NASA Conference Publication 10139, Part 1

DOT /FAA/RD-94 / 14-I

Airborne Windshear Detection and Warning

Systems

Fifth and Final Combined Manufacturers"

Conference

and Technologists"

Compiled by

V. E. Delnore

Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Company • Hampton, Virginia

(NASA-CP-10139-Pt-I) AIRBORNE

WINDSHE_R DETECTION AND WARNING

SYSTEMS. FIFTH AN0 FINAL COM61NED

MANUFACTURERS' AND TECHNOLOGISTS'

CONFERENCE, PART I (NASA. Langley

Research Center) _5 p

N95-I05o6

--THRU--

N95-I0572

unclas

G3/03 001605?

Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the

Federal Aviation Administration, Washington,

D.C., and the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, Washington, D.C., and held in

Hampton, Virginia

September 28-30, 1993

July 1994

Foreword

A dramatic improvement in the flight safety of transport aircraft worldwide has

become possible through the development of sensor systems that detect hazardous wind

changes miles ahead of an aircraft. This development--the result of a unique cooperation

among NASA, the FAA, industry, and academia--involved fundamental breakthroughs in

the understanding and measurement of commercial aviation's most lethal weather threat:

microburst windshcar.

One purpose of the meeting reported in these Proceedings was to spread the word:

we were challenged with a need, joined forces to meet that need, and were enormously

successful. U. S. avionics manufacturers small and large have capitalized on the results of

our research and consulting guidance, and now have mounted independent sensor development efforts in the best entrepreneurial tradition. The technology applications include

Doppler radar, lidar (laser radar), and infrared systems, each of which required groundbreaking advances in state-of-the-art design and signal processing. Many systems are now

in the final stages of FAA production certification and commercial sales.

The meeting had another purpose: to open the next chapter in interagency and

industry cooperation--this time for the development and application of sensors for wake

vortices and for synthetic and enhanced vision systems. This too is reported in these Proceedings.

The windshear research reported here is the result of NASA and the FAA in 1986

setting a timetable for developing and demonstrating a solution to a problem then responsible for more than half the U. S. commercial aviation fatalities of the preceding decade.

The success of this research, with flight tests completed two years ahead of schedule,

ensures that, in the very near future, all airline passengers will travel with the threat of aviation's worst weather hazard effectively removed.

Contents

Part 1

Foreword ......................................................... i

eeo

Table of Contents ................................................... nt

Objectives and Organization .......................................... ix

Agenda ........................................................... xi

Compiler's Notes, Layout of these Proceedings, and Acknowledgments ........ xviii

Session I: WINDSHEAR FLIGIIT TEST OVERVIEW. .................... 1

Chair: R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center.

Flight Test of AWAS Ill. B. McKissick, NASA Langley Research Center ........ 3

Flight Test Evaluation of a Data Link and Airqraft lnt¢_ation of TDWR

Wind- shear Information. D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center ......... 23

A Performance Evaluation of Airborne Coherent Lidar Wind Shear Sensors,

E Robinson, Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co.. ...................... 49

Westinghouse MODAR 3000 Flight Test Results. W. Patterson and M. Eide,

Westinghouse Electric Corp ........................................... 67

NASA'_ Airborne Doppler Rad_" for Detection of Hazardous Windshear. E.

Bracalente, NASA Langley Research Center .............................. 81

Session 2: WINDSHEAR MODELING, FLIGHT MANAGEMENT,

AND GROUND-BASED SYSTEMS ..................... 103

Chair: D. Vicroy, NASA Langley Research Center.

Microburst Avoidance Crew Procedure8 for ForwarO-L_k Sen_orEquipped Aircraft. D. Hinton and R. Oseguera, NASA Langley Research

Center ............................................................ 105

eoo

III

PR_l_/_l,)_lla PAGE, IILAHK NOT FILMED
Piloted $imolator Evaluation of Forward-Look Windshear Crew Procedures. R. Oseguera and D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center ........... 125

Vonioal Wind Estimation from Horizontal Wind Measuremonl:_, D. Vicroy,

NASA Langley Research Center ....................................... 143

Characteristics of a Dry. Pulsating Microburst at Denver Stapleton Airport.

F. Proctor, NASA Langley Research Center ............................... 177

Future Enhancements to Ground-Based Microburst Detection. M. Matthews, S. Campbell, and T. Dasey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ....... 221

Determining F-Factor Using Ground-Based Dopplor Radar: Validation and

Results. D. Elmore, D. Albo, and R. Goodrich, National Center for Atmospheric Research ..................................................... 241

Evaluation of Iconic vs. F-Map Microburst Displays. M. Salzberger, R.

Hansman, and C. Wanke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ............... 287

Session 3:AIRBORNE WINDSHEAR DETECTION SYSTEMS ............ 307

Chair: S. Harrah, NASA Langley Research Center.

Successful Infrared Prediction of Low Level Windshoar. E Adamson, Turbulence Prediction Systems ............................................ 309

Overview and Highlights from Super-position Testing of the MQDAR

3000, B. Mathews, E Miller, K. Rittenhouse, L. Barnett, and W. Rowe,

Westinghouse Electric Corp. [Because it deals primarily with certification

issues, the text portion of the material furnished for this presentation has

been moved to Session 4, under the title "Certification of Windshear Performance with RTCA Class D Radomes."] ................................... 351

Wind Hazard Detection with ia CO 2 Airborne Laser Radar. R. Targ, Lockheed Research and Development Co., P. Robinson, Lockheed Engineering

and Sciences Co., and R. Bowles and P. Brockman, NASA Langley

Research Center .................................................... 367

CLASS (Coherent Lidar Airborne Shear Sensor) Windshear Detection Sy_-

tern. P. Forney and L. Celmer, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., R. Calloway and P. Brockman, NASA Langley Research Center, and F. Austin,

Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co ................................... 395

iv
RDR-4B Doppler Weather Radar with Windshear Detection Capabili_, D.

