# Patent

## Title
Auto-generated task sequence

## Abstract

A significant challenge in modern computing is to provide a user interface that as starting point takes the end user's goals. A taskoriented user interface addresses this issue and presents and guides the enduser through useful and relevant tasks that map directly to the tasks the enduser needs to carry out. The present invention discloses a method and a system for automatic generation of a task sequence by use of a computer system. a generic task sequence is configured for a variety of business objects at design time. At runtime the task sequence is initiated by a task presented in the user interface (UI) to a user of the application. An input in response hereto makes the computer system start querying whether the elements of the relevant Business Object are in a state where they can complete the task. If not so, identify by use of the computer system what needs to be completed in order to bring element in a state where it can participate. The result of the query is obtained by functionality available on the element.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This Application is a Section 371 National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/DK01/00740, filed Nov. 9, 2001 and published as WO 02/039255 on May 16, 2002, in English, which claims priority on Denmark Ser. No. PA 2000 01670.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a system and method supporting an automatic generation of a task sequence for a user of an application.
BACKGROUND
When programming extensive computer applications with a high complexity as well as a high flexibility there is a wish to factor out common functionality. Functionality is commonly reused on a “cut and paste” basis and it is difficult to interface between the different constituent components because there is no clear encapsulation of functionality and separation of data and methods. This leads to inconsistencies and low quality, because a reused piece of functionality has no intelligence—it does not know where it came from, and does not synchronize automatically with its progenitor. Furthermore, maintenance is laborious, because the same functionality is repeated, maybe with slight variants, in a lot of places. It takes time to identify all places where an update is required, and the process requires manual intervention and is therefore error-prone.
A way to overcome some of these problems is to use Object Oriented programming. In Object Oriented programming:

    
    
        Reuse is controlled, as common functionality can be factored out into objects with well-defined interfaces.
        Interoperability is facilitated, because objects have well-defined and well described interfaces.
        Variance can be controlled by use of inheritance. Inheritance makes sure that any change to the progenitor will be applied to its descendants.
        The level of abstraction is supposedly heightened, as objects should ideally be rooted in the business problem domain, not in the “computer” domain.

Still,

        extending a solution can be a bottleneck, because the programmer is responsible for the infrastructure without which there is no application
    
    


A more structured way of using Object Oriented programming can be provided in a framework. An advantage of a “framework” for application development is that the common functionality is provided in the framework, not in libraries or utility classes. The framework, basically, becomes a framework by providing common functionality plus setting the infrastructure of a working program. However also this kind of programming is also based on inheritance and cannot be easily upgraded.
Within the last couple of years several attempts of creating a framework-based programming language that organizes the programming code for the programmer have been suggested. The overall idea by introducing this programming technique is that all Objects are based on predefined pieces of code. Among others are “Subject-Oriented Programming” by IBM and “Aspect-Oriented Programming” by Xerox PARC Software.
Even though this way of programming helps the programmer organize the objects, the programmer is still responsible for describing how these pieces of functionality interact by writing code from scratch, and writing how these pieces of functionality are combined. This process is also known as “weavings”.
It is a disadvantage of these framework-based programming languages that basically all the weaving has to or at least checked every time the pieces of functionality change. This makes upgrading the framework complicated and expensive.
Furthermore, since some functionality of an object will be provided in the weaving code, it is impossible for the framework to guarantee a system-wide quality of the application, because the framework has no way of knowing what the weaving code does.
A task oriented user interface increases ease of use of the system because the user will be guided through the system. The task will all resemble how the user thinks he/she should do the job. This will aid and assist the user in doing his job.
In a webbased environment, pages have to be simple and task based because each piece of information has to be sent to a server. Then the server responds with the next step and so on. Good web design means focusing on a single task per page and providing (explicit i.e. not just the forward and backwards buttons) navigation forward and backward through pages. Similarly, inductive navigation starts with focusing the activity on each page to a single, primary task. The main principles of inductive navigation can be summed up with the following four steps

    
    
        1. Focus each page on a single task
        2. State/name the task
        3. Make the page's content suit the task. The task is stated on the page. It should be obvious how to carry out the task with the controls on the page.
        4. Offer links to secondary tasks.
    
    


Similarly to the web design the next task is generated and presented to the user. Each task sequence has to be programmed in advance in order to be able to present the right order of tasks for the user. This is done in the component that controls the UI. It is a disadvantage that all possible task sequences have to be programmed.
DESCRIPTION
It is an object of the present invention to reduce the amount of code in the component that controls the UI in order to present the task sequences. Thus reducing the time spent on programming/configuring the UI and facilitating programming/configuring an application.
In a broad first aspect of the invention a method of automatic generation of a task sequence by use of a computer system is provided, comprising the steps of

    
    
        1. presenting by use of a computer system a first task preferably comprising information of a Business Object Type for a user of an application
        2. firing an Event Instance in response to an input to the computer
        3. identifying whether the first task can be completed by
        
            a. identifying if an element of a Business Object Type is in a state where it can react to the Event Instance
            b. and if not so identifying what need to be completed in order to bring the element in a state where it can react to the Event Instance
        
        
        4. as result to step 3b presenting a task comprising information about what need to be completed in order to bring the element in a state where it can react to the Event Instance.

It is an advantage of the method that the application developer does not have to configure/programme all possible task sequences, thus facilitating the programming/configuration of an application. Also, in this way a more consistent generation of task sequences will be ensured. Furthermore, the risk that a programme developer has not identified a task sequence and thus a task sequence will be missing; will be reduced due to the automatic generation of the task sequence. A Business Object Type may comprise one or more elements. An element may be a Business Object Instance of the Business Object Type and or it may comprise data, meta-data, functionality and or information about the element such as the state.

    
    


In an embodiment of the invention a method wherein step 3 is repeated until there are no more elements of a Business Object Type that are in a state where they cannot react to the Event Instance is provided.
In another embodiment of the method the first task in step 1 comprises information such as meta-data, data, information with respect to functionality of the Business Object Type.
Also within scope of the invention is a method wherein the first task comprises information of an Event Type configured with the Business Object Type.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method wherein step 1 further comprises presenting a complete or partial created Business Object Instance.
Within the invention is also considered a method wherein step 2 further comprises a step of sending a first message from a UI component to a Business Object Controller (BOC). Preferably a method wherein the first message comprises identification and or state information of the Event Type and the Business Object Type, such as Business Object Instances hereof.
In further embodiments of the invention a method wherein the element of the Business Object Type is an Aspect Instance is provided. Preferably a method wherein step 3a comprises a step of sending a second message to an Aspect Pattern of the Aspect Instance is provided. Also a method is provided wherein the second message comprises identification and or state information of the Event Type. Preferably the second message is send by a/the BOC.
Also within the scope of the invention is a method further comprising a step of returning a third message comprising information of whether the element is in a state where it is possible for the element to react to the Event Instance.
In a second aspect of the invention a method for automatic generation of a list of possible tasks to perform on a Business Object comprising one or more elements by use of a computer is provided, the method comprising the steps of

    
    
        firing in response to an input to a computer one or more Event Instances related with the Business Object each Event Instance being related with a task
        identifying whether each task can be completed by
        
            identifying if the one or more elements of the Business Object is in a state where they can react to the Event Instance
        
        
        if the task can be completed presenting the task on a list comprising possible tasks to perform on the Business Object.

It is an advantage that a user of the system is provided with a list of possible tasks that currently can be performed due to the state of the one ore more elements of the Business Object Type.

    
    


In a broad third aspect of the invention, a method of automatic generation of a task sequence is provided. The generation is performed by use of a computer system comprising processor means such as one or more central processing units programmed to perform actions in accordance with the generation of the task sequence, storage means such as RAM and hard disc storing data used in the generation of the task sequence, said method comprising the steps of

    
    
        1. presenting by use of a computer system a first task
        2. querying in response to an input to the computer system whether the first task can be completed by use of the computer system, the querying comprising
        
            a. querying if an element of a Business Object Type is in a state where it can react to an Event Instance of a first Event Type
            b. and if not so identifying by use of the computer system what needs to be completed in order to bring the element in a state where it can react to an Event Instance of the first Event Type.
        
