| **United StatesDepartment of Agriculture****AgriculturalResearch Service****NationalAgricultural Library*****Animal Welfare InformationCenter*****University        of Missouri** |  

Information Resources on the North American Opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*)
A Bibliography on Its Natural History and 

Use in Biomedical Research
September 2001 AWIC Resource Series No. 9
 Photo by Dr. William J. Krause
 

 

 

Compiled by:

William J. Krause, Ph.D.

Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences

School of Medicine

**University of Missouri - Columbia**

Columbia, Missouri 65212

Published by:

U. S. Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

National Agricultural Library

Animal Welfare Information Center

Beltsville, Maryland 20705

E-mail:  awic@nal.usda.gov

Web site:  www.nal.usda.gov/awic
Disclaimers
Information  on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the  National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Document DeliveryServices  Branch website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb.  Please read carefully as there are certainrestrictions on media and  document types.**IntroductionGeneral References on the     Biology of MarsupialsFolkloreNatural History : EcologyEvolution : PaleontologyChromosomes: GeneticsGeneral Morphological FeaturesEnergeticsTemperature RegulationBehaviorHusbandryUse as ModelExperimental Techniques using *Didelphis*Experimental (Induced) PathologiesDiseases : Natural PathologiesParasitology : Bacteriology : VirologyGuanylate Cyclase : Guanylin : Uroguanylin : LymphoguanylinLipidsMusculo-Skeletal SystemHeartBlood Vascular SystemLymph Vascular System****Lymphoid OrgansBloodHemopoietic TissuesImmunologyTolerance (Resistance) to Snake VenomsIntegumentNervous SystemEye : Optic NerveEarRespiratory SystemDigestive SystemEndocrine SystemUrinary SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemGametes : FertilizationFetal Membranes PlacentationEmbryology and Early DevelopmentBirthPouchMammary Glands: MilkUseful Web Sites**
 

Introduction

 

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the use of marsupials as unique models for biomedical research (Tyndale-Biscoe and Janssens 1988; Saunders and Hinds 1997). Of these the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) has received more scientific scrutiny than any other marsupial to date.*Didelphis* has long been a popular animal model among gastroenterologists (Krause and Cutts 1992) and numerous studies concerned with its reproductive biology (Hartman 1952), early embryology (Hartman 1916, 1919; McCrady 1938), histogenesis/organogenesis (Krause 1998a, 1998b), developmental neurobiology (Martin and Wang 1997) and spinal cord regeneration (Wang et al. 1998a, 1998b; Martin et al. 2000) have been published. In addition,*Didelphis virginiana* has played a pivotal role not only in predicting the existence of a newly discovered family of guanylyl cyclase stimulating peptides (guanylin, uroguanylin, and lymphoguanylin) but also was the animal model used in the initial discovery, isolation and purification of the most recent members of this family of peptides, uroguanylin and lymphoguanylin (Krause et al.1998, Forte et al. 1999, 2000). Recently, a small protein known as lethal toxin neutralizing factor (LTNF) was isolated from opossum serum. This factor has been shown to be a potent antidote for several animal, plant, and bacterial toxins. An effective, synthetic form of LTNF has been made so that this peptide can be made in abundance without depending upon the natural source, opossum serum. It is believed that the synthetic form of LTNF may become a universal therapy against animal, plant and bacterial toxins ( Lipps 1999, Lipps 2000).

 

The purpose of this literature survey is to provide an introduction into the literature with regard to the biology of *Didelphis virginiana* and to gather together a variety of studies that have focused on this particular species. Although numerous studies have been published on *Didelphis*, these are scattered throughout a very diverse literature with regard both to discipline and time. The primary aim is to gather these references under one cover as a desk reference for those interested either in using *Didelphis* as a biomedical model for study or in the biology and natural history of this North American marsupial. The bibliography cites the primary references and serves as a guide into the diverse literature where specific topics with regard to*Didelphis virginiana* are most likely to be encountered. The reference list has been restricted as much as possible to*Didelphis**virginiana* although some confusion does exist in the early literature with regards as to which actual species was used in some studies. According to Gardner (1973), the genus *Didelphis* contains three distinct species: *Didelphis virginiana* of North and Central America; *Didelphis**marsupialis* of Central and South America; and *Didelphis albiventris* of the highlands in South America. Prior to this work, the North American opossum was commonly referred to as either *Didelphis marsupialis* or*Didelphis virginiana*. The references cited in this survey are restricted as much as possible to the North American or Virginia opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. The earliest reference is Tyson 1698, the latest includes a few references published in 2001. The references have been organized under 43 subheadings to aid the reader in finding specific references with regard to general areas or topics of interest. In addition to published accounts on the husbandry of *Didelphis*, videotape also is available on its husbandry and care as well as the establishment of a temporary-breeding colony for the North American opossum (Krause 1999).

 

References

 

Forte LR, Eber SL, Fan X, London RM, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Chin DT, Freeman RH, Krause WJ (1999) Lymphoguanylin: Cloning and characterization of a unique member of the guanylin peptide family. Endocrinology 140: 1800-1806

Forte LR, London RM, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (2000) Mechanisms of guanylin action via cyclic GMP in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 62: 673-695

 

Gardner AL (1973) The systematics of the genus *Didelphis* (Marsupialia:Didelphidae) in North and Middle America. Spec Publ Mus Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX, 4: 1-81

 

Hartman CG (1916) Studies in the development of the opossum *Didelphys virginiana* L. I. History of early cleavage. II. Formation of the blastocyst. J Morphol 27:1-83

 

Hartman CG (1919) Studies in the development of the opossum*Didelphys virginiana* L. III. Description of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The bilaminar blastocyst. J Morphol 32:1-142

 

Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, pp 1-147

 

Krause WJ (1998a) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol I. 143:1-143

 

Krause WJ (1998b) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North  American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol II. 143:1-120

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1992) Development of the digestive system in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 125:1-151

 

Krause WJ, London RM, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997) The guanylin and uroguanylin peptide hormones and their receptors. Acta Anat 160:213-231

 

Krause WJ (1999) Tips on the husbandry and establishment of a temporary breeding  colony for the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Videotape presentation. Housed in the Animal Welfare Information Center Audio-Visual Series, National Agricultural Library Collection, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.

 

Lipps BV (1999) Anti-lethal factor from opossum serum is a potent antidote for animal, plant and bacterial toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 5: 1-16

 

Lipps BV (2000) Small synthetic peptides inhibit, in mice, the lethalithy of toxins derived from animal, plant and bacteria. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 6: 1-10

 

Martin GF, Terman JR, Wang XM (2000) Regeneration of descending spinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord during early development in the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Brain Res Bull 53: 677-687

 

Martin GF, Wang XM (1997) Development and development plasticity of descending spinal pathways in the North american opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. In: Saunders NR, Hinds LA (eds) Marsupial biology:recent research, new perspectives. Univ New South Wales Press, Sydney, Chapt 21, pp 358-481

 

McCrady E Jr (1938) The embryology of the opossum. Am Anat Mem 16: 1-233

 

Saunders NR, Hinds LA (1997) Marsupial biology: recent research, new perspectives. Univ New South Wales Press, Sydney

 

 Tyndale-Biscoe CH, Janssens PA (1988) The developing marsupial:models for biomedical research. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg

 

Wang XM, Basso DM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998a) Adult opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) demonstrate near normal locomotion after spinal cord transection as neonates. Exp Neurol 151: 50-69

 

Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998b) Regeneration of supraspinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord in the developing opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Comp Neurol 398: 83-97

 

 

1.1    General References on the Biology of Marsupials

 

Archer M (1982) Carnivorous marsupials, Vol 1. Surrey Beatty & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Archer M (1982) Carnivorous marsupials, Vol 2. Surrey Beatty & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Archer M (1987) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution, Vol 1. Surrey Beatty                                                              & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Archer M (1987) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution, Vol II. Surrey Beatty & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Ellsworth AF (1976) The North American opossum: an anatomical atlas. Robert Krieger, Huntington, New York

 

Grigg G, Farman P, Hume I (1989) Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos, Vol I.  Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney

 

Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas

 

Hume ID (1982) Digestive physiology and nutrition of marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

Hunsaker DII (1977) The biology of marsupials. Academic Press, New York

 

Lee AK, Cockburn A (1985) The evolutionary ecology of marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

Lee AK, Handesyde KA, Sanson GD (1990) Biology of the koala. Surrey Beatty &   Sons and the World Koala Research Corporation, Sydney

 

McCrady E Jr (1938) The embryology of the opossum. Am Anat Mem 16:1-233

 

Saunders NR, Hinds LA (1997) Marsupial biology: recent research, new perspectives. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney

 

Smith A, Hume I (1984) Possums and gliders. Surrey, Beatty & Sons and the Australian Mammal Society, Sydney

 

Stonehouse B, Gilmore D (1977) The biology of marsupials. University Park Press,  Baltimore

 

Szalay FS (1994) Evolutionary history of the marsupials and an analysis of osteological characters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

Tyndale-Biscoe CH (1973) Life of marsupials. Elsevier, New York

 

Tyndale-Biscoe CH, Janssens PA (1988) The developing marsupial: models for biomedical research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

 

Tyndale-Biscoe CH, Renfree M (1987) Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

 

1.2    Folklore

 

Barton BS (1823) Facts, observations and conjectures relative to the generation of the opossum of North America. Ann Philos 6: 349-354

 

Eastman CP (1915) Early protrayals of the opossum. Am Nat 49: 585-594

 

Elliott D (1992) Advanced 'possumology'. In: Wildwoods Wisdom. Paragon Press, New York, New York, Chapt 18, pp 160-173 

 

Hartman CG (1921) Traditional beliefs concerning the generation of the opossum.  J Am Foke-Lore 34: 321-323

 

Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas

 

Keefe JF (1967) The world of the opossum. J B Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 

Ley W (1940) Animal fables. Nat Hist 46: 85-87

 

 

1.3    Natural History : Ecology

 

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Allen DL (1940) Nobody loves the 'possum. Mich Cons 9:5-10

 

Allen JA (1900) Note on the generic names *Didelphis*and *Philander*.   Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 13:185-190

 

Allen JA (1901) A preliminary study of the North American opossums of the genus*Didelphis*. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 14:149-188

 

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Amundson R (1949) The opossum. Wildl North Carol 13:4-6

 

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  Atkinson AA (1953) Br'er possum, hermit of the lowlands. Nat Geogr Mag 103: 405-418

 

Atkinson AA (1960) The opossum, America's only pouched mammal. In: Wild animals of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, Chapt 22, pp 312-319

 

Audubon JJ, Bachman J (1851) The quadrupeds of North America. VG Audubon, New York, Vol 2, pp 334

 

Austad SN (1988) The adaptable opossum. Sci Am 258: 98-104

 

Austad SN (1993) Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Zool 229: 695-708

 

Austin GP (1924) Opossums now plentiful in Ventura County. Calif Fish Game 10:46 

 

Bachmann E (1948) Passive 'possum. Conserv 2:21-23

 

Bailey V (1923) The Virginia opossum and its way. Nat Mag 2:5-7

 

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Beidelman RG (1952) Possums, and points west. Colo Cons 1:2-5

 

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Blair FW (1936) An opossum dies of cold and hunger. J Mammal 17:410

 

Blumenthal EM, Kirkland GL (1976) The biology of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*, in southcentral Pennsylvania. Proc Pa Acad Sci 50:81-85

 

Bradt GW (1947) Opossum-invader from the South. Mich Cons 16:4-5

 

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Bryant HC (1927) The opossum reaches San Diego County. Calif Fish Game 13:146

 

Campbell MR (1981) Records of albinotic opossum from central California. Southwest Nat 25: 560

 

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Cook A (1948) The opossum. NY State Cons 3:25

 

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Crawford LE (1948) Drama in the woods. Okla Game Fish News 4:11

 

Cristoffer C (1993) Fruit removal and interplant distance in the persimmon, *Diospyros virginiana*. Florida Scient 56: 223-225

 

Cuyler WK (1924) Cinnamon and albino opossums found at Austin, Texas. J Mammal 5:130

 

Darsie JC (1944) The primitive opossum. NC Wildl Cons 8:10,15

 

Davis C (1963) The peculiar opossum. Wildl North Carol 27:4-6

 

Davis DD (1939) The opossum, prophet without honor. Chicago Nat 2:99-104

 

Davis GW (1938) Virginia opossum in Vermont. J Mammal 19:499

 

Dexter RW (1951) Earthworms in the winter diet of the opossum and raccoon. J Mammal 32:464

 

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Doutt KJ (1954) The swimming of the opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.* J Mammal 35:581-583

 

Duck L (1947) Ol' mister 'possum is quality folks. Okla Game Fish News 3:6-7,12-13

 

Dumond C (1944) Opossums get about. Nat Mag 37:154-155

 

East B (1945) Possums are duds. Field Stream 49:14-15-65-71

 

Eastman CR (1915) Early portrayals of the opossum. Am Nat 49:585-594

 

Edmunds RM, Goertz JW, Linscombe G (1978) Age ratios, weights, and reproduction                of the Virginia opossum in north Louisiana. J Mammal 59:884-885

 

Engelmann G (1863) Remarks on the young, twelve in number, attached to the teats                                                                             of an opossum. Trans St Louis Acad Sci 2:224

 

Findley JS (1943) 'Possum ways. Bull Cleveland Mus Nat Hist 75:3-4

 

Fisher AK (1885) Capture of an opossum in Essex County, New York. Forest & Stream 24:184

 

Fitch HS, Sandidge LL (1953) Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. Univ Kansas Publ, Mus Natl Hist 7:305-338

 

Fitch HS, Shirer HW (1970) A radiotelemetric study of spatial relationships in the opossum. Am Midl Nat 84:170-186

 

Gardner AL (1973) The systematics of the genus *Didelphis* (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in North and Middle America. Spec Publ Mus Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock 4: 3-81

 

Gardner AL (1982) Virgina opossum.*Didelphis virginiana.* In: Chapman JA, Feldhamer GA (eds) Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics.The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 3-36

 

Gehrt SD, Clark DE, Fritzell EK (1997) Population dynamics and ecology of Virginia opossums in southern Texas. Southwest Nat 42: 170-176

 

Gillette LN (1980) Movement patterns of radio-tagged opossums in Wisconsin. Am Midl Nat 104:1-12

 

Gowanloch JN (1950) Incredible "brother 'possum". Iowa Conserv 9:81,84 

 

Grinnell J (1915) The Tennessee possum has arrived in California. Calf Fish Game                 1: 114-116

 

Grote JC, Dalby PL (1973) An early litter for the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*) in Ohio. Ohio J Sci 73:240-241

 

Hall ER, Kelson KR (1952) Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North American marsupials, insectivores and carnivores. Univ Kansas Publ, Mus Nat Hist 5:319-341

 

Hall ER, Kelson KR (1959) The mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York

 

Hallett JG, O'Connell MA, Sanders GD, Seidensticker J (1991) Comparison of population estimators for medium-sized mammals. J Wildl Manage 55: 81-93

 

Hamilton WJ (1933) The northward spread of the opossum in New York. J Mammal 14:                 151-152

 

Hamilton WJ (1942) Birth in the opossum family. Nat Hist 1:188-190

 

Hamilton WJ (1951) The food of the opossum in New York State. J Wildlife Manag 15: 258-264

 

Hamilton WJ (1958) Life history and economic relations of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis**virginiana*) in New York State. Cornell Univ Exper Station Mem 354: 3-48

 

Hamilton WJ (1963) Success story of the opossum. High reproductive rate and low       predation favor this marsupial. Nat Hist 72: 17-25

 

Hartman CG (1920) The free-martin and its reciprocal: opossum, man, dog. Science                                                                             52:469-471

 

Hartman CG (1921) The Virginia opossum. Photographs of two new varieties and the                                                                             two normal phases of this animal. J Hered 12:471-473

 

Hartman CG (1921) Traditional belief concerning the generation of the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). J Am Folk-lore 34:321-323

 

Hartman CG (1922) A brown mutation in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*)                with remarks upon the gray and the black phases in this species. J Mammal 3:146-149

 

Hartman CG (1930) The story of the baby opossum. Nat Mag 16:93-96

 

Hayes JJ (1939) How about these quints? Nat Notes 6:201-202

 

Hazard EB (1963) Records of the opossum in Northern Minnesota. J Mammal 44: 118

 

Heske EJ, Robinson SK, Brawn JD (1999) Predator activity and predation on songbird nests on forest-field edges in east-central Illinois. Landscape Ecol 14: 345-354 

 

Hills FC (1882) The opossum at Elmira, New York. Ann Nat 16:403

 

Hjelte C (1956) Opossum. Colorado Outdoors 5: 8-10

 

Hock RJ (1952) The opossum in Arizona. J Mammal 33:464-470

 

Hollander RR, Hogan KM (1992) Occurrence of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr, in the Trans-pecos of Texas. Tex J Sci 44:127-128

 

Holmes ACV, Sanderson GC (1965) Populations and movements of opossums in east-central Illinois. J Wild Mgmt 29:287-295

 

Hopkins DD (1977) Nest-building behavior in the immature Virginia opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Mammalia 41:361-362

 

Hopkins DD, Forbes RB (1979) Size and reproductive patterns of the Virginia opossum in northwestern Oregon. Murrelet 60: 95-98

 

Hopkins DD, Forbes RB (1980) Dietary patterns of the Virginia opossum in an urban environment. Murrelet 61:20-30

 

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Hunter J (1969) Baby opossums. Living Mus 30:84-85

 

Jewett SG, Dobyns HW (1929) The Virginia opossum in Oregon. J Mammal 10:351

 

Johnson GE (1931) Hibernation in mammals. Quart Rev Biol 6:439-461

 

Keefe JF (1967) The world of the opossum. JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp 1-144

 

Kennard FG (1925) The Virginia opossum in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. J Mammal 6:196

 

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Kirk GL (1921) Opossum in Vermont. J Mammal 2:109

 

Kirk GL (1922) Another opossum taken in Vermont. J Mammal 3:115

 

Kirsch JAW (1977) The six-percent solution: second thoughts on the adaptedness of the marsupialia. Amer Sci 65: 276-288

 

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Kissell RE Jr, Kennedy ML (1992) Ecologic relationships of co-occurring populations of opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) and raccoons (*Procyon lotor*) in Tennessee. J Mammal 73:808-813

 

Koppel IL (1915) Opossums near San Jose continue to increase. Calif Fish Game 1:                  195

 

Kovacic DA, Guttman SI (1979) An eletrophoretic comparison of genetic variability between eastern and western populations of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Am Midl Nat 101:269-277

 

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Layne JN (1951) The use of the tail by an opossum. J Mammal 32:464-465

 

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Lemelin P (1999) Morphological correlates of substrate use in didelphid marsupials: implications for primate origins. J Zool 247: 165-175

 

Lewis JB (1929) Opossum in captivity. J Mammal 10:167-168

 

Lincecum G (1872) The opossum. Am Nat 6:555-557

 

Lippincott JW (1924) Why the 'possum thrives. Nat Mag 4:273-277, 319

 

Lippincott JW (1937) A biography of a backyard visitor, the friendly and adventurous 'possum. Frontiers1:89-91

 

Little EV (1916) The opossum in Los Angeles County. Calif Fish Game 2:46-47

 

Llewellyn LM, Dale FH (1964) Notes on the ecology of the opossum in Maryland. J Mammal 45:113-122

 

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MacCallum GA (1901) The opossum in Canada. Forest & Stream 57:205

 

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Middleton HT (1923) Obliging Bill possum. Nat Mag 2:171-174, 181

 

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Mohr C (1931) Opossum and spotted skunk in Blue Earth County, Minnesota. J Mammal 12:162-163

 

Moore JC (1955) Opossum taking refuge under water. J Mammal 36:559

 

Moseley VP (1969) Is the 'possum playing? Virginia Wildl 30:16-17

 

Nixon CM, Sullivan JB, Esker T, Koerkenmeier R (1994) Notes on the life history                 of opossums in west-central Illinois. Trans Ill State Acad Sci 87: 187-193

 

Olds FA (1900) A North Carolina 'possum hunt. Outing 36:33-35

 

Olson CA, Werner PA (1999) Oral rabies vaccine contact by raccoons and nontarget                  species in a field trial in Florida. J Wildl Dis 35: 687-695

 

Payne P (1954) Possum makes a nest. Everglades Nat Hist 2:101

 

Peterson RL, Downing SC (1956) Distributional records of the opossum in Ontario.                                                                             J Mammal 37:431-435

 

Petrides GA (1949) Sex and age determination in the opossum. J Mammal 30:364-378                                                                            

 

Pray LL (1921) Opossum carries leaves with its tail. J Mammal 2:109-110

 

Reed AW, Kennedy ML (2000) Conservation status of the eastern spotted skunk *Spilogale**putorius* in the Appalachian Mountains of Tennessee. Am Midl Nat 144: 133-138

 

Rehn JAG (1901) The application of*Didelphis marsupialis* Linneanus. Am Nat 35:147-149

 

Reynolds HC (1942) A contributon to the life history and ecology of the opossum,                 *Didelphis**virginina* Kerr, in central Missouri. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia

 

Reynolds HC (1945) Some aspects of the life history and ecology of the opossum in central Missouri. J Mammal 26:361-379

 

Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on reproduction in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana virginiana*). Univ Calf Publ Zool 52: 223-283

 

Reynolds HC (1953) The opossum. Sci Amer 188: 88-94

 

Rogers CM (1998) Song sparrows, top carnivores and nest predation: a test of the                  mesopredator release hypothesis. Oecologia 116: 227-233

 

Rosenblatt DL, Heske EJ, Nelson SL, Barber DM, Miller MA, Mccallister B (1999) Forest fragments in east-central Illinois: Islands or habitat patches for mammals? Am Midl Nat 141: 115-123

 

Ryser JT (1990) The mating system, ecology, and biology of the Virgina opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*) in north-central Florida. Ph D Thesis, Univ Berne, Switzerland, pp 133

 

Ryser J (1995) Activity, movement and home range of Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) in Florida. Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist 38: 177-194

 

Sampson F (1950) 'Possums: dumb but numerous. Missouri Cons 11:4,5,12

 

Sanderson GC (1961) Estimating opossum populations by marking young. J Wild Mgmt                  25:20-27

 

Sandidge LL (1953) Food and dens of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) in                                                                             northeastern Kansas. Trans Kansas Acad Sci 59:97-106

 

Sands JL (1960) The opossum in New Mexico. J Mammal 41:393

 

Scheffer VB (1943) The opossum settles in Washington State. Murrelet 24:27-28

 

Schwartz CW (1945) Facts about 'possums. Missouri Cons 6:17

 

Schwartz CW, Schwartz ER (1953) Opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Missouri                                                                             Cons 14:10-13

 

Schwartz CW, Schwartz ER (1974) The wild mammals of Missouri. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri

 

Seidensticker J, O'Connell MA, Johnsingh AJT (1987) Virginia opossum. In: Novak M, Baker JA, Obbard ME, Malloch B (eds) Wild furbearers management and conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, pp 247-261

 

Sens B (1999) The opossum. N.H. Audubon 35: 10

 

Shaffer CH (1948) Virginia animals everyone should know: the opossum. Virginia Wildl 9:19-20

 

Sheak HW (1926) A study of the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*Kerr: Family Didelphyidae). Bull Wagner Free Inst Sci 1: 39-45

 

Shirer HW, Fitch HS (1970) Comparison from radio tracking of movements and denning habits of the raccoon, striped skunk, and opossum in northeastern Kansas. J Mammal 51:491503

 

Shomon JJ (1969) Animal tracks - and how to know them. Wildl Rev 5:15-18

 

Shufield RW (1920) The opossums. Am Forestry 26:96-101

 

Smiley D (1938) An opossum in New York State feels the effects of winter. J Mammal 19:499

 

Smith DM (1940) Albinism in the opossum. J Hered 31:342

 

Smith JM (1935) The opossum in Kent County, Ontario. Can Field Nat 49:109

 

Smith L (1941) An observation on the nest-building behavior of the opossum. J Mammal 22:201-202

 

Sperry CC (1933) Opossum and skunk eat bats. J Mammal 14:152-153

 

Stewart D (1993) The suprisingly social loner. New research reveals the sophisticated social life and survival tricks of the solitary opossum. Nat Wildl 31:12-16

 

Stieglitz WO, Klimstra WD (1962) Dietary pattern of the Virginia opossum, *Didelphis**marsupialis virginiana* Kerr, late summer-winter, Southern Illinois. Trans Ill Acad Sci 55:198-208

 

Stoner D (1939) Remarks on abundance and range of the opossum. J Mammal 20:250-251

 

Stoner D (1945) Further remarks on the opossum in New York. J Mammal 26:192-193

 

Stoskopf MK, Meyer RE, Jones M, Baumbarger DO (1999) Field immobilization and euthanasia of American opossum. J Wildl Dis 35: 145-149

 

Stout IJ, Sonenshine DE (1974) Ecology of an opossum population in Virginia, 1963-69. Acta Theriol 19:235-245

 

Sunquist ME, Austad SN, Sunquist F (1987) Movement patterns and home range in the common opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*). J Mammal 68: 173-176

 

Taube CM (1947) Food habits of Michigan opossums. J Wildl Mgmt 11:97-103

 

Tubbs CE (1916) The opossum in Amador County. Calif Fish Game 2:111

 

Verts BJ (1963) Movements and populatoins of opossums in cultivated area. J Wildl Mgmt 27:127-129

 

von Bloeker JC (1928) Records of opossums from San Diego County, California. J Mammal 9:62

 

Walker EP (1968) Mammals of the world. 2nd ed., Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,                 Maryland, Vol 1, pp 10-13

 

Walker LW (1933) Opossum's comeback. Nat Mag 21:299

 

Weckerly FW, Kennedy ML, Leberg PL (1987) Density estimates of the Virginia opossum (Marsupialia: Didelphidae). J Tenn Acad Sci 62:108-110

 

Whitaker JO Jr, Jones GS, Goff RJ (1976) Ectoparasites and food habits of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana,* in Indiana. Proc Indiana Acad Sci 86:501-507

 

Wilson TS (1996) Raccoon and opossum home ranges, movements, and habitat use in                 a managed forest of central Mississippi (*Procyon lotor, Didelphis virginianus*, Tallahala wildlife management area, Bienville national forest). MS Thesis, Mississippi State Univ, pp 132

 

Winton BR (1998) Relative abundance of furbearers in northeastern Oklahoma. Proc                                                                             Oklahoma Acad Sci 78: 125-126

 

Wiseman GL, Hendrickson GO (1950) Notes on the life history and ecology of the o                                                                            possum in southeast Iowa. J Mammal 31:331-337

 

Wood AA (1947) An opossum in Kent County, Ontario. Canad Field-Nat 61:199

 

Worth CB (1975) Virginia opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) as disseminators                                                                             of the common persimmon (*Diospyros virginiana)*. J Mammal 56:517

 

Wright DD (1989) Mortality and dispersal of juvenile opossums, *Didelphis virginiana.*MS Thesis, Univ Florida, Gainesville, pp100

 

Yeager LE (1936) Winter daytime dens of opossum. J Mammal 17: 410-411

 

 

1.4    Evolution : Palentology

 

Archer M (1987) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution, Vol 1. Surrey Beatty                   & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Archer M (1987) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution, Vol II. Surrey Beatty & Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney

 

Archibald JD (1979) Oldest known eutherian stapes and a marsupial petrosal bone from the late 

Cretaceous of North America. Nature 281:669-670

 

Barrantes GE, Daleffe L (1999) Allozyme genetic distances and evolutionary relationships in marsupials of North and South America. Acta Theriol 44: 233-242

 

Bleiweiss R, Kirsch JAW (1993) Experimental analysis of variance for DNA hybridization: 1. Accuracy. J Mol Evol 37: 504-513

 

 

Bleiweiss R, Kirsch JAW (1993) Experimental analysis of variance for DNA hybridization: 2. Percision. J Mol Evol 37: 514-524

 

Cachel SM (1979) A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the                   origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. Am J Phys Anthrop 50:1-17

 

Cao Y, Adachi J, Janke A, Pääbo S, Hasegawa M (1994) Phylogenetic relationships among eutherian orders estimated from inferred sequences of mitochondrial proteins: instability of a tree based on a single gene. J Mol Evol 39: 519-527

 

Cao Y, Adachi J, Hasegawa M (1994) Eutherian phylogeny as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Jpn J Genet 69: 455-472

 

Cartmill M (1974) Rethinking primate origins. Science 184:436-443

 

Cifelli RL, De Muizon C (1998) Marsupial mammal from the upper cretaceous North                  Horn Formation, central Utah. J Paleontol 72: 532-537

 

Clemens WA (1968) Origin and early evolution of marsupials. Evolution 22:1-18

 

Couto CP (1952) Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Marsupialia: Didelphidae. Am Mus Novit 1567:1-26

 

Dahms NM, Brzycki-Wessell MA, Ramanujam KS, Seetharam B (1993) Characterization                  of mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) from opossum liver: opossum cation-independent MPR binds insulin-like growth factor-2. Endocrinology 133: 440-446

 

Dörner M, Pääbo S (1995) Nucleotide sequence of a marsupial LINE-1 element and the evolution of placental mammals. Mol Biol Evol 12: 944-948

 

Driscoll DJ, Migeon BR (1988) Localization of G6PD and HPRT to different arms of                   the X chromosome of the North American marsupial (*Didelphis virginiana)* by*in situ*hybridization and deletion mapping: evolutionary significance. Genomics 3:308-314

 

Fish FE (1993) Comparison of swimming kinematics between terrestrial and semiaquatic opossums. J Mammal 74: 275-284

 

Frye MS, Hedges SB (1995) Monophyly of the order Rodentia inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of the genes for 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and tRNA-valine. Mol Biol Evol 12: 168-176

 

Gilbert N, Labuda D (2000) Evolutionary inventions and continuity of CORE-SINEs in mammals. J Mol Biol 298: 365-377

 

Gray TA, Nicholls RD (2000) Diverse splicing mechanisms fuse the evolutionarily conserved bicistronic MOCS1A and MOCS1B open reading frames. Rna 6: 928-936

 

Grundy WN, Naylor GJP (1999) Phylogenetic inference from conserved sites alignments. J Exp Zool 285: 128-139

 

Guilday JE (1958) The prehistoric distribution of the opossum. J Mammal 39:39-43                                                                            

 

Janke A, Pääbo S (1993) Editing of a tRNA anticodon in marsupial mitochondria changes its codon recognition. Nuc Acid Res 21: 1523-1525

 

Janke A, Feldmaier-Fuchs G, Thomas WK, von Haeseler A, Pääbo S (1994)                  The marsupial mitochondrial genome and the evolution of placental mammals. Genetics 137: 243-256

 

Kirsch JAW, Bleiweiss RE, Dickerman AW, Reig OA (1993) DNA/DNA hybridization studies of carnivorous marsupials. Relationships among spiecies of*Didelphis* (Didelphidae). J Mammal Evol 1: 75-97

 

Korth WW (1994) Middle tertiary marsupials (Mammalia) from North America. J Paleontol 68: 376-397

 

Landsmeer JMF (1986) A comparison of fingers and hand in varanus, opossum and primates. Acta Morphol Neerl-Scand 24:193-221

 

Landsmeer JMF (1987) The hand and hominisation. Acta Morphol Neerl-Scand 25:83-93

 

Lee AK, Cockburn A (1985) The evolutionary ecology of marsupials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

Lewis O J (1985) Derived morphology of the wrist articulations and theories of hominoid evolution. Part I. The lorisine joints. J Anat 140:447-460

 

McGrew PO (1937) New marsupials from the Tertiary of Nebraska. J Geol 45:448-455

 

Mõrl M, Dörner M, Pääbo S (1995) C to U editing and modifications during the maturation of the mitochondrial tRNA (Asp) in marsupials. Nuc Acids Res 23: 3380-3384

 

Patton JL, Reis SFD, Silva MNFD (1996) Relationships among didelphid marsupials                  based on sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene. J Mam Evol 3: 3-29.