Kuntman, Bendix-Allied Signal Co .......................................

The Collins Windshear Program. R. Robertson, Rockwell-Collins Co ...........

417

429

Part 2*

Session 4: CERTIFICATION OF PREDICTIVE WINDSHEAR DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS ..................................

Chair: D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center.

443

The FAA View. R. Passman and E Rock, FAA ............................ 445

Windshear Certification Data Base for Forward-Look Detection Systems.

G. Switzer, Research Triangle Institute, and D. Hinton and E Proctor,

NASA Langley Research Center ........................................

Certification Methodology Applied to the NASA Experimental Flight System. C. Britt and G. Switzer, Research Triangle Institute, and E. Bracalente,

NASA Langley Research Center ........................................

Certification of Windshear Performance with RTCA Class D Radomes. B,

Mathews and L. Barnett, Westinghouse Electric Co ..........................

447

463

489

Airport Surveillance Using a Solid State (_oherenl Lidar, M. Hufaker,

Coherent Technologies, lnc ............................................ 499

Session 5: FUTURE AERONAUTICS TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

PROGRAMS ............. .'. ........................................ 525

High Speed Civil Transportation Research. M. Lewis, NASA Langley

Research Center ..................................................... 526

Terminal Area Productivity. G. Steinmetz, NASA Langley Research Center. ..... 541

Session 6: DEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONS OF SENSORS FOR

A IRCRA FT WAKE VORTEX DETECTION AND AVOIDA NCE ............

Chair: R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center.

543

* Part 2 published under separate cover.

¥
Characteristics of Civil Aviation Atmospheric Hazards. R. Marshall and J.

Montoya, Research Triangle Institute, and M. Richards and J. GaUiano,

Georgia Tech Research Institute ........................................ 545

Ground-Based Wake Vortex Monitoring, Prediction, and ATC Interface. S.

Campbell and J. Evans, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ................ 569

Aircraft Wak¢ Rt_$ Mea,sur_ment. W. Gilson, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology ........................................................ 603

Wake Vortex Detection at Denver Stapleton Airport with a Pulsed 2-micron

.C..9.hgLed_L.Lid_ S. Hannon and A. Thomson, Coherent Technologies, lnc ........ 625

Doppler Radar Detection of Vortex Hazard Indicators. J. Nespor, E. Hudson,

and R. Stegall, Government Electronic Systems, Martin Marietta, and J.

Freedman, MITRE Corp ............................................... 651

Remote Sensing of Turbulence in the Clear Atmos0here with 2-micron

Lid_s. R. Martinson, Lightwave Atmospherics, Inc., and J. Flint, Schwartz

Electro-Optics, Inc ................................................... 689

Session 7: SYNTItETIC AND ENHANCED VISION SYSTEMS. • .......... 707

Chair: T. Campbell, NASA Langley Research Center.

ESAS (Enham;ed Situation Awareness Systems). A. Lambregts, Boeing

Commercial Airplane Co ............................................... 709

Overview of Westinghouse Enhanced Vision Technology Activities. W.

Patterson, Westinghouse Electric Corp .................................... 725

Evaluation of Candidate Millimeter Wave Sensors for Syntheti_ Vision. N.

Alexander, J. Echard, and B. Hudson, Georgia Tech Research Institute .......... 747

Passive MMW Cameri_ for Low Visibility Landings. M. Shoucri, TRW

Applications Technology Div ........................................... 765

Synthetic Vision System Flight Test. L. Jordan, Honeywell Technical Center ...... 787

Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems, C. Taylor, Lear Astronics Corp ............ 799

vi
Transcripts Of The A uch'o Recordings Made During The Question &

Answer And Panel Discussions ...................................... 805

About these Transcripts .............................................. 806

Jargon and Acronyms in the Transcripts ................................. 807

Panel and Question & Answer Discussions, Sessions 1 and 2 ................ 811

Panel and Question & Answer Discussions, Sessions 3 and 4 ................ 820

Question & Answer Discussion, Session 5 ............................... 844

Panel and Question & Answer Discussions, Session 6 ...................... 845

Panel and Question & Answer Discussions, Session 7 ...................... 851

Closing Remarks ................................................... 858

APPENDIX: Names, Affiliations, and Addresses of Attendees .............. 859

vii

The Fifth (and Final)

Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists'

Airborne Wind Shear Review Meeting

OBJECTIVES

The Fifth (and Final) Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Airborne Wind Shear

Review Meeting, co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), provided a forum for the transfer

of information from the NASA/FAA Airborne Wind Shear Sensors Program to industry.

Furthermore, the meeting provided an opportunity for all participants to pose and discuss

developments and problems of current interest. This was the final such meeting, marking

the conclusion of the NASA/FAA Airborne Wind Shear Sensors Program.

Tremendous advances in product development and certification methodologies had

occurred since the previous meeting; the final meeting covered these and other efforts

throughout the breadth of windshear technology. Future sensor technology applications, in

addition to wind shear detection, were also discussed.

