| Embryo Transfer in AnimalsProvided by the Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural LibraryJanuary 1990 - October 1992
***United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland  20705-2351***
****QB 93-23
 Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject.  However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic.  They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means.  The bibliographies are derived from computerized on- line searches of the AGRICOLA data base.  Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. 
 The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography.  Information regarding these is available upon request from the author/searcher. 
 Copies of this bibliography may be made or used for distribution without prior approval.  The inclusion or omission of a particular publication or citation may not be construed as endorsement or disapproval. 
 To request a copy of a bibliography in this series, send the series title, series number and self-addressed gummed label to: 
 U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Public Services Division, Room 111 Beltsville, Maryland 20705
 Document Delivery information: 
 Read Bullet 16 on ALF for information on Document Delivery services.  Read Bullet 15 for "Electronic Mail Access For Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Requests."  If the text of this Quick Bibliography file is copied and/or distributed, please include in all copies, the information provided in these bulletins.Embryo Transfer in Animals January 1990 - October 1992 
 Quick Bibliography Series:  QB 93-23 Updates QB 90-19 
 249 citations in English from AGRICOLA 
 Sheldon Cheney Reference and User Services Branch 
 March 1993National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: 
 Cheney, Sheldon   Embryo transfer in animals.   (Quick bibliography series ; 93-23)   1. Livestock--Embryos--Transplantation--Bibliography.   2. Embryo transplantation--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.93-23AGRICOLA 
 Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. 
  SAMPLE CITATIONS 
 Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database.  An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. 
JOURNAL ARTICLE:    Citation #                                     NAL Call No.   Article title.   Author.  Place of publication:  Publisher.  Journal Title.    Date.  Volume (Issue).  Pages.  (NAL Call Number).  Example:   1                             NAL Call No.:  DNAL 389.8.SCH6   Morrison, S.B.  Denver, Colo.:  American School Food Service   Association.  School foodservice journal.  Sept 1987. v. 41   (8). p.48-50. ill.  BOOK:    Citation #                                   NAL Call Number   Title.   Author.  Place of publication:  Publisher, date. Information   on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.  Example:    1                        NAL Call No.:  DNAL RM218.K36 1987   Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.   Kane, June Kozak.  New York:  Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.   Includes index.  xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm.  Bibliography:   p. 126.  AUDIOVISUAL:    Citation #                                  NAL Call Number   Title.   Author.  Place of publication:  Publisher, date.   Supplemental information such as funding.  Media format   (i.e., videocassette):  Description (sound, color, size).  Example:   1                    NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N; AV   All aboard the nutri-train.   Mayo, Cynthia.  Richmond, Va.:  Richmond Public Schools,   1981.  NET funded.  Activity packet prepared by Cynthia   Mayo.  1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +   activity packet.                    SEARCH STRATEGY  Set   Description ---   -----------  #1    EMBRYO?(7N)COLLECT? #2    EMBRYO?(F)STORAGE? #3    EMBRYO?(F)RABBIT? +EMBRYO?(F)BOVINE +EMBRYO?(F)MAMMAL?       +EMBRYO?(F)SHEEP +EMBRYO?(F)HORSE? ? +EMBRYO?(F)GOAT? ?       +EMBRYO?(F)CATTLE #4    S2*S3 #5    EMBRYO?(7N)(TRANSFER? +TRANSPLANT? +FROZEN +FREEZ?) #6    EMBRYO?(7N)(RECIPIENT? +IMPLANT?) #7    S1+S4+S5+S6 #8    S7/ENG #9    CHICK()EMBRYO? +EMBRYO()WING? +POLLEN()TRANSFER?       +GENE?(2W)TRANSFER? +WHEAT+FEED+MUTANT? #10   S8-S9 #11   UD=92? *S10 +UD=91? *S10 +UD=90? *S10 #12   PLANT/SH + PLANT/DE #13   S11-S12   **Embryo Transfer in Animals**   1                                       NAL Call. No.: S1.S68  Accelerated reproduction of high-yielding beef cattle by embryo transplantation method. Gavrikov, A.M.; Maslev, T.I.; Alekseenko, A.N.; Dronin, A.P. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991. Soviet agricultural sciences (2): p. 39-41; 1991.  Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennyhk naauk. Doklady, (2), 1991, p. 40-42. (20 AK1).  Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Embryos; Transplants; Superovulation; Hereford; Cows; Bulgarian brown; Heifers; Anestrus   2                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Advances in the transfer and manipulation of equine embryos. Squires, E.L.; Tarr, S.F. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Jun. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (6): p. 626-631; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Horses; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Embryo culture; Culture media; Cryopreservation; Ovariectomized females; Fertilization; In vitro; Superovulation; Twins   3                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Alternative gonadotrophins for superovulation in cattle. Boland, M.P.; Goulding, D.; Roche, J.F. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 5-17; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Superovulation; Gonadotropins; Follicles; Embryos   4                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Analysis of cryoprotectant, cooling rate and in situ dilution using conventional freezing or vitrification for cryopreserving sheep embryos. Schiewe, M.C.; Rall, W.F.; Stuart, L.D.; Wildt, D.E. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Aug. Theriogenology v. 36 (2): p. 279-293; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ewes; Embryos; Cryopreservation; Glycerol; Propylene glycol; Cooling; Freezing; Containers; Viability; Zona pellucida; Lambing rate; Cryoprotectants  Abstract:  Two studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of cryoprotectant, cooling rate, container and cryopreservation procedure on the post-thaw viability of sheep embryos. In Study 1, late morula- to blastocyst-stage embryos were exposed to 1 of 10 cryoprotectant (1.5 M, glycerol vs propylene glycol)-plunge temperature treatments. Embryos were placed in glass ampules and cooled at 1 degrees C/min to -5 degrees C, seeded and further cooled at 0.3 degrees C/min to -15, -20, -25, -30 and -35 degrees C before rapid cooling by direct placement in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Post-thaw embryo viability was improved (P<0.01) when embryos were cooled to at least -30 degrees C before LN2 plunging. Although there were no overt differences in embryo viability between cryoprotectant treatments (each resulted in live offspring after embryo transfer), there was a lower (P<0.01) incidence of zona pellucida damage using propylene glycol (4%) compared to glycerol (40%). In Study 2, embryos were equilibrated in 1.5 M propylene glycol or glycerol or a vitrification solution (VS3a). Embryos treated in propylene glycol or glycerol were divided into ampule or one-step straw treatments, cooled to -6 degrees C at 1 degree C/min, seeded, cooled at 0.5 degrees C/min to -35 degrees C, held for 15 minutes and then transferred to LN2. Embryos vitrified in the highly concentrated VS3a (6.5 M glycerol + 6% bovine serum albumin) were transferred from room air to LN2 vapor, and then stored in LN2. Propylene glycol- and glycerol-treated embryos in straws experienced lower (P<0.05) degeneration rates (27%) and yielded more (P<0.05) hatched blastocysts (73 and 60%, respectively) at 48 hours of culture and more (P<0.05) trophoblastic outgrowths (67 and 53%, respectively) after 1 week than vitrified embryos (47, 40 and 20%, respectively). In vitro development rate for VS3a-treated embryos was similar (P>0.10) to that of ampule controls, which had fewer (P<0.05) expanded blastocysts compared to similar straw   5                                       NAL Call. No.: A00067 Animal Biotechnology Cambridge--in a bull market?. Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1990 Dec19. European biotechnology newsletter (103): p. 3-4; 1990 Dec19.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Japan; Embryo transfer; Cattle; Research support   6                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Animal production industry in the year 2000 A.D. Massey, J.M. Colchester : The Journal; 1990. Journal of reproduction and fertility (41): p. 199-208; 1990.  In the series analytic : Genetic engineering of animals / edited by W. Hansel and B.J. Weir. Proceedings of the Second Symposium held June 1989, Ithaca, NY.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo transfer; Sex ratio; Cloning; Transgenics   7                                    NAL Call. No.: SF871.J64 Animal sciences advances in reproductive and health technologies : report. Johnson, Judith A. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, United States, Congress, House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight Washington : U.S. G.P.O.,; 1983; Y 4.Sci 2:98/Q. x, 76 p. ; 24 cm.  At head of title: Committee print.  Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.  Item 1025-A-1, 1025-A-2 (microfiche). October 1983.  Serial Q.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Livestock; Reproduction; Veterinary hygiene; Artificial insemination; Livestock; Embryos; Transplantation; Animal culture; United States; Technological innovations; Livestock; United States   8                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.E96 1986 Application models of embryo transfer techniques in cattle. Brem, G.; Krausslich, H. New York : Published by arrangement with the FAO of the UN by Plenum Press; 1989. Biotechnology for livestock production / prepared by the Animal Production and Health Division, FAO. p. 97-107; 1989.  Paper presented at the "Expert Consultation on the Application of Biotechnology in Livestock Production and Health in Developing Countries," October 6-10, 1986, Rome, Italy.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Dairy cattle; Dual purpose cattle; Animal breeding; Genetic gain; Artificial selection; Embryos; Genetic models; Selection criteria; Twinning; Twins; Artificial insemination; Breeding programs; Sex diagnosis   9                                NAL Call. No.: HE199.5.L5L58 Artificial insemination and embryo transfer in sheep and goats in the United States. Foote, W.C. Fort Washington, Md. : Silesia Companies; 1991 Mar. Live animal trade & transport magazine v. 3 (1): p. 16-17; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Sheep; Goats; Artificial insemination; Embryo transfer   10                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Bioeconomic evaluation of embryo transfer in beef production systems. II. Economic evaluation of steer production. Ruvuna, F.; Taylor, J.F.; Walter, J.P.; Turner, J.W.; Thallman, R.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 70 (4): p. 1084-1090; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Embryo transfer; Steers; Econometric models; Breeding value; Cloning; Parametric programming; Growth rate; Age  Abstract:  A bioeconomic model was developed and used to evaluate economic implications of embryo transfer for steer production. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the net returns were strongly influenced by pregnancy and growth rates. Matching of recipient and embryo sizes reduced dystocia prevalence and resulted in as much as a $98 saving per transfer in costs associated with dystocia. Optimal weight and age and net returns at slaughter were found to be a function of mature size and growth rate. Varying growth rates resulted in optimal slaughter weight and net present value (NPV) ranging from 403 to 494 kg and $156 to $273, respectively, for medium-sized steer genotypes characterized by a mature size of 600 kg. The optimal slaughter weight ranged from 456 to 607 kg and NPV from $182 to $344 for large-sized steer genotypes characterized by a mature size of 750 kg. The results showed that high pregnancy rates and embryos with high growth rates generated the greatest profitability from investment in embryo transfer. The model has a wide potential application in formulating optimal biological and economic strategies for matching embryo genetic resources to physical and economic environments for commercial beef production.   11                                      NAL Call. No.: A00067 Biotechnology: impact on animal health. Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1990 Jun28. European biotechnology newsletter (93): p. 3-4; 1990 Jun28.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Europe; Market research; Veterinary products; Biotechnology; Recombinant vaccines; Monoclonal antibodies; Embryo transfer   12                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.M64 Birth in lambs after in vitro maturation, fertilization, and coculture with oviductal cells. Czlonkowska, M.; Eysymont, U.; Guszkiewicz, A.; Kossakowski, M.; Dziak, J. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1991 Sep. Molecular reproduction and development v. 30 (1): p. 34-38; 1991 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Lambs; Ewes; Oocytes; Embryos; Maturation; Fertilization; Ova transfer; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy; Birth; Embryo culture; Oviducts; Epithelium; Cells; Preimplantation period   13                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Bisection of sheep blastocysts with microscalpel. Malmakov, N.I. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991. Soviet agricultural sciences (8): p. 61-64; 1991.  Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (8), p. 61-64. (20 AK1).  Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: Embryos; Donors; Sheep; Removal; Techniques; Instruments; Blastocyst; Embryo transfer; Developmental stages; Gonadotropins; Treatment   14                                 NAL Call. No.: QH585.A1I58 Bovine trophoblastic cell vesicle attachment to polarized endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Munson, L.; Ellington, J.E.; Schlafer, D.H. Columbia, Md. : The Association; 1991 Jan. In vitro cellular & development biology : journal of the Tissue Culture Association v. 27A (1): p. 31-38; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Endometrium; Epithelium; Cell culture; Adhesion; Trophoblast; Blastocyst; Embryo implantation; In vitro; Models; Lectins; Histochemistry; Cell ultrastructure; Cell membranes   15                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Calf from a persistently infected heifer born after embryo transfer with normal immunity to BVDV. Wentink, G.H.; Aarts, T.; Mirck, M.H.; Exsel, A.C.A. van London : The Association; 1991 Nov16. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129 (20): p. 449-450; 1991 Nov16.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Heifers; Bovine diarrhea virus; Persistence; Immunity; Case reports; Embryo transfer   16                           NAL Call. No.: NBUSF961 C87 1990 Cattle embryo transfer procedure an instructional manual for the rancher, dairyman, A.I. technician, animal scientist, and veterinarian. Curtis, John L. U.S.A. : John L. Curtis, 1990,c1989; 1990. iv, 130 p. : ill.; 23 cm.  Cover title.  Bibliography: p. 129-130.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle   17                                   NAL Call. No.: SF961.C87 Cattle embryo transfer procedure an instructional manual for the rancher, dairyman, artificial insemination technician, animal scientist, and veterinarian. Curtis, John L. S an Diego : Academic Press,; 1991. ix, 131 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-131).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle   18                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 A caudal flank approach for the collection of oviductal-stage bovine embryos. Wolfe, D.F.; Riddell, M.G.; Mysinger, P.W.; Stringfellow, D.A.; Carson, R.L.; Garrett, P.D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jul. Theriogenology v. 34 (1): p. 167-174. ill; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Embryos (animal); Collection; Oviducts; Surgical operations   19                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Certification in the American Embryo Transfer Association. Baker, R.; Webb, J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 59-65; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Trade associations; Certification; Cattle   20                                    NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Changes in endometrial and placental protein synthesis and morphology during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the cat. Boomsma, R.A.; Mavrogianis, P.A.; Verhage, H.G. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Feb. Biology of reproduction v. 44 (2): p. 345-356; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cats; Pregnancy; Pseudopregnancy; Endometrium; Morphology; Placenta; Protein synthesis; Tissue culture; Blastocyst; Embryo implantation  Abstract:  This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the implanting cat blastocyst on endometrial morphology and protein synthesis. Placental and endometrial tissues were obtained from pregnant and pseudopregnant cats and then cultured with L-[35S]methionine and analyzed for protein synthesis by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography, and also processed for light microscopy. The progesterone-dependent protein (PDP), described previously by Boomsma and Verhage (Biol Reprod 1987; 37:117-126 [1]) and Verhage et al. (Biol Reprod 1989; 41:347-354) [2]), was identified by immunocytochemical and immunoblot analysis. Attachment began after 12 days, and the deep glands contained large deposits of PDP. By 20 days the placenta was well developed, and the deep endometrial glands under the placenta had regressed and lacked deposits of PDP. The placenta continued to develop and thicken as pregnancy progressed. The surface epithelium in the non-implantation site regions developed extreme convolutions, while the well- developed deep glands with large deposits of PDP began to regress by 4 weeks, becoming similar to those in the implantation site. The endometrial glands in the pseudopregnant animals maintained deposits of PDP even though apoptotic bodies were observed between 20 and 35 days. PDP synthesis was not detected in the implantation site after 16 days, but it continued in the nonimplantation site through 5 weeks. The synthesis of nine other proteins was significantly altered by the end of implantation such that the pattern in the non-site endometrium was different from the implantation site but similar to the pattern found in the pseudopregnant endometrium. As pregnancy progressed, protein synthesis was altered in the placental/junctional zone and the non-site endometrium, but in the deep endometrial portion of the implantation site it was largely unchanged and similar to the deep portion of the non-site. Thus, the implanting cat blastocys   21                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Changes in follicular hormones after prostaglandin injection in superovulated beef Heifers. Maurer, R.R.; Wise, T.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 286; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes abstract.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Prostaglandins; Injection; Hormones   22                                   NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5 Cloned beef: on the menu. San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1991 May14. BioEngineering news v. 12 (21): p. 1-2; 1991 May14.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Texas; Dietary fat; Beef breeds; Embryo transfer; Cloning   23                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Co-culture of day-5 to day-7 equine embryos in medium with oviductal tissue. Freeman, D.A.; Butler, J.E.; Weber, J.A.; Geary, R.T.; Woods, G.