        
    
    


The computer system may be realized by for instance by a stand-alone computer or as a distributed computer system. Preferably the presenting of the first task is based on a selection of a task made by a user of the computer system
In an embodiment of the invention, step 2b further, as result of the identification of what needs to be completed, presents a task comprising information about what needs to be completed in order to bring the element in a state where it can react to an Event Instance of the first Event Type.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method is provided wherein the result of a query to an element is obtained by functionality available to the element, said functionality is triggered by querying the element. Preferably the functionality is within the element.
Also within the scope of the invention is a method wherein the step 2b of identifying is done by functionality available to the element in question thereby providing information on what needs to be done in order to bring the element in question into a state where it can react.
In further embodiments of the invention, a method wherein the input to the computer system is a user input. Also the input may be provided by a user via a keyboard, a voice control, a computer mouse or the like. The input may also stem from a connected computer system. Furthermore the input may arrive via the internet.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method is provided where step 2 it repeated for all elements of the Business Object Type.
Also within the scope of the invention a method is provided further comprising a step 3 of firing an Event Instance of the first Event Type as result of step 2a if the element of the Business Object Type is in a state where it can react to the Event Instance of the first Event Type.
In another embodiment of the invention a method is provided wherein as the result of step 2b the presented task is, recursively, assigned to be a first task and repeating step 1 and step 2 whereby the presented task becomes the first task. Preferably step 1 and step 2 is repeated one or more times. Also within the scope of the invention the repeating of step 1 and step 2 is repeated a limited number of times. Preferably the limited number of times is predefined such as the limited number of times being between 1 and 10.
In other embodiments of the invention, a method is provided further comprising a step of canceling the method. Preferably the method is canceled due to an input to the computer system. The method may be canceled due to a user input such as an input via a keyboard, a computer mouse, a voice control or the like. The method may further be canceled via the internet. Also the method may be canceled via a connected computer system.
Also within the scope of the invention a method is provided further comprising a step 2c wherein the task presented in step 2b is completed by firing an Event Instance of a second Event Type thereby changing the state of the element type to a state wherein the element type can react to the Event Instance of the first Event Type.
In another embodiment of the invention a method is provided wherein step 2 is repeated until all elements of the Business Object Type can react to an Event Instance of the first Event Type.
In a further embodiment a method is provided further comprising a step 3 wherein an Event Instance of the first Event Type is fired.
In another embodiment a method is provided wherein the first task in step 1 comprises information such as meta-data, data, information with respect to functionality of the Business Object Type.
Also within the scope of the invention a method is provided wherein the first task comprises information of an Event Type configured with the Business Object Type.
Preferably step 1 further comprises presenting a complete or partial Business Object Instance.
In further embodiments of the invention, a method is provided wherein step 2 further comprises a step of sending a first message from a User Interface (UI) component to a Business Object Controller (BOC). Preferably the first message comprises identification and/or state information of the Event Type and the Business Object Type, such as Business Object Instances hereof.
In an embodiment of the invention a method is provided wherein an element of the Business Object Type is an Aspect Instance.
It is also within the scope of the invention to provide a method wherein step 2a comprises a step of sending a second message to an Aspect Patterns of the Aspect Instance. Preferably the second message comprises identification of the Event Type. Also the second message is send by a Business Object Controller (BOC).
In another embodiment of the invention a method is provided, wherein step 2a further comprises a step of returning a third message comprising information of whether the element is in a state where it is possible for the element to react to the Event instance.
In a broad fourth aspect of the invention a computer system is provided for running a method according to other aspects particularly the third aspect, said computer system comprising

    
    
        processor means such as one or more central processing units programmed to perform actions in accordance with the generation of the task sequence, storage means such as RAM and hard disc storing data used in the generation of the task sequence
        a BOC component generating the first task
        a UI component rendering the task information to a device
    
    


