrub, and sandhills on 

remnants of old coastal 

dunes.

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub and sandhills 

habitats.

US FWS. 2008. Lakela's mint 

(Dicerandra immaculata) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation
116

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1984.pdf

Longspurred mint 

(Dicerandra 

cornutissima)

Endemic to sand pine scrub 

habitat of Florida. Occurs 

southwest of Ocala in the 

Sumter Upland in Marion 

County along and west of 

Interstate Highway 75 and 

formerly in northern Sumter 

County. The longspurred 

mint prefers sunny spots with 

bare sand. The plant is 

restricted to the margins of 

scrub vegetation that occurs 

in patches surrounded by 

long leaf pine-turkey oak 

sandhill vegetation

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with sand pine scrub 

habitat.

US FWS. 1987. Recovery 

Plan for Three Florida Mints.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/060313d.pdf

Okeechobee gourd 

(Cucurbita 

okeechobeensis ssp. 

okeechobeensis)

Lake Okeechobee and the 

other along the St. Johns 

River. Limited to areas along 

the shoreline and a few 

islands in the lake and along 

the 

St. Johns River 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with lakes and rivers.

US FWS. 2009. Okeechobee 

gourd (Cucurbita 

okeechobeensis ssp. 

okeechobeensis) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2583.pdf

Papery whitlowwort

(Paronychia 

chartacea)

Rosemary scrub, or the

rosemary phase of sand pine 

scrub. The fire cycle in 

rosemary scrub can range 

from 10 to as long as 100 

years

The shrub matrix is 

interspersed with open sandy 

areas that contain a cover of 

herbs and

lichens. These gaps are

more persistent in rosemary 

scrubs than in scrubby 

flatwoods.

Within these scrub 

communities, papery 

whitlow-wort is more 

abundant in disturbed, sandy 

habitats such as road rightsof-way and recently cleared 

high

Pine. In rosemary scrub

paper whitlow-wort can 

become very abundant after a 

fire or on disturbed sites such 

as along fire lanes or trails.

The subspecies P. chartacea 

ssp. minima occurs in the 

Florida panhandle in coarse 

white sand along margins of 

The proposed uses of 

dicamba DGA are not 

expected to overlap 

with rosemary scrub or 

sand pine scrub.

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf. 
117

karst lakes (Anderson 1991). 

It is apparently favored by 

mild disturbance. It often 

occurs in nearly pure stands.

Pigeon wings 

(Clitoria fragrans)

Range of xeric upland sites. 

Primarily in sandhill and oakhickory scrub or oak scrub.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with sandhill or scrub 

habitats.

US FWS. 2008. Pigeon wings 

(Clitoria fragrans) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1976.pdf

Pygmy fringe-tree 

(Chionanthus 

pygmaeus)

Inhabits excessively drained 

sandy soils on the Lake 

Wales Ridge (and historically 

on the Mount Dora Range) of 

central Florida. These high 

ridges are blanketed with 

soils that are classified as 

Quartzipsamments. This 

species is found on the lownutrient St. Lucie fine sand 

which is subject to rapid 

drying.

Chionanthus pygmaeus 

occurs primarily in scrub as 

well as high pine, dry 

hammocks, and transitional 

habitats. It may form thickets 

along with evergreen oaks 

and other shrubs 

It may be the dominant plant, 

co-dominant plant or 

subdominant plant.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub and 

hammocks.

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

Rugel's pawpaw 

(Deeringothamnus 

rugelii)

Grassy flatlands/mesic/wet 

flatwoods at Volusia County 

conservation land. The 

habitat at this site is 

dominated by mature 

longleaf pine and an intact 

groundcover, which 

frequently includes wiregrass 

in abundance. Open sandy 

patches that have been 

controlled under natural 

situations with fire. Fire is 

needed to create habitat for 

this species. Slash pine 

flatwoods with an understory 

consisting of grasses and 

sedges

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with flatwoods habitats.

