| BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHYProvided by the Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural Library
  United States                                       Department of  Agriculture    National  Agricultural  Library    Beltsville, Maryland  20705                        SRB 91-05                      Special Reference Briefs  Updated by:   Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Other Animal Related  Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, 2002                       Janice C. Swanson                      Animal Welfare Information Center*December 1990*  National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:  Swanson, Janice C.     Bovine spongiform encephalopathy     (Special reference briefs ; 91-05)     1. Cattle -- Diseases -- Bibliography. I. Title.  aS21.D27S64 no.91-05                                TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroductionGeneral and Review Articles .............................  1Epidemiology and Diagnoses .............................. 48 Transmission ............................................ 76Safety and Control ...................................... 83Toxicity ................................................ 98Wildlife ................................................101Genetics ................................................103Addendum ................................................104 Author Index**INTRODUCTION**
       The first observation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy  (BSE) is estimated to have occurred in Great Britain in April of  1985. A specific diagnosis was arrived at in 1986. By June of 1990  there were 14,324 confirmed cases out of an estimated population  of 10 million cattle in Great Britain (2, 22, 23, 104).  Other  cases have been reported in Ireland and Oman in 1989 and 1990,  respectively (22, 23, 62, 52).   
      BSE is an afebrile neurological disease that primarily affects  mature cattle.  Clinical signs include abnormally stilted gaits,  high stepping, heightened sensory perception, itching, anorexia,  excessive licking, and death. Abnormal motor nerve control  coupled with aggressiveness have earned the disease the common  name of Mad or Raging Cow Disease.  Although all types of cattle  are susceptible, most cases have been reported in the  Holstein-Fresian breed. The first clinical signs of the disease  (onset) has been observed in cattle at an age of 1 year 10 months  to 15 years.  From onset, the disease course varies from less  than 2 weeks to 14 months usually resulting in death or humane  destruction within 4 months (2, 9, 20, 22, 23, 31, 37, 69).  
       The causative agent of BSE is not known, however,  histopathological studies and clinical signs indicate a strong  resemblance to that of scrapie.  Brain extracts of suspect cattle  have produced disease specific structures known as  scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF).  SAF are attributed to  infectious type agents called prions. Prions are associated with  a unique protein found in brain tissue called prion protein  (PrP). Because scrapie has been transmissible via filtrates, the  disease agent has been thought to be a virus.  However, other  characteristics of the disease do not readily fit traditional  virus concepts (2, 6, 8, 9, 19, 31, 49, 54).  
       In 1979 studies were conducted by the United States Department  of Agriculture (USDA) to attempt experimental transmission of  scrapie to cattle. Approximately 30% of the inoculated cattle  developed progressive neurological signs of the disease. Upon  initial histological examination scrapie could not be confirmed.  However, a more recent examination of the same tissues, coupled  with new information, have shown PrP structures to be present (2,  79).  
       The incubation period for the disease has also been studied.  Mice inoculated with BSE brain homogenates develop neurological  signs of the disease 300 to 450 days later, therefore, indicating  a prolonged incubation period before onset. In cattle the  incubation period has been estimated to be from 2 to 8 years.  Although the onset of BSE is observed in mature cattle the  prolonged incubation period indicates that exposure can and does  occur in calfhood.  Calves have an estimated 30 times risk of  exposure than adults (2, 31, 82).  
       To date there is no evidence of animal to animal transmission  of BSE.  BSE is considered a "common source" epidemic, meaning that  animals contract the disease from a common element in their  environment.  Evidence has ruled out sources of the disease such  as semen, chemicals, autosomal inheritance, biologics and  pharmaceuticals.  The primary suspect disease source are diets  fed to cattle containing ruminant based meat and bone protein.  Scrapie or BSE contaminated carcasses which are rendered for  ruminant diets may account for the presence of SAF in the brain  homogenates of affected cattle. The feeding of animal protein  specifically derived from ruminants was ceased in the United  Kingdom as of July, 1988.  Results of this control effort by the  United Kingdom will not be assessable before 1992 (2, 9, 20, 23,  31, 91, 97). 