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth- Heinemann; 1991 Nov. Theriogenology v. 36 (5): p. 815-822; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Horses; Embryos; Embryo culture; Oviducts; Culture media  Abstract:  Oviductal and uterine embryos were collected from mares at 5 to 7 days following ovulation 1) to evaluate the effects of oviductal tissue explants on in vitro growth and development of equine embryos and 2) to study the morphologic development of equine embryos in culture. Embryos were incubated for 5 days in a medium (control group) or in medium supplemented with oviductal tissue explants (co-culture group). Embryos were evaluated and the media changed daily. Following 5 days in culture, 10/10 (100%) control embryos and 27/29 (93%) co-cultured embryos had doubled in diameter. All embryos that were recovered as morulae developed to the blastocyst stage in culture. By 5 days in culture, 6/10 (60%) control embryos and 19/29 (66%) co-cultured embryos had reached the hatching blastocyst stage of development. By 3 days in culture, significantly more (P<0.05) control embryos versus co-cultured embryos had degenerated (4/10 vs 2/29, respectively). By 5 days in culture, significantly more (P<0.01) control embryos versus co-cultured embryos had degenerated (6/10 vs 3/29, respectively). Embryos cultured with oviductal tissue were sustained longer than embryos cultured in medium alone. Hatching was characterized by the blastocyst squeezing through a small opening in the zona pellucida or by the zona pellucida thinning over approximately half of the blastocyst surface and subsequently disappearing entirely.   24                             NAL Call. No.: SF871.B85 no.01 Collection and transfer of equine embryos. Squires, Edward L. Fort Collins, Colo. : Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Colorado State University,; 1985. viii, 38 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Bulletin / Animal Reproduction Laboratory ; no. 01).  "August 1985".  Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-37).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryo transplantation; Veterinary embryology; Mares; Physiology; Mares; Anatomy   25                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Collection and transfer of microinjectable embryos from dairy goats. Selgrath, J.P.; Memon, M.A.; Smith, T.E.; Ebert, K.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Dec. Theriogenology v. 34 (6): p. 1195-1205. ill; 1990 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Embryos; Collection; Embryo transfer; Superovulation; Pmsg; Fsh; Synchronization   26                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The commercial application of embryo splitting in beef cattle. Gray, K.R.; Bondioli, K.R.; Betts, C.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 37-44; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Embryos; Superovulation; Splitting; Embryo transfer   27                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Comparative efficacy of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulation in Pashmina goats. Mahmood, S.; Koul, G.L.; Biswas, J.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1191-1196; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Goat breeds; Superovulation; Fsh; Pmsg; Embryos; Isolation; Survival; Corpus luteum; Age; Conception; Embryo transfer; Anesthesia; Triflupromazine; Barbiturates  Abstract:  Twenty-eight Pashmina goats were utilized to study the comparative effect of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulatory response. The effect of FSH-P marketed by two commercial firms was compared with respect to the number of corpora lutea and embryos recovered. The difference was found to be nonsignificant. Superovulatory responses with FSH-P (pooled) and PMSG were 16.55 +/- 6.13 and 11.70 +/- 8.07, respectively, and the difference was significant (P<0.02). Recovery of embryos was significantly higher (P<0.001) with FSH-P (4.72 +/- 4.33) than with PMSG (2.50 +/- 5.02) treatment. The superovulatory response (number of corpora lutea) and the embryo recovery rate was better in higher age groups (4 to 6 yr) than younger goats (1.5 to 3 yr). The embryo survival rate was higher (54.54%) for recipients operated on under a basal anaesthetics (Triflupromazine hydrochloride USP) than for those operated on under barbiturate anaesthesia (13.64%). The overall conception rate was 34.09%.   28                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Comparison of pregnancy rates from transfer of fresh versus cooled, transported equine embryos. Carney, N.J.; Squires, E.L.; Cook, V.M.; Seidel, G.E. Jr; Jasko, D.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul. Theriogenology v. 36 (1): p. 23-32; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Horses; Mares; Appaloosa; Quarter horse; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Cooling; Air transport; Duration; Pregnancy rate; Donors; Age; Embryo mortality  Abstract:  Donor mares of mixed, light-horse breeds, maintained at Colorado State University provided 104 embryos for immediate transfer (fresh embryos). One hundred and thirty-six additional embryos were collected on various breeding farms in the United States and were shipped to Colorado State University via commercial airlines (cooled embryos). Embryos were harvested 7 d after ovulation, graded, and either transferred into a mare immediately (< 1 h) or placed in Ham's F-10 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% 02, 90% N2 and packaged in a passive cooling unit (Equitainer) for shipment to our laboratory. All embryos were measured and graded just prior to surgical transfer via flank incision into synchronized mares. Recipients had ovulated 1 or 2 d before (+1, +2), on the same day as (0), or 1, 2 or 3 d after (-1, -2, -3) the donor mare. Pregnancy of recipients was determined by ultrasonography on 12, 35, and 50 d after ovulation of the donor. Pregnancy rates at 12, 35, and 50 d were similar for fresh (74, 64, 61%) and cooled embryos (80, 67, 66%), respectively. Overall, embryo size affected (P < 0.05) pregnancy rates at 12, 35 and 50 d. Embryos of Grade 1 (excellent) or 2 resulted in more pregnancies than those of Grade 3 or 4 (poor) embryos. Embryonic losses between 12 and 35 d or between 35 and 50 d were not altered (P > 0.05) by treatment (fresh or cooled) nor by age of the donor mare (P > 0.05), but embryonic losses between 12 and 35 d were greater (P < 0.06) for embryos stored for > 12 h (25%) versus those stored for < 12 h (10%). The duration needed for shipment (< 12 h or > 12 h) of cooled embryos did not alter pregnancy rates at 12 d (P > 0.05). Age of donor mare had no effect (P > 0.05) upon pregnancy rates of cooled or fresh embryos transferred nor on embryo quality. In summary, equine embryos can be cooled to 5 degrees C and maintained in storage for up to 24 h without decreased compared with those of embryos transferred in < 1 hour.   29                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 A comparison of two dosages of fluorogestone acetate in pessaries on the quality of embryos recovered from superovulated ewes. Scudamore, C.L.; Robinson, J.J.; Aitken, R.P.; Robertson, I.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 445-456; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ewes; Superovulation; Progestogens; Dosage effects; Embryo transfer; Ovulation rate; Embryonic development; Embryo mortality  Abstract:  The effect of synchronizing estrus using two dosages of progestagen (30- or 40-mg fluorogestone acetate; FGA) pessaries on the quantity and quality of embryos produced following superovulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) was investigated using 19 donor ewes. The viability of ova recovered on Day 3 or 6 after insemination was investigated by transfer to synchronized recipient ewes. The ovulation rates and proportions of embryos recovered were not significantly affected by the level of progestagen priming or the day of embryo recovery, although overall the recovery rate was lower at 3 days after insemination than at 6 days (46.5 vs 71.3%). The level of progestagen priming caused no apparent difference in the quality of ova recovered on Day 3, but on Day 6 a significantly smaller proportion of the ova were of transferable quality when recovered from donors treated with the 30-mg FGA pessary compared with the 40-mg pessary (43.3 vs 87.5%). Embryos recovered on Day 6 from the donor ewes treated with 30-mg FGA pessaries exhibited a wider spread in the stages of development than those collected from ewes treated with 40-mg FGA pessaries. Results for the transfer of embryos 3 days after insemination were consistent with the hypothesis that the level of progestagen priming prior to superovulation affects embryo viability, the mean survival rate for the 3-day embryos being 58.3 and 75% for the 30- and 40-mg FGA treatments, respectively.   30                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Conception rate after transfer of Japanese black cattle embryos produced in vitro. Takada, N.; Ohisa, N.; Numabe, T.; Ishikawa, Y. London : The Association; 1990 Jun09. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 126 (23): p. 581-582. ill; 1990 Jun09.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos (animal); Fertilization; In vitro; Transplantation; Conception rate; Embryonic development; Japanese   31                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Correlation between results of superovulation in embryo donor cows and blood plasma ALT activity level. Boiko, A.G.; Madison, V.V.; Madison, L.V.; Sadykov, Sh.M. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991. Soviet agricultural sciences (8): p. 36-38; 1991.  Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (8), p. 39-42. (20 AK1).  Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: Embryos; Donors; Cows; Superovulation; Blood plasma; Alanine aminotransferase; Enzyme activity; Correlation; Animal testing alternatives; Selection methods; Embryo transfer; Gonadotropins; Treatment   32                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488 Countless copies of choice cattle. New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1987 Nov08. The New York times. p. 19; 1987 Nov08.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef; Fat percentage; Belgian blue; Embryo transfer; Cloning   33                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Cryopreservation of ova and embryos from livestock: current status and research needs. Niemann, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 109-124; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Embryos; Oocytes; Freezing; Thawing; Embryo transfer; Survival   34                     NAL Call. No.: 41.2 H198 1990 [no.103] Cryopreservation, splitting and transfer of mouse and goat embryos. Nowshari, Manzoor Ahmad Hannover : [s.n.],; 1990. 221 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  German summary.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-221).  Language:  English   35                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Culture of bovine embryos in deproteinized hemodialysate- supplemented media and immature mouse uterine horns. Thuemmel, A.E.; Gwazdauskas, F.C.; Canseco, R.S.; Pearson, R.E.; Jochle, W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (6): p. 1815-1820; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo culture; Culture media; Mice; Uterus; Embryonic development  Abstract:  Bovine morulae (d 6) were used to evaluate embryonic development in a deproteinized hemodialysate, agar embedding, and in the uterus of the immature mouse. Agar- embedded embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 and 10% steer serum either (treatment 1) immediately after collection or (treatment 2) 24 h after storage in the uterus of the immature mouse. Unembedded embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 containing (treatment 3) 10% steer serum, (treatment 4) 1% deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107, or (treatment 5) 1% de- proteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 and 10% steer serum. A greater percentage of the embryos reached the hatched blastocyst stage after culture in treatments 1, 3, 4, and 5 (38.1, 34.6, 28.6, and 21.1 %) than in treatment 2 (9.5%) in which embryos were stored in the immature mouse uterus for 24 h prior to in vitro culture. Final development scores for unembedded and agar-embedded embryos cultured in Ham's F-10 (5.5 +/- .3) and 10% steer serum (4.9 +/- .4) were similar and higher than those of embryos cultured in deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 (4.2 +/- .4), deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 and steer serum (4.2 +/- .4), or immature mouse uteri (3.4 +/- .4). It is concluded that deproteinized hemodialysate supplementation at 1% (vol/vol) failed to enhance embryonic development in vitro. Moreover, bovine morulae were unaffected by agar embedding and were able to develop to a limited extent following short-term storage in the uterus of the immature mouse.   36                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Culture of porcine embryos from the one- and two-cell stage to the blastocyst stage in sheep oviducts. Prather, R.S.; Sims, M.M.; First, N.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1147-1151; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Sheep; Oviducts; Embryonic development; Blastocyst; Morula  Abstract:  To better define the environmental conditions required for the development of early cleavage stage pig embryos, one- and two-cell embryos were transferred to the ligated oviducts of anestrous sheep (n=6) for four days. The recovery rate was 83% (54/65), and of those recovered 72% (39/54) developed to the compact morula or blastocyst stage. Two suitably synchronized recipient gilts received 8 or 16 embryos. The gilt receiving 8 embryos aborted one fetus after 32 d of gestation, whereas the gilt receiving 16 embryos gave birth to 8 normal piglets. Thus, it is concluded that the requirements for early development of pig embryos are met by the sheep oviduct.   37                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Cytogenetic analysis of day-4 embryos from PMSG/hCG-treated prepuberal gilts. Underhill, K.L.; Downey, B.R.; McFarlane, C.; King, W.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 779-784; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Landrace; Pmsg; Hcg; Dosage; Chromosome aberrations; Cytogenetics; Ovulation rate; Fertilization; Female fertility; Conception rate; Embryos; Viability; Embryonic development  Abstract:  Prepuberal gilts were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to study the effects of its dosage on ovulation rate, fertilization rate after artificial insemination, embryo viability, and rate of development and incidence of chromosome abnormalities in Day-4 embryos. Gilts received 750 IU, 1250 IU or 1500 IU of PMSG, followed 72 h later by 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Gilts were inseminated 28 to 30 h following the hCG injection, and resulting embryos were collected on Day 4 post ovulation. Ovulation rate was higher in the 1250 IU group than in the 1500 IU group or the 750 IU group. The 1500 IU dose caused excessive stimulation of the ovary, resulting in the occurrence of large (>10mm diameter) unovulated follicles, reduced fertilization rate and low embryo recovery rate. There was no difference in the incidence of chromosome abnormalities among the three groups, although the 1500 IU group had higher embryonic mortality than the two lower dose groups. A dose of 1250 IU PMSG increased ovulation rate above that achieved by 750 IU and, therefore, increased the number of oocytes or embryos available for transfer or for other studies, without sacrificing embryo viability or increasing the incidence of chromosome abnormalities.   38                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Derivation and preliminary characterization of fluripotent cell lines from porcine and bovine blastocysts. Evans, M.J.; Notarianni, E.; Laurie, S.; Moor, R.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 125-128; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Cows; Cell culture; Blastocyst; Differentiation   39                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Design and analysis of research on infectious disease transmission by embryos. Hare, W.C.D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 51-57; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Transfers; Disease transmission; Research   40                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Determination of pentose phosphate and Embden-Meyerhof pathway activities in bovine embryos. Javed, M.H.; Wright, R.W. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 1029-1037; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Pentose phosphate cycle; Glycolysis; Glucose; Embryonic development; Blastocyst  Abstract:  Quantitative determination was made of the activity of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) in individual bovine embryos from the six-cell to the hatched blastocyst stage. Embryos were collected from superovulated cross-bred heifers and classified into good and poor categories. A single embryo in 1 microliter of medium was mixed with 2 microliters of medium containing 3 to 30 nCi radiolabeled glucose previously placed on a detached lid of the 1.5-ml polypropylene microcentrifuge vial. The lid was then fitted to its vial which had been loaded in advance with 1.5 ml of 0.1 N NaOH. Vials were then incubated at 37 degrees C for 3 h. At the end of the incubation period, a 1.5-ml NaOH trap was inverted and placed into a 20-ml scintillation vial containing 10 ml of aqueous counting solution and counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer. The PPP activity in good-quality embryos was greatest at the six-cell stage and decreased with increasing embryo development. The EMP activity showed the reverse trend. Poor-quality embryos had a lower glucose metabolism and higher PPP activity. Similar measurements were made on embryos following 24 h of culture, and total glucose metabolism and percentage of PPP activity were increased. In conclusion, these data suggest that in good quality bovine embryos total glucose utilization is low until 16-cell stage, with PPP being the predominant pathway. Total glucose utilization increases significantly at the morula stage; EMP activity increases with increasing embryo development; and PPP activity increases significantly in poor quality embryos and in embryos 24 h in culture.   41                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Development and survival after transfer of cow embryos cultured from 1-2-cells to morulae or blastocysts in rabbit oviducts or in a simple medium with bovine oviduct epithelial cells. Ellington, J.E.; Farrell, P.B.; Simkin, M.E.; Foote, R.H.; Goldman, E.E.; McGrath, A.B. Colchester : The Journal; 1990 May. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 89 (1): p. 293-299; 1990 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Oviducts; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Pregnancy; Blastocyst; Zygotes; Survival; Rabbits   42                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Development and viability of bovine embryos derived from oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro and co-cultured with bovine oviducal epithelial cells. Xu, K.P.X.; Yadav, B.R.; Rorie, R.W.; Plante, L.; Betteridge, K.J.; King, W.A. Colchester : The Journal; 1992 Jan. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 94 (1): p. 33-43; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Oocytes; Embryos; Oviducts; Epithelium; Cell suspensions; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Embryonic development; Viability   43                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Development of bovine oocytes matured, fertilized and cultured in a serum-free, chemically defined medium. Takagi, Y.; Mori, K.; Tomizawa, M.; Takahashi, T.; Sugawara, S.; Masaki, J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1197-1207; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Japanese black; Oocytes; Embryonic development; Cleavage; Embryos; Blastocyst; In vitro; Culture media; Serum; Cumulus oophorus; Insulin; Transferrin; Epidermal growth factor; Fertilization; Pregnancy; Collagen  Abstract:  This experiment was conducted to determine if bovine embryos derived from in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture could develop in serum-free medium. Oocytes were matured and cultured in TCM199 supplemented with or without fetal calf serum (FCS), and in TCM199 supplemented with growth factors (GF-TCM199), namely epidermal growth factor, insulin and transferrin. The proliferation of cumulus cells co- cultured with embryos was also examined. The highest rate of embryo cleavage (48%; 2-cell/total) and blastocyst formation (30%; blastocyst/2-cell) was obtained in serum-supplemented medium, and the extensive cumulus cells proliferation formed a monolayer within 3 d of culture. In TCM199 alone, no cleaved embryos developed to the blastocyst stage, and very limited cell proliferation was observed. In GF-TCM199, 3% of cleaved embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. The collagen-coated dish improved cumulus cell growth, and the rate of blastocyst formation was 8%. The viability of these embryos was judged by transfer, with one of the three recipients becoming pregnant and delivering one calf. In conclusion, the results indicated that collagen-coating and growth factors-supplementation can support embryonic development in serum-free TCK199; however, development in vitro was significantly less extensive than that in serum-supplemented TCM199.   