TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-09-00479-CR

William Thomas Jacobsen, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 27TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 63761, HONORABLE JOE CARROLL, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant William Thomas Jacobsen guilty of continuous sexual abuse

of a child, and the trial court assessed punishment at life imprisonment. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 21.02 (West Supp. 2009). In two points of error, appellant contends that section 21.02 violates the

Texas Constitution’s jury unanimity requirement and that the indictment was fundamentally

defective. We overrule these contentions and affirm the conviction.

Appellant was the coach of a youth baseball team. Players on the team and their

friends would sometimes spend the night at his residence. There was testimony at the trial that

appellant would permit the boys to drink alcohol to the point of intoxication. The two complainants

testified that during overnight stays in 2007 and 2008, appellant fondled their genitals, placed their

penises in his mouth, and penetrated their anuses with his penis. The complainants were twelve and

thirteen years old when these acts occurred.
Section 21.02 provides that a person commits an offense if:

(1) during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, the person commits

two or more acts of sexual abuse, regardless of whether the acts of sexual abuse are

committed against one or more victims; and

(2) at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, the actor

is 17 years of age or older and the victim is a child younger than 14 years of age.

Id. § 21.02(b). The statute defines “act of sexual abuse” as:

any act that is a violation of one or more of the following penal laws:

(1) aggravated kidnapping under Section 20.04(a)(4), if the actor committed

the offense with the intent to violate or abuse the victim sexually; 

(2) indecency with a child under Section 21.11(a)(1), if the actor committed

the offense in a manner other than by touching, including touching through clothing,

the breast of a child; 

(3) sexual assault under Section 22.011; 

(4) aggravated sexual assault under Section 22.021; 

(5) burglary under Section 30.02, if the offense is punishable under

Subsection (d) of that section and the actor committed the offense with the intent to

commit an offense listed in Subdivisions (1)-(4); and 

(6) sexual performance of a child under section 43.25.

Id. § 21.02(c). An offense under section 21.02 is an aggravated first degree felony punishable by

imprisonment for life or for a term of 25 to 99 years. Id. § 21.02(h).

The indictment in this case alleged that between on or about September 1, 2007, and

on or about June 7, 2008, appellant:

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during a period that was 30 days or more in duration, committed two or more acts of

sexual abuse, said acts of sexual abuse having been violations of one or more of the

following penal laws, namely:

indecency with a child, namely, by touching any part of the genitals of [K.A.K.];

aggravated sexual assault, namely caused the penetration of the anus of [K.A.K.] by

the sexual organ of the defendant;

aggravated sexual assault, namely, caused the sexual organ of [K.A.K.] to contact or

penetrate the mouth of the defendant;

indecency with a child, namely, by touching any part of the genitals of [J.D.];

aggravated sexual assault, namely, caused the penetration of the anus of [ J.D.] by the

sexual organ of the defendant;

aggravated sexual assault, namely, caused the sexual organ of [J.D.] to contact or

penetrate the mouth of the defendant;

and, at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, the defendant

was 17 years of age or older and [K.A.K.] and [J.D.] were children younger than 14

years of age.

Appellant moved to quash the indictment on several grounds, one of which was that section 21.02

violates the constitutional right to a unanimous jury verdict. Following a hearing, the motion to

quash was overruled. Appellant reurged his jury unanimity argument in an objection to the court’s

jury charge, and he requested that the State be required to elect the specific acts on which it relied

for a conviction. The objection and motion for election were also overruled. Appellant brings

forward his jury unanimity argument as point of error two.

Under our state constitution, jury unanimity is required in felony cases. Ngo v. State,

175 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see Tex. Const. art. V, § 13. This means that each

juror must agree that the defendant committed the same specific criminal act. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at

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745. There is, however, a crucial distinction between a fact that is a specific actus reus element of

the crime and one that is but the means to the commission of a specific actus reus element. Id. at

747. The jurors must unanimously agree on each element of the crime in order to convict, but the

jurors need not agree on all the underlying facts that make up a particular element. Id. When

alternative manners and means of committing an offense are submitted to a jury, it is appropriate for

the jury to return a general verdict of guilty if the evidence supports a conviction under any one of

them. Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

There are two components to jury unanimity analysis. Jefferson v. State, 189 S.W.3d

305, 311-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The first component is statutory construction. Under the

statute as written, what acts are elements of the offense and what acts are merely underlying

facts or means? What, in short, did the legislature intend for the jury to be unanimous about? See

Valdez v. State, 218 S.W.3d 82, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Jefferson, 189 S.W.3d at 311-12. The

second component is due process. The United States Constitution limits a state’s power to

define crimes in ways that would permit juries to convict while disagreeing about means, at least

where that definition risks serious unfairness and lacks support in history or tradition. Richardson

v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 820 (1999) (citing Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 632-33 (1991));

see Jefferson, 189 S.W.3d at 313-14 (discussing Richarson and Schad); Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 745-47

(same). “[N]othing in our history suggests that the Due Process Clause would permit a State to

convict anyone under a charge of ‘Crime’ so generic that any combination of jury findings of

embezzlement, reckless driving, murder, burglary, tax evasion, or littering, for example, would

suffice for conviction.” Schad, 501 U.S. at 633.