        There have been no reported cases of BSE in the United States.  As a preventative measure a prohibition of importation of ruminants  from the United Kingdom was implemented in July of 1989. Scrapie  and other forms of spongiform encephalopathy are present in the  United States, hence, the intense interest in BSE. A  transmissible form of spongiform encephalopathy found in ranched  mink, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), in the United  States has been primarily attributed to the feeding of scrapie  infected sheep and goat carcasses.  However, cattle carcasses  (also part of the ranched mink diet) are now a suspect source of  TME (2, 3, 4, 83).  
       The USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)  Veterinary Services program produces a Programs Alert on BSE  (released in 1989) and a quarterly Foreign Animal Disease Report  providing up-to-date information on diseases foreign to the  United States including BSE. Copies of the Programs Alert and the  Foreign Animal Disease Report may be requested from: USDA-APHIS,  VS, 6505 Belcrest Drive, Room 741, Hyattsville, MD 20782.   
      Information contained within this Special Reference brief  was derived from the above publications, AGRICOLA and from a  variety of other resources. All citations that are present in the  collections of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) will have  the appropriate NAL call number included.  Citations have been  organized into categories reflecting the nature of the articles  represented in this brief.  Categories are: general and review  articles; epidemiology and diagnosis; transmission; safety and  control; wildlife and ; genetics. 
        The author wishes to extend her gratitude to Dr. Patrick  McCaskey of the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service and Dr.  Edwin Pilchard and Vira Milbank of USDA-APHIS Veterinary  Services division for their thoughtful review and additions to  this document.  
**GENERAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES**  001  "Mad Cow Disease: Uncertainty rules."  J. Cherfas Science  249:1492-1493 (September 28, 1990).  NAL call number: 470 SC12  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), review,  issues.  002  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)."  Emergency Programs  Alert, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy  U.S. Department of  Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,  Veterinary Services, Emergency Programs, Hyattsville, MD. June  1990. 3 pp.  DESCRIPTORS: review, clinical signs, diagnosis, epidemiology,  control, reporting.  003  "Proceedings of an international roundtable on bovine spongiform  encephalopathy: Summary report and recommendations." C. L. Bolis  and C.J. Gibbs  Journal of the American Veterinary  Medical Association 196(10):1673 (May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  Descriptors: BSE, issues.  004  "Recommendations for initiation of research studies on bovine  spongiform encephalopathy."  C.J. Gibbs, Jr.  Journal of the  American Veterinary Medical Association 196(10):1686-1688(May 15,  1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, research projects.  005  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United States."  R.F.  Marsh.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association  196(10):1677(May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, sheep, epidemiology.  006  "Virus-like agent blamed for mad cow disease."  J. Cherfas.  Science 247(4942):523(February 2, 1990).  NAL call number: 470 SC12  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie  agent.  007  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy." C. Fear and M. Derakumar  British Medical Journal: Clinical Research Edition  300(6727):817  DESCRIPTORS: electroencephalography, human.  008  "Is BSE simply scrapie in cattle?"  (Correspondence)  R.M.  Barlow,  D.J. Middleton.  Veterinary Record  126(12):295(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, nervous system diseases, disease  transmission, bovine spongiform encephalopathy.  009  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: The need for knowledge,  balance, patience and action." R. Bradley Journal of Pathology  160:283-285(1990).  DESCRIPTORS: review, research assessment, future action.  010  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Taking stock of the issues."  R.H. Kimberlin  Nature 345(6278):763-764 (1990).  NAL call number: 472 N21  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie, nervous system.  011  "Delusional bovine spongiform encephalopathy." S. Lovestone  Lancet 336(8714):565 (1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 L22  DESCRIPTORS: human health, case studies.  012  "Spongiform encephalopathies:  Implications of recent  developments.  Report of a joint meeting of Sections of  Comparative Medicine, Epidemiology Community Medicine and  Pathology, 15 November 1989."  