ORGANIZATION

General Co-Chairpersons

Dr. Roland L. Bowles Mr. Robert H. Passman

NASA Langley Research Center Federal Aviation Administration

Technical Program Chairperson

Dr. Victor E. Delnore

LockheedEngineering and Sciences Company

Conference Manager

Ms. Doris B. Stroup

The Bionetics Corporation

Audio Tape Transcriber

Ms. Nancy Hale

Kelly Services

ix

p_ IMAGE BJ._I_II( NOT FIC_ED

0900

0910

FIFTH (and final)

COMBINED MANUFACTURERS'

and

TECHNOLOGISTS' AIRBORNE WIND SHEAR

REVIEW MEETING

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 28

Logistics/Administration

R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center

V. Delnore, Lockheed, Engineering and Sciences Co.

Welcome Address and Overview

R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center

0930

0940

1000

1020

1040

11O0

1120

1140

SESSION I

WINDSHEAR FLIGHT TEST OVERVIEW

Chair: R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center

Hight Test of AWAS III

B. McKissick, NASA Langley Research Center

BREAK

Hight Test Evaluation of a Data Link and Aircraft Integration of TDWR Windshear

Information

D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center

A Performance Evaluation of Airborne Coherent Lidar Wind Shear Sensors

P. Robinson, Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co.

Westinghouse MODAR 3000 Hight Test Results

W. Patterson and M. Eide, Westinghouse Electric Corp.

NASA's Airborne Doppler Radar for Detection of Hazardous Windshear

E. Bracalente, NASA Langley Research Center

LUNCH

WINDSltEAR

1250

1300

SESSION 2

MODELING, FLIGHT MANAGEMENT, AND GROUNDBASED SYSTEMS

Chair: D. Vicroy, NASA Langley Research Center

Microburst Avoidance Crew Procedures for Forward-Look Sensor-Equipped

PAGE IK.ANK NOT FILM£D xi
1320

1340

1400

1420

1440

1500

1520

1540

1610

1700

0830

0840

0900

0920

Aircraft

D. Hinton and R. Oseguera, NASA Langley Research Center

Piloted Simulator Evaluation of Forward-l.x_ok Windshear Crew Procedures

R. Oseguera and D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center

Vertical Wind Estimation from Horizontal Wind Measurements

D. Vicroy, NASA Langley Research Center

BREAK

Characteristics of a Dry, Pulsating Microburst at Denver Stapleton Airport

F. Proctor, NASA Langley Research Center

Future Enhancements to Ground Based Microburst Detection

M. Matthews, S. Campbell, and T. Dasey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Determining F -Factor Using Ground-Based Doppler Radar: Validation and Results

D. Elmore, D. Albo, and R. Goodrich, National Center for Atmospheric Research

Evaluation of Iconic vs F-Map Microburst Displays

M. Salzberger, R. Hansman and C. Wanke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

BREAK

Q&A

Chairpersons: Sessions 1 and 2

ADJOURN

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29

SESSION 3

AIRBORNE WINDSHEAR DETECTION SYSTEMS

Chair: S. Harrah, NASA Langley Research Center

Successful Infrared Prediction of Low Level Windshear

P. Adamson, Turbulence Prediction Systems

Overview and Highlights from Superposition Testing of the MODAR 3000

B. Mathews, F. Miller, K. Rittenhouse, L. Barnett, and W. Rowe, Westinghouse

Electric Corp.