 

Reig OA, Gardner AL, Bianchi NO, Patton JL (1977) The chromosomes of the Didelphidae (Marsupialia) and their evolutionary significance. Bio J Linn Soc 9: 191-216

 

Reig OA, Kirsch JAW, Marshall LG (1987) Systematic relationships of the living and Neocenozoic American "opossum-like" marsupials (suborder Didelphimorphia), with comments on the classification of these and of the Cretaceous and Paleogene New World and European metatherians. In: Archer M (ed) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Nortion, NSW, Australia, Vol 1, pp 1-89

 

Richardson SJ, Wettenhall REH, Schreiber G (1996) Evolution of transthyretin gene expression in the liver of *Didelphis virginiana*and other American marsupials. Endocrinology 137: 3507-3512

 

Russell LS (1928) Didelphiidae from the lance beds of Wyoming. J Mammal 9:229-232

 

Szalay FS (1994) Evolutionary history of the marsupials and an analysis of osteological characters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 

Simpson GG (1928) American Eocene Didelphids. Am Mus Novit 307:1-7

 

Simpson GG (1930) A new specimen of *Eodelphis cutleri* from the Belly river formation of Alberta. Canada Dept Mines, Geol Serv 51: 29-32

 

Simpson GG (1935) Note on the classification of recent and fossil opossums. J Mammal 16:134-137

 

Simpsom GG (1938) A new marsupial from the Eocene of Patagonia. Am Mus Novit 989:1-5

 

Simpson GG (1944) Tempo and mode in evolution. Columbia University Press, New York

 

Springer MS, Hollar LJ, Burk A (1995) Compensatory substitutions and the evolution of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene in mammals. Mol Biol Evol 12: 1138-1150

 

Springer MS, Kirsch JAW (1993) A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of placental mammals based on mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences, with special reference to the problem of the Paenungulata. J Mammal Evol 1: 149-166

 

Springer MS, Westerman M, Kavanagh JR, Burk A, Woodburne MO, Kao DJ, Karjewski C      (1998) The origin of the Australasian marsupial fauna and the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic monito del monte and marsupial mole. Pro Royal Soc Lond B 265: 2381-2386

 

Stock C (1936) Sespe Eocene Didelphids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 22:122-124

 

Thomason JJ, Russell AP (1986) Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: a theoretical analysis. J Morphol 189: 199-213

 

Woodburne MO, Zinsmeister WJ (1982) Fossil land mammal from Antartica. Science 218: 284-286

 

 

1.5    Chromosomes : Genetics

 

Biggers JD, Fritz HI, Hare WCD, McFeely RA (1965) Chromosomes of American marsupials. Science 148:1602-1603

 

Chauvet J, Hurpet D, Michel G, Chauvet M-T, Archer R (1984) Two multigene families for marsupial neurohypophysial hormones? Identification of oxytocin, mesotocin, lysipressin and arginine vasopressin in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123:306-311

 

Driscoll DJ, Migeon BR (1988) Localization of G6PD and HPRT to different arms of                   the X chromosome of the North American marsupial (*Didelphis virginiana*) by*in situ* hybridization and deletion mapping: evolutionary significance. Genomics 3:308-314

 

Graham MA, Barr ML (1959) Sex chromatin in the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana.* Arch D'Anat Micro Morph Exp 48:111-121

 

Hoy WE, George WC (1929) The somatic chromosomes of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Morphol 47:201-215

 

Kaslow DC, Migeon BR (1987) DNA methylation stabilizes X chromosome inactivation                   in eutherians but not in marsupials: evidence for multistep maintenance of mammalian X dosage compensation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6210-6214

 

Kaslow DC, Migeon BR, Persico MG, Zollo M, VanDenBerg JL, Samollow PB (1987) Molecular studies of marsupial X chromosomes reveal limited sequence homology of mammalian X-linked genes. Genomics 1:19-28

 

Keith DH, Teplitz RL, Riggs AD (1984) Metaphase synchronization and chromosome preparation from the OK opossum cell line having a potentially isolatable X chromosome. In Vitro 20:833-836

 

Lemos B, Canavez F, Moreira MAM (1999) Mitochondrial DNA-like sequences in the nuclear genome of the opossum genus*Didelphis* (Marsupialia : Didelphidae). J Hered 90: 543-547

 

Meneghini R (1974) Repair replication of opossum lymphocyte DNA: effect of compounds that bind to DNS. Chemico-Biol Interact 8:113-126

 

Migeon BR, deBeur SJ, Axelman J (1989) Frequent derepression of G6PD and HPRT on                   the marsupial inactive X chromosome associated with cell proliferation*in vitro.* Exp Cell Res 182:597-609

 

Ohno S, Kaplan WD, Kinosita R (1960) The basis of nuclear sex difference in somatic cells of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Exp Cell Res 19:417-420

 

Pathak S, Elder FFB, Maxwell BL (1980) Asynaptic behavior of X and Y chromosomes                   in the Virginia opossum and the southern pygmy mouse. Cytogenet Cell Genet 26:142-149

 

Reig AO, Gardner AL, Bianchi NO, Patton JL (1977) The chromosomes of the Didelphidae (Marsupialia) and their evolutionary significance. Biol J Linn Soc 9: 191-216

 

Reiss JA, Neu RL, Kajii T, Gardner LI (1970) Late DNA replication in the sex chromosomes of *Didelphis virginiana.* Experientia 26:917-918

 

Robinson ES, Samollow PB, VanDeBerg JL, Johnston PG (1994) X--chromosome replication patterns in adult, newborn and prenatal opossums. Reprod Fert Devel 6: 533-540

 

Samollow PB, Ford AL, VanDeBerg JL (1987) X-linked gene expression in the Virginia opossum: differences between the paternally derived*Gpd*and*Pgk* -A loci. Genetics 115:185-195

 

Samollow PB, Johnston PG, Ford AL, VanDeBerg JL (1989) X-linked gene expression                  in metatherian fibroblasts: evidence from the*Gpd*and *Pgk* -A loci of the Virginia opossum and the red-necked wallaby. Biochem Genet 27:313-320

 

Samollow PB, Robinson ES, Ford AL, VanDeBerg JL (1995) Developmental progression                                                                             of*Gpd* expression from the inactive X chromosome of the Virginia opossum. Develop Genet 16: 367-378

 

Schneider LK (1970) RNA synthesis in the sex chromosomes of the opossum,*Didelphis**virginiana.* I. Female. Experientia 26:914-916

 

Schneider LK (1971) Evidence for the genetic activity in the sex chromosomes of                  the male opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Rec 169:420-421

 

Schneider LK (1972) Interpretation of sex chromosomal RNA synthesis in the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Can J Genet Cytol 14:905-909

 

Schneider LK (1973) Cell cycle determination of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Experientia 29: 468

 

Schneider LK (1977) Marsupial chromosomes, cell cycles and cytogenetics. In: Hunsaker DII (ed) The biology of marsupials. Academic Press, New York, chapt 2, pp 51-93

 

Schneider LK, Rieke WO (1967) DNA replication patterns and chromosomal protein synthesis in opossum lymphocytes*in vitro.* J Cell Biol 33:497-509

 

Shaver EL (1962) The chromosomes of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Can J Genet Cytol 4:62-68

 

Sinha AK (1967) Spontaneous occurrence of tetraploidy and near-haploidy in mammalian peripheral blood. Exp Cell Res 47:443-448

 

Sinha AK (1967) Heterochromatization in opossum, *Didelphys virginiana.* Experientia 23: 889-895

 

Sinha AK, Kakati S (1976) C- and G-bands of the opossum chromosomes: terminal sequences of DNA replication. Can J Genet Cytol 18:195-205

 

Sinha AK, Kakati S, Pathak S (1972) Exclusive localization of C-bands within opossum sex chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 75:265-268

 

Thrasher JD (1969) Preliminary estimates of the mean duration of the S-phase in                  the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Exp Cell Res 57:441-442

 

 

1.6    General Morphological Features

 

Blincoe H (1962) The structure of the nonmotile hindlimb of the pouch young opossum. Anat Rec 142:89-93

 

Coues E (1872) On the osteology and myology of*Didelphis virginiana.*With                   an appendix on the brain by Jeffries Wyman. Mem Boston Soc Nat Hist 2:41-154

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1983) Structure of the paws in*Didelphis virginiana.*                                                                              Anat Anz 154:329-335

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1978) General observations on the growth and development of the young pouch opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Biol Neonate 33:264-272

 

Ellsworth AF (1976) The North American opossum: an anatomical atlas. Robert E Krieger, Huntington, New York, pp 1-209

 

Haughton S (1866) Note on animal mechanics. IX. On the muscles of the marsupials. Proc Roy Irish Acad 9:469-487

 

Hulsey TK, Palotay JL, Dhindsa DS (1975) Development of the neonate opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Biol Neonate 27:177-183

 

Jenkins FA Jr, Weijs WA (1979) The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Zool 188:379-410

 

Kirsch JAW (1973) Notes for the dissection of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* 2nd edn, Yale Printing Service, pp 1-57

 

Lillegraven JA (1977) Review: The North American opossum: an anatomical atlas. J          Mammal 58:454-456

 

Pine RH (1973) Anatomical and nomenclatural notes on opossums. Proc Biol Soc Wash 86: 391-402

 

Stein BR (1981) Comparative limb myology of two opossums, *Didelphis* and*Chironectes.* J Morphol 169:113-140

 

Stone LS (1947) Development of the pouch young opossum,*Didelphys virginiana.* J Anat 81:397-398

 

Tyson E (1698) Carigueya, fur marfupiale americanum or, the anatomy of an opoffum. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond 20:105-164

 

Young AH (1880) The intrinsic muscles of the marsupial hand. J Anat 14:149-165

 

 

1.7    Energetics

 

Fleming MW, Harder JD, Wukie JJ (1981) Reproductive energetics of the Virginia opossum compared with some eutherians. Comp Biochem Physiol 70B:645-648 

 

Fournier RA, Weber J-M (1994) Locomotory energetics and metabolic fuel reserves                  of the Virginia opossum. J Exp Biol 197: 1-16

 

Hsu M, Harder JD, Lustick SI (1988) Seasonal energetics of opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) in Ohio. Comp Biochem Physiol 90A:441-443 

 

Lustick S, Lustick DD (1972) Energetics in the opossum*Didelphis marsupialis                  virginiana.* Comp Biochem Physiol 43A:643-647 

 

Maller O, Clark JM, Kare MR (1965) Short-term caloric regulation in the adult opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118:275-277 

 

Meyer MP, Morrison P (1961) Tissue slice respiration in the developing opossum.                   J Exp Zool 148:1-20 

 

Pippitt DD (1976) A radiotelemetric study of the winter energetics of the opossum*Didelphis**virginiana* Kerr. Ph D Thesis, Univ Kansas, Lawrence, pp 84

 

Weber JM, Fournier R, Grant C (1997) Glucose kinetics of the Virginia opossum -         possible implications for predicting glucose turnover in mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol 118: 713-719

 

Weber JM, O’Conner T (2000) Energy metabolism of the Virginia opossum during fasting and exercise. J Exp Biol 203: 1365-1371

 

 

1.8    Temperature Regulation

 

Dills G (1971) Telemetered thermal responses of the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*). J Alabama Acad Sci 42:204 

 

Dills GG, Manganiello T (1973) Diel temperature fluctuations of the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana virginiana*). J Mammal 54:763-765

 

Gemmell RT, Turner SJ, Krause WJ (1997) The circadian rhythm of body temperature                   of four marsupials. J Therm Biol 22:301-307 

 

Higginbotham AC, Koon WE (1955) Temperature regulation in the Virginia opossum.                                                                             Am J Physiol 181:69-71 

 

McManus JJ (1969) Temperature regulation in the opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.* J Mammal 50:550-558 

 

Morrison P, Petajan JH (1962) The development of temperature regulation in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Physiol Zool 35:52-65 

 

Petajan JH, Morrison P (1962) Physical and physiological factors modifying the development of temperature regulation in the opossum. J Exp Zool 149:45-57 

 

Petejan JH, Morrison P, Akert K (1962) Localization of central nervous control of temperature regulation in the opossum. J Exp Zool 150:225-231 

 

Rink R, Miller JA Jr (1967) Temperature, weight (=age), and resistance to asphyxia in pouch-young opssums. Cryobiology 4:24-29 

 

Treagust DF, Folk GE Jr, Randall W, Folk MA (1979) The circadian rhythm of body                  temperature of unrestrained opossums,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Therm Biol 4:251-255

 

 Treagust DF, Randall W, Folk GE Jr (1980) A fourier regression analysis of                                                                             body temperature of the American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*  J Interdiscip Cycle Res 11:135-144 

 

Walker JM, Berger RJ (1980) The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and                                                                             thermoregulation in the Virginia opossum. Develop Psychobiol 13:443-445

 

 

1.9    Behavior

 

Allen CH (1985) Movement, habitat use and denning of opossums in the Georgia piedmont. Am Midl Nat 113: 408-412

 

Angermeier WF, McLean J, Minvielle D, Grue C (1987) Food-rewarded operant learning in the opossum. Bull Psychon Soc 25:23-26 

 

Angermeier WF, McLean JI, Minvielle D (1986) Some variables affecting feeding cycles in the opossum. Bull Psychon Soc 24:459-461 

 

Austad SN (1993) Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (*Didelphis**virginiana*). J Zool 229: 695-708

 

Austad SN, Sunquist ME (1986) Sex-ratio manipulation in the common opossum. Nature 324: 58-60

 

Barratt ES (1965) EEG correlates of tonic immobility in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 18:709-711 

 

Bergquist EH (1970) Output pathways of hypothalamic mechanisms for sexual, aggressive, and other motivated behaviors in opossum. J Comp Physiol Psychol 70:389-398 

 

Bombardieri RA, Johnson JI (1969) Daily activity schedule of captive opossums. Psychon Sci 17:135-136 

 

Buchholz D (1976) Spontaneous and centrally induced behaviors in normal and thalamic opossums. J Comp Physiol Psych 90:898-908

 

Bunch RW, Narayanan CH, Narayanan Y (1981) An apparatus for observing behavior of pouch-young opossums. Brain Res Bull 6:183-187

 

Cheney CD, Eldred NL (1980) Lithium-chloride-induced aversions in the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Physiol Psychol 8: 383-385

 

Cone DM, Cone AL (1968) Cage activity in the Virginia opossum. Psychon Sci 10:259-260 

 

Cone AL, Cone DM (1970) Operant conditioning of Virginia opossum. Psychol Rep 26:83-86

 

Doolittle JH, Weimer J (1968) Spatial probability learning in the Virginian opossum. Psychon Sci 13:191 

 

Francq EN (1969) Behavioral aspects of feigned death in the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.* Am Midl Nat 81:556-568 

 

Friedman H (1964) Taming of the Virginia opossum. Nature 201:323-324 

 

Friedman H, Marshall DA (1965) Position reversal training in the Virginia opossum: evidence for the acquisition of learning set. Quart J Exp Psychol 17:250-254 

 

Gabrielsen GW, Smith EN (1985) Physiological responses associated with feigned death in the American opossum. Acta Physiol Scand 123:393-398 

 

Gantt WH, Newton JEO, Royer FL, Stephens JH (1991) Effect of person. Integ Physiol Behav Sci 26: 146-160

 

German RZ, Crompton AW (1996) Ontogeny of suckling mechanisms in opossums (*Didelphis**virginiana)*. Brain Behav Evol 48: 157-164

 

Hayssen VD (1985) A comparison of the reproductive biology of metatherian (marsupial) and eutherian (placental) mammals with special emphasis on sex differences in the behavior of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Ph D Thesis, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, New York, pp 345

 

Herring FH, Mason DJ, Doolittle JH, Starrett DE (1966) The Virginia opossum in psychological research. Psychol Rep 19:755-757 

 

Holmes DJ (1987) Social complexity and potential for chemocommunication in captive Virginia opossums,*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr. Ph D Thesis, Bowling Green State Univ, Bowling Green, Ohio, pp 195

 

Holmes DJ (1990) Social and other correlates of scent marking in captive Virginia opossums, *Didelphis virginiana*Kerr. In: Macdonald DW, Natynczuk SE, Muller-Schwarze D (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates. 5. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp 451-458 

 

Holmes DJ (1991) Social behavior in captive Virginia opossums,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Mammal 72:402-410 

 

Holmes DJ (1992) Odors as cues for orientation to mothers by weanling Virginia opossums. J Chem Ecol 18:2251-2259

 

Holmes DJ (1992) Sternal odors as cues for social discrimination by female Virginia opossums, *Didelphis virginiana.* J Mammal 73:286-291 

 

Holmes Meisner D (1986) History and gross morphology of the sexually dimorphic sternal gland in the North American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr. In: Duvall D, Muller-Schwarze D, Silverstein RM (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates. 4. Ecology, evolution, and comparative biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 579-585

 

Hunsaker DII, Shyse D (1977) Behavior of New World marsupials. In: Hunsaker DII(ed) The biology of marsupials.Academic Press, New York, Chapt 5, pp 279-347 

 

James WT (1937) An experimental study of the defense mechanisms in the opossum,                  with emphasis on natural behavior and its relation to mode of life. J Genet Psychol 51:95-100 

 

James WT (1955) The behavior of the opossum in the Guthrie-Horton puzzle box. J                                                                             Genet Psychol 87:203-206 

 

James WT (1958) Conditioned responses in the opossum. J Genet Psychol 93:179-183                                                                             

 

James WT (1959) Behavior of the opossum in the Fink arrow maize. J Genet Psychol                                                                             94:199-203 

 

James WT (1960) A study of visual discrimination in the opossum. J Genet Psychol                                                                             97:127-130 

 

James WT (1980) A test of the Virginia opossum's preference for sweets. Bull Psychon Soc 16:65-66 

 

James WT, McFarland J (1966) A study of form discrimination in the opossum. J Psychol 64:193-198 

 

James WT, Turner WW (1963) Experimental study of maze learning in young opossums. Psychol Rep 13:921-922

 

Kimble DP (1997) Didelphid behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21: 361-369

 

King OM (1961) A note on opossum behavior. J Mammal 42: 397 

 

Ladine TA, Kissell RE (1994) Escape behavior of Virginia opossums. Am Midl Nat 132: 234-238

 

Langley WM (1979) Preference of the striped skunk and opossum for auditory over                  visual prey stimuli. Carnivore 2: 31-34

 

Langworthy OR (1925) The development of progression and posture in young opossums. Am J Physiol 74:1-13 

 

Langworthy OR (1928) The behavior of pouch-young opossums correlated with the myelinization of tracts in the nervous system. J Comp Neurol 46:201-240 

 

McManus JJ (1967) Observations on sexual behavior of the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.* J Mammal 48:486-487 

 

McManus JJ (1970) Behavior of captive opossums,*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.* Am Midl Nat 84:144-169

 

McManus JJ (1971) Activity of captive*Didelphis marsupialis.* J Mammal 52: 846-848 

 

Norton AC, Beran AV, Misrahy GA (1964) Electroencephalograph during "feigned" sleep in the opossum. Nature 204:162-163 

 

Platt JJ, James WT (1967) Response to stimulus change in the opossum. J Psychol   67:85-89 

 

Platt JJ, James WT (1966) Social facilitation of eating behavior in young opossums. 1. Group vs solitary feeding. Psychon Sci 6: 421-422

 

Platt JJ, Sutker LW, James WT (1968) Social facilitation of eating behavior in young opossums. II. The effects of isolation. Psychon Sci 10:267-268 

 

Platt JJ, Yaksh T, James WT (1968) Response to environmental stimulus change in                  young opossums. Perceptual Motor Skills 26:43-46 

 

Pressman TG, Doolittle JH (1966) Taste preferences in the Virginia opossum. Psychol Rep 18:875-878 

 

Raven HC (1929) A case of matricide in the opossum. J Mammal 10:168 

 

Roberts WW, Bergquist EH, Robinson TCL (1969) Thermoregulatory grooming and sleep-like relaxation induced by local warming of preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus in opossum. J Comp Physiol Psych 67:182-188 

 

Roberts WW, Steinberg ML, Means LW (1967) Hypothalamic mechanisms for sexual, aggressive, and other motivational behaviors in the opossium,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Physiol Psychol 64:1-15 

 

Russell EM (1984) Social behaviour and social organization of marsupials. Mammal                   Rev 14:101-154

 

Ryser J (1992) The mating system and male mating success of the Virginia opossum                                                                             (*Didelphis**virginiana*) in Florida. J Zool 228:127-139

 

Seidensticker J, Lumpkin S (1989) Playing possum is serious business for our only marsupial. Smithsonian 20:108-119 

 

Seidensticker J, O'Connell MA, Johnsingh AJT (1987) Virginia opossum In : Novack                    M, Baker JA, Obberd ME, Malloch B (eds) Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada, Chapt 23, pp 247-261

 

Stasiak M, Masterton RB (1996) Auditory quality cues are more effective than auditory location cues in a R no R (go no go) differentiation - the extension of the rule to primitive mammals (American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana)*. Acta Neurobiol Exper 56: 949-953

 

Tamar H (1961) Taste reception in the opossum and the bat. Physiol Zool 34:86-91       

 

Thexton AJ, Crompton AW (1989) Effect of sensory input from the tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the opossum. J Exp Zool 250:233-243 

 

Tilley MW, Doolittle JH, Mason DJ (1966) Olfactory discrimination learning in the Virginia opossum. Perceptual Motor Skills 23:845-846 

 

Tilley MW, Doolittle JH, Mason DJ (1966) Spontaneous alternation in the Virginia                    opossum. Psychol Rep 19:593-594 

 

Twyver HV, Allison T (1970) Sleep in the opossum*Didelphis marsupialis.*Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 29:181-189 

 

Walker JM, Berger RJ (1980) The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and                   thermoregulation in the Virginia opossum. Develop Psychobiol 13:443-454 

 

Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental animal for psychiatric research: the opossum, (*Didelphis virginiana*) Science 119:360-361 

 

Wright DD (1989) Mortality and dispersal of juvenile opossums, *Didelphis virginiana.* MS Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville

 

 

1.10  Husbandry

 

Brooks MB (1959) Care and management of opossums: their use in pediatric research. Proc Animal Care Panel 9:167-171 

 

Burns RK, Burns LM (1957) Observations on the breeding of the American opossum in Florida. Rev Suisse Zool 64:595-605 

 

Coghill GE (1939) Studies on rearing the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana)*.                    Ohio J Sci 39:239-249 

 

Farris, E J (1950) The opossum. In: Farris EJ (ed) The care and breeding of laboratory animals. John Wiley & Sons, New York 

 

Feldman DB, Ross PW (1975) Methods for obtaining neonates of known age from the                   Virginia opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 25:437-439

 

 

Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and anesthesia of the Virginia opossum, *Didelphis**virginiana.* Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720 

 

Feldman DB, Self JL (1973) Establishment of a helminth-free opossum colony. Lab                   Anim Sci 23:855-857 

 

Fritz HI (1971) Maintenance of the common opossum. Int Zool Yearbook 11:46-49

 

Funk RS (2000) Opossum medicine. N Am Vet Conf Vet Proc 14: 1003 

 

Harder JD, Fleming MW (1982) Husbandry of a small breeding colony of opossums (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 32:547-549 

 

Heuser CH, Hartman CG (1928) Some old and forgotten observations upon the breeding habits of the opossum. J Mammal 9:61-62 

 

Jurgelski W Jr (1974) The opossum (*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr) as a biomedical model. I. Research perspective, husbandry, and laboratory technics. Lab Anim Sci 24:376-403 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Forsythe W, Dahl D, Thomas LD, Moore JA, Kotin P, Falk HL, Vogel                    FS (1974) The opossum (*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr) as a biomedical model. II. Breeding the opossum in captivity: facility design. Lab Anim Sci 24:404-411 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Porter ME (1974) The opossum (*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr)                                                                             as a biomedical model. III. Breeding the opossum in captivity: methods. Lab Anim Sci 24:412-425 

 

Krupp JH, Quillin R (1964) A review of the use of the opossum for research-husbandry, experimental techniques and routine health measures. Lab Anim Care 14:189-194 

 

Mizell M, Ramsey DE, Warringer RA, Spencer R (1970) Laboratory development and use of the American opossum, *Didelphys virginiana.* Am Zool 10: 539

 

Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on reproduction in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana virginiana*). Univ Calif Publ Zool 52:223-283 

 

Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1969) The opossum,*Didelphis**virginiana*, as a laboratory animal. Lab Anim Care 19:494-499

 

Thomason JJ, Russell AP (1986) A plastic cage for restraint of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) Lab Anim Sci 36:547-549 

 

 

1.11  Use as Model

 

Adzick NS, Longaker MT (1991) Animal models for the study of fetal tissue repair. J Surg Res 51:216-222 

 

Baudinette R, Skinner J (2001)  Marsupials as models for biomedical research. ANZCCART News 14(3):1-3

 

Block M (1960) Wound healing in the new-born opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Nature 187:340-341

 

Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggrawal S, Conklin JL, Ephgrave KS, Mitros FA (2000) Effect                    of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: A model of acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg 232: 202-207

 

Fleming MW, Tassava RA (1981) Preamputation and postamputation histology of the                                                                    neonatal opossum hindlimb: implications for regeneration experiments. J Exp Zool 215:143-149

 

Jurgelski W Jr (1983) An alternative animal model for perinatal carcinogenesis.                                                                             Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol 4:3-16 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Induction of seizures in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupials virginiana* Kerr) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis - a new model for experimental epilepsy. Fed Proc 31:304 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1972) Ethyl nitrosourea carcinogenesis in the neonatal marsupial (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana* Kerr) - a new animal model for oncogenesis. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 13:93 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1976) Embryonal neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid tumors of infancy and childhood. Science 193:328-332 

 

Jurgelski, W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Zimmerman LE, Henry JM, Palmer N (1977) Experimentally induced dysontogenetic tumors in the opossum: a clinicopathological and histo-pathological comparison with analogous neoplasms of man and other animals. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 18:104 

 

Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Sengupta A, Saluja M, Steer ML (1995) Relationship between                    severity, necrosis, and apoptosis in five models of experimental acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol 269: C1295-C1304

 

Kelln EE, Komori A (1968) Potential of the opossum in oral research. J Dent Res                                                                             47:338

 

Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Rünzi M, Dawra R, Saluja M, Steer ML (1993) Pancreatic                                                                 duct obstruction triggers acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum. Gastroentorology 104:853-861

 

Mizell M, Isaacs JJ (1970) Induced regeneration of hindlimbs in the newborn opossum. Am Zool 10:141-155 

 

Moore CR, Bodian D (1940) Opossum pouch young as experimental material. Anat Rec                    76:319-327 

 

New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536 

 

New DAT, Mizell M, Cockroft DL (1977) Growth of opossum embryos*in vitro*                   during organogenesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 41:111-123 

 

Northway MG, Libshitz HI, West JJ, Withers HR, Mukhopadhyay AK, Osborne BM, Szwarc IA, Dodd GD (1979) The opossum as an animal model for studying radiation esophagitis. Radiology 131:731-735 

 

Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693 

 

Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol144:564-566

 

Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130

 

Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental animal for psychiatric research: the opossum, *Didelphis**virginiana.*Science 119:360-361

 

 

1.12  Experimental Techniques using *Didelphis*

 

Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and anesthesia of the Virginia opossum,*Didelphis**virginiana.* Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720

 

Jackson RK (1971) Experimental talipes in the Virginia opossum. Clin Orthopaed Related Res 81:152-157 

 

Jurgelski W Jr (1971) Administration of test materials to the neonatal North American opossum (*Didelphys marsupialis virginiana*Kerr). Lab Anim Sci 21:748-751 

 

La Regina MC, Lonigro J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988) Valvular endocarditis associated with experimental *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* infection in the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161 

 

Moore DM (1984) A simple technique for blood collection in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Lab Anim 18:52-54

 

Nelsen OE, White EL (1941) A method for inducing ovulation in the anoestrous opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Anat Rec 81:529-535 

 

New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536

 

Northway MG, Libshitz HI, Szwarc IA (1979) A technique for barium esophagram in                   the opossum. Lab Anim Sci 29:534-537 

 

Parmelee AH, Brooks MB, Stone RS (1960) The effect of high oxygen concentrations                                                                             on the opossum pouch young (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Rec 136:73-78 

 

Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693 

 

Spagnoli DB, Fidler SF, Carmichael SW, Culberson JL (1979) Perfusion fixation of                    the newborn opossum: equipment and techniques. Lab Anim Sci 29:246-248 

 

Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol 144:564-566 

 

Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, and LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal          dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130 

 

 

1.13  Experimental (Induced) Pathologies

 

Amundson TE, Yuill TM, DeFoliar GR (1985) Experimental La Crosse virus infection                    of red fox (*Vulpes fulva*), raccoon (*Procyon lotor*), opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*), and woodchuck (*Marmota monax*). Am J Trop Med Hyg 34:586-595

 

Andrews EJ (1973) Methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1217-1225 

 

Bowen GS (1976) Experimental infection of North American mammals with epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25:891-899 

 

Box ED, Duszynski DW (1978) Experimental transmission of*Sarcocystis* from                    icterid birds to sparrows and canaries by sporocysts from the opossum. J Parasitol 64:682-688

 

Darling ST (1910) Sarcosporidiosis in the opossum and its experimental production in the guinea pig by the intramuscular injection of sporozites. Bull Soc Path Exot 3:513-518 

 

Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Gajadhar AA, Williams NM, Mccrillus SA, Stamper S, Langemeier JL, Dubey JP (1997) Experimental induction of equine myeloencephalitis in horses using *Sarcocystis* sp., sporocysts from the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Vet Parasitol 68: 199-213

 

Gandolfi R, Culbertson R (1983) Corticosteroid-induced death in an opossum. J Am        Vet Med Assoc 183:1277-1279 

 

Johnson JI, Hamilton TC, Hsung J-C, and Ulinski PS (1972) Gracile nucleus absent                                                                      in adult opossums after leg removal in infancy. Brain Res 38:421-424

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM (1971) The response of the pituitary-thyroid axis of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*Kerr) to chronic neonatal administration of Aminotriazole. Fed Proc 30: 294

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Rickets associated with triparanol induced intestinal lesions in the marsupial (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana* Kerr). Anat Rec 172:339

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Falk HL (1979) Tissue differentiation and susceptibility to embryonal tumor induction by ethylnitrosourea in the opossum. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr No 51:123-158