A system for configuring a Business Object Type is provided and may be useful with the invention, said system comprising a design component for configuring the Business Object Type, the design component having access to or being provided with; Business. Object Type connecting means, a set of Aspect Patterns wherein at least one of said Aspect Patterns comprises: Aspect connecting means, one or more pieces of generalized functionality; wherein the pieces of generalized functionality are adapted to be specified, thereby providing pieces of specific functionality, and one or more Aspect Event Type connecting means enabling that one or more pieces of functionality can be triggered, a set of Event Types, wherein at least one of said Event Types comprises Event Type connecting means.
It is an advantage of the system that Business Object Types more easily can be created by configuring the predefined pieces of functionality in the one or more Aspect Patterns, configuring the Business Object Type with the one or more Aspect Patterns, configuring the one or more Event Types with the Business Object Types and configuring the Event Types with one or more pieces of functionality in the one or more Aspect Patterns thereby enabling one or more pieces of functionality to be triggered in the Aspect Patterns. It is a further advantage of the system that before the configuration there does not exist any connections between the Aspect Patterns and the Business Object Type, the Event Types and the Business Object Type. Neither does any of the Aspect Patterns have any mutual connections before the configuration. This is an advantage since it facilitates upgrades of the system. Furthermore, the level of abstraction is higher compared to traditional configuration thus supporting faster modeling and higher quality of an application.
In the following, a number of technical terms are used. The use of these terms is believed not to be in contradiction with the ordinary use of the terms, but in order to ease the understanding of the invention, a short list of some terms are given below together with an indication of the meaning of these words:
Meta-data (synonyms: type data, 2nd order data): Data that is related to the type of data instead of to the data itself. For example a postal address may comprise the elements: street, number, zip, city and country. The information about which elements a postal address comprises is meta-data. Another example is that in a given system it is defined that the name of an employee can consist of no more than 50 characters. The maximum allowed number of characters is meta-data.
1st order data on the other hand describe specific things that apply only to instances: the actual postal address (Frydenlunds allé 6,2950 Vedbæk), the actual Employee Name (Lars Hansen) or the actual engine number (S/N 45 55 666). It is implied that data must always behave according to the specifications laid down in its meta-data. For example the Employee Name will have to comply with the rule that the number of characters does not exceed 50.
A configuration is a complete or partial specification of one or more pieces of generalized functionality and/or meta-data.
An Aspect Pattern is a kind of extended data type, in the sense that it represents a configurable solution to a general problem, and in the sense that it comprises business logic for the solution of the general problem. An Aspect Pattern comprises one or more generalized pieces of functionality. An Aspect Pattern further defines a set of meta-data that can be configured for that pattern. The Aspect Pattern defines the interpretation of a number of meta-data in an application. An Aspect Pattern further comprises Aspect connecting means and Aspect Event Type connecting means.
For example, an application may use an “Address Aspect Pattern” as well as a “Milestone Aspect Pattern”. The Address Aspect Pattern may comprise e.g., one or more pieces of functionality that knows how to handle a telephone address e.g., it comprises functionality that knows how to: call a telephone number, verify the number against the national telephone register, format the number for output, etc. The Address Aspect Pattern may also comprise one or more pieces of functionality that knows how to handle a postal address including e.g., a piece of functionality that can verify the address. All Aspect Patterns require broad interpretations to ensure that all problems that can be solved by the functionality of a particular Aspect Pattern also belong to this pattern. For example, the Value Aspect Pattern may be used to calculate various values on the basis of other values or to estimate costs. By value is meant traditional values such as price, VAT, and discount, but also more abstract values such as working hours.
An Aspect Pattern comprises one or more Aspect Types. An Aspect type is a specification of the Aspect Pattern. Therefore, for the various Aspect Types it is decided which pieces of functionality the Aspect Type may use. Each Aspect Type defines the meta-data of the 1st order data at runtime.
For example an application that uses the “Address Aspect Pattern”, as explained above, may further use some specifications of the “Address Aspect Pattern” e.g. an Aspect Type “Home address” and an Aspect Type “Bill to address”. For each Address type, the functionality within the Address Aspect Pattern is specified in greater detail. The Address Type “Home address” may for example, be defined so that it can use only the “postal address” piece of functionality within the Address Aspect Pattern, whereas the Aspect
Type “Bill to address” can use either the “Postal Address” or the “E-mail address” pieces of functionality. That is, pieces of functionality are configured in an Aspect Type, e.g. the Address Type “Home address” is configured to only encompass the “postal address” functionality. For an Identification Aspect Pattern comprising functionality that enables automatic creation of an identifier, an Aspect Type could be specified in what way the identifier shall be created e.g. whether the identifier uses numbers that are created from a number series or a random number generator.
Business Object Type: A Business Object Type is an object type that represents a concept or entity within the scope of the real world. Typical examples of Business Object Types are: Employee, product, invoice, payment, debtor, creditor, and orders. A Business Object Type comprises Business Object Type connecting means.
By connecting one or more Aspect Types with a Business Object Type a Configured Business Object Type with one or more configured Aspect Types is created. That is, the Aspect Type's Aspect connecting means are connected with the Business Object Type connecting means.
For example in an application a Business Object Type “Customer” may need a home address, hence, the Aspect Type “Home address” must be configured with the Business Object Type “Customer”. In this way a configured Business Object Type “Customer” is obtained. The Configured Aspect Type will then be the “Customer's Home address”.
A Business Object Instance is a instance of the configured Business Object Type. For example, a Business Object Instance of the configured Business Object Type “Customer” could be Navision Software A/S.
An Aspect Instance is one or more 1st order data of a Configured Aspect Type created at runtime. For example, the “Home Address for a specific Customer” may be “Frydenlunds Allé 6,2950 Vedbæk”.
An application comprises a number of configured Business Object Types. An outline of the principle of the model of configuring is illustrated the FIG. 1. The model should be interpreted in the following way.
An Event Type is configured with a configured Business Object Type and defines possible occurrences to which an Aspect Pattern may react. An Event Type comprises Event Type connecting means. Either a user or the system can trigger an Event Type to firing an Event Instance. An Event Instance is an occurrence of an Event Type. An Event Type may be fired zero or a number of times. The actual communication between the Aspect Instances is carried out through Event Instances. The Event Types are configured with the specific Business Object Types. Thus, the Event Types control the dynamics of the Business Object Types. E.g. an Event Type for the Business Object Type “Invoice” could be “payment due” and an Event Instance thereof would then be triggered by a piece of functionality within the Aspect Pattern that has been configured with the “payment due” Event Type the actual date a Business Object Instance (i.e. a specific Invoice) has payment due. Also, an Address Aspect Pattern may have a piece of functionality that enables checking of a postal address in an official register. It is then possible to create an Event Type that triggers the piece of functionality that checks the postal address in an official register. An Event Type for the configured Business Object Type “Customer” could then be “Address verification”, and it would trigger the postal address check. The “Address verification” Event Type can then be configured to be either a system triggered Event Type or a user triggered Event Type.
The business logic ie. the functionality of an Aspect Pattern can taken action when an Aspect Instance of the Aspect Pattern receives a specific Event Instance. The event mechanism serves to fully insulate Aspect Types: we say that the Aspect Types preferably are disjoint, which means that the single Aspect Type does not know about the data or logic of any of the other Aspect Types, or even if another Aspect Type exists. Likewise also the Aspect Patterns are preferably disjoint. This is an advantage since it provides provides for plugging a new Aspect Pattern into a running system without having to make any other changes to the system than those regarding the new Aspect Pattern and its Aspect Types thus facilitating upgrades by eliminating the possible side effects, since none of the other Aspect Types have to be reconfigured.
For example, it will be a user of the application that fires an Event Instance of the Event Type “Address verification”, configured as a user triggered Event Type. When the Event Instance is fired, it will then trigger the postal address check in the Address Aspect Pattern. Hence, neither an Event Type nor an Event Instance has any functionality. They solely comprise information about which Configured Aspect Types they may trigger by the configuration of the Event Type connecting means, thus triggering the functionality in the Aspect Pattern of the Configured Aspect Type, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
In order to ease reading of the following an outline of the principle of the model of configuring a Business Object Type may be applicable with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. It appears from the figure that for each Aspect Pattern one or more Aspect Types may exist. As explained earlier, an Aspect Type is a specification of an Aspect Pattern. The specified piece(s) of functionality that should be executed when an Event Type is triggered comprises Aspect Event Type connecting means. In an embodiment in connection with the invention the Aspect Event Type connecting means and the Event Type connecting means each comprises a unique Aspect Event Type ID respectively a unique Event Type ID. Setting the Event Type ID and identifying which pieces of specified functionality within one or more Aspect Types (comprised in one or more Aspect Patterns) that should react where the Event Type is triggered then configures the effect of an Event Type Arrows in between the Event Type connecting means and the Aspect Event Type connecting means thus indicate the configuration. The Aspect Event Types IDs that correspond to these pieces of specified functionality are then set to the same as the Event Type ID. For example, a “Postal address” Aspect Type comprises, a piece of “verifidation” functionality that should be triggered when an Event Type “Create customer” with an Event Type ID e.g. “1” is triggered, thus the Aspect Event Type ID that is comprised in the “verification” piece of functionality should also be “1”. Other pieces of functionality within the “Postal address” and/or other Aspect Types may also need to be triggered, thus their Aspect Event Type IDs should also be “1”. The actual configuration of a Business Object Type is carried out by joining the Business Object Type connecting means with the Aspect connecting means and the Event Type connecting means. In an embodiment useful with the invention the Business Object Type connecting means and the Aspect connecting, means each comprises a Business Object Type ID, respectively Aspect ID, the configuration of a Business Object Type is then carried out by creating an entry with the Business Object Type ID, the one or more Aspect IDs and the one or more Event Type IDs in e.g. a Database as shown in FIG. 4. Arrows between the Aspect connecting means and the Business Object connecting means and arrows between the Business Object Type and the Event Types indicate a configuration.
In FIG. 1 the configuration of only one Business Object Type is illustrated, though a number of Business Object Types can actually be configured in the same way: by using the same Aspect Pattern and their Aspect Types.
In order to make two or more Business Object Instances interact a “Relation” Aspect Pattern is implemented in an embodiment useful with the invention. In addition to the Aspect connecting means the “Relation” Aspect Pattern further comprises related relation connecting means (related relation type IDs) that can be configured to one or more (relation) Aspect connecting means thereby creating a connection between the Business Object Types. The “Relation” Aspect Pattern further comprises one or more pieces of functionality that may react when a Business Object Instance receives an Event Instance and one or more pieces of functionality that enables it to propagate another Event Instance to a related Business Object Instance. For example, if a technician should be allocated to a service job, a Business Object Type “Employee” should be related with the Business Object Type “Service Job” by configuring the “Relation” Aspect Pattern with both Business Object Types. Thus, a Business Object Instance “Kim Jensen” of the Business Object Type “Employee” can be related with the Business Object Instance “SJ334455” with an Aspect Instance of the configured “Relation” Aspect pattern. Whenever an Event Instance is fired on one of the Business Object Instances another Event Instance will be propagated to the other Business Object Instance.
It may be useful in some situations to retrieve a value from an Aspect Instance of one Configured Aspect Type and set the value on another Aspect Instance of a Configured Aspect Type. This is achieved by configuring a “Propagated Value” to a Business Object Type. The configured Aspect Type where the Aspect Instance should be looked up and the configured Aspect Type where the Aspect Instance should be changed is specified during a configuration. An Aspect Pattern that can provide one or more values from its Aspect Instances comprises a piece of Expression functionality. The expression functionality provides for a specification of what part of the Aspect Instance that should be propagated. An Aspect Pattern that can set one or more values on its Aspect Instances comprises a piece of channel functionality. The channel functionality provides for a specification of what part of the Aspect Instance that should be changed. The Propagated Value comprises Source Aspect connecting means and Target Aspect connecting means. To ensure that all values are up-to-date, all Propagated Values are calculated when the Source changes.
During a configuration of Propagated Values as illustrated in FIG. 2 a Business Object Type is configured with zero or a number of Propagated Values. For each of the Propagated Values the Source Aspect connecting means is connected with an Aspect Connecting means of the Aspect Type that the Value should be retrieved from. Likewise the Target Aspect Connecting means is connected with an Aspect connecting means of the Aspect Type that the Value should be set on. The Aspect Types that the Source Aspect connecting means respectively the Target Aspect connecting means are configured with may be configured with the same Business Object Type or different Business Object Types. Thus, by using Propagated Values, values can be exchanged within a Business Object Instance as well as between two Business Object Instances. In an embodiment of the system useful with the invention the Source Aspect connecting means as well as the Target Aspect Connecting means each comprises a unique identifier, also as explained earlier the Aspect connecting means as well as the Business Object Type connecting means also comprises a unique identifier. The configuration is then carried out by creating an entry that comprises the Business Object ID, the Source Aspect ID, which is set to the same ID as the Aspect Type that it should retrieve the value from, and the Target Aspect ID, which is set to the same ID as the Aspect Type that it should set the value on. Also in the propagated value it is specified what part of an Aspect Instance where the value should be retrieved respectively set.
For example, if the price of a service order should depend on the response time of the service order, so that a “short”, “medium”, and “long” response time would result in different prices, a Business Object, Type “Service Order” may be configured with a “Response Time” Aspect Type comprising the response time of the service order, and a “Price” Aspect Type comprising the price of the service order. Whenever the response time of the service order in a “Response Time” Aspect Instance is changed the price of the service order in the corresponding “Price” Aspect Instance should be recalculated based on the response time. This could be done by having an expression on the “Response Time” Aspect Type called “Length” that may return one of the values “long”, “short” or “medium”. It would be part of the “Response Time”—Aspect Type's configuration that would determine whether the response time of the service order in the “Response Time” Aspect Instance is considered “long”, “short” or “medium”. The “Price”—Aspect Type could have a channel called “Quality of Service” that could receive any of the values “long”, “short” or “medium”. Based on the input, the “Price” Aspect Type would recalculate the “Price” Aspect Instance according to the functionality in its Aspect Pattern and its configuration. The Propagated Value-mechanism would be responsible for passing the value from the “Response time” Aspect Instance to the “Price” Aspect Instance.
In addition to using the Propagated Value mechanism for propagating values between Aspect Instances another mechanism called the Rule-mechanism may also be used. The Rule-mechanism is based on expressions as described above but instead of pushing values actively between the Aspect Instances the expression is only calculated when the Aspect Instance needs the value. The rules are expressions that are stored within and handled by the configured Aspect Patterns. The rule mechanism is typically preferred over the Propagated Value-mechanism when pushing the value is costly. For example, a Business Object may be configured with an “Address” Aspect Pattern and a “Price” Aspect Pattern. When a “Price” Aspect Instance receives an Event Instance of the “prepare invoice” Event Type, it needs to know the distance from the head office to the address given in the “address” Aspect Instance in order to calculate the price. Only at the time when the “price” Aspect Instance receives the Event Instance of the “prepare invoice” Event Type will it invoke its rule and retrieve the “distance” expression of the “address” Aspect Pattern. While this mechanism will result in the “price” Aspect Instance having an undefined value until the time of receiving the Event Instance of the “prepare invoice” Event Type it will on the other hand prevent the potentially costly distance calculation from taking place unless it is really needed.