US FWS. 2008. Rugel's 

pawpaw (Deeringothamnus 

rugelii) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1990.pdf

Sandlace 

(Polygonella 

myriophylla)

This plant is a member of the 

Florida scrub plant 

community. It occurs in dry 

white-sand scrub dominated 

by Florida rosemary, as well 

as oak scrub, flatwoods, 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub communities

US FWS. 2010. Sandlace

(Polygonella myriophylla) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation.
118

roadsides, and occasionally 

sandhills

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3277.pdf

Scrub blazingstar 

(Liatris ohlingerae)

Occurs in rosemary scrub or 

‘rosemary balds’ as they are 

also known, is a unique 

community type within the 

Florida scrub ecosystem. 

Rosemary scrub is largely 

dominated by Florida 

rosemary (Ceratiola 

ericoides) and has extremely 

well-drained, droughty, lownutrient sandy soils. 

Rosemary scrub appears as 

small ‘islands’ separated 

from each other, often by 

considerable distances. 

Scrubby flatwoods often 

surround rosemary scrub, 

dominated by clonal oaks 

(Quercus spp.). Also 

colonizes anthropogenic sites 

within its natural habitat, 

such as fire lanes and 

roadsides. Occurrences of 

scrub blazingstar are 

generally small, with 

scattered plants at low 

densities over large areas. 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with rosemary scrub or 

rosemary balds habitat.

US FWS. 2010. Scrub 

Blazingstar (Liatris 

ohlingerae) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3269.pdf

Scrub buckwheat

(Eriogonum 

longifolium var. 

gnaphalifolium)

Scrub buckwheat occurs in 

habitats intermediate between 

scrub and sandhills (high 

pine) and in turkey oak

barrens from Putnam County 

to Highlands County). 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub and sandhills 

habitat.

US FWS. 2010. Scrub 

buckwheat (Eriogonum 

longifolium var. 

gnaphalifolium) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1926.pdf

Scrub lupine

(Lupinus aridorum)

Coastal scrub habitat in two 

distinct areas:

Western Orange County 

(Orlando area) and Northcentral Polk County on the 

Winter Haven Ridge near 

Auburndale and Winter 

Haven, on sites

that total only about 540 

acres.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with coastal scrub 

habitat.

US FWS. 1996. Recovery 

Plan for Nineteen Florida 

Scrub and High Pineland Plant 

Species.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/960622.pdf

Scrub plum 

(Prunus geniculata)

Found in both scrub and high 

pineland. It should probably 

be sought in ecotones or 

scrubby high pineland. (pg. 

33)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub and high 

pineland.

US FWS. 1996. Recovery 

Plan for Nineteen Florida 

Scrub and High Pineland Plant 

Species.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/960622.pdf
119

Short-leaved 

rosemary 

(Conradina 

brevifolia)

This plant grows in Florida 

scrub habitat on white sand 

substrates among sand pines 

and oaks.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub habitat.

US FWS. 2008. Short-leaved 

rosemary (Conradina 

brevifolia) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1943.pdf

Small's milkpea

(Galactia smallii)

Pine Rockland habitat. 

Small’s milkpea prefers open 

sun and little shade and can 

be threatened by shading 

from hardwoods and 

displacement by invasive 

exotic species in the absence 

of periodic fires. Disturbance, 

such as prescribed fire, is a 

necessary management tool 

to maintain suitable habitat 

for the species

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland 

habitat.

US FWS. 2010. Small’s 

Milkpea

(Galactia smallii) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3257.pdf

Snakeroot 

(Eryngium 

cuneifolium)

Open sand gaps in white sand 

scrub, primarily Florida 

rosemary scrub ‘balds’, 

characterized by xeric 

conditions, relatively sparse 

vegetation, persistent gaps, 

and longer fire-return 

intervals than oak (Quercus 

spp.) and sand pine (Pinus 

clausa) dominated scrubs (pg. 

6); restricted to open areas of 

well-drained white sand in 

Florida rosemary scrub that is 

very xeric with persistent 

gaps and longer fire-return 

intervals than other types of 

scrub (pg. 11)

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub habitats.