Wind Hazard Detection with a CO2 Airborne Laser Radar

R. Targ, Lockheed Research and Development Co.

P. Robinson, Lockheed Engineering and Science Co.

R. Bowles and P. Brockman, NASA Langley Research Center

xii
0940

1000

1020

1040

1100

BREAK

CLASS (Coherent Lidar Airborne Shear Sensor) Windshear Detection System

P. Forney and L. Celmer, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.

R. Calloway and P. Brockman, NASA Langley Research Center

F. Austin, Lockheed Engineering and Science Co.

RDR-4B Doppler Weather Radar with Windshear Detection Capability

D. Kuntman, Bendix-Allied Signal Co.

The Collins Windshear Program

R. Robertson, Rockwell-Collins Co.

LUNCH

SESSION 4

CERTIFICATION OF PREDICTIVE WIND SHEAR DETECTION AND

AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS

1230 Chair: D. Hinton, NASA Langley Research Center

1240 The FAA View

R. Passman and F. Rock, FAA

1300 Windshear Certification Data Base for Forward-Look Detection Systems

G. Switzer, Research Triangle Institute

D. Hinton and F. Proctor, NASA Langley Research Center

1320

1340

Certification Metholodgy Applied to the NASA Experimental Flight System

C. Britt and G. Switzer, Research Triangle Institute

E. Bracalente, NASA Langley Research Center

Certification of Windshear Performance with RTCA Class D Radomes

B. Mathews and L. Barnett, Westinghouse Electric Corporation

1400 Airport Surveillance Using a Solid State Coherent Lidar

M. Hufaker, Coherent Technologies, Inc.

1420 BREAK

1440 Q&A

Chairpersons: Session 3 and 4

PANEL: Windshear Wrap-up

Chairperson

ooo

Xlli
1630

0830

0845

ADJOURN

TIIURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 30

SESSION 5

FUTURE AERONAUTICS TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROGRAMS

High Speed Civil Transportation Research

M. Lewis, NASA Langley Research Center

Terminal Area Productivity

G. Steinmetz, NASA Langley Research Center

SESSION 6

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF SENSORS

FOR AIRCRAFT WAKE VORTEX DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE

0900 Chair: R. Bowles, NASA Langley Research Center

0910 Characteristics of Civil Aviation Atmospheric Hazards

R. Marshall and J. Montoya, Research Triangle Institute

M. Richards and J. GaUiano, Georgia Tech Research Institute

0930 Ground-Based Wake Vortex Monitoring, Prediction, and ATC Interface

S. Campbell and J. Evans, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

0950 BREAK

1010 Aircraft Wake RCS Measurement

W. Gilson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

1030

1050

Wake Vortex Detection at Denver Stapleton Airport with a Pulsed 2-micron

Coherent Lidar

S. Hannon and A. Thomson, Coherent Technologies, Inc.

Doppler Radar Detection of Vortex Hazard Indicators

J. Nespor, E. Hudson, and R. Stegall, Government Electronic Systems, Martin

Marietta

J. Freedman, Mitre Corp.

1110 Remote Sensing of Turbulence in the Clear Atmosphere with 2-micron Lidars

R. Martinson, Lightwave Atmospherics, Inc.

J. Flint, Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.

1130 PANEL

Chairperson

xiv
1200

1315

1320

1340

1400

1420

1440

1500

1520

1545

1610

1630

LUNCH

SYNTHETIC

SESSION 7

AND ENHANCED VISION SYSTEMS

Chair: T. Campbell, NASA Langley Research Center

ESAS (Enhanced Situation Awareness Systems)

A. Lambregts, Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.

Overview of Westinghouse Enhanced Vision Technology Activities

W. Patterson, Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Evaluation of Candidate Millimeter Wave Sensors for Synthetic Vision

N. Alexander, J. Echard, and B. Hudson, Georgia Tech Research Institute

Passive MMW Camera for Low Visibility Landings

M. Schoucri, TRW Applications Technology Div.

Synthetic Vision System Flight Test

L. Jordan, Honeywell Technical Center

Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems

C. Taylor, Lear Astronics Corp.

BREAK

PANEL

Chairperson

Q&A

Chairpersons: Sessions 6 and 7

ADJOURN

xv

Compiler's Notes

This publication is the Conference Proceedings from the Fifth (and Final) Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Airborne Windshear Review Meeting. Long-timers will recall that there had

been five earlier meetings, held in 1984, '87, '88, '90, and '92. Because the '92 had for some reason

been called the Fourth, the next one (the one reported here) is called the Fifth. Over all six meetings, the

numbers of papers given were 21, 12, 42, 39, 38, and 37, respectively. These meetings were attended by,

again in order, 58, 45, 126, 186, 143, and 132 researchers, regulators, technologists, manufacturers, and

aircraft operators from around the world.

This meeting is called the Final one, because it serves as a wrap-up of completed research and

a transfer of the technology to the marketplace. Over the years, the tone of the meetings has shifted from

tentative questioning of how we might go about measuring windshear from an airplane operating close

to an airfield, through commitments of cooperation among workers from the wide range of disciplines,

to, finally, here's what we've accomplished and now let's see what certification issues remain. Also, the

closing day of this Final meeting anticipated the development and applications of sensors for wake vortices and for synthetic and enhanced vision systems.

Layout of these Proceedings

The printed material for each formal presentation consists here of a uniform title-and-author

sheet, followed by copies furnished by the presenter of his or her transparencies. No attempt was made

by the compiler to edit the material provided, other than to obtain black-and-white halftones of any

color prints furnished. For several presentations the title on the furnished material differed from that

given in the agenda; in these cases an explanatory note is given on the title-and-author sheet

Following the materials from the formal presentations are the transcriptions from the audio

recordings of the discussions which followed each morning or afternoon of presentations.

Acknowledgments

Doris Stroup of the Bionetics Corporation gathered nearly all of the papers at the conclusion of

each session, thereby minimizing later collection problems. Also, she provided camera-ready copies of

the agenda and of the list of attendees. Don Morrison of the Raytheon Company took great care in the

recording of the Question & Answer and Panel discussions, as did Nancy Hale of Kelly Services in the

transcribing of the resulting tapes. David Hinton, NASA, helped with the list of acronyms. Dan Vicroy,

also of NASA, provided much valuable advice based on his experience as compiler for two of the previous conferences.

VED

PAGE. IL,AI'I_ r_OT FI,/,.E/iED

xvii

Session 1:

WINDSHEAR FLIGHT

TE S T 0 VER VIE W.

Chair: R. Bowles,

NASA Langley Research Center
Sessiom 1-

WINDSHEAR FLIGI_T TEST OVERVIEW.

C_: R. Bowles, NASA Langley Resa_rck Center.

Fli_,ht Test of AWAS HI. B. McKissick, NASA Langley Research Center

Flight Test Eval,mlion of a Data Link and Aircraft Inte_m'ationof TDWR Wind- shear InformAtion D. Hinton,

NASA Langley Research Center

A Performance Eval,_tion of Airborne Coherent Lidar Wind S_he__rSensors, P. Robinson, Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co.

Westinghouse MODAR 3000 Fli_2htTest R_-It_. W. Patterson and M. Eide, Westinghouse Electric Corp.

NASA's Airborne Doooler l?_r for Detection of H_7_rdous Windshe,_r, E. Bracalente, NASA Langley

Research Center

2
Flight Test of AWAS III.

B. McKissick,

NASA Langley Research Center

3
4
Flight Test of AWAS III

Outline

L Introduction

II. 9 Strong Events

A.Scatter Plots Analysis

B.Look Distances

C. Cross Correlation Analysis

III. 21 Events

A. Scatter Plot Analysis

B. Contingency Tables

C. Look Distances

IV. Conclusions

5
NASA'S EFFORT WITH TPS IN INFRARED

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Phase I SBIR (1987) determined that a passive Infrared

system is feasible for windshear detection

Phase II SBIR (1989-t991)

;_ Flight test of AWAS I on NASA 515 in 1989-1990

;> Development of AWAS III

Flight test of AWAS III on NASA 515 at Orlando and

Denver in 1991 resulted in numerous changes to AWAS Ul

Flight test of improved AWAS III on NASA 515 at Orlando

and Denver in 1992

6
AWAS IlrS IMPROVEMENTS

TPS redesigned periscope

>>pressurized periscope

>>periscope and reflector installation similar to others

>>heated reflector

New method of compensating for lapse rate effects

Filtered A WAS III hazard indices

7
$
AWAS III'S DATA RESTRICTIONS

A WAS lll's hazard indices are appficable for approach

speeds only.