R.E. McKerrell and H. Farmer.  Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.  83(5):334-336(1990).  NAL call number: 448.9 R814  DESCRIPTORS: nervous system diseases, scrapie, cattle diseases,  sheep diseases, man, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).  013  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Correspondence)  K.C.  Meldrum.  Lancet 335(8692):797(1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 L22  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, heat, international trade, meat.  014  "Scrapie agent in muscle."  (Correspondence)  I. Pattison.  Veterinary Record 126(3):68(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: sheep diseases, cattle diseases, muscles, scrapie  agent, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).  015  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - a new warning."  [Bovine  spongiforme encefalopathie (BSE), een hernieuwde oproep.]  B.E.C.  Schreuder.  Tijdschrift voor Dierjeneeskunde 115(4):175(1990).  DESCRIPTORS: neuro-disease, lentivirinae.  016  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a review." [Bovine  spongieuze encefalopathie (BSE), een overzicht.]  B.E.C. Schreuder and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus Tijdschrift voor  Diergeneeskunde 115(11):507-517(1990).  DESCRIPTORS: neuro-disease, review.  017  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a review."[Bovine spongieuze  enzephalopathie (BSE).]  O.C. Straub  Deutsches Tierarzteblatt  38(5):328-330(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 D484  DESCRIPTORS: cattle, neuro-disease, review.  018  "Link between scrapie and BSE."  (Coorespondence) D. Westaway and  S.B. Prusiner  Nature 346(6280):113(1990).  NAL call number: 472 N21  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, sheep,  scrapie, epidemiology.  019  "Prion disease." R.G. Will, H. Diringer, L.R. Bridges, H. Fraser,  J. Hardy, A. Goate and S.C. Araya  Lancet 336(8711):369-370  (1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 L22  DESCRIPTORS: creuzfeldt-jacob disease, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy, disease surveillance.  020  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (BVA policy Paper).  Veterinary Record 126(7):170-171(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: neuro-disease, public health, disease prevention.  021  "BSE in perspective."  (Editorial)  Lancet  335(8700):1252-1253(1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 L22  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle diseases,  nervous system diseases, public health, cat diseases, meat.  022  Annual Report of the Institute for Animal Health 1989.  UK,  Agricultural and Food Research Council.  Compton, Newbury and  Berks.  RG16 ONN, UK; Institute for Animal Health 1990.  91 pp.  DESCRIPTORS: cattle, swine, sheep, poultry, disease, research,  government funding, scientific survey, United Kingdom.  023  "Minister outlines extent of BSE." (News and Reports)  Veterinary  Record  125(24):589(December 1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle,  prevalence, United Kingdom.  024  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Abstract)  R. Bradley.  Journal of Medical Microbiology 30(2):xii(1989).  NAL call number: QR1 J62  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, central nervous system.  025  "Observations on bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie  (report of a visit to the UK)."  M. Cooke.  Surveillance  16(4):8-9(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, sheep, disease incidence, United Kingdom.  026  "The latest information on bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  T.  Onodera, E. Momotani and T. Yoshino.  Journal of the Japan  Veterinary Medical Association 42(5):303-305(1989).  NAL call number: 41.9 J275  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, review.  027  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.  Bovine spongiform  encephalopati(BSE)."   S.B. Rasmussen.  Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 72(11):637-640(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: central nervous system, scrapie.  028  "Report of the working party on bovine spongiform  encephalopathy."  Sir R. Southwood.  Leaflets Unit, PO Box  21, Stanmore, Middlessex HA7 2AY, UK; Department of Health  ii:35 pp(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, disease history, epidemiology,  transmission, research, United Kingdom.  029  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Potential threat to Belgian  cattle."  [Boviene spongiforme encephalopahtie (BSE):  een  mogelijke bedreiging voor de Belgische veestapel?]  E.  Vanopdenbosch, G. Wellemans and M. Giangaspero.  Vlaams  Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 58(3):91(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V84  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, transmission, control.  