US FWS. 2010. Snakeroot 

(Eryngium cuneifolium) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3248.pdf

Telephus spurge 

(Euphorbia 

telephioides)

Xeric to mesic pine 

flatwoods and in scrubby 

pinewoods. Occasionally 

found in wetlands with 

seepage slope species and in 

small clumps of wiregrass 

surrounded by cyprus or pine.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with woods or 

wetlands.

US. FWS. 2008. Euphorbia 

telephioides (Telephus spurge) 

5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1884.pdf

Tiny polygala 

(Polygala smallii)

Occurs in four distinct 

habitats with similar 

characteristics: pine rockland, 

scrub, high pine, and open 

coastal spoil which are 

pyrogenic-extremely dry and 

prone to periodic natural fire.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine rockland,

scrub, high pine, and 

open coastal spoil.

US FWS. 1999. Multi-Species 

Recovery Plan for South 

Florida 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recov

ery_plan/sfl_msrp/SFL_MSR

P_Species.pdf

White birds-in-anest 

(Macbridea alba)

In general, plants are found 

in mesic pine flatwoods, wet 

savannas, seepage slopes, and 

ecotones between pine 

flatwoods and titi-swamps. 

The wettest sites occupied by 

The proposed dicamba 

DGA salt uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with mesic pine 

flatwoods, wet 

US FWS. 2009. Macbridea 

alba

(White birds-in-a-nest) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation
120

these plants are grassy 

seepage bogs on gentle 

slopes at the edge of forested 

or shrubby wetlands. White 

birds-in-a-nest also occurs in 

drier sites along longleaf pine 

and runner oaks, as well as 

along associated roadsides.

savannas and seepage 

slopes.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc2371.pdf

Wide-leaf warea 

(Warea 

amplexifolia)

Endemic to the high pine (or 

sandhill) habitat of Lake 

Wales Ridge in Lake, Polk, 

Osceola, and Orange County, 

Fl. This habitat has a 

relatively high diversity of 

herbaceous ground cover 

maintained by patchy 

summer fires sparked by 

lightning. It grows well in 

open, sandy patches and does 

not tolerate shading by dense 

shrubs or trees.

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with pine habitat.

US FWS. 2007. Wide-leaf 

warea 

(Warea amplexifolia) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc1096.pdf

Wireweed 

(Polygonella 

basiramia)

It occurs in scrub dominated 

by Florida rosemary, sand 

pine, other pines, and oaks. 

The plant occurs in openings 

in the scrub which are 

maintained by periodic 

wildfires. Other plants in this 

habitat include Calamintha 

ashei, Cnidoscolus 

stimulosus, Eryngium 

cuneifolium, Euphorbia 

floridana, Hypericum 

cumulicola, Lechea cernua, 

Licania michauxii, 

Paronychia chartacea, 

Polanisia tenuifolia, 

Polygonella polygama, 

Selagniella arenicola, and 

Stipulicida setacea

The proposed dicamba 

DGA uses are not 

expected to overlap 

with scrub habitat.

US FWS. 2010. Wireweed

(Polygonella basiramia) 5-

Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_

year_review/doc3280.pdf
121

Appendix 3

Critical Habitat Designations and PCE Descriptions

Summary of 14 Listed Species Identified as being on Agricultural Fields with and without Critical Habitat 

Designations for the 11 States (AZ, CO, DE, FL, MD, NM, NJ, NY, PA, VA, WV) Assessed for Dicamba 

DGA salt

Species Name Primary Constituent Elements (PCE) Source

Species with Critical Habitat Designations (6 Species)3

California condor 

(Gymnogyps 

californianus)

PCEs: The following areas of land, water and airspace with 

spatial bounds described in the critical habitat source 

documentation: Sespe-Piru Condor Area, Matilllja Condor 

Area, Sisquoc-San Rafael Condor Area, Mountain-Beartrap 

Condor Area, Mt. Pinos Condor Area, Blue Ridge Condor 

Area, Tejon Ranch, Kern County rangelands and Tulare 

County rangelands.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/f

ederal_register/fr161.pdf

Gray wolf

(Canis lupis)