In situ f-factor was transformed to an approximation of

in situ f-factor at 140 knots ground speed in order to

compare to AWAS IIl's indices.

A WAS Ill does not scan.

Only events where aircraft motions were "small" (stable

events) were analyzed.

9
STABLE FLIGHT CRITERIA

An event is defined as a "stable event" if during the time

interval 40 seconds prior to a peak in situ F-factor

measurement

_> max. heading- min. heading < 15 degrees

max. pitch - min pitch. < 10 degrees and

_> altitude < 1400 feet AGL.

10
MNEMONICS AND SYMBOLS

AWASFF- wind shear hazard index based on infrared

temperature measurements,

AWASFT- wind shear hazard index based on

temperature measured at the aircraft,

AWAS III- Advanced Warning Airborne System version

III,

D2- infrared measurement of far field minus near field

temperature from detector 2,

FE3- total in situ f-factor,

FE4- transformation of FE3 for ground speed of 140

knots,

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............................... t .........................................................................................................................

, / _" _ ! II ' _--li 'L' " ",!_E I i ; i _Jt

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,i......... ,j................................................................ 1 t,............................................ I...................... 1..................... 1

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1.5

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........ i .................................................................................. '...................................................................

i i "

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80860 80880 80900 80920 80940 80960 80980 81000 81020

SECONDS

17
Advanced Detection Times for

Stable Events with FE4 > 0.07*

Event Number Advanced detection Advanced detection

time based on

AWAS III's look

distance**

time based on

correlation

coefficients

438 17.064 seconds 53 seconds

454 21.044 seconds 11 seconds

464 17.714 seconds 8 seconds

465 16.202 seconds not computable

483 14.976 seconds not corn 9utable

484 12.956 seconds 55 seconds

490 15.948 seconds 28 seconds

553 10.226 seconds 28 seconds

555 8.883 seconds 37 seconds

Mean (Standard 15.001 (1.263) 31.428 (6.972)

Error)***

*The cross correlation coefficient (-0.440) for the two detection

times is not significantly (p-0.323) different than zero.

**Calculations of advanced detection times use a ground speed of

230 knots and mean look distances.

***The mean of column three is significantly larger (p=.0365 for a

paired t-test) than the mean of column two.

Note that the test excluded the data from events 465 and 483.

18
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19
Contingency Tables for Stable

1992 Events

AWASFT<

0.105

AWASFT>

0.105

TOTAL

COLUMN

#

FE4<0.105

61.11%

16.67%

77.78%

14

FE4>0.105

5.56%

16.67%

22.22%

4

TOTAL

66.67%

33.33%

100.00%

ROW #

12

6

18

FISHER EXACT TEST (TWO-TAIL)

P-VALUE=0.083

FE4<0.105

AWASFF< 76.19%

0.105

AWASFF> 4.76%

0.105

TOTAL 80.95%

COLUMN 17

#

FE4>0.105

14.29%

4.76%

19.05%

4

TOTAL

90.48%

9.52%

100.00%

ROW #

19

2

21

FISHER EXACT TEST (TWO-TAIL)

P-VALUE=0.352

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2.,1
Conclusions

The correlation analysis shows that AWASFF is

a predictive index base on temperature

measurements from 11 to 55 seconds before

peak in situ f-factor values.

The scatter plots indicate that AWAS IIl's wind

shear hazard indices were not reliable

predictors of in situ f-factor in this experiment.

AWAS IIl's indices look promising but the

transformation from temperature measurement

to a reliable windshear hazard index is not

complete.
Flight Test Evaluation of a

Data Link and Aircraft Integration of

TDWR Wind- shear Information.

D. Hinton,

NASA Langley Research Center

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A Performance Evaluation of Airbome

Coherent Lidar Wind Shear Sensors,

P. Robinson,

Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co.

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CLASS - 10 Installation

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Choose rainshaft

rain rate/reflectivity [ J

Coherent Lidar SNR

Equation

SNR(R)

Velocity Error

Cv(R)

F-factor Error

aF(R)

m

F Error

_v(S)

PDF of F m , p(Fm)

I Fm; R), Pf(Fm; R) [

+

Cumulative forms of

Pro(Fro; R), Pf(Fm; R)

P(Fa)

P(Z), Orlando and Denver

Detection Statistics Calculation Procedure

56
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio VadaUon with Range

r-, lO

m

el"

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40 ! ! ! i _ _ _ i ! ! ! i _ ! ! i ! ! ! i _ _ _

3°-__[TiTgTyT ....... ;F-

.... _i...i....i...i...i...;..._ -5dBz .... i......

i i i _ i ! i i i -_ 30dBz ! i

__"%i _ _ I .... 45dBz i _ i

::::::::::::::::::::::::

__i ! _ .......

...... ;....;_.;....;...._....;...._...-_..._.." ; .; _ ;.._..L._....L...;....L...L_

_ _ _ _i ' : : : : : : : : : : :

....__-,,i,,.,i,..._,,+.,_.-+,,i ....

_1_-.!_`_!._..._.._._?_`_._.._._._._._._:_._._`._._._`.._...._.._._-

....'_=_._".._._.._._._._.._._:._._._:._.;_.._..._._..._....;._;._._.._._.`_._._

ili[iiiiiiiiiil)N_i i

_2_-.:_._._...._`_._.._..._._._._`.._*_._:..._._._`_,.._._._ ........ _,-

........ i_._.._._.._.`._.._-.._`_÷..._...÷.`_÷_..-_...._.._...`_..._.._..._._ ....