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The legislature left no doubt as to its intent in section 21.02. The statute expressly

provides:

If a jury is the trier of fact, members of the jury are not required to agree

unanimouslyon which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed bythe defendant

or the exact date when those acts were committed. The jurors must agree

unanimously that the defendant, during a period that is 30 days or more days in

duration, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.02(d). Under the plain language of section 21.02, it is the commission

of two or more acts of sexual abuse over the specified time period—that is, the pattern of behavior

or the series of acts—that is the actus reus element of the offense as to which the jurors must be

unanimous in order to convict. The individual acts of sexual abuse that make up this pattern of

behavior or series of acts are not themselves elements of the offense, but aremerelyevidentiaryfacts,

the manner and means by which the actus reus element is committed. When there is evidence of

more than two acts of abuse over the specified time period, section 21.02(d) makes it clear that the

jurors need not agree as to which individual acts were committed so long as they agree that the

defendant committed at least two.1

Because the statute is clear, the question becomes whether it is consistent with due

process for the legislature to criminalize a pattern of conduct consisting of the commission of two or

more sexually abusive offenses over a period of time without requiring the juryto unanimouslyagree

In this case, the trial court’s jury charge included an instruction on unanimity that paraphrased

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section 21.02(d). Then, in applying the law to the facts, the court authorized appellant’s conviction

if the jury found that he committed two or more of the acts of sexual abuse alleged in the indictment,

with no requirement that the jurors agree as to which acts he committed. Appellant does not contend

that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction pursuant to this charge.

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about the individual offenses the defendant committed. Decisions about what facts are necessary

to constitute a crime, and therefore must be proved individually, and what facts are mere means

represent value choices more appropriatelymade in the first instance by a legislature than by a court. 

Schad, 501 U.S. at 638. In translating the due process demand for fairness and rationality into

concrete judgments about the adequacy of legislative determinations, we must look both to history

and wide practice as guides to fundamental values, as well as to narrower analytical methods of

testing the moral and practical equivalence of the different means of satisfying a single element of

an offense. Id. at 637. There is a threshold presumption of legislative competence to determine the

appropriate relationship between means and ends in defining the elements of a crime. Id. at 637-38. 

We presume that the legislature did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily, and that it had due regard

for constitutional requirements. See Frieling v. State, 67 S.W.3d 462, 472 (Tex. App.—Austin

2002, pet. ref’d).

In Richardson, the Supreme Court construed the federal continuing criminal

enterprise statute. 21 U.S.C.A. § 848 (West 1999 & Supp. 2009). Under this statute, a person

engages in a continuing criminal enterprise if the person commits a federal drug offense punishable

as a felony as part of a “continuing series of [federal drug] violations.” Id. § 848(c) (West 1999). 

The question before the Court was whether the statutory phrase “continuing series of violations”

described a single element of the offense, namely a “continuing series,” of which the individual

violations were merely a means of commission, or instead described several elements, namely the

several “violations” making up the series. Richardson, 526 U.S. at 815. If the former, a jury had

to agree unanimously only that the defendant committed a “continuing series” without necessarily

agreeing as to each individual violation; if the latter, a jury had to agree unanimously and separately

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about each of the “violations” the defendant committed. Id. The Court held that jury unanimity was

required as to each individual violation, citing considerations of language, tradition, and potential

unfairness. Id. at 819-21.

Like the federal statute at issue in Richardson, section 21.02 defines the offense of

continuing sexual abuse in terms of multiple violations of other penal laws. Despite this surface

similarity, however, Richardson does not compel the conclusion that section 21.02 violates due

process by failing to require jury unanimity regarding the individual “acts of sexual abuse”

committed by the defendant. 

First, Richardson was a statutory construction opinion, not a due process opinion. 

The Court stated that the construction of the statute urged bythe government, under which unanimity

would have been required only as to the existence of the “continuing series” and not as to the

individual violations, would have “come close to” and “test[ed]” constitutional limits, id. at 820, but

the Court did not squarely hold that this construction would have violated those limits.