44                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Development of in vitro matured/in vitro fertilized bovine embryos into morulae and blastocysts in defined culture media. Bavister, B.D.; Rose-Hellekant, T.A.; Pinyopummintr, T. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 127-146; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Embryonic development; Culture media; Oviducts  Abstract:  The techniques of in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of bovine oocytes, with development of the resulting embryos to advanced preimplantation stages in vitro, have gained widespread popularity in recent years because of the potential for obtaining information about regulatory mechanisms, and for inexpensively mass-producing embryos for research or for transfer. However, the efficiency of the techniques (blastocyst yield) is unsatisfactory, due to inadequate information about the requirements of bovine embryos for development in culture, and of oocytes for achieving normal maturation. An experiment was designed to determine effects of using different media for bovine oocyte maturation on subsequent embryo development. Five of seven media tested on oocyte maturation resulted in higher levels of fertilization and/or first cleavage division. In addition, the data indicated that culture conditions for oocyte maturation also affect development to the morula/blastocyst stages. A second experiment evaluated culture conditions for embryo development, using two media (HECM-1 and TCM-199) with or without supplementation by serum and/or oviduct cell conditioning, in a 2X2X2 factorial design. Neither serum supplementation nor conditioning nor the two together increased morula/blastocyst formation (35-46% in all treatments). Serum had a biphasic effect, suppressing the first cleavage division but enhancing morula compaction. No block was observed at the 8- to 16-cell stage with TCM-199 + serum, contrary to many other studies. The data support the hypothesis that the reported stimulation of bovine IVM/IVF embryo development by somatic cell conditioning is due to removal of inhibitory influences from the culture environment. The ability to support development of IVM/IVF embryos to the morula and blastocyst stages in defined media (i.e., without serum or somatic cell conditioning) will help to elucidate the metabolite and nutritional requirements of bovine   45                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Development of one-cell porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage in simple media. Hagen, D.R.; Prather, R.S.; Sims, M.M.; First, N.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 1147-1150; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos; Embryonic development; Embryo culture; Culture media; Blastocyst; Morula; Carbon dioxide  Abstract:  Porcine embryos were flushed from mated donors and examined for cleavage stage. One- and two-cell embryos were randomly allotted to one of five following in vitro treatments: M199 with Earle's salts, a modified Tyrode's medium (TL), TL supplemented with 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (THL), TLH supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose (TLHG), or TLH supplemented with 5 mM glutamine (TLHGL). The bicarbonate concentration of TLH, TLHG, and TLHGL was 2 mM, compared with the 25 mM concentration in M199 and TL. Embryos in M199 and TL were incubated in 95% air:5% CO2 at 39 degrees C. Those in the remaining three treatments were incubated in air at 39 degrees C. Embryos incubated in TL and M199 did not develop past the four- to eight-cell stage, whereas the proportions of embryos developing to the compact morula or blastocyst stage by d 7 of culture in the other treatments were as follows: TLHG, 49.1 %; TLHGL, 59.4%; TLH, 63.5% (P < .005). These results indicate that porcine embryos can be cultured from the one-cell stage to blastocyst in a simple HEPES-buffered medium in air. The ability of porcine embryos to develop without supplemental CO2 may be an important finding for use in situations in which embryos must be transported for long periods before embryo transfer.   46                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Developmental ability of in vitro matured sheep oocytes collected during the nonbreeding season and fertilized in vitro with frozen ram semen. Pugh, P.A.; Fukui, Y.; Tervit, H.R.; Thompson, J.G. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Nov. Theriogenology v. 36 (5): p. 771-778; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Oocytes; Fertilization; In vitro; Spermatozoa; Embryos; Biological development; Granulosa cells; Anestrus  Abstract:  During the nonbreeding season, oocytes recovered from ovaries of FSH-primed or nonprimed ewes were matured in the presence or absence of granulosa cells collected from ovaries of primed or nonprimed ewes prior to in vitro fertilization with either fresh or frozen-thawed sperm. Following fertilization, ova were cultured for 24 h in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOF) supplemented with 20% human serum at 39 degrees C under humidified 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 and then assessed for cleavage. Overall, 52% of ova cleaved. Cleavage was not affected by the source of sperm. Significantly more oocytes from primed follicles cleaved after 24 hours than those from nonprimed follicles (P<0.001). Maturation of oocytes in the presence of granulosa cells from nonprimed ewes resulted in a lower cleavage rate (44%, P<0.05) than in the presence of granulosa from primed ewes (59%) or no granulosa cells (50%). Oocytes (n = 508) from primed ewes were matured in the presence of granulosa cells (also from primed ewes) and fertilized in vitro with frozen-thawed sperm. Following in vitro culture for 24 hours, 68 of the 270 (53%) cleaved embryos were transferred to 17 recipient ewes, 15 of which remained pregnant to term, producing 24 lambs. The remaining 202 cleaved embryos were cultured for a further 5 days, of which 73 appeared to reach the morula/blastocyst stage and 61 were transferred to 16 recipients. Two ewes remained pregnant to term producing two lambs. These results demonstrate that production of sheep embryos using in vitro maturation and fertilization techniques is possible in the nonbreeding season. However, the poor viability of embryos obtained following extended culture needs to be resolved before such techniques can be usefully applied.   47                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Developmental capacity of bovine oocytes collected from ovaries of individual heifers and fertilized in vitro. Funahashi, H.; Aoyagi, Y.; Takeda, T.; Onihara, T. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 427-434; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Oocytes; Fertilization; In vitro; Embryos  Abstract:  Bovine follicular oocytes from individual heifers (n=49) were separately matured, fertilized with frozen-thawed spermatozoa and cultured with cumulus cells. Although there were great variations in the number (mean +/- SD = 19.1 +/- 11.9) of oocytes collected from individual heifers and the percentages of the oocytes cleaved 48 hours after insemination (mean +/- SD = 69.5 +/- 18.4) and developed to the morula stage 7 days after insemination (mean +/- SD = 10.9 +/- 10.9), there were significant correlations between the numbers of oocytes collected and cleaved (the correlation coefficient: r= 0.9336) or developed to morula stage (r = 0.6633), indicating that oocytes from different heifers have the same developmental ability after in vitro fertilization. Ten morulae and 12 blastocysts, which were obtained 7 and 8 days after insemination were transferred, one by one, to each uterine horn of 11 recipients. At Day 60 of pregnancy, 8 (80%) fetuses were identified in 4 (80%) of 5 recipients into which 10 embryos were transferred at Day -1 of synchrony. However, only 3 (25%) fetuses were identified in 2 (40%) of 6 recipients into which 12 embryos were transferred at Day 0 or +1 of synchrony.   48                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that grow and mature in culture: the effect of modification of the protocol. Eppig, J.J.; Schroeder, A.C.; Van de Sandt, J.J.M.; Ziomek, C.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 89-100; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Oocytes; Culture techniques; In vitro; Culture media; Growth; Development; Mice   49                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Developmental competence of bovine oocytes frozen at various maturation stages followed by in vitro maturation and fertilization. Lim, J.M.; Fukui, Y.; Ono, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 351-361; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japan; Cattle; Oocytes; Cryopreservation; Freezability; In vitro culture; Embryonic development  Abstract:  In the present study, we examined the ability of bovine oocytes, at various stages of maturation, to survive after cryopreservation as well as their subsequent development following in vitro maturation and fertilization. This study was conducted with oocytes frozen as morphologically immature (germinal vesicle), maturing (germinal vesicle breakdown to telophase I), and matured (metaphase II) oocytes by two different cryopreservation methods (Method A: oocytes were cooled at a rate of -0.7 degrees C/min from 20 degrees C to -7 degrees C, seeded and held at this temperature for 10 min, cooled at a rate of -0.3 degrees C/min to -30.0 degrees C, maintained at this temperature for 10 min and plunged into liquid nitrogen; Method B: oocytes were seeded at -5.1 degrees C and held at this temperature for 15 min, cooled at a rate of -0.5 degrees C/min to -32.5 degrees C and plunged into liquid nitrogen) during culture for maturation. At the beginning of culture (0 hours), almost all of the fresh oocytes were at the germinal vesicle stage, and more than 90% of these oocytes reached at metaphase II after culture. Immature oocytes frozen at 0 hours of culture had significantly lower numbers of morphologically normal oocytes and cleavage rate after thawing compared with the maturing and matured oocytes. The post-thaw maturation and fertilization rate of frozen immature oocytes was also lower than that of the other groups, but did not differ significantly. Except for the oocytes frozen between 0 and 12 hours using cryopreservation Method B, developmental capacity beyond the eight-cell stage did not differ among groups. We concluded that 1) the freezability of immature bovine oocytes was inferior to that of maturing and matured oocytes and 2) frozen-thawed methods affected the post-thaw survival and developmental competence of the frozen oocytes.   50                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Differential effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane analogs, chlordecone, and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on establishment of pregnancy in the hypophysectomized rat. Johnson, D.C.; Sen, M.; Dey, S.K. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 Jan. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 19 (1): p. 42-48; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ddt; Analogs; Methoxychlor; Chlordecone; Toxicity; Estrogenic properties; Embryo implantation; Pregnancy; Hypophysectomy; Rats  Abstract:  Many of the organochlorine pesticides have been shown to elicit estrogenic responses in laboratory animals. Two estrogenic actions, initiation of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy, were examined in progesterone- primed, delayed-implanting, hypophysectomized rats exposed to several polychlorinated hydrocarbons. The insecticide P,P'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was nearly devoid of estrogenic activity for initiating implantation, as was a dichloro analog, 1,1-dichloro-2-[p-chlorophenyl],2-[o- chlorophenyl]ethane (O,P'-DDD), but another such analog, 1,1- dichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl), 2-(o-chlorophenyl)ethylene (O,P'-DDE), was nearly as estrogenic as the O,P'-DDT isomer of DDT and the methoxylated analog methoxychlor. The latter three compounds not only initiated implantation, but maintained pregnancy when given in large (200 mg/kg) and repeated doses. Another insecticide, chlordecone (Kepone) was more estrogenic than any of the DDT analogs and maintained pregnancy with a single dose of 50 mg/kg. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a toxic contaminant of herbicide production, did not induce implantation at a dose of 125 microgram/kg, but inhibited the implantation initiated by estrone in 35% of the animals. The mechanism of this antiestrogenicity is unknown but most probably does not involve direct action via the classical estrogen receptor. The possible interference with the normal blastocyst-uterine interactions of these polychlorinated xenobiotics may be an important factor in their being considered reproductive toxins.   51                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Direct transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos. Voelkel, S.A.; Hu, Y.X. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 23-37; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotectants  Abstract:  The ability to transfer frozen embryos directly to recipient females after thawing would be a convenience in embryo transfer and would facilitate marketing embryos produced in large quantities by in vitro procedures. Techniques for direct transfer of bovine embryos use sucrose as an osmotic buffer to remove glycerol while the embryo is in the straw prior to transfer or use sucrose added to the cryoprotectant solution allowing transfer without additional steps. These methods are reviewed as well as a new approach to freezing embryos for direct transfer. The new procedure for direct transfer of frozen embryos uses 1.5 M ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant. Embryos frozen in ethylene glycol can be rehydrated directly in holding medium without step-wise dilution of the cryoprotectant yielding viability equivalent to that of embryos frozen in glycerol and rehydrated in a step-wise manner. In addition, the pregnancy rate for nonsurgically recovered embryos frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol in straws containing additional columns of holding medium, thawed and transferred directly to recipients (50%) was comparable to the pregnancy rate for embryos frozen in glycerol and rehydrated using a step-wise procedure prior to transfer. Ethylene glycol can be used effectively as a cryoprotectant for bovine embryos permitting thawed embryos to be rehydrated directly in holding medium or transferred directly to recipients. Identifying effective cryoprotectants to which bovine embryos are highly permeable is an alternative approach for developing direct transfer procedures.   52                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Early cleavage and the maternal zygotic transition in bovine embryos. Barnes, F.L.; Eyestone, W.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 141-152. ill; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos (animal); Cleavage; Fertilization   53                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Effect of asynchronous transfer and oestrogen administration on survival and development of porcine embryos. Geisert, R.D.; Morgan, G.L.; Zavy, M.T.; Blair, R.M.; Gries, L.K.; Cox, A.; Yellin, T. Colchester : The Journal; 1991 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 93 (2): p. 475-481; 1991 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Survival; Estradiol; Embryonic development; Sow pregnancy; Uterus   54                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of CO-treatment with recombinant bovine somatotrophin on plasma progesterone concentration and number of embryos collected from superovulated Holstein heifers. Rieger, D.; Walton, J.S.; Goodwin, M.L.; Johnson, W.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 863-868; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Fsh; Superovulation; Superovulated females; Progesterone; Blood plasma; Synthetic pituitary hormones; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Ovulation  Abstract:  Mature Holstein heifers were induced to superovulate with twice-daily injections of porcine follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), and were given either 20 mg i.m. of recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) or saline with each FSH injection. The animals were artificially inseminated and the embryos were collected nonsurgically at Day 7. There was no significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D) total number of embryos collected from rBST-treated animals (8.3 +/- 5.3) when compared with that of the controls (7.2 +/- 6.6), or in the mean number of transferable embryos (5.3 +/- 4.0 vs 5.2 +/- 4.5). However, co-treatment with rBST tended to increase the ovulatory response, and it significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 6 (P = 0.04). Based on these latter observations, we conclude that treatment with rBST enhanced the superovulatory response in heifers.   55                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effect of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle. Blanchard, T.; Ferguson, J.; Love, L.; Takeda, T.; Henderson, B.; Hasler, J.; Chalupa, W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (6): p. 905-908; 1990 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary proteins; Conception rate; Fertilization; Embryos (animal); Lactating females; Protein degradation  Abstract:  An experiment was conducted to determine whether balancing dietary crude protein for optimal rumen degradability would improve fertilization rate and quality of ova in lactating dairy cows. Thirty-eight Holstein cows in early lactation were fed 1 of 2 diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing 16% crude protein. Diet 1 contained 73% rumen degradable intake protein, whereas diet 2 contained 64% rumen degradable intake protein. The cows were induced to superovulate and were inseminated, and ova were recovered nonsurgically on postbreeding day 7. Ova were counted and classified as fertilized or unfertilized. Fertilized ova were scored as excellent, good, fair, poor, or degenerate. Unfertilized ova and poor and degenerate embryos were considered to be nontransferable ova and excellent, good, and fair embryos were considered to be transferable ova. There were no differences for mean number of fertilized, unfertilized, transferable, or nontransferable ova recovered from cows fed the 2 diets (P > 0.10). Mean percentage of fertilized ova recovered from cows was greater (P < 0.05) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. Mean percentage of transferable ova recovered from cows tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in those fed diet 2, compared with diet 1. More cows failed to yield transferable ova (P < 0.05) when fed diet 1, compared with diet 2. Fertilization failure or early degeneration of embryos may occur in cows fed excess rumen degradable protein.   56                                    NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Effect of donor cell cycle stage on chromatin and spindle morphology in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. Collas, P.; Pinto-Correia, C.; Ponce de Leon, F.A.; Robl, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1992 Mar. Biology of reproduction v. 46 (3): p. 501-511; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Embryos; Chromatin; Chromosomes; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  We investigated the influence of the cell cycle stage of the nuclear donor on prematurely condensed chromatin (PCC) and spindle morphology and on chromosome constitution in rabbit nuclear transplant embryos. The configuration of PCC following nuclear transplantation with G1, early S, and late S phase donor nuclei (G1, early S, and late S transplants, respectively) was characterized in whole mounts and chromosome spreads. In addition, the influence of the donor cell cycle stage on chromosome constitution in cleavage stage-manipulated embryos was determined. Within 2 h after fusion of the donor blastomere, the recipient oocyte cytoplasm was able to induce formation de novo of a metaphase plate associated with a spindle in G1, early S, and late S transplants. Metaphase chromosomes and spindle were intact in most cases of PCC in G1 transplants. However, these structures displayed minor abnormalities in early S transplants and gross abnormalities in late S transplants, such as incomplete or absent spindle formation and incomplete chromatin condensation. Normal chromosomes were present in G1 and early S transplants, whereas chromosome abnormalities were detected in late S transplants. The results indicate that morphology of prematurely condensed G1 and early S chromatin has a minor influence on chromosome constitution of manipulated embryos. That of late S chromatin, however, affects chromosome constitution in embryos and may account for reduced development of nuclear transplant embryos when late S phase donor nuclei are used.   57                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of estradiol valerate on follicular dynamics and superovulatory response in cows and Syncro-Mate-B implants. Bo, G.A.; Pierson, R.A.; Mapletoft, R.