North Carolina Harvest 

and Utilization

Study, 2002

James W. Bentley and

Tony G. Johnson

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Southern 

Research Station

Resource Bulletin

SRS–109
The Authors:

James W. Bentley, Resource Forester, and Tony G. Johnson, 

Resource Analyst, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research 

Station, Knoxville, TN 37919.

June 2006

Southern Research Station

P.O. Box 2680

Asheville, NC 28802
i

Foreword

This resource bulletin describes the principal findings of a 

harvest and utilization study conducted during the seventh 

inventory of North Carolina’s forest resources. Survey crews 

sampled and measured trees harvested in a variety of logging operations, and analysts calculated wood volume and 

percent of wood utilization. Harvest volume data and factors 

for growing-stock and nongrowing-stock logging residue are 

described and interpreted. 

Annual surveys of America’s forest resources are mandated 

by the Forest and Rangeland Act of 1978. Surveys and utilization studies are part of a continuing, nationwide undertaking 

by regional experiment stations of the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service. Inventories and utilization studies of the 13 Southern States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia) 

and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are conducted by the 

Southern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis 

(FIA) Research Work Unit. Unit headquarters is in Knoxville, 

TN; and FIA has operational offices in Asheville, NC, and 

Starkville, MS. The primary objective of these appraisals is 

to develop and maintain resource information needed to formulate sound forest policies and programs. More information 

about Forest Service resource inventories is available in “The 

Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis Program—National 

Sampling Design and Estimation Procedures” (Bechtold and 

Patterson 2005).

Tabular data included in FIA resource bulletins present a 

comprehensive array of forest resource statistics, but additional information is available to those who require more 

specific information. Access to data for the Southern States 

can be found at www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/tools-data/mapping-tools. 

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Michael Mann for his review and comments; Carolyn Steppleton for keypunching and pro­cessing 

preliminary data; Anne Jenkins, Janet Griffin, and Sharon 

Johnson for the map, tables, graphs, and statistical checking; 

and Louise Wilde for editorial review, styling, and publication 

of this report. 

iii

Table of Contents

 Page

Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1

Methods............................................................................................................................................ 1

Site Stratification and Selection .................................................................................................. 1

Data Collection............................................................................................................................ 2

Highlights......................................................................................................................................... 3

Characteristics of Harvested Trees in North Carolina ................................................................. 3

Softwood Removals..................................................................................................................... 5

Hardwood Removals.................................................................................................................... 6

References........................................................................................................................................ 9

Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................10

Appendix..........................................................................................................................................13

Index of Tables............................................................................................................................15

Tables A.1–A.13a.........................................................................................................................17

a All tables in this report are available in Microsoft® Excel workbook files. Upon request, these files will be supplied in the format 

the customer requests.

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture of any product or service.
iv

Transylvania Cherokee Clay Macon

Graham

Swain

Jackson

Haywood

Madison

Buncombe

Henderson

McDowell

Yancey

Mitchell

Burke

Caldwell

Aver

Wa

y

tauga Wilkes

Ashe

Alleghany

Polk

Rutherford

Cleveland Gaston

Cata

Lincoln

wba

Alexander Iredell

Mecklenburg

Union

Cabarrus

Rowan

Stanly

Anson

Surry

Yadkin

Davie

Stokes

Forsyth

Davidson

Rockingham

Guilford

Randolph

Montgomery

Chatham

Alamance

Caswell

Orange

Durham

Person

GranvilleVance

Warren

Franklin

Wake

Carteret

Craven

Pamlico

Beaufort

Hyde Pitt

Wilson

Nash

Edgecombe

Halifax

Northampton

Hertford

Bertie

Martin Washington Tyrrell Dare

Chowan

Gates

Perquimans Pasquotank Camden Currituck

Richmond

Scotland

Moore

Lee

Hoke

Harnett

Johnston

Cumberland

Wayne

Sampson

Greene

Lenoir

Duplin

Jones

Robeson Bladen

Columbus

Brunswick

 New Hanover

Pender

Onslow

Mountains

Piedmont

Northern Coastal

Plain

Southern Coastal

Plain

Softwood saw log

Hardwood saw log

Softwood veneer

Hardwood veneer

Softwood pulpwood

Hardwood pulpwood

Other hardwood (composite panels)

Softwood poles

Softwood fuel wood

Hardwood fuel wood

Types of operations Number

28

13

8

5

24

24

3

1

1

1

Figure 1—Harvest operations, North Carolina, 2002.

Figure 1—Harvest operations, North Carolina, 2002.
North Carolina Harvest and 

Utilization Study, 2002

James W. Bentley and Tony G. Johnson

Introduction

Forest planners and managers have a continuing need for 

information about the timber resource, and the general public 

is expressing increasing interest in the effects of logging. 

Therefore, up-to-date data on the Nation’s forests—and how 

they are changing—are essential to well-informed decisionmaking. Information about the condition of and changes in 

the timber resource of North Carolina comes from three primary sources: (1) inventory plots, which describe current conditions and quantify changes due to mortality, growth, removals, and land use; (2) mill surveys, which quantify timber 

volume harvested and delivered to primary wood products 

facilities, i.e., sawmills, pulpmills, veneer mills, composite 

panel mills, and pole mills; and (3) logging utilization studies, 

which characterize harvest operations and quantify the timber 

volume that is cut and utilized, and that portion that is left in 

the forest during the harvesting of timber. 

This bulletin presents the findings of a 2002 harvest and utilization study in North Carolina. The study’s main goal was to 

provide an estimate of softwood and hardwood volume used, 

and of volume left in the woods as logging residue. Survey 

crews randomly selected and measured felled trees on 108 

active harvest operations throughout North Carolina (fig. 1). 

This bulletin also provides information on logging in North 

Carolina and some general characteristics of trees harvested 

for various products, examples of which are average diameter 

at breast height (d.b.h.) by product, average bole length by 

product, average heights of residual stumps, and average 

diameter outside bark (d.o.b.) at the end of utilization. 