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1976) Embryonal neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid tumors of infancy and childhood. Science 193:328-332 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Henery JM, Falk HL (1978) Chemically induced ganglioglioma in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*Kerr). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 37: 638

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Vogel FS (1973) Induction of a chronic somatosensory                   epilepsy in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Brain Res 64:466-471 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Boyd C (1972) Induction of seizures on the opossum (*Didelphis**marsupialis virginiana*) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. II. Relationship between seizure induction, brain sterol composition, and drug configuration. J Cell Biol 55:126A 

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Zimmerman LE, Falk HL, Kotin P (1974) Induction of malignant intraocular medulloepitheliomas in opossums orally exposed to a chemical carcinogen (ethyl nitrosourea) early in postnatal life. Am J Pathol 74:40A

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Alderson G, Hudson P (1973) Odontogenic tumor induction in the opossum by a chemical carcinogen. J Dent Res 52:201

 

Jurgelski W Jr, Palmer NF, Hudson PM, Falk HL (1980) Chemical induction of embryonal renal tumors: an accurate model for pediatric renal neoplasia. Fed Proc 39: 331

 

La Regina MC, Lonigro J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988) Valvular endocarditis associated with experimental*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* infection in the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161 

 

Larsen F, Schlarman D, Andrus CC, Kaminski DL (1991) The effect of the CCK receptor antagonist CR 1409 on bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Pancreas 6:291-297 

 

Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Dawra R, Ramarao P, Saluja M, Steer ML (1992) Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum: earliest morphological changes involve acinar cells. Gastroenterology 103:205-213 

 

Lindsay DS, Hendrix CM, Blagburn BL (1988) Experimental*Cryptosporidium parvum*infections in opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Wildl Dis 24:157-159

 

Malek EA (1970) Further studies on mammalian susceptibility to experimental infection with *Heterobilharzia americana.*J Parasitol 56:64-66 

 

Mizell M (1975) Tumour induction*in vivo* : major events leading to tumorigenesis in embryos inoculated with oncogenic herpes viruses. IARC Sci Pub No11: 121-132 

 

Moore CG, Schnurrenberger PR (1981) Experimental infection of opossums with *Brucella**abortus.* J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1113-1116 

 

Prasad N, Bushong SC, MacIntyre RS (1973) Radiocytogenetic effects on bone marrow cells of opossum*in vivo.* Can J Genet Cytol 15:123-126

 

Prasad N, Bushong SC, North LB, Thornby J (1976) Radiation lethality in the opossum. Rad Res 68:514-517 

 

Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC (1973)*In vivo* and*in vitro* response of opossum testes to ionizing radiation: morphological and enzymatic studies. J Cell Biol 59:270A

 

Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum. Experientia 33: 263-264

 

Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on testicular cells of opossum. Strahlentherapie 153:470-473 

 

Prestwood AK, Nettles VF, Farrell RL (1977) Pathologic manifestations of experimentally and naturally acquired lungworm infections in opossums. Am J Vet Res 38:529-532 

 

Ramirez R, Brems J, Lee T, Kaminski DL (1984) The effect of 16, 16-dimenthyl prostaglandin E2 on experimental bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Surg Gastroenterol 3:60-68

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood BF, LeMay JC (1970) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). I. Valvular changes following a single injection of bacteria in unmodified adult opossums. Am J Pathol 58:295-304 

 

Senninger N (1992) Bile-induced pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 24 :(Suppl1), 68-73 

 

Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693 

 

Sevy CE, Cameron TP (1968) Two cases of infection with acid-fast bacteria in the                    opossum (*Didelphis virginiana)*. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 4:22-23 

 

Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, LeMay JC (1971) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). III. Comparison of spontaneously occurring endocarditis with that induced experimentally by pyogenic bacteria and fungi. Am J Pathol 64:513-520 

 

Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130 

 

Vakilzadeh J, Rowlands DT Jr, Sherwood BF, LeMay JC (1970) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). II. Induction of endocarditis with a single injection of *Streptococcus viridans.*J Infect Dis 122:89-92 

 

Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood BF, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1971) Experimental study of pulmonary adenomas in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 21:224-228 

 

White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL (1989) A comparison of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum, armadillo and ferret. Lab Anim Sci 39:47-50 

 

White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL (1989) Chemotherapy of experimental visceral   leishmaniasis in the opossum. J Parasitol 75:176-178 

 

White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL, Latimer KS, Greene CE (1989) Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum. Vet Pathol 26:314-321 

 

Yaeger RG (1971) Transmission of*Trypanosoma cruzi*infection to opossums                   via the oral route. J Parasitol 57:1375-1376 

 

 

1.14  Diseases : Natural Pathologies

 

Almgren CM, McClure DE (2000) Granulomatous pneumonia in the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*) associated with an intracellular fungal agent. Comparative Med 50: 323-328

 

Barr TRB (1963) Infectious diseases in the opossum: a review. J Wildl Mgmt 27:53-71

 

Barrie MT, Snyder RL (1986) Multiple primary neoplasms in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1160-1161

 

Brown CC (1988) Endogenous lipid pneumonia in opossums from Louisiana. J Wildl Dis 24:214-219

 

Finlayson R (1965) Spontaneous arterial disease in exotic animals. J Zool 147:229-343

 

Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1973) Carcinosarcoma in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:586-588

 

Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1974) Epidermoid cysts in opossums. Cornell Vet 64:89-93

 

Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1975) Renal agenesis in guinea pig and opossum. Lab Anim Sci 25:238-240

 

Harari Y, Calabuig R, Moody F, Castro G (1991) Immunological sensitization of opossum gallbladder by naturally acquired stomach roundworm infection. Comp Biochem Physiol 99C:531-535

 

Kaufman E, Pokras M, Jakowski R (1988) Biliary adenocarcinoma in a Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Companion Anim Pract 2:38-40

 

Koller LD (1972) Cutaneous papillomas on an opossum. J Nat Cancer Inst 49:309-313

 

LaPlante ES, Burrell RG (1966) Bacterial endocarditis in opossums. Bull Widl Dis          Assoc 2:10-12

 

Long GG, Stookey JL, Terrell TG, Whitney GD (1975) Fibrous osteodystrophy in an                                                                             opossum. J Wildl Dis 11:221-223

 

Lu Y-S, Rehg J, Lawton G (1982) Acute hepatitis in an opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) infected with*Salmonella turnidorp.* Lab Anim Sci 32:193-194

 

McConnell EE, Talley FA (1977) Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the adrenal                   medulla of laboratory animals. Vet Pathol 14:435-440

 

Musher DM, Richie Y (1974) Bacterial clearance and endocarditis in American opossums. Infect Immunol 9:1126-1128

 

Potkay S (1970) Diseases of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*): a review. Lab Anim Care 20:502-511

 

Potkay S (1977) Diseases of marsupials. In: Hunsaker D II (ed) The biology of marsupials. Academic Press, New York, Chapt 8, pp 415-506

 

Prater MR, Duncan RB, Gaydos J (1999) Characterization of metastatic intestinal                   adenocarcinoma with differentiation into multiple morphologic cell types in a Virginia opossum. Vet Pathol 36: 463-468 

 

Richardson DJ, Barnawell EB (1995) Histopathology of*Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa* (Oligacanthorhynchidae) infection in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Helminthol Soc Wash 62: 253-256 

 

Robinson JA, Johnson D (1974) Evidence of immune glomerulitis complex in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Am J Vet Res 35:543-546

 

Runkel NS, Rodriguez LF, LaRocco MT, Moody FG (1990) Mechanisms of pancreatic infection in acute pancreatitis in opossums. Current Surg 47:460-462

 

Runkel NS, Rodriguez LF, Moody FG, LaRocco MT, Blasdel T (1991) *Salmonella* infection of the biliary and intestinal tract of wild opossums. Lab Anim Sci 41:54-56

 

Schneider P, Busch U, Meister H, Qasem Q, Wuensch PH (1999) Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). A comparison of MFH in man and animals. A critical review. Histol Histopathol 14: 845-860

 

Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB (1969) Pulmonary adenomatosis in opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1102-1107

 

Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1968) Bacterial endocarditis,                                                                             glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Am J Pathol 53:115-126

 

Smith JH, Meier JL, Neill PJG, Box ED (1987) Pathogenesis of *Sarcocystis falcatula* in the budgerigar. I. Early pulmonary schizogony. Lab Invest 56:60-71

 

Smith JH, Meier JL, Neill PJG, Box ED (1987) Pathogenesis of*Sarcocystis falcatula* in the budgerigar. II. Pulmonary pathology. Lab Invest 56:72-84

 

Snyder DE, Hamir AN, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE (1991) Lung lesions in an opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) associated with*Capillaria didelphis.* J Wildl Dis 27:175-177

 

Toft JD, Pucak GJ, Bullock BC (1973) Basal-cell tumor in a Virginia opossum (*Didelphis**marsupialis*). Lab Anim Sci 23:431-433

 

 

1.15  Parasitology : Bacteriology : Virology

 

Alden KJ (1995) Helminths of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*, in Southern Illinois, with a compilation of all helminths reported from this host in North America. J Helminthol Soc Wash 62: 197-208

 

Aliff JV (1970) A search for *Trypanosoma cruzi* in Kentucky opossums. Trans Kentucky Acad Sci 31:104 

 

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Forrester DJ (1992) Parasites and diseases of wild mammals in Florida. Univ Press Florida, Gainsville

 

Godsey MS Jr, Amundson TE, Burgess EC, Schell W, Davis JP, Kaslow R, Edelman R (1987) Lyme disease ecology in Wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of*Ixodes dammini*, and prevalence of antibody to*Borrelia burgdorferi* in small mammals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37:180-187

 

Gray JB, Anderson RC (1982) Observations on *Turgida turgida*(Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in the American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Wildl Dis 18:279-285 

 

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Hegner, Ratcliffe H (1927) Trichomonads from the vagina of the monkey, from the                    mouth of the cat and man, and from the intestine of monkey, opossum and prairie dog. J Parasitol 14:27-35 

 

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Jack SW, Van Alstine WG, Swackhamer J (1989) *Besnoitiasis* in Indiana opossums. J Vet Diag Invest 1:189-191 

 

John DT, Hoppe KL (1990) Susceptibility of wild mammals to infection with *Naegleria fowleri.* J Parasitol 76:865-868 

 

Joseph T (1973)*Coccidia* from the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana* (Kerr). Proc Indiana Acad Sci 83:467 

 

Joseph T (1974)*Eimeria indianensis* sp n and an*Isospora* sp from the opossum *Didelphis**virginiana* (Kerr). J Protozool 21:12-15 

 

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Olson CA, Werner PA (1999) Oral rabies vaccine contact by raccoons and nontarget                                                                             species in a field trial in Florida. J Wildl Dis 35: 687-695

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Patton S, Funk RS (1992) Serologic response of the opossum *Didelphis virginiana* to a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts-4) of *Toxoplasma gondii.* J Parasitol 78:741-743 

 

Pence DB, Little MD (1972)*Anatrichosoma buccalis* sp n (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the buccal mucosa of the common opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis* L. J Parasitol 58:767-773 

 

Premvati G, Bair TD (1979) Trematode parasites of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*, from Florida. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 46:207-212 

 

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Pung OJ, Durden LA, Banks CW, Jones DN (1994) Ectoparasites of opossums and raccoons in southeastern Georgia. J Med Entomol 31: 915-919

 

Pung OJ, Banks CW, Jones DN, Krissinger MW (1995) *Trypanosoma cruzi*in wild raccoons, opossums, and triatomine bugs in southeast Georgia, USA . J Parasitol 81: 324-326

 

Richardson DJ (1993) Acanthocephala of the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) in Arkansas, with a note on the life history of*Centrorhynchus wardae*(Centrorhynchidae). J Helminthol Soc Wash 60: 128-130

 

Richardson DJ, Barnwell EB (1995) Histopathology of *Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa* (Oligacanthorhynchidae) infection in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Helminthol Soc Wash 62: 253-256 

 

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Saville WJ, Reed SM, Morley PS, Granstrom DE, Kohn CW, Hinchcliff KW, Wittum TE        (2000) Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217: 1174-1180

 

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Smith DD, Frenkel JK (1995) Prevalence of antibodies to *Toxoplasma gondii*                     in wild mammals of Missouri and east central Kansas: biologic and ecologic considerations of transmissions. J Wild Dis 31: 15-21

 

Smith JL, Bowman DD, Little MD (1983) Life cycle and development of*Lagochilascaris sprenti*(Nematoda: ascarididae) from opossums (Marsupialia: didelphidae) in Louisiana. J Parasitol 69:736-745 

 

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Toaston FL, Christain FA (1977)  Parasitic mites of opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis*, from the east Baton Rouge                                                                             area in Louisiana. Proc La Acad Sci 40: 126

 

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Zimmermann RH, McWherter GR, Bloemer SR (1988) Medium-sized mammal hosts of *Amblyomma americanum*and *Dermacentor variabilis* (Acari: Ixodidae) at Land Between the Lakes, Tennessee, and effects of integrated tick management on host infestations. J Med Entomol 25: 461-466 

 

 

1.16  Guanylate Cyclase : Guanylin : Uroguanylin : Lymphoguanylin

 

Fan X, Hamra FK, Freeman RH, Eber SL, Krause WJ, Lim RW, Pace VM, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996) Uroguanylin: cloning of preprouroguanylin cDNA, mRNA expression in the intestine and heart and isolation of uroguanylin and prouroguanylin from plasma. Biochem Biophy Res Comm 219: 457-462

 

Fan X, Wang Y, London RM, Eber SL, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997) Signaling pathways for guanylin and uroguanylin in the digesative, renal, central nervous, reproductive and lymphoid systems. Endocrinology 138:4636-4648

 

Forte LR, Eber SL, Fan X, London RM, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Chin DT, Freeman RH, Krause WJ (1999) Lymphoguanylin: Cloning and characterization of a unique member of the guanylin peptide family. Endocrinology 140: 1800-1806

 

Forte LR, Freeman RH, Krause WJ, London RM (1999) Guanylin peptides: cyclic GMP                                                                             signaling mechanisms. Brazil J Med Biol Res 32: 1329-1336

 

Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1988) Receptors and cGMP signaling mechanism for *E coli*enterotoxin in opossum kidney. Am J Physiol 255:F1040-F1046

 

Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1989) *Escherichia coli* enterotoxin receptors: localization in opossum kidney, intestine, and testis. Am J Physiol 257:F874-F881

 

Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1993) Guanylin bioactivity in human intestinal                    and opossum kidney cells. In: Brown BL, Dobson PR (eds) Advances in second messenger and phosphoprotein research. Raven Press, New York, Vol 28, pp 133-138

 

Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Francis SH, Corbin JD (1992) Regulation of intestinal chloride channels by*E coli*heat-stable enterotoxin: molecular mechanisms. In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan CK (eds) Recent advances in toxinology research. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Vol 3, pp 485-500

 

Forte LR, Thorne PK, Eber SL, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Francis SH, Corbin JD (1992) Simulation of intestinal Cl transport by heat-stable enterotoxin: activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by cGMP. Am J Physiol 263:C607-C615

 

Forte LR, London RM, Freeman RF, Krause, WJ (2000) Guanylin peptides: renal actions mediated by cyclic GMP. Am J Physiol 278: F180-F191

 

Forte LR, London RM, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (2000) Mechanisms of guanylin action         via cyclic GMP in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 62: 673-695

 

Hamra FK, Forte LR, Eber SL, Pidhorodeckyj NV, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Chin DT, Tomkins JA, Fok KR, Smith CE, Duffin KL, Siegel NR, Currie MG (1993) Uroguanylin: structure and activity of a second endogenous peptide that stimulates guanylate cyclase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90:10464-10468

 

Hamra FK, Krause WJ, Eber SL, Freeman RH, Smith CE, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996) Opossum colonic mucosa contains uroguanylin and guanylin peptides. Am J Physiol 270: G708- G716

 

Hamra FK, Fan X, Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Chin DT, Smith CE, Currie MG, Forte LR (1996) Prouroguanylin and proguanylin: purification from colon, structure, and modulation of bioactivity by proteases. Endocrinology 137: 257-265

 

Krause WJ, Cullingford GL, Freeman RH, Eber SL, Richardson KC, Fok KF, Currie MG, Forte LR (1994) Distribution of heat-stable enterotoxin/guanylin receptors in the intestinal tract of man and other mammals. J Anat 184: 407-417

 

Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1990) Autoradiographic demonstration of specific binding sites for*E coli* enterotoxin in various epithelia of the North American opossum. Cell Tissue Res 260:387-394

 

Krause WJ, Forte LR, Hamra FK, Freeman RH (1997) The North American opossum, *Didelphis**virginiana*: an importaant model for mechanistic studies of secretory diarrhoea and fluid-volume homeostasis. In: Saunders NR, Hinds LA (eds) Marsupial biology : recent research, new perspectives. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Chapt 17, pp 289- 309

 

Krause WJ, London RM, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997) The guanylin and uroguanylin peptide hormones and their receptors. Acta Anat 160:213-231

 

White AA, Krause WJ, Turner JT, Forte LR (1989) Opossum kidney contains a functional receptor for the *Escherichia coli* heat-stable enterotoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 159:363-367

 

 

1.17  Lipids

 

Brumleve SJ, Musacchia JX (1960) A study of some lipids in tissues of the opossum. J Mammal 41:311-314

 

Wilber CG (1952) Notes on the lipids in some wild animals. J Mammal 33:105

 

 

1.18  Musculo-Skeletal System

 

Barghusen HR, Hopson JA (1979) The endoskeleton: the comparative anatomy of the                                                                             skull and the visceral skeleton. In: Wake MH (ed) Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy. 3rd ed, Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 301-326

 

Black JD (1935) Vitality of the Virginia opossum as exhibited in the skeleton. J                                                              Mammal 16:223

 

Blincoe H (1962) The structure of the nonmotile hindlimb of the pouch young opossum. Anat Rec 142: 89-93 

 

Bowen JM (1975) Comparative electrophysiology and pharmacology of mammalian (including one marsupial) intercostal muscle biopsy preparations. Am J Vet Res 36:1619-1622 

 

Boyde A, Hobdell MH (1969) Scanning electron microscopy of primary membrane bone. Z Zellforsch 99:89-108

 

Bridgman CF, Shumpert EE, Eldred E (1969) Insertions of intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles of the cat and other mammals. Anat Rec 164:391-401 

 

Cheng C-C (1955) The development of the shoulder region of the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana,* with special reference to the musculature. J Morphol 97:415-471 

 

Coghill GE (1938) Early movements of the opossum with special reference to the walking gait. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 39:31-35 

 

Coues E (1872) The osteology and myology of*Didelphys virginiana*. With an           appendix on the brain by Jeffries Wyman. Mem Boston Soc Nat Hist 2:41-154 

 

Crompton AW, Cook P, Hiiemae K, Thexton AJ (1975) Movement of the hyoid apparatus during chewing. Nature 258:69-70 

 

Elftman HO (1929) Functional adaptations of the pelvis in marsupials. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 58:189-232 

 

Ellsworth AF (1976) The North American opossum: an anatomical atlas. Robert Krieger, Huntington, New York, pp 1-209

 

Fisher MS (1999) Kinematics, EMG, and inverse dynamics of the Therian forelimb – a synthetic approach. Zool Anz 238: 41-54

 

Fleming MW, Tassava RA (1981) Preamputation and postamputation histology of the neonatal opossum hindlimb: implications for regeneration experiments. J Exp Zool 215:143-149 

 

Gaudin TJ, Biewener AA (1992) The functional morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae                                                             in the armadillo*Dasypus novemcinctus* (Mammalia, Xenrthrum). J Morphol 214:63-81 

 

Gilbert PW (1954) The premandibular head cavities in the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Morphol 95:47-76

 

Hamrick MW (1999) Development of epiphyseal structure and function in *Didelphis virginiana*(Marsupiala, Didelphidae). J Morphol 239: 283-296

 

Hansen S, Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Cutts JHIII (1987) Distribution of fibre types in                     thirty-seven muscles of*Didelphis virginiana.* Anat Anz 164:153-158

 

Hiiemae KM (1975) Masticatory movements in primitive mammals. In: Anderson DJ, Matthews B (eds) Mastication. Wright, Bristol, England, pp 105-118 

 

Hiiemae KM, Crompton AW (1971) A cinefluorographic study of feeding in the American opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.* In: Dahlberg AA (ed) Dental morphology and evolution. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 299-344 

 

Hiiemae KM, Jenkins FA (1969) The anatomy and internal architecture of the muscles of mastication in*Didelphis marsupialis.*Postilla 140:1-49 

 

Hiiemae KM, Thexton AJ (1974) Twitch tension characteristics of opossum jaw musculature. J Dent Res 53:1067 

 

Jackson RK (1971) Experimental production of Talipes in opossums. Proc Royal Soc          Med 64:261 

 

Jenkins FA Jr (1971) Limb posture and locomotion in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*) and in other non-cursorial mammals. J Zool 165:303-315 

 

Jenkins FA Jr (1974) The movement of the shoulder in claviculate and aclaviculate mammals. J Morphol 144:71-84 

 

Jenkins FA Jr, Weijs WA (1978) A cineradiographic and electromyographic study of                     the shoulder in the Virginia opossum: implications for the origin of the mammalian pectoral girdle. Am J Phys Anthropol 48:409 

 

Jenkins FA Jr, Weijs WA (1979) The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Zool 188:379-410 

 

Kelly L, Simmons JH, Heck T, Holladay LA (1988) Conformational free energies of                    myoglobins of small mammals. Inter J Peptide Protein Res 31:281-288 

 

Kirsch JAW (1973) Notes for the dissection of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*2nd ed, Yale Printing Service, pp 1-57

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1982) The notochord of the newborn opossum and its fate during postnatal development. Arch Histol Jpn 45:155-165

 

Lieberman DE, Crompton AW (2000) Why fuse the mandibular symphysis? A comparative analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 112: 517-540 

Lowrance EW (1949) Variability and growth of the opossum skeleton. J Morphol 85:                     569-593 

 

Lowrance EW (1957) Correlations of certain ponderal and linear skeletal measurements with skull weight and skull length in the opossum. Anat Rec 128:69-75 

 

Maunz M, German RZ (1997) Ontogeny and limb bone scaling in two new world marsupials, *Monodelphis domestica* and *Didelphis virginiana*. J Morphol 231: 117-130

 

McConathy D, Giddings CJ, Gonyea WJ (1983) Structure-function relationships of the flexor carpi radialis muscle compared among four species of mammals. J Morphol 175:279-292 

 

McGarrick J, Thexton A (1978) Computer-aided analysis of jaw and hyoid movement.                      J Physiol 275:9P-10P 

 

Minkoff EC, Mikkelsen P, Cunningham WA, Taylor KW (1979) The facial musculature                                                                             of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Mammal 60:46-57 

 

Minot CS (1906) The segmental flexures of the notochord. Anat Rec 1:42-50 

 

Mizell M (1968) Limb regeneration: induction in the newborn opossum. Science 161                    :283-286 

 

Mizell M (1969) Induction of hindlimb regeneration in the newborn opossum. Am Zool 9:597 

 

Mizell M, Isaacs JJ (1970) Induced regeneration of hindlimbs in the newborn opossum. Am Zool 10:141-155 

 

Nesslinger CL (1956) Ossification centers and skeletal development in the postnatal Virginia opossum. J Mammal 37:382-394 

 

Owen R (1841) On the osteology of the marsupialia. Trans Zool Soc 2: 379-408

 

Peters SE, Mulkey R, Rasmussen SA, Goslow GE Jr (1984) Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): functional properties and fiber types. J Morphol 181:305-317 

 

Romero-Herrera AE, Lehmann H (1975) The primary structure of the myoglobin of *Didelphis**marsupialis*(Virginia opossum). Biochim Biophys Acta 400:387-398 

 

Sciote JJ, Rowlerson AM, Carlson DS (1995) Myosin expression in the jaw-closing                    muscles of the domestic cat and American opossum. Arch Oral Biol 40: 405-413

 

Stalheim-Smith A (1989) Comparison of the muscle mechanics of the forelimb of three climbers. J Morphol 202:89-98 

 

Stein BR (1981) Comparative limb myology of two opossums,*Didelphis* and*Chironectes.* J Morphol 169:113-140 

 

Thexton AJ, Crompton AW (1989) Effect of sensory input from the tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the opossum. J Exp Zool 250:233-243

 

Thexton AJ, Hiiemae KM (1974) Does the jaw opening reflex act as an effective protective response? J Dent Res 53:1067

 

Thexton AJ, Hiiemae KM (1975) The twitch-contraction characteristics of opossum                    jaw musculature. Arch Oral Biol 20:743-748 

 

Thexton AJ, Hiiemae KM (1977) A radiographic and electromyographic study of snapping and biting in the opossum. Arch Oral Biol 22:303-308 

 

Thomas DA (1981) Motor units in selected hind limb muscles of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*Anat Rec 199:306 

 

Thomason JJ (1991) Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals. Can J Zool 69:2326-2333 

 

Thomason JJ, Russell AP, Morgeli M (1990) Forces of biting, body size, and masticatory muscle tension in the opossum *Didelphis virginiana.* Can J Zool 68:318-324 

 

Wade O, Hancock EW (1949) Unusual features in the lumbar plexus of the opossum.                     Nat Hist Misc (Chicago) 50:1-2

 

Washburn SL (1946) The sequence of epiphysial union in the opossum. Anat Rec 95:                                                                            353-363 

 

Webber RJ, Malemud CJ, Sokoloff L (1977) Species differences in cell culture of                                                                             mammalian articular chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Res 23:61-66 

 

Williams LW (1908) The later development of the notochord in mammals. Am J Anat                                                                             8: 251-284

 

Young AH (1880) Intrinsic muscles of the marsupial hand. J Anat Physiol 14:149-165 

 

 

1.19  Heart

 

Binnicker PC (1970) Light and electron microscopic observations on the cardiac conducting system of adult and developing pouch young opossums. Ph D Thesis, Columbia University, New York, New York, pp 124

 

Francq EN (1970) Electrocardiograms of the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis*, during feigned death. J Mammal 51:395 

 

Hirakow R, Krause WJ (1980) Postnatal differentiation of ventricular myocardial                    cells of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr) and T-tubule formation. Cell Tissue Res 210:95-100 

 

House EW, Hoffer T, Ross BK (1979) Comparison of cardiovascular reflexes of the                                                                             newborn and adult opossum. Biol Neonate 35: 140-144

 

Leeson TS, Leeson CR, Krause WJ (1984) Opossum ventricle: bodies in myocardian.                                                                             IRCS Med Sci 12:21-22 

 

Nardone RM, Wilber CG (1952) Electrocardiograms of the opossum at low temperatures. Fed Proc 11:112 

 

Nardone RM, Wilber CG, Musacchia XJ (1955) Electrocardiogram of the opossum during exposure to cold. Am J Physiol 181:352-356 

 

Qayyum MA (1969) Neuro-anatomy of the specialized tissues of the heart of the Virginia opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.* Zool Anz 182:328-335

 

Rowlatt U (1990) Comparative anatomy of the heart of mammals. Zool J Linn Soc 98         : 73- 110

 

Szabuniewicz J-M, Szabuniewicz M (1978) The electrocardiogram of the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Zbl Vet Med 25A:785-793 

 

Walmsley R (1978) Anatomy of human mitral valve in adult cadaver and comparative                     anatomy of the valve. Brit Heart J 40:351-366 

 

Wilber CG (1955) Electrocardiographic studies on the opossum. J Mammal 36:284-286 

 

Williams TH, Folan JC, Jew JY, Wang Y-F (1990) Variations in atrioventricular valve innervation in four species of mammals. Am J Anat 187:193-200 

 

 

1.20  Blood Vascular System

 

Ask-Upmark E (1935) The carotid sinus and the cerebral circulation. Acta Psych Neurol Suppl 6: 1-374

 

Bernard SL, Luchtel DL, Glenny RW, Lakshminarayan S (1996) Bronchial circulation                     in the marsupial opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis*. Res Physiol 105: 77-83

 

Bubis JJ (1962) The blood vessels in the central nervous system of the opossum.                                                                             In: Electron microscopy. Proc 5th inter congr electron micros, Academic Press, New York, Vol 2, pp 11-12

 

Bubis JJ, Luse SA (1964) An electron microscopic study of the cerebral blood vessels of the opossum. Z Zellforsch 62:16-25 

 

Carverhill P, Fox JE, McWade D, Rangachari PK (1985) The sodium pump in opossum                    vascular smooth muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol 82A:621-625 

 

Dom R, Fisher BL, Martin GF (1970) The venous system of the head and neck of the                                                                             opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Morphol 132:487-496 

 

Grollman A (1970) Hypertension in the opossum *Didelphis virginiana.* Am J                                                                             Physiol 218:80-82 

 

House EW, Hoffer T, Ross BK (1979) Comparison of cardiovascular reflexes of the                                                                             newborn and adult opossum. Biol Neonate 35:140-144 

 

Lierse WV (1964) Histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen on Kapilleren verschiedener Entwicklungsstufen des Gehirns. Anat Anz (Suppl) 115: 150-165

 

McClure CFW (1900) The variations of the venous system in*Didelphys virginiana* (Preliminary account). Anat Anz 18:441-460 

 

McClure CFW (1901) The spermatic and mesenteric arteries of*Didelphys virginiana*(Kerr, Linn). Biol Bull 2:353-355

 

McClure CFW (1901) The anatomy and development of the posterior vena cava in*Didelphys**virginiana* (Kerr, Linn). Biol Bull 2: 333-335 

 

McClure CFW (1903) A contribution to the anatomy and development of the venous system of *Didelphys marsupialis* (L). Part I, Anatomy. Am J Anat 2: 371-404 

 

McClure CFW (1906) A contribution to the anatomy and development of the venous system of *Didelphys marsupialis* (L). Part II, Development. Am J Anat 5:163-226 

 

McMenamin PG, Krause WJ (1993) Morpholgical observations on the unique paired capillaries of the opossum retina. Cell Tissue Res 271: 461-468 

 

Scharrer E (1939) The functional significance of the capillary bed in the brain                    of the opossum. Anat Rec 75:319-340 

 

Scharrer E (1939) The regeneration of end-arteries in the opossum brain. J Comp                                                                             Neurol 70:69-76 

 

Scharrer E (1940) Arteries and veins in the mammalian brain. Anat Rec 78:173-196                                                                             

 

Scharrer E (1940) Further experiments on the regeneration of end-arteries in the                                                                             brain of the opossum. J Exp Zool 85:365-381 

 

Scharrer E (1940) Vascularization and vulnerability of the cornu ammonis in the                                                                             opossum. Arch Neurol Psych 44:483-506 

 

Tribe M (1923) The development of the hepatic venous system and the post caval vein in the marsupialia. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 212:147-207 

 

Voris HC (1928) The arterial supply of the brain and spinal cord in the Virginian opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 44:403-423 

 

Wade O, Neely P (1949) The heart and attached vessels of the opossum, a marsupial. J Mammal 30:111-116 

 

Wislocki GB (1939) The unusual mode of development of the blood vessels of the opossum's brain. Anat Rec 74:409-427 

 

Wislocki GB (1940) Pecularities of the cerebral blood vessels of the opossum: diencephalon, area postrema and retina. Anat Rec 78:119-137 

 