Second, and more importantly, the Supreme Court acknowledged in Richardson the

state statutes and court rulings permitting convictions for continuing courses of child sexual abuse

without jury agreement as to the specific underlying acts. Id. at 821. The Court observed that in

crimes involving sexual abuse of children, “state practice may well respond to special difficulties

of proving individual underlying criminal acts.” Id. Section 21.02 appears to have been a response

to such difficulties. In Dixon v. State, a prosecution for aggravated sexual assault of a child, the

complainant testified that the defendant had sexually assaulted her in a substantially similar manner

one hundred times over a period of months. 201 S.W.3d 731, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The

court of appeals had concluded that the trial court erred by denying the defendant’s motion for the

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State to elect the specific incident it relied on to convict, and the issue before the court of criminal

appeals was the proper harm analysis. Id. at 733. In a concurring opinion, one of the judges warned

that “[w]e are headed for a train wreck in Texas law because our bedrock procedural protections

cannot adapt to the common factual scenario of an ongoing crime involving an abusive sexual

relationship of a child under current penal provisions.” 201 S.W.3d 731, 737 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006) (Cochran, J., concurring). The judge suggested that “a new penal statute that focuses upon

a continuing course of conduct crime—a sexually abusive relationship that is marked by a

pattern or course of conduct of various sexual acts” might “assist in preserving our bedrock

criminal-procedure principles of double jeopardy, jury unanimity, due-process notice, grand-jury

indictments, and election law.” Id. The legislature enacted section 21.02 the following year. The

statute falls within that special category of crimes involving sexual abuse of children referred to

in Richardson.

Finally, section 21.02 differs from the federal continuing criminal enterprise statute

by being narrower in scope. The Court noted in Richardson that the “violations” that could make

up a “continuing series”were found in ninetynumbered sections and encompassed crimes of varying

degrees of seriousness, ranging from removing a drug label, to endangering human life while

manufacturing a controlled substance, to possessing large quantities of controlled substances with

intent to distribute. 526 U.S. at 819. The “acts of sexual abuse” defined by section 21.02(c) are

found in only six penal statutes, although these statutes sometimes define more than one offense.2

 See, e.g., Pizzo v. State, 235 S.W.3d 710, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (holding that touching 2

anus and touching genitals are separate offenses under penal code section 22.11(a)(1)); Vick v. State,

991 S.W.2d 830, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (holding that each subsection of penal code

section 22.021(a)(1)(B) creates separate offense); Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838, 849

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All of the “acts of sexual abuse” involve actual or threatened sexual abuse, assault, or exploitation

of children. All of the acts are either first or second degree felonies. All are morally equivalent, and

they are largely similar conceptually. See Schad, 501 U.S. at 637; White v. State, 208 S.W.3d 467, 3

469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Jefferson, 189 S.W.3d at 313.

We conclude, as have courts in other states having similar statutes, that section 21.02

does not violate due process by permitting a conviction based on a jury’s unanimous finding that the

defendant engaged in a course of conduct consisting of repeated acts of sexual abuse, but without

requiring jury unanimity as to the individual acts that made up that course of conduct. See People

v. Cissna, 106 Cal. Rptr. 54, 68-70 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010); State v. Sleeper, 846 A.2d 545, 550-51

(N.H. 2004); State v. Johnson, 627 N.W.2d 455, 460-64 (Wis. 2001). Because the jury in this case

was required to unanimously find that appellant committed two or more of the alleged acts of sexual

abuse, his right to a unanimous jury verdict was not violated. Point of error two is overruled.

In his first point of error, appellant argues that section 21.02 does not plainly dispense

with a culpable mental state, that a culpable mental state is therefore required, and that the

indictment in this case was fundamentally defective because it did not allege a culpable mental state. 

See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.02(b) (West Supp. 2009). The acts of sexual abuse alleged in the

indictment were violations of statutes that themselves require a culpable mental state. See

(Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that penetration of anus and penetration of sexual organ, although

found in same subsection of section 22.021(a)(1)(B), are separate offenses).

Aggravated kidnapping and burglary of a habitation, even if committed with the intent to violate 3

or abuse a child sexually, do not require proof that the child was actually abused. Because this case

does not involve either kidnapping or burglary, we need not decide whetherthe legislature rationally

classified these offenses as “acts of sexual abuse” comparable to indecency with a child by contact,

sexual assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault of a child, and sexual performance by a child. 

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id. § 21.11(a)(1), (c)(indecencywith child), § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(aggravated sexual assault). Whether

section 21.02 requires proof of any further culpable mental state, and how the applicable culpable

mental state or states should be alleged in the charging instrument, are issues we do not address

because appellant did not preserve his complaint regarding the adequacy of the indictment.

A defendant may not complain on appeal of any defect, error, or irregularity of form

or substance in an indictment or information if he did not object to the defect, error, or irregularity

before trial. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.14(b) (West 2005). Appellant’s pretrial motion to

quash did not complain of the indictment’s failure to allege a culpable mental state, and this issue

was not raised at the hearing on the motion. If the indictment was defective for this reason, appellant

forfeited his right to complain by failing to timely object. See Studer v. State, 799 S.W.2d 263, 268

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The allegations in the indictment were clear enough to permit appellant to

identify the offense alleged, and thus the indictment was sufficient to confer jurisdiction on the

district court. See Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Point of error one

is overruled.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

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___________________________________________

Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Henson

Affirmed

Filed: June 8, 2010

Publish

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