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Aug. Theriogenology v. 36 (2): p. 169-183; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Dairy cows; Estradiol; Synthetic progestogens; Implantation; Intramuscular injection; Graafian follicles; Size; Superovulation; Ovulation rate; Ova; EmbryoOU Embryo transfer; Ovaries; Atresia  Abstract:  Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of estradiol valerate on follicular dynamics and superovulatory response in cows with Syncro-Mate-beta (SMB)implants. In Experiment 1, 5 mg estradiol valerate (E2) injected at the same time as superstimulation treatments were initiated, resulted in fewer corpora lutea (CL), ova/embryos collected and fertilized ova (P < 0.05) than if E2, was administered with the SMB implant 7 days earlier. In Experiment 2, 31 beef cows and 26 Holstein cows were placed in one of four treatment groups. Group I (control) cows were superstimulated on Day 9 (estrus=Day 0). On Day 2, cows in Groups II, III, and IV received SMB and cows in Group III received E2. On Day 9, cows in Group IV received E2, and all cows were superstimulated with Folltropin. The number of CL did not differ (P > 0.19) among groups. However, there were more follicles < 10 mm and fewer fertilized ova and transferable embryos (P < 0.02) in Group IV cows. Ovarian ultrasonography revealed that the diameter of the largest follicle in Group III cows declined from Day 2 to Day 7 and subsequently increased until Day 13. In contrast, Groups I, II and IV were characterized by apparently linear growth between Days 2 and 13. Differences (P < 0.05) were detected between Days 5 and 9. Mean diameter of the largest follicle was smaller for cows in Group III than for the remaining groups on Day 9. It was concluded that SMB did not adversely affect superovulatory response and that E2 administration resulted in atresia of the antral follicles in the cows with SMB implants.   58                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of fresh or cultured follicular fractions on meiotic resumption in bovine oocytes. Sirad, M.A.; Coenen, K.; Bilodeau, S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 39-57; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Oocytes; Follicles; Maturation; Cumulus oophorus; Granulosa cells  Abstract:  Meiotic maturation occurs spontaneously when bovine oocytes are removed from their follicles and cultured in vitro. This natural phenomenon in mammals has greatly facilitated the use of in vitro matured oocytes for fertilization and embryo production. Bovine oocytes from small antral (immature) follicles can be matured in vitro up to the stage where they can be fertilized but their average subsequent developmental capacity is limited. Regardless of progress made to improve culture conditions during oocyte maturation and embryo development during the last few years, only one third of the oocytes selected on morphological criteria result in viable embryos, while the other two thirds, cultured in the same conditions, do not. This indicates some deficiency in these oocytes. It is clear that normal cytoplasmic maturation must occur in vitro to produce a good embryo but is the cytoplasm of all oocytes ready to respond to our maturation conditions? If we suppose that a maturing follicle influences the oocyte's ability to support further development, it is essential to understand this process and simulate this effect in vitro. The first step towards this objective requires a culture system that reproduces the ovarian follicular environment for the oocyte, in which nuclear maturation is prevented. In this study, we summarize the effect of each part of the follicle on meiotic resumption in bovine oocytes. Associations between mural granulosa cells and cumulus cells seem to be essential for prevention of nuclear maturation but the health of the follicle and the follicular fluid content are also important.   59                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of length of cryopreservation on the viability of bovine embryos in a commercial operation. Hruska, K. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 477-484; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Viability; Cryopreservation; Morphology; Pregnancy rate  Abstract:  A total of 2,232 bovine embryos was obtained from 294 flushings at a commercial embryo transfer operation. The embryos were frozen in groups from individual flushings using 0.25-cc straws and a conventional freezing procedure with glycerol as a cryoprotective agent. The embryos were stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 28 months. sucrose was used for the removal of glycerol after the thawing of embryos. The thawed embryos were then examined morphologically, and 1,097 embryos (49%) with no apparent defects were used for subsequent transfer. The viability of the thawed embryos from the individual flushes was evaluated in relationship to the length of cryopreservation. No correlation (P > 0.1) was found between the two parameters in embryos from superovulations with above and below average yields. This finding was further confirmed in a proportion of the embryos by the evaluation of pregnancy rates. Thus, neither the typical length of embryo storage in a commercial operation nor the success of superovulation influenced the survival rate of embryos after thawing based on morphological criteria and pregnancy rates.   60                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The effect of natural toxins on reproduction in livestock. James, L.F.; Panter, K.E.; Nielsen, D.B.; Molyneux, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1573-1579; 1992 May.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Sheep; Poisonous plants; Reproductive efficiency; Adverse effects; Toxins  Abstract:  Reproductive efficiency is the most important economic factor in livestock production. Thus, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal regulatory axis, accessory sexual organ functionality, and the complex events involved in fertilization, implantation, and embryonic and fetal development may be sensitive to therapeutic agents, environmental pollutants, and natural toxicants. There are many factors that adversely affect reproduction, one of which is toxic substances in the diets of animals. Toxic materials can affect reproductive success by causing abortions, interfering with libido, estrus, oogenesis, or spermatogenesis, causing emaciation and subsequent abnormal mating behavior, birth defects, and increasing the time between parturition annd rebreeding. Examples of natural toxicants in poisonous plants interfering with reproduction are numerous. Abortion in livestock from locoweeds, ponderosa pine needles, broom snakeweeds, fescue, and others are reported in studies. Seelnium and seleniferous forage inhibit estrus in cattle and swine. Emaciation and temporary illness from sneezeweeds, bitterweed, locoweed, larkspur, lupines, and others may interfere with mating. Embryonic loss and birth defects from Veratrum, lupines, locoweeds, poison hemlock, and so on, may occur. As suggested, toxins have many diverse and economically adverse effects on reproductive performance in livestock.   61                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of serum-free co-culture and synchrony of recipients on development of cultured sheep embryos to fetuses. Rexroad, C.E. Jr; Powell, A.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2066-2072; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Embryonic development; Culture media; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Estradiol; Progesterone; Synchronization  Abstract:  The percentage of sheep embryos that continued to develop after collection and immediate transfer on d 2 after estrus was similar when phosphate-buffered saline with 10% fetal calf serum (PBSFCS, 45%), physiological saline (50%), or tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (M199FCS, 47%) was used to flush embryos from oviducts. Co-culture of sheep embryos for 3 d with oviductal cells tended (P = .1) to reduce the percentage of embryos that developed to fetuses after transfer compared with those embryos transferred immediately. Tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with .3% BSA (M199BSA) was an adequate substitute for M199FCS for culture of sheep oviductal cells if tissue culture wells were pretreated with fibronectin. Estradiol in concentrations from 10 to 1,000 pg/ml and progesterone at concentrations of 1 or 10 ng/ml in M199BSA failed to stimulate embryo development during 3 d of co-culture beyond that seen in co-culture with M199FCS or M199BSA without added steroid. Transfer of sheep embryos co-cultured for 3 d in M199BSA or M199FCS to recipients synchronized with donors resulted in about 19% of the embryos developing to fetuses, when transfer to recipients that were in estrus 24 h after donors resulted in 33% of embryos developing to fetuses. The significant (P < .05) improvement for delayed recipients may reflect the relatively lesser developmental rate of co-cultured embryos compared with that of embryos in vivo. Embryo development into fetuses was similar after co-culture in M199FCS or M199BSA co- cultures; therefore, serum is not required for the co-culture of sheep embryos.   62                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of sucrose concentration used for one-step dilution upon in vitro and in vivo survival of bovine embryos refrigerated in glycerol and 1, 2-propanediol. Suzuki, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Ooe, M.; Sakata, A.; Matsuoka, M.; Nishikata, Y.; Okamoto, K. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Dec. Theriogenology v. 34 (6): p. 1051-1057; 1990 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Freezing; Thawing; Cryoprotectants; Glycerol; Propanediols; Sucrose; Dilution; In vitro; Concentration; Survival; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy rate   63                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effect of timing of laparoscopic insemination in superovulated ewes, with or without sedation, on the recovery of embryos, their stage of development and subsequent viability. Scudamore, C.L.; Robinson, J.J.; Aitken, R.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 907-914; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ewes; Superovulated females; Superovulation; Intrauterine insemination; Laparoscopy; Embryos; Ova; Isolation; Embryo transfer; Survival; Timing; Synthetic progestogens; Neuroleptics  Abstract:  Twenty ewes were used as donors in a 2 X 2 factorial design experiment to investigate the effects of two different insemination times (48 vs 60 h after pessary withdrawal), with or without sedation, on the ovum recovery rate 5 d after insemination, the proportion of transferable embryos recovered, and the subsequent survival rate of embryos transferred to recipients. The ovum recovery rate following intrauterine insemination at 48 h after progestagen pessary withdrawal was 63.8 and 53.4% for sedated and nonsedated control ewes, respectively. Following intrauterine insemination at 60 h the corresponding values for sedated and control ewes were 72.6 and 73.9%, respectively. The proportion of transferable quality embryos recovered was not affected by sedation but was improved by insemination at 48 h rather than 60 h after pessary withdrawal (100 vs 35.4%). Embryo survival following laparoscopic transfer to recipients from donor ewes inseminated at 48 h, with or without sedation was 38.8% (7/18) and 50% (7/14), respectively. Following intrauterine insemination of the donors at 60 h, the survival rate in recipients was reduced for embryos transferred from both the sedated and control ewes to 6.25% (1/16) and 36.3% (4/11).   64                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of timing of prostaglandin PGF2 alpha injection subsequent to embryo collection on the resumption of normal follicular development following superovulatory treatment in cattle. Lucy, M.C.; Macmillan, K.L.; Thatcher, W.W.; Drost, M.; Tan, H.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jul. Theriogenology v. 34 (1): p. 7-19; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Superovulation; Prostaglandins; Luteolysis; Follicles; Development; Embryos (animal); Ultrasound; Collection   65                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of variability in response to superovulation on donor cow selection differentials in nucleus breeding schemes. Keller, D.S.; Teepker, G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (2): p. 549-554; 1990 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Superovulation; Selection differential; Breeding methods; Embryos (animal); Milk yield; Herd size   66                                   NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Effect on embryo survival of short-term exposure to the uterine environment of two selected lines of mice. Jenkins, A.S.; Anderson, G.B. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Jul. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (4): p. 371-374; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Artificial selection; Line differences; Embryo mortality; Survival; Uterus; Litter size; Preimplantation period  Abstract:  Two genetic lines of mice (Mus musculus), one selected for high embryo survival (Line E) and the other for small litter size (Line CN-), were used as models to study preimplantation embryo survival. The two lines displayed similar ovulation rates, but significantly lower embryo survival to implantation was observed in Line CN -females (P < 0.01). The effect of the uterine environment on embryo survival was examined by incubating embryos in pseudopregnant host females for 26 hours beginning at 1500 hours on day 2 (day of copulatory plug = day 0). Embryos were then removed from the host and transferred to recipient uteri of the same genetic line as the embryos for, development to term. Survival of embryos was significantly greater after exposure to Line E hosts (P < 0.01). Survival of Line E embryos was reduced from 71% in Line E hosts to 28% in Line CN- hosts. Survival of Line CN-embryos increased from 17% in Line CN- hosts to 70%, in Line E hosts. Embryos also were cultured in vitro in uterine flushings collected from each line. More Line E embryos developed to the blastocyst stage than did Line CN embryos (P < 0.01). Development of Line CN- (P < 0.01) embryos, but not Line E embryos, was affected by the line from which uterine flushings were collected. These lines of mice provide a useful model for the study of the physiological basis for differences in embryo survival due to genetic selection.   67                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effects of breed, age of donor and dosage of follicle stimulating hormone on the superovulatory response of beef cows. Breuel, K.F.; Baker, R.D.; Butcher, R.L.; Townsend, E.C.; Inskeep, E.K.; Dailey, R.A.; Lerner, S.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Aug. Theriogenology v. 36 (2): p. 241-255; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Charolais; Polled hereford; Simmental; Aberdeen-angus; Fsh; Superovulation; Embryo transfer; Age; Dosage; Ova; Embryos; Pregnancy rate; Calving rate  Abstract:  Data were obtained on 1039 recoveries of embryos from beef cows of four breeds at two locations, in clinic and on farm. General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of breed, location, age of donor, dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the interaction of age and FSH on the following dependent variables: 1) the mean number of ova (unfertilized oocytes and embryos) recovered; 2) the mean number and percentage of embryos (fertilized; live and dead) recovered; and 3) the mean number and percentage of transferable embryos recovered. The interaction of age of donor and dosage of FSH with breed and location prevented the pooling of data over breed and location. The mean number of ova recovered was affected by age of the donor (Charolais-in clinic), or the interaction between age of donor and dosage of FSH (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm and Simmental-on farm). The mean number of embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic), dosage of FSH (Simmental-in clinic) or their interaction (Angus-on farm). The mean number of transferable embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm, Simmental-in clinic and Angus-on farm). General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of the embryo (stage of development and quality) and the recipient (synchrony with the donor) on the rate of pregnancy. Rate of pregnancy varied with embryo quality score and synchrony of the recipient and the embryo. In conclusion, the superovulatory response was found to be highly breed-specific, and most of the variability in embryos produced was attributed to the number of ova recovered. However, the number of ova, embryos and transferable embryos recovered was further influenced by age of the donor, dosage of FSH or their interaction,   68                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of embryo transfer in beef cattle on genetic evaluation methodology. Schaeffer, L.R.; Kennedy, B.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1989 Oct. Journal of animal science v. 67 (10): p. 2536-2543; 1989 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Ovulation; Embryos (animal); Transplantation; Methodology   69                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effects of FSH-priming and dominant follicular regression on the superovulatory response of cattle. Gray, B.W.; Cartee, R.E.; Stringfellow, D.A.; Riddell, M.G.; Riddell, K.P.; Wright, J.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 631-639; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Superovulation; Fsh; Graafian follicles; Ultrasonography; Embryos  Abstract:  Thirty superovulatory treatments were administered to 19 mixed-breed, nonlactating cows. In 10 superovulatory treatments, the cows were primed with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the second and third day of the estrous cycle, and in another 10 superovulatory treatments, the cows received no priming dosage of FSH. Initiation of the superovulatory treatments in both groups was determined by ultrasonically monitoring for regression of the dominant anovulatory follicle. Still another 10 superovulatory treatments were begun on Day 10 without regard for regression of the dominant anovulatory follicle and without a priming dosage of FSH. The mean days for starting the superovulatory treatment in the FSH-primed cows, in the nonprimed cows and in the controls were 10.5, 11.9 and 10 days, respectively. All cows were treated with eight injections of FSH at 12-hour intervals in a declining dosage (36 mg total). Cows were bred naturally and embryos collected nonsurgically seven days later. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the total number of embryos or transferable embryos in the three treatment groups. In this study neither priming on Days 2 or 3 nor initiating the superovulatory treatment, based on the morphologic regression of the dominant anovulatory follicle, was an effective means for improving the superovulatory response in cattle.   70                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Effects of heating the testes and epididymides of rams by scrotal insulation on fertility and embryonic mortality in ewes inseminated with frozen semen. Mieusset, R.; Quintana Casares, P.; Sanchez Partida, L.G.; Sowerbutts, S.F.; Zupp, J.L.; Setchell, B.P. Colchester : The Journal; 1992 Mar. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 94 (2): p. 337-343; 1992 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rams; Ewes; Testes; Scrotum; Insulation; Heat treatment; Body temperature; Spermatozoa; Spermatogenesis; Semen characters; Motility; Male fertility; Pregnancy; Embryo mortality   71                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effects of method of splitting, stage of development and presence or absence of zona pellucida on foetal survival in commercial bovine embryo transfer of bisected embryos. Kippax, I.S.; Christie, W.B.; Rowan, T.G. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 25-35; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Splitting; Zona pellucida; Embryo transfer; Developmental stages; Fetus; Survival   72                                   NAL Call. No.: RA1190.F8 Effects of methyl benzimidazolecarbamate during early pregnancy in the rat. Cummings, A.M.; Harris, S.T.; Rehnberg, G.L. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1990 Oct. Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology v. 15 (3): p. 528-535; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Carbendazim; Toxicity; Rats; Females; Maternal effects; Embryo mortality; Embryo implantation; Resorption   73                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The effects of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha on fertility in ewes. Martinod, S.; Maurer, R.R.; Siegenthaler, B.; Gerber, C.; Hansen, P.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth- Heinemann; 1991 Aug. Theriogenology v. 36 (2): p. 231-239; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ewes; Female fertility; Lambing rate; Interferon; Cattle; Intramuscular injection; Natural mating; Embryo transfer; Embryos; Survival  Abstract:  Recombinant bovine interferon-alphaI 1 (rBoIFN- alpha) may be useful for enhancing fertility in sheep because it has extensive sequence homology with ovine trophoblast protein-1. To test the effectiveness of rBoIFN-alpha, several experiments were performed in which bred females were given intramuscular injections of rBoIFN-alpha around the time of maintenance of the corpus luteum. Treatment with rBoIFN-alpha enhanced the fertility of ewes that were bred via natural service or embryo transfer of whole or demi-embryos. Interferon treatment was successful in enhancing lambing rate if injections were given twice daily from Days 11 to 18, 12 to 14, 12 to 15 or 12 to 16. Overall, the lambing rate for ewes bred via natural service was 94/1126 (74.6%) for control ewes and 101/126 (80.2%) for rBoIFN-alpha treated ewes. Litter size was not affected by treatment. Interferon treatment was not successful in increasing the lambing rate if given as a single injection on Day 12 or as a series of once-daily injections from Days 11 to 16. These results demonstrate that rBoIFN- alpha can increase the lambing rate in ewes.   74                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Effects of simplified freezing procedures in LN2 container on the survival by FDA-test of mouse embryos. Kim, J.K.; Kang, M.J.; Kim, Y.H. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 250; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Embryos; Freezing techniques   75                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Effects of trehalose as a non-permeating cryoprotectant on the survival of mouse morulae frozen-thawed ultrarapidly. Im, K.S.; Kim, S.H.; Chung, K.M.; Lee, C.K.; Lee, Y.B. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 300; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos; Freezing; Trehalose   76                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Efficiency of MOET nucleus breeding schemes in selecting for traits with low heritability in dairy cattle. Teepker, G.; Smith, C. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1990 Apr. Animal production v. 50 (pt.2): p. 213-219; 1990 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Breeding programs; Ovulation; Embryos (animal); Transplantation; Selection; Heritability; Dairy traits; Genetic correlation; Phenotypic correlation; Economic factors   77                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryo losses in Rasa Aragonesa ewes actively immunized against androstenedione or passively immunized against testosterone. Folch, J.; Alabart, J.L.; Cocero, M.J.; Cognie, Y. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 715-724; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ewes; Aragonese; Spontaneous abortion; Embryos; Embryo mortality; Embryo transfer; Androstenedione; Immunization; Testosterone; Passive immunization; Ovulation rate; Lambing rate; Fecundity  Abstract:  Two-day-old embryos from untreated ewes were transferred to the oviducts of ewes actively immunized against androstenedione (n = 26, Group A), passively immunized against testosterone (n = 19, Group B) or left untreated (n = 25, Group C). Donor ewes superovulated after treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone and fluorogestone acetate (FGA). Recipient ewes were treated with FGA and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 300 I.U.). Group A received two injections of Fecundin at a 4-wk interval. FGA sponges were inserted when the second injection was given. Group B was treated with antitestosterone antiserum (35 ml) at sponge withdrawal. Each recipient received two morphologically viable embryos 52 to 62 h after the onset of estrus. Antibody titre at embryo transfer and progesterone concentration on Days 2, 4, 6, and 12 after estrus were determined. Fertility was lower in Group A when compared to Group C (42.3 vs 84.1%; P < 0.01) while that of Group B (63.2%) did not differ from those of Groups A and C. In immunized groups, most of the embryo losses occurring were complete (both embryos were lost), resulting in a decreased fertility, while in the untreated group embryo losses were mainly partial (only one embryo was lost), hence lowering prolificacy. Fertility in immunized groups changed according to the antibody titre reached. Ewes from Groups A and B with higher antibody titres displayed lower fertility than control ewes. On Days 4 and 12 of the cycle, Group A plasma progesterone concentrations positively correlated with antibody titres and were higher with respect to those of Group C (P < 0.05). Progesterone levels in Group B were similar to those of Group C. These results indicate that ewes reaching higher antibody levels had more embryo losses, attributable to the adverse influences of the oviductal and/or uterine environment on embryo development.   78                                   NAL Call. No.: SF380.I52 Embryo recovery, evaluation, storage and transfer in goats. Amoah, E.A.; Gelaye, S. New York : Elsevier; 1991 Oct. Small ruminant research v. 6 (1/2): p. 119-129; 1991 Oct.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Embryo transfer; Embryos; Superovulated females; Hormones; Frozen storage; Cryoprotectants; Surgical operations   79                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryo recovery from mares exposed to a year-to-year artificially prolonged daylength. Kot, K.; Tischner, M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 357-365; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mares; Embryos; Recovery; Superovulation; Photoperiod; Seasonality; Coat  Abstract:  The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of a year-to-year prolonged daylength on the patterns of equine reproductive activity and results of embryo recovery. Experiments using Konik Polski mares were conducted over four reproduction seasons. Five mares were exposed to a regimen of artificially prolonged daylength (APD) and another five mares in a control group were kept under conditions of natural daylight. Both the control and experimental groups were examined for appearance of estrus, ovulation and also for the state of their coats. A single stallion was used for breeding all of the mares. The embryos were recovered nonsurgically 6 to 9 days after ovulation. All of the mares exposed to APD showed increased ovarian activity, which commenced earlier than in the control group. About 19% more ovulations were detected in the experimental group. The average number of ovulations per lighted mare per year was 15.3, while in the control group it was 12.4 ovulations (P < 0.05). However, the embryo recovery rate and total number of embryos obtained from the mares exposed to APD did not exceed the number of embryos collected from the control mares (P < 0.05). Modification of daylength had a visible effect on the mares by producing a change in their coats.   80                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Embryo survival and conceptus growth after reciprocal embryo transfer between Chinese Meishan and Landrace X Large White gilts. Ashworth, C.J.; Haley, C.S.; Aitken, R.P.; Wilmut, I. Colchester : The Journal; 1990 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 90 (2): p. 595-603; 1990 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Pig breeds; Landrace; Large white; Crosses; Embryos; Survival; Conceptus; Growth; Embryo transfer   81                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryo survival in pseudopregnant and in pregnant but genetically semi-sterile recipients after nonsurgical embryo transfer in the mouse. Hoeven, F.A. van der; Schouten, M.; Boer, P. de Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 463-475; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryo transfer; Pregnancy; Pseudopregnancy; Survival; Mice; Superovulation  Abstract:  A new nonsurgical embryo transfer technique was used in the mouse that yielded survival rates of between 40 and 70% depending on embryo stage and, possibly, on the degree of synchrony between the embryo and recipient. Three variables were tested using this embryo transfer technique: a) pseudopregnant recipients vs pregnant but genetically semi- sterile recipients, b) embryos resulting from superovulation vs embryos from natural ovulation, and c) 12-hour vs 24-hour asynchrony between donors and recipients. None of these variables significantly affected the pregnancy rate or the percentage of transferred embryos developing to term. The pregnancy rates were between 77 and 90% in 6 experimental groups of 8 to 13 females. Survival rates were between 41 and 63% when all recipients were considered and between 53 and 68% when only the pregnant recipients were included. The embryo transfer procedure influenced litter size composition of the endogenous conceptuses of the semi-sterile recipients. Too many females were devoid of these. Recipients of expanded blastocysts had significantly better transfer results than recipients that also received morulae and early blastocysts. It was concluded that the transfer success rates were influenced by the recipients and possibly by their preparation for transfer.   82                            NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.I57 1988 Embryo transfer, African swine fever, enzootic bovine leukosis, animal health status, Berlin recommendations Madrid (Spain), 27-30 September 1988, 13th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for Europe. International Office of Epizootics. Regional Commission for Europe. Conference 1988 : Madrid, Spain) Paris, France : Office international des epizooties,; 1989. v, 303 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Leukemia in animals; African swine fever; Animals; Embryo transplantation   83                                    NAL Call. No.: SF207.B4 Embryo transfer and related biotechnologies in cattle. Seidel, G.E. Jr Bryan, Tex. : Lang Printing; 1989. Beef cattle science handbook v. 23: p. 53-58; 1989.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo transfer; Biotechnology; Embryology   84                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryo transfer as a means of controlling the transmission of viral infections. XIII. Failure to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus through the transfer of embryos from viremic donors. Mebus, C.A.; Singh, E.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Feb. Theriogenology v. 35 (2): p. 435-441; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo transfer; Disease control; Disease transmission; Foot and mouth disease; Aphthovirus  Abstract:  A total of 436 embryos/unfertilized ova was collected from 30 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viremic cattle; 106 of these embryos/ova were from eight donors that had FMD virus in their reproductive tracts. The 436 embryos/ova were washed and then either assayed in cell culture or intradermally in steer tongues or transferred to recipients. Foot-and-mouth infectivity was not found to be associated with any of the embryos/ova assayed in cell culture or intradermally. The 149 embryos transferred produced two abortions, five sets of twins born prematurely, and 15 normal calves. All of the recipients and all of the calves remained FMD-seronegative.   85                                   NAL Call. No.: SF201.E42 Embryo transfer, cattle transcription of proceedings. Hibburt, Chris Australian Association of Cattle Veterinarians, University of Sydney, Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science Sydney, N.S.W. : Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science,; 1990. iv, 91 p. ; 26 cm. (Refresher course for veterinarians. Proceedings ; 131.). Includes index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Transplantation; Congresses   86                                  NAL Call. No.: SF376.2.E4 Embryo transfer goats & sheep, 7-10 December 1989..  Embryo transfer goats and sheep, 7-10 December 1989 Jackson, Peter University of Sydney, Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science Sydney South, N.S.W., Australia : Post Graduate Committee in Veternary Science, University of Sydney,; 1989. x, 90 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. (Refresher course for veterinarians. Proceedings, no. 127).  "Venue: Orange Agricultural College, Orange NSW"--T.p.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Transplantation; Congresses; Goats; Embryos; Transplantation; Congresses   87                                   NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Embryo transfer in animals, January 1986-November 1989. Cheney, S. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1990 Jan. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculure, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (90-19): 25 p.; 1990 Jan.  Updates QB 87-33. Bibliography.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animals; Embryos (animal); Transplantation; Bibliographies   88                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Embryo transfer in cattle. Selk, G. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Aug. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University (3158): 4 p.; 1991 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo transfer; Superovulation; Insemination; Costs   89                                 NAL Call. No.: SF767.5.S43 Embryo transfer in dairy cattle. Seidel, George E.; Elsden, R. P. Fort Atkinson, Wis. : Hoard's Dairyman,; 1989. 101 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.  Includes index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle   90                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Embryo transfer in Korean native cattle. Yang, B.S.; Oh, S.J.; Yoo, S.H.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, K.S.; Im, K.S.; Sul, D.S. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 373; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Korea republic; Cattle; Embryo transfer   91                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Embryo transfer in purebred cattle to accelerate the production in Thailand. Sujarit, V.K.S.; Singhajan, S.; Sirivejapundu, S.; Satayapunt, C. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 372; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Thailand; Cattle; Animal production; Embryo transfer   92                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Embryo transfer in swine. Veselinovic, S.; Kosarcic, D.; Veselinovic, S.; Miljkovic, V.; Mrvos, G.; Kuzmanov, D.; Ninkov, I.; Murgaski, S.; Stancic, B.; Pursel, V.G. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan. World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 67-68; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Embryo transfer; Embryo mortality; Pregnancy rate   93                                   NAL Call. No.: SF600.C82 Embryo transfer, semen, scrapie, and B.S.E. Wrathall, A.E.; Brown, K.F.D. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991. Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science v. 55: p. 243-253; 1991.  In the series analytic: Sub-acute spongiform encephalopathies / edited by R. Bradley, M. Savey, and B. Marchant. Proceedings of a Seminar in the CEC Agricultural Research Programme, November 12-14, 1990, Brussels.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Scrapie; Vertical transmission; Embryo transfer; Bovine spongiform encephalopathy   94                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.E96 1986 Embryo transfer techniques related to application fields. Smidt, D.; Niemann, H. New York : Published by arrangement with the FAO of the UN by Plenum Press; 1989. Biotechnology for livestock production / prepared by the Animal Production and Health Division, FAO. p. 63-70; 1989.  Paper presented at the "Expert Consultation on the Application of Biotechnology in Livestock Production and Health in Developing Countries," October 6-10, 1986, Rome, Italy.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Embryo transfer; Embryos; Isolation; Superovulation; Cryopreservation; Donors   95                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryo transfer: the next 100 years. Seidel, G.E. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 171-180; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryo transfer; Biotechnology; Embryology   96                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Embryo transplantation in naturally infected swine by pseudorabies virus. Veselinovic, S.; Veselinovic, S.; Kosarcic, D.; Mihajlovic, B.; Surjanovic, M.; Bolin, S.R. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Apr. World review of animal production v. 26 (2): p. 67-68; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Embryo transfer; Disease transmission; Latent infections   97                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryogenesis in conservation biology--or, how to make an endangered species embryo. Wildt, D.E.; Monfort, S.L.; Donoghue, A.M.; Johnston, L.A.; Howard, J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 161-184; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Wildlife; Wildlife conservation; Embryogenesis; Embryo culture; Artificial insemination; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  Embryo technologies have not as yet contributed to practical conservation of rare wildlife species. Production of young following artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been sporadic, and it is now clear that biological differences among species limit our abilities to adapt these techniques easily to rare species. Nonetheless, there is encouraging progress at two levels. First, there is more acceptance that rare wildlife species safely tolerate the manipulations necessary to collect basic reproductive information or to test artificial breeding. This has increased access to rare animal populations and helped develop organized captive breeding programs, many of which emphasize the need for more research, Secondly, a gradually developing database about how these species reproduce is driving more systematic experimentation and artificial breeding attempts. Studies in our laboratory focus on producing embryos in vivo or in vitro. When essential information is available on fundamental reproductive processes, and, especially when comparative data are available from a domesticated animal model, then AI techniques are adapted to the endangered species. When few data are available, then studies emphasize using IVF (often in combination with in vitro oocyte maturation) to examine the factors regulating embryo formation and viability. These strategies are illustrated by recent progress involving (i) AI of select species of cervids, felids and mustelids, (ii) oocyte maturation in felids and (iii) IVF and ET in felids. Offspring have been produced, but perhaps more important are the answers to fundamental and mechanistic questions about why some wildlife species thrive and others do not. If reality- based conservation is defined as a continual data-gathering process that assimilates any and all information ultimately useful for preserving species, then embryo technologies are making considerable contributions to conservation biolog   98                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Embryogenesis recapitulates oogenesis in swine. Pope, W.F. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 Mar. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 199 (3): p. 273-281; 1992 Mar.