PCE: Not specified. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/f

ederal_register/fr186.pdf

Indiana bat (Myotis 

sodalis)

Critical habitat designations are either mines or caves. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/f

ederal_register/fr161.pdf

Jaguar (Panthera 

onca)

PCEs: Expansive open spaces in the southwestern United 

States of at least 100 km2 (38.6 mi2) in size which: (1) 

Provide connectivity to Mexico; (2) Contain adequate levels 

of native prey species, including deer and javelina, as well as 

medium-sized prey such as coatis, skunks, raccoons, or 

jackrabbits; (3) Include surface water sources available 

within 20 km (12.4 mi) of each other; (4) Contain from 

greater than 1 to 50 percent canopy cover within Madrean 

evergreen woodland, generally recognized by a mixture of 

oak (Quercus spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.), and pine (Pinus 

spp.) trees on the landscape, or semidesert grassland 

vegetation communities, usually characterized by Pleuraphis 

mutica (tobosagrass) or Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) 

along with other grasses; (5) Are characterized by 

intermediately, moderately, or highly rugged terrain; (6) Are 

below 2,000 m (6,562 feet) in elevation; and (7) Are 

characterized by minimal to no human population density, 

no major roads, or no stable nighttime lighting over any 1-

km2 (0.4-mi2) area.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys

/pkg/FR-2014-03-

05/pdf/2014-03485.pdf

Virginia big-eared 

bat (Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) 

townsendii 

virginianus)

Critical habitat designations are caves. http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A080

#crithab

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/f

ederal_register/fr366.pdf

Whooping crane 

(Grus americana)

PCE: All areas proposed in this rule would provide food, 

water, and other nutritional or physiological needs of the 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/f

ederal_register/fr237.pdf

 3 Critical habitat designation status determined using U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation 

Online System (ECOS) species profiles.
122

whooping crane during spring or fall migration. 

Consumption of some cereal crops in adjacent croplands 

during migration period. Direct relatable resources to 

agricultural field possibly treated with 2,4-D choline.

Species without critical habitat designations (8 species)

Audubon crested 

caracara (Polyborus 

plancus audubonii)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=B06

Q

Delmarva Peninsula 

fox squirrel (Sciurus 

niger cinereus)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A00

B

Eastern indigo 

snake (Drymarchon 

corais couperi)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=C026

#crithab

Florida panther

(Puma (=Felis) 

concolor coryi)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A008

Lesser prairiechicken 

(Tympanuchus 

pallidicinctus)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=B0A

Z#crithab

Ocelot (Leopardus 

(Felis) pardalis)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A084

#crithab

Red wolf (Canis 

rufus)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A00

F#crithab

Sonoran pronghorn 

(Antilocapra 

americana 

sonoriensis)

None http://ecos.fws.gov/specie

sProfile/profile/speciesPr

ofile.action?spcode=A009
123

Summary of Listed Species Identified as being off Agricultural Fields without Critical 

Habitat4 (191 species)

Alamosa springsnail(Tryonia alamosae)

American chaffseed (Schwalbea americana)

American hart's-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum)

Anastasia Island beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus phasma)

Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache)

Apalachicola rosemary (Conradina glabra)

Appalachian Monkeyface, Appalachian (pearlymussel) (Quadrula sparsa)

Arizona Cliff-rose (Purshia (=Cowania) subintegra)

Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)

Atlantic salt marsh snake (Nerodia clarkii taeniata)

Avon Park harebells (Crotalaria avonensis)

Bachman's warbler (=wood) (Vermivora bachmanii)

Beach jacquemontii (Jacquemontia reclinata)

Beautiful pawpaw (Deeringothamnus pulchellus)

Birdwing pearlymussel (Lemiox rimosus)

Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)

Blackside dace (Phoxinus cumberlandensis)

Bluetail mole skink (Eumeces egregius lividus)

Bog (=Muhlenberg) turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii)

Brady pincushion cactus (Pediocactus bradyi)

Britton's beargrass (Nolina brittoniana)

Brooksville bellflower (Campanula robinsiae)

California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni)

Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)