A rule may be configured with an Aspect Pattern. A rule comprises one or more Rule. Source connecting means. The rule further comprises an expression for calculating a value based on other values on the same or other Aspect Instances. The Rule Source connecting means comprises information of where the values that the calculation should be based on should be found
In an embodiment useful with the invention the set of Aspect Patterns comprises a Relation Aspect Pattern, the Relation Aspect Pattern comprising: Aspect connecting means, one or more pieces of generalized functionality; wherein the pieces of generalized functionality are adapted to be specified, thereby providing pieces of specific functionality, a related relation Aspect connecting means, and one or more Aspect Event Type connecting means enabling that one or more pieces of functionality can be triggered. It is an advantage of a system applicable with the invention that connections between one or more Business Object Types may be created by configuring a relation Aspect Pattern. In this way all relations between Business Object Types and consequently also all their Business Object Instances may be handled in the same way because the relation Aspect Pattern only has to be implemented once, thereby providing a less code and a more robust system. It is a further advantage that all relations between Business Object Types are configured in the same way for the application developer.
A task is presented to the user of an application in the UI. A task could e.g. be “Start service job” or “Create Invoice”. In order to help the user complete the task, a task sequence comprising preferably one or more tasks may be presented. For example, in order to complete the task “Create Invoice” the user may need to select e.g. a specific job that has been carried out for a customer, fill in the recipient of the invoice, etc. A task sequence for guiding the user through the task “Create Invoice” can thus be carried out by first presenting the user to a task “Choose service job” further comprising a list of completed service jobs. Hereafter a second task could be presented to the user like “Choose recipient” comprising e.g. a list of e.g. various addresses or contact persons related with the customer and a task “Create recipient”. Thus, a task as well as a task in a task sequence may initiate a new task sequence. Also, what may be the overall task, like “Create Invoice” in the above-mentioned example, may be a task in a task sequence for another task sequence. For example the task “Close Service Job” may initiate a task sequence comprising the task “Create Invoice”.
In an embodiment in connection with the invention a system is provided wherein the set of Aspect Patterns further comprises a plurality of Aspect Patterns each of said Aspect Patterns comprising one or more pieces of generalized functionality; wherein the pieces of generalized functionality are adapted to be specified, thereby providing pieces of specific functionality, Aspect connecting means, one or more Aspect Event Type connecting means enabling that one or more pieces of functionality can be triggered. By providing a plurality of Aspect Patterns the application developer is provided with more predefined functionality, thus facilitating the actual configuration of applications.
Preferably, a plurality of the Aspect Patterns in the set of Aspect Patterns comprises meta-data. In this way connections between functionality and meta-data within an Aspect Pattern may be provided. This provides for the functionality within an Aspect Pattern to be specified when configuring by only specifying and/or adding meta-data.
Furthermore, the at least one Aspect Pattern may preferably comprise an Aspect Interface. Preferable a plurality of Aspect Patterns in the set of Aspect Patterns comprise the Aspect Interface. This is an advantage since a new Aspect Pattern easily can be added to the set of Aspect Patterns as long as it comprises the same Aspect Interface.
In the preferred embodiment or other embodiments applicable with the invention a system, the design component further has preferably access to or is preferably provided with source Aspect connecting means and target Aspect connecting means and the set of Aspect Patterns further comprises preferably: one or more Aspect Patterns comprising, a piece of Expression functionality, one or more Aspect Patterns comprising: a piece of Channel functionality, thereby providing exchange of values between Aspect Instances. This is an advantage since it ensures that all values that have been configured in this way are updated whenever a change in the source Value happens. Also, it is an advantage that an Aspect Instance may retrieve values in other Aspect Instances and still keep the Aspect Instances as well as the Aspect Types and the Aspect Patterns loosely coupled.
In particular valuable embodiments useful with the invention a system in which the set of Aspect Patterns further comprises one or more Aspect Patterns comprising Rule Source connecting means is provided. It is an advantage to use a rule (or rules) incases when e.g. the number of values that should be retrieved in order to calculate the expression is high and in cases when there is no reason for updating the value in the Aspect Instance before it should be used.
In embodiments applicable With the invention a system is provided in which the design component is used for or designed to be used for configuring a plurality of Business Object Types. It is an advantage to configure a plurality of Business Object Types by using the same set of Aspect Patterns since it facilitates upgrades of the system.
Also a system is useful with the invention wherein at least one Aspect Pattern within the set of Aspect Patterns comprises; one or more Aspect Types each Aspect Type being a specification of the Aspect Pattern. In this way the application developer may be provided with one or more partial configurations of one or more Aspect Patters thus facilitating the configuration for the application developer. Preferably a system wherein the Aspect Types are designed to be configured with one or more Business Object Types is provided. This is an advantage since it provides for reuse of Aspect Types between Business Object Types.
In embodiments in connections with the invention a system is provided wherein the Business Object Type connecting means comprises an identifier, BOTID, uniquely identifying the Business Object Type is provided. The invention is also useful with a system wherein the Aspect connecting means comprises an identifier, ATID, uniquely identifying the at least one Aspect Pattern and a system, wherein the Aspect Event Type connecting means comprises an identifier, (A1ETID1 A1ETID2, . . . , ANETID1, ANETID2), uniquely identifying the one or more pieces of functionality that can be triggered in said Aspect Pattern. The invention is applicable with a system, wherein the Event Type connecting means comprises an identification number, ETID, uniquely identifying the Event Type. It is an advantage to use identification numbers, IDs, when the actual configuration of an application is implemented in e.g. a relational database.
Also systems may be useful with the invention wherein the Event Type can be user fired. In this way a user may initiate one or more pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns to be executed. Also, systems are applicable with the invention wherein the Event Type can be fired by a piece of functionality within the Aspect Pattern it is configured with. This is an advantage since the system may initiate one or more pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns to be executed. By configuring Event Types as user fired or system fired or both it is possible to control what pieces of functionality that may be triggered by the user, the system or both.
Embodiments of a system in connection with the invention is provided wherein the design component further has access to or is provided with a set of pre-configured Business Object Types. The pre-configured Business Object Types may advantageously be configured with one or more Aspect Patterns that have been complete or partial configured, one or more Aspect Types that have been complete or partial configured, one or more Event Types that the Business Object Type may react on, one or more configurations of Event functionality within the one or more Aspect Patterns or the one or more Aspect Types. In addition a pre-configured Business Object type may be configured with one or more default values or rules. This is advantageously since the application developer does not need to configure the application from scratch.
In addition the invention is useful with systems wherein the design component has access to or further comprises a repository component comprising meta-data of the application. Thereby the design component comprises the actual configuration of an application.
The present invention is applicable with a repository for an application in which a Business Object Type is based on at least one configured Aspect Pattern, said repository comprising one or more entries of configured Business Object Types each entry comprising a Configured Business Object Type ID (BOTID) uniquely defining the configured Business Object Type; one or more entries of configured Aspect Patterns each entry comprising the BOTID and a configured Aspect Type ID (ATID) uniquely defining the configured Aspect Pattern, one or more entries of the configured Aspect Pattern each entry comprising the ATID and meta-data specifying the configuration of the Aspect Pattern, one or more entries of configured Event Types each entry comprising the BOTID and an Event Type ID (ETID) uniquely defining the configured Event Type. It is an advantage that the repository for an application is structured in this way, since the Business Object Types do not need to know all Aspect Patterns in advance, thus facilitating upgrades of an application.
In an embodiment the invention connected with a repository is provided further comprising one or more entries of configured pieces of Event functionality within an Aspect Pattern, wherein each of said entries comprises an Aspect Event Type ID. This is an advantage since an Event Type does not need to know of all the Event functionality in the Aspect Pattern in advance.
The invention is useful with a repository of the like outline above further comprising: one or more entries of configured Propagated Values; each of said entries comprising a configured Business Object Type ID (BOTID) uniquely defining the configured Business Object Type, a Source Aspect ID (ATID1) and a Target Aspect ID (ATID1). In this way the Aspect Patterns do not need to know each other in advance, since all Aspect Patterns uses the same mechanism for propagating values.
Furthermore, a repository wherein a part of the repository is a database is preferably provided in connection with the present invention. This is an advantage since currently a database provides for a more structured way of storing data. Preferably each entry is a record in a table, in this way new Aspect Patterns can be added easily.
A system wherein the repository component is a repository as in any of the embodiments explained above is also considered useful with the invention.
The present invention is also applicable with a method for configuring a Business Object Type comprising the steps of; specifying one or more pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns, connecting one or more Aspect Patterns with a Business Object Type, connecting one or more Event Type with the Business Object Type, connecting one or more Event Types with one or more pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns, thereby specifying/enabling one or more pieces of functionality within the one or more Aspect Patterns to be triggered by the one or more Event Types, whereby a configured Business Object Type is obtained. It is an advantage that the application developer does not have to follow a predefined order of how: the Aspect Patterns and Business Object Types are connected, the Event Types and the Business Object Type are connected, the Event types are connected with the functionality in the Aspect Patterns, and the specification of the functionality within the one or more Aspect Patterns.
The invention is also useful with a method, wherein the steps of connecting an Aspect Pattern with the Business Object Type and specifying one or more pieces of functionality within each of the Aspect Patterns are repeated n times is performed. In this way the functionality within the Aspect Patterns is reused. Preferably a method wherein n is a number in the group consisting of (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30).
Also the invention is applicable with a method, wherein one Event Type is connected with one or more one pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns. This is an advantage since the complexity of an Event Type may vary depending on the application.
The invention in connection with a method is provided, wherein the step of connecting an Event Type with the Business Object Type is repeated m times. In this way Business Object Instances of the Business Object Type will be able to execute various Event Instances of the Event Types. Preferably m is a number in the group consisting of (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40).
The invention is useful with the method further comprising the steps of connecting a Relation Aspect Pattern with a first Business Object Type and connecting the Relation Aspect Pattern with a second Business Object Type thereby providing a connection between two Business Object types. This is an advantage since it provides for communication between Business Object Types.
The invention is applicable with a method; further comprising the step of specifying a number of meta-data in an Aspect Pattern. In this way the input of data at runtime are defined.
Also applicable with the invention are methods further comprising the steps of configuring Business Object Type connecting means with a Propagated value mechanism, by configuring Source Value connecting means With Aspect connecting means, thereby specifying where a value should be retrieved from configured Target Value connecting means with Aspect Connecting means, thereby specifying Where the retrieved value should be set. In this way: propagation of values between Aspect Instances at runtime can be performed. Also it is ensured that all values configured as target values are updated when the source values change.
Furthermore, the invention is useful with methods further comprising the steps of configuring an Aspect Pattern with Rule source connecting means, thereby specifying where a value should be retrieved from and an expression comprising the retrieved value so a value can be calculated and set on the configured Aspect Pattern at runtime. This is an advantage values on an Aspect Instance that are configured with a Rule only will be updated when needed.
The invention connected with a method is provided that further comprises a step of storing the Configured Business Object Type in a Repository. Preferably the repository is a repository according to any of the embodiments described above.
The present invention is applicable with a system for running an application, comprising a repository component comprising meta-data of configured Business Object Types, configured Aspect Patterns, and Event Types, a data storage component comprising 1st order data of Business Object Instances, Aspect Instances, and Event Instances, a Business Object Controller (BOC) component handling the propagation of Event
Instances between Aspect Instances. In this way the actual configurations of an application is hold in the repository and the instances hereof are hold in the data storage component. The dynamics are controlled by the BOC. This is an advantage since the Aspect Patterns do not need to know the other Aspect Patterns configurations. Preferably the repository is a repository as described in any of the above-mentioned embodiments.
In preferred embodiments useful with the invention a system is provided wherein the BOC component further comprises a BO component and an Aspect Pattern Component, the BO component and the Aspect Pattern Component operating in the repository component and the data storage component. This is an advantage since the only changes that have to be made in the BOC when a new Aspect Pattern is added will be in the Aspect Pattern Component.
In this and other embodiments connected with the invention a system wherein the repository component further comprising meta-data for the configured Propagated Values in the Application, and the BOC component further handling the propagation of the configured propagated values is provided. This ensures that all Values on Aspect Instances that have been configured as target values in the Propagated Values are updated when their source values changes.
The invention is applicable with systems further comprising a temporary memory for loading data from the repository component and the data storage component. In this way higher performance can be achieved.
In such and further embodiments connected with the invention a system further comprising an Event Queue is provided. This is an advantage since the Event Queue handles the right order of firing Event Instances when e.g. the Event Instances are fired from a number of Business Object Instances.
The invention is useful with a method of running an Application, comprising the steps of: firing an Event Instance, the Event Instance comprising an Event Type ID uniquely identifying the Event Type, the Event Instance further comprising a Business Object: Instance ID uniquely identifying the Business Object Instance the Event Instance is connected with, submitting the Event Instance to one or more Aspect Instances connected with the Business Object Instance. This is an advantage since only the Aspect Instances need to know how to respond to the fired Event Instance.
The invention is applicable with the method preferably comprising the step of forwarding the Event Instance to an Event Queue Component, the Event Queue Component handling the order in which the Event Instance has to be fired is provided. This is an advantage since in this way it is ensured that the Event Instances are fired in the right order.
The invention is also considered useful with methods wherein the submitted Event Instance is identical to the fired Event Instance.
The invention is applicable with a method wherein the Event Instance is a user fired Event Instance is provided. In this way a user of an application can trigger one or more pieces of functionality in the Aspect Patterns.
In such and other embodiments connected with the invention a method wherein the Event Instance is a System fired Event Instance is provided. In this way the application can initiate execution of one or more pieces of functionality within an Aspect Pattern.
The invention is useful with methods further comprising the step of setting a value on the Aspect Instance in response to the functionality that has been performed as response to the fired Event Instance. This is an advantage since changes to the Aspect Instance can be added by use of the Event functionality.
In such and other embodiments the invention is useful with a method wherein the propagation of Event Instances between Business Object Instances are based on the configurations of the Relation Aspect Pattern. In this way an Event Instance on one Business Object Instance can trigger one or more Event Instances on other Business Object Instances, thus enabling communication between one or more Business Object Instances.
The invention is useful with the method further comprising the steps of