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Oocytes; Follicles; Blastocyst; Embryo transfer; Embryonic development; Embryo mortality; Oogenesis; Ovulation; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Events during oogenesis can affect embryogenesis so dramatically that oocytes can be identified that are progenitors of embryos which would probably die if they remained in the host pig, but would live if appropriately transferred to another female. This review goes backward from embryonic to oocyte development, first discussing how subtle differences between littermate embryos can result in the death of some embryos and then relating the causes of those differences to events during follicular maturation. Embryonic development is not uniform in swine. The larger blastocysts within a litter synthesize estradiol sooner than their less developed contemporaries. Estradiol advances uterine secretions to the benefit of the more developed blastocysts, but results in an asynchronous and hostile environment for the less developed blastocysts. Through a series of experiments, the pattern of oocyte and follicular development was found to be one of the sources of subsequent disparity among blastocysts. in pigs mated before ovulation, the first oocytes released at ovulation were the first fertilized and became the more developed blastocysts 12 days later. Inversely, the later ovulated oocytes were the last to be fertilized and became the smaller blastocysts. These smaller blastocysts can develop normally, but because of estrogenic advancement of uterine secretions, they will preferentially die.   99                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Embryonic loss in superovulated cattle caused by the 1;29 Robertsonian translocation. Schmutz, S.M.; Moker, J.S.; Barth, A.D.; Mapletoft, R.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 705-714; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Beef bulls; Embryo mortality; Spontaneous abortion; Superovulation; Chromosome translocation; Karyotypes; Chromosome aberrations; Ova; Fertilization; Female fertility; Ovulation rate  Abstract:  The effect of the 1;29 Robertsonian translocation on fertility was studied using embryos resulting from matings of nine carrier cows and two carrier bulls. Embryos were collected from the following three mating groups utilizing superovulation: normal bull cross normal cow, normal bull cross translocation carrier cow, and translocation carrier bull cross normal cow. The proportion of ova which were fertilized did not vary among the groups, indicating that fertilization rates were not affected by the translocation. The translocation cows did yield fewer embryos on average than did cows with normal karyotypes, which may suggest ovulation rates are reduced (at least after superovulation attempts) in cattle carrying the 1;29 translocation. Twenty of 39 embryos successfully karyotyped had abnormal chromosome complements. All four of the theoretically predicted karyotypes and two additional abnormal combinations were found. Eight of 39 (20.5%) embryos karyotyped had unbalanced karyotypes which would have resulted in embryonic loss. The proportion of embryos with unbalanced karyotypes, was slightly higher when the cow (36%) carried the translocation than when the bull (19%) did. Results of this study indicate that fertility is impaired due to the presence of this translocation. The major loss in reproductive potential appears to be due to embryonic loss rather than fertilization failure.   100                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Embryo-transfer twinning and performance efficiency in beef production. Guerra-Martinez, P.; Dickerson, G.E.; Anderson, G.B.; Green, R.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1990 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 68 (12): p. 4039-4050; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Embryo transfer; Twinning; Beef production; Cost benefit analysis; Liveweight gain   101                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Endocrine changes in beef heifers superovulated with follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH-P) or human menopausal gonadotropin. Alcivar, A.A.; Maurer, R.R.; Anderson, L.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 70 (1): p. 224-231; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Beef cows; Superovulated females; Human menopausal gonadotropin; Fsh; Prostaglandins; Lh; Hormone secretion; Intramuscular injection; Intravenous injection; Estradiol  Abstract:  The effects of superovulatory treatment (FSH-P vs human menopausal gonadotropin, HMG) and of route of administration (i.m. vs. i.v.) of prostaglandin F2, (PGF2 alpha) on hormonal profiles were determined in 32 Angus X Hereford heifers. Heifers were superstimulated with either FSH-P (total of 26 mg) or HMG (total of 1,050 IU) beginning on d 9 to 12 of an estrous cycle and PGF2 alpha (40 mg) was administered at 60 and 72 h after the beginning of superovulatory treatments. Heifers were artificially inseminated three times at 12-h intervals beginning 48 h after PGF2 alpha treatment. Blood serum samples were collected immediately before treatments began, at 12-h intervals during the first 60 h, each 4 h during the next 96 h, and each 12 h until day of embryo collection. Concentrations of LH and FSH were not affected by hormone treatments, route of PGF2 alpha injection, or interactions between them. Estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) levels were higher (P < .05) in HMG- than in FSH- P-treated heifers 60 h after gonadotropin treatment. Peak concentration of E2-17 beta occurred earlier (P < .05) in HMG- than in FSH-P-treated heifers and earlier in heifers injected with PGF2 alpha i.m. than in those injected i.v. Progesterone concentrations were not influenced by treatment or route of PGF2 alpha administration, but were affected (P < .01) by the interactions between treatment and route of PGF2 alpha administration. Progesterone declined to basal levels earlier in the FSH-P- than in the HMG-treated heifers. Progesterone began to increase 24 h after the LH peak in the FSH-P group but remained at basal levels at 24 h for the HMG-treated heifers. The progesterone:E2-17 beta ratio was also higher in FSH-P- than in HMG-treated heifers 24 h after LH peak. Premature regression of corpora lutea was observed after estrus in 19% of the heifers, as indicated by decreased progesterone concentrations at the time of embryo collection. Based on the endocrine changes presented here we suggest t   102                                  NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 Equine embryo transfer. McKinnon, A.O.; Squires, E.L. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1988 Aug. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 4 (2): p. 305-333. ill; 1988 Aug.  In the series analytic: Reproduction / edited by S.D. Van Camp.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mares; Embryos (animal); Blastocyst; Morphology; Transplantation; Synchronized females; Embryonic development; Conception rate; Collection; Quality   103                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Estrus induction with prostaglandin F2 alpha, cloprostenol or fenprostalene during the normal estrous cycle, superovulation and after embryo collection. Desaulniers, D.M.; Guay, P.; Vaillancourt, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Oct. Theriogenology v. 34 (4): p. 667-682; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Estrus; Superovulation; Prostaglandins; Analogs; Synchronization; Embryos; Collection   104                                  NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Evaluation and exploitation of crossbreeding in dairy cattle. Swan, A.A.; Kinghorn, B.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 624-639; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Crossbreeding; Breed differences; Heterosis; Epistasis; Mathematical models; Matrices; Sires; Dams (mothers); Genotypes  Abstract:  Given appropriate genetic resources, there is a range of approaches that can be taken to exploit crossbreeding in dairy cattle. These all require animal evaluation in a procedure that accommodates the genetic mechanisms causing heterosis and the effect of mate genotype on progeny merit. For each characteristic measured, expression in each crossbred type can be considered as a different trait and a multitrait model fined for predicting a range of proofs, one for each candidate mate genotype. Implementation of mate selection based on these evaluations can be carried out to yield a sensible "fine structure" of program design (optimally exploiting crossing and selection effects) within a chosen "coarse structure" of program design (such as four-pathway design or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer design). Future developments may yield mate selection strategies that also generate such coarse structure designs, accommodating benefits of assortative mating, appropriate progeny testing, avoidance of inbreeding, attention to genetic connection between breeds, herds, and countries, and other animal breeding issues of importance.   105                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Evaluation of the incorporation of GnRH into a superovulatory regimen for Zebu cattle. Posadas, E.; Valencia, J.; Zarco, L.; Avila, J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 761-767; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Zebu; Cows; Superovulation; Gnrh; Fsh; Luteolysis; Estrus; Embryos; Ova; Collection; Embryo transfer; Rectal palpation; Corpus luteum; Blastocyst; Morula; Embryonic development  Abstract:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) as part of a superovulatory regimen for Zebu cattle. Forty Zebu cows were superovulated with 40 mg of follicle stimulating hormone- pituitary (FSH-P) divided in eight fractions of 5 mg injected at 12-h intervals. Luteolysis was induced with 15 mg of luprostiol injected at 48 h after the first injection of FSH- P. Half of the animals were injected with 200 micrograms of GnRH 3 h after the onset of standing estrus. The other 20 animals were not injected with GnRH. All the cows were inseminated three times at 12-h intervals, starting at the time of standing estrus. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically 7 d after the last insemination. Palpation per rectum performed immediately after collection of the embryos did not show differences in the number of corpora lutea between groups (P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no significant differences between treatments with respect to the total number of embryos plus ova, total number of embryos, or the number of transferable embryos recovered (P > 0.05). The number of blastocysts, morulae, degenerated morulae and unfertilized ova was similar for the two groups. It is concluded that the incorporation of GnRH into a part of the superovulatory treatment for Zebu cattle does not improve the results of such treatment.   106                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Exogenous oxytocin dilates the cervix in ewes. Khalifa, R.M.E.; Sayre, B.L.; Lewis, G.S. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 70 (1): p. 38-42; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Oxytocin; Cervix; Dilation; Embryo transfer; Artificial insemination; Estradiol  Abstract:  Cervical anatomy in ewes usually prevents nonsurgical, intrauterine AI and transcervical embryo transfer (ET), which limits their commercial use in sheep. This study was conducted to determine whether oxytocin would dilate the cervix in ewes and permit passage of a stainless steel rod into the uterus. In Exp. 1, at 44 and 52 h after removal of progestogenated pessaries, ewes were injected i.v. with 0 (saline), 200, 400, or 600 USP units of oxytocin. Immediately before and after treatments, stainless steel rods were used to evaluate cervical dilation and determine whether the uterus could be entered. A rod could not be passed through the cervix and into the uterus in any of the saline-treated ewes. All doses of oxytocin given at 44 and 52 h after pessary removal dilated the cervix and permitted easy passage of a rod into the uterus. At both 44 and 52 h, a stainless steel rod was passed into the uterus in 33 of 43 (77%) of the oxytocin- treated ewes. In 93% (40/43) of these ewes, a rod could be passed into the uterus during either the 44-h or during the 52-h attempt. In Exp. 2, on d 9 after pessary removal, ewes were injected i.v. with oxytocin (400 USP units) at 6 or 12 h after i.v. estradiol-17 beta (0, l00, or 200 microgram). Cervical dilation was evaluated as in Exp. 1. Dose of estradiol X time of oxytocin affected (P < .01) the proportion of ewes in which a rod could be passed transcervically into the uterus. A rod was passed into the uterus in 83% of the ewes treated with oxytocin 12 h after 100 and 200 microgram of estradiol-17 beta; maximum success rate was 50% for the other treatments. Results indicate that oxytocin given 44 and 52 h after pessary removal and estrogen and oxytocin given 9 d after pessary removal dilated the cervix in ewes. These treatments may be useful for improving AI and ET procedures in sheep.   107                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Experience of MOET with Welsh Black cattle in a group breeding scheme. Brown, C.M.; Axford, R.F.E.; Williams, G.; Wilson, I.B.H.; Owen, J.B. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jul. Theriogenology v. 34 (1): p. 159-165; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Welsh black; Breeding programs; Ovulation; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Viability   108                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Factors affecting low temperature survival of mammalian oocytes. Parks, J.E.; Ruffing, N.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 59-73; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Oocytes; Cryopreservation; Survival; Viability; Mammals  Abstract:  The ability to cryopreserve mammalian oocytes effectively would greatly increase their availability for a broad range of reproductive technologies. Oocytes have been frozen using both equilibrium and non-equilibrium approaches originally developed for mammalian cleavage-stage embryos, but rates of fertilization and development are typically much lower than with unfrozen oocytes. Production of live young from frozen oocytes of domestic animals has not been reported. Sensitivity of cytoskeletal elements, the meiotic spindle and other components of the cortical ooplasm to chilling and cryoprotective agents may contribute to the limited success in oocyte cryopreservation. Oocytes are also subject to physical events during freezing which influence cell survival. Estimates of biophysical parameters which influence the osmotic and cryobiological responses of oocytes are becoming available and may be useful for developing freezing protocols.   109                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Factors affecting the efficiency of nuclear transplantation in the rabbit embryo. Collas, P.; Robl, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1990 Nov. Biology of reproduction v. 43 (5): p. 877-884. ill; 1990 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Embryos; Culture; Oocytes; Transplantation; Cloning; Cytochalasin b   110                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Factors affecting the survival of bisected sheep embryos in vivo. Szell, A.; Hudson, R.H.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 379-387; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Splitting; Embryo transfer; Survival; Collection; Age; Developmental stages; Sucrose; Dehydration  Abstract:  Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of different factors on the survival of split sheep embryos. In Experiment 1, embryos collected on Day-6, Day-7 or Day-8 were bisected and transferred into recipient ewes in pairs. The proportions of Day-6, Day-7 and Day-8 demi-embryos developing to lambs were 26% (14/54), 30% (31/102) and 32% (24/74), respectively. Replacement of bisected late morula to expanded late blastocyst stage embryos into zonae did not affect their survival rate (P > 0.5). The proportion of demi- embryos developing to lambs in recipients with two or more ovulations was higher (35%, 53/152) than in recipients with a single ovulation (21%, 16/78; P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, Day-6 embryos were split with or without exposure to 0.25 M of sucrose and were transferred into recipients in pairs or singly. Exposure to 0.25 M of sucrose decreased the proportion of split embryos developing to lambs compared with that of the controls (31%, 22/70 vs 49%, 34/70; P<0.05). The effects of the number of demi-embryos transferred or the stage of development on the survival rate were not significant (P > 0.05). The number of lambs born per original embryo was the highest when the embryos were split without exposure to sucrose and transferred into recipients singly (106%, 17/16).   111                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Factors affecting the viability of nuclear transplanted embryos. Smith, L.C.; Wilmut, I. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 153-164. ill; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Nuclei; Transplantation; Viability   112                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Factors affecting viability of fresh and frozen-thawed sheep demi-embryos. Shelton, J.N. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 713-721; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Blastocyst; Morula; Freezing; Sucrose; Ethylene glycol; Glycerol; Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotectants; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy rate  Abstract:  The addition of 0.1 M sucrose to the medium in which sheep embryos were bisected had no effect (39.5 vs 36.4%) on the survival rate of demi-embryos transferred (one per ewe) to recipients. There was a trend to greater survival of demi-blastocysts (44.7%) compared to demi-morulae (30%), and all the surviving twins were derived from the demiblastocysts. It is suggested that the survival of demimorulae is enhanced by the transfer of two demi-morulae to one uterine horn. In three experiments demi-embryos were frozen after the addition of 1.5 M glycerol in three or six steps or after the addition of 1.5 M ethylene glycol in six steps. No treatment resulted in acceptable survival rates of the demi-embryos transferred to recipients after thawing and step-wise removal of the cryoprotectant. Overall, 8 of 142 (5.6%) cryopreserved demi-embryos survived as 50-day fetuses or term lambs compared with 14 of 31 (45.2%) whole embryos.   113                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Failure of embryo transfer to transmit BLV in a dairy herd. DiGiacomo, R.F.; McGinnis, L.K.; Studer, E.; Evermann, J.F. London : The Association; 1990 Nov03. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127 (18): p. 456; 1990 Nov03.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Bovine oncovirus; Bovine leukosis; Vertical transmission; Embryo transfer; Herds   114                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Failure of embryos from bluetongue infected cattle to transmit virus to susceptible recipients or their offspring. Acree, J.A.; Echternkamp, S.E.; Kappes, S.M.; Luedke, A.J.; Holbrook, F.R.; Pearson, J.E.; Ross, G.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 689-697; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Bluetongue virus; Embryos; Disease transmission; Vertical transmission; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  Sixty heifers were infected with bluetongue virus (BTV) by the bites of the vector and by inoculation with insect origin virus. During the acute and convalescent stages of the infection, embryos were collected nonsurgically from these animals and washed according to the recommendations of the International Embryo Transfer Society (1). No BTV was isolated from 77 of these embryos when they were inoculated onto cell culture and into embryonating chicken eggs. There was no evidence of lateral BTV transmission when 231 of these embryos were transferred into susceptible recipients, nor was there evidence of vertical BTV transmission to the 88 calves resulting from these transfers. Another six donors that were assumed to have recovered from a natural infection of BTV, were added to the study to increase the probability of obtaining embryos from a persistently infected BTV carrier. However, it was determined later that these animals had not been infected with BTV but with the closely-related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Embryos were collected from these donors and washed as above. Neitheos; Embryo transf isolated from 26 of these embryos by the inoculation of cell culture and embryonating chicken eggs. There was no evidence of lateral BTV or EHDV transmission to recipients of 15 of these embryos or of vertical BTV or EHDV transmission to the resulting 7 calves. However, two recipients of embryos from one of these donors developed antibodies to BTV 6 to 9 months after transfer. Passive antibodies to BTV were also detected in their calves. There is good evidence that these two recipients acquired BTV from natural exposure to infected insect vectors and not from the transferred embryos.   