Canby's dropwort (Oxypolis canbyi)

Canelo Hills ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes delitescens)

Carolina northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)

Carter's mustard (Warea carteri)

Chapman rhododendron (Rhododendron chapmanii)

Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi)

Chittenango ovate amber snail (Succinea chittenangoensis)

Clubshell (Pleurobema clava)

Cochise pincushion cactus (Coryphantha robbinsorum)

Colorado hookless cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus)

Cooley's meadowrue (Thalictrum cooleyi)

Cooley's water-willow (Justicia cooleyi)

Cracking pearlymussel (Hemistena lata)

Crenulate lead-plant (Amorpha crenulata)

Cumberland bean (pearlymussel) (Villosa trabalis)

Cumberland monkeyface (pearlymussel) (Quadrula intermedia)

Deltoid spurge (Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea)

Dromedary pearlymussel (Dromus dromas)

Dudley Bluffs bladderpod (Lesquerella congesta)

Dudley Bluffs twinpod (Physaria obcordata)

Duskytail darter (Etheostoma percnurum)

Dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon)

Eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)

 4 Critical habitat designation status determined using U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation 

Online System (ECOS) species profiles.
124

Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia)

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria)

Finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

Finerayed pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus)

Flat-spired three-toothed snail (Triodopsis platysayoides)

Florida bonamia (Bonamia grandiflora)

Florida Bonneted bat (Eumops floridanus)

Florida golden aster (Chrysopsis floridana)

Florida grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus)

Florida perforate cladonia (Cladonia perforata)

Florida salt marsh vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli)

Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens)

Florida skullcap (Scutellaria floridana)

Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia)

Florida ziziphus (Ziziphus celata)

Four-petal pawpaw (Asimina tetramera)

Fragrant prickly-apple (Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans)

Fringed campion (Silene polypetala)

Garber's spurge (Chamaesyce garberi)

Garrett's mint (Dicerandra christmanii)

Gentian pinkroot (Spigelia gentianoides)

Gila topminnow (incl. Yaqui)(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)

Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae)

Godfrey's butterwort (Pinguicula ionantha)

Gray bat (Myotis grisescens)

Green blossom (pearlymussel)(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)

Greenback Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias)

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum)

Harper's beauty (Harperocallis flava)

Hay's Spring amphipod (Stygobromus hayi)

Highlands scrub hypericum (Hypericum cumulicola)

Holy Ghost ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)

Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonii)

Hualapai Mexican vole (Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis)

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

James spinymussel (Pleurobema collina)

Jones cycladenia (Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii)

Kearney's blue-star (Amsonia kearneyana)

Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)

Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)

Key tree cactus (Pilosocereus robinii)

Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii)

Knieskern's beaked-rush (Rhynchospora knieskernii)

Knowlton's cactus (Pediocactus knowltonii)

Kuenzler hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri)

Lakela's mint (Dicerandra immaculata)

Least tern (Sterna antillarum)

Lee County cave isopod (Lirceus usdagalun)

Leedy's Roseroot (Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. leedyi)

Lee pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei)

Lewton's polygala (Polygala lewtonii)

Littlewing pearlymussel (Pegias fabula)

Longspurred mint (Dicerandra cornutissima)
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Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri)

Madison Cave isopod (Antrolana lira)

Mancos milk-vetch (Astragalus humillimus)

Masked bobwhite (quail) (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi)

Mesa Verde cactus (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)

Miami Blue Butterfly (Cyclargus (=Hemiargus) thomasi bethunebakeri)

Miccosukee gooseberry (Ribes echinellum)

Michaux's sumac (Rhus michauxii)

Mitchell's satyr butterfly (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)

Nichol's Turk's head cactus (Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii)

North Park phacelia (Phacelia formosula)

Northeastern beach tiger beetle (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis)

Northeastern bulrush (Scirpus ancistrochaetus)

Northern monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense)

Northern riffleshell (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)

Okaloosa darter (Etheostoma okaloosae)

Okeechobee gourd (Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis)

Osterhout milkvetch (Astragalus osterhoutii)