Some standard FIA terms are used in this study. Two that 

are particularly important for understanding and interpreting 

study results are growing stock and nongrowing stock. A 

growing-stock tree is a live tree of commercial species that 

either contains or is capable of producing at least one 12-foot 

or two 8-foot logs in the saw-log portion. A nongrowing-stock 

tree is one that does not meet the requirements of growing 

stock due to poor form or rot. For growing-stock trees, the 

growing-stock portion of a tree (5 inches d.b.h. or larger) 

includes the volume of sound wood between a 1-foot stump 

and a 4-inch top, d.o.b. Volume in the 1-foot stump, volume 

in the main stem from 4 inches to the growing top of the tree, 

and the volume of any limbs 4 inches or larger with at least 

one 5-foot section are considered nongrowing-stock volume 

by FIA standards. Rough or rotten trees were also sampled 

and make up another piece of nongrowing stock (cull). Figure 

2 illustrates a poletimber and a sawtimber tree and the growing-stock section of each. 

Methods

Site Stratification and Selection

Producing a complete list of timber-harvesting operations and 

ownerships in a State such as North Carolina is problematic. 

Because the industry is so complex, it is impossible to list the 

names and locations of all during the timeframe considered in 

this resource bulletin. Many uncontrolled factors affect how, 

when, and where harvesting operations will take place; but 

the most common events that affect harvesting operations are 

weather and timber markets. A random sample would have to 

provide a reasonably accurate estimate of utilization.

The sites selected for study were stratified by species group 

and product using the most recent data available from the 

publication “North Carolina’s Timber Industry—An Assessment of Timber Product Output and Use, 1999” (Johnson 

2002), which provides county-level output of timber products 

harvested in North Carolina by species group. Using those 

proportions, we designated 62 of the 108 selected sites as 

softwood operations, and the remaining 46 as hardwood 

operations. Harvest operations by product were based along 

these same general guidelines, although some flexibility was 

given to field crews for substitution due to the difficulty of 

locating harvesting operations for some specific products. 

Table 1 shows the final breakdown number of harvest operations and trees by species group and product.

After the harvest operations were stratified by major species group and product, the operations were placed in the 

appropriate region and county in the State. Using county-level 
2

Figure 2—Stem sections of poletimber and sawtimber trees.

product output data from “North Carolina’s Timber Industry—An Assessment of Timber Product Output and Use, 

1999” (Johnson 2002) and a map that showed current mill 

locations, prospective utilization sites were selected based on 

a high probability of being able to locate a harvesting operation for the particular product and species group assigned. 

Figure 1 shows where the final harvest operations considered 

in this bulletin were located.

Data Collection

During the seventh survey, field crews were trained to collect data on felled trees at harvest locations. Using the list 

of operations and a map of sites, they began collecting data 

by county for the particular species group and designated 

product(s). Data were collected from January 1998 to December 2002 on active harvest operations. Field crews visited 

local mills and talked to county personnel to locate active 

harvest sites.

At each harvest operation site, crew members talked to the 

logger or the person in charge of operations. Those contacts 

provided vital information about product(s) utilized, specific 

diameters, and log lengths the receiving mill(s) would 

accept, along with minimum diameters at the cutoff points 

for specific products. Crews also noted the type of logging 

equipment that was being used. This information was used 

to determine the level of mechanization for each harvesting 

operation. 
3

Saw logs

Softwood 28 879

Hardwood 13 356

Total 41 1,235

Veneer logs

Softwood 8 188

Hardwood 5 119

Total 13 307

Pulpwood

Softwood 24 583

Hardwood 24 656

Total 48 1,239

Poles

Softwood 1 25

Hardwood 0 0

Total 1 25

Fuel wood

Softwood 1 18

Hardwood 1 18

Total 2 36

Other

Softwood 0 0

Hardwood 3 84

Total 3 84

All products

Softwood 62 1,693

Hardwood 46 1,233

Total 108 2,926

number

Table 1—Number of operations and trees by

product and species group, North Carolina, 

2002

Product and

species group Operations Trees

On each harvest operation site, crew members’ goal is to 

measure 25 to 30 trees for each product to ensure an adequate 

representation of overutilization and underutilization for a 

given type of harvest operation. Trees were randomly selected 

and had to be at least 5 inches d.b.h. and alive prior to harvest. 

Although they often had been bucked, limbed, and topped, 

the main bole of each tree selected for measurement had to be 

intact to be measured for utilization. The State, unit, county, 

and location number were recorded for each site. Each tree 

was assigned a number and identified by species, d.b.h., tree 

class, product, and bole length as well as percent cull if rot 

was detected. Each tree was measured from the top of the 

cut stump to the end of utilization. Measurements were made 

along the main stem in sections no longer than 16 feet until 

the end of utilization. The end of utilization usually is determined by the sawyer, according to particular specifications set 

by the receiving mill(s). Again, FIA merchantability standards 

for growing-stock volume are defined as the volume in the 

main stem of the tree from a 1-foot stump to a 4-inch top. 

However, most trees are not cut exactly at a 1-foot stump, nor 

are they cut off at exactly 4 inches. For example, trees that 

are cut off above a 1-foot stump and below 4 inches would 

be considered underutilized, and that volume not utilized 

would be considered growing-stock residue. On the other 

hand, by FIA standards, trees cut below a 1-foot stump and 

above a 4-inch top are considered 100-percent utilized, and 

those portions below and above are considered overutilization. 

A myriad of combinations actually occurs on active harvest 

operations. The aggregated volume from measured trees has 

provided overutilization and underutilization factors that can 

be applied to statewide inventory results for an estimate of 

growing-stock and nongrowing-stock logging residues. Other 

required measure­ments, besides d.b.h. and end of utilization, 

are the top of the sawtimber portion (7.0 inches in softwoods 

and 9.0 inches in hardwoods). Those measurements allow 

calculation of the sawtimber and poletimber portion of the 

growing-stock section. 