030  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: A possible danger for Belgian  cattle?"  [L'encephalopathie spongiforme des bovines:  un danger  possible pour le cheptel belge?]  G. Wellemans, E. Vanopdenbosch  and M. Giangaspero.  Annales de Medecine Veterinaire  133(7):623-624(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 AN78  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, feeds, meat meal, bone meal,  international trade.  031  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  G.A.H. Wells.  Veterinary  Annual.  29:59-63(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V6456  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, review, scrapie agent, central nervous system.  032  "BSE: Some unanswered questions."  S. Wilson.  Veterinary Record  125(10):279-280(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, central nervous  system.  033  "Animal health."  Northern Ireland Agriculture.  48th Annual  General Report of the Department of Agriculture.  Year ended 31  March 1989.  UK, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland,  Belfast, UK; Her Majesty's Stationery office. 95-101(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: cattle disease, sheep disease, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy (BSE), Johne's disease, pulmonary adenomatosis,  bovine tuberculosis, Brucellosis, vaccines, import control,  disease occurrence.  034  Annual Report of the Institute for Animal Health 1988.  UK,  Agricultural and Food Research Council.  Compton, Newbury and  Berks.  RG16 ONN, UK; Institute for Animal Health 1989.  77 pp.  DESCRIPTORS: cattle disease, research, government funding,  scientific survey, United Kingdom.  035  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (B.S.E.): A new disease?"  P.J.N. Pinsent.  The Bovine Practitioner 23:97-98(November 1988).  NAL call number:  SF779.5.A1B6.  DESCRIPTORS: pathology, central nervous system.   036  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  A.H. Andrews.  Veterinary  Record  122(23):566-567(June 4, 1988).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, disease prevalence.  037  "Disease update: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy." (News and  Reports)  Veterinary Record 122(20):477-478(May 14, 1988).  NAL call number:  41.8  V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, review.  038  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Time to take scrapie  seriously."   K.L. Morgan.  Veterinary Record  122(18):445-446(April 30, 1988).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, etiology, sheep, goats, deer, feeds, offal.  039  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  G.A.H. Wells.  Foreign  Animal Disease Report - U.S. Department of Agriculture,  Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary  Services, Emergency Programs 16(4):97-98(Winter 1988).  NAL call number: aSF601.U5  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, livestock, disease, statistics.  040  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Correspondence).  M.P.  Cranwell, R.D. Hancock, J.R. Hindson, S.A. Hall, N.J. Daniel,  A.R. Hopkins, B. Wonnacott, M. Vivian, P. Hunt.  Veterinary  Record 122(8):190(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, clinical signs, behavior.  041  "Scrapie in dairy sheep and cattle."  H. Fraser. Sheep Dairy  News 5(3):45(1988).  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE),  neuro-disease.  042  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a brief review."  M.C. Horzinek.  Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde  113(21):1200(1988).  DESCRIPTORS: research review.  043  "Mad cows and ministers lose their heads.  (Bovine spongiform  encephalopathy.)"  S. Pain.  New Scientist 119(1625):27-28(1988).  NAL call number:472 N42  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, etiology, epidemiology, scrapie, cattle,  neuro-disease.   044  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:  A new slow virus disease?"  [Encephalopathie spongiforme bovine:  une nouvelle maladie a  veruis lents?]  M. Savey and A.L. Parodi.  Point Veterinaire  20(113):79-80(1988).  NAL call number: SF 602 P6  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, neuro-disease, etiology.  045  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Correspondence).  J.W.  Wilesmith.  Veterinary Record 122(25):614(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, commentary.  046  "Veterinary aspects of beef production.  Government health scheme  for cattle."  Beef Yearbook 1988 - Meat and Livestock Commission  Bletchley (UK):  Meat and Livestock Commission, 1988, p. 99-104.  NAL call number: HD9433 G7B4  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), bovine  oncoviros, IBR, IPV, virus, leukosis, leptospirosis, United  Kingdom.  047  Animal Health 1987.  