    
    
        1. registering a change in a first Value within an Aspect Instance configured as a Source within a Propagated Value
        2. retrieving the first Value within the Aspect Instance
        3. setting a second Value on an Aspect Instance configured with Target based on the first value.
    
    


In this way it is ensured that values configured as target values in a Propagated Value are updated when their source values changes.
The method applicable with the present invention may preferably further comprise the steps of handling a rule configured with an Aspect Instance by

    
    
        1. retrieving a third value within an Aspect Instance configured as a source
        2. calculating a fourth value as response to the third value
        3. setting the fourth value on the Aspect Instance configured with the rule.
    
    


In this way a value on an Aspect Instance configured with a rule is only updated when used.
In such embodiments connected with the invention a method further comprising the step of: loading data and information and functionality related to the Business Object Instance comprising the BOID and its configured Business Object Type comprising the BOTID in a temporary memory is provided. Preferably a method wherein the step of loading data and information and functionality related to the Business Object Instance further comprises: loading data and information and functionality related to Business Object Instances and their configured Business Object Types related to the Business Object Instance (comprising the BOID) in the temporary memory is provided. In most cases this ensures that all relevant information that may be used in a transaction only has to be loaded from the repository and/or the data storage once.
In such and other preferred embodiments useful with the invention a method is provided further comprising the step of loading 1st order data from the temporary memory to the data storage component. In this way it is ensured that the data storage component may be updated when a transaction has successfully been executed.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration of a Business Object Type based on Event Types, Aspect Patterns and Aspect Types.
FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of a Business Object Type as in FIG. 1 further comprising Propagated Values.
FIG. 3 provides an overview of the components that are used for designing an application as well as of the components that are used for executing an application.
FIG. 4 provides an example of a Database comprising the Repository Component as well as the Data Storage Component.
FIG. 5 illustrates the Business Object Controller (BOC).
FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are examples of a sequence diagrams illustrating different ways of handling the execution of Event Instances.
FIG. 8 is a sequence diagram illustrating how the Propagated Value mechanism works.
FIG. 9 is a sequence diagram illustrating how the Rule mechanism works.
FIG. 10 illustrates the UI component.
FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram illustrating how part of an automatic generation of task sequence is performed.
FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram illustrating querying of an Event Type.



IMPLEMENTATION
In the following an implementation of a systems architecture based on the terms defined above is presented.
In FIG. 3 the components of the systems architecture are shown. Every Aspect (either as Aspect Instance, Aspect Type, configured Aspect Type or Aspect Pattern) and Business Object (either as Business Object Instance, Business Object Type or configured Business Object Type) exists in each of the components shown in the figure. The figure shows dependencies of components indicated by the arrows (i.e. an arrow that points from one component to another indicates that the first component is using the functionality of the other component).
An application developer may use the Designer component to create an application. The Designer thus presents to the application developer with the elements of the system architecture that may be configured in order to achieve an application.
The user interface presents part of the actual application including runtime data (1st order data) for the end user.
The Repository holds the meta-data of the system i.e. the data of the Aspect Patterns, the Aspect Types, the Aspect Type Configurations, the Business Object Types and the Configured Business Object Types.
The Data Storage holds the 1st order data-of an application, i.e. the Business Object Instances made up of Aspect Instances.
The Business Object Controller component controls the business logic of the system i.e., it controls the 1st order data of the system according to the meta-data laid down in the repository. Thus, the Business Object Controller controls the dynamics of the system.
In a preferred embodiment of the systems architecture all data in the repository are stored in a database, but they could just as well be stored in e.g. a file (such as an XML file), which may be an advantage in cases where one or more users of an application do not have permanent access to the database of the application (e.g. in off-line situations) and where it is not feasible to install a relational database on the equipment they use.
The layout of an embodiment of the Database comprising the Repository component as well as the Data Storage component is shown in. FIG. 4. The Framework part and the Aspect Plug part handles the configured Business Object Types and Business Object Instances. The database further comprises one or more Aspect Pattern parts (Aspect Pattern 1 up to Aspect Pattern). Each Aspect Pattern part comprises data characteristic for the corresponding Aspect Pattern. The data in the database are split in a Repository part comprising all meta-data, and a Data Storage part comprising 1st order data. Each part comprises one or more tables.
Within the repository part of the database each Aspect Pattern comprises the meta-data specific for this particular Aspect Pattern. Each Aspect Pattern may comprise one or more related tables depending on the structure of the Aspect Pattern's specific meta-data. In the preferred embodiment useful with the invention the Aspect connecting means is an Aspect Type ID (ATID) that is used to identify the meta-data for a configured Aspect Type in its corresponding Aspect Pattern part. Thus, each Aspect Pattern comprises a table of configured Aspect Types for that Aspect Pattern that comprises zero or a number of entries comprising an Aspect Type ID (ATID) and one or more metadata characteristic for the specific Aspect Pattern.
Each Configured Aspect Type comprises information of which pieces of functionality that may be executed within its Aspect Pattern when an Event Instance of a specific Event Type is received. Also, the configured Aspect Type knows what piece of functionality within the Aspect pattern an Event Instance can be fired from. For this purpose an Aspect Pattern may comprise one or more Aspect Event Type connecting means. In a preferred embodiment applicable with the invention the Aspect Event Type connecting means may: be one or more Aspect Event Type IDs (A1ETID1, A1ETID2, . . . , ANETID1, ANETID2 . . . (not shown in the FIG. 4)) and the Event Type connecting means is an Event Type ID. The Event Type is then configured with one or more pieces of functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns by making a reference between one or more of the Aspect Event Type IDs with the Event Type ID (ETID). For example, if an address needs to be checked an Event Type ID “Verify address” can be configured by relating it with the Aspect Event Type ID (e.g. A2TID5 which in FIG. 4 e.g. could be M25) connected with a piece of functionality within an Address Aspect Pattern that verifies an address against a national register. Thus, the configured Address Aspect Pattern has an Aspect Event Type ID (e.g. A2TID5) “Verify address” referring to the Event Type ID “Verify address”.
The repository part of the framework comprises information of all configured Business Object Types and the domain of Event Types for each configured Business Object Type. In a preferred embodiment useful with the invention the Business Object Type connecting means is a configured Business Object Type ID (BOTID). The repository of the framework part comprises one or more tables comprising all configured Business Object Types in an application, the one or more tables comprising zero or a number of entries with the Business Object Types ID (BOTID). The repository part also comprises one or more tables of all Event Types in the application, the one or more tables comprising zero or a number of entries with a BOTID and an Event Type ID (ETID). The repository part further comprises one or more tables of the Propagated values. The one or more tables comprise zero or a number of entries comprising a Source Aspect ID (ATID1), a Target Aspect ID (ATID2) and a BOTID.
The Aspect Plug comprises information of how the various Business Object Types are configured with the Aspect Types of the various Aspect Patterns. The Aspect Plug in the repository part comprises one or more tables of how all of the Business Object Types in an application are configured with the Aspect Types; these tables comprise zero or a number of entries comprising a Configured Business Object Type ID (BOTID) as well as the configured Aspect Type ID (ATID). In a preferred embodiment of the invention the Aspect Plug also comprises, one or more entries identifying whether a configured Aspect Type and thus also Aspect Instances hereof may be included in the UI in various situations, such as a caption of the Business Object Type it is configured with and Business Object Instances hereof, a summary of the Business Object Type it is configured with and Business Object Instances hereof or an overview of the Business Object Type it is configured with and Business Object Instances hereof. For example, if a Business Object Type “Employee” should be created that comprises both a “Home Address” as well as an “E-mail address” a Business Object Type shall be configured in the Aspect plug e.g., by making one entry that comprises a BOTID (e.g. “Employee”) and an ATID “home address” and another entry that comprises the BOTID “Employee” and an ATID “E-mail address”. The ATID “home address” in the Aspect Plug is referred to by the ATID “home address” within the “Address”. Aspect Pattern (e.g. corresponding to Aspect Pattern 1 in FIG. 3), which enables a postal address to be configured. Likewise the ATID “E-mail address” in the Aspect Plug is referred to in the “Address” Aspect Pattern part with the ATID “E-mail address”. The actual configurations of the “Home address” and the “E-mail address” in the “Address” Aspect Pattern can then be found in one or more entries in one or more tables referring to the ATID “Home address” respectively “E-mail address”.
In a preferred embodiment useful with the invention the related relation Aspect connecting means of the “Relation” Aspect Pattern is a related relation Type ID. For example, if the “Relation” Aspect Pattern corresponds to Aspect Pattern 1 in FIG. 4 the related relation Type ID could e.g. be M11. A relation between two Business Object Types is then configured by configuring a BOTID “1” with an ATID “1” that refers to the ATID “1” in the “Relation” Aspect Pattern and also configuring a BOTID “2” with an ATID “2” that refers to the ATID “2” in the “Relation Aspect Pattern”. A relation between the configured Business Object Type identified by the BOTID 1 and the configured Business Object Type identified by the BOTID 2 is then configured by setting the related relation Type ID, e.g. M11, to “2” for the entry comprising the ATID “1” and M11 to “1” for the entry comprising the ATID “2”.
It is an advantage of the Aspect Plug that a new Aspect Pattern can be added to the database without redesign of the database, since the only changes to the layout of the overall Database would be the new Aspect Pattern (Aspect Pattern n+1) and adding standard information about the new Aspect Pattern to the Aspect Plug, thus facilitating upgrades of the system. In a preferred embodiment the standard information about the new Aspect Pattern is added in the Aspect Plug by only adding one line in one table.
One embodiment of the data storage is shown in FIG. 4. The Data Storage part of the database comprises 1st order data of an application in one or more tables. The framework part comprises one or more tables of all Business Object Instances of an application and also one or more tables of what Event Instances that have been-fired. The actual Aspect Instances are stored in the corresponding Aspect Pattern parts of the Data Storage part in the database.
From the figure it appears that the Data Storage part of the Framework part comprises one or more tables comprising Business Object Instances, the tables comprising zero or a number of entries with the BOTID and the Business Object Instance ID (BOID) of the Business Object Instances of the Business Object Type. The Data Storage also one or more tables of all Event instances that have been fired, the tables comprising zero or a number of entries with the BOID, the ETID and an Event Instance ID (EID). Each of the Aspect Pattern Parts in the runtime part comprises one or more Tables of it Aspect Instances comprising zero or a number of the ATID, an Aspect Instance ID (AID) and the BOID. The layout of the Framework is independent of the application, i.e. the Framework would be the same for e.g. a Field Service Management Application and a General Ledger Application.
In FIG. 5 a more detailed outline of the Business Object Controller (BOC is presented. The BOC exchanges documents with external components (such as the UI). It is the
BOC Interface Component that handles these operations. In the present systems architecture the BOC is developed in code (such as Visual Basic, C#, Java etc.) and is executed on an application server.
The code that links the meta-data and the 1st order data of the single Aspect Patterns together is comprised in an Aspect Pattern Component i.e., the Aspect Pattern Component reads in the Repository and operates in Data Storage. In the preferred embodiment of the systems architecture the Aspect Pattern Component comprises one component for each of the Aspects Patterns, where each of the Aspect Pattern components implements the same Aspect Interface. This enables the other components of the BOC to interact with any Aspect Pattern Component through its interface without knowing its implementation. This is an advantage since when a new Aspect Pattern is created the only changes that have to be implemented will be in the Aspect Pattern Component. Thus, the BOC can easily be updated when a new Aspect Pattern has to be implemented. The Aspect Interface gives access to such functionality as sending and receiving Event Instances, propagating values through expressions and channels as well as calculating rule expressions.
One of the main functions of the BOC is to control the dynamics of the system. As mentioned earlier the dynamics of the system is managed by Events and propagated Values. For this purpose the BOC further comprises an Event Queue that manages the Events and a propagated value component that manages the Propagated Values. The Events control the dynamics of the Business Objects, i.e. the Event Instances are connected to the actual Business Object Instances (confer FIG. 4). The Event Queue manages the order in which the Event Instances must be fired. The Event Queue sees to that the first incoming Event Instance is the first one to be fired to the specific Business: Object Instance. The following Event Instance will not be fired until the first Event Instance has been completed. The Event Queue receives the Event Instances through a Business Object (BO) component comprised in the BOC either received from the Data Storage or sent by an Aspect Pattern Component received from the Data storage, the Event Queue then put the Event Instance in a queue. The BO component takes responsibility for examining the repository to know which Event Types that are configured with which Aspect Types.
When the time has come to fire the Event Instance, the Event Instance is fired to the Business Object component that passes the Event Instance via the Aspect Pattern Interface on to the Aspect Pattern Component. The Aspect Pattern Component then takes care that the Event Instance is fired to the single Aspect Instances within the specific Business Object Instance. The single Aspect Instances then finds out whether it is configured with the Event Type (the Event Instance is an instance of) or not. This is illustrated in FIG. 6. In the figure an Event Instance “1” is fired to the BO component and then on to the Aspect Pattern (component) 1 and afterwards to Aspect Pattern 2. Aspect Pattern 2 then fires an Event Instance “2” as response to “1” to the BO component. The Event Instance “2” is then put in the Event Queue. The BO component continues to pass the Event Instance on to the remaining Aspect Patterns, in this case only Aspect Pattern 3. The Event Queue then passes the first Event Instance in its queue on to the BO component that passes the Event Instance “on to all of the Aspect Patterns. In another embodiment the Event Instance is only sent to the Aspect Instances that is connected to the Event Instance.
In another embodiment of the BOC the BOC does not comprise an Event Queue. The handling of Events in such a system is illustrated in FIG. 7. In the figure an Event Instance “1” is fired to the BO component. The Event Instance “1” is then passed on to the Aspect Pattern 1 and Aspect Pattern 2. Aspect Pattern 2 then fires an Event Instance “2” in response to the BO component. Hereafter the BO component starts passing the Event Instance “2”, on to all Aspect Patterns, in this case first to. Aspect Pattern 1 then to Aspect Pattern 2 and finally to Aspect Pattern 3. The BO component then finishes handling the Event Instance “1” by firing it to the remaining Aspect Patterns, in this case only to Aspect Pattern 3.
Firing an Event Instance is transactional i.e., unless it is possible to perform the entire process the system will return to the initial state. During the response to an Event Instance an Aspect Pattern may fire another Event Instance, which is then queued until the first Event Instance has responded to all Aspects Patterns of the Aspect Instance configured with the Business Object Instance. The transaction spawned by the original Event Instance, comprises Event Instances fired in reaction to the Event Instance. Likewise for the embodiment of the BOC that does not comprise the Event Queue, the transaction spawned by the original Event Instance, comprises Event Instances fired in reaction to the Event Instance.
Whenever a transaction is initiated a copy of all entries that comprises information about the one or more Business Object Instances is loaded in the BOC. That is, all related Business Object Instances, which are used in the current transaction is loaded. When a Business Object Instance is loaded all relevant information is also loaded this may e.g. include, configured Business Object Types, Event Types, configured Aspect Types, and Propagated Values, Business Object Instances and Aspect Instances, Event Instances. Propagating a value is part of a transaction.
In FIG. 8 the process of propagating a value is illustrated. When an Aspect Instance is changed a message is send to the BO component in the BOC (the BOC is illustrated in FIG. 5). The BO component then passes on a message to the Propagate Value component that comprises information of what Aspect Instance that is changed. The Propagated Value component then finds all Aspect Instances that are targets for this change if any and returns the identification of these Aspect Instances to the BO component. The BO component then pushes the values from the source Aspect Instance on to the target Aspect Instances.
In FIG. 9 the process of calculating a rule is illustrated. When value on an Aspect Instance is requested, a message comprising information about the expression to be calculated and where the one or more values should be looked up, is sent to the BO component in the BOC (the BOC is illustrated in FIG. 5). The BO component then sends a message to the Aspect Instance to lookup the value with the value name. The Aspect Instance hereafter returns this value to the BO component The BO component calculates the expression and returns calculated value to the Aspect Instance.
In FIG. 10 a more detailed outline of the UI component is shown. The UI component exchanges documents, such as eXML documents, with the. BOC Interface. The documents from the BOC are handled by a Meta UI generator that interprets the information of the document from the BOC and creates a document (such as a XML document) that describes in what way and what information that shall be presented to a user for a number of devices that may be connected with the application. The document from the Meta UI generator is sent to a Device detector that finds out what kind of device the information shall be presented on and sends a document comprising information specific for the detected device to a Render for the detected device. The renders of the different devices comprises functionality that defines the layout of data e.g. the layout of a string that should be presented as a header. The render of the device sends a document such as HTML document to the device. In the presented systems architecture the UI component is developed in code (such as, XML, XSLT, Visual Basic, C#, Java etc.) and is executed on an application server.
For example, in case a Business Object Instance shall be presented to a user, information from the BOC comprising information about the Business Object Instance, its Aspect Instances, its configured Business Object Type and its configured Aspect Types. This information may include whether a configured Aspect Type and thus Aspect Instances hereof may be presented to a User as a caption or/and in a summary and/or in an overview of the Business Object Instance. The Meta UI Generator then interprets the information. For example, in the configuration and thus in the information related to a configured Business Object Type and its configured Aspect Types may be defined differently depending on what device the information shall be presented on, so that a name of a Business Object Type may be “Invoice of Customer” when presented on a PC and “Invoice” when presented on e.g. a pocket PC due to the limited space, also an Aspect Type may be configured to only be presented on a selected number of devices in some situations. All this information is then interpreted and a document is created and the rest of the process is executed, as explained above.
Preferably part of all Event functionality within preferably all Aspect Patterns is able to evaluate whether an Event Instance of an Event Type configured with the Event functionality can be reacted upon. Triggering such an evaluation is known as querying. The Aspect Patterns are able to return a message telling if it is possible or not. Furthermore, an Aspect Pattern may be able to return messages indicating why the piece of Event functionality cannot be fired for example due to the state of the Aspect Instance and additionally the Aspect Pattern may be to return a task to make it possible.
FIG. 11 illustrates an example of how a part of a task in a task sequence generated. If a first configured Business Object Type is configured with a Relation Aspect Pattern and thus with a second Business Object Type through the related relation connecting means, a Business Object Instance hereof may need one or more relations to other Business Object Instances of the second Business Object Type. If a relation of the Business Object Instance of the first Business Object Type e.g. does not have a relation with another
Business Object Instance of the second Business Object Type the Relation Aspect Pattern may then ask a search component in the BOC to find all Business Object Instances of the second Business Object Type that has been configured with the first configured Business Object Type. The Relation Aspect Pattern then returns a message comprising the information that the UI component interprets, as it is not possible to fire the Event Instance and information that the UI component interprets as a list of possible Business Object Instances that may be related with the Business Object Instance.
A task sequence in the UI can be created in the following way: for each of the Aspect Instances that are in a state wherein the Event functionality within their Aspect Pattern cannot react, a task is presented for the user possibly with an indication or a guide of how to bring the Aspect Instances in a state where they can react. The order of presenting the Aspect Instances to the user may have been defined in the configuration, for example may a “Service Job” be configured with an Aspect Type “Identification” of an Identification Aspect Pattern and an Aspect Type. “Technician” of the Relation Aspect Pattern and that the order of Aspect Types should be “Identification” before “Technician”. Thus, for such a configuration a task sequence of creating a new Business Object Instance of the Business Object Type “Service Job” could be that the user first is presented to a task guiding him/her to create the information of the Aspect Instance defined in the “Identification” Aspect Type (for example choose an identification number) and thereafter presented to a task guiding him/her to create a relation of the Aspect Instance of the “Technician” Aspect Type.
In an embodiment of the invention a task may be created by combining information related with the Event Type and information related with the Business Object Type it is configured with For example, a task “Start Service Job” presented to the user may be created by use of a “start” string comprised in the Event Type “Start” and a “Service Job” string of the Business Object Type “Service Job” the Event Type “Start” is configured with.
In an embodiment of the invention a list of possible Event Types that may be fired on a Business Object Type may be obtained and presented to the user. In this way the user is provided with indications of which Event Types that currently can or cannot be reacted upon. The mechanism for doing this is as follows: The BO Component runs through all known Event Types configured with the identified Business Object Types. It asks each of the Aspect Patterns in turn (through their Aspect Interfaces) whether the Aspect Instance is in a state where it can respond to the Event Type. That is, the Event functionality within one or more Aspect Patterns that have been configured with the Event Type reacts to the request and returns whether it is possible to execute the Event Instance or not. The Aspect Pattern Component will respond with either “yes” or “no” depending on the outcome. The Aspect Pattern component can further return a data structure (for example a string) indicating the reason for not being able to respond to the Event Type). In this way a user of the application can be informed whether it is possible, not currently possible or never will be possible to fire an Event Instance of the Event Type on the Aspect Pattern. Also an Aspect Pattern may return a message with information if it does not care about such an Event Type, this may e.g. be the case in situations where the Event Type isn't configured with the Aspect Pattern.
In FIG. 12 a query of an Event Type is illustrated. In the figure a query of the Event Type 1 is initiated by the BO component. The Query of the Event Type 1 is then passed on to the Aspect Pattern 1 and Aspect Pattern 2. Aspect Pattern 2 initiates a query of Event Type 2 because it is configured to fire an Event Instance of Event Type 2 in response to Event Type 1. Hereafter the BO component starts passing a query of the Event Type 2 on to all Aspect Patterns, in this case first to Aspect Pattern 1 then to Aspect Pattern 2 and finally to Aspect Pattern 3. The BO component then finishes handling the query of the Event Type 1 by passing the query on to the remaining Aspect Patterns, in this case only to Aspect Pattern 3. An alternative way of querying about an Event Type can be implemented by using a queue that handles the order in which the querying about Event types is handled. In the abovementioned example this would mean that the query of the Event Type 2 would be postponed to after the query of the Event Type 1 to all Aspect Patterns had been handled.
In an embodiment of the invention the reason that the Aspect Instance is in a state where it cannot react to the Event Type is transmitted to the UI as a task to perform e.g. it may return a data structure (for example a string) indicating the action it would perform if it were asked to respond to the Event Type. When the Aspect Instance then is in a state where it can react to the Event Type, the Aspect Pattern of the next Aspect Instance is asked whether it can react to the Event Type or not, and the UI may receive a task to perform if the Aspect Instance was in a state where the Aspect Pattern could not react. Likewise the Aspect Patterns of the remaining Aspect Instances are asked if they can react and tasks may be returned to the UI in response to the request. In this way a task sequence can automatically be created.
For example, a user of a “Field Service Management” application is responding to a call from a customer that needs to have a piece of equipment repaired, after a new Business Object Instance of Business Object Type “Service Job” has been created and filled in, and the customer confirms that he will pay for the service visit as stated in the Service Job, the user needs to fire an instance of the “Accept” Event Type that has been configured with the “Service Job” Business Object Type. This is accomplished by starting a task “Accept Service Job”. This task queries all the Aspect Instances of the Service Job Business Object Instance, and the Aspect Instance, “technician”, of Aspect Pattern Relation will not allow an Event Instance of the Event Type “Accept” to be fired, because no technician is assigned to the job. The user therefore modifies the Business Object Instance by picking a technician for the job, and now it is possible to fire an Event Instance of the Event Type “Accept”, which the user does by e.g. pressing a submit button on the screen where the Business Object Instance is presented, which sends a message to the BOC containing the modified Business Object Instance and an identification of the Event Type “Accept”. In response to this message, the BOC will create an Event Instance of the “Accept” Event Type, and actually fire that Event Instance as previously described.