115                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Failure to maintain interspecific pregnancy after transfer of Dall's sheep embryos to domestic ewes. Buckrell, B.C.; Gartley, C.J.; Mehren, K.G.; Crawshaw, G.J.; Johnson, W.H.; Barker, I.K.; Balke, J.; Coghill, C.; Challis, J.R.G.; Goodrowe, K.L. Colchester : The Journal; 1990 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 90 (2): p. 387-394; 1990 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Ovis dalli; Ewes; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Superovulation; Pregnancy   116                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Female traits, ovary and follicle characteristics, and the conditional probability of normal oocyte development after superovulation of beef cows. Greer, R.C.; Staigmiller, R.B.; Parrish, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 70 (1): p. 263-272; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Superovulated females; Plane of nutrition; Ovaries; Graafian follicles; Oocytes; Progesterone; Mathematical models; Cumulus oophorus  Abstract:  The proportion of transferable beef embryos obtained after superovulation, follicle aspiration, and in vitro maturation and fertilization has been small. To seek possible explanations, cows on different planes of nutrition were treated with exogenous gonadotropin and oocytes were isolated from their ovaries. The record for each oocyte included characteristics of the follicle, ovary, and cow from which it was obtained and the response to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and development. The sample was used to obtain estimates of the relationships among the variables. The logistic function with the probability of normal development as the dependent variable was the basic equation of the statistical model. When an explanatory variable was itself a result of the biological system, an equation explaining variation therein was added to the model. Had equations representing endogenous regressors not been added to the model a simple, single equation would have represented oocyte development response; given an oocyte at aspiration only one variable, cumulus quantity, was found to condition the probability of normal development directly. However, the complete model included four additional equations: 1) the probability that an oocyte was recovered at aspiration was conditional on the plane of nutritional treatment and progesterone concentration in follicular fluid; 2) cumulus quantity was conditional on the presence on a corpus luteum, follicle size, and progesterone concentration; 3) progesterone concentration was dependent on plane of nutrition; and 4) corpus luteum was conditional on plane of nutrition. The estimated model provided some insight into the complexity of oocyte development response and the role nutrition may play.   117                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 The fertility of donor cows after participation in an embryo transplantation programme. Veselinovic, S.; Veselinovic, S.; Kosarcic, D.; Kovacevic, K.; Jovin, N.; Jovicin, M.; Mandic, L. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1990 Apr. World review of animal production v. 25 (2): p. 49-50; 1990 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Female fertility; Embryo transfer; Superovulation   118                                  NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82 Folate deficiency alone does not produce neural tube defects in mice. Heid, M.K.; Bills, N.D.; Hinrichs, S.H.; Clifford, A.J. Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Apr. The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (4): p. 888-894; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Diet; Vitamin deficiencies; Folic acid; Nervous system diseases; Mice  Abstract:  The incidence of neural tube defects was studied in mouse embryos from dams fed an amino acid-based diet containing 45, 91, 136, 181, 227 or 453 nmol folic acid/kg diet (Experiment 1) or 227, 453, 566, 680, 906, 1132, 1698 or 2266 nmol folic acid/kg diet (Experiment 2). Reproductive tracts were examined 12 d postcoltum and gross and microscopic examination of all embryos was performed. A single implantation was found at levels less than or equal to 181 nmol folic acid/kg diet. With one exception, bred mice fed 227 or 453 nmol folic acid/kg diet in Experiment 1 had 100% resorptions. In Experiment 2, 100% of implantations in mice fed 227 nmol folic acid/kg diet and approximately 75% of implantations in mice fed 453 or 566 nmol folic acid/kg diet resorbed. The 906 nmol folic acid/kg diet was sufficient for successful pregnancy. Mice fed 227 nmol folic acid/kg diet in Experiment 2 weighed approximately 80% of mice fed higher levels of folic acid. Inadequate dietary folic acid resulted in fewer and smaller embryos (which developed normally). These results suggest that folate deficiency alone is insufficient to produce neural tube defects in Swiss-Webster mice. Because individual micronutrients (e.g., folate) can be omitted from the amino acid-based diet, the specific role of folic acid in neurulation can now be studied systematically.   119                                 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Follicular dynamics and superovulation in cattle. Guibault, L.A.; Lussier, J.G.; Grasso, F.; Matton, P.; Rouillier, P. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Feb. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 32 (2): p. 91-93; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Embryo transfer; Superovulation; Follicles; Ova; Fsh; Oogenesis   120                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Follicular dynamics in sheep and cattle. Draincourt, M.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 55-79; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Cattle; Follicles; Growth; Differentiation; Biological development; Morphology; Gonadotropins   121                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Freezing of porcine embryos. Jung, J.K.; Chang, W.K. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 245; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos; Freezing   122                                  NAL Call. No.: QC278.C72 Freezing of sheep embryos in 3.0 M methanol. Czlonkowska, M.; Papis, K.; Guszkiewicz, A.; Kossakowski, M.; Eysymont, U. Cambridge : The Journal; 1991 Jan. Cryo letters v. 12 (1): p. 11-16; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Methanol; Cryoprotectants; Cryopreservation; Freezing; Thawing; Survival   123                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Full-term development of bovine follicular oocytes matured in culture and fertilized in vitro. Utsumi, K.; Kato, H.; Iritani, A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 695-703; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Cows; Oocytes; Graafian follicles; Cell culture; In vitro; Maturation; Fertilization; Spermatozoa; Penetration; Cleavage; Blastocyst; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy rate; Oviducts; Rabbits  Abstract:  Follicular oocytes were cultured for 28h in vitro and 91% of the oocytes reached the second metaphase in culture. The penetration rate after insemination in vitro using frozen-thawed spermatozoa was 81%. After cultivation for 48h in vitro, 18% of the in vitro fertilized oocytes developed to the three- to four-cell stages and 21% of these developed to the six- to eight-cell stages. Following in vivo culture in the rabbit oviduct, 18% of six- to eight-cell and 5% of three- to four-cell embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. To confirm the full developmental competence, 11 blastocysts were transferred to recipient cows, and six (55%) cows became pregnant or delivered calves.   124                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Genetic variation in reproductive responses to a high-energy diet in mice. Pomp, D.; Eisen, E.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1875-1884; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Flushing; Genetic variation; Ovulation rate; Embryo mortality; Selection; Plane of nutrition; Energy intake; Litter size; Body weight; Embryo implantation; Mice  Abstract:  Effects of a high-energy diet on reproduction were studied in 300 mice from lines selected for litter size and(or) 6-wk BW (L+, increased litter size; W+, increased body weight; L+W-, increased litter size and decreased body weight; L-W+, decreased litter size and increased body weight; and K, randomly selected control). Mice received a high-energy diet (HED; 3.8 kcal/g of ME) or a standard diet (STD; 3.3 kcal/g of ME) from 8 to 11 wk of age and were then mated and evaluated for ovulation rate and embryo survival through 17 d of gestation. The HED increased ovulation rate in all lines (P < .05). The line X diet interaction was significant, with increased ovulation rate due to HED ranging from 9.9% in W+ to 24.2% in L-W+. Within-line regression coefficients of ovulation rate on ME intake (kilocalories from 10 to 11 wk) varied from .08 +/- .04 (P < .05) in L+W- to .177 +/- .05 (P < .01) in L+. In contrast, nonsignificant increases were observed in litter size (live fetuses at 17 d of gestation) due to HED. Effects of HED on embryo survival rate were significantly negative in L+ and L+W-; the decrease in L+ was a result of preimplantation losses, and the decrease in L+W- was due to postimplantation losses. The line X diet interaction was significant for postimplantation embryo survival. The results indicate significant genetic variation in reproductive responses to a high-energy diet in mice.   125                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Human leukemia inhibitory factor improves the viability of cultured ovine embryos. Fry, R.C.; Batt, P.A.; Fairclough, R.J.; Parr, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1992 Mar. Biology of reproduction v. 46 (3): p. 470-474; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Embryos; Culture techniques; Leukemia; Inhibitors  Abstract:  Embryos were collected from ewes on Day 6 after estrus (Day 0 = estrus), placed in M2 culture medium, and assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Some embryos were transferred to recipient ewes on Day 6 of their estrous cycle either in pairs (group 1) or singularly (group 2) within 3 h of collection. The remaining embryos were individually cultured for 48 h in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in humidified air in either synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) medium (group 3) or SOF containing 1000 U/ml of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) (SOF + hLIF: group 4). These embryos were then transferred to recipient ewes on Day 8 of their estrous cycle. The addition of hLIF to culture medium significantly improved the development of the embryos compared with control embryos prior to transfer blastocysts hatching from the zona pellucida: group 3 = 16% vs. group 4 = 64%, p < 0.05; those degenerative: group 3 = 27% vs. group 4 = 9%, p < 0.05) and the subsequent pregnancy rates of the recipient ewes, receiving a single embryo, at Day 70 of pregnancy (group 3 = 16% vs. group 4 = 50%, p < 0.05). The pregnancy rate of ewes given embryos cultured for 48 h in SOF + hLIF prior to transfer 50%; group 4) was similar to the group 2 ewes receiving a single embryo soon after collection (52%), but the pregnancy rate for both groups was significantly lower than that for the group 1 ewes receiving two embryos soon after collection (89%: 53% twins, 36% singles; p < 0.05).   126                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Hyaluronic acid as a substitute for proteins in the deep- freezing of embryos from mice and sheep: an in vitro investigation. Joly, T.; Nibart, M.; Thibier, M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 473-480; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Mice; Morula; Embryo transfer; Frozen storage; Bovine serum albumin; Hyaluronic acid; In vitro; Embryo culture; Disease prevention; Embryo mortality; Blastocyst  Abstract:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of frozen-thawed mouse and sheep embryos to develop in vitro after introducing hyaluronic acid (HA) into the freezing medium as a substitute for biological proteins. A total of 443 mouse embryos and 120 sheep embryos were divided into equal numbers to be frozen in one of two freezing media containing either 4 mg/ml BSA (control) or 1 mg/ml HA (treated). Overall, 80% of the mouse embryos developed after thawing, with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two freezing media. Similarly, 75% of the frozen-thawed sheep embryos developed in culture after thawing, with no differences (P > 0.05) between the two groups. It was concluded that although the handling of embryos is more difficult with the HA compound than with BSA, the HA compound may be safely substituted for BSA for international movement of embryos, if these preliminary results are confirmed in vivo.   127                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 The impact of pestivirus on an artificial breeding program for cattle. Kirkland, P.D.; Hart, K.G.; Moyle, A.; Rogan, E. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1990 Jul. Australian veterinary journal v. 67 (7): p. 261-263; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Australia; Beef cattle; Bovine diarrhea virus; Pneumonia; Mortality; Calves; Beef herds; Susceptibility; Serology; Pregnancy; Embryo transfer; Outbreaks; Screening; Disease transmission   128                                    NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The importance of family sizes in adult multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) nucleus breeding schemes in dairy cattle. Ruane, J. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb. Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 33-47; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Nucleus scheme; Superovulated females; Embryo transfer; Selection program; Monte carlo method; Selection responses; Family size   129                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.R47 In vitro assessment of the viability of sheep zygotes after pronuclear microinjection. Walker, S.K.; Heard, T.M.; Verma, P.J.; Rogers, G.E.; Bawden, C.S.; Sivaprasad, A.V.; McLaughlin, K.J.; Seamark, R.F. East Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Reproduction, fertility, and development v. 2 (6): p. 633-640; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Zygotes; Embryo culture; Culture media; Embryo transfer; Viability   130                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro culture of pig embryos. Reed, M.L.; Illera, M.J.; Petters, R.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 95-109; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos; Embryo culture; Culture media; Oviducts; Mice  Abstract:  Culture of pig embryos obtained prior to the four- cell stage has been difficult to accomplish. The 'in vitro developmental block' at the four-cell stage can be overcome by a number of methods to allow complete development of pig embryos from the one-cell stage to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Mouse oviducts in organ culture have been shown to provide a suitable environment for pig embryo development. Co- culture of pig embryos with oviductal cells or supplementation of culture medium with pig oviductal fluid results in improved embryonic development in vitro. Modifications to simple culture media have demonstrated that glutamine can serve as the sole exogenous energy source for development from the zygote to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Glucose was not inhibitory to the development of pig embryos in vitro. Addition of taurine and hypotaurine to the medium further increased the degree of embryo development in vitro. A number of different media have been reported that support pig embryo development in vitro. Although the nature of the 'in vitro developmental block' is not known, a number of methods now exist to circumvent this problem in the pig.   131                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro culture of sheep embryos without co-culture successes and perspectives. Walker, S.K.; Heard, T.M.; Seamark, R.F. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 111-126; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Embryo culture; Culture media; Viability  Abstract:  The finding that zygotes (one-cell embryos) from several livestock species can be routinely cultured in relatively simple media to the blastocyst stage questions the nature of the environment provided by the oviducts for the development of early stage embryos. In this paper, we review recent findings on the development of sheep embryos in simple media without co-culture. Evidence indicates that embryos are relatively insensitive to changes in the composition of media and that zygotes can develop to blastocysts at rates equal to or higher than those obtained in vivo. However, in vitro culture is associated with several developmental abnormalities. These include cytoplasmic fragmentation, early time of blastocoele formation and a reduced number of nuclei per blastocyst. Viability of embryos (to Day 50 of pregnancy) after 5 days of culture was reduced compared with embryos cultured in vivo (48.2% vs. 59.4%, P<0.1). Similarly, the viability of micromanipulated (pronuclear gene injected) embryos was significantly reduced after a comparable in vitro culture period (17.0% vs. 26.8%, P<0.05). Preliminary observations also indicate that an association exists between in vitro culture and an increase in mean gestation length, mean lamb birth weight and lamb mortality. It is possible that these abnormalities are a consequence of the developmental deficiencies incurred by the preimplantation embryo during in vitro culture. The significance of these results and the potential benefit of including somatic cell support in the culture system are discussed.   132                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro development of day-2 equine embryos co-cultured with oviductal explants or trophoblastic vesicles. Ball, B.A.; Altschul, M.; Ellington, J.E. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 669-682; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Horses; Embryos; In vitro culture; Oviducts; Trophoblast; Biological development  Abstract:  This study compared the in vitro development of Day-2 equine embryos co-cultured with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. Embryos were collected surgically from the oviducts of pony mares 2 d after ovulation and assessed for stage of development. Culture medium was Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (50:50 v/v) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.5 degrees C with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. The quality score of embryos was assessed daily. After 4 d in culture, embryos were stained (Hoechst 33342) and evaluated with epifluorescence to determine the number of nuclei present. Six of seven embryos co-cultured with oviductal explants developed to the morula/blastocyst stage, while four of seven embryos co-cultured with trophoblastic vesicles developed to the morula stage. More (P = 0.1) embryos co- cultured with oviductal explants reached the blastocyst stage than embryos co-cultured with trophoblastic vesicles (3/7 vs 0/7, respectively). The number of cells was higher (P = 0.1) for embryos co-cultured with oviductal explants than for embryos co-cultured with trophoblastic vesicles (162.6 +/- 32 vs 87.3 +/- 28, respectively). The number of cells for embryos co-cultured with either oviductal explants or trophoblastic vesicles appeared to be lower than for embryos matured in vivo that were recovered from the uterus at Day 6 (378, 399, >1000). The co-culture of early equine embryos in a completely defined medium with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants can support development to at least the morula stage. The co-culture of embryos with oviductal explants resulted in superior development of four-to eight-cell embryos, as indicated by the proportion that reached the blastocyst stage and by the number of cells.   133                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro development of ovine embryos in CZB medium. McGinnis, L.K.; Youngs, C.R. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 559-569; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryo culture; Embryonic development; Culture media; Edta; Glucose; Hcg; Morula; Blastocyst  Abstract:  One- to four-cell embryos were collected from multiparous crossbred ewes and were cultured in vitro for 120 hours in CZB medium. A 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used to examine the effects of glucose and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on in vitro embryo development. The embryos were examined every 12 hours, and all of the embryos were stained with a DNA-specific fluorochrome after the 120-hour evaluation to enable the counting of cell nuclei. Embryo development was analyzed for cleavage beyond 16 cells as well as for cleavage to at least the compact morula stage based upon both the 120-hour morphological evaluation and nuclear counts. Forty-eight percent of the embryos passed through the in vitro developmental block (i.e., cleaved beyond 16 cells), and 26% developed to 30 or more cells. Neither EDTA nor glucose affected in vitro embryo development based on the nuclear counts.   