-30 i _ i I i i i I i i i I i i i I i i i I i i i

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Range [km]

4O

3O

20

10

In

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Z

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_.!!.,!,,!...!_.!....!. !.! _! CLASS-2 l!..!_

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...._.L_LLL..L_iiii i i____ !_ ; i...L.L.L.i...I i ; i i!! i i _

_TTT _ _[TYTTTTi__i _;_21i_

:::::::::::::::::::::

::::::::_;:::::

-.;....L...;--;...-;...._-...;...L...;,..;....;._..._....L..I....L-I....i ........ i........ i._

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• i _ i i i i . . i i i i i i i i i i i _-_.

.... i-i:i-ii-iiiiiCii-i-i-i-i-ii

-_o i i i i i i ; i i i i i i i i i i i i i j _ j

0 2 4 6 8 10

Range [km]

12

58
Measurement Error Standard DeviaUon of

0.0000

0

-5 dBz

...... 30 dBz

.... 45 dBz

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

........... !...-!.,..!....'...-'

2 4 6 8 10

Range [km]

12

a_

0.0200

0.0175

0.0150

0.0125

0.0100

0.0075

0.0050

0.0025

0.00o0

' : ' I '. 1 : I ! ; '. I : : : I : : .' I _ , ,

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....!'"']"'=-""_'"'_1.... _'"'_'""-'"':"':'/"'".'""_'"': ....

: : " : :1 i i _ ! !./_ _ ! i

-__' CLASS-2 i i hh_'i hi!-

_ _ _ ! : : : : _ : : : :

.... !'"'!'"'!"' !' 'I!'" _ "'"':,'"":'"':."" _" "'!'"'!'"':.'"'!'"

_ _ ! )I] -5dBz :: :: ::t: /: :: :: :: ::

-i--iivl! - ....30 dBz ...._.-""4!!!!!

: : _1 i

: : • : : : : :

Hi/i ....... ,_,:,Bz :H/iii:H,

-! i i,;.-!.: :--._--_--, : : ! ! i.i.!..!..i ! ./

•ii":/L! ":;_/i_,. _ ii"i ___ _ : -"";;i/:" :._ _i '_ i

_._.V_!._!_.:_._:_._?_i_i_.:_.:_:_,_ v":'"'.'"':'"'v'": ".'"'.'"

...._ ____i _ _i __i_,i i i i_i::

• - i i i _ : ! ! ! : ! : :/: : : : : . : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : : : _." : : : ! ! i ! ! !

_ • • _ :: :: [ i .J,,." ] :: : . :: _ _ _ _ _ ! _ !

• . ;...; :::..._ . ..: iiiili! ; , • . _..,,w,..e" .. : .. ...... _...,..., . ... ._.....; ...!....:....,...._... [iii1 = ' -i ; I , 1 i i i I i : : ' : : : _ : ; : i

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Range [km]

59
False Detection Probabilities of a 0.085 Hazard

0.00

! ! ! I : ! ! I ! : ; I : ! ! I ! ! ! I '. : '

-1.0 - ..;....;. ; ; i ._.s. ;. .. .:.....:....: .: ','; ; ;.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,._.t....i...',..-.i....;....;...-

• " . . . i/! " ; ; : : _,/'_[[_: i • : i i i i -

i i _ ! i f : : : : : : is" : : . : : i ! i i i

i i .: i I : s: : :" :"-:"'.""!'"'_"!'"'!""_ ....

! _ : : :J: : : : : : "i _ :. . i ! ! _ i ! : :

-":'"':"'-'"--'----/-..-....-...-....i....--...+.-._...÷...'... -.... -...-. -D... -.....: ............ ! .......

: : : _ : : : : I: :_-,-. _ _, ..._.-- i..-.'_-...i. - .

i i it "..;;rrYiY" ......./_....i.-'"'"'r"'""'"; .................... i....

: : : : ; : : : :i : : . : : : : ; :

-3.o ........... !....i..!i..-!....i....i....i....,i....,_...i...._...

..D...I...-D-..D|.I.....:.-..-....i....i.,,,i...II....Z..." : ' - . .

! i !/i ; !' ! i-i: iii/ _ "!....

_.o _ i_ !=!iiii_ I__ C LASS-IO i

""!'"T'".-'"! I"F'".:"'-'"-"..'"'Y.I-:""-":II .... !..-

i i !I ! i ! i :: ::|:: i ----"-5dBz

........=.........J......................._..--;i ......_.... - ..... 30 dBz

I _ " ; _ _ _J_ ; ; ....

-s.o I i i i i i iii j .... 4SdBz i

-'" .............. I................................. _............. I "_"- i i , i i , _m.. -

i ! - ! ! ;. ! ii i : |: : : : ! i _ ! i i !

'":;I"__"_-_ :._I !i"'."""';_-!---:"

-6.0 i i i I i i i ; i i i i i i i i i i i J i

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-2.0

log(P,)

Range [km]

0.00

-1.0

-2.0

log(P_)

-3.0

-4.0

-S.0

-6.0

0

!!!1:::1!!_1!_!1:!!1_!!

::::::::::::::::::::::::

-..i...._....;....;....;....;....;...._._ ......;.....:....;....;....;.-..;,...;....;. ; .; i i :

::::::_:::::::::: _- ._._F_F...!_.._F_/_._V_.7_..7_?_.._.._._._._7._._!_È._.._7._.::_.:_ ....

::::::::::::::::::::::

.i i i ! _/;._ i i ! i i i i Z'i ! i

: _ _ i I _ ! _ ! _ _ i i _ _: : : :

: : : :1: : : : _ _ _ i :

t "v"':'"i'/_'''';''''L'..:I

i _ _ _li : : : _ : : : : :

-..i....}..-.}..-/-..i ....CLASS-2 ,,_ _,_,:

_ _"""! _/i t" i i ! . i,_ -_OBz _::- ----ii-

::_i_'

ii[i-i-i -i.-i -.-L-

:..L..I.../...L..i .. ---. 4_dBz i i/i i i .i....L._ i

! I ! : :! : : : : ! ":-'!"-

! : I: : : " " : : : : : " ! i _ _ _ iI[ :

.........ti.Di ; i i i i i _ _ i LI i Li LL_ ........

....... ""+"'> ...... _ " " • : :...... ;.. : " _ ; ; i ; ;

: • : : i : i _ i _ i ! _ ""i'"'_! .... :.................. .'."-

: I: : ! i ! _ _ i i : : :i : : : : : :

.... _T_:_>_:_:__:_£_i_ I.......................

_iiiiiiiiiiiiliiiii i

2 4 6 8 10 12

Range _]

6O
Missed Detection Probabilities of a 0.13 Hazard

0.00

.1.o-..i....i...._....i....i¢.._...._...._....i.....i.....i....i.._...._ ...................... i....i....i..-

-++!++iii i ii: ii i+i__ +: i-

....+....+....++..++,.+....+...++.++...+_....+..! ...... ++i.+i....i....i..+.i+.i....i....i:....+...._ ....

_..i....i...._...._....;...._....;...._.....i.....]_._._i.....!..._...._...._....i....b...b...L...i....i....i....i.._

...... t. : : : : : :i : : :....s -:-.- '__ :CLASS-IO

""---" -5 dBz -4.0 ................. F":"":'"':'"':'"':"'_"'='"= ..... "

_iiiilt

-5.0

_.0

-2.0

log(P=)

-3.0

..................I_...'....'...'...'....-i... ;....j ....., ....... 30 dBz .i...

: : : l: : _ _ _ _ i: _ _ :- i _ ::,i ! _ _ _ _:: _ iJ J .... 4Sd_z "

-..i....i....;..... _;....;.-..;....;....5...._...-5....:.....",. i _ J:i..... ]_"

!i +I', i i i i i!i ! |', _ + i i _ i i i i i

...."__/U !U_; U___ I T !__! "! "_TT:: !

" i i I: : : : : : i: : I : : : : : : : : : : :

i i ! _i i i i i i _i i I i i i i i i i i i i :.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Range [km]

_ _ _ _ _ ! : : ._: : : : : ! ! ] _ _ ] ] _

+ + + +i i_ i i i ii i ?!: ! ! :_

==========================

-1_.._._._.._.+_._..._.._._._....:..._:_+._:_.._.:.._.:_._._:._._...._.._...._._...._._._.+_._+_._._+_

• _ + _ _I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_..i_'._...._+_..i/_._.._'._..'._.._..._..._.._...:....:_._:_..:.._:.../_..:._'.:..'.:'._.:....: ....

/ii i i i i i i i i i i i Vi i i i i_

-"!""_'"'!'t':'"':"":"":'":'"':'"= "" :'"="':'"':'"':'"':'"'_'"_ ................ _.....

.... -..i....;-..L.-.L--:: +"+ +' :/: +: [..... I_...l¢-...i.-.-i....i...-i....i..i-..-i.- _: : : : : : : :

....i.L+L!+i _/_ _ _ _....__j_!__T.TT iii___ I

-_/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4°-i ii+ii .... !?iT! !

.... L_..L_"L...L_._;.._L.._L_".!_.._._.-_._!_.._._.._..._.._"..L_._L._:...L...L...L.

i i ; i i i ; i i ! i i iiI? i i i i i i i

.... :.:::::::il:i :_--i

....!_i_!_i_i_i_.+_..i_._i_._i+i._.!_i_i_L_L_i_;_. iiiiii[iiiiilliiiii

-2.0

log(P,.)

-3.0

-6.0

0 2 4 6 8 10

Range [km]

12

61
VI

N o

N

I VI

w

r_•_ w

A, _

a.

II

"g.

V

AI

a..

II

62
Cumulative Probabilities for Orlando and Denver

False Detection Probabilities

0.0

:::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::::

-2.0 ......................

:::;:::::::::

.... .:;;;

_ _ ! _ _ _ _ _ _ : : : : • : : : : : :

.o.n_ : : : '

: i i ! i i i i CLAS_lODenver

.................. C_SS-IO Orlan_

.........::::::::: = C_SS-2Denver

i i i i i i ; i i ""_'"c_ss'2_an_

-4.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Range [km]

0.0

-1.0

log((Pm))

-2.0

-3.0

Missed Detection Probabilities

-4.0

'. : ' I '. ! : I : : : I '. ' : I ' ! : I '. '. '

! i ! i ! _ ! _ ! i i i " i ! ! i i .,_...;..i-_'""

} i i i i ! ! i i i i i i i _._-':'i'_ :, _ :: i

....i....i....i....i....i....i....i....i....-...:.., i....-..._._.-.._.i....i....i.....

: : : : : : : : : : .:" . : : : _=.,Id[,.l_'.u-: - i ;

....... CLASS-IODenver I i i

-..i....i....i... i.,..i.,..i... !. " ....... CLASS-1OOrlando l,...i....i. -

i i :: i i i :: _CLASS-2Denver I i ::

i i i I i ; . i ; ; ; i ; ; ; , , ; ; e ; . ;

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Range [km]

63
0 0 0
0

00

_5

Westinghouse MODAR

3000 Flight Test Results.

W. Patterson and M. Eide,

Westinghouse Electric Corp.

67

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71
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75
76
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79
80
NASA's Airbome Doppler Radar

for Detection of Hazardous Windshear.

E. Bracalente,

NASA Langley Research Center

81
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1t9
DR Y MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Dry Microburst, event 464, Denver CO, 25 sec. Before AJC

Penetration. Display of measured wind speed. White Dots Indicate AJC Track.

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90
DRY MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Dry Microburst, event 464, Denver CO, 25 sec. Before A/C

Penetration. Display of I km average F-factor, showing multiple alert areas.

White Dots Indicate AJC Track.

O

Date: 7/23/92

Time: 1:42:03 m

AIt.: 1014' m

Tilt: 0 ° |

6

ALERT

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92
DRY MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Dry Microburst, event 462, Denver CO, 15 sec. Before A/C

Penetration. Display of measured wind speed. White Dots Indicate AJC Track.

Rwy. 17L

-30' 30"

5 Velocity, m/s

I Date: 7/23/92

Time: 1:26:07 m

AIt.: 923' i

Tilt: -3 ° |

Event 462 I

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93
DRY MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Dry Microburst, event 462, Denver CO, 15 sec. Before A/C

Penetration. Display of 1 km average F-factor, showing alert area.

White Dots Indicate A/C Track.

Rwy. 17L

30 _

5 F-Factor

0"10510"15,

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-0.15

i Date: 7/23/92 II

Time: 1:26:07|

AIt.: 923' |

Tilt: -3 ° |

Event 462 (B)

ALERT

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95
WET MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Wet Microburst, event 553, Orlando FL, 37 sec. Before AJC

Penetration. Display of measured wind speed. White Dots Indicate AJC Track.

o

Velocity, m/s

20

iI i

Date: 8117/93

Time: 22:28:28

Alt.: 1025'

Tilt: 0 °

Event 553

96
WET MICROBURST DETECTION

Radar Detected Wet Microburst, event 553, Orlando FL, 37 sec. Before A/C

Penetration. Display of I km average F-factor. White Dots Indicate A/C Track.

G

0 ¢`

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F-Factor

0.105 -I 0.15

t Date: 8/17193

Time: 22:28:28 i

AIt.: 1025 ° I

Tilt: 0° m

ALERT

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102
Session 2:

WINDSHEAR MODELING, FLIGHT

MANAGEMENT, AND GR 0 UNDBASED SYSTEMS.

Chair: D. Vicroy,

NASA Langley Research Center.

103
Session 2:

WINDSHEAR MODELING, FLIGHT MANAGEMENT, AND GROUND-BASED SYSTEMS.

Chair: D. Vicroy, NASA Langley Research Center.

Microburst Avoidance Crew Procedures for Forward-Look Sensor-Eauivved Aircr0fl D. Hinton and R.

Oseguera, NASA Langley Research Center

Piloted Simulator Evaluation of Forwar0-L_0k Wind,hear Crew Pr_ed_res. R. Oseguera and D. Hinton,

NASA Langley Research Center

Vertical Wind Estimation from Horizontal Wind Measmement_ D. Vicroy, NASA Langley Research Center

Characteristic_ Qf a Dry, P_d.._tln_ Microbttrst at Denver Stavleton Airport. F. Proctor, NASA Langley

Research Center

Future Enhancements to Ground-Based Microburst Detection, M. Matthews, S. Campbell, and T. Dasey,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Determinin_ F-Factor Using Ground-Based Dom31er l_l_c Validation and Results. D. Elmore, D. Albo, and

R. Goodrich, National Center for Almos-pheric Research

Evaluation of Iconic vs. F-May Microburst Disvlavs. M. Salzberger, R. Hansman, and C. Wanke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

104
Microburst Avoidance Crew Procedures for

Forward-Look Sensor-Equipped Aircraft.

D. Hinton and R. Oseguera,

NASA Langley Research Center

105

Microburs! Avoidance Crew Procedures for Forward-Look Sensor

Equipped Aircraft

David A. Hinton

Rosa M. Oseguera

Abstract

NASA and the FAA have conducted a joint program since 1986 to perform the hazard characterization,

sensor development, and flight management research required to eliminate the threat of low-altitude

windshear to transport aircraft. A series of NASA flight tests in 1991 and 1992 have demonslrated the

practicality of forward-look windshear alerting, and industry has initiated development and FAA

certification of windshear detection systems based on this technology. Commercially produced forwardlook windshear sensors may be available to the airlines by the end of 1993.

No industry consensus or training program currently exists to provide crews with procedures for the use

of forward-look sensor information to avoid windshear threats. Effective use of these sensors will require

standardized performance and display requirements, industry consensus on crew procedures, and pilot

training to provide confidence in the alerts and in the performance capabilities of the airplane in forwardlook alert situations. This presentation presents a summary of microburst, airplane, and sensor

characteristics relevant to the development of crew procedures as well as preliminary sensor performance

standards developed by industry working groups. A crew procedure and elements of a required training

program are suggested. More detailed rational and suggested training objectives/scenarios are contained

in AIAA 93-3942, "Microburst Avoidance Crew Procedures for Forward-Look Sensor Equipped Aircraft"

by Hinton and Oseguera, which was presented at the AIAA Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations

Meeting, August 11-13, 1993, Monterey, Ca.

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Piloted Simulator Evaluation of

Forward-Look Windshear Crew Procedures.

R. Oseguera and D. Hinton,

NASA Langley Research Center

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