## Claims

1. A method of generating a task sequence by processing events in a computer system in which a plurality of aspect patterns each include event functionality that is associated with business objects and other event types and wherein the event functionality is executed when an associated event type is fired, the method comprising:
receiving a query request for an identified first event instance;
querying aspect patterns to determine whether the aspect patterns are in a state in which to respond to the first event instance;
receiving a query response from each of the aspect patterns queried, the query response being indicative of whether a corresponding aspect pattern can respond to the first event instance and, if not, the query response being further indicative of at least a portion of a task sequence to perform to place the corresponding aspect pattern into a state to respond to the first event instance, and generating the task sequence from the query response by determining whether a first business object instance, having a first business object type, requires an association with a second business object instance prior to responding to the first event instance by querying a relation aspect pattern, that relates business objects, to identify business object types that are associated with the first business object type; and
presenting output information to a user indicative of whether the first event instance can be responded to based on the query response from the aspect patterns and, if not, outputting the task sequence by presenting a list of business object instances of the identified business object types that are to be created prior to responding to the first event instance.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the query response includes a second event query request for an identified second event instance that is configured to fire in response to firing of the first event instance.

3. The method of claim 2 and further comprising:
querying the aspect patterns to determine whether the aspect patterns are in a state to respond to the second event instance.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein presenting comprises:
presenting a string indicative of tasks to be completed prior to the aspect patterns being in a state to respond the first and second event instances.

5. A computer system, comprising:
a plurality of aspect patterns stored on a data storage medium for implementing event functionality and connecting business objects with one another and with events;
a controller configured to perform a first query of the aspect patterns prior to firing a first event instance to determine whether the aspect patterns are in a state to respond to the first event instance so event functionality corresponding to the first event instance can be executed, the controller being further configured to receive a first query response from the aspect patterns;
wherein each of the aspect patterns is configured to provide the first query response as an indication of whether the corresponding aspect pattern is in a state to respond to the first event instance and, if not, what tasks must be performed to place the aspect pattern in the state to respond to the first event instance, wherein the aspect patterns are configured to provide the tasks that must be performed to place the aspect pattern in the state to respond to the first event instance as a task sequence;
generating the task sequence by determining whether a first business object instance. having a first business object type, requires an association with a second business object instance prior to responding to the first event instance by querying a relation aspect pattern, that relates business objects, to identify business object types that are associated with the first business object type; and
a user interface component, coupled to the controller and configured to provide the task sequence as an output to a user based on the first query response by presenting a list of business object instances of the identified business object types that are to be created prior to responding to the first event instance.

6. The computer system of claim 5 wherein the task sequence presents tasks in an order in which the tasks are to be completed.

7. The computer system of claim 5 wherein the first query response includes a second query request indicative of a second event instance that is configured to be fired in response to firing of the first event instance.

8. A computer readable storage medium having stored thereon computer readable data comprising:
computer readable data structures forming a plurality of aspect patterns implementing event functionality and connecting business objects with one another and with events; and
computer readable instructions which, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to perform steps of;
performing a first query of the aspect patterns prior to firing a first event instance to determine whether the aspect patterns are in a state to respond to the first event instance so event functionality corresponding to the first event instance can be executed;

receiving a first query response from the aspect patterns; and
providing an output to a user based on the first query response indicative of whether the aspect patterns are in a state to respond to the first event instance; and
wherein each of the aspect patterns include computer readable instructions which, when executed by the computer, cause each of the aspect patterns to provide the first query response as an indication of whether the corresponding aspect pattern is in a state to respond to the first event instance and, if not, an indication of a task sequence to be performed to place the aspect pattern in the state to respond to the first event instance by generating the task sequence by determining whether a first business object instance, having a first business object type, requires an association with a second business object instance prior to responding to the first event instance by querying a relation aspect pattern, that relates business objects, to identify business object types that are associated with the first business object type.