Highlights

Characteristics of Harvested Trees in North Carolina

Results of this study have identified several key characteristics of trees harvested, which cannot be obtained from a 

typical field inventory or a forest industry study that supplies 

product output data only. Characteristics such as average 

d.b.h. by product, average bole length by product, average 

residual stump height, and average d.o.b. at the end of utilization constitute important information that can help us more 

fully understand the complex nature of removals. Averages 

discussed in this section are based on the measurement of 
4

Saw Veneer Pulp- Fuel

Species group logs logs wood Poles wood Other

Softwood 13.44 15.88 7.66 12.87 13.60 —

Hardwood 15.39 20.03 8.19 — 13.60 10.16

— = no sample for the cell.

Product

inches

Table 2—Average diameter at breast height by species group and product,

North Carolina, 2002

Saw Veneer Pulp- Fuel

Species group logs logs wood Poles wood Other

Softwood 65.29 72.00 37.45 61.40 52.06 —

Hardwood 65.23 75.00 35.70 — 52.06 46.90

— = no sample for the cell.

Product

feet

Table 3—Average bole length by species group and product, North Carolina, 

2002

2,926 trees. Of those, 1,693 (58 percent) were softwood, and 

1,233 (42 percent) were hardwood. 

According to the publication “North Carolina’s Timber 

Industry—An Assessment of Timber Product Output and 

Use, 1999” (Johnson 2002), softwood and hardwood sawlog volume together accounted for 53 percent of the total 

product output for the State. This study classified 879 trees 

as softwood saw log averaging 13.4 inches d.b.h. It classified 

356 hardwood trees as saw log averaging 15.4 inches d.b.h. 

Veneer and plywood constitute another important component 

of the product mix for North Carolina. Based on 188 trees 

measured for softwood veneer, the average d.b.h. was 15.9 

inches. Advances in lathe technology at softwood plywood 

mills are resulting in a drop of the average d.b.h. of peeler 

logs across the South. One hundred and nineteen trees were 

measured for hardwood veneer, and they averaged 20.0 inches 

d.b.h. As expected, the d.b.h. of trees measured for pulpwood 

was significantly smaller. Of 583 softwood trees total, the 

average d.b.h. was 7.7 inches, while the 656 trees measured 

for hardwood pulpwood averaged 8.2 inches d.b.h. Table 2 

shows the breakdown of average d.b.h. for each product by 

species group. 

Bole length is the distance between a 1-foot stump and 

a 4-inch top. As expected, trees harvested for solid wood 

products tended to have longer average bole lengths than 

trees harvested for pulpwood or composite panel products. 

The average bole length for both softwood and hardwood 

trees measured for saw logs was 65 feet. In comparison, trees 

measured for pulpwood had average bole lengths of 37 and 36 

feet, respectively. Softwood veneer trees had an average bole 

length of 72 feet, while hardwood veneer trees had an average 

bole length of 75 feet. Table 3 shows the average bole length 

by species group.

Planted sites constituted a subset of the total number of trees 

measured. Trees measured in planted stands tended to have 

shorter bole lengths than those measured in the natural stands. 

Table 4 shows the average bole length for each product by 

species group and stand origin.

Residual stump height is a key component in determining 

utilization rates for harvested trees. By FIA standards, the 

stump is that portion of the tree measured at ground level 

from the uphill side of the tree to 1 foot up the bole. Loggers 

try to maximize volume harvested by cutting the tree as close 

to the ground as possible. Residual stump heights across the 
5

products ranged from 0.26 to 0.83 feet; however, most softwood trees harvested had an average residual stump height of 

about a one-half foot, while hardwood trees harvested averaged slightly higher residual stumps. In softwoods and across 

all products, this accounted for about 37 percent of the stump 

volume being used. In hardwoods and across all products, 

about 20 percent of stump volume was used. Stump volume 

for both hardwood and softwood contributed to utilization of 

the nongrowing-stock portion of trees, i.e., overutilization. 

Table 5 shows the average residual stump heights for each 

product by species group.

The final component we used to determine use rates was 

d.o.b. at the end of utilization. Tops and limbs constitute most 

of the nongrowing-stock volume, although they accounted 

for only 31 percent of the nongrowing-stock portion that was 

utilized. The average end of utilization for softwood saw logs 

was 5.5 inches, and for hardwood saw logs 8.2 inches. For 

veneer logs it was 5.9 and 11.4 inches for softwood and hardwood, respectively. Pulpwood and composite panel products 

averaged 3.6 and 5.3 inches for softwoods and hardwoods, 

respectively. Table 6 shows the average end of utilization by 

the different products and species group.

Softwood Removals

Results from this study document 54,124 cubic feet of softwood volume, of which 46,451 cubic feet, or 86 percent, was 

used for product(s). Fourteen percent, or 7,673 cubic feet, was 

left onsite as logging residue (fig. 3). Thirty percent of the 

residue volume came from the growing-stock portion of the 

tree, while 70 percent came from the nongrowing-stock portion (stumps, tops, and limbs) (fig. 4) (table A.1).

The total softwood growing-stock volume measured was 

47,769 cubic feet. Of that total, 95.2 percent was utilized, and 

Species group Saw Veneer Pulp- Fuel

and stand origin logs logs wood Poles wood Other

Softwood

Natural 66.17 73.00 38.30 61.40 52.06 —

Planted 54.09 50.00 32.19 — — —

Hardwood

Natural 65.23 75.00 35.70 — 52.06 46.90

Planted — — — — — —

— = no sample for the cell.

Product

feet

Table 4—Average bole length by species group, stand origin, and product,

North Carolina, 2002

Saw Veneer Pulp- Fuel

Species group logs logs wood Poles wood Other

Softwood 0.56 0.63 0.47 0.26 0.57 —

Hardwood 0.78 0.83 0.58 — 0.65 0.64

— = no sample for the cell.

Product

feet

Table 5—Average residual stump height by species group and product,

North Carolina, 2002
6

Not utilized

(residue)

14%

Utilized

86%

Total 54.1 thousand cubic feet

Figure 3—Disposition of total softwood harvest volume, 2002.

Saw Veneer Pulp- Fuel

Species group logs logs wood Poles wood Other

Softwood 5.50 5.89 3.57 4.15 0.33 —

Hardwood 8.24 11.40 5.25 — 0.19 8.87

— = no sample for the cell.

inches

Product

Table 6—Average end of utilization by species group and product,

North Carolina, 2002

4.8 percent was logging residue (fig. 5). By FIA merchantability standards, the logging residue portion of growing-stock 

trees is underutilized volume. Of the total utilized volume, 

964 cubic feet, or 2.1 percent, was from the nongrowing-stock 

portion of trees. By the same merchantability standards, that 

volume is considered overutilization (tables A.2 and A.3).

Softwood volumes and percentages are broken down further 

by poletimber and sawtimber, and by the various products 

measured (tables A.2 through A.7). By product, trees harvested for pulpwood had above average rates of utilization 

for the merchantable portion of the tree (96 percent) and the 

highest rates of overutilization (6.9 percent). This means that 

more of the nongrowing-stock portion of the tree was being 

used for product(s) and less was left as logging residue. 

Softwood percentages and volumes presented in these tables 

represent just trees measured in this study of 108 active harvest operations. However, it is possible to apply the percentages to inventory data from North Carolina’s seventh survey 

(Brown 2004) to get an estimate of total softwood logging 

residues for the State. Annual softwood removals from all live 

trees was 728.6 million cubic feet. Softwood growing-stock 

removals were 726.2 million cubic feet, or 99.7 percent of the 

total. Applying the factors from this study to total softwood 

removals for all live trees tallied in the State survey provides 

an estimate of 115.8 million cubic feet total annual softwood 

residue. Of the total residue for all live trees, 34.7 million 

cubic feet, or 30 percent, was considered growing-stock residue. The remaining 70 percent, or 81.1 million cubic feet, was 

nongrowing-stock residue from stumps, tops and limbs, and 

cull trees not used.

Hardwood Removals

Results from this study document 40,339 cubic feet of hardwood volume, of which 30,272 cubic feet, or 75 percent, was 

utilized for product(s). Twenty-five percent, or 10,067 cubic 

feet, was left onsite as logging residue (fig. 6). Forty percent 

of residue volume came from the growing-stock portion of 

trees, and 60 percent came from the nongrowing-stock portion (stumps, tops, and limbs) (fig. 7) (table 1).

The total hardwood growing-stock volume measured was 

33,675 cubic feet. Of that total, 88 percent was used, and 

12 percent was logging residue (fig. 8). By FIA merchantability standards, the logging residue portion is underutilized 

volume. Of the total utilized volume, 610 cubic feet, or 2.0 

percent, was from the nongrowing-stock portion of trees. By 

the same merchantability standards, that volume is considered 

overutilization (tables A.8 and A.9). 
7

Hardwood volumes and percentages also were measured for 

poletimber and sawtimber, and differentiated by the various 

products they provided (tables A.8 through A.13). At 92 percent, however, those trees measured for pulpwood were more 

fully utilized. Also, more of the nongrowing-stock portion 

was used for pulpwood. Trees measured for hardwood saw 

logs and veneer were the least utilized of all, although they 

have the most nongrowing-stock material. 

Hardwood percentages and volumes presented in the tables 

represent just trees measured in this study of 108 active 

harvest operations. However, it is possible to apply the 

percentages to inventory data from North Carolina’s seventh 

survey (Brown 2004) to provide an estimate of total hardwood 

logging residues for the State. Annual hardwood removals 

from all live trees totaled 498.4 million cubic feet. Hardwood 

growing-stock removals totaled 465.2 million cubic feet, or 

93 percent of that total. Applying factors from this study to 

total hardwood removals from all live trees tallied in the State 

survey provides an estimate of 131.86 million cubic feet total 

annual hardwood residue. Of that total, 55.45 million cubic 

feet, or 42 percent, was considered growing-stock residue. 

The remaining 58 percent, or 76.41 million cubic feet, was 

nongrowing-stock residue from stumps, tops and limbs, and 

rough or rotten trees that were not used.

Figure 5—Disposition of softwood growing-stock volume, 2002.

Not

utilized

(residue)

5%

Utilized

95%

Total 47.8 thousand cubic feet

Figure 4—Softwood residue by volume type, 2002.

Nongrowing

stock

70%

Growing

stock

30%

Total 7.7 thousand cubic feet

Growing stock

Saw logs

47%

Upper

stems

53%

2.3 thousand cubic feet

Nongrowing stock

5.4 thousand cubic feet

Stumps

23%

Tops/

limbs

77%
8

Not utilized

(residue)

12%

Utilized

88%

Total 33.7 thousand cubic feet

Figure 8—Disposition of hardwood growing-stock volume, 2002.

Not utilized

(residue)

25%

Utilized

75%

Total 40.3 thousand cubic feet

Figure 6—Disposition of total hardwood harvest volume, 2002.

Nongrowing

stock

60%

Growing

stock

40%

Total 10.1 thousand cubic feet

Figure 7—Hardwood residue by volume type, 2002.

Growing stock

Saw logs

38%

Upper

stems

62%

4.0 thousand cubic feet

Nongrowing stock

Stumps

24%

limbs

Tops/

76%

6.1 thousand cubic feet
9

References

Bechtold, W.A.; Patterson, P.L., eds. 2005. The enhanced Forest Inventory 

and Analysis Program—national sampling design and estimation 

procedures. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–80. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 85 p.

Brown, M.J. 2004. Forest statistics for North Carolina, 2002. Resour. Bull. 

SRS–88. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southern Research Station. 78 p.

Johnson, T.G.; Brown, D.R. 2002. North Carolina’s timber industry—an 

assessment of the timber product output and use, 1999. Resour. Bull. 

SRS–73. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southern Research Station. 39 p.
10

Glossary

Board foot. Unit of measure applied to roundwood. It relates 

to lumber that is 1-foot long, 1-foot wide, and 1-inch thick (or 

its equivalent).

Composite products. Roundwood products manufactured 

into chips, wafers, strands, flakes, shavings, or sawdust and 

then reconstituted into a variety of panel and engineered 

lumber products.

Drain. The volume of roundwood removed from any 

geographic area where timber is grown.

Fuel wood. Roundwood harvested to produce some form 

of energy, e.g., heat, steam, in residential, industrial, or 

institutional settings.

Growing-stock removals. The growing-stock volume 

removed from poletimber and sawtimber trees in the 

timberland inventory. (Note: Includes volume removed for 

roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals.)

Growing-stock trees. Living trees of commercial species 

classified as sawtimber, poletimber, saplings, and seedlings. 

Growing-stock trees must contain at least one 12-foot or two 

8-foot logs in the saw-log portion, currently or potentially (if 

too small to qualify). The log(s) must meet dimension and 

merchantability standards and have, currently or potentially, 

one-third of the gross board-foot volume in sound wood.

Growing-stock volume. The cubic-foot volume of sound 

wood in growing-stock trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. from a 

1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. of the central 

stem.

Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broadleaf and 

deciduous.

Soft hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average 

specific gravity of 0.50 or less, such as gums, yellowpoplar, cottonwoods, red maple, basswoods, and willows. 

Hard hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average 

specific gravity > 0.50, such as oaks, hard maples, 

hickories, and beech.

Industrial roundwood products. Any primary use of the 

main stem of a tree, such as saw logs, pulpwood, and veneer 

logs, intended to be processed into primary wood products, 

such as lumber, wood pulp, and sheathing, at primary woodusing mills.

International 1⁄4-inch rule. A log rule or formula for 

estimating the board-foot volume of logs, allowing 1⁄2-inch of 

taper for each 4-foot length. The rule appears in a number of 

forms that allow for kerf. In the form used by FIA, a 1⁄4-inch 

of kerf is assumed. This rule is used as the USDA Forest 

Service standard log rule in the Eastern United States.

Log. A primary forest product harvested in long, primarily 8-, 

12-, and 16-foot lengths.

Logging residues. The unused portion(s) of live trees cut or 

destroyed during logging operations.

Merchantable portion (bole length). That portion of live 

trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger between a 1-foot stump and a 

minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. on the central stem. That portion 

of primary forks from the point of occurrence to a minimum 

4.0-inch top d.o.b. is included.

Merchantable volume. Solid-wood volume in the 

merchantable portion of live trees. 

Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small size, 

poor form, or inferior quality that normally do not develop 

into trees suitable for industrial wood products.

Nonforestland. Land that has never supported forests and 

land formerly forested where timber production is precluded 

by development for other uses.

Nongrowing-stock sources. The net volume removed from 

the nongrowing-stock portions of poletimber and sawtimber 

trees (stumps, tops, limbs, cull sections of central stem) 

and from any portion of a rough, rotten, sapling, dead, or 

nonforest tree. 

Other forestland. Forestland other than timberland and 

productive reserved forestland. It includes available and 

reserved forestland that is incapable of producing annually 20 

cubic feet per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions 

because of adverse site conditions such as sterile soils, dry 

climate, poor drainage, high elevation, steepness, or rockiness.

Other products. A miscellaneous category of roundwood 

products, e.g., cooperage, excelsior, shingles, and mill residue 

byproducts (charcoal, bedding, mulch, etc.).

Other removals. The growing-stock volume of trees removed 

from the inventory by cultural operations such as timber stand 
11

improvement, land clearing, and other changes in land use, 

resulting in the removal of the trees from timberland.

Other sources. (See: Nongrowing-stock sources.)

Posts, poles, and pilings. Roundwood products milled (cut 

or peeled) into standard sizes (lengths and circumferences) 

to be put in the ground to provide vertical and lateral support 

in buildings, foundations, utility lines, and fences. May also 

include nonindustrial (unmilled) products.

Poletimber-size trees. Softwoods 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and 

hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h.

Primary wood-using plants. Industries that convert roundwood products (saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, etc.) into 

primary wood products, such as lumber, veneer or sheathing, 

and wood pulp. 

Pulpwood. A roundwood product that will be reduced to 

individual wood fibers by chemical or mechanical means. 

The fibers are used to make a broad generic group of pulp 

products that includes paper products, as well as chipboard, 

fiberboard, insulating board, and paperboard.

Rotten trees. Live trees of commercial species not containing 

at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, 

each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, primarily because 

of rot or missing sections, and with less than one-third of the 

gross board-foot tree volume in sound material.

Rough trees. Live trees of commercial species not containing 

at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, 

each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, primarily because 

of roughness, poor form, splits, and cracks, and with less 

than one-third of the gross board-foot tree volume in sound 

material; and live trees of noncommercial species.

Roundwood (roundwood logs). Logs, bolts, or other round 

sections cut from trees for industrial manufacture or consumer 

uses.

Roundwood chipped. Any timber cut primarily for industrial 

manufacture, delivered to nonpulpmills, chipped, and 

then sold to pulpmills for use as fiber. Includes tops, jump 

sections, whole trees, and pulpwood sticks. 

Roundwood products. Any primary product, such as lumber, 

poles, pilings, pulp, or fuel wood that is produced from 

roundwood.

Roundwood product drain. That portion of total drain used 

for a product.

Salvable dead trees. Standing or downed dead trees that were 

formerly growing stock and considered merchantable. Trees 

must be at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. to qualify.

Saplings. Live trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h.

Saw log. A roundwood product, usually 8 feet in length or 

longer, processed into a variety of sawn products such as 

lumber, cants, pallets, railroad ties, and timbers.

Saw-log portion. The part of the bole of sawtimber trees 

between a 1-foot stump and the saw-log top. 

Saw-log top. The point on the bole of sawtimber trees above 

which a conventional saw log cannot be produced. The 

minimum saw-log top is 7.0 inches d.o.b. for softwoods and 

9.0 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods.

Sawtimber-size trees. Softwoods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger 

and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger.

Sawtimber volume. Growing-stock volume in the saw-log 

portion of sawtimber-sized trees in board feet (International 

1⁄4-inch rule).

Seedlings. Trees <1.0 inch d.b.h. and >1 foot tall for 

hardwoods, >6 inches tall for softwood, and >0.5 inch in 

diameter at ground level for longleaf pine. 

Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having leaves 

that are needles or scalelike.

Standard cord. A unit of measure applied to roundwood, 

usually bolts or split wood. It is a stack of wood 4 feet 

high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long encompassing 128 cubic 

feet of wood, bark, and air space. This usually translates 

to approximately 75.0 to 81.0 cubic feet of solid wood for 

pulpwood, because pulpwood is more uniform.

Standard unit. A unit measure applied to roundwood 

timber products. Board feet (International 1⁄4-inch rule) is the 

standard unit used for saw logs and veneer; cords are used for 

pulpwood, composite panel, and fuel wood; hundred pieces 

for poles; thousand pieces for posts; and thousand cubic feet 

for all other miscellaneous forest products.

Timberland. Forestland capable of producing 20 cubic feet 

of industrial wood per acre per year and not withdrawn from 

timber utilization.

Timber products. Roundwood products and byproducts.
12

Timber product output. The total volume of roundwood 

products from all sources plus the volume of byproducts 

recovered from mill residues (equals roundwood product 

drain).

Timber removals. The total volume of trees removed from 

the timberland inventory by harvesting, cultural operations 

such as stand improvement, land clearing, or changes in land 

use. (Note: Includes roundwood products, logging residues, 

and other removals.)

Tree. Woody plant having one erect perennial stem or trunk at 

least 3 inches d.b.h., a more or less definitely formed crown 

of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet (at maturity).

Upper-stem portion. The part of the main stem of sawtimber 

trees above the saw-log top and the minimum top diameter of 

4.0 inches outside bark, or to the point where the main stem 

breaks into limbs. 

Utilization studies. Studies conducted on active logging 

operations to develop factors for merchantable portions of 

trees left in the woods (logging residues), logging damage, 

and utilization of the unmerchantable portion of growingstock trees and nongrowing-stock trees.

Veneer log. A roundwood product either rotary cut, sliced, 

stamped, or sawn into a variety of veneer products such as 

plywood, finished panels, veneer sheets, or sheathing.

Weight. A unit of measure for mill residues, expressed as 

oven-dry tons (2,000 oven-dry pounds).
Appendix

15

Index of Tables

Table A.1—Harvest and utilization volume by species group, 

source, and volume type, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.2—Volume of softwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for sawtimber and poletimber, North Carolina, 

2002

Table A.3—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for softwood growing stock by product for sawtimber and 

poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.4—Volume of softwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for sawtimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.5—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for softwood growing stock by product for sawtimber, North 

Carolina, 2002 

Table A.6—Volume of softwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.7—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for softwood growing stock by product for poletimber, North 

Carolina, 2002

Table A.8—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for sawtimber and poletimber, North Carolina, 

2002

Table A.9—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for hardwood growing stock by product for sawtimber and 

poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.10—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for sawtimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.11—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for hardwood growing stock by product for sawtimber, North 

Carolina, 2002 

Table A.12—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product 

and utilization for poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Table A.13—Percent of overutilization and underutilization 

for hardwood growing stock by product for poletimber, North 

Carolina, 2002

Table A.1—Harvest and utilization volume by species group, source, and volume type, North Carolina, 2002

Species group Total tree Not Not Not Not

and source volume Total Utilized utilized Utilized utilized Total Utilized utilized Utilized utilized

cubic feet

Softwood

Sawtimber 50,486.01 44,754.25 40,899.65 1,076.97 1,634.03 1,143.60 5,731.76 614.69 1,145.34 66.26 3,905.47

Poletimber 3,637.81 3,014.62 — — 2,952.86 61.76 623.19 101.78 93.17 181.67 246.57

Total 54,123.82 47,768.87 40,899.65 1,076.97 4,586.89 1,205.36 6,354.95 716.47 1,238.51 247.93 4,152.04

Hardwood

Sawtimber 34,759.81 29,201.24 24,182.74 1,528.74 1,347.83 2,141.93 5,558.57 222.92 1,224.13 59.63 4,051.89

Poletimber 5,579.01 4,473.77 — — 4,131.51 342.26 1,105.24 141.48 225.78 186.15 551.83

Total 40,338.82 33,675.01 24,182.74 1,528.74 5,479.34 2,484.19 6,663.81 364.40 1,449.91 245.78 4,603.72

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

— = no sample for the cell.

Growing stock Nongrowing stock

Saw log Upper stem Stumps Tops/limbs

Table A.2—Volume of softwood growing stock by product and utilization for sawtimber and poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Growing stock Saw-log portion

Total

volume Not Cull

Product utilized Total Utilized utilized Total Utilized utilized

cubic feet

Saw logs 30,863.21 31,973.78 30,374.71 1,599.07 488.50 29,761.29 28,992.20 750.29 18.80

Veneer logs 9,616.70 9,966.08 9,495.84 470.24 120.86 9,507.38 9,314.30 187.66 5.42

Pulpwood 4,590.24 4,452.85 4,275.48 177.37 314.76 1,420.62 1,324.14 96.48 —

Poles 716.71 719.30 693.73 25.57 22.98 676.43 664.66 11.77 —

Fuel wood 664.08 656.86 646.78 10.08 17.30 610.90 604.35 6.55 —

Other — — — — — — — — —

Total 46,450.94 47,768.87 45,486.54 2,282.33 964.40 41,976.62 40,899.65 1,052.75 24.22

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

— = no sample for the cell.

utilized

Not

Nongrowing

utilized

stock

17
Overutilization Underutilization Saw-log portion

Product

percent

Saw logs 98.42 1.58 95.00 5.00 97.42 2.52 0.06

Veneer logs 98.74 1.26 95.28 4.72 97.97 1.97 0.06

Pulpwood 93.14 6.86 96.02 3.98 93.21 6.79 —

Poles 96.79 3.21 96.45 3.55 98.26 1.74 —

Fuel wood 97.39 2.61 98.47 1.53 98.93 1.07 —

Other — — — — — — —

All products 97.92 2.08 95.22 4.78 97.43 2.51 0.06

— = no sample for the cell.

Table A.3—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for softwood growing stock by product for sawtimber and poletimber,

North Carolina, 2002

log volume

total sawutilized ⁄ not utilized ⁄

volume stock volume

growing-stock

utilized ⁄ total

Growing stock

volume

total saw-log

volume

total growing- total saw-log

not utilized ⁄

Growing stock Saw log Saw log

Cull utilized ⁄

total volume

stock utilized ⁄

Nongrowing

utilized

total volume

stock utilized ⁄

Growing

utilized

Table A.4—Volume of softwood growing stock by product and utilization for sawtimber, North Carolina, 2002

Growing stock Saw-log portion

Total

volume Not stock Cull

Product utilized Total Utilized utilized utilized Total Utilized utilized

cubic feet

Saw logs 30,608.76 31,725.91 30,131.82 1,594.09 476.94 29,761.29 28,992.20 750.29 18.80

Veneer logs 9,606.21 9,958.26 9,488.02 470.24 118.19 9,507.38 9,314.30 187.66 5.42

Pulpwood 1,637.43 1,709.38 1,588.32 121.06 49.11 1,420.62 1,324.14 96.48 —

Poles 716.71 719.30 693.73 25.57 22.98 676.43 664.66 11.77 —

Fuel wood 645.52 641.40 631.79 9.61 13.73 610.90 604.35 6.55 —

Other — — — — — — — — —

Total 43,214.63 44,754.25 42,533.68 2,220.57 680.95 41,976.62 40,899.65 1,052.75 24.22

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

— = no sample for the cell.

Nongrowing

Not

utilized

18
Overutilization Underutilization Saw-log portion

Product

 percent 

Saw logs 98.44 1.56 94.98 5.02 97.42 2.52 0.06

Veneer logs 98.77 1.23 95.28 4.72 97.97 1.97 0.06

Pulpwood 97.00 3.00 92.92 7.08 93.21 6.79 —

Poles 96.79 3.21 96.45 3.55 98.26 1.74 —

Fuel wood 97.87 2.13 98.50 1.50 98.93 1.07 —

Other — — — — — — —

All products 98.42 1.58 95.04 4.96 97.43 2.51 0.06

— = no sample for the cell.

volume

total saw-log

not utilized ⁄

volume

total saw-log

Growing stock Growing stock Saw log

Table A.5—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for softwood growing stock by product for sawtimber, North Carolina, 2002

Growing stock Saw log

stock volume

growingutilized ⁄ total Cull utilized ⁄

stock volume

total growingnot utilized ⁄

volume

total saw-log

utilized ⁄ stock utilized ⁄ utilized ⁄

Nongrowing

utilized

total volume

utilized

total volume

Growing stock

Total

volume Not stock

Product utilized Total Utilized utilized utilized

 cubic feet

Saw logs 254.45 247.87 242.89 4.98 11.56

Veneer logs 10.49 7.82 7.82 — 2.67

Pulpwood 2,952.81 2,743.47 2,687.16 56.31 265.65

Poles — — — — —

Fuel wood 18.56 15.46 14.99 0.47 3.57

Other — — — — —

Total 3,236.31 3,014.62 2,952.86 61.76 283.45

— = no sample for the cell.

Nongrowing

Table A.6—Volume of softwood growing stock by product and utilization for 

poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

19
Product

percent

Saw logs 95.46 4.54 97.99 2.01

Veneer logs 74.55 25.45 100.00 —

Pulpwood 91.00 9.00 97.95 2.05

Poles — — — —

Fuel wood 80.77 19.23 96.96 3.04

Other — — — —

All products 91.24 8.76 97.95 2.05

— = no sample for the cell.

Table A.7—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for softwood growing stock by

product for poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

utilized

total volume

utilized ⁄

Growing stock

Overutilization

utilized ⁄ total

Growing stock

Underutilization

Nongrowing Growing stock

stock volume

total growingnot utilized ⁄total volume

stock utilized ⁄

volume

growing-stock

utilized

Growing stock Saw-log portion

Total Nongrowing

volume Not stock Cull

Product utilized Total Utilized utilized utilized Total Utilized utilized utilized

 cubic feet

Saw logs 14,220.19 15,931.45 14,077.90 1,853.55 142.29 13,652.94 12,921.68 542.09 189.17

Veneer logs 8,897.67 10,334.58 8,837.83 1,496.75 59.84 9,359.88 8,724.48 447.62 187.78

Pulpwood 5,106.30 5,235.38 4,799.06 436.32 307.24 1,274.03 1,206.81 63.06 4.16

Poles — — — — — — — — —

Fuel wood 681.74 684.81 663.18 21.63 18.56 558.39 548.18 10.21 —

Other 1,366.37 1,488.79 1,284.11 204.68 82.26 866.24 781.59 84.65 —

Total 30,272.27 33,675.01 29,662.08 4,012.93 610.19 25,711.48 24,182.74 1,147.63 381.11

— = no sample for the cell.

Not

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

Table A.8—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product and utilization for sawtimber and poletimber, North Carolina, 

2002

20
Overutilization Underutilization Saw-log portion

Product

percent

Saw logs 99.00 1.00 88.37 11.63 94.64 3.97 1.39

Veneer logs 99.33 0.67 85.52 14.48 93.21 4.78 2.01

Pulpwood 93.98 6.02 91.67 8.33 94.72 4.95 0.33

Poles — — — — — — —

Fuel wood 97.28 2.72 96.84 3.16 98.17 1.83 —

Other 93.98 6.02 86.25 13.75 90.23 9.77 —

All products 97.98 2.02 88.08 11.92 94.05 4.46 1.48

— = no sample for the cell.

utilized

total volume

utilized ⁄

Growing stock Growing stock

utilized

total volume

stock utilized ⁄

Nongrowing

utilized ⁄

stock volume

growingutilized ⁄ total

Growing stock

volume

total saw-log

utilized ⁄

Saw log

Table A.9—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for hardwood growing stock by product for sawtimber and poletimber,

North Carolina, 2002

Cull utilized ⁄

volume

total saw-log

volume

total saw-log

stock volume

Saw log not

total growingnot utilized ⁄ 

Growing stock Saw-log portion

Total

volume Not Cull

Product utilized Total Utilized utilized Total Utilized utilized

cubic feet

Saw logs 13,852.23 15,553.02 13,722.61 1,830.41 129.62 13,652.94 12,921.68 542.09 189.17

Veneer logs 8,897.67 10,334.58 8,837.83 1,496.75 59.84 9,359.88 8,724.48 447.62 187.78

Pulpwood 1,542.04 1,655.07 1,487.48 167.59 54.56 1,274.03 1,206.81 63.06 4.16

Poles — — — — — — — — —

Fuel wood 622.87 631.42 611.21 20.21 11.66 558.39 548.18 10.21 —

Other 898.32 1,027.15 871.44 155.71 26.88 866.24 781.59 84.65 —

Total 25,813.13 29,201.24 25,530.57 3,670.67 282.56 25,711.48 24,182.74 1,147.63 381.11

Table A.10—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product and utilization for sawtimber, North Carolina, 2002

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

— = no sample for the cell.

utilized

Not

utilized

stock

Nongrowing

21
Overutilization Underutilization Saw-log portion

Product

 percent

Saw logs 99.06 0.94 88.23 11.77 94.64 3.97 1.39

Veneer logs 99.33 0.67 85.52 14.48 93.21 4.78 2.01

Pulpwood 96.46 3.54 89.87 10.13 94.72 4.95 0.33

Poles — — — — — — —

Fuel wood 98.13 1.87 96.80 3.20 98.17 1.83 —

Other 97.01 2.99 84.84 15.16 90.23 9.77 —

All products 98.91 1.09 87.43 12.57 94.05 4.46 1.48

— = no sample for the cell.

utilized

total volume

stock utilized ⁄

Growing

volume

total saw-log

not utilized ⁄

Saw log

volume

total saw-log

Cull utilized ⁄

volume

total saw-log

utilized ⁄

Growing stock

volume

growing-stock

utilized ⁄ total

Table A.11—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for hardwood growing stock by product for sawtimber, North Carolina,

2002

utilized

total volume

stock utilized ⁄

Nongrowing Growing stock Saw log

stock volume

total growingnot utilized ⁄

Growing stock

Total

volume

Product utilized Total Utilized

 cubic feet

Saw logs 367.96 378.43 355.29 23.14 12.67

Veneer logs — — — — —

Pulpwood 3,564.26 3,580.31 3,311.58 268.73 252.68

Poles — — — — —

Fuel wood 58.87 53.39 51.97 1.42 6.90

Other 468.05 461.64 412.67 48.97 55.38

Total 4,459.14 4,473.77 4,131.51 342.26 327.63

— = no sample for the cell.

Table A.12—Volume of hardwood growing stock by product and utilization for 

poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

utilized

stock

Nongrowing

utilized

Not

22
Overutilization Underutilization

Product

percent 

Saw logs 96.56 3.44 93.89 6.11

Veneer logs — — — —

Pulpwood 92.91 7.09 92.49 7.51

Poles — — — —

Fuel wood 88.28 11.72 97.34 2.66

Other 88.17 11.83 89.39 10.61

All products 92.65 7.35 92.35 7.65

— = no sample for the cell.

Table A.13—Percent of overutilization and underutilization for hardwood growing stock by

product for poletimber, North Carolina, 2002

growing-stock

not utilized ⁄

total growingNongrowing Growing stock Growing stock

volume

Growing stock

utilized stock volume

total volume

utilized ⁄

utilized

total volume

stock utilized ⁄ utilized ⁄ total

23

The Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is 

dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the 

Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, 

forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation 

with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National 

Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to 

provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all 

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, 

disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental 

status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, 

reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any 

public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 

Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication 

of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact 

USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of 

Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250–

9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an 

equal opportunity provider and employer.

Bentley, J.W.; Johnson, T.G. 2006. North Carolina harvest and utilization study, 

2002. Resour. Bull. SRS–109. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 23 p.

In 2002, a harvest and utilization study was conducted on 108 operations 

throughout North Carolina. There were 2,926 total trees measured; 1,693, or 58 

percent, were softwood, while 1,233, or 42 percent, were hardwood. Results from 

this study showed that 86 percent of the total softwood volume measured was 

utilized for a product, and 14 percent was left as logging residue. Seventy-five 

percent of the total hardwood volume measured was utilized for a product, while 

25 percent was left as logging residue.

Keywords: FIA, growing stock, logging residue, nongrowing stock, 

overutilization, product, removals, underutilization.
United States

Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Southern

Research Station

P.O. Box 2680

200 Weaver Blvd.

Asheville, NC 28802

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use, $300