Wislocki GB, Campbell ACP (1937) The unusual manner of vascularization of the brain of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Anat Rec 67:177-191 

 

 

1.21  Lymph Vascular System

 

Miller JJ (1969) Studies of the phylogeny and ontogeny of the specialized lymphatic tissue venules. Lab Invest 21: 484-490

 

Wood GN (1924) The lymphatics of the opossum. Anat Rec 27:192-193 

 

Zimmermann AA (1933) On the development of the lymphatic system in opossum (*Didelphys**virginiana*). Anat Rec 55:42-43 

 

Zimmermann AA (1940) Origin and development of the lymphatic system in the opossum (*Didelphys marsupialis virginiana* Kerr). Univ Illinois Press, Urbana, pp 1-197

 

 

1.22  Lymphoid Organs

 

Bryant BJ (1977) The development of the lymphatic and immunohematopoietic systems. In: Hunsaker DII (ed) The biology of marsupials. Academic Press, New York, Chapt 6, pp 349-385

 

Chiarini-Garcia H, Pereira FM (1999) A comparative study of lymph node mast cell                      populations in five marsupial species. Tissue Cell 31: 318-326

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1982) Postnatal development of the spleen in *Didelphis virginiana.* J Anat 135:601-613 

 

Hayes TG (1968) Studies of a primitive mammalian spleen, the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Morphol 124:445-450 

 

Johnston J (1898) The thymus in the marsupials. J Linn Soc Zool 26:537-557 

 

Kingsbury BF (1940) The development of the pharyngeal derivatives of the opossum                      (*Didelphis**virginiana*), with special reference to the thymus. Am J Anat 67:393-435 

 

Oláh I, Glick B (1980) Re-evaluation of the lymphocyte migration through                                                                             the high-endothelial venules. Light and electron microscopic studies on the opossum's lymph node. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 31:207-225 

 

Symington J (1898) The thymus gland in the marsupialia. J Anat Physiol 32:278-291 

 

Zimmermann AA (1940) Origin and development of the lymphatic system in the opossum (*Didelphys marsupialis virginiana* Kerr). Univ Illinois Press, Urbana, pp 1-197 

 

 

1.23  Blood

 

Alayash AI, Ryan BAB, Fratantoni JC (1993) Oxidation reactions of human, opossum                      (*Didelphis virginiana*) and spot (*Leiostomus xanthurus*) hemoglobins: a search for a correlation with some structural-functional properties. Comp Biochem Physiol 106B: 427-432

 

Baggot JD, Davis LE (1973) Plasma protein binding of digitoxin and digoxin in several mammalian species. Res Vet Sci 15:81-87

 

Bainton DF (1976) Neutrophil granules: a review. Am J Med Technol 42: 1-7

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Block MH, Brown GL (1976) Hemoglobins of the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*Kerr). I. Developmental changes from yolk sac to definitive erythropoiesis. Lab Anim Sci 26:160-165 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Brown GL, Waterman MR (1976) Hemoglobins of the opossum (*Didelphis**marsupialis*). II. Polymorphism; electrophoretic and chromatographic observations. Lab Anim Sci 26:908-912 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Chadwick E, Lima JE (1989) Studies on the energy metabolism of                      opossum *Didelphis virginiana* erythrocytes. IV. Red cells have low adenosine deaminase activity and high levels of deoxyadenosine nucleotides. Life Sci 44:963-970 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Banks RE (1993) The effect of enzyme replacement on red cell adenine deoxyribonucleotides in adenosine deaminase-deficient erythrocytes of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Comp Biochem Physiol 106B: 635-639

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Banks RE (1993) 2-Deoxyadenosine metabolism in human                     and opossum *Didelphis virginiana* erythrocytes *in vitro.* Comp Biochem Physiol 106B: 641-645

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Chadwick E, Stewart I (1988) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum*Didelphis virginiana*erythrocytes. III. Metabolic depletion with 2-deoxyglucose markedly accelerates methemoglobin reduction in opossum but not in human erythrocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol 89A:119-124 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1984) Studies on the energy metabolism of                     opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) erythrocytes. I. Utilization of carbohydrates and purine nucleosides. J Cell Physiol 120:69-74 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, Waldrup TL, Chadwick E, Stewart I (1988) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum*Didelphis virginiana*erythrocytes. II. Comparative aspects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose catabolism in opossum and human red cells*in vitro.*Comp Biochem Physiol 89A:113-117 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, White JC, Chadwick E, Lima JE (1990) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) erythrocytes: V. Utilization of hypoxanthine for the synthesis of adenosine and guanine nucleotides*in vitro.* J Cell Physiol 143:563-568

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Lima JE, White JC (1991) NAD synthesis in ADA deficient erythrocytes of the opossum*Didelphis virginiana.* Adv Exp Med Biol 309B:329-332 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Waterman MR, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1982) Cytosolic and membrane-bound methemoglobin reductases in erythrocytes of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*Comp Biochem Physiol 73B:591-594 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Waterman MR, Lima JE, Waldrup T (1983) Comparative aspects of                     methemoglobin formation and reduction in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and human erythrocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol 75A:635-639 

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, White JC, Chadwick E, Lima JE (1990) Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) erythrocytes. VI. *De novo*purine nucleotide biosynthesis is limited to the final steps of the pathway *in vitro.* Comp Biochem Physiol 97B:193-196 

 

Brinkhous KM, Thomas BD, Ibrahim SA, Read MS (1977) Plasma levels of platelet aggregating factor/von Willebrand factor in various species. Thrombosis Res 11:345-355 

 

Campbell, BF, Magde D, Sharma VS (1985) Geminate recombination of CO in rabbit,                     opossum, and adult hemoglobins. J Biol Chem 260:2752-2756 

 

Catanese JJ, Kress LF (1992) Isolation from opossum serum of a metalloproteinase                                                                             inhibitor homologous to human alpha 1B-glycoprotein. Biochemistry 31:410-418 

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1980) Changes in erythrocytes of the developing                                                                             opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.*Blood Cells 6:55-62 

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1980) Leukocytes in the peripheral blood of the developing                                                                             opossum. J Anat 130:113-120 

 

De Jong WW, Terwindt EC (1976) The amino-acid sequence of the alpha-crystallin A chains of red kangaroo and Virginia opossum. Eur J Biochem 67:503-510 

 

Dill K, Satterlee JD, Richards JH (1978) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies                     of the binding of isocyanides to various hemoglobins and myoglobins. Biochemistry 17:4291-4298

 

Duan W, Richardson SJ, Babon JJ, Heyes RJ, Southwell BR, Harms PJ, Wettenhall REH, Dziegielewska DM, Selwood L, Bradley AJ, Black CM, Schreiber G (1995) Evolution of transthyretin in marsupials. Eur J Biochem 227: 396-406

 

Fox DH, Rowlands DT Jr, Wilson DB (1976) Proliferative reactivity of opossum peripheral blood leukocytes to allogeneic cells, mitogens, and specific antigens. Transplantation 21:164-168 

 

Garcia VE, Perez JC (1984) The purification and characterization of an antihemorrhagic factor in woodrat (*Neotoma micropus*) serum. Toxicon 22:129-138 

 

Giacometti L, Berntzen AK, Bliss ML (1972) Hematologic parameters of the opossum                      (*Didelphis virginiana*). Comp Biochem Physiol 43A:287-292 

 

Gray M (1924) Character of the blood-clot in the thyroidectomized adult opossum.                      Am J Physiol 68:149-152 

 

Hindes RD, Mizell M (1976) The origin of immunoglobulins in opossum "embryos". Develop Biol 53:49-61 

 

Hoff GL, Bigler WJ, Trainer DO, Debbie JG, Brown GM, Winkler WG, Richards SH, Reardon M (1974) Survey of selected carnivore and opossum serums for agglutinins to*Brucella**canis.*J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:830-831 

 

Hoversland AS, Dhindsa DS, Murphy WS, Parer JT, Metcalfe J (1973) Respiratory properties and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration in blood of the adult opossum. Physiologist 16:348 

 

Hoversland AS, Murphy WS, Dhindsa DS, Parer JT, Metcalfe J (1975) Oxygen transport and hemodynamics in unanesthetized American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Comp Biochem Physiol 50A: 519- 525

 

Imai K, Ikeda-Saito M, Yonetani T (1980) Studies on cobalt myoglobins and hemoglobins, XIII. A consequence of the occurrence of glutamine at the E7 (58) site of alpha subunits in opossum hemoglobin. J Mol Biol 144:551-565 

 

John ME, Bethlenfalvay NC, Waterman MR (1982) Oxidation-reduction properties of                     the hemoglobin of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*Comp Biochem Physiol 73B:585-590 

 

John ME, DuBois RN, Waterman MR (1981) Altered heme environments in opossum and                                                                             rabbit methemoglobins. Zeit Naturfor - Sec C - Biosci 36:964-967 

 

John ME, Waterman MR (1979) Structural characteristics of nitrosyl hemoglobins and their relation to ESR spectra. FEBS Letters 106:219-222 

 

John ME, Waterman MR (1979) Nitric oxide induced conformational changes in oposs                                                       um hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 254:11953-11957 

 

John ME, Waterman MR (1981) Spectral, conformational and chemical properties of                     opossum methemoglobin. Eur J Biochem 115:1-6 

 

Jupin JA (1968) Isolation and identification of immune globulins in the opossum                                                                             (*Didelphys**virginiana*). W V Med J 64:389 

 

Kalmutz SE (1962) Antibody production in the opossum embryo. Nature 193:851-853                                                                             

 

Katsh S, Windsor E (1955) Unusual value for protein-bound iodine in the serum of                                                                             the opossum. Science 121:897-898 

 

Koop BF, Goodman M (1988) Evolutionary and developmental aspects of two hemoglobin beta-chain genes (epsilon M and beta M) of opossum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3893-3897 

 

Lewis JH (1975) Comparative hematology: studies on opossums*Didelphis marsupialis*(*virginianus*). Comp Biochem Physiol 51A:275-280 

 

Mays A Jr, Loew FM (1968) Hemograms of laboratory-confined opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:800-802 

 

Menchaca JM, Perez JC (1981) The purification and characterization of an antihemorrhagic factor in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum. Toxicon 19:623-632 

 

Murphy WS, Metcalfe J, Dhindsa DS, Hoversland AS (1978) Respiratory characteristics of opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) blood during chronic anemia. Res Physiol 32:293-298 

 

Murphy WS, Metcalfe J, Hoversland AS, Dhindsa DS (1977) Postnatal changes in blood respiratory characteristics in an American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Res Physiol 29:73-80 

 

Nakashima K, Nakashima H, Shimoyama M (1991) Deoxyadenosine triphosphate acting as an energy-transferring molecule in adenosine deaminsae inhibited human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1094: 257-262

 

Niedzwicki JG, Liou C, Abernethy DR, Lima JE, Hoyt A, Lieberman M, Bethlenfalvay                      NC (1995) Adenosine deaminase isoenzymes of the opossum*Didelphis virginiana* : initial chromatographic and kinetic studies. Comp Biochem Physiol 111B: 291-298

 

Patton S, Funk RS (1992) Serologic response of the opossum*Didelphis virginiana*to a temperature-sensitive mutant (TS-4) of*Toxoplasma gondii*. J Parasitol 78:741-743 

 

Petty C, Bethlenfalvay NC, Bageant T (1975) Spectrophotometric measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the opossum *Didelphis virginiana.* Comp Biochem Physiol 50A:273-276 

 

Prasad N, Bushong SC, Barton HL (1971) Opossum lymphocytes in short-term culture                      with phytohemagglutinin. Exp Cell Res 69:425-429 

 

Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum. Experientia 33:263-264

 

Richardson SJ, Wettenhall REH, Schreiber G (1996) Evolution of transthyretin gene expression in the liver of*Didelphis virginiana* and other American marsupials. Endocrinology 137: 3507-3512

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Blakeslee D, Lin H-H (1972) The early immune response and immunoglobulins of opossum embryos. J Immunol 108:941-946 

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Dudley MA (1969) The development of serum proteins and humoral immunity in opossum "embryos". Immunology 17:969-975 

 

Rirtenberg MB, Chern CJ, Lincoln DR, Black JA (1975) The immunological properties of pyruvate kinase. I: Mammalian erythrocyte enzymes. Immunochemistry 12:491-494 

 

Schneider LK (1973) Cell cycle determination of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Experientia 29:468-469 

 

Schneider LK, Goldman HD (1974) Effects of incubation temperature on the kinetics of cultured lymphocytes from the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana* . Experientia 30:1192-1193 

 

Schneider LK, Rieke WO (1968) Opossum lymphocytes *in vitro* : a valuable tool for cytogenetic investigations. Cytogenetics 7:1-7 

 

Scott WJ (1938) Gas transport by the blood of the opossum, *Didelphys virginiana.*J Cell Comp Physiol 12:391-401 

 

Sharma VS, Isaacson RA, John ME, Waterman MR, Chevion M (1983) Reaction of nitric oxide with heme proteins: studies on metmyoglobin, opossum methemoglobin, and microperoxidase. Biochemistry 22:3897-3902 

 

Sharma VS, John ME, Waterman MR (1982) Functional studies on hemoglobin opossum.                       Conclusions drawn regarding the role of the distal histidine. J Biol Chem 257:11887-11892 

 

Sharma VS, Ranney HM (1982) Studies on hemoglobin intermediates. A new method for studying the reaction of Hb4(CO)3 with CO in human, carp, rabbit and opossum hemoglobin. J Mol Biol 158:551-558 

 

Stenzel P (1974) Opossum Hb chain sequence and neutral mutation theory. Nature 252:62-63 

 

Stenzel P, Brimhall B, Jones RT, Black JA, McLachlan A, Gibson D (1979) Opossum                     hemoglobin. The amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains. J Biol Chem 254:2071-2076 

 

Tarng S-F, Huang SY, Perez JC (1986) Isolation of antihemorrhagic factors in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum using a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. Toxicon 24:567-573 

 

Tashian RE, Shreffler DC, Shows TB (1968) Genetic and phylogenetic variation in                     the different molecular forms of mammalian erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. Ann New York Acad Sci 151:64-77 

 

Timmons EH, Marques PA (1969) Blood chemical and hematological studies in the laboratory-confined, unanesthetized opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*Lab Anim Sci 19:342-344 

 

Waterman MR, Stenzel P (1974) Physical and chemical properties of opossum hemoglobin. A hemoglobin containing glutamine at position 58 (E7) in the alpha subunit. Biochim Biophys Acta 359:401-410 

 

Waugh R, Evans EA (1976) Viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membranes of different vertebrate animals. Microvascular Res 12:291-304

 

Williams DA, Lewis DA, Krause WJ, Flood MH, Huxley VH, Miller VM (1997) Phylogenetic characterization of plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx). Am J Physiol

 

Wirtz GH, Westfall SA (1967) Immune complement of the opossum. Immunochemistry 4:61-63 

 

Zinkl JG, Feldman DB (1974) The erythrocyte life span in the American opossum (*Didelphis**marsupialis virginiana*). Lab Anim Sci 24:500-504 

 

 

1.24  Hemopoietic Tissues

 

Bethlenfalvay NC, Block MH, Brown GL (1976) Hemoglobins of the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana* Kerr). I. Developmental changes from yolk sac to definitive erythropoiesis. Lab Anim Sci 26:160-165

 

Cutts JH, Leeson CR, Krause WJ (1973) The postnatal development of the liver in                     a marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana.*1. Light microscopy. J Anat 115: 327-346

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1982) Postnatal development of the spleen in *Didelphis virginiana.* J Anat 135: 601-613

 

Block M (1964) The blood forming tissues and blood of the newborn opossum (*Didelphys**virginiana*). I. Normal development through about one hundredth day of life. Ergebn Anat Entw Gesch 37:237-366

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH, Leeson CR (1975) The postnatal development of the liver in                     a marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana.* II. Electron microscopy. J Anat 120: 191-205 

 

Miller JFAP, Block M, Rowlands DT Jr, Kind P (1965) Effect of thymectomy on hematopoietic organs of the opossum "embryo". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118:916-921

 

Paone DB, Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1975) Megakaryocytopoiesis in the liver of the developing opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Anat 120:239-252

 

Prasad N, Bushong SC, MacIntrye RS (1973) Radiocytogenetic effects on bone marrow cells of opossum *in vitro.* Can J Gen Cytol 15:123-126

 

 

1.25  Immunology

 

Ashman R, Keast D, Stanely NF, Waring H (1975) The immunological responses of marsupials. Am Zool 15:155-166

 

Gibson DM (1977) Species specificity in the isoelectric spectra of immunoglobulin light chains. J Immunol 118:409-411

 

Griffin J, Frank T (2000) Veterinary tuberculosis vaccine development. Clin Infect Dis 30: S223-S228

 

Hindes RD, Mizell M (1976) The origin of immunoglobulins in opossum "embryos". Develop Biol 53:49-61

 

Kalmutz SE (1962) Antibody production in the opossum embryo. Nature 193: 851-853                                                                            

 

LaPlante ES, Burrell RG, Watne AL, Zimmermann B (1966) Permanent survival of skin allographs applied to the pouch young of the opossum. Surg Forum 17: 200-201

 

LaPlante ES, Burrell RG, Watne AL, Taylor DL, Zimmermann B (1969) Skin allograft          studies in the pouch young of the opossum. Transplanation 7:67-72

 

LaVia MF, Rowlands DT, Block M (1963) Antibody formation in embryos. Science 140:1219-1220

 

Major PC, Burrell R (1971) Induction of acquired tolerance in neonatal opossums.                       J Immunol 106:1690-1691

 

Marx JJ Jr, Burrell R, Fisher SQ (1971) A study of the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response in opossums. J Immunol 106:1043-1049

 

Rowlands DT Jr (1970) The immune response of adult opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) to the bacteriophage f2. Immunology 18:149-155

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Blakeslee D, Angala E (1974) Acquired immunity in opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*) embryos. J Immunol 112:2148-2153

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Blakeslee D, Lin HH (1972) The early immune response and immunoglobins of opossum embryos. J Immunol 108:941-946

 

Rowlands DT Jr, Dudley MA (1968) The isolation of immunoglobulins of the adult opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Immunol 100:736-743

 

Rowlands DT Jr, LaVia MF, Block MH (1964) Antibody formation in the fetal opossum. Am J Pathol 44: 2a

 

Rowlands DT Jr, LaVia MF, Block MH (1964) The blood forming tissues and blood of                      the newborn opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). II. Ontogenesis of antibody formation to flagella of *Salmonella typhi.* J Immunol 93:157-164

 

Taylor DL, Burrell R (1968) The immunologic responses of the North American opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Immunol 101:1207-1216

 

 

1.26  Tolerance (Resistance) to Snake Venoms

 

Catanese JJ, Kress LF (1992) Isolation from opossum serum of a metalloproteinase                       inhibitor homologous to human alpha 1B glycoprotein. Biochemistry 31: 410-418

 

Catanese JJ, Kress LF (1993) Opossum serum alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor: purification, linear sequence, and resistance to inactivation by rattlesnake venom metalloproteinases. Biochemistry 32: 509-515

 

Domont GB, Perales J, Moussatche H (1991) Natural anti-snake venom proteins. Toxicon 29:1183-1194

 

Huang S-Y, Perez JC (1980) Comparative study on hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities of snake venoms. Toxicon 18:421-426

 

Kilmon JASr (1976) High tolerance to snake venom by the Virginia opossum,*Didelphis**virginiana.*Toxicon 14:337-340

 

Kress LF, Catanese JJ (1985) Isolation of an inhibitor of snake venom metalloproteinases from opossum serum. Fed Proc 44: 1431

 

Kress LF, Catanese JJ (1988) Purification and amino-terminal sequence of an inhibitor of snake venom hemorrhagic activity. FASEB J 2: A348

 

Lipps BV (1999) Anti-lethal factor from opossum serum is a potent antidote for animal, plant and bacterial toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 5: 1-16

 

Lipps BV (2000) Small synthetic peptides inhibit, in mice, the lethalithy of toxins derived from animal, plant and bacteria. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 6: 1-10

 

  Lipps BV, Lipps FW (1996) Embodiments of natural and synthetic lethal toxin neutralizing factors and their utility as treatment for envenomation. US patent 5: 576, 297

 

  Martinez-Moczygemba M (1992) Production of a monoclonal antiboby against an antihemorrhagic factor isolated from the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). M S Thesis, Texas A & I Univ, pp 62

 

Menchaca JM, Perez JC (1981) Purification and characterization of an anti hemorrhagic factor in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum. Toxicon 19:623-632

 

Moussatche H, Yates A, Leonardi F, Borche L (1979) Mechanisms of resistance of the opossum to some snake venoms. Toxicon 17 (Suppl 1):130

 

Perales J, Munoz R, Moussatche H (1986) Isolation and partial characterization of a protein fraction from the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum, with protecting property against the *Bothrops jararaca*snake venom. Anais da Acadmia Brasileira de Ciencias 58:155-162

 

Perez JC, Pichyangkul S, Garcia VE (1979) The resistance of three species of warm-blood animals to Western diamondback rattlesnake (*Crotalus atrox*) venom. Toxicon 17:601-607

 

Perez JC Sanchez EE (1999) Natural protease inhibitors to hemorrhagins in snake                      venoms and their potential use in medicine. Toxicon 37: 703-728

 

Ramirez MS, Sanchez EE, Garcia-Prieto C, Perez JC, Chapa GR, McKeller MR, Ramirez R, De Anda Y (1999) Screening for fibrinolytic activity in eight Viperid venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol C 124: 91-98

 

Sanchez EE, Garcia C, Perez JC, De La Zerda SJ (1998) The detection of hemorrhagic proteins in snake venoms using monoclonal antibodies against Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum. Toxicon 36: 1451-1459

 

Soto JG, Perez JC, Minton SA (1988) Proteolytic, hemorrhagic and hemolytic activities of snake venoms. Toxicon 26:875-882

 

Tarng S-F, Huang SY, Perez JC (1986) Isolation of antihemorrhagic factors in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) serum using a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. Toxicon 24:567-573

 

Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P (1998) Snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991-1997). Toxicon 36: 1471-1482

 

Werner RM, Faith RE (1978) Decrease in the lethal effect of snake venom by serum                       of the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.* Lab Anim Sci 28:710-713

 

Werner RM, Vick JA (1977) Resistance of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) to envenomation by snakes of the family Crotalidae. Toxicon 15:29-33

 

1.27  Integument

 

Baden HP, Maderson PFA (1970) Morphological and biophysical identification of fiberous proteins in the amniote epidermis. J Exp Zool 174: 225-232

 

Brenowitz GL (1978) The innervation of the glabrous forepaw skin of developing opossums *Didelphis virginiana.* Anat Rec 190: 347-348

 

Brenowitz GL, Tweedle CD, Johnson JI (1980) The development of receptors in the                      glabrous forepaw skin of pouch young opossums. Neuroscience 5:1303-1310

 

Burger J, Marquez M, Gochfeld M (1994) Heavey metals in the hair of the opossum                                                                             from Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol 27: 472-476

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1983) Structure of the paws in*Didelphis virginiana.*                                                                             Anat Anz 151: 329-335

 

Fortney JA (1973) Cytology of eccrine sweat glands in the opossum. Am J Anat 136:205-219

 

Hadler WA, Silveira SR (1985) A histochemical method able to detect vitamins D and to discriminate it from cholesterol and its esters. Acta Histochem 76:177-182

 

Halata Z, Munger BL (1985) The terminal myelin segments of afferent axons to cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Brain Res 347:177-182

 

Halata Z (1993) Sensory innervation of the hairy skin (light- and electronmicroscopic study). J Invest Derm 101: 75S-81S

 

Hartschuh W, Weihe E (1980) Fine structural analysis of the synaptic junction of                       Merkel cell-axon-complexes. J Invest Dermatol 75: 159-165

 

Krause WJ (1991) Morphological observations on the paracloacal glands of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Zool Anz 227:286-294

 

Krause WJ (1991) Histological observations on the suprasternal gland region of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Zool Anz 227:356-361

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH, Leeson CR (1978) Postnatal development of the epidermis in                      a marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana.*  J Anat 125:85-99

 

LaPlante ES, Burrell R, Watne AL, Taylor DL, Zimmermann B (1969) Skin allograft                                                                             studies in the pouch young of the opossum. Transplantation 7:67-72

 

Loo SK, Halata Z (1985) The sensory innervation of the nasal glabrous skin in the short-nosed bandicoot (*Isoodon macrourus*) and the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Anat 143:167-180

 

Mann SJ (1968) The tylotrich (hair) follicle of the American opossum. Anat Rec 160:171-179

 

Montagna W, Macpherson E (1973) Similiarites in cutaneous nerve receptors. Arch  Dermatol 107:383-385

 

Munger BL (1965) The intraepidermal innervation of the snout skin of the opossum. A light and electron microscope study, with observations on the nature of Merkel's Tastzellen. J Cell Biol 26:79-97

 

Munger BL (1991) Neuro-cutaneous interactions in embryonic development: implications for medical dermatoglyphics. Prog Clin Biol Res 373:295-304

 

Silveira SR, Hadler WA (1984) Histochemical aspects concerning the synthesis and                       the fate of cholesterol into the epidermis. Acta Histochem 74:145-155

 

Silveira SR, Hadler WA (1985) A histochemical study on the vitamin D synthesis into the epidermis. Acta Histochem 76:225-234

 

Tsukise A, Meyer W, Ikeda I (1985) Carbohydrate histochemical investigation in the scrotal skin of the common American opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*L). Cell Mol Biol 31:357-364

 

Winkelmann RK (1964) Nerve endings of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): a comparison with nerve endings of primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 22:253-258

 

 

1.28   Nervous System

 

Andrezik JA, King JS (1977) The lateral reticular nucleus of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). I. Conformation, cytology and synaptology. J Comp Neurol 174:119-150 

 

Bauer-Moffett C, King JS (1981) The development of the inferior olivary complex in preweanling opossums. Identification of midbrain, cerebellar and spinal terminals. Anat Embryol 162:249-280 

 

Barratt ES (1965) EEG correlates of tonic immobility in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 18:709-711 

 

Basso DM (2000) Neuroanatomical substrates of functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury: Implications of basic science research for human spinal cord injury. Phys Ther 80: 808-817

 

Bautista NS, Matzke HA (1965) A degeneration study of the course and extent of the pyramidal tract of the opossum. J Comp Neurol 124:367-375 

 

Beck PD, Pospichal MW, Kaas JH (1996) Topography, architecture and connections of somatosensory cortex in opossums: evidence for five somatosensory areas. J Comp Neurol 366: 109-133

 

Benevento LA (1968) Organization of the visual cortex in the opossum. Anat Rec 160: 313

 

Benevento LA, Ebner FF (1970) Pretectal, tectal, retinal and cortical projections to thalamic nuclei of the opossum in stereotaxic coordinates. Brain Res 18:171-175 

 

Benevento LA, Ebner FF (1971) The areas and layers of corticocortical terminations in the visual cortex of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 141:157-189 

 

Benevento LA, Ebner FF (1971) The contribution of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to the total pattern of thalamic terminations in striate cortex of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 143:243-260 

 

Benjamin RM, Golden GT (1985) Extent and organization of opossum prefrontal cortex defined by anterograde and retrograde transport methods. J Comp Neurol 238:77-91 

 

Benjamin RM, Jackson JC, Golden GT, West CHK (1982) Sources of olfactory inputs                      to opossum mediodorsal nucleus identified by horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic methods. J Comp Neurol 207:358-368 

 

Beran RL, Martin GF (1971) Reticulospinal fibers of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.*I. Origin. J Comp Neurol 141:453-465 

 

Biedenbach MA, Towe AL (1970) Fiber spectrum and functional properties of pyramidal tract neurons in the American opossum. J Comp Neurol 140:421-429

 

Bishop GA (1991) Physiological interactions between enkephalin and excitatory amino acids in the cerebellar cortex of the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.* Neuroscience 44:449-455 

 

Bishop GA (1996) Cholecystokinin modulation of spontaneous and excitory amino acid-induced activity in the opossum cerebellum. Neuropeptides 30: 533-540

 

Bishop GA, Ho RH, King JS (1985) An immunohistochemical study of serotonin development in the opossum cerebellum. Anat Embryol 171:325-338 

 

Bishop GA, Ho RH, King JS (1985) Localization of serotonin immunoreactivity in the opossum cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 235:301-321 

 

Bishop GA, Ho RH, King JS (1988) A temporal analysis of the origin and distribution of serotoninergic afferents in the cerebellum of pouch young opossums. Anat Embryol 179:33-48 

 

Bishop GA, King JS (1992) Differential modulation of Purkinje cell activity by enkephalin and corticotropin releasing factor. Neuropeptides 22:167-174 

 

Bodemer CW, Towe AL (1963) Cortical localization patterns in the somatic sensory                       cortex of the opossum. Exp Neurol 8:380-394 

 

Bodian D (1935) The projection of the lateral geniculate body on the cerebral cortex of the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 62:469-494 

 

Bodian D (1937) An experimental study of the optic tracts and retinal projection                       of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 66:113-144 

 

Bodian D (1939) Studies on the diencephalon of the Virginia opossum. Part I. The                                                                             nuclear pattern in the adult. J Comp Neurol 71:259-323 

 

Bodian D (1940) Studies on the diencephalon of the Virginia opossum. Part II. The fiber connections in normal and experimental material. J Comp Neurol 72:207-297

 

Bodian D (1942) Studies on the diencelphalon of the Virginia opossum. Part III.                       The thalamo-cortical projection. J Comp Neurol 77:525-575

 

Borisoff JF, Pataky DM, McBride CB, Steeves JD (2000) Raphe-spinal neurons display an age-dependent differential capacity for neurite outgrowth compared to other brainstem-spinalpopulations. Exp Neurol 166: 16-28 

 

Bowman MH, King JS (1973) The conformation, cytology and synaptology of the opossum inferior olivary nucleus. J Comp Neurol 148:491-523 

 

Bromiley RB, Brooks C McC (1940) Role of neocortex in regulating postural reactions of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Neurophysiol 3: 339-346 

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1982) The origin of brain stem-spinal projections at different stages of development in the North American opossum. Develop Brain Res 2:163-168 

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1984) Developmental sequence in the origin of descending spinal pathways. Studies using retrograde transport techniques in the North American opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Develop Brain Res 15:247-263 

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1985) The development of commissural connections of somatic                       motor-sensory areas of neocortex in the North American opossum. Anat Embryol 171:121-128 

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1985) Corticospinal development in the North American opossum: evidence for a sequence in the growth of cortical axons in the spinal cord and for transient projections. Develop Brain Res 23:69-80 

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1986) The development of projetions from somotic motor-sensory areas of the neocortex to the diencephalon and brainstem in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 251:506-516

 

Cabana T, Martin GF (1986) The adult organization and development of the rubrospinal tract. An experimental study using the orthograde transport of WGA-HRP in the North American opossum. Develop Brain Res 30:1-11 

 

Cassini P, Ho RH, Martin GF (1989) The brainstem origin of enkephalin- and substance-P-like immunoreactive axons in the spinal cord of the North American opossum. Brain Behav Evol 34:212-222 

 

Christensen BN, Ebner FF (1978) The synaptic architecture of neurons in opossum                      somatic sensory-motor cortex: a combined anatomical and physiological study. J Neurocytol 7:39-60 

 

Christensen JL, Hill RM (1970) Receptive fields of single cells of a marsupial visual cortex of *Didelphis virginiana.* Experientia 26:43-44 

 

Christensen JL, Hill RM (1970) Response properties of single cells of a marsupial visual cortex. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 47:547-556

 

Chu HN (1932) The fiber connections of the diencephalon of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Nat Res Inst Psychol, Peiping, China, pp 34

 

Chu HN (1932) The cell masses of the diencelphalon of the opossum, *Didelphis                      virginiana.* Nat Res Inst Psychol, Peiping, China, pp 36 

 

Chu HN (1933) The fiber connections of the diencelphalon of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.*Psych Abst 7:235-236

 

Coleman J, Clerici WJ (1981) Organization of thalamic projections to visual cortex in opossum. Brain Behav Evol 18:41-59 

 

Coleman J, Diamond IT, Winer JA (1977) The visual cortex of the opossum: the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei. Brain Res 137:233-252 

 

Condo GJ, Wilson PD (1990) Morphological organization of thalamocortical relay cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 292:303-319 

 

Crutcher KA, Humbertson AO Jr (1978) The organization of monoamine neurons within the brainstem of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 179:195-222 

 

Crutcher KA, Humbertson AO Jr, Martin GF (1978) The origin of brainstem-spinal pathways in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Studies using the horseradish peroxidase method. J Comp Neurol 179:169-194 

 

Culberson JL (1968) An evoked potential study of the ventromedial hypothalamus of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*, including a stereotaxic atlas of the forebrain. Ph D Thesis, Tulane University, pp 160

 

Culberson JL, Bach LMN (1973) Limbic projections to the ventromedial hypothalamus of the opossum. Exper Neurol 41:683-689 

 

Culberson JL, Haines DE, Kimmel DL, Brown PB (1979) Contralateral projection of                      primary afferent fibers to mammalian spinal cord. Exper Neurol 64:83-97 

 

Culberson JL, Kimmel DL (1972) Central distribution of primary afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Brain Res 44:325-335 

 

Culberson JL, Kimmel DL (1975) Primary afferent fiber distribution at brachial and lumbosacral spinal cord levels in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Brain Behav Evol 12:229-246 

 

Cummings S, King JS (1990) Coexistence of corticotropin releasing factor and enkephalin in cerebellar afferent systems. Synapse 5:167-174 

 

Cummings SL, Young WS, Bishop GA, DeSouza EB, King JS (1989) Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor in the cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei of the opossum: a study utilizing immunohistochemistry, *in situ*hybridization histochemistry, and receptor autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 280:501-521 

 

Cummings SL, Young WS, King JS (1994) Early development of cerebellar afferent systems that contain corticotropin-releasing factor. J Comp Neurol 350: 534-549

 

Cunningham RH (1897) The cortical motor centres of the opossum, *Didelphys virginiana.* J Physiol 22:264-269 

 

Curry JJ, Timiras PS (1968) Electroshock seizure thresholds and seizure patterns                       in two species of opossum, *Didelphys virginiana* and*Marmosa mitis.* Exper Neurol 21:364-367 

 

Diamond IT and Utley JD (1963) Thalamic retrograde degeneration study of sensory                                                                             cortex in opossum. J Comp Neurol 120:129-160 

 

DiTirro FJ, Ho RH, Martin GF (1981) Immunohistochemical localization of substance-P, somatostatin, and methionine-enkephalin in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 198:351-363 

 

DiTirro FJ, Martin GF, Ho RH (1983) A developmental study of substance-P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and serotonin immunoreactive elements in the spinal cord of the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 213:241-261 

 

Divac I, Bjšrklund A, Lindvall O, Passingham RE (1978) Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species. J Comp Neurol 180:59-71 

 

Dom R, Falls W, Martin GF (1973) The motor nucleus of the facial nerve in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Its organization and connections. J Comp Neurol 152:373-401 

 

Dom R, King S, Martin GF (1973) Evidence for two direct cerebello-olivary connections. Brain Res 57:498-501 

 

Dom RM (1982) Topographical representation of the peripheral nerve branches of the facial nucleus of the opossum: a study utilizing horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res 246:281-284 

 

Donoghue JP, Ebner FF (1981) The organization of thalamic projections to the parietal cortex of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 198:365-388 

 

Donoghue JP, Ebner FF (1981) The laminar distribution and ultrastructure of fibers projecting from three thalamic nuclei to the somatic sensory-motor cortex of the opossum. J Comp Neurol 198:389-420 

 

Dubois FS (1929) The tractus solitarius and attendant nuclei in the Virginia opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 47:189-224 

 

Ebner FF (1967) Medial geniculate nucleus projections to telencephalon in the opossum. Anat Rec 157:238-239 

 

Ebner FF (1967) Afferent connections to neocortex in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 129:241-268 

 

Ebner FF (1970) Reference atlas of the brain of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). US Gov Res Dev Rep 70: 41

 

Eisenberg JF, Wilson DE (1981) Relative brain size and demographic strategies in                       Didelphid marsupials. Am Nat 118:1-15 

 

Erickson RP, Jane JS, Waite R, Diamond IT (1964) Single neuron investigation of                                                                             sensory thalamus of the opossum. J Neurophysiol 27:1026-1047 

 

Falls WM, King JS (1976) The facial motor nucleus of the opossum: cytology and axosomatic synapses. J Comp Neurol 167:177-204 

 

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King JS, Walker JJ, Bishop GA (1993) The brain stem origin and development of serotonin in the opossum cerebellum. In: Trouillas P, Fuxe K (eds) Serotonin, the cerebellum, and ataxia. Raven Press, New York, Chapt 10, pp 137-154

 

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Martin GF (1968) Some efferent cortical pathways of the opossum. J Hirnforsch 10:55-78

 

Martin GF (1968) The pattern of neocortical projections to the mesencephalon of                      the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Brain Res 11:593-610 

 

Martin GF (1969) Efferent tectal pathways of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 135:209-224 

 

Martin GF (1973) Projections of the cerebellum to pre-cerebellar replay nuclei in the opossum. Anat Rec 175:384 

 

Martin GF, Andrezik J, Crutcher K, Linauts M, Panneton M (1977) The lateral reticular nucleus of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). II. Connections. J Comp Neurol 174:151-186 

 

Martin GF, Beals JK, Culberson JL, Dom R, Goode G, Humbertson AO Jr (1978) Observations on the development of brainstem-spinal systems in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 181:271-289 

 

Martin GF, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Henkel CK, Hughes HC (1975) Cortical and brain stem projections to the spinal cord of the American opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Brain Behav Evol 12:270-310

 

Martin GF, Beattie MS, Hughes HC, Linauts M, Panneton M (1977) The organization                       of reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits in the North American opossum. Brain Res 137:253-266 

 

Martin GF, Bresnahan JC, Henkel CK, Megirian D (1975) Corticobulbar fibres in the North American opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*) with notes on the Tasmanian brush-tailed possum (*Trichosurus vulpecula*) and other marsupials. J Anat 120:439-484 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T (1985) Cortical projections to superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and to the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the North American opossum. Studies using the orthograde transport of WGA-HRP. Brain Res 337:188-192 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Culberson JL, Curry JJ, Tschismadia I (1980) The early development of corticobulbar and corticospinal systems. Studies using the North American opossum. Anat Embryol 161:197-213 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, DiTirro FJ, Ho RH, Humbertson AO Jr (1982) Raphespinal projections in the North American opossum: evidence for connectional heterogeneity. J Comp Neurol 208:67-84 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, DiTirro FJ, Ho RH, Humbertson AO (1982) Reticular and raphe  projections to the spinal cord of the North American opossum. Evidence for connectional heterogeneity. Prog Brain Res 57:109-129 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, DiTirro FJ, Ho RH, Humbertson AO (1982) The development of                                                                             descending spinal connections. Studies using the North American opossum. Prog Brain Res 57:131-144 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Hazlet JC (1986) The development of rubrospinal, cerebellorubral, and corticorubral connections in the North American opossum. Evidence for asynchronism. Neurochem Pathol 5:221-236 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Hazlett JC (1988) The development of selected rubral connections in the North American opossum. Behav Brain Res 28:21-28 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Hazlett JC, Ho RH, Waltzer R (1987) Development of brainstem and cerebellar projections to the diencephalon with notes on thalamocortical projections: studies in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 260:186-200 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Ho RH (1988) The early development of subcortical projections to presumptive somatic sensory-motor areas of neocortex in the North American opossum. Anat Embryol 178:365-379 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Humbertson AO Jr (1981) Evidence for a lack of distinct rubrospinal somatotopy in the North American opossum and for collateral innervation of the cervical and lumbar enlargements by single rubral neurons. J Comp Neurol 201:255-263 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Humbertson AO Jr (1981) Evidence for collateral innervation                        of the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord by single reticular and raphe neurons. Studies using fluorescent markers in double-labeling experiments on the North American opossum. Neurosci Lett 24:1-6 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Humbertson AO Jr (1982) The brainstem origin of monoaminergic projections to the spinal cord of the North American opossum: a study using fluorescent tracers and fluorescence histochemistry. Brain Res Bull 9:217-225 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Humbertson AO Jr, Laxson LC, Panneton WM (1981) Spinal projections from the medullary reticular formation of the North American opossum: evidence for connectional heterogeneity. J Comp Neurol 196:663-682 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Waltzer R (1983) Anatomical demonstration of the location and collateralization of rubral neurons which project to the spinal cord, lateral brainstem and inferior olive in the North American opossum. Brain Behav Evol 23:93-109 

 

 

Martin GF, Cabana T, Waltzer R (1988) The origin of projections from the medullary reticular formation to the spinal cord, the diencephalon and the cerebellum at different stages of development in the North American opossum: studies using single and double labeling techniques. Neuroscience 25:87-96 

 

Martin GF, Culberson JL, Hazlett JC (1983) Observations on the early development                        of ascending spinal pathways. Studies using the North American opossum. Anat Embryol 166:191-207 

 

Martin GF, Culberson JL, Tschismadia I (1980) The development of major projections to the inferior olivary nucleus. Experimental studies using the North American opossum. Anat Embryol 160:187-202 

 

Martin GF, DeLorenzo G, Ho RH, Humbertson AO Jr, Waltzer R (1985) Serotonergic innervation of the forebrain in the North American opossum. Brain Behav Evol 26:196-228 

 

Martin GF, Dom R (1970) The rubro-spinal tract of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 138:19-30 

 

Martin GF, Dom R (1970) Rubrobulbar projections of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 139:199-214 

 

Martin GF, Dom R (1971) Reticulospinal fibers of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. II. Course, caudal extent and distribution. J Comp Neurol 141:467-483 

 

Martin GF, Dom R, Katz S, King JS (1974) The organization of projection neurons                       in the opossum red nucleus. Brain Res 78:17-34 

 

Martin GF, Dom R, King JS, RoBards M, Watson CRR (1975) The inferior olivary nucleus of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*), its organization and connections. J Comp Neurol 160:507-533 

 

Martin GF, Fisher AM (1968) A further evaluation of the origin, the course and the termination of the opossum corticospinal tract. J Neurolog Sci 7:177-187 

 

Martin GF, Ghooray G, Ho RH, Pindzola RR, Xu XM (1991) The origin of serotoninergic projections to the lumbosacral spinal cord at different stages of development in the North American opossum. Develop Brain Res 58:203-213 

 

Martin GF, Ghooray GT, Wang XM, Xu XM, Zou XC (1994) Models of spinal cord regeneration. Prog Brain Res 103: 175-201

 

Martin GF, Hamel EG (1967) The striatum of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Description and experimental studies. J Comp Neurol 131:491-516 

 

Martin GF, Henkel CK, King JS (1976) Cerebello-olivary fibers: their origin, course and distribution in the North American opossum. Exper Brain Res 24:219-236 

 

Martin GF, Ho RH, Hazlett JC (1989) The early development of major projections to the dorsal striatum in the North American opossum. Develop Brain Res 47:161-170 

 

Martin GF, Humbertson AO, Laxson C, Panneton WM (1979) Evidence for direct bulbospinal projections to laminae IX, X and the intermediolateral cell column. Studies using axonal transport techniques in the North American opossum. Brain Res 170:165-171 

 

Martin GF, Humbertson AO Jr, Laxson C, Panneton WM (1979) Dorsolateral pontospinal systems. Possible routes for catecholamine modulation of nociception. Brain Res 163:333-338 

 

Martin GF, Humbertson AO Jr, Laxson LC, Panneton WM, Tschismadia I (1979) Spinal                        projections from the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation in the North American Opossum: a study using axonal transport techniques. J Comp Neurol 187:373-399 

 

Martin GF, Kind JS, Dom R (1974) The projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.* J Hirnforsch 15:545-573 

 

Martin GF, King JS (1968) The basilar pontine gray of the opossum (*Didelphis                       virginiana*). II. Experimental determination of neocortical input. J Comp Neurol 133:447-461 

 

Martin GF, Linauts M, Walker JM (1977) The nucleus corporis pontobulbaris of the                                                                             North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 175:345-372 

 

Martin GF, Pindzola RR, Xu XM (1993) The origins of descending projections to the lumbar spinal cord at different stages of development in the North American opossum. Brain Res Bull 30: 303-317

 

Martin GF, Terman JR, Wang XM (2000) Regeneration of descending spinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord during early development in the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Brain Res Bull 53: 677-687

 

Martin GF, Waltzer RP (1984) A double-labelling study of reticular collaterals to the spinal cord and cerebellum of the North American opossum. Neurosci Lett 47:185-191 

 

Martin GF, Waltzer RP (1984) A study of overlap and collateralization of bulbar reticular and raphe neurons which project to the spinal cord and diencephalon of the North American opossum. Brain Behav Evol 24:109-123 

 

Martin GF, West HJ (1967) Efferent neocortical projections to sensory nuclei in                       the brain stem of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Neurolog Sci 5:287-302 

 

Martin GF, Xu XM (1988) Evidence for developmental plasticity of the rubrospinal                                                                             tract. Studies using the North American opossum. Develop Brain Res 39:303-308 

 

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Meyer RP (1981) Central connections of the olfactory bulb in the American opossum (*Didelphys**virginiana*): a light microscopic degeneration study. Anat Rec 201:141-156 

 

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Mihailoff GA (1978) Anatomic evidence suggestive of dendrodendritic synapses in                       the opossum basilar pons. Brain Res Bull 3:333-340 

 

Mihailoff GA (1979) Electron microscopic identification of cerebellopontine axon                                                       terminals in the opossum. Brain Res 165:1-12 

 

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Morest DK (1968) The growth of synaptic endings in the mammalian brain: a study                       of the calyces of the trapezoid body. Z Anat Entwickl -Gesch 127: 201-220

 

Morest DK (1969) The differentiation of cerebral dendrites: a study of the post-migratory neuroblast in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Z Anat Entwickl -Gesch 128: 271-289

 

Morest DK (1969) The growth of dendrites in the mammalian brain. Z Anat Entwickl -Gesch 128: 290-317

 

Morest DK (1970) A study of neurogenesis in the forebrain of opossum pouch young. Z Anat Entwickl -Gesch 130:265-305 

 

Morest DK, Winer JA (1986) The comparative anatomy of neurons: homologous neurons in the medial geniculate body of the opossum and the cat. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 97:1-96 

 

Morin F, Goldring S (1950) Roles of the anterior commissure and thalamus in inter-hemispheric spread of after-discharge in the opossum. J Comp Neurol 93:229-239 

 

Nelson TE, King JS, Bishop GA (1997) Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents to the cerebellum differs between species. J Comp Neurol 379: 443-445

 

Nelson LR, Lende RA (1965) Interhemispheric responses in the opossum. J Neurophysiol 28:189-199 

 

Nieder PC, Randall W (1964) Sound-evoked potentials in neocortex of unanesthetized opossum. Science 144:429-430 

 

O'Donoghue DL, Martin GF, King JS (1987) The timing of granule cell differentiation and mossy fiber morphogenesis in the opossum. Anat Embryol 175:341-354

 

Oertel D (1999) The role of timing in the brain stem auditory nuclei of vertebrates. Annu Rev Physiol 61: 497-519 

 

Oswaldo-Cruz E, Rocha-Miranda CE (1967) The diencephalon of the opossum in stereotaxic coordinates. I. The epithalamus and dorsal thalamus. J Comp Neurol 129:1-38 

 

Oswaldo-Cruz E, Rocha-Miranda CE (1967) The diencephalon of the opossum in stereotaxic coordinates. II. The ventral thalamus and the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 129:39-48 

 

Oswaldo-Cruz E, Rocha-Miranda CE (1968) The brain of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): a cytoarchitectonic atlas in sterotaxic coordinates. Universidade Federrolo do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Jamerio

 

Owen R (1837) On the structure of the brain of the marsupial animals. Trans Roy   Soc Lond 127: 87-96 

 

Panneton WM, Martin GF (1978) Midbrain projections to the facial nucleus in the                                                                             opossum. Brain Res 145:355-359 

 

Panneton WM, Martin GF (1979) Midbrain projections to the trigeminal, facial and                                                                             hypoglossal nuclei in the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques. Brain Res 168:493-511

 

 

Panneton WM, Martin GF (1983) Brainstem projections to the facial nucleus of the                                                                             opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques. Brain Res 267:19-33 

 

Pearson JC, Norris JR, Coccia MR, Mann BL (1983) A Golgi study of the opossum ventral basal complex. J Morphol 177:277-299 

 

Penny GR, Conley M, Schmechel DE, Diamond IT (1984) The distribution of glutamic    acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the diencephalon of the opossum and rabbit. J Comp Neurol 228:38-56 

 

Penny JE (1982) Cytoarchitectural and dendritic patterns of the dorsal column nuclei of the opossum. J Hirnforsch 23:315-330 

 

Phelix CF, Krause WJ (1990) Tyrosine hydroxylase- and corticotropin releasing factor-immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Zeit Mikrosk Anat Forsch 104:650-656 

 

Phillips DS, Michels KM (1964) Selective stimulation and electophysiological responses of the olfactory bulb of the opossum. Perceptual Motor Skills 18:63-69 

 

Pilleri G von (1961) Zur Struktur des Claustrum bei *Didelphis marsupialis*                        Linn (Marsupialia, didelphoidea). Acta Anat 45:310-314 

 

Pindzola RR, Ho RH, Martin GF (1988) Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal                                                           cord in the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Brain Behav Evol 32:281-292 

 

Pindzola RR, Ho RH, Martin GF (1990) Development of catecholaminergic projections to the spinal cord in the North American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 294:399-417 

 

Pubols BH Jr (1968) Retrograde degeneration study of somatic sensory thalamocortical connections in brain of Virginia opossum. Brain Res 7:232-251 

 

Pubols BH Jr (1977) The second somatic sensory area (SmII) of opossum neocortex.                         J Comp Neurol 174:71-78 

 

Pubols BH Jr, Donovick PJ, Pubols LM (1973) Opossum trigeminal afferents associated with vibrissa and rhinarial mechanoreceptors. Brain Behav Evol 7: 360-381

 

Pubols BH, Pubols LM (1966) Somatic sensory representation in the thalamic ventrobasal complex of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 127:19-34 

 

Pubols BH Jr, Pubols LM, DiPette DJ, Sheely JC (1976) Opossum somatic sensory cortex: a microelectrode mapping study. J Comp Neurol 165:229-245

 

Putnam SJ, Cone DM (1966) Terminal connections of the olfactory tract fibers in                       the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Anat Rec 154: 405

 

Putnam SJ, Megirian D, Manning JW (1968) Marsupial interhemispheric relation. J                                                                             Comp Neurol 132: 227-234

 

Rafols JA, Matzke HA (1970) Efferent projections of the superior colliculus in the opossum. J Comp Neurol 138:147-160 

 

Ravizza RJ, Masterton B (1971) The habituation of auditory reflexes in the decorticate opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Physiol Behav 6:717-722 

 

Ravizza RJ, Masterton B (1972) Contribution of neocortex to sound localization in opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Neurophysiol 35:344-356 

 

Reddy VK, Cassini P, Ho RH, Martin GF (1990) Origins and terminations of bulbospinal axons that contain serotonin and either enkephalin or substance-P in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 294:96-108 

 

Reep R (1984) Relationship between prefrontal and limbic cortex: a comparative anatomical review. Brain Behav Evol 25:5-80 

 

Riese W (1945) Structure and function of the brain of the opossum (*Didelphis                       virginiana*) at the time of birth. J Mammal 26:148-153 

 

Riese W (1948) The early postnatal development of the brain of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Mammal 29:150-155 

 

Riese W, Smyth GE (1940) The cytology of the cortex in the opossum (*Didelphys  virginiana*) considered in relation to some general problems of cortical evolution. Proc Kon Ned v Wetensch 43:403-409 

 

RoBards MJ (1979) Somatic neurons in the brainstem and neocortex projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus: an anatomical study in the opossum. J Comp Neurol 184:547-565 

 

RoBards MJ, Watkins DW, Masterton RB (1976) An anatomical study of some somesthetic afferents to the intercollicular terminal zone of the midbrain of the opossum. J Comp Neurol 170:499-524 

 

Rodriguez R, Haberly LB (1989) Analysis of synaptic events in the opossum piriform cortex with improved current source-density techniques. J Neurophysiol 61:702-718 

 

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Royce GJ (1971) Morphology of neuroglia in the hypothalamus of the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*), armadillo (*Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus*) and cat (*Felis domestica*). J Morphol 134:141-180 

 

Royce GJ, Ward JP, Bade BB, Harting JK (1975) Retinogeniculate pathways in two marsupial opossums,*Didelphis virginiana* and *Marmosa mitis.* Anat Rec 181: 467-468

 

Royce GJ, Ward JP, Harting JK (1976) Retinofugal pathways in two marsupials. J Comp Neurol 170:391-413 

 

Russell AM (1944) The embryological development of Jacobson's organ in*Didelphys virginiana* (Kerr). Anat Rec 90:149-153 

 

Salinas M-E, Zeballos GA, Wang MB (1971) A stereotaxic atlas of the opossum brain (*Didelphis**virginiana*). Brain Behav Evol 4:114-150 

 

Schreck J, Johnson JI (1978) Postnatal days 9-15, a critical period for the loss                        in cuneate nucleus due to removal of peripheral receptive fields in pouch young opossums. Anat Rec 190: 534-535

 

Scott DE (1982) Ultrastructural organization of the circumventricular organ system of the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.*Anat Rec 202: 172A

 

Simpson RK Jr, Blackburn JG, Dom RM, Katz S (1987) Somatosensory interaction in                       opossums as measured by evoked potentials. Lab Anim Sci 37:241-243 

 

Smaha LA, Kaelber WW (1973) Efferent fiber projections of the habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus. An experimental study in the opossum and cat. Exper Brain Res 16:291-308

 

Sreesai M (1974) Cerebellar cortical projections of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). J Hirnforsch 15:529-544 

 

Stokes JH (1911) The acoustic complex and its relations in the brain of the opossum *Didelphis**virginiana.* Am J Anat 12: 401-445

 

Terman JR, Wang XM, Martin GF (1996) Growth of dorsal spinocerebellar axons through a lesion of their spinal pathway during early development in the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Develop Brain Res 93: 33-48

 

Terman JR, Wang XM, Martin GF (1997) Developmental plasticity of selected spinocerebellar axons. Studies using the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Develop Brain Res 102: 309-314

 

Terman JR, Wang XM, Martin GF (1998) Origin, course, and laterality of spinocerebellar axons in the North American opossum,*Didelphis**virginiana*. Anat Rec 251: 528-547

 

Terman JR, Wang XM, Martin GF (1999) Developmental plasticity of ascending spinal axons - Studies using the North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Dev Brain Res 112: 65-77

 

Thompson EL (1942) The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus in *Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 76:239-281

 

Tobias TJ, Ebner FF (1973) Thalmocortical projections from the mediodorsal nucleus in the Virginia opossum. Brain Res 52:79-96

 

Todd BA, Inman C, Sedgwick EM, Abbott NJ (2000) Ionic permeability of the opossum sciatic nerve perineurium, examined using electrophysiological and electron microscopic techniques. Brain Res 867: 223-231

 

Towe AL (1973) Relative numbers of pyramidal tract neurons in mammals of different sizes. Brain Behav Evol 7: 1-17 

 

Towe AL, Biedenbach MA (1969) Observations on the primitive pyramidal system of                                                                             the American opossum. Brain Behav Evol 2:49 

 

Tsai C (1925) The descending tracts of the thalamus and midbrain of the opossum,                                                                             *Didelphis**virginiana.*J Comp Neurol 39:217-248 

 

Tsai C (1925) The optic tracts and centers of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 39:173-216 

 

Turner EL (1924) The pyramidal tract of the Virginian opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 36:387-397 

 

Tweedle CD, Hearshen DO, Ostapoff E-M (1977) Ultrastructure of the developing cuneate-gracile nuclear complex in opossums. Anat Rec 187:733-734 

 

Ulinski PS (1971) External morphology of pouch young opossum brains: a profile of opossum neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 142:33-58 

 

van der Sprenkel HB (1927) Stria terminalis and amygdala in the brain of the opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 42:211-254 

 

Vigh B, Vigh-Teichmann I, Manzano e Silva SMJ, van den Pol AN (1983) Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons of the central canal and terminal ventricle in various vertebrates. Cell Tissue Res 231:615-621 

 

Vigh-Trichmann I, Vigh B, Aros B, Kausz M, Simonsberger P, van den Pol AN (1981)                        CSF contacting neuronal structures of the third ventricle of opossum, hedgehog and cat. Mikroskopie 38:337-355 

 

Volker VS, EG Hamel (1966) The nuclear configuration and cyto-architecture of the amygdaloid complex in *Didelphis virginiana.* Alabama J Med Sci 3:54-69 

 

Voris HC (1928) The morphology of the spinal cord of the Virginian opossum (*Didelphis**virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 46:407-459 

 

Voris HC, Hoerr NL (1932) The hindbrain of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 54:277-356 

 

Wade O, Hancock EW (1949) Unusual features in the lumbar plexus of the opossum.                                                                             Nat Hist Misc (Chicago) 50: 1-2 

 

Walker JJ, Bishop GA, Ho RH, King JS (1988) Brainstem origin of serotonin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive afferents to the opossum's cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 276:481-497 

 

Walker JJ, King JS (1989) Ontogenesis of enkephalinergic afferent systems in the                        opossum cerebellum. Develop Brain Res 48:35-58 

 

Walsh TM, Ebner FF (1970) The cytoarchitecture of somatic sensory-motor cortex in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*): a Golgi study. J Anat 107:1-18 

 

Walsh TM, Ebner FF (1973) Distribution of cerebellar and somatic lemniscal projections in the ventral nuclear complex of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 147:427-446

 

Waltzer R, Martin GF (1988) Organization of forebrain projections from the medullary reticular formation in the North American opossum. Evidence for connectional heterogeneity. Brain Behav Evol 31:57-81

 

Wang XM, Basso DM, Terman JR, Bresnahan JC, Martin GF (1998) Adult opossums (*Didelphis**virginiana*) demonstrate near normal locomotion after spinal cord transection as neonates. Exp Neurol 151: 50-69 

 

Wang XM, Qin YQ, Xu XM, Martin GF (1994) Developmental plasticity of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal axons in the North American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 349: 288-302

 

Wang XM, Qin YQ, Terman JR, Martin GF (1997) Early development and developmental                        plasticty of the fasciculus gracilus in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Develop Brain Res 98: 151-163

 

Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1996) Evidence for growth of supraspinal axons through the lesion after transection of the thoracic spinal cord in the developing opossum *Didelphis virginiana.*J Comp Neurol 371: 104-115

 

Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998) Regeneration of supraspinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord in the developing opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Comp Neurol 398: 83-97

 

Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1999) Rescue of axotomized rubrospinal neurons by                        brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the developing opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Dev Brain Res 118: 177-184

 

Ward JW (1954) The development of the cortico-spinal tract in the pouch-young of                                                                             the Virginia opossum,*Didelphys virginiana.* J Comp Neurol 101:483-494 

 

Watson CR, Herron P (1977) The inferior olivary complex of marsupials. J Comp Neurol 176:527-537 

 

Way JS, Kaelber WW (1969) A degeneration study of efferent connections of the habenular complex in the opossum. Am J Anat124:31-46 

 

Weber JT, Martin GF, Behan M, Huerta MF, Harting JK (1979) The precise origin of                        the tectospinal pathway in three common laboratory animals: a study using the horseradish peroxidase method. Neurosci Lett 11:121-127

 

Weed LH, Langworthy OR (1925) Decerebrate rigidity in the opossum. Am J Physiol                                                                             72:25-42 

 

Weed LH, Langworthy OR (1925) Developmental study of excitatory areas in the cerebral cortex of the opossum. Am J Physiol 72:8-24 

 

Weindl A, Schinko I (1978) The ventricular system of the opossum brain. Scan Electron Microsc II:861-870

 

Weindl A, Sofroniew MV, Wetzstein R (1987) Immunohistochemical demonstration of                       secretory neurons in the brain of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and the European mole (*Talpa europea*). Acta Endocrinol Suppl 215: 121-122 

 

Welker W, Shambes GM (1985) Tactile cutaneous representation in cerebellar granule cell layer of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Brain Behav Evol 27:57-79 

 

Willard FH, Ho RH, Martin GF (1984) The neuronal types and the distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine and enkephalin-like immunoreactive fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the North American opossum. Brain Res Bull 12:253-266 

 

Willard FH, Martin GF (1983) The auditory brainstem nuclei and some of their projections to the inferior colliculus in the North American opossum. Neuroscience 10:1203-1232 

 

Willard FH, Martin GF (1984) Collateral innervation of the inferior colliculus in the North American opossum: a study using fluorescent markers in a double-labeling paradigm. Brain Res 303:171-182 

 

Willard FH, Martin GF (1986) The development and migration of large multipolar neurons into the cochlear nucleus of the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 248: 119-132

 

Winer JA, Morest DK, Diamond IT (1988) A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the medial geniculate body of the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana*, with a comment on the posterior intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. J Comp Neurol 274:422-448

 

Woodburne RT (1943) The nuclear pattern of the non-tectal portions of the midbrain and isthmus in the opossum. J Comp Neurol 78:169-190 

 

Xu XM, Martin GF (1989) Developmental plasticity of the rubrospinal tract in the                        North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 279:368-381 

 

Xu XM, Martin GF (1990) The response of rubrospinal neurons to axotomy in the adult opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Exp Neurol 108:46-54 

 

Xu XM, Martin GF (1991) Evidence for new growth and regeneration of cut axons in                        developmental plasticity of the rubrospinal tract in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 313:103-112 

 

Xu XM, Martin GF (1991) Ipsilaterally projecting rubrospinal neurons in adult and developing opossums. Anat Rec 231:538-547 

 

Xu XM, Martin GF (1992) The response of rubrospinal neurons to axotomy at different stages of development in the North American opossum. J Neurotrauma 9:93-105 

 

Yuen H, Dom RM, Martin GF (1974) Cerebellopontine projections in the American opossum. A study of their origin, distribution and overlap with fibers from the cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 154:257-285 

 

Ziehen T (1897) Ueber die Motorische Rindenregion von*Didelphys virginiana.* Centralbl Physiol 11:457-461 

 

Zimmerman EA, Chambers WW (1963) Cortical projections to sensory relay nuclei in                        the brainstem of the opossum and rat. Anat Rec 145:304 

 

Zou XC, Martin GF (1995) The distribution of GAP-43 immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of adult opossums (*Didelphis virginiana*) with notes on their development. Brain Behav Evol 45: 63-83

 

Zou XC, Ho RH, Wang XM, Martin GF (1996) Evidence for GAP-43 within descending spinal axons in the North American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Brain Behav Evol 47: 200-213

 

 

1.29  Eye : Optic Nerve

 

Ahnelt PK, Kolb H (2000) The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Prog Retin Eye Res 19: 711-777

 

Bodian D (1936) An experimental study of the optic tracts and retinal projection of the Virginia opossum. J Comp Neurol 66:113-144

 

Braekevelt CR (1976) Fine structure of the retinal epithelium and tapetum lucidum of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Morphol 150:213-226 

 

Christensen JL, Hill RM (1969) A review of the anatomy and neurophysiology of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) visual system. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 46:440-446 

 

Friedman H (1967) Color vision in the Virginia opossum. Nature 213:835-836 

 

Goldman KA, Steinberg RH (1979) Phagocytosis and degradation of phagosomes in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium (PE) of the opossum. J Cell Biol 83: 132A

 

Hazlett LD, Hazlett JC, Ireland M, Bradley RH (1978) Microperoxisomes in retinal                        epithelium and tapetum lucidum of the American opossum. Exper Eye Res 27:343-348 

 

Herman KG, Steinberg RH (1982) Melanosome metabolism in the retinal pigmented epithelium of the opossum. Cell Tissue Res 227:485-507 

 

Herman KG, Steinberg RH (1982) Phagosome degradation in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23:291-304 

 

Herman KG, Steinberg RH (1982) Phagosome movement and the diurnal pattern of phagocytosis in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23:277-290

 

Johnson GL (1901) Contributions to the comparative anatomy of the mammalian eye,       chiefly based on opthalmoscopic examination. Philos Trans B 194: 1-82 

 

Kirby MA, Clift-Forsberg L, Wilson PD, Rapisardi SC (1982) Quantitative analysis                                                                             of the optic nerve of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): an electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 211:318-327 

 

Kirby MA, Wilson PD (1986) Receptive field properties and latencies of cells in                                                                             the lateral geniculate nucleus of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Neurophysiol 56: 907-933

 

Kirby MA, Wilson PD, Fischer TM (1988) Development of the optic nerve of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Develop Brain Res 44:37-48 

 

Kolb H, Wang HH (1985) The distribution of photoreceptors, dopaminergic amacrine cells and ganglion cells in the retina of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Vision Res 25:1207-1221 

 

Krause WJ, McMenamin PG (1992) Morphological observations on the Harderian gland                        of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Embryol 186:145-152 

 

Leure-dupree AE (1975) Electron microscopic observations of the retina in the pouch young opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Anat Rec 181: 409-410

 

Levi G (1926) Le développement de la cornée chez les amniotes. Comp Rend Assoc Anat 21: 358-369

 

Maclaren RE, Taylor JSH (1997) Regeneration in the developing optic nerve - correlating observations in the opossum to other mammalian systems. Prog Neurobiol 53: 381-398

 

McMenamin PG (1999) Subretinal macrophages in the developing eye of eutherian mammals and marsupials. Anat Embryol 200: 551-558

 

McMenamin PG, Krause WJ (1993) Development of the eye in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Anat 183:343-358

 

McMenamin PG, Krause WJ (1993) Morphological observations on the unique paired capillaries of the opossum retina. Cell Tissue Res 271:461-468

 

Pirie A (1961) Cholesterol in the tapetum lucidum of the eye of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana.* Nature 191:708-709

 

Rapaport DH, Wilson PD (1983) Retinal ganglion cell size groups projecting to the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 213:74-85 

 

Rapaport DH, Wilson PD, Rowe MH (1981) The distribution of ganglion cells in the                          retina of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Comp Neurol 199:465-480 

 

Rowe MH, Wilson PD, Rapaport DH (1981) Conduction velocity groups in the optic nerve of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): retinal origins and central projections. J Comp Neurol 199:481-493 

 

Uga S, Smelser GK (1973) Comparative study of the fine structure of retinal Müller cells in various vertebrates. Invest Ophthalmol 12:434-448 

 

Walls GL (1939) Notes on the retinae of two opossum genera. J Morphol 64:67-87

 

Wilson PD, Condo GJ (1985) Beta-like ganglion cells in the retina of the North American opossum. Brain Res 331:155-159

 

Wislocki GB (1940) Peculiarities of the cerebral blood vessels of the opossum :                          diencephalon, area postrema and retina. Anat Rec 78: 119-131

 

 

1.30  Ear

 

Bock WJ (1970) The M. tensor tympani in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Amer Zool 10:557 

 

Fernández C, Schmidt RS (1963) The opossum ear and evolution of the coiled cochlea. J Comp Neurol 121:151-159 

 

Henson OW (1974) Comparative anatomy of the middle ear. In: Keidel WD, Neff WD (eds) Handbook of sensory physiology. Auditory system. Anatomy physiology (ear). Springer, New York, Vol V, Part 1, pp 39-110 

 

Krause WJ (1991) The vestibular apparatus of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) prior to and immediately after birth. Acta Anat 142:57-59 

 

Larsell O, McCrady E Jr (1935) Acoustic function in pouch young of the opossum.                          Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 32:774-776 

 

Larsell O, McCrady E Jr, Zimmerman AA (1935) Morphological and functional development of the membranous labyrinth in the opossum. J Comp Neurol 63:95-118 

 

McClain JA (1939) The development of the auditory ossicles of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Morphol 64:211-265 

 

McCrady E Jr (1935) Symposium: tone localization in the cochlea. Ann Otol Rhinol   Laryngol 44: 813-818

 

McCrady E Jr, Larsell O (1935) Functional development of the otocyst in the opossum. Anat Rec 61:34-35 

 

McCrady E Jr, Wever EG, Bray CW (1937) The development of hearing in the opossum. J Exp Zool 75:503-517 

 

Segall W (1969) The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus) and their relationships to the tympanic: in marsupials. Acta Anat 73:176-191 

 

Stokes JH (1911) The acoustic complex and its relations in the brain of the opossum (*Didelphys**virginiana*). Am J Anat 12: 401-445 

 

Sucheston ME, Cannon MS (1971) Eustachian tube of several mammalian species. Arch Otolaryngol 93:58-64

 

Weil R (1899) Development of the ossicula auditis in the opossum. Ann New York Acad Sci 12: 103-118

 

 

1.31  Respiratory System

 

Bremer JL (1904) On the lung of the opossum. Am J Anat 3:67-73 

 

Ellison LT, McPherson JC, Ellison RG (1969) Alveolar surfactant in small laboratory animals, fowl, snakes, and adult and pouch 'possums. Fed Proc 28:400 

 

Farber JP (1972) Development of pulmonary reflexes and pattern of breathing in the Virginia opossum. Res Physiol 14:278-286 

 

Farber JP (1978) Laryngeal effects and respiration in the suckling opossum. Res Physiol 35:189-200 

 

Farber JP (1982) Pulmonary receptor discharge and expiratory muscle activity. Res Physiol 47:219-229 

 

Farber JP (1983) Expiratory motor responses in the suckling opossum. J Appl Physiol Respir Envir Exer Physiol 54:919-925 

 

Farber JP (1985) Motor responses to positive-pressure breathing in the developing opossum. J Appl Physiol 58:1489-1495 

 

Farber JP (1986) Differential recruitment of expiratory muscles during opossum development. J Appl Physiol 60:841-845 

 

Farber JP (1987) Expiratory effects of cerebellar stimulation in developing opossums. Am J Physiol 252:R1158-R1164 

 

Farber JP (1988) Medullary inspiratory activity during opossum development. Am J                          Physiol 254:R578-R584 

 

Farber JP (1989) Medullary expiratory activity during opossum development. J Appl Physiol 66:1606-1612 

 

Farber JP (1990) Effects on breathing of rostral pons glutamate injection during                          opossum development. J Appl Physiol 69:189-195 

 

Farber JP (1993) GABAergic effects on respiratory neuronal discharge during opossum development. Am J Phsiol 264: R331-R336

 

Farber JP (1993) Maximum discharge rates of respiratory neurons during opossum development. J Appl Physiol 75: 2040-2044

 

Farber JP (1995) Effect on breathing of medullary bicuculline microinjections in                          immature opossums. Am J Physiol 269: R1295-R1300

 

Farber JP, Fisher JT, Sant'Ambrogio G (1983) Distribution and discharge properties of airway receptors in the opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis.*Am J Physiol 245:R209-R214 

 

Farber JP, Fisher JT, Sant'Ambrogio G (1984) Airway receptor activity in the developing opossum. Am J Physiol 246:R753-R758 

 

Farber JP, Hultgren HN, Tenney SM (1972) Development of the chemical control of                         breathing in the Virginia opossum. Res Physiol 14:267-277 

 

Farber JP, Maltby MA (1980) Ventilatory effects of naloxone and morphine in the                                                                             developing opossum. Res Physiol 41:279-287 

 

Farber JP, Marlow TA (1974) Hering-Breuer inflation reflex and pattern of breathing in the opossum. Fed Proc 33:420 

 

Farber JP, Marlow TA (1976) Pulmonary reflexes and breathing pattern during sleep in the opossum. Res Physiol 27:73-86 

 

Farber JP, Marlow TA (1977) Ventilatory effects accompanying spontaneous movement in the suckling opossum. Res Physiol 31:241-250 

 

Farber JP, Marlow TA (1978) An obstructive apnea in the suckling opossum. Res Physiol 34:295-305

 

Farber JP, Tenny SM (1970) Development of ventilatory control mechanisms in the                         Virginia opossum. Physiologist 13:194

 

Farber JP, Tenney SM (1971) The pouch gas of the Virgina opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Res Physiol 11:335-345 

 

Frappell PB, Mortola JP (1989) Respiratory mechanics in small newborn mammals. Res Physiol 76:25-36 

 

Frederickson RG, Ulrich RG, Pope RS (1980) Morphology of differentiating epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of the postnatal opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Scan Electron Microsc 3:291-300

 

Hill RW (1978) Exhalant air temperatures in the Virginia opossum. J Therm Biol 3:219-221

 

Jazuta K (1932) Baubesonderheiten der Pleurahöhlen beim Opossum. Anat Anz 73:375-380 

 

Krause WJ (1992) A scanning electron microscopic study of the opossum nasal cavity prior to and shortly after birth. Anat Embryol 185:281-289 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH, Leeson CR (1976) Type II pulmonary epithelial cells of the                         newborn opossum lung. Am J Anat 146:181-187 

 

Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1973) The postnatal development of the respiratory system                                                                             of the opossum. I. Light and scanning electron microscopy. Am J Anat 137:337-355 

 

Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1975) Postnatal development of the respiratory system of the opossum. II. Electron microscopy of the epithelium and pleura. Acta Anat 92:28-44 

 

Lechner AJ (1978) The scaling of maximal oxygen consumption and pulmonary dimensions in small mammals. Res Physiol 34:29-44 

 

Lin PJJ, Phelix C, Krause WJ (1988) An immunohistochemical study of olfactory epithelium in the opossum before and after birth. Z Mikrosk-anat Forsch 102:272-282 

 

McCrady E Jr (1936) The origin of the lungs in the opossum. Anat Rec (Suppl 3) 64:31 

 

Meyer W, Tsukise A (1990) Structural and carbnhydrate histochemical aspects of the snout skin of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr. Zool Sci 7:923-931 

 

Meyer W, Tsukise A (1990) Aspects of nasal gland function in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*Kerr, 1792) as indicated by carbohydrate histochemistry. Z Saäugetierkunde 55:353-356

 

Russell AM (1942) On the so-called interpleural opening in the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana* (Kerr). Anat Rec 82:587-592 

 

Sorokin SP (1962) A note on the histochemistry of the opossum's lung. Acta Anat       50:13-21 

 

Sorokin SP (1965) On the cytology and cytochemistry of the opossum's bronchial glands. Am J Anat 117:311-337 

 

Sorokin SP (1970) Properties of alveolar cells and tissues that strengthen alveolar defenses. Arch Inter Med 126:450-463 

 

Torphy TJ, Burman M, Schwartz LW, Wasserman MA (1986) Differential effects of methacholine and leukotriene D4 on cyclic nucleotide content and isoproterenol-induced relaxation in the opossum trachea. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 237:332-340 

 

Zavala DC, Farber JP, Rhodes ML, Whiteside J (1974) Pulmonary oxygen toxicity in                                                           opossum pouch young, weanlings, and mothers: preliminary observations. J Lab Clin Med 84:206-217 

 

 

1.32  Digestive System

 

Abdulnour-Nakhoul S, Nakhoul NL, Orlando RC (2000) Lumen-to-surface pH gradients                          in opossum and rabbit esophagi: Role of submucosal glands. Am J Physiol 278: G113-G120

 

Acuff ME, Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1989) The cardiac, oxyntic and pyloric glands in the developing opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Anz 169:267-271 

 

Akbarali HI, Goyal RK (1994) Effect of sodium nitroprusside on Ca2+ currents in                                                                             opossum esophageal circular muscle cells. Am J Physiol 266: G1036-G1042

 

Akbarali HI, Hatakeyama N, Wang Q, Goyal RK (1995) Transient outward current in                                                                             opossum esophageal circular muscle. Am J Physiol 268: G979-G987

 

Akbarali HI, Thatte H, He XD, Giles WR, Goyal RK (1999) Role of HERG-like K+ currents in opossum esophageal circular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 277: C1284-C1290

 

Allescher HD, Lu S, Daniel EE, Classen M (1993) Nitric oxide as putative nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory transmitter in the opossum sphincter of Oddi. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 71: 525-530

 

Alphin RS, O'Dell SW, Sancilio LF, Ward JW (1984) Irritative properties of two clinical potassium chloride formulations on duodenal mucosa of the cat and esophageal mucosa of the opossum. Dig Dis Sci 29:508-512 

 

Anand N, Paterson WG (1994) Role of nitric oxide in esophageal peristalsis. Am J                          Physiol 266: G123-G131

 

Anuras S (1981) Effect of dopamine on opossum duodenal smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 80:51-54 

 

Anuras S, Christensen J, Cooke AR (1977) A comparison of intrinsic nerve supplies of two muscular layers of duodenum. Am J Physiol 233:E28-E31 

 

Anuras S, Cooke AR (1978) Effects of some gastrointestinal hormones on two muscle layers of duodenum. Am J Physiol 234:E60-E63 

 

Anuras S, Faulk DL, Christensen J (1979) Effects of some autonomic drugs on duodenal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 236:E33-E38

 

Asoh R, Goyal RK (1978) Electrical activity of the opossum lower esophageal sphincter*in vivo*. Its role in the basal sphincter pressure. Gastroenterology 74:835-840 

 

Asoh R, Goyal RK (1978) Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum. Gastroenterology 74:514-520

 

Baggio R, Emig FA, Christianson DW, Ash DE, Chakder S, Rattan S (1999) Biochemical andfunctional profile of a newly developed potent and isozyme-selective arginase inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 290: 1409-1416

 

Barclay RL, Dinda PK, Morris GP, Paterson WG (1995) Morphological evidence of mast cell degranulation in an animal model of acid-induced esophageal mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 40: 1651-1658

 

Barnette M, Torphy TJ, Grous M, Fine C, Ormsbee HS (1989) Cyclic GMP: a potential mediator of neurally- and drug-induced relaxation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 249:524-528 

 

Battish R, Cao G-Y, Lynn RB, Chakder S, Rattan S(2000) Heme oxygenase-2 distribution in anorectum: Co-localization with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol 278: G148-G155

 

Bauer AJ, Hanani M, Muir TC, Szurszewski JH (1991) Intracellular recordings from gall bladder ganglia of opossums. Am J Physiol 260:G299-G306 

 

Becker JM, Moody FG (1978) Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the opossum biliary sphincter. Surg Forum 29:400-402 

 

Becker JM, Moody FG (1980) The dose/response effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the opossum biliary sphincter. Curr Surg 37: 60-62

 

Becker JM, Moody FG, Zinsmeister AR (1982) Effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the biliary sphincter of the opossum. Gastroenterology 82:1300-1307 

 

Becker JM, Sharp SW (1985) Effect of alcohol on cyclical myoelectric activity of                          the opossum sphincter of Oddi. J Surg Res 38:343-349 

 

Beg MA, Qayyum MA (1976) Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of 60 mm embryo of opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis.* Anat Anz 140:74-83 

 

Bensley BA (1906) The homologies of the stylar cusps of the upper molars of the                         Didelphyidae. Univ Toronto Stud Bull 5:149-159 

 

Bensley RR (1903) The structure of the glands of Brunner. Univ Chicago Dec Publ                                                                             Series 10:277-329 

 

Berkovitz BKB (1967) The dentition of a 25-day pouch-young specimen of*Didelphis virginiana*(Didelphidae: Marsupialia). Arch Oral Biol 12:1211-1212 

 

Berkovitz BKB (1978) Tooth ontogeny in*Didelphis virginiana* (Marsupialia:                           Didelphidae). Aust J Zool 26:61-68 

 

Biancani P, Walsh JH, Behar J (1984) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. A neurotransmitter for lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. J Clin Invest 73:963-967 

 

Boyd JD (1932) The suckling mechanism in *Didelphys virginiana.* J Anat 67:                           210

 

Boyd DD, Carney CN, Powell DW (1980) Neurohumoral control of esophageal epithelial electrolyte transport. Am J Physiol 239:G5-G11 

 

Boyde A, Lester KS (1967) The structure and development of marsupial enamel tubules. Z Zellforsch 82:558-576

 

Butler PM (1956) The ontogeny of motor pattern. Biol Rev 31: 30-70 

 

Calabuig R, Seggerman RE, Weems WA, Weisbrodt NW, Moody FG (1990) Gallbladder and gastrointestinal motility after hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 107:568-573 

 

Calabuig R, Ulrich-Baker MG, Moody FG, Weems WA (1990) The propulsive behavior of the opossum sphincter of Oddi. Am J Physiol 258:G138-G142 

 

Calabuig R, Weems WA, Moody FG (1990) Choledochoduodenal flow: effect of the sphincter of Oddi in opossums and cats. Gastroenterology 99:1641-1646 

 

Carmalt C (1913) The anatomy of the salivary glands in some members of other mammalian orders. Marsupials, insectivores, rodents and ungulates. In: Huntington GS, Schulte HW (eds) Studies in cancer and allied subjects: contributions to the anatomy and development of the salivary glands in the Mammalia. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 315-324 

 

Cavuoti OP, Moody FG, Martinez G (1988) Role of pancreatic duct occlusion with prolamine (Ethibloc) in necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery 103:361-366 

 

Cayabyab FS, Daniel EE (1995) K+ channel opening mediates hyperpolarizations by nitric oxide donors and IJPs in opossum esophagus. Am J Physiol 268: G831-G842

 

Cayabyab FS, Daniel EE (1996) Role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in inhibitory junction potentials and hyperpolarizations by nitric oxide donors in opossum oesophagus. Br J Pharmacol 118: 2185-2191

 

Chakder S, Cao G-Y, Lynn RB, Rattan S (2000) Heme oxygenase activity in the internal anal sphincter: Effects of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve stimulation. Gastroenterology 10: 477-486

Chakder S, Rattan S (1990) [Tyr0]-calcitonin gene-related peptide 28-37 (rat) as    a putative antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide responses on opossum internal anal sphincter smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 253:200-206 

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1991) Antagonism of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)                                                                             by human CGRP-(8-37): role of CGRP in internal anal sphincter relaxation. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 256:1019-1024 

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1991) Effects of galanin on the opossum internal anal sphincter: structure-activity relationship. Gastroenterology 100:711-718 

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1992) Neurally mediated relaxation of opossum internal anal         sphincter: influence of superoxide anion generator and the scavenger. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 260:1113-1118

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1993) Involvement of cAMP and cGMP in relaxation of internal anal sphincter by neural stimulation, VIP, and NO. Am J Physiol 264: G702-G707

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1993) The entire vasoactive intestinal polypeptide molecule     is required for the activation of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor: functional and binding studies on the opossum internal anal sphincter smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 392-399

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1993) Release of nitric oxide by activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurons of internal anal sphincter. Am J Physiol 264: G7-G12

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1995) Distribution of VIP binding sites in opossum internal         anal sphincter circular smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 272: 385-391

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1996) Evidence for VIP-induced increase in NO production in                                                            myenteric neurons of opossum internal sphincter. Am J Physiol 270: G492-G497

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1997) L-Arginine deficiency causes suppression of nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerve-mediated smooth muscle relaxation: Role of L-citrulline recycling. J Pharmacol Exper Thereap 282: 378-384

 

Chakder S, Rattan S (1999) Mechanisms and sites of action of endothelins 1 and 2                          on the opossum internal anal sphincter smooth muscle tone *in vitro*. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 288: 239-246

 

Christensen J (1970) Patterns and origin of some esophageal responses to stretch                                                                            and electrical stimulation. Gastroenterology 59:909-916 

 

Christensen J (1970) Pharmacologic identification of the lower esophageal sphincter. J Clin Invest 49:681-691 

 

Christensen J (1978) Some determinants of the latency of the off-response in smooth muscle of the circular layer of opossum esophagus. Nippon Heikatsukin Gakkai Zasshi 14 Suppl:31-32 

 

Christensen J (1982) Oxygen-dependence of contractions in esophageal and gastric                          pyloric and ileocecal muscle of opossums. Pro Soc Exper Biol Med 170:194-202 

 

Christensen J (1988) The forms of argyrophilic ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum. J Auto Nerv Sys 24:251-260 

 

Christensen J, Arthur C, Conklin JL (1979) Some determinants of latency of off-response to electrical field stimulation in circular layer of smooth muscle of opossum esophagus. Gastroenterology 77:677-681 

 

Christensen J, Conklin JL, Freeman BW (1973) Physiologic specialization at esophagogastric junction in three species. Am J Physiol 225:1265-1270 

 

Christensen J, de Carle, DJ (1974) Letter: Comparative anatomy of the esophagus.                           Gastroenterology 67:407-408 

 

Christensen J, Fang S (1994) Colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase activity and certain neuropeptides in the esophagus of opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Cell Tissue Res 278: 557-562

 

Christensen J, Fang S, Rick GA (1995) NADPH-diphorase-positive nerve fibers in smooth muscle layers of opossum esophagus: gradients in density. J Auto Nerv Sys 52: 99-105

 

Christensen J, Freeman BW, Miller JK (1973) Some physiological characteristics of the esophagogastric junction in the opossum. Gastroenterology 64:1119-1125 

 

Christensen J, Iskandarani M (1981) Neuromuscular functions in esophageal smooth        muscle of opossums as differently affected by veratrum alkaloids. Gastroenterology 81:866-871 

 

Christensen J, Lund GF (1968) Atropine excitation of esophageal smooth muscle. J                                                                             Pharmacol Exper Therap 163:287-289 

 

Christensen J, Percy WH (1984) A pharmacological study of oesophageal muscularis                                                                             mucosae from the cat, dog and American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Br J Pharmacol 83:329-336 

 

Christensen J, Percy WH (1985) A pharmacological study of oesophageal muscularis                                                                             mucosae from the cat, dog and American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Addendum. Br J Pharmacol 85:565 

 

Christensen J, Rick GA (1985) Nerve cell density in submucous plexus throughout                                                                             the gut of cat and opossum. Gastroenterology 89:1064-1069 

 

Christensen J, Rick GA (1985) Shunt fascicles in the gastric myenteric plexus in                                                                             five species. Gastroenterology 88:1020-1025 

 

Christensen J, Rick GA, Lowe LS (1992) Distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal in stomach and colon of cat, dog, ferret, opossum, rat, guinea pig and rabbit. J Auto Nerv Sys 37:47-56 

 

Christensen J, Rick GA, Robison BA, Stiles MJ, Wix MA (1983) Arrangement of the                         myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum. Gastroenterology 85:890-899 

 

Christensen J, Rick GA, Soll DJ (1987) Intramural nerves and interstitial cells                                                                             revealed by the Champy-Maillet stain in the opossum esophagus. J Auto Ner Sys 19:137-151 

 

Christensen J, Roberts RL (1983) Differences between esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter in mitochondria of smooth muscle in opossum. Gastroenterology 85:650-656 

 

Christensen J, Robison BA (1982) Anatomy of the myenteric plexus of the opossum                         esophagus. Gastroenterology 83:1033-1042 

 

Christensen J, Stiles MJ, Rick GA, Sutherland J (1984) Comparative anatomy of the myenteric plexus of the distal colon in eight mammals. Gastroenterology 86:706-713 

 

Christensen J, Torres EI (1975) Three layers of the opossum stomach: responses to nerve stimulation. Gastroenterology 69:641-648 

 

Christensen J, Williams TW, Jew J, O'Dorisio TM (1987) Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive structures in the opossum esophagus. Gastroenterology 92:1007-1018 

 

Christensen J, Williams TH, Jew J, O'Dorisio TM (1989) Distribution of immunoreactive substance P in opossum esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 34:513-520 

 

Christinck F, Jury J, Cayabyab F, Daniel EE (1991) Nitric oxide may be the final                          mediator of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory junction potentials in the gut. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 69: 1448-1458

 

Clemens ET, Stevens CE (1980) A comparison of gastrointestinal transit time in 10 species of mammal. J Agric Sci 94:735-738 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Li YF, Moody FG, Schlegel JF (1986) Effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on the myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum. J Physiol 377:421-427 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Li YF (1985) Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity following abdominal operations in the opossum. World J Surg 9:612-618 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Li YF, Senninger N (1986) Gastrointestinal motility following small bowel obstruction in the opossum. J Surg Res 41:274-278 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Li YF, Weisbrodt NW (1986) Influence of autonomic    drugs on the motility of the sphincter of Oddi in the opossum. Surg Gyn Obst 163:209-214 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Li YF, Weisbrodt NW (1986) Serotonin increases the velocity of propagation and frequency of the migrating myoelectric complexes. Eur J Clin Invest 16:252-256 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Schlegel JF (1986) Effect of feeding on myoelectric activity of the sphincter of Oddi and the gastrointestinal tract in the opossum. Dig Dis Sci 31:202-207 

 

Coelho JC, Gouma DJ, Moody FG, Senninger N, Li YF, Chey WY (1986) Sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal motility disturbance following alcohol administration in the opossum. World J Surg 10:990-995 

 

Coelho JC, Moody FG (1987) Certain aspects of normal and abnormal motility of sphincter of Oddi. Dig Dis Sci 32:86-94 

 

Coelho JC, Moody FG, Senninger N, Li YF (1985) Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on Oddi's sphincter and duodenal myoelectric activity and pancreatobiliary pressure. Studies in the opossum. Arch Surg 120:1060-1064

 

Coelho JC, Moody FG, Senninger N, Weisbrodt NW (1985) Effect of alcohol upon myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic and biliary duct pressures. Surg Gyn Obst 160:528-533 

 

Coelho JC, Senninger N, Runkel N, Herfarth C, Messmer K (1986) Effect of analgesic drugs on the electromyographic activity of the gastrointestinal tract and sphincter of Oddi and on biliary pressure. Ann Surg 204:53-58 

 

Coelho JC, Senninger N, Runkel N, Herfarth C, Messmer K (1987) Effect of nifedipine on the motility of the sphincter of Oddi and small bowel of the opossum. Res Exper Med 187:19-24 

 

Cohen S (1974) Augmentation of the neural inhibitory response of the lower esophageal sphincter. Proc Soc Exper Bio Med 145:1004-1007 

 

Cohen S (1974) Developmental characteristics of lower esophageal sphincter function: a possible mechanism for infantile chalasia. Gastroenterology 67:252-258 

 

Cohen S (1975) Force velocity characteristics of oesophageal muscle: interaction                          of isoproterenol and calcium. Eur J Clin Invest 5:259-265 

 

Cohen S, DiMarino AJ (1976) Mechanism of action of metoclopramide on opossum lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Gastroenterology 71:996-998 

 

Cohen S, Green F (1973) The mechanics of esophageal muscle contraction: evidence                          of an inotropic effect of gastrin. J Clin Invest 52:2029-2040 

 

Cohen S, Green F (1974) Force-velocity characteristics of esophageal muscle: effect of acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Am J Physiol 226:1250-1256 

 

Cohen S, Snape WJ Jr (1975) Action of metiamide on the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 69:911-919 

 

Conklin JL, Christensen J (1975) Local specialization at ileocecal junction of the cat and opossum. Am J Physiol 228:1075-1081 

 

Conklin JL, Du C (1992) Guanylate cyclase inhibitors: effect on inhibitory junction potentials in esophageal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 263:G87-G90 

 

Conklin JL, Du C, Murray JA, Bates JN (1993) Characterization and mediation of inhibitory junction potentials from opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 104: 1439-1444

 

Conklin JL, Du C, Schulze-Delrieu K, Shirazi S (1991) Hypertrophic smooth muscle                          in the partially obstructed opossum esophagus. Excitability and electrophysiological properties. Gastroenterology 101:657-663 

 

Conklin JL, O'Meara BW, Murray JA, Fang SY, Clark ED, Christensen J (1995) Effect of nitroblue tetrazolium on NO synthase and motor function of opossum esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 40: 2390-2397

 

Conklin JL, Murray J, Ledlow A, Clark E, Hayek B, Picken H, Rosenthal G (1995) Effects of recombinant human hemoglobin on motor functions of the opossum esophagus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273: 762-767 

 

Crist J, Gidda J, Goyal RK (1986) Role of substance P nerves in longitudinal smooth muscle contractions of the esophagus. Am J Physiol 250:G336-G343 

 

Crist J, Gidda JS, Goyal RK (1984) Characteristics of "on" and "off" contractions in esophageal circular muscle*in vitro*. Am J Physiol 246:G137-G144 

 

Crist J, Gidda JS, Goyal RK (1984) Intramural mechanism of esophageal peristalsis: roles of cholinergic and noncholinergic nerves. Pro Nat Acad Sci USA 81:3595-3599 

 

Crist J, Surprenant A, Goyal RK (1987) Intracellular studies of electrical membrane properties of opossum esophageal circular smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 92:987-992 

 

Crist JR, He XD, Goyal RK (1991) Chloride-mediated inhibitory junction potentials in opossum esophageal circular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 261:G752-G762 

 

Crompton AW, Cook P, Hiiemae K, Thexton AJ (1975) Movement of the hyoid apparatus during chewing. Nature 258:69-70 

 

Crompton AW, Hiiemae KM (1970) Molar occulsion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis*. Zool J Linn Soc 49:21-47 

 

Crompton AW, Thexton AJ, Parker P, Hiiemae K (1977) The activity of the jaw and                         hyoid musculature in the Virginian opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. In: Stonehouse B, Gilmore D (eds) The biology of marsupials. University Park Press, Baltimore, Chapt 17, pp 287-305 

 

Cullen JJ, Conklin JL, Ephgrave KS, Oberley LW (1999) The role of antioxidant enzymes in the control of opossum gallbladder motility. J Surg Res 86: 155-161

 

Cullen JJ, Conklin JL, Murray J, Ledlow J, Rosenthal G (1996) Effects of recombinant human hemoglobin on opossum sphincter of Oddi motor function *in vivo* and*in vitro*. Dig Dis Sci 41: 289-294

 

Cullen JJ, Hinkhouse MM, Conklin JL (2000) Characterization of the off response                                                                             to electrical field stimulation in gallbladder smooth muscle. J Surg Res 88: 8-12

 

Cullen JJ, Ledlow A, Murray JA, Conklin JL (1997) The effect of ethanol on sphincter of Oddi motility *in vitro.* J Sur Res 67: 58-61

 

Culver PJ, Rattan S (1986) Genesis of anal canal pressures in the opossum. Am J                                                                             Physiol 251:G765-G771

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ (1980) Effect of pentagastrin on parietal cells in developing gastric glands of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. Anat Rec 196: 40A

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1978) Development of the external muscle coats in the digestive tract of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Acta Anat 102:333-340 

 

Cutts JH, Leeson CR, Krause WJ (1973) The postnatal development of the liver in                         a marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana*. 1. Light microscopy. J Anat 115:327-346 

 

Dahms NM, Brzycki-Wessell MA, Ramanujam KS, Seetharam B (1993) Characterization                                                                             of mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) from opossum liver: opossum cation-independent MPR binds insulin-like growth factor-II. Endocrinology 133: 440-446

 

Daniel EE, Cipris S, Manaka Y, Bowker P, Regoli D (1989) Classification of tachykinin receptors in muscularis mucosae of opossum oesophagus. Br J Pharmacol 97:1013-1018 

 

Daniel EE, Crankshaw J, Sarna S (1979) Prostaglandins and tetrodotoxin-insensitive relaxation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol 236:E153-E172 

 

Daniel EE, Helmy-Elkholy A, Jager LP, Kannan MS (1983) Neither a purine nor VIP                         is the mediator of inhibitory nerves of opossum oesophageal smooth muscle. J Physiol 336:243-260 

 

Daniel EE, Jager LP, Jury J (1987) Catecholamines release mediators in the opossum oesophageal circular smooth muscle. J Physiol 382:489-508 

 

Daniel EE, Jager LP, Jury J (1989) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibition in lower oesophageal sphincter of opossum. Br J Pharmacol 96:746-752 

 

Daniel EE, Jury J, Bowker P (1987) Muscarinic receptors on nerves and muscles in                          opossum esophagus muscularis mucosa. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65:1903-1907 

 

Daniel EE, Jury J, Christinck F, Cayabyab F (1992) Chloride-mediated inhibitory                                                                             junction potentials in opossum esophageal circular smooth muscle. [letter] Am J Physiol 263:G135-G138 

 

Daniel EE, Jury J, Robotham KH (1986) Receptors for neurotransmitters in opossum                                                                             oesophagus muscularis mucosa. Br J Pharmacol 88:707-714 

 

Daniel EE, Posey-Daniel V (1984) Neuromuscular structures in opossum esophagus:                                                                             role of interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Physiol 246:G305-G315 

 

Daniel EE, Posey-Daniel V (1984) Effects of scorpion venom on structure and function of esophageal lower sphincter (LES) and body circular muscle (BCM) from opossum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62:360-373 

 

Daniel EE, Crankshaw J, Sarna S (1979) Prostaglandins and myogenic control of tension in lower esophageal sphincter *in vitro*.  Prostaglandins 17:629-639

 

Daniel EE, Sarna S, Waterfall W, Crankshaw J (1979) Role of endogenous prostaglandins in regulating the tone of opossum lower esophageal sphincter*in vivo*. Prostaglandins 17:641-648

 

Daniel WL (1989) Comparative biochemistry of hepatic arylsulfatases from North and South American opossums. Comp Biochem Physiol 94B:125-128 

 

de Carle DJ, Christensen J (1976) A dopamine receptor in esophageal smooth muscle of the opossum. Gastroenterology 70:216-219 

 

de Carle DJ, Christensen J (1976) Letter: Metiamide and the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 70:296-297 

 

de Carle DJ, Brody MJ, Christensen J (1976) Histamine receptors in esophageal smooth muscle of the opossum. Gastroenterology 70:1071-1075

 

de Carle DJ, Christensen J, Szabo AC, Templeman DC, McKinley DR (1977) Calcium dependence of neuromuscular events in esophageal smooth muscle of the opossum. Am J Physiol 232:E547-E552 

 

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Paterson WG, Rattan S, Goyal RK (1986) Experimental induction of isolated lower                          esophageal sphincter relaxation in anesthetized opossums. J Clin Invest 77:1187-1193 

 

Paterson WG, Rattan S, Goyal RK (1988) Esophageal responses to transient and sustained esophageal distension. Am J Physiol 255:G587-G595 

 

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Percy WH, Roberts RL, Mason JB, Christensen J (1986) Substrate dependence and oxygen sensitivity of tone and of spontaneous and evoked contractions of the distal colonic muscularis mucosae of opossum. Gastroenterology 91:570-575 

 

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Pinkstaff CA (1980) The cytology of salivary glands. Inter Rev Cytol 63:141-261                                                                             

 

Prasad R, Mukhopadhyay A, Prasad N (1978) Variation in the lactase dehydrogenase                                                         activity of the esophagus. Experientia 34:484-485

 

Pressman TG, Doolittle JH (1966) Taste preferences in the Virginia opossum. Psychol Rep 18:875-878 

 

Quintarelli G, Dellovo MC (1969) Studies on the exocrine secretions. Histochemical investigations on the major salivary glands of exotic animals. Histochemie 19:199-223 

 

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Rattan S (1986) The non-adrenergic non-cholinergic innervation of the esophagus  and the lower esophageal sphincter. Arch Inter Pharma Ther 280 (Suppl):62-83 

 

Rattan S, Chakder S (1992) Role of nitric oxide as a mediator of internal anal sphincter relaxation. Am J Physiol 262:G107-G112

 

Rattan S, Chakder S (1993) Inhibitory effect of CO on internal anal sphincter: heme oxygenase inhibitor inhibits NANC relaxation. Am J Physiol 265: G799-G804

 

Rattan S, Chakder S (1997) L-citrulline recycling in opossum internal anal sphincter relaxtion by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve. Gastroenterology 112: 1250-1259

 

Rattan S, Chakder S (1997) L-arginine deficiency causes supression of nonadrenergic nonchoinergic nerve-mediated smooth muscle relaxation - role of L-citrulline recycling. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 282: 378-384 

 

Rattan S, Chakder S (2000) Influence of heme oxygenase inhibitors on the basal tissue enzymatic activity and smooth muscle relaxation of internal anal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 294: 1009-1016

 

Rattan S, Coln D, Goyal RK (1976) The mechanism of action of gastrin on the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 70:828-831 

 

Rattan S, Culver PJ (1987) Influence of loperamide on the internal anal sphincter in the opossum. Gastroenterology 93:121-128 

 

Rattan S, Fan Y-P, Chakder S (1999) Mechanism of inhibition of VIP-induced LES relaxation by heme oxygenase inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX. Am J Physiol 276: G138-G145

 

Rattan S, Gidda JS, Goyal RK (1983) Membrane potential and mechanical responses of the opossum esophagus to vagal stimulation and swallowing. Gastroenterology 85:922-928 

 

Rattan S, Gonnella P, Goyal RK (1988) Inhibitory effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin on opossum esophageal smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 94:284-293 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1974) Neural control of the lower esophageal sphincter: influence of the vagus nerves. J Clin Invest 54:899-906 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1975) Effect of nicotine on the lower esophageal sphincter.                            Studies on the mechanism of action. Gastroenterology 69:154-159 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1976) Effect of dopamine on the esophageal smooth muscle *in vivo*. Gastroenterology 70:377-381 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1977) Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the lower esophageal                                                                             sphincter*in vivo*: evidence for multiple sites of action. J Clin Invest 59:125-133 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1978) Effects of histamine on the lower esophageal sphincter                                                                             *in vivo*: evidence for action at three different sites. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 204:334-342 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1978) Evidence of 5-HT participation in vagal inhibitory pathway to opossum LES. Am J Physiol 234:E273-E276 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1979) Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on the opossum                            lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 77:672-676 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1980) Evidence against purinergic inhibitory nerves in the vagal pathway to the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 78:898-904 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1983) Identification and localization of opioid receptors in                            the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 224:391-397 

 

Rattan S, Goyal RK (1987) Effect of galanin on the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Life Sci 41:2783-2790 

 

Rattan S, Grady M, Goyal RK (1982) Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes peristaltic contractions in the esophageal body. Life Sci 30:1557-1563 

 

Rattan S, Hersh T, Goyal RK (1972) Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha and gastrinpentapeptide on the lower esophageal sphincter. Pro Soc Exper Bio Med 141:573-575 

 

Rattan S, Moummi C (1989) Influence of stimulators and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotides on lower esophageal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 248:703-709 

 

Rattan S, Moummi C, Chakder S (1991) CGRP and ANF cause relaxation of opossum internal anal sphincter via different mechanisms. Am J Physiol 260:G764-G769 

 

Rattan S, Rosenthal GJ, Chakder S (1995) Human recombinant hemoglobin (rHb11) inhibits nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerve-mediated relaxation of internal anal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272: 1211-1216

 

Rattan S, Sarkar A, Chakder S (1992) Nitric oxide pathway in rectoanal inhibitory reflex of opossum internal anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 103:43-50

 

Rattan S, Shah R (1987) Influence of sacral nerves on the internal anal sphincter of the opossum. Am J Physiol 253:G345-G350 

 

Rattan S, Shah R (1988) Influence of purinoceptors' agonists and antagonists on    opossum internal anal sphincter. Am J Physiol 255:G389-G394

 

Rattan S, Thatikunta P (1993) Role of nitric oxide in sympathetic neurotransmission in opossum internal anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 105: 827-836

 

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Ren J, Schulze-Delrieu K (1990) Movement of wax particles by contractions in the                            isolated opossum esophagus. Am J Physiol 258:G164-G170 

 

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Robison BA, Percy WH, Christensen J (1984) Differences in cytochrome c oxidase capacity in smooth muscle of opossum esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 87:1009-1013 

 

Robotham H, Jury J, Daniel EE (1985) Capsaicin effects on muscularis mucosa of opossum esophagus: substance P release from afferent nerves? Am J Physiol 248:G655-G662 

 

Rodriguez L, Calabuig R, LaRocco M, Moody FG, Miller TA (1992) Bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract of opossums. Vet Microbiol 30:289-295 

 

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Ryan J, Cohen S (1977) Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on basal and                                                                             cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder pressure. Gastroenterology 73:870-872 

 

Ryan JP, Duffy KR (1978) LES pressure response to pentagastrin: effect of cholinergic augmentation and inhibition. Am J Physiol 234:E301-E305 

 

Ryan JP, Snape WJ Jr, Cohen S (1977) Influence of vagal cooling on esophageal function. Am J Physiol 232:E159-E164 

 

Saha JK, Hirano I, Goyal RK (1993) Biphasic effect of SNP on opossum esophageal longitudinal muscle: involvement of cGMP and eicosanoid. Am J Physiol 265: G403-G407

 

Saha JK, Sengupta JN, Goyal RK (1990) Effect of bradykinin on opossum esophageal   longitudinal smooth muscle: evidence for novel bradykinin receptors. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 252:1012-1020 

 

Saha JK, Sengupta JN, Goyal RK (1991) Effects of bradykinin and bradykinin analogs on the opossum lower esophageal sphincter: characterization of an inhibitory bradykinin receptor. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 259:265-273 

 

Saha JK, Sengupta JN, Goyal RK (1992) Role of chloride ions in lower esophageal                           sphincter tone and relaxation. Am J Physiol 263:G115-G126 

 

Samuel I, Toriumi Y, Yokoo H, Wilcockson DP, Trout JJ, Joehl RJ (1994) Ligation-induced acute panceatitis in rats and opossums: a comparative morphologic study of the early phase. J Sur Res 57: 299-311

 

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Sarna SK, Daniel EE, Waterfall WE (1977) Myogenic and neural control systems for                    esophageal motility. Gastroenterology 73:1345-1352 

 

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Schulze K, Christensen J (1977) Lower sphincter of the opossum esophagus in pseudopregnancy. Gastroenterology 73:1082-1085 

 

Schulze K, Conklin JL, Christensen J (1977) A potassium gradient in smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus. Am J Physiol 232:E270-E273 

 

Schulze K, Dodds WJ, Christensen J, Wood JD (1977) Esophageal manometry in the opossum. Am J Physiol 233:E152-E159 

 

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Schulze-Delrieu K, Percy WH, Ren J, Shirazi SS, Von Derau K (1989) Evidence for                           inhibition of opossum LES through intrinsic gastric nerves. Am J Physiol 256:G198-G205 

 

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Seelig LL Jr, Goyal RK (1978) Morphological evaluation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 75:51-58 

 

Seelig LL Jr, Schlusselberg DS, Smith WK, Woodward DJ (1985) Mucosal nerves and                           smooth muscle relationships with gastric glands of the opossum: an ultrastructural and three-dimensional reconstruction study. Am J Anat 174:15-26 

 

Sengupta A, Goyal RK (1988) Localization of galanin immunoreactivity in the opossum esophagus. J Auto Nerv Sys 22:49-56 

 

Sengupta A, Paterson WG, Goyal RK (1987) Atypical localization of myenteric neurons in the opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Anat 180:342-348 

 

Sengupta JN, Kauvar D, Goyal RK (1989) Characteristics of vagal esophageal tension-sensitive afferent fibers in the opossum. J Neurophysiol 61:1001-1010 

 

Sengupta JN, Saha JK, Goyal RK (1990) Stimulus-response function studies of esophageal mechanosensitive nociceptors in sympathetic afferents of opossum. J Neurophysiol 64:796-812

 

Sengupta JN, Saha JK, RK Goyal (1992) Differential sensitivity to bradykinin of                           esophageal distension-sensitive mechanoreceptors in vagal and sympathetic afferents of the opossum. J Neurophysiol 68:1053-1067 

 

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Shinomura Y, Eng J, Rattan SC, Yalow RS (1990) Opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) "little" and "big" gastrins. Comp Biochem Physiol 96B:239-242 

 

Shirazi S, Schulze-Delrieu K, Custer-Hagen T, Brown CK, Ren J (1989) Motility changes in opossum esophagus from experimental esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 34:1668-1676 

 

Singaram C, Sengupta A, Spechler SJ, Goyal RK (1990) Mucosal peptidergic innervation of the opossum esophagus and anal canal: a comparison with snout skin. J Auto Nerv Sys 29: 231-240 

 

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Sugarbaker DJ, Rattan S, Goyal RK (1984) Swallowing induces sequential activation of esophageal longitudinal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 247:G515-G519 

 

Sugarbaker DJ, Rattan S, Goyal RK (1984) Mechanical and electrical activity of esophageal smooth muscle during peristalsis. Am J Physiol 246:G145-G150 

 

Sullivan DM, Turner JT (1990) Characterization of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*, Kerr) submandibular gland: differences in receptor density and subtype compared with higher mammalian species. Comp Biochem Physiol 97C:65-70 

 

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Takahashi I, Dodds WJ, Itoh Z, Hogan WJ, Kern MK (1984) Influence of transsphincteric fluid flow on spike burst rate of the opossum sphincter of Oddi. Gastroenterology 87:1292-1298 

 

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1.33  Endocrine System

 

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Britton SW, Silvette H (1935) Adrenal insufficiency in the marmot and opossum and theories of cortico-adrenal function. Science 82:230-232 

 

Britton SW, Silvette H (1937) Further observations on sodium chloride balance in                             the adrenalectomized opossum. Am J Physiol 118:21-25 

 

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Davis JO, Copeland DL, Taylor AA, Baumber JS (1970) Plasma electrolyte concentrations and steroid secretion in the bullfrog and opossum. Am J Physiol 219:555-559 

 

Davis PJ, Jurgelski W Jr (1973) Thyroid hormone-binding in opossum serum: evidence for polymorphism and relationship to haptoglobin polymorphism. Endocrinology 92:822-832 

 

Dawson AB (1938) The epithelial components of the pituitary gland of the opossum. Anat Rec 72:181-193 

 

Findlay ALR, Elfont RM, Epstein AN (1980) The site of the dipsogenic action of angiotensin II in the North American opossum. Brain Res 198:85-94 

 

Fortney JA (1978) Light and electron microscopic observations of thyroid parafollicular cells of the opossum. Gen Comp Endocrinol 36:119-132 

 

Green JD (1951) The comparative anatomy of the hypophysis, with special reference to its blood supply and innervation. Am J Anat 88:225-311 

 

Grollman A (1970) Hypertension in the opossum*Didelphis virginiana*. Am J                            Physiol 218:80-82

 

Hofer HO, Merker G, Oksche A (1976) Atypische Formen des Pinealorgans der Säugetiere. Verh Anat Ges 70:97-102 

 

Hartman FA, Smith DE, Lewis LA (1943) Adrenal functions in the opossum. Endocrinology 32:340-344 

 

Johnston CI, Davis JO, Hartroft PM (1967) Renin-angiotensin system, adrenal steroids and sodium depletion in a primitive mammal, the American opossum. Endocrinology 81:633-642 

 

Jordan HE (1911) The microscopic anatomy of the epiphysis of the opossum. Anat Rec 5:325-338 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1983) Postnatal development of the thyroid gland in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Acta Anat 116:322-338 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1983) Morphological observations on the parathyroid of the                            opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Gen Comp Endocrinol 50:261-269 

 

Long JA, Jones AL (1967) The fine structure of the zona glomerulus and the zona                                                                             fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the opossum. Am J Anat 120:463-488 

 

Long JA, Jones AL (1970) Alterations in fine structure of the opossum adrenal cortex following sodium deprivation. Anat Rec 166:1-25 

 

McCrady E Jr (1941) Parathyroids in the adult opossum. Anat Rec 79:45 

 

McNulty JA, Hazlett JC (1980) The pineal region in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. I. Ultrastructural observations. Cell Tissue Res 207:109-121 

 

Renfree MB, Vinson GP (1974) Control of steroidogenesis in adrenal tissue from the developing opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*. J Endocrinol 63:15P-16P 

 

Roth LM, Luse SA (1964) Fine structure of the neurohypophysis of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Cell Biol 20:459-472 

 

Sherman DM, Krause WJ (1990) Morphological, developmental and immunohistochemical observations on the opossum pituitary with emphasis on the pars intermedia. Acta Histochem 89:37-56 

 

Silvette H, Britton SW (1936) Carbohydrate and electrolyte changes in the opossum and marmot following adrenalectomy. Am J Physiol 115:618-626 

 

Smith DE, Lewis LA, Hartman FA (1943) Sodium retention in the opossum. Endocrinology 32:437-442 

 

Spagnoli DB, Frederickson RG, Robinson RL, Carmichael SW (1987) Opossum adrenal                            medulla: II. Differentiation of the chromaffin cell. Am J Anat 179:220-231 

 

Vigh B, Vigh-Teichmann I (1981) Light- and electron-microscopic demonstration of                                                                             immunoreactive opsin in the pinealocytes of various vertebrates. Cell Tissue Res 221:451-463 

 

Vinson GP, Bell JBG, Renfree MB, Whitehouse BJ (1975) Secretion of testosterone                                                                             and corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex in the marsupials*Trichosurus vulpecula* and *Didelphis virginiana*and in the rat and the effects of adenocorticotrophin and gonadotrophin stimulation*in vitro*. Biochem Soc Trans 3:1171-1175 

 

Vinson GP, Renfree MB (1975) Biosynthesis and secretion of testosterone by adrenal tissue from the North American opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*, and the effects of tropic hormone stimulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 27:214-222 

 

Wang MB (1969) The distribution and control of osmosensitive cells within the hypothalamus of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Neuroendocrinology 4:51-63 

 

Warner FJ (1929) The hypothalmus of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J          Nerv Ment Dis 70:485-494 

 

Wheeler RS (1943) Normal development of the pituitary in the opossum and its responses to hormonal treatments. J Morphol 73:43-87 

 

 

1.34  Urinary System

 

Blaxall HS, Murphy TJ, Baker JC, Ray C, Bylund DB (1991) Characterization of the                             alpha-2C adrenergic receptor subtype in the opossum kidney and in the OK cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 259: 323-329

 

Gersh I (1937) The correlation of structure and function in the developing mesonephros and metanephros. Contrib Embryol 26: 33-58

 

Forte LR, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (1988) Receptors and cGMP signaling mechanism for *E. coli*enterotoxin in opossum kidney. Am J Physiology 255:F1040-F1046 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1980) Transitory cell attachments in the differentiating glomerular epithelium of the opossum metanephros. Acta Anat 106:281-289 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH, Leeson CR (1979) Morphological observations on the mesonephros in the postnatal opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. J Anat 129:377-397 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH, Leeson CR (1979) Morphological observations on the metanephros in the postnatal opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Anat 129:459-477 

 

Krause WJ, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1990) Autoradiographic demonstration of specific binding sites for*E. coli* enterotoxin in various epithelia of the North American opossum. Cell Tissue Res 260: 387-394

 

Liapis H, Nag M, Steinhardt G (1994) Effects of experimental ureteral obstruction on platelet-derived growth factor-A and type 1 procollagen expression in fetal metanephric kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 8: 548-554

 

Liapis H, Vogler G, Steinhardt GF (1997) North American opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*, as a fetal nephrotoxicity model - histologic and ultrastructural assessment of uranyl nitrate (un)-induced damage. Micro Res Tech 39: 285-296

 

Liapis H, Yu H, Steinhardt GF (2000) Cell proliferation, apoptosis, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in obstructed opossum early metanephroi. J Urol 164: 511-517

 

MacNider WD (1927) Occurrence of atypical glomeruli in the kidney of the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana.* Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 25:130-132 

 

McCrady E Jr (1940) The development and fate of the urinogenital sinus in the opossum, *Didelphys virginiana*. J Morphol 66:131-154 

 

Plakke RK, Pfeiffer EW (1965) Influence of plasma urea on urine concentration in                             the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Nature 207:866-867 

 

Plakke RK, Pfeiffer EW (1970) Urea, electrolyte and total solute excretion following water deprivation in the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). Comp Biochem Physiol 34:325-332

 

Silvette H, Britton SW (1938) Renal function in the opossum and the mechanism of                             cortico-adrenal and post-pituitary action. Am J Physiol 123:630-639 

 

Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol 144:564-566 

 

Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Phillips R, DeMello D (1992) Fetal nephrotoxicity. J Urol 148:760-763 

 

Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, DeMello D, Farber R, Phillips B, Vogler G (1994) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum: histologic assessment. J Urol 152: 2133-2138

 

Steinhardt GF, Liapis H, Phillips B, Vogler G, Nag M, Yoon K-W (1995) Insulin-like growth factor improves renal architecture of fetal kidneys with complete ureteral obstruction. J Urol 154: 690-693

 

Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130 

 

White AA, Krause WJ, Turner JT, Forte LR (1989) Opossum kidney contains a functional receptor for the*Escherichia coli* heat-stable enterotoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 159:363-367 

1.35  Male Reproductive System

 

Anderson ME, Paparo AA, Martan J (1979) Paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence as                             a histochemical test for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the epididymis of the opossum. J Anat 129:141-149 

 

Bedford JM, Calvin HI (1974) Changes in -s-s- linked structures of the sperm tail during epididymal maturation, with comparative observations in sub-mammalain species. J Exp Zool 187: 181-204

 

Bedford JM, Rodger JC, Breed WG (1984) Why so many mammalian spermatozoa--a clue                             from marsupials? Proc Roy Soc Lond B 221:221-233 

 

van den Brock AJP (1910) Unterschungen über den Bau Männlichen Geschlechtsorgane der Beuteltiere. Morph Jahrb 41: 347-436

 

de Burlet HM (1921) Zur Entwicklung und Morphology des Säugerhodens. II. Marsupialier. Z Anat Entwgesch 61: 19-33

 

Burns RK (1939) Sex differentiation during the early pouch stages of the opossum                             (*Didelphys virginiana*) and a comparison of the anatomical changes induced by male and female sex hormones. J Morphol 65:497-547 

 

Burns RK (1939) The differentiation of sex in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*) and its modification by the male hormone testosterone propionate. J Morphol 65:79-119 

 

Burns RK (1939) Effect of testosterone propionate on sex differentiation in pouch young of opossum. Proc Soc Exp Biol 41: 60-62

 

Burns RK (1939) Effects of female sex hormones in young opossums. Proc Soc Exp Biol 41: 270-272 

 

Burns RK (1939) The effects of crystalline sex hormones upon sex differentiation                             in the pouch young of the opossum. Anat Rec 73:61-62 

 

Burns RK (1941) Origin and differentiation of epitheliun of urinogenital sinus in the opossum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 47:106-108 

 

Burns RK (1941) The origin of the rete apparatus in the opossum. Science 94: 142-144

 

Burns RK (1942) Hormones and experimental modification of sex in the opossum. In: Biological symposia. Jaques Cattell Press, Lancaster, Penn 9: 125-146 

 

Burns RK (1942) Hormones and the growth of the parts of the urinogenital apparatus in mammalian embryos. In: Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 10: 27-33

 

Burns RK (1942) The origin and differentiation of the epithelium of the urinogenital sinus in the opossum, with a study of the modifications induced by estrogens. Contrib Embryol 30: 63-83

 

Burns RK (1945) Bisexual differentiation of the sex ducts in opossum as a result                             of treatment with androgen. J Exp Zool 100:119-140 

 

Burns RK (1945) The differentiation of the phallas in the opossum and its reactions to sex hormones. Contrib Embryol 31:147-162

 

Burns RK (1945) The effects of male hormone on the differentiation of the urinogenital sinus in young opossums. Contrib Embryol 31: 163-175

 

Burns RK (1955) Experimental reversal of sex in the gonads of the opossum *Didelphis virginiana*. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41:669-676 

 

Burns RK (1956) Hormones versus constitutional factors in the growth of embryonic sex primordia in the opossum. Am J Anat 98:35-68 

 

Burns RK (1961) Role of hormones in the differentiation of sex. In: Young CW (ed) Sex and internal secretions. Williams and Wilkins, Baltmore, Vol 1, Chapt 2, pp 76-158

 

Chase EB (1939) The reproductive system of the male opossum, *Didelphys virginiana*Kerr and its experimental modification. J Morphol 65:215-239 

 

Christensen AK, Fawcett DW (1961) The normal fine structure of opossum testicular interstital cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:653-670 

 

Cowper W (1704) II Carigueya, seu marsupiale americanum masculum. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond 24:1576-1590 

 

DeLamater ED, Biggers JD (1964) Spermatogenesis (and spermateliosis) in the opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis*, by histochemical and electron microscopical methods. J Histochem Cytochem 12:35-36 

 

Disselhorst R (1904) Ausführapparat und Anhangsdrüsen der Männlichen Geschlechtsorgane. In: Oppel's Lehrbuch der Vergl Mikro Anat 4: 1-432

 

Duesberg J (1918) On the interstitial cells of the testicle in*Didelphys*.                               Biol Bull 35:175-198 

 

Duesberg J (1920) Cytoplasmic structures in the seminal epithelium of the opossum. Contrib Embryol 9:47-84 

 

Fawcett DW, Neaves WB, Flores MN (1973) Comparative observations on intertubular                              lymphatics and the organization of the interstitial tissue of the mammalian testis. Biol Reprod 9:500-532 

 

Finkel MP (1945) The relation of sex hormones to pigmentation and to testis descent in the opossum and ground squirrel. Am J Anat 76:93-152 

 

Fürst CM(1887) Ueber die Entwicklung der Samenkörperchen bei den Beutelthieren. Arch Mikrosk Anat 30:336-365 

 

George FW, Hodgins MB, Wilson JD (1985) The synthesis and metabolism of gonadal    steroids in pouch young of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Endocrinology 116:1145-1150 

 

Hardin JH (1965) Cytological features of glycogen-containing cells in the third                                                                             part of the prostate gland of the opossum *Didelphys marsupialis*. Anat Rec 151:358 

 

Heath E, Olusanya S, Pijanowski G (1983) Initial experiments with cyproterone acetate and 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol hydrochloride in the male Virginia opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Andrologia 15:50-56 

 

Holstein A -F (1965) Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen am spermatozoon des      opossum (*Didelphys virginiana* Kerr). Z Zellforsch 65:904-914 

 

Hruban Z, Martan J, Slesers A, Steiner DF, Lubran M, Richeigl M Jr (1965) Fine structure of the prostatic epithelium of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*Kerr). J Exp Zool 160:81-105 

 

Jacobi GH, Wilson JD (1979) 3-Alpha-androstanediol and prostatic growth: comparison of 3-alpha-androstanediol formation in prostates from 8 species including man and dog. J Urol 121:612-614 

 

Jordan HE (1911) The spermatogenesis of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*) with special reference to the acessory chromosome and chondrisomes. Arch Zellforsch 7:41-86 

 

Kelce WR, Krause WJ, Ganjam VK (1987) Unique regional distribution of delta 4-3-ketosteroid 5 alpha-oxidoreductase and associated epididymal morphology in the marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana*. Biol Reprod 37:403-420 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1979) Pairing of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): a scanning electron microscopic study. Arch Histol Jpn 42:181-190

 

Ladman AJ (1967) The fine structure of the ductuli efferentes of the opossum. Anat Rec 157:559-576 

 

Ladman AJ, Soper EH (1963) Cytological observations on intragranular inclusion bodies in the prostate of the opossum. Anat Rec 145: 364

 

Leydig F (1850) Zur anatomie der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane und Analdrusen der Säugethiere. Zeit Zool 2:1-57

 

Mann T (1964) The biochemistry of semen and of the male reproductive tract. Methuen, London, pp 1-493 

 

Martan J (1983) The genital tract of the male opossum *Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*, and other marsupials. Trans Ill State Acad Sci 76:3-28

 

Martan J, Allen JM (1967) The cytological and chemical organization of the prostatic epithelium of *Didelphis virginiana* (Kerr). J Exp Zool 159:209-229 

 

Martan J, Hruban Z, Slesers A (1967) Cytological studies of the ductuli efferentes of the opossum. J Morphol 121:81-102 

 

Moore CR (1939) Modification of sexual development in the opossum by sex hormones. Proc Soc Biol Med 40: 544-546

 

Moore CR (1941) Embryonic differentiation of opossum prostrate following castration, and responses of the juvenile gland to hormones Anat Rec 80:315-327 

 

Moore CR (1941) On the role of sex hormones in sex differentiation in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Physiol Zool 14: 1-47

 

Moore CR (1943) Sexual differentiation in the opossum after early gonadectomy. J                              Exp Zool 94:415-461 

 

Moore CR, Morgan CF (1942) Respones of the testis to androgenic treatment. Endocrinology 30: 990-999

 

Moore CR, Morgan CF (1943) First response of developing opossum gonads to equine                              gonadotropic treatment. Endocrinology 32: 17-26

 

Nelsen OE (1944) The formation of the early genital rudiment and differentiation                                                                             of sex in the opossum. J Morphol 75: 303-319

 

Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) The early development of the gonadal rudiment in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Anat Rec 84: 513

 

Olson GE, Orgebin-Crist M-C (1982) Sperm surface changes during epididymal maturation. Ann New York Acad Sci 383:372-392 

 

Painter TS (1922) Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis. I. The spermatogenesis of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Exp Zool 35:13-45 

 

Painter TS (1924) Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis. III. The fate of the chromatin-nucleolus in the opossum. J Exp Zool 39:197-227 

 

Phillips DM (1972) Comparative analysis of mammalian sperm motility. J Cell Biol                              53: 561-573

 

Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC (1973) *In vitro*and *in vitro* responses of opossum testes to ionizing radiation: morphological and enzymatic studies. J Cell Biol 59:270A 

 

Renfree MB, Robinson ES, Short RV, vanDeBerg JL (1990) Mammary glands in male marsupials: 1. Primordia in neonatal opossums*Didelphis virginiana*and*Monodelphis domestica*. Development 110: 385-390

 

Renfree MB, Short RV (1988) Sex determination in marsupials: evidence for a marsupial-eutherian dichotomy. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 322: 41-53

 

Retzius G (1909) Die Spermien von *Didelphys*. Biolog Untersuch 14:123-126                              

 

Rodger JC (1982) The testis and its excurrent ducts in American caenolestid and                                                                             didelphid marsupials. Am J Anat 163: 269-282

 

Rodger JC, White IG (1980) Glycogen not n-acetylglucosamine the prostatic carbohydrate of three Australian and American marsupials, and patterns of these sugars in marsupialia. Comp Biochem Physiol 67B:109-113 

 

Rubin D (1943) Embryonic differentiation of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands of the opossum following castration and ovariotomy. J Exp Zool 94:463-475 

 

Rubin D (1944) The relation of hormones to the development of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Morphol 74:213-285 

 

Russell LD, Malone JP (1980) A study of Sertoli-spermatid tubulobulbar complexes                               in selected mammals. Tissue Cell 12:263-285 

 

Russell LD, Peterson RN (1984) Determination of the elongate spermatid-Sertoli cell ratio in various mammals. J Reprod Fert 70:635-641 

 

Russell LD, Ren HP, Hikim IS, Schulze W, Hikim APS (1990) A comparative study in                               twelve mammalian species of volume densities, volumes, and numerical densities of selected testis components, emphasizing those related to the Sertoli cell. Am J Anat 188:21-30 

 

Ryser J (1992) The mating system and male mating success of the Virgina opossum*Didelphis virginiana*in Florida. J Zool 228: 127-139

 

Scott JN, Fritz HI, Nagy F (1979) Response to cryptorchidism of the testis and epididymis of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). J Reprod Fert 57:175-178 

 

Scott JN, Fritz HI, Stuhlman R (1980) Aspermatogenesis in a paralyzed opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Lab Anim 14:289-290 

 

Sprando RL, Russell LD (1987) Comparative study of cytoplasmic elimination in spermatids of selected mammalian species. Am J Anat 178:72-80 

 

Tsukise A, Meyer W, Ikeda T (1985) Carbohydrate histochemical investigation in the scrotal skin of the common American opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*L). Cell Mol Biol 31:357-364 

 

Winegarner MS (1982) Seasonal changes in the reproductive tract of the male opossum*Didelphis virginiana* Kerr in Florida. Am Midl Nat 107:258-261

 

Woolley PA (1987) The seminiferous tubules, rete testis and efferent ducts in didelphid, caenolestid and microbiotheriid marsupials. In: Archer M (ed) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution. Surrey, Beatty and Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 217-22

 

 

1.36  Female Reproductive System

 

Anderson DH (1928) Comparative anatomy of the tubo-uterine junction. Histology and physiology in the sow. Am J Anat 42: 255-305

 

Baxter JS (1933) The development of the lateral vaginal canals in the American opossum. Anat Rec 58:4 

 

Baxter JS (1935) Development of the female genital tract in the American opossum. Contrib Embryol 25:15-38 

 

Blainville MH (1818) Sur les organes femelles de la génération, et          le foetus des animaux *Didelphes*. Bull Sci Soc Phil Paris, 25-28

 

Burford HJ (1970) Induction of ovulation in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Pharmacologist 12:229

 

Burns RK (1939) Sex differentiation during the early pouch stages of the opossum                                                                             (*Didelphys virgianiana*) and a comparison of the anatomical changes induced by male and female sex hormones. J Morphol 65:497-547 

 

Burns RK (1939) Effects of female sex hormones in young opossums. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 41:270-272 

 

Burns RK (1939) Effect of testosterone propionate on sex differentiation in pouch young of opossum. Proc Soc Exper Biol 41: 60-62

 

Burns RK (1939) The effects of crystalline sex hormones upon sex differentiation                               in the pouch young of the opossum. Anat Rec 73: 61-62

 

Burns RK (1939) The differentiation of sex in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and its modification by the male hormone testosterone propionate. J Morphol 65: 79-119

 

Burns RK (1941) Origin and differentiation of epithelium of urinogenital sinus in the opossum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 47: 106-108

 

Burns RK (1942) The origin and differentiation of the epithelium of the urogenital sinus in the opossum, with a study of the modifications induced by estrogens. Contrib Embryol 30:65-83

 

Burns RK (1942) Hormones and experimental modification of sex in the opossum. In: Biological symposia. Jaques Cattel Press, Lancaster, PA, 9: 125-146 

 

Burns RK (1942) Hormones and the growth of the parts of the urinogenital apparatus in mammalian embryos. In: Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 10: 27-33

 

Burns RK (1945) Bisexual differentiation of the sex ducts in opossums as a result of treatment with androgen. J Exp Zool 100: 119-140

 

Burns RK (1945) The differentiation of the phallas in the opossum and its reactions to sex hormones. Contrib Embryol 31: 147-162

 

Burns RK (1945) The effects of male hormone on the differentiation of the urinogenital sinus in young opossums. Contrib Embryol 31: 163-175

 

Burns RK (1955) Experimental reversal of sex in the gonads of the opossum*Didelphis virginiana*. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41: 669-676

 

Burns RK (1956) Hormones versus constitutional factors in the growth of embryonic sex primordia in the opossum. Am J Anat 98: 35-67

 

Burns RK (1961) Role of hormones in the differentiation of sex. In: C W Young (ed) Sex and internal secretions.Vol 1, Chapt 2, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 76-158

 

Cook B, Karsch FJ, Graber JW, Nalbandov AV (1977) Luteolysis in the common opossum, *Didelphis marsupialis*. J Reprod Fert 49:399-400 

 

Cook B, Nalbandov AV (1968) The effect of some pituitary hormones on progesterone synthesis *in vitro* by the luteinized ovary of the common opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*). J Reprod Fert 15:267-275 

 

Cook B, Sutterlin NS, Graber JW, Nalbandov AV (1974) Gonadal steroid synthesis in the Virginian opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis*. J Endocrinol 61: ix

 

Cook B, Sutterlin NS, Garber JW, Nalbandov AV (1977) Synthesis and action of gonadal steroids in the American opossum*Didelphis virginiana*. In: Calaby JH, Tyndale-Biscoe CH (eds) Reproduction and evolution. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp 253-254

 

Everett NB (1942) The origin of ova in the adult opossum. Anat Rec 82:77-91 

 

Fleming MW, Harder JD (1981) Effect of pregnancy on uterine constituents of the                              Virginia opossum. Comp Biochem Physiol 69A:337-339

 

Fleming MW, Harder JD (1981) Uterine histology and reproductive cycles in pregnant and non-pregnant opossums,*Didelphis virginiana*. J Reprod Fert 63:21-24 

 

Fleming MW, Harder JD (1983) Luteal and follicular populations in the ovary of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) after ovulation. J Reprod Fert 67:29-34 

 

Fleming MW, Harder JD, Wukie JJ (1981) Reproductive energetics of the Virginia opossum compared with some eutherians. Comp Biochem Physiol 70B:645-648

 

George FW, Hodgins MB, Wilson JD (1985) The synthesis and metabolism of gonadal          steroids in pouch young of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Endocrinology 116:1145-1150

 

Guraya SS (1968) A comparative histochemical study of the theca interna in the mammalian ovary. Acta Morphol Neerlando-Scand 7:51-68 

 

Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical observations on the granulosa and theca interna during follicular development and corpus luteum formation and regression in the American opossum. J Endocrinol 40:237-241 

 

Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical study of developing ovarian oocyte of the American opossum. Acta Embryol Morphol Exper 10:181-191 

 

Guraya SS (1974) Comparative morphological and histochemical observations on the                               ovarian stromal compartment in mammals with special reference to steroidogenesis. Acta Anat 90:250-284 

 

Harder JD, Fleming MW (1981) Estradiol and progesterone profiles indicate a lack                                                        of endocrine recognition of pregnancy in the opossum. Science 212:1400-1402 

 

Harder JD, Stonerook MJ, Pondy J (1993) Gestation and placentation in two new world opossums:*Didelphis virginiana* and*Monodelphis domestica*. J Exp Zool 266: 463-479

 

Hartman CG (1920) The free-martin and its reciprocal: opossum, man, dog. Science                52: 469-471

 

Hartman CG (1922) Breeding habits, development, and birth of the opossum. Ann Rep Smiths Instit 1921: 347-369

 

Hartman CG (1923) Relation of the ovary to the gravid uterus in the aplacental opossum. Am J Physiol 63:423-424 

 

Hartman CG (1923) The oestrous cycle in the opossum. Am J Anat 32:353-421 

 

Hartman CG (1923) The breeding season of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and the rate of intrauterine and postnatal development. J Morph Physiol 40:143-215

 

 Hartman CG (1924) Observations on the motility of the opossum genital tract and vaginal plug. Anat Rec 27:293-303 

 

Hartman CG (1924) Vitamin -A and exercise in relation to follicular atresia in the opossum. Am J Physiol 68:97-101 

 

Hartman CG (1925) Hysterectomy and the oestrous cycle in the opossum. Am J Anat                              35:25-29 

 

Hartman CG (1925) Observations on the functional compensatory hypertrophy of the                                                                             opossum ovary. Am J Anat 35:1-24 

 

Hartman CG (1925) The interruption of pregnancy by ovariectomy in the aplacental                                                                             opossum: a study in the physiology of implantation. Am J Physiol 71:436-454 

 

Hartman CG (1926) Postpubertal oogenesis in the opossum. Anat Rec 32: 209

 

Hartman CG (1926) Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicules in the opossum and other mammals, with special reference to the problem of fecundity. Am J Anat 37:1-51 

 

Hartman CG (1927) Observations on the ovary of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Contrib Embryol 101:285-300 

 

Hartman CG (1928) The breeding season of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and the rate of intra-uterine and postnatal development. J Morphol 46:143-215 

 

Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp 1-174

 

Hartman CG, Dupre C, Allen E (1926) The effect of follicular and placental hormones upon the mammary glands and genital tract of the opossum. Endocrinology 10:291-300 

 

Hartman CG, Enders RK (1933) Response of the opossum ovary (*Didelphis virginiana*) to urine of pregnancy (follutein Squibb). Anat Rec 58:68 

 

Hartman CG, League B (1924) The gonads of a sex-intergrade opossum. Anat Rec 29:                               114 

 

Hartman CG, League B (1925) Description of a sex-intergrade opossum, with an analysis of the constituents of its gonads. Anat Rec 29:283-297

 

Hill J, Fraser E (1925) Some observations on the female urogenital organs of the                               Didelphyidae. Proc Zool Soc Lond 189: 189-219

 

Krause WJ (1993) Ultrastructural observations on the opossum corpus luteum late                                                                             in pregnancy Zool Anz 230:249-255

 

Krause WJ, Sherman DM (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of relaxin in the                                                                             reproductive system of the female opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. Ann Anat 174:341-344

 

Krause WJ, Sherman DM (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of prolactin in opossum corpus luteum. Zool Anz 229:37-41

 

Krause WJ, Sherman DM, Samson WK (1992) Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of oxytocin in the opossum corpus luteum. Acta Histochem 92:190-195 

 

Lewis IM (1925) The role of bacteria in the vagina with special reference to the                               bacterial flora of the lateral vagina canals of the opossum during the oestrus system. Trans Am Micros Soc 44:211-215 

 

Lierse W von (1965) Die wandkonstrukton und das Gefäss-system des Uterus vom Opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Acta Anat 69:152-163 

 

Martinéz-Esteve P (1942) Observations on the histology of the opossum ovary. Contrib Embryol 30:17-26 

 

Meigs CD (1847) Memoirs on the reproduction of the opossum*Didelphis virginiana*. Proc Am Phil Soc 4:327-330 

 

McCrady E (1940) The development and fate of the urinogenital sinus in the opossum,*Didelphys virginiana*. J Morphol 66: 131-154

 

Michel M (1850) Researches on generation and development of the opossum -*Didelphys virginiana*. Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 3:60-65 

 

Moore CR (1939) Modification of sexual development in the opossum by sex hormones. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 40:544-546 

 

Moore CR (1941) On the role of sex hormones in sex differentiation in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Physiol Zool 14:1-47 

 

Moore CR (1943) Sexual differentiation in the opossum after early gonadectomy. J                               Exp Zool 94: 415-461

 

Moore CR (1945) Prostate gland induction in the female opossum by hormones and the capacity of the gland for development. Am J Anat 76:1-31 

 

Moore CR, Failor EA (1946) The role of sex hormones in the origin and development of uterine glands in the opossum. J Exp Zool 102:209-235 

 

Moore CR, Morgan CF (1943) First response of developing opossum gonads to equine                               gonadotropic treatment. Endocrinology 32:17-26 

 

Morgan CF (1941) Opossum ovaries and hormone treatments. Anat Rec 79:93 

 

Morgan CF (1943) The normal development of the ovary of the opossum from birth to maturity and its reactions to sex hormones. J Morphol 72:27-85 

 

Morgan CF (1946) The occurrence of argentaffine cells in the uterus of the opossum. Anat Rec 94:390-391 

 

Morgan CF (1946) The effects of androgens, estrogens and equine gonadotropins on                               the mucin secreting cells and on glycogen in the reproductive tract of the female opossum. Anat Rec 94:483 

 

Morgan CF (1946) Sexual rhythms in the reproductive tract of the adult female opossum and effects of hormonal treatments. Am J Anat 78:411-463 

 

Nelsen OE (1944) The formation of the early genital rudiment and differentiation                               of sex in the opossum. J Morphol 75:303-319 

 

Nelsen OE, Maxwell NE (1942) The structure and function of the urogenital region                                                                             in the female opossum compared with the same region in other marsupials. J Morphol 71:463-491 

 

Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) The early development of the gonadal rudiment in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Rec 84:513 

 

Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) Certain effects of gonadatropic hormones on the developing ovary of the opossum. Anat Rec 84:522 

 

Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) The prepubertal origin of germ-cells in the ovary of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Morphol 71:335-355 

 

Nelsen OE, White EL (1941) A method for inducing ovulation in the anoestrous opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). Anat Rec 81:529-535 

 

Owen R (1847) Note on Dr. Meig's memoir on the reproduction of the opossum. Ann Nat Hist 20:324-328 

 

Owen R (1848) On the generation of*Didelphys*. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 1:178-179 

 

Padykula HA (1976) Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stroma renewal of the                              uterus. III. Cells of the immune response. Anat Rec 184:49-71 

 

Padykula HA, Taylor JM (1971) Ultrastructural differentiation of the endometrium                                                                             of the opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*) during pregnancy. Anat Rec 169:394-395 

 

Padykula HA, Taylor JM (1976) Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stromal renewal of the uterus. I. The opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. Anat Rec 184:5-25 

 

Pappenheim, M (1847) Notices préliminaires sur l'anatomie du Sarigue femelle (*Didelphis virginiana*). Paris Acad Sci Compt Rend 24:186-190 

 

Ratcliffe HL (1941) A median vaginal canal and other anomalies of the genital tract of the opossum, *Didelphys virginiana*. Anat Rec 80:203-209 

 

Renfree MB (1974) Ovariectomy during gestation in the American opossum,*Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*. J Reprod Fert 39:127-130 

 

Renfree MB (1975) Uterine proteins in the marsupial, *Didelphis marsupialis virginiana*, during gestation. J Reprod Fert 42:163-166

 

Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on reproduction in the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana virginiana*). Univ Calf Publ Zool 52: 223-283 

 

Risman GC (1947) The effects of estradiol and progesterone on the reproductive tract of the opossum, and their possible relation to parturition. J Morphol 81:343-397 

 

Rodger JC, Bedford JM (1982) Induction of oestrus, recovery of gametes, and the                              timing of fertilization events in the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Reprod Fert 64:159-169

 

Rubin D (1943) Embryonic differentiation of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands of the opossum following castration and ovaiotomy. J Exp Zool 94: 463-475 

 

Rubin D (1944) The relation of hormones to the development of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands in the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). J Morphol 74: 213-285

 

Scharman GB (1970) Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Science 167:1221-1228                              

 

Stefenson A, Owman C, Sjöberg N-O, Sporrong B, Walles B (1981) Comparative                                                                             study of the autonomic innervation of the mammalian ovary, with particular regard to the follicular system. Cell Tissue Res 215:47-62

 

Sunquist ME, Eisenberg JF (1993) Reproductive strategies of female *Didelphis*. Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist Biol Sci 36: 109-140

 

Tyson E (1698) Carigueya, fur marfupiale americanum or, the anatomy of an opoffum. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond 20: 105-164

 

 

1.37  Gametes : Fertilization

 

Bedford JM, Calvin HI (1974) Changes in -S-S- linked structures of the sperm tail during epididymal maturation, with comparative observations in sub-mammalian species. J Exper Zool 187:181-204 

 

Bedford JM, Rodger JC, Breed WG (1984) Why so many mammalian spermatozoa- a clue                               from marsupials? Proc Roy Soc Lond B 221: 221-233

 

Biggers JD, Creed RFS (1962) Conjugate spermatoza of the North American opossum.                                                                             Nature 196:1112-1113 

 

Biggers JD, DeLamater ED (1965) Marsupial spermatozoa pairing in the epididymis                                                                             of American forms. Nature 208:402-404 

 

Calvin HI, Bedford JM (1971) Formation of disulphide bonds in the nucleus and accessory strucures of mammalian spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. J Reprod Fert (Suppl) 13: 65-75

 

Dandekar P, Mate KE, Talbot P (1995) Perivitelline space of marsupial oocytes: extracellular matrix of the unfertilized oocyte and formation of a cortical granule envelope following the cortical reaction. Mol Reprod Devel 41: 368-373

 

Elder FFB, Hsu TC (1981) Silver-staining patterns of mammalian epididymal spermatozoa. Cytogenet Cell Genet 30:157-167 

 

Elder FFB, Hsu TC (1982) Observations on the argentophilic properties of mammalian spermatids. Cytogenet Cell Genet 34:48-54

 

Fawcett DW (1970) A comparative view of sperm ultrastructure. Biol Reprod Suppl  2:90-127 

 

Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical study of developing ovarian oocyte of the American opossum. Acta Embryol Morphol Exper 10:181-191

 

Guraya SS (1971) Comparative histochemical observations on the contributions of                              the acrosomal vesicle and granule to the acrosomal cap in the spermatozoa of mammals. Z Zellforsch 114: 321-330

 

Guraya SS (1971) Morphological and histochemical changes in the mitochondria during spermiogenesis in the opossum. Acta Anat 79:120-125 

 

Hartman CG (1924) Observations on the viability of the mammalian ovum. Am J Obstet Gynec 7: 40-43

 

Hartman CG (1926) Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicles in the opossum and other mammals, with special reference to the problem of fecundity. Am J Anat 37: 1-51

 

Holstein A-F (1965) Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen am Spermatozoon des       opossum (*Didelphys virginiana* Kerr). Z Zellforsch 65: 904-914

 

Jordan HE (1911) The spermatogenesis of the opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*) with special reference to the accessory chromosome and chondrisomes. Arch Zellforsh 7: 41-86

 

Kelce WR, Krause WJ, Ganjam VK (1987) Unique regional distibution of delta-4-3-ketosteroid 5-alpha-oxidoreductase and associated epididymal morphology in the marsupial, *Didelphis virginiana*. Biol Reprod 37: 403-420

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1979) Pairing of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*): a scanning electron microscopic study. Arch Histol Jpn 42:181-190 

 

Olson GE (1980) Changes in intramembranous particle distribution in the plasma membrane of *Didelphis virginiana* spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. Anat Rec 197:471-488

 

Olson GE, Orgebin-Crist M-C (1982) Sperm surface changes during epididymal maturation. Ann New York Acad Sci 383: 372-391

 

Olson GE, Lifsics M, Fawcett DW, Hamilton DW (1977) Structural specializations in the flagellar plasma membrane of opossum spermatozoa. J Ultra Res 59:207-221 

 

Phillips DM (1972) Comparative analysis of mammalian sperm motility. J Cell Biol                               53:561-573 

 

Rafferty-Machlis G, Hartman CG (1953) Early death of the ovum in the opossum with observations on moribound mouse eggs. J Morphol 92:455-485 

 

Rattner JB (1972) Nuclear shaping in marsupial spermatids. J Ultra Res 40:498-512 

 

Retzius G (1909) Die Spermien von *Didelphys*. Biolog Untersuch 14: 123-126                              

 

Rodger JC, Bedford JM (1982) Separation of sperm pairs and sperm-egg interaction                                                                             in the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. J Reprod Fert 64:171-179 

 

Rodger JC Bedford JM (1982) Induction of oestrus, recovery of gametes, and the timing of fertilization events in the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Reprod Fert 64:159-169 

 

Rodger JC, Young RJ (1981) Glycosidase and cumulus dispersal activities of acrosomal extracts from opossum (marsupial) and rabbit (eutherian) spermatozoa. Gamete Res 4: 507-514

 

Smith SC (1925) Degenerative changes in the unfertilized uterine eggs of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*), with remarks on the so-called parthenogenesis in mammals Am J Anat 35:81-103 

 

Sprando RL, Russell LD (1987) Comparative study of cytoplasmic elimination in spermatids of selected mammalian species. Am J Anat 178: 72-80

 

Talbot P, DiCarlantonio G (1984) Ultrastructure of opossum oocyte investing coats and their sensitivity to trypsin and hyaluronidase. Dev Biol 103: 159-167 

 

Temple-Smith PD (1987) Sperm structure and marsupial phylogeny. In: Archer M (ed) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution. Surrey Beatty and Sons and Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 171-193

 

Temple-Smith PD, Bedford JM (1980) Sperm maturation and the formation of sperm pairs in the epididymis of the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Exp Zool 214:161-171 

 

Winkfein RJ, Nishikawa S, Connor W, Dixon GH (1993) Characterization of a marsupial sperm protamine gene and its transcripts from the North American opossum (*Didelphis marsupialis*). Eur J Biochem 215: 63-72 

 

 

1.38  Fetal Membranes

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1983) Ultrastructural observations on the shell membrane of                               the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Anat Rec 207:335-338 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the opossum yolk sac chorion immediately prior to uterine attachment. J Anat 138:189-191 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) The allantois of the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) with preliminary observations on the yolk sac endoderm and trophectoderm. Anat Rec 211:166-173 

 

Osborn HF (1883) Observations upon the foetal membranes of opossum and other marsupials. Quart J Micr Sci 23:473-484 

 

Osborn HF (1887) The foetal membranes of the marsupials: the yolk-sac placenta in *Didelphys*. J Morphol 1:373-382 

 

Selenka E (1887) Studien über Entwichelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Viertes heft. Das opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). C W Kreidel's Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp 101-172

 

Semon RW (1894) Beschreiung der Embryonalhüllen der Monotremen und Marsupialier. In: Semon R (Gustav Fischer, Jena), Zool Forsch Austr Malay Arch 2: 17-58

 

 

1.39  Placentation

 

Harder JD, Stonerook MJ, Pondy J (1993) Gestation and placentation in two new world opossums:*Didelphis virginiana* and*Monodelphis domestica*. J Exp Zool 266: 463-479

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the opossum yolk sac chorion immediately prior to uterine attachment. J Anat 138:189-191 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) Placentation in the opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. Acta Anat 123:156-171 

 

Saint-Hilaire MEG (1824) Sur des vestiges d'organisation placentaire et d'ombilic, découverts chez un trés-petit foetus du *Didelphis virginiana*. Ann Sci Nat 2: 121-126

 

 

1.40  Embryology and Early Development

 

Bachman J (1848) Notes on the generation of the Virginian opossum (*Didelphis                              virginiana*). Proc Phila Acad Nat Sci 4:40-47 

 

Bachman J (1851) Remarks on Michel's paper on the generation of*Didelphis virginiana*. Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 4:60-67 

 

Barnard WS (1875)*Didelphys virginiana* : observations on its development.                                Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 24:145-147 

 

Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1978) General observations on the growth and development of the pouch young opossum,*Didelphis virginiana*. Biol Neonate 33:264-272

 

Hartman CG (1916) Studies in the development of the opossum*Didelphys virginiana*L. I. History of early cleavage. II. Formation of the blastocyst. J Morphol 27:1-83 

 

Hartman CG (1919) Studies in the development of the opossum *Didelphys virginiana* L. III. Description of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The bilaminar blastocyst. J Morphol 32:1-142 

 

Hartman CG (1928) The breeding season of the opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) and the rate of intra-uterine and postnatal development. J Morphol 46: 143-215

 

Heuser CH (1919) The anatomy of the 7-mm opossum embryo. Anat Rec 16:150-151 

 

Hulsey TK, Palotay JL, Dhindsa DS (1975) Development of the neonate opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Biol Neonate 27:177-183

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the 9-day opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*) embryo. Acta Anat 120:93-97 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) Morphological observations on the mesodermal cells in                               the 8 day opossum embryo. Anat Anz 158:273-278 

 

Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1986) Scanning electron microscopic observations on developing opossum embryos: days 9 through 12. Anat Anz 161:11-21

 

Krause WJ (1998) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North                              American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol I 143: 1-143

 

Krause WJ (1998) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North                                                                             American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol II 143: 1-120 

 

Langworthy OR (1925) The development of progression and posture in young opossums. Am J Physiol 74: 1-13

 

McCrady E Jr (1937) The significance of the embryonic area in the opossum. Anat                              Rec 67 (Suppl 3):35 

 

McCrady E Jr (1938) The embryology of the opossum. Am Anat Mem 16:1-233

 

McCrady E Jr (1940) The development and fate of the urogenital sinus in the opossum, *Didelphis virginiana*. J Morphol 66: 131-154

 

McCrady E Jr (1944) The evolution and significance of the germ layers. Tenn Acad                               Sci 19: 240-251 

 

Minot CS (1911) Note on the blastodermic vescile of the opossum. Anat Rec 5:295-300 

 

Müller F (1967) Zum vergleich der ontogenesen von *Didelphis virginiana* und *Mesocricetus auratu*s. Rev Suisse Zool 74:607-613

 

New DAT (1973) Studies on mammalian fetuses*in vitro* during the period of                               organogenesis. In: Austin CR (ed) The mammalian fetus*in vitro*. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 15-65 

 

New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536 

 

New DAT, Mizell M, Cockroft DL (1977) Growth of opossum embryos*in vitro*                              during organogenesis. J Embryol Exper Morphol 41:111-123 

 

Patterson JT, Hartman CG (1917) A polyembryonic blastocyst in the opossum. Anat                                                                             Rec 13:87-95

 

Petrides GA (1949) Sex and age determination in the opossum. J Mammal 30: 364-378 

 

Saint-Hilaire MEG (1823) Memoire sur la generation des animaux a bourse et le developpement de leur foetus. Ann Sci Nat 1:392-408

 

Selenka E (1885) Uber die Entwicklung des Opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*).                                Biol Centralblatt 5:294-295 

 

Selenka E (1887) Studien uber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Viertes Heft.                                                                             Das Opossum (*Didelphys virginiana*). CW Kreidel's Verlag, Weisbaden, pp 101-172 

 

Selwood L (1994) Development of early cell lineages in marsupial embyros: an overview. Reprod Fert Develop 6: 507-527 

 

Spurgeon CH, Brooks RJ (1916) The implantation and early segmentation of the ovum of *Didelphis virginiana*. Anat Rec 10:385-395 

 

 

1.41  Birth

 

Dickerson LM (1928) Observations on parturition in the opossum, *Didelphys virginiana*. Science 68:111-112 

 

 

Hartman CG (1920) Studies in the development of the opossum *Didelphys virginiana* L. V. The phenomena of parturition. Anat Rec 19:251-261 

 

Hartman CG (1921) Breeding habits, development, and birth of the opossum. Ann Rept Smithsonian Inst 1: 347-364

 

Hill JP (1917) Parturition in marsupials and external characters of new-born young. Proc Zool Soc Lond 24:337-338 

 

 

1.42  Pouch

 

Enders RK (1937) Panniculus carnosus and formation of the pouch in Didelphids. J                               Morphol 61: 1-26

 

Langworthy OR (1932) The panniculus carnosus and pouch musculature of the opossum, a marspuial. J Mammal 13: 241-251

 

 

1.43  Mammary Glands : Milk

 

Bergman HC, Housley C (1968) Chemical analyses of American opossum (*Didelphys                               virginiana*) milk. Comp Biochem Physiol 25: 213-218 

 

Bresslau E (1912) Die Entwickelung des Mammarapparates der Monotremen, Marsupialier und einiger Placentalier. III. Entwickelung des Mammarapparates der Marsupialier, Insectivoren, Nagethiere, Carivoren, und WiederkŠuer. In: Semon R (Gustav Fischer, Jena) Zool Forsch Austr Malay Arch 4: 647-874 

 

Green B, Krause WJ, Newgrain K (1996) Milk composition in the North American opossum (*Didelphis virginiana*). Comp Biochem Physiol 113B: 619-623

 

Hartman CG (1921) Dioestrous changes in the mammary gland of the opossum and the                               diagnosis of pregnancy. Am J Physiol 55:308-309 

 

Plagge DW (1942) Normal development and experimental treatment of the opossum mammary gland primordium. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 51:219-220 

 

Renfree MB, Robinson ES, Short RV, VandeBerg JL (1990) Mammary glands in male marsupials: I. Primordia in neonatal opossums*Didelphis virginiana*and *Monodelphis domestica*. Development 110:385-390 

 

Robinson ES, Renfree MB, Short RV, VandeBerg JL (1991) Mammary glands in male marsupials. 2. Development of teat primordia in*Didelphis virginiana* and *Monodelphis domestica*. Reprod Fert Devel 3:295-301

 

Thurston AW, Cole JA, Hillman LS, Im JH, Thorne PK, Krause WJ, Jones JR, Eber SL, Forte LR (1990) Purification and properties of parathyroid hormone-related peptide isolated from milk. Endocrinology 126:1183-1190

 

 

 

 

Useful Web Sites

 

 

The National Opossum Society

Post Office Box 21197

Catonsville, MD 21228

http://www.opossum.org
 

 

 

Opossum Society of the United States

P.O. Box 16724

Irvine, CA 92623

http://www.opossumsocietyus.org/

 
Top of Document
The Animal Welfare Information CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceNational Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 

Phone: (301) 504-6212 FAX: (301) 504-7125 E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov

*January 28, 2002***This page's URL is http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/opossum.htm** |
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