Report of the Chief Veterinary Officer.  UK,  Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, SW8 5DT, UK;  HMSO Publications Centre, 1988.  52pp.  DESCRIPTORS: disease prevalence, cattle, swine, wildlife,  anthrax, swine fever, paramyxoviros, enzootic bovine leukosis,  sheep scab, Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, tuberculosis,  mycobacterian bovis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).**EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSES**  048  "Detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United  Kingdom."  R.H. Kimberlin.  Journal of the American Veterinary  Medical Association 196(10):1675-1676(May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, diagnosis.  049  "Ultrastructural neuropathologic features of bovine spongiform  encephalopathy."  P.P. Liberski.  Journal of the American  Veterinary Medical Association 196(10):1682(May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, histopathology.   050  "Epidemiology and current status of bovine spongiform  encephalopathy in the United Kingdom."  J.W. Wilesmith.  Journal  of the American Veterinary Medical Association  196(10):1674-1675(May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, epidemiology.  051  "Cerebrospinal fluid studies in normal cows and cases of bovine  spongiform encephalopathy."  P.R. Scott, B.M. Aldridge, M. Clarke  and R.G. Will.  Veterinary Studies  146(1):88-90(January/February  1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V643  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, immunological response, diagnosis.  052  "BSE in Oman."  (Correspondence)  D.J.P. Carolan.  Veterinary  Record 126(4):92(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, case  study.  053  "Scrapie agent in muscle."  (Correspondence)  I. Pattison.  Veterinary Record 126(4):92(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie,  cattle, sheep.  054  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Detection and quantitation of  fibrils, fibril protein (PrP) and vacuolation in the brain."  A.C. Scott, G.A.H. Wells, M.J.Stack, H. White and M. Dawson.  Veterinary Microbiology 23(1-4):295-304(1990).  NAL call number: SF601 V44  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, pathology.  055  "Incidence of BSE." (Coorespondence) K.C. Taylor  Veterinary Record 126(20):513(1990)  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle,  prevalence.  056  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a cow in the United  Kingdom." P.R. Scott, B.M. Aldridge, M. Clarke and R. Will.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association  195(12):1745-1747(December 15, 1989).  NAL call number:  41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, case study, pathology.   057  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:  Diagnostic significance of  vacuolar changes in selected nuclei of the medulla oblongata."  G.A.H. Wells, R.D. Hancock, W.A. Cooley, M.S. Richards, R.J.  Higgins and G.P. David.  Veterinary Record  125(21):521-524(November 18, 1989).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, pathology, histopathological diagnosis.  058  "Post-mortem immunodiagnosis of scrapie and bovine spongiform  encephalopathy."  C.F. Farquhar, R.A. Somerville and L.A.  Ritchie.  Journal of Virological Methods  24(1/2):215-222(April/May 1989).  NAL call number:  QR355.J6  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, antisera, testing, infection.  059  "Observations on abnormal brain fibril detection in scrapie and  bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)."  (Abstract)  A.C. Scott,  G.A.H. Wells, M. Stack and M. Dawson.  First Congress, European  Society for Veterinary Virology, Liege, Belgium, 6-7 April, 1989.  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, pathology.  060  "Immunoblotting and lectin binding studies of fibril protein from  natural scrapie and BSE." (Abstract)  H. White and M. Dawson.  First Congress, European Society for Veterinary Virology, Liege,  Belgium, 6-7 April, 1989.  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie.  061  "Occurrence of 14 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a  closed dairy herd."  M.H. Winter, B.M. Aldridge, P.R. Scott and  M. Clarke.  British Veterinary Journal 145(2):191-194(March/April  1989).  NAL call number:  41.8 V643  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, diagnosis, histology, etiology.  062  "Case of BSE in the Irish Republic."  (Correspondence) H. Basset  and C. Sheridan.  Veterinary Record.  124(6):151(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, case report,  histology, diagnosis.  063  "Suspected case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (final  diagnosis:  Hepatic encephalopathy)."  A.F. Julian and D.J.  Moore.  Surveillance (Wellington) 16(4):6(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, pathology, histology, liver disease.   064  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Scrapie, TME,  transmissible mink encephalopathy."  [Bovine Spongiform  Encephalopati (BSE).]  S.B. Rasmussen.  Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 72(11):637-640(1989).  NAL call number: 41.9 D23  DESCRIPTORS: clinical signs, epidemiology, diagnosis, disease  control, zoonoses.  065  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:  Diagnostic significance of  vacuolar changes in selected nuclei of the medulla oblongata."  G.A.H. Wells, R.D. Hancock, W.A. Cooley, M.S. Richards, R.J.  Higgins and G.P. David.  Veterinary Record 125(21):521-524(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, diagnosis, histology, brain.  066  "The distribution pattern of neuronal vacuolation in bovine  spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is constant."  (Abstract)  G.A.H. Wells and J.W. Wilesmith.  Neuropathology and Applied  Neurobiology 15(6):519(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, histopathology, nervous system.  067  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:  Epidemiological studies."  J.W. Wilesmsith, G.A.H. Wells, M.P. Cranwell and J.B.M. Ryan.  Veterinary Record  123(25):638-644(December 17, 1988).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, history, diagnosis, genetics, etiology, scrapie  agent.  068  "Fibrils from brains of cows with new cattle disease contain  scrapie-associated protein."  J. Hope, L.J.D. Reekie, N. Hunter,  G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther, H. White, A.C. Scott, M.J. Stack, M.  Dawson and G.A.H. Wells.  Nature  336(6197):390-392(November 24,  1988).  NAL call number:  472 N21  DESCRIPTORS: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), cattle,  neuro-disease, pathogenesis  069  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in an adult British Friesian  cow."  P.R. Scott, B.M. Aldridge, L.A. Holmes, E.M. Milne and  D.M. Collins.  Veterinary Record  123(16):373-374(October 1,  1988).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, case report, pathology, central nervous system,  clinical signs.   070  "Elevated plasma glucose concentration in a case of bovine  spongiform encephalopathy."  (Correspondence.)  B.M. Aldridge,  P.R. Scott, L.A. Holmes, E.M. Milne and D.F. Collins.  Veterinary  Record 122(3):71-72(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, case report, blood glucose, encephalitis.  071  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Bull.  Correspondence.)  J.S. Gilmour, D. Buxton, N.S.M. Macleod, T.A. Brodie, J.B. More.  Veterinary Record 122(6):142-143(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, case report, encephalitis.  072  "BSE: Not a self evident diagnosis."  (Correspondence).  A.R.  Hopkins.  Veterinary Record 122(26):639(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle,  lentivirinae.  073  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Blood chemistry.  Correspondence.)  C.T. Johnson and C.J. Whitaker.  Veterinary  Record 122(6):142(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, hematological analysis.  074  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Correspondence.)  P.N.  Pulford.  Veterinary Record 122(8):190(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, artificial insemination.  075  "A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle."  G.A.H. Wells, A.C. Scott, C.T. Johnson, R.F. Gunning, R.D.  Hancock, M. Jeffrey, M. Dawson and R. Bradley. Veterinary Record  121(18):419-420(1987).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, case report, clinical signs, histopathology,  scrapie.**TRANSMISSION**  076  "Dietary transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to  mice." R.M. Barlow and D.J. Middleton.  Veterinary Record  126(5):111-112(February 3, 1990).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, central nervous system, histology.  077  "Preliminary evidence of the experimental transmissibility of  bovine spongiform encephalopathy to cattle."  M. Dawson,  G.A.H. Wells and  B.N.J. Parker.  Veterinary Record  126(5):112-113(February 3, 1990).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, histology, neuro-disease, transmission.  078  "BSE.  New fears on transmission."  P. Aldhous.  Nature (London)  345(6273):280(1990).  NAL call number: 472 N21  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, neuro- disease,  scrapie agent, meat.  079  "Experimental transmission of scrapie to cattle."  C.J. Gibbs,  Jr., J. Sofar, M. Ceroni, A. di Martino, W.W. Clark, J.L.  Hourrigan.  Lancet 335(8700):1275(1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 L22  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE),  neuro-disease, brain, proteins, scrapie agent, experimental  infection.  080  "Transmission of encephalopathies." (Coorespondence) P.H. Gibson  Veterinary Record  126(10):248(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), cattle,  scrapie, epidemiology.  