134                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.R47 In vitro embryo culture in the production of identical merino lambs by nuclear transplantation. McLaughlin, K.J.; Davies, L.; Seamark, R.F. East Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Reproduction, fertility, and development v. 2 (6): p. 619-622; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Blastomere; Oocytes; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Embryonic development; Viability   135                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 In vitro fertilization and embryo manipulation in farm animals. Cheng, W.T.K.; Hsu, T.T.; Huang, J.C.; Lin, A.C.; Wu, H.K. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 2 p. 268-281; 1990.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; In vitro culture; Embryo transfer; Fertilization   136                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 In vitro fertilization of goat oocytes. Younis, A.I.; Zuelke, K.A.; Harper, K.M.; Oliveira, M.A.L.; Brackett, B.G. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Jun. Biology of reproduction v. 44 (6): p. 1177-1182; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Oocytes; Fertilization; In vitro; Lh; Fsh  Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to achieve fertilization (IVF) and initial embryonic development of goat oocytes in vitro. Oocyte/cumulus complexes were recovered from large follicles (>7 mm) of hormonally treated does and from 1-6 mm follicles of ovaries from hormonally superstimulated and nontreated goats. Three different sperm treatment/IVF media were used: defined medium (Brackett and Oliphant, Biol Reprod 1975; 12:260-274 [1]) with modifications (mDM); TALP (Bavister and Yanagimachi, Biol Reprod 1977; 16:228-237 [21]), as modified by Parrish et al. (Theriogenology 1986; 25:591-600 [31]), i.e. modified TALP (mTALP); and HEPES-buffered M199 with modifications (mH-M199). Immature oocytes (from 1-6 mm, small antral follicles) were cultured for in vitro maturation (IVM) in M199 buffered with bicarbonate and with modifications including supplementation with 20% (v/v) goat serum (mB-M199) with either (a) 100 microgram/ml, (b) 5 microgram FSH/ml, or (c) no added gonadotropin control. Insemination of (in vivo or in vitro) matured oocytes was performed with swim-up separated and heparin-treated freshly ejaculated sperm; additionally, caffeine was included in the mDM treatment. Use of MDM yielded better results than mTALP or mH-M199 (p < .05). Results with oocytes after IVM were significantly better than those obtained with oocytes matured in vivo (68.4% vs. 45.5%, p < 0.05). Presence of LH or FSH during oocyte maturation improved both the IVM and IVF results over those of the control (p < 0.05). The highest proportion of fertilized oocytes (fertilization rate) was achieved by combining the use of mDM for sperm and IVF with IVM in the presence of LH. LH provided the highest proportion of inseminated oocytes that cleaved, 39.5% vs. 23.3 when IVM was with FSH (p < 0.05). For fertilization, mDM afforded the best results (p < 0.05) whether oocytes were matured in vivo or in vitro. Three pregnancies were initiated after oviductal transfer of 2- and 4-cell stage embryos resultin   137                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro survival of fresh and frozen/thawed bovine demi- embryos. Lucas-Hahn, A.; Niemann, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 619-627; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotectants; In vitro; Culture media  Abstract:  Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of type of culture medium in freshly bisected bovine embryos and the effects of agar embedding and of 1.2 propanediol (PROH) as the cryoprotectant in frozen/thawed bisected bovine embryos on development in vitro. A total of 265 bovine embryos were used as controls or were microsurgically bisected and were cultured in vitro for 48 hours and development was determined 24 and 48 hours after the onset of culture. Whitten's medium supported more (P < 0.05) intact and demi-embryos to grow to expanded blastocysts (92.9 and 73.1%, respectively) compared with Ham's F10 (43.8 and 26.3%, respectively) and PBS (53.8 and 12.5%, respectively). Embedding in agar and culture in Whitten's medium resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of in vitro development of frozen/thawed demi-embryos after 24 hours than the freezing of nonembedded demi-embryos (44.1 versus 19.6%, respectively). This difference disappeared, however, after a 48 hours culture period (17.6 versus 11.8%, respectively). Following freezing in PROH, survival rates of 40 and 28%, respectively after 24 hours or culture were obtained for intact and demi-embryos. The respective percentages after 48 hours were 8.6 and 16%. Since neither embedding in agar nor the use of PROH as the cryoprotectant resulted in high survival rates of frozen/thawed demi-embryos in vitro, new freezing procedures are needed to overcome the sensitivity of demi-embryos to freezing and thawing.   138                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Increased ovarian responses in the absence of a dominant follicle in superovulated cows. Huhtinen, M.; Rainio, V.; Aalto, J.; Bredbacka, P.; Maki- Tanila, A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 457-463; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Dairy cows; Synchronized females; Superovulation; Graafian follicles; Ultrasonography; Dominance; Embryo transfer; Milk; Progesterone  Abstract:  Dairy cows (n = 35) were given a single dose of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ECG or PMSG) between Days 9 and 12 after a previously synchronized estrus, and after their ovaries had been examined daily by ultrasound scanning from Day 4 or 5 to assess the presence of a dominant follicle and to monitor follicular development before the superovulatory treatment. Two different classification criteria for follicle dominance were tested: 1) a follicle entered the dominance phase when its diameter exceeded 8 mm and it stayed dominant until 3 days after it stopped growing; 2) a follicle entered the dominance phase when it exceeded 9 mm in diameter and it stayed dominant until 4 days after it ceased to grow. Under both classifications the number of transferable embryos recovered nonsurgically on Day 6 after insemination was significantly higher in cows that did not have a dominant follicle on the day they received their PMSG injection. Under Classification 1, the total numbers of embryos and oocytes recovered, and the concentration of progesterone in the milk on Day 6, were also higher in the group of cows without a dominant follicle. The results suggest that the presence of a dominant follicle at the time of gonadotrophic stimulation decreases the superovulatory response. However, more precise criteria for determining follicular dominance are required in order to improve the predictability of embryo yield in future.   139                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Increasing reproductive rates in tropical sheep by means of embryo transfer. Mutiga, E.R. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 681-688; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kenya; Ewes; Embryo transfer; Uterus; Capacity; Tropics  Abstract:  One to three embryos were transferred to three groups each of 12 Kenya Merino ewes to establish if uterine capacity is a limiting factor to reproductive performance in this breed of sheep, in a tropical environment. A fourth group of 12 ewes received three embryos following superovulation. Multiple transfers increased the number of lambs born per pregnant ewe. However, although superovulation significantly (P<0.01) increased endogenous progesterone levels in Group 4 recipient ewes, it did not improve either their conception or lambing rates. Peri- and post-natal losses increased with the number of embryos transferred and with the litter size. Consequently, the same number of lambs were weaned per recipient ewe in all four groups. It is concluded that although the uterine capacity of the Kenyan Merino ewes is higher than their natural ovulation rates require, increasing the litter size will not necessarily increase the number of lambs weaned.   140                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The infection of mouse preimplantation embryos to Sendai virus (Parainfluenza I). Lavilla-Apelo, C.; Ohta, K.; Kida, H.; Kanagawa, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul. Theriogenology v. 36 (1): p. 87-94; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Murine paramyxovirus; Embryos; Infection; Susceptibility; Preimplantation period; Embryonic development; Blastocyst; Morula; Zona pellucida; Superovulated females  Abstract:  To provide information on the susceptibility of mouse embryos to Sendai virus, it was investigated if viral replication occurs in the preimplantation embryo at different stages of development, with or without the zona pellucida (ZP). Mice were induced to superovulate, and embryos were collected on Days 2, 3 and 4 after mating. The ZP was removed by digestion with 0.5% pronase. Embryos were exposed to Sendai virus, washed, and allowed to develop in fresh culture medium. The presence of viral antigen in the embryonic cells was examined by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Specific immunofluorescence was demonstrated in the ZP-free morula and ZP-intact blastocyst. However, viral antigen was not detected in the ZP intact two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell or morula stage embryos. Infected embryos developed normally to expanded blastocysts. These findings show that mouse embryonic cells are permissive hosts to Sendai virus replication and that the ZP played the role of a barrier against the virus.   141                                  NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Influence of breed of fetus on periparturient endocrine responses and subsequent milk production of ayrshire dams. Guilbault, L.A.; Roy, G.L.; Beckers, J.F.; Dufour, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (10): p. 2766-2773; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Ayrshire; Fetus; Cattle breeds; Milk production; Embryo transfer; Estrone; Progesterone; Gestation period; Birth weight; Calves; Choriomammotropin; Prostaglandins   142                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Influence of cell cycle stage of the donor nucleus on development of nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. Collas, P.; Balise, J.J.; Robl, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1992 Mar. Biology of reproduction v. 46 (3): p. 492-500; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Embryos; Nuclei; Dna; Embryo transfer; In vitro  Abstract:  We evaluated the influence of the stage of the cell cycle of the donor nucleus on development in vitro of nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. The developmental potential of nuclei in early, mid-, and late stages of the cell cycle was determined. Duration of the G1 phase in early embryos was determined, and a procedure for reversibly synchronizing donor embryos in the G1 phase was developed. In addition, the extent of development in vitro of nuclear transplant embryos with donor nuclei synchronized in the G1 phase was evaluated. Development to blastocysts was greatly affected by the stage of the cycle of the donor nucleus. Use of early-stage nuclei led to 59% nuclear transplant blastocysts, whereas 32% and 3% were obtained with mid- and late-stage nuclear donors, respectively (p < 0.001). The short duration of the G1 phase in 16- and 32-cell-stage embryos (approximately 30 min) necessitated a procedure for synchronizing blastomeres in the G1 phase. This entailed, first, a 10-h incubation in 0.5 micrograms/ml colcemid to arrest embryos in metaphase. After release from colcemid, embryos were allowed to cleave in 0.1 microgram/ml of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, aphidicolin, and remained blocked at the G1/S transition. This treatment was reversible, as assessed by the resumption of DNA synthesis, cleavage rate, and development to blastocysts of treated embryos. The beneficial effect of using early-stage donor blastomeres was confirmed by the enhanced rate of development of manipulated embryos to blastocysts with donor nuclei in the G1 phase (71%), as opposed to the late S phase (15%, p < 0.001). It is suggested that progression of the nuclear donor in the cell cycle generates chromosome and other cellular defects in nuclear transplant embryos, which are responsible for impaired development.   143                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Inhibition of rat embryo implantation in the gossypol-treated uterine horn. Lin, Y.C.; Rajamahendran, P.; Rikihisa, Y. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 769-777; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Gossypol; Metabolites; Embryo implantation; Inhibition; Uterus; Uterine tissue; Injection; Pregnancy rate; Litter size  Abstract:  We have developed a method to test the effect of gossypol on prevention of embryo implantation in the uterine horn. On the day of proestrus, gossypol (at a dose of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 500 micrograms per uterine horn was injected directly into the lumen of the right uterine horn. The left uterine horn was injected with 100 microliters buffer. The rats were then mated with fertility proven males on the same day. The day of sperm-positive vaginal smear was designated as Day 0 of pregnancy. The number of implantation sites in both control and gossypol-treated horns was examined on Day 8 of pregnancy by laparotomy. The number of pups born was counted after parturition. At laparotomy, the percentages of pregnant animals with positive implantation sites in the gossypol- treated uterine horn (at a dose of 500, 200, 150, 100 and 50 micrograms per uterine horn) were 0, 0, 0, 10 and 44%, respectively. By contrast, implantation sites were present in 100% of the control horns of the same rats. The average numbers of total implantation sites in both horns vs the number of pups born to gossypol-treated animals using 500, 200, 150, 100, and 50 micrograms doses were 5.60 +/- 1.25 vs 4.00 +/- 1.00, 5.83 +/- 1.30 vs 4.70 +/- 1.10, 5.80 +/- 1.10 vs 5.50 +/- 1.20, 11.50 +/- 1.00 vs 9.50 +/- 1.50 and 11.67 +/- 1.20 vs 9.30 +/- 1.20, respectively. Gossypol metabolite completely inhibited embryo implantation when administered at 5.30 micrograms per uterine horn. The potency of the gossypol metabolite in preventing embryo implantation is estimated to be at least 28 times higher than the parent compound.   144                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1 Initiation of embryo implantation and maintenance of early pregnancy in the rat by chlordecone (Kepone). Johnson, D.C.; Sen, M.; Kogo, H.; Dey, S.K. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1990 Oct. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 195 (1): p. 44-50; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Chlordecone; Toxicity; Embryo implantation; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Estrone; Hypophysectomy; Ovariectomized females; Rats   145                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Interaction of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium with preimplantation bovine embryos. Riddell, K.P.; Stringfellow, D.A.; Panangala, V.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1989 Oct. Theriogenology v. 32 (4): p. 633-641; 1989 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Cattle; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma bovigenitalium; Zona pellucida; In vitro; Disease transmission   146                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The Laparoscope in follicular oocyte collection and gamete intrafallopian transfer and fertilization (GIFT). Fayrer-Hosken, R.A.; Caudle, A.B. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Nov. Theriogenology v. 36 (5): p. 709-725; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Oocytes; Follicles; Collection; Ovaries; Fertilization; Laparoscopy; Ova transfer  Abstract:  Laparoscopic recovery of bovine follicular oocytes was studied. The collection of oocytes from the superovulated bovine ovary was maximized by standardizing the collection technique. The technique was highly successful, with a 79% oocyte recovery rate of the follicles aspirated. Collected oocytes were transferred to the inseminated recipient's oviduct with a minimum of trauma through the laparoscope. This gamete intrafallopian transfer and fertilization (GIFT) resulted in multiple embryo recovery in the cow. Oviductal catheterization and the potential of GIFT are described and discussed.   147                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Laparoscopy for intrauterine insemination and embryo recovery in superovulated ewes at a commercial embryo transfer unit. Scudamore, C.L.; Robinson, J.J.; Aitken, R.P.; Kennedy, D.J.; Ireland, S.; Robertson, I.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Feb. Theriogenology v. 35 (2): p. 329-337; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Superovulation; Embryo transfer; Artificial insemination; Laparoscopy; Uterus; Cervix; Ovulation rate; Pmsg; Fsh; Human menopausal gonadotropin  Abstract:  Of 111 variable age, pedigree ewes subjected to a range of superovulatory regimens and then submitted to embryo recovery by laparoscopy, nine had adhesions corresponding to a mid-line laparotomy (presumably, from a previous attempt to recover embryos) and could not have their embryos recovered by the laparoscopic technique. Of the remainder, 27 ewes (26.5%) had less than three ovulations or had prematurely regressing corpora lutea at the selected time for embryo recovery (Days 5 to 6 following insemination), and no attempt was made to recover embryos from them. For the 75 ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum recovery following laparoscopic intrauterine insemination, the average number of ovulations (+/- SEM) was 7.9 +/- 0.6; the average ovum recovery (mean of values for each ewe) was 51.7% +/- 3.5; and the percentage of recovered ova that were fertilized was 87.3%. For a further nine 3-yr- old crossbred ewes the mean values for ovulation and ovum recovery were 7.6 +/-1.2 and 70.1 +/- 7.7, and were not significantly different for the two insemination methods used (laparoscopic intrauterine vs cervical). In general, ovulation rates for ewes given pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) tended to be lower (5.2 +/- 0.7) than for those given porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH, 7.7 +/- 0.8) or human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG, 7.7 +/-2.3). Ova recovery rates were similar on Days 5 and 6 (Day 0 = insemination), and were not affected by method of insemination (laparoscopic intrauterine vs cervical).   148                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488 Making copies of the best milk cows. New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1990 Sep05. The New York times. p. C5; 1990 Sep05.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Clones; Embryo transfer; Biotechnology   149                       NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.438 Manipulation of mouse embryos Central Institute for Experimental Animals ; presented by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyujo (Kawasaki-shi, Japan), Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha Tokyo : The Institute, [1989?]; 1989. 1 videocassette (12 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Reproduction; Mice as laboratory animals; Embryo transplantation; Animal experimentation; Animal welfare   150                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy and embryonic loss. Roberts, R.M.; Schalue-Francis, T. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 175-183; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Cattle; Pregnancy; Spontaneous abortion; Embryos (animal); Interferon; Trophoblast   151                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.R47 Maximum survival of frozen goat embryos is attained at the expanded, hatching and hatched blastocyst stages of development. Li, R.; Cameron, A.W.N.; Batt, P.A.; Trounson, A.O. East Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Reproduction, fertility, and development v. 2 (4): p. 345-350; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Embryos (animal); Freezing; Hatching; Blastocyst; Ovulation; Gestation period; Development   152                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Method for obtaining bovine zygotes produced in vivo. Ellington, J.E.; Farrell, P.B.; Simkin, M.E.; Foote, R.H. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (11): p. 1708-1710; 1990 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Zygotes; Recovery; Superovulation; Fsh; Cloprostenