CBM 2002-2

Trimethylaminuria and the

Flavin Monooxygenases

January 1999 through August 2001

163 Citations

Prepared by

Karen Patrias, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine

Terry T. Ahmed, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine

Debby Lambert, M.Sc., C.G.C., McGill University Health Center, Montreal

2002 March

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

 AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine

Reference Section

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894
ii

SERIES NOTE

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of

biomedicine and fulfills a current awareness function. Online databases and the Internet are the primary

sources for citations in these bibliographies. Relevance to the subject is the only criterion for inclusion of

works in a CBM; the format, ownership, or location of the material are not considered.

Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available at no cost to anyone with

Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor

Current Bibliographies in Medicine

Reference Section

National Library of Medicine

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Phone: 301-496-6097

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Internet: ref@nlm.nih.gov

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iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

Introduction v

Sample Citations vi

 

Trimethylaminuria 1

Trimethylamine, Trimethylamine N-Oxide, Trimethylamine Dehydrogenase 3

Flavin Monooxygenases and the Flavin Monooxygenase System 5

Dimethylglycine and Dimethylamine 11

Choline 11

Malodors 12

Appendix: Sources of Information on Trimethylaminuria
iv
v

INTRODUCTION

Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a metabolic disorder that produces pronounced body odors resulting from

the systemic accumulation of an excessive amount of unoxidized trimethylamine that is then excreted in the

breath, sweat, and urine. The biochemical deficit causing this condition is the inability to completely

metabolize trimethyamines (TMA) to TMA-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. Many researchers believe that

there are several types of TMAU caused by a "spectrum" of changes in the gene which controls the

formation of the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) enzyme. In humans, this is an important liver

enzyme that controls the metabolism of substances such as TMA. The most severe form of TMAU appears

to be caused by mutations in the FMO3 gene; these mutations appear inherited in an autosomal recessive

fashion. Studies are leading many researchers to conclude that the less severe forms of TMAU are caused

by several non-benign genetic polymorphisms in the FMO3 gene. Genetic polymorphisms are changes in

the gene structure that may be fairly common in the population; however, for reasons, which are not well

understood, these changes lead to TMAU-symptoms in certain individuals.

It is estimated that as much as one percent of the U.S. population may suffer from TMAU, but its true

incidence is not yet known. But whether it is one or one-tenth of one percent, we know that the condition

affects people of both sexes and of all ages and races from around the world. Currently there are more than

300 people with a malodor disorder on the Trimethylaminuria Support Group's mailing list, with many

more preferring to remain anonymous because of the often-associated stigma, negative and harassing

behaviors targeted at some, and the general lack of medical and other support.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the Second Workshop on Trimethylaminuria* held at the

National Institutes of Health (NIH) on March 15-16, 2002, in Bethesda, Maryland. The Workshop was

sponsored by the NIH Office of Rare Diseases. Co-sponsors of the meeting included: the National Human

Genome Research Institute; the National Center for Research Resources; the National Institute of Diabetes

and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; the National Library of Medicine; and the Trimethylaminuria Support

Group, Inc. (TSG). It was organized by TSG, Inc., and co-chaired by John Cashman, Ph.D., and Eileen

Treacy, M.D. This meeting marked the first time large numbers of people with TMAU came together to

get the critical facts needed to better understand its mechanisms and treatment options, and to learn how to

manage life with TMAU. Goals of the meeting included educating people with TMAU, increasing general

awareness, and stimulating new research into this life-disrupting condition.

Candidate citations for this bibliography were obtained from searching a wide of variety of online

databases for the period January 1999 through August 2001. Although the search strategy was not limited

by language or types of material, the resulting final bibliography consists primarily of citations to Englishlanguage journal articles and conference papers. Both human and animal studies have been included.

Citations have been arranged into six broad categories; a citation appears in only one category. This

publication also updates the bibliography prepared for the First International Workshop on

Trimethylaminuria (Fish-Malodor Syndrome) held at the NIH in March 1999:

Patrias, Karen; Pikus, Anita; McConnell, Harry; Mitchell, Steve, compilers. Trimethylaminuria

(Fish- Malodor Syndrome) and the flavin monooxygenases [bibliography on the Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1999 Mar. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no.

99-2). 430 citations from January 1966 through December 1998. Available from:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/trimethylaminuria.html

The compilers which to thank Patti DeWild, Marcia Tucker, and Ed Hamilton for their valuable assistance

in reviewing this updated bibliography.
vi

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this

bibliography, the correct format is:

Patrias, Karen; Ahmed, Terry T.; Lambert, Debby, compilers. Trimethylaminuria and the flavin

monooxygenases [bibliography on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US);

2002 Mar [insert cited year month day]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2002-2). 163 citations

from January 1999 through August 2001. Available from:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/trimethylaminuria_update.html

* Conference information:

 http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/news-reports/workshops/Trimethylaminuria010921_01.html
vii

SAMPLE CITATIONS

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus®*. Sample journal and

conference paper citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English

translation of the title is displayed in brackets and the language of publication is shown by a three-letter

abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Note also for journal articles that an availability statement follows many citations. This statement contains

the identification number (PMID) for the citation in the PubMed retrieval system. The user may enter this

number in PubMed on the NLM Web site (http://pubmed.gov/) to retrieve the record, which includes an

abstract for most articles and may also provide a link to the publisher's Internet site.

Journal Article:

Authors Article Title Abbreviated Journal Date

Title

Kashyap AS, Kashyap S. Fish odour syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2000 May;

76(895):318-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10858113.

 Volume Issue Pages Availability

Conference Papers Presented:

 Authors Paper Title

Cha YN, Park CS, Lee KH, Chung WG. N-demethylation of caffeine by recombinant human

flavin-containing monooxygenases. Paper presented at: 38th Annual Meeting of the Society

of Toxicology; 1999 Mar 14-18; New Orleans, LA.

 Title of Meeting Date of Meeting Place of Meeting

__________________

*For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:

 Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation.

 Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.
viii
1

Trimethylaminuria

Basarab T, Ashton GH, Du H, Menage P, McGrath JA.

Sequence variations in the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene (FMO3) in fish odour syndrome. Br

J Dermatol. 1999 Jan;140(1):164-7. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10215790.

Basran J, Sutcliffe MJ, Scrutton NS. Deuterium

isotope effects during carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage

by trimethylamine dehydrogenase. implications for

mechanism and vibrationally assisted hydrogen

tunneling in wild-type and mutant enzymes. J Biol

Chem. 2001 Jul 6;276(27):24581-7. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 11304539.

Bedford JJ, Harper JL, Leader JP, Smith RAJ.

Identification and measurement of methylamines in

elasmobranch tissues using proton nuclear magnetic

resonance (H-1-NMR) spectroscopy. J Comp Physiol

B. 1998 Mar;168(2):123-31.

Bollen CM, Rompen EH, Demanez JP. [Halitosis: A

multidisciplinary problem]. Rev Med Liege. 1999

Jan;54(1):32-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10081308. (Fre).

Burks RL, Jeppesen E, Lodge DM. Responses of

pelagic macrozooplankton to littoral habitat in the

presence and/or only fish odor in experimental

mesocosms. Paper presented at: 47th Annual Meeting

of the North American Benthological Society; 1999

May 25-28; Duluth, MN.

Crook M, Griffiths W, Eldridge P. Fishing for a

diagnosis? Cpd Bull Clin Biochem. 2000;2(1):27.

Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Smith RL, Shephard EA,

Phillips IR. Compound heterozygosity for missense

mutations in the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3

(FM03) gene in patients with fish-odour syndrome.

Pharmacogenetics. 2000;10(9):799-807. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 11191884.

Forrest SM, Knight M, Akerman BR, Cashman JR,

Treacy EP. A novel deletion in the flavin-containing

monooxygenase gene (FMO3) in a Greek patient with

trimethylaminuria. Pharmacogenetics. 2001

Mar;11(2):169-74. Available from: PubMed; PMID

11266081.

Forrest SM, Knight MA, Akerman BR, Treacy EP.

Analysis of the flavin-containing monooxygenase

(FMO3) gene for mutations in Australia identifies a

high carrier frequency for TMAURIA and a novel

deletion in a Greek patient [abstract]. Am J Hum

Genet. 1999;65(4):A235. Paper presented at the

Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human

Genetics.

Guarducci S, Lapi E, Cecconi A, Giovannucci UM.

Smith-Magenis Syndrome: fish diagnosis and natural

history in an adult patient [abstract]. Eur J Hum

Genet. 1999;7 Suppl 1:57. Paper presented at the 31st

Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human

Genetics.

Kashyap AS, Kashyap S. Fish odour syndrome.

Postgrad Med J. 2000 May;76(895):318-9. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 10858113.

Lambert DM, Mamer OA, Akerman BR, Choiniere L,

Gaudet D, Hamet P, Treacy EP. In vivo variability of

TMA oxidation is partially mediated by

polymorphisms of the FMO3 gene. Mol Genet Metab.

2001 Jul;73(3):224-9. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 11461189.

Lee CW, Tomlinson B, Yeung JHK, Lin G, Damani

LA. Distribution of the N-oxidation of dietary-derived

trimethylamine in a male Chinese population.

Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Dec;10(9):829-31. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 11191887.

Mayatepek E, Quak E, Wevers R, Kohlmueller D,

Meissner T, Hoffmann GF, Zschocke J. Molecular

defects in primry trimethylaminuria. Paper presented

at: 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Study of

Inborn Errors of Metabolism; 1999 Sep 7-10; Geneva.

Mitchell SC. Trimethylaminuria: susceptibility of

heterozygotes. Lancet. 1999 Dec 18-

25;354(9196):2164-5. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10609842.
2

Mitchell SC, Smith RL. Trimethylaminuria: The fish

malodor syndrome. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001

Apr;29(4 Pt 2):517-21. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 11259343.

Murphy HC, Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Holmes

HC, Michelakakis H, Shephard EA, Chalmers RA,

Phillips IR, Iles RA. A novel mutation in the flavincontaining monooxygenase 3 gene, FM03, that causes

fish-odour syndrome: activity of the mutant enzyme

assessed by proton NMR spectroscopy.

Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Jul;10(5):439-51. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 10898113.

Rehman HU. Fish odor syndrome. Postgrad Med J.

1999 Aug;75(886):451-2. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10646019.

Tomas Carmona I, Limeres Posse J, Diz Dios P,

Fernandez Feijoo J, Vazquez Garcia E. [Extraoral

etiology of halitosis]. Med Oral. 2001;6(1):40-7.

Available from: PubMed; PMID 11488130. (Spa).

Treacy EP, Lambert DM, Gaudet D, Akerman BR,

Choiniere L, Hamet P, Mamer OA. Measurement of

trimethylamine and trimethylamine n-oxide ratios as a

marker of variant FMO3 mediated metabolism

[abstract]. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2000;23 Suppl 1:282.

Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on

Inborn Errors of Metabolism.

Yi HG, Park CS, Kang JS, Kang JH, Chung WG, Pie

JE, Ryu SD, Choi W, Cha YN. Over production of

nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in patients with liver

cirrhosis and cancer suppresses flavin - containing

monooxygenase (FMO) activity and causes

trimethylaminuria (TMAU) [abstract]. Faseb J.

2001;15(4):A576. Paper presented at the 2001 Annual

Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for

Experimental Biology.

Zschocke J, Kohlmueller D, Quak E, Meissner T,

Hoffmann GF, Mayatepek E. Mild fish odour

syndrome caused by common variants in the FMO3

gene. Paper presented at: 37th Annual Meeting of the

Society for Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism;

1999 Sep 7-10; Geneva.

Zschocke J, Kohlmueller D, Quak E, Meissner T,

Hoffmann GF, Mayatepek E. Mild trimethylaminuria

caused by common variants in FMO3 gene. Lancet.

1999 Sep 4;354(9181):834-5. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10485731.
3

Trimethylamine,Trimethylamine N-Oxide,

Trimethylamine Dehydrogenase

Anderson RF, Jang MH, Hille R. Radiolytic studies of

trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Spectral

deconvolution of the neutral and anionic flavin

semiquinone, and determination of rate constants for

electron transfer in the one-electron reduced enzyme. J

Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 6;275(40):30781-6. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 10859304.

Bai C, Biwersi J, Verkman AS, Matthay MA. A mouse

model to test the in vivo efficacy of chemical

chaperones. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1998

Jul;40(1):39-45. Available from: PubMed; PMID

9920533.

Boskou G, Debevere J. Shelf-life extension of cod

fillets with an acetate buffer spray prior to packaging

under modified atmospheres. Food Addit Contam.

2000 Jan;17(1):17-25. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10793851.

Buc J, Santini C-L, Giordani R, Czjzek M, Wu L-F,

Giordano G. Enzymatic and physiological properties of

the tungsten-substituted molybdenum TMAO

reductase from Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1999

Apr;32(1):159-68. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10216869.

Garrod S, Humpher E, Connor SC, Connelly JC,

Spraul M, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. High-resolution

(1)H NMR and magic angle spinning NMR

spectroscopic investigation of the biochemical effects

of 2-bromoethanamine in intact renal and hepatic

tissue. Magn Reson Med. 2001 May;45(5):781-90.

Available from: PubMed; PMID 11323804.

Gon S, Giudici-Orticoni MT, Mejean V, Iobbi-Nivol

C. Electron transfer and binding of the c-type

cytochrome TorC to the trimethylamine N-oxide

reductase in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr

13;276(15):11545-51. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 11056172.

Hall ME, Shrewsbury RP, Chen SY, Elkins AL,

Burnham BS, Spielvogel BF, Hall IH. The disposition

and tissue distribution of trimethylamine-(sup 1sup

4C)carboxyborane and trimethylamine-(sup 1sup

4C)carboxymethoxyborane in CFinf 1 mice. Pharm

Sci. 1997;3(9):473-8.

Hashimoto Y, Nakayama Y, Mitsubayashi K.

Development of a biosensor for trimethylamine. Chem

Sens. 1999;15 Suppl B:49-51.

Hirata T, Yoshimatsu K. [The effect on the fish odor

by the vegetable, fruit, mashroom and seaweed,

respectively]. Bull Yamaguchi Agric Exp Stn.

1999;(50):50-3. (Jpn).

Holmes HC, Burns SP, Michelakakis H, Kordoni V,

Bain MD, Chalmers RA, Rafter JEM, Iles RA. Choline

and L-carnitine as precursors of trimethylamine

[abstract]. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997;25(1):96S.

Iles RA, Burns SP, Rafter JE, Bain MD, Chalmers RA.

L-carnitine catabolism in organic acidurias -

consequences for oral therapy [abstract]. J Inherit

Metab Dis. 1998;21 Suppl 2:72. Paper presented at the

36th Annual Symposium of the Society for the Study

of Inborn Errors of Metabolism.

Jang MH, Basran J, Scrutton NS, Hille R. The reaction

of trimethylamine dehydrogenase with trimethylamine.

J Biol Chem. 1999 May 7;274(19):13147-54.

Available from: PubMed; PMID 10224069.

Jang MH, Scrutton NS, Hille R . Formation of

W(3)A(1) electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF)

hydroquinone in the trimethylamine dehydrogenase

center dot ETF protein complex. J Biol Chem. 2000

Apr 28;275(17):12546-52. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10777543.

Kleber H-P. Bacterial carnitine metabolism. FEMS

Microbiol Lett. 1997 Feb 1;147(1):1-9. Available

from: PubMed; PMID 9037756.

Mamer OA, Choiniere L, Treacy EP. Measurement of

trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide

independently in urine by fast atom bombardment

mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem. 1999 Dec

15;276(2):144-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10603236.
4

Marzo A, Curti S. L-Carnitine moiety assay: An up-todate reappraisal covering the commonest methods for

various applications. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci

Appl. 1997 Nov 21;702(1-2):1-20. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 9449551.

Mills GA, Walker V, Mughal H. Quantitative

determination of trimethylamine in urine by solidphase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry. J Chromatog B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999

Feb 19;723(1-2):281-5. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10080656.

Mitchell S, Ayesh R, Barrett T, Smith R.

Trimethylamine and foetor hepaticus. Scand J

Gastroenterol. 1999 May;34(5):524-8. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10423071.

Mitsubayashi K, Hashimoto Y. Development of a gasphase biosensor for trimethylamine using a flavincontaining monooxygenase 3. Electrochemistry. 2000

Nov;68(11):901-3.

Mitsubayashi K, Hashimoto Y, Nakayama Y,

Montesinos T, Noguer T, Marty JL. Gas-sensors with

high selectivity using a biological catalytic system. J

Adv Sci. 2000;12(3):211-6.

Niizeki N, Daikoku T, Sakaguchi M. Biosynthesis of

trimethylamine oxide from choline in the Teleost

Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus [abstract]. Comp

Biochem Physiol A. 1999;124 Suppl:S137. Paper

presented at the 5th International Congress of

Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry.

Raymond JA, DeVries AL. Elevated concentrations

and synthetic pathways of trimethylamine oxide and

urea in some teleost fishes of McMurdo Sound,

Antarctica. Fish Physiol Biochem. 1998 Jun;18(4):387-

98.

Reid E, Cole J, Eaves DJ. The Escherichia coli CcmG

protein fulfils a specific role in cytochrome c

assembly. Biochem J. 2001 Apr 1;355(1):51-8.

Available from: PubMed; PMID 11256948.

Rey-Mansilla M, Sotelo CG, Gallardo JM.

Decomposition of trimethylamine oxide during iced

storage of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). Z

Lebensm Untersforsch A. 1999;208(4):267-9.

Rey-MM, Sotelo CG, Gallardo JM. Decomposition of

trimethylamine oxide during iced storage of blue

whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). Z Lebensm

Untersforsch A. 1999;209(5):372. Erratum to

document cited in Chemical Abstracts, vol. 131,

abstract no. 31244.

Roberts P, Basran J, Wilson EK, Hille R, Scrutton NS.

Redox cycles in trimethylamine dehydrogenase and

mechanism of substrate inhibition. Biochemistry. 1999

Nov 9;38(45):14927-40. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10555975.

Roberts P, Basran J, Wilson EK, Hille R, Scrutton NS.

Redox cycles in trimethylamine dehydrogenase and

mechanism of substrate inhibition. Biochemistry.

2000;39(3):625. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10642189.

Roseiro JC, Partidario PJ, Lobo N, Marcal MJ.

Physiology and kinetics of trimethylamine conversion

by two methylotrophic strains in continuous cultivation

systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;52(4):546-

52.

Wahl HG, Hoffmann A, Luft D, Liebich HM. Analysis

of volatile organic compounds in human urine by

headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

with a multipurpose sampler. J Chromatogr A. 1999

Jun 25;847(1-2):117-25. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10431355.

Zhang AQ, Mitchell SC, Smith RL. Dietary precursors

of trimethylamine in man: A pilot study. Food Chem

Toxicol. 1999 May;37(5):515-20. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10456680.

Zuppi C, Messana I, Forni F, Rossi C, Pennacchietti L,

Ferrari F, Giardina B. 1H NMR spectra of normal

urines: reference ranges of the major metabolites. Clin

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5

Flavin Monooxygenases and the Flavin

Monooxygenase System

Adali O, Carver GC, Philpot RM. The effect of

arginine-428 mutation on modulation of activity of

human liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) by

imipramine and chlorpromazine. Exp Toxicol Pathol.

1999 Jul;51(4-5):271-6. Available from: PubMed;

PMID 10445381.

Adali O, Philpot RM. Characterization and structurefunction studies of human liver flavin monooxygenase

isoenzyme 3 (FMO3). Turk J Zool. 1999;23(1):45-52.

Akerman BR, Forrest S, Chow L, Youil R, Knight M,

Treacy EP. Two novel mutations of the FMO3 gene in

a proband with trimethylaminuria. Hum Mutat.

1999;13(5):376-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10338091.

Akerman BR, Lemass H, Chow LM, Lambert DM,

Greenberg C, Bibeau C, Mamer OA, Treacy EP.

Trimethylaminuria is caused by mutations of the

FMO3 gene in a North American cohort. Mol Genet

Metab. 1999 Sep;68(1):24-31. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10479479.

Barber M, Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Barton JC, Moore

EG. Abnormalities of flavin monooxygenase as an

etiology for sideroblastic anemia. Am J Hematol. 2000

Oct;65(2):149-53. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10996833.

Barber M, Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Barton JC, Moore

EG. Abnormalities of flavin monooxygenase as an

etiology of sideroblastic anemia [abstract]. Blood.

1999;94(10 Suppl 1 Pt 1):413a. Paper presented at the

41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of

Hematology.

Cashman JR. Human flavin-containing

monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug

metabolism. Curr Drug Metab. 2000 Sep;1(2):181-91.

Available from: PubMed; PMID 11465082.

Cashman JR, Akerman BR, Forrest SM, Treacy EP.

Population-specific polymorphisms of the human

FMO3 gene: significance for detoxication. Drug Metab

Dispos. 2000 Feb;28 (2):169-73. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10640514.

Cashman JR, Xiong Y, Lin J, Verhagen H, Van Poppel

G, Van Bladeren PJ, Larsen-Su S, Williams DE. In

vitro and in vivo inhibition of human flavin-containing

monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) in the presence of

dietary indoles. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep

15;58(6):1047-55. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10509757.

Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A. Noxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine

by the human flavin- containing monooxygenase (form

3): Role in bioactivation and detoxication. J Pharmacol

Exp Ther. 1999 Mar;288(3):1251-60. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 10027866.

Cha YN, Kang JH, Park CS, Chung WG. Inhibition of

flavin-containing monooxygenase and CYP1A2

activities in human by grapefruit juice. Paper

presented at: 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of

Toxicology; 2000 Mar 19-23; Philadelphia.

Cha YN, Lee KH, Chung WG, Park CS, Kang JH,

Baek HM, Kang JS, Roh HK. Correlation between

phenotypes of FMO obtained by ranitidine n-oxidation

and genotypes of FMO3 in a Korean population

[abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;65(2):183.

Paper presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the

American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and

Therapeutics.

Cha YN, Park CS, Lee KH, Chung WG. Ndemethylation of caffeine by recombinant human

flavin-containing monooxygenases. Paper presented at:

38th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology;

1999 Mar 14-18; New Orleans, LA.

Charon CM, Dolphin CT. Sequence variation in the

human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene

(FMO3): Identification by denaturing-high

performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)

[abstract]. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000;28(5):A435.

Paper presented at the 18th International Congress of

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
6

Chiapella C, Radovan RD, Moreno JA, Casares L,

Barbe J, Llagostera M. Plant activation of aromatic

amines mediated by cytochromes P450 and flavincontaining monooxygenases. Mutat Res. 2000 Oct

31;470 (2):155-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID

11027970.

Chung WG, Kang JH, Park CS, Cho MH, Cha YN.

Effect of age and smoking on in vivo CYP1A2, flavincontaining monooxygenase, and xanthine oxidase

activities in Koreans: determination by caffeine

metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000

Mar;67(3):258-66. Available from: PubMed; PMID

10741629.

Chung WG, Park CS, Roh HK, Lee WK, Cha YN.

Oxidation of ranitidine by isozymes of flavincontaining monooxygenase and cytochrome P450. Jpn

J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;84(2):213-20. Available from:

PubMed; PMID 11128045.

Chung WG, Ryu SD, Park CS, Cha YN. Inhibition of

liver microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase

activities by flavonoids. Paper presented at: 39th

Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology; 2000

Mar 19-23; Philadelphia.

Chung WG, Ryu SD, Park CS, Lee KH, Cha YN.

Activation of rat liver microsomal flavin-containing

monooxygenase by deprenyl, an inhibitor of

monoamine oxidase B. Paper presented at: 38th

Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology; 1999

Mar 14-18; New Orleans, LA.

Clement B, Behrens D, Moller W, Cashman JR.

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APPENDIX:

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON TRIMETHYLAMINURIA

Trimethylaminuria Support Group, Inc.

P.O. Box 3361

Grand Central Station

New York, NY 10163

212-678-2506

Trimeth411@aol.com

The Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center

P.O. Box 8126

Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126

1-888-205-2311

TTY: 1-888-205-3223

Fax: 202-966-5689

E-mail: Gardinfo@nih.gov

The Office of Rare Diseases (ORD)

National Institutes of Health

31 Center Drive, MSC 2084

Building 31, Room 1B-19

Bethesda, MD 20892-2084

Telephone: 301-402-4336

Fax: 301-480-9655

E-mail: hh70f@nih.gov

http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/

National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.

P.O. Box 8923

New Fairfield, CT 06812-8923

Phone: 203-746-6518; 1-800-999-6673

Fax: 203-746-6481

http://www.rarediseases.org