Papery whitlow-wort (Paronychia chartacea)

Pecos gambusia (Gambusia nobilis)

Peebles Navajo cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus var. peeblesianus)

Penland alpine fen mustard (Eutrema penlandii)

Penland beardtongue (Penstemon penlandii)

Peter's mountain mallow (Iliamna corei)

Pigeon wings (Clitoria fragrans)

Pima pineapple cactus (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina)

Pink mucket (pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta)

Puritan tiger beetle (Cicindela puritana)

Pygmy fringe-tree (Chionanthus pygmaeus)

Rayed bean (Villosa fabalis)

Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis)

Roan Mountain bluet (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana)

Roanoke logperch (Percina rex)

Rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare)

Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii dougallii)

Rough pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum)

Rugel's pawpaw (Deeringothamnus rugelii)

Running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum)

Sacramento prickly poppy (Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta)

Sand skink (Neoseps reynoldsi)

Sandlace (Polygonella myriophylla)

Sandplain gerardii (Agalinis acuta)

Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus)

Scrub blazingstar (Liatris ohlingerae)

Scrub buckwheat (Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium)

Scrub lupine (Lupinus aridorum)

Scrub mint (Dicerandra frutescens)

Scrub plum (Prunus geniculata)

Seabeach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus)

Sensitive joint-vetch (Aeschynomene virginica)

Sentry milk-vetch (Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax)

Shale barren rock cress (Arabis serotina)

Sheepnose mussel (Plethobasus cyphyus)
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Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah)

Shiny pigtoe (Fusconaia cor)

Short-leaved rosemary (Conradina brevifolia)

Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum)

Siler pincushion cactus (Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri)

Small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides)

Small-anthered bittercress (Cardamine micranthera)

Small's milkpea (Galactia smallii)

Smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata)

Smooth coneflower (Echinacea laevigata)

Snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium)

Sneed pincushion cactus (Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)

Snuffbox mussel (Epioblasma triquetra)

Socorro isopod (Thermosphaeroma thermophilus)

Socorro springsnail (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana)

Sonora tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi)

Southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris)

Southern sandshell (Hamiota (=Lampsilis) australis)

Spectaclecase (mussel) (Cumberlandia monodonta)

Squirrel Chimney Cave shrimp (Palaemonetes cumingii)

Stock Island tree snail (Orthalicus reses)

Swamp pink (Helonias bullata)

Tan Riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri))

Telephus spurge (Euphorbia telephioides)

Tiny polygala (Polygala smallii)

Tubercled blossom (pearlymussel) (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)

Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly (Boloria acrocnema)

Ute Ladies'-Tresses, (Spiranthes diluvialis)

Virginia fringed mountain snail (Polygyriscus virginianus)

Virginia round-leaf birch (Betula uber)

Virginia sneezeweed (Helenium virginicum)

Virginia spiraea (Spiraea virginiana)

White birds-in-a-nest (Macbridea alba)

Wide-leaf warea (Warea amplexifolia)

Wireweed (Polygonella basiramia)

Wood stork (Mycteria americana)

Yuma clapper rail (Rallus longirostris yumanensis)

Zuni fleabane (Erigeron rhizomatus)

Summary of Listed Species Identified as being off Agricultural Fields with Critical 

Habitat5 (117 species)

Aboriginal prickly-apple (Harrisia aboriginum)

Acuna Cactus (Echinomastus erectocentrus var. acunensis)

American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)

Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi)

Bartram’s Hairstreak Butterfly (Strymon acis bartrami)

Beautiful shiner (Cyprinella formosa)

Bonytail chub (Gila elegans)

 5 Critical habitat designation status determined using U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation 

Online System (ECOS) species profiles.
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Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)

Cape Sable thoroughwort (Chromolaena frustrata)

Carter's small-flowered flax (Linum carteri carteri)—(proposed)

Chihuahua chub (Gila nigrescens)

Chipola slabshell (Elliptio chipolaensis)

Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana (=Lithobates) chiricahuensis)

Choctaw bean (Villosa choctawensis)