081  "Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to  mice."  (Abstract)  H. Fraser, I. McConnell and G.A.H. Wells.  Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 15(6):590(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, experimental transmission, neuropathology,  central nervous system, inbred mice.  082  "Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to mice."  H.  Fraser, I. McConnell, G.A.H. Wells and M. Dawson.  Veterinary  Record  123(18):472(October 29, 1988).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, mouse scrapie, neuropathology. **SAFETY AND CONTROL**  083  "Recommendations concerning the risk of bovine spongiform  encephalopathy in the United States."  D.M. Asher  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association  196(10):1687 (May 15, 1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 AM3  DESCRIPTORS: human health, cattle feed, bone meal, future  research.  084  "Caesarean sections on BSE cows."  (Correspondence)  R.G. Eddy.  Veterinary Record 126(4):92(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, birth.  085  "More on the control of bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Coorespondence) K.W.F. Jericho Canadian Veterinary  Journal 31(4):252(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 R3224  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, disease control.  086  "Scrapie and human neurodengenerative diseases."  (Correspondence) P.K. Lewis.  Canadian Medical Association  Journal 142(9):928(1990).  DESCRIPTORS: man, prions, zoonoses, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy (BSE), nervous system diseases.  087  "More on the control of bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Coorespondence) P.B. Little and J. Thorsen.  Canadian Veterinary Journal 31(4):252-253(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 R3224  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, scrapie agent, feeding, disease control.  088  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.  The safety of beef has not  yet been tested and may not be testable."  (Editorial) W.B.  Matthews.  British Medical Journal.  300(6722):412-413(1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 B77  DESCRIPTORS:  BSE, neuro-disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease,  meat.  089  "Animal production and public health."  J.P. Samaille.  Action  Veterinaire (No. 1121-1122):3-4(1990).  NAL call number: SF602 A25  DESCRIPTORS: milk hygiene, salmonella, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy (BSE), listeria, zoonoses   090  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and human health."  D.M. Taylor  Veterinary Record 125(16):413-415(October 14, 1989).  NAL call  number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, epidemiology, pathology, transmission,  zoonoses.  091  "Scrapie agent decontamination: Implications for bovine  spongiform encephalopathy."  D.M. Taylor.  Veterinary Record  124(12):291-292(March 25, 1989).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641.  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, disease control, feed contamination, rendering.  092  "Current animal events concerning human health."  K.N. Burns.  Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England  150:90-100(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE),  salmonellosis, listeria, scrapie, somatotropin, legislation,  human health, zoonoses.  093  "Update on spongiform encephalopathies of animals and proposals  for their prevention.  Attulalita sulle encefalopatie spongiformi  degli animali e proposte di intervento."  F. Guarda and F.  Valenza.  Nuovo Progresso Veterinario 44(10):363-366,368(1989).  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), cattle,  sheep, scrapie, control, review.  094  "BSE safety precautions."  (Caesarean section.  Correspondence).  C.A. Madeiros.  Veterinary Record 125(3):73(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, birth, central  nervous system.  095  "BSE safety precautions."  (Caesarean section.  Correspondence).  K.D. Meldrum.  Veterinary Record 125(3):73-74(1989).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, birth, central  nervous system.  096  "Options for the control of scrapie in sheep and its counterpart  in cattle."  A.G. Dickinson and D.M. Taylor.  Proceedings, 3rd  World Congress on Sheep and Beef Cattle Breeding, 19-23 June  1988, Paris.  Volume 1:553-564.  NAL call number: SF 371.2 W67 1988  DESCRIPTORS: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), disease  resistance, genetics.   097  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Meat inspection)  (Correspondence.)  J.F. Gracey.  Veterinary Record  123(6):163(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, meat products, rendering, cattle, zoonoses.**TOXICITY**  098  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:  Possible toxicity link?"  (Human hexachlorophene poisoning.  Correspondence).  C.B.  Boothby.  Veterinary Record 122(4):95(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, etiology, hexachlorophene.  099  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Hexachlorophane toxicity.  Correspondence.)  E.J. Jack.  Veterinary Record 122(6):142(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, encephalitis, etiology.  100  "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy."  (Hexachlorophane toxicity.  Correspondence.)  G.A.H. Wells and J.W. Wilesmith.  Veterinary  Record 122(6):142(1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, etiology.**WILDLIFE**  101  "Antelopes die of "mad cow" disease".  P. Aldhous.  Nature  344(6263):183(1990).  NAL call number: 472 N21  DESCRIPTORS: neuro-diseases, zoo animals, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy (BSE).  102  "Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland."  (Correspondence)  A.J.  Fleetwood and C.W. Furley.  Veterinary Record  126(16):408-409(1990).  NAL call number: 41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: scrapie agent, zoo animals, case reports,  neuro-disease, tragelaphus oryx, spongiform encephalopathy,  antelopes, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), United  Kingdom.**GENETICS**  103  "A study of the inheritance of susceptibility to bovine  spongiform encephalopathy."  W.V.S. Wijeratne and R.N. Curnow.  Veterinary Record 126(1):5-8(January 6, 1990).  NAL call number:  41.8 V641  DESCRIPTORS: BSE, heritability, scrapie agent, resistance.**ADDENDUM**  104  "Foreign animal disease update."  P. Fernandez Foreign Animal  Disease Report  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant  Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Emergency  Programs 18(4):4 (in press 11/27/90).  DESCRIPTORS: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), update.**AUTHOR INDEX**  Aldhous, P. 78, 101  Aldridge, B.M. 51, 56, 61, 69  Andrews, A.H. 36  Araya, S.C. 19  Asher, D.M. 83  Barlow, R.M. 8, 76  Basset, H. 62  Beyreuther, K. 68  Bolis, C.L. 3  Boothby, C.B. 98  Bradley, R. 9, 24, 75  Bridges, L.R. 19  Brodie, T.A. 71  Burns, K.N. 92  Buxton, D. 71  BVA, 20  Carolan, D.J.P. 52  Ceroni, M. 79  Cherfas, J. 1, 6  Clark, W.W. 79  Clarke, M. 51, 56, 61  Collins, D.M. 69, 70  Cooke, M. 25  Cooley, W.A. 57, 65  Cranwell, M.P. 40, 67  Daniel, N.J. 40  David, G.P. 57, 65  Dawson, M. 54, 59, 60, 68, 75, 77, 82  Derakumar, M. 7  Dickinson, A.G. 96  diMartino, A. 79  Diringer, H. 19  Eddy, R.G. 84  Editorials, 21  Farmer, H. 12  Farquhar, C.F. 58  Fear, C. 7  Fleetwood, A.J. 102  Fraser, H. 19, 41, 81, 82  Furley, C.W. 102  Giangaspero, M. 29, 30  Gibbs, C.J. 3  Gibbs, Jr., C.J. 4, 79  Gibson, P.H. 80  Gilmour, J.S. 71  Goate, A. 19  Gracey, J.F. 97  Guarda, F. 93  Hall, S.A. 40  Hancock, R.D. 40, 57, 75  Hardy, J. 19  Higgins, R.J. 57, 65   Hindson, J.R. 40  Holmes, L.A. 69, 70  Hope, J. 68  Hopkins, A.R. 40, 72  Horzinek, M.C. 42  Hourrigan, J.L. 79  Hunt, P. 40  Hunter, N. 68  Jack, E.J. 99  Jeffrey, M. 75  Jericho, K.W.F. 85  Johnson, C.T. 73, 75  Julian, A.F. 63  Kimberlin, R.H. 10, 48  Lewis, P.K. 86  Liberski, P.P. 49  Little, P.B. 87  Lovestone, S. 11  MacLeod, N.S.M. 71  Madeiros, C.A. 94  Marsh, R.F. 5  Matthews, W.B. 88  McConnell, I. 81, 82  Mckerrell, R.E. 12  Meat and Livestock Commission (UK) 46  Meldrum, K.C. 13  Meldrum, K.D. 95  Middleton, D.J. 8, 76  Milne, E.M. 69, 70  Momotani, E. 26  Moore, D.J. 63  More, J.B. 71  Morgan, K.L. 38  Multhaup, G. 68  Onodera, T. 26  Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. 16  Pain, S. 43  Parker, B.N.J. 77  Parodi, A.L. 44  Pattison, I. 14, 53  Pinsent, P.J.N. 35  Prusiner, S.B. 18  Pulford, P.N. 74  Rasmussen, S.B. 27, 64  Reekie, L.J.D. 68  Richards, M.S. 57, 65  Ritchie, L.A. 58  Ryan, J.B.M. 67  Samaille, J.P. 89  Savey, M. 44  Schreuder, B.E.C. 15, 16  Scott, A.C. 54, 59, 68, 75  Scott, P.R. 51, 56, 61, 69, 70  Sheridan, C. 62   Sofar, J. 79  Somerville, R.A. 58  Southwood, Sir R. 28  Stack, M. 59  Stack, M.J. 54, 68  Straub, O.C. 17  Taylor, D.M. 90, 91, 96  Taylor, K.C. 55  Thorsen, J. 87  UK Agricultural and Food Research Council 22, 34  UK Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland 33  UK Ministry of Agrc. Fisheries and Food 47  USDA-APHIS 2, 39  Valenza, F. 93  Vanopdenbosch, E. 29, 30  Vivian, M. 40  Wellemans, G. 29, 30  Wells, G.A.H. 31, 39, 54, 57, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 77, 81, 82, 100  Westaway, D. 18  Whitaker, C.J. 73  White, H. 54, 60, 68  Wijeratne, W.V.S. 103  Wilesmith, J.W. 45, 50, 66, 67, 100  Will, R. 56  Will, R.G. 19, 51  Wilson, S. 32  Winter, M.H. 61  Wonnacott, B. 40  Yoshino, T. 26
Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural Library*USDA Cooperative Agreement No. 58-0520-5-076 - July, 1995* |
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