Choctawhatchee beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus allophrys)

Chupadera springsnail (Pyrgulopsis chupaderae)

Clay-loving wild buckwheat (Eriogonum pelinophilum)

Colorado Butterfly Plant (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis)

Colorado pikeminnow (=squawfish)(Ptychocheilus lucius)

Cumberlandian combshell (Epioblasma brevidens)

DeBeque phacelia (Phacelia submutica)

Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius)

Diamond darter (Crystallaria cincotta)

Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmate)

Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)

Fat three-ridge (mussel) (Amblema neislerii)

Fickeisen Plains cactus (Pediocactus peeblesianus fickeiseniae)

Florida brickell-bush (Brickellia mosieri)—(Proposed)

Florida Leafwing Butterfly (Anaea troglodyta floridalis)

Florida semaphore cactus (Consolea corallicola)

Fluted kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus subtentum)

Frosted flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum)

Fuzzy pigtoe (Pleurobema strodeanum)

Gierisch mallow (Sphaeralcea gierischii)

Gila chub (Gila intermedia)

Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Gulf moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus)

Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)

Gypsum wild-buckwheat (Eriogonum gypsophilum)

Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)

Holmgren milk-vetch (Astragalus holmgreniorum)

Huachuca water-umbel (Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva)

Humpback chub (Gila cypha)

Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus)

Johnson's seagrass (Halophila johnsonii)

Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis)—(proposed)

Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis)

Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola)—(proposed)

Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli)

Koster's springsnail (Juturnia kosteri)

Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)

Lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae)

Little Colorado spinedace (Lepidomeda vittata)

Loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis)

Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)

Maryland darter (Etheostoma sellare)

Mexican long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis)

Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida)

Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis)
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Narrow pigtoe (Fusconaia escambia)

Narrow-headed gartersnake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus)—(Proposed)

Navajo sedge (Carex specuicola)

New Mexican ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus)

New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius luteus)—(Proposed)

Noel's amphipod (Gammarus desperatus)

North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)

Northern Mexican gartersnake (Thamnophis eques megalops)—(Proposed)

Ochlockonee moccasinshell (Medionidus simpsonianus)

Oval pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme pyriforme)

Ovate clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum)

Oyster mussel (Epioblasma capsaeformis)

Pagosa skyrocket (Ipomopsis polyantha)

Parachute beardtongue (Penstemon debilis)

Pawnee montane skipper (Hesperia leonardus montana)

Pecos (=puzzle, =paradox) sunflower (Helianthus paradoxus)

Pecos assiminea snail (Assiminea pecos)

Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis)

Perdido Key beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis)

Piping plover (Charadrius melodus)

Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei)

Purple bankclimber (mussel) (Elliptoideus sloatianus)

Bean, Purple (Villosa perpurpurea)

Rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica)

Razorback sucke r(Xyrauchen texanus)

Reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi)

Rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator)

Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus)

Roswell springsnail (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis)

Rough rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica strigillata)

Round ebonyshell (Fusconaia rotulata)

Sacramento Mountains thistle (Cirsium vinaceum)

San Bernardino springsnail (Pyrgulopsis bernardina)

San Francisco Peaks ragwort (Packera franciscana)

Shinyrayed pocketbook (Lampsilis subangulata)

Slabside pearlymussel (Pleuronaia dolabelloides)

Slender chub (Erimystax cahni)

Smalleye shiner (Notropis buccula)

Sonora chub (Gila ditaenia)

Southern kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus jonesi)

Southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)

Spikedace (Meda fulgida)

Spotfin chub (Erimonax monachus)

Spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga)

St. Andrew beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis)

Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis)

Tapered pigtoe (Fusconaia burkei)

Three Forks Springsnail (Pyrgulopsis trivialis)

Todsen's pennyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii)

Virgin River Chub (Gila seminuda (=robusta))

West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)

Welsh's milkweed (Asclepias welshii)

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus)
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Yaqui catfish (Ictalurus pricei)

Yaqui chub (Gila purpurea)

Yellowfin Madtom (Noturus flavipinnis)

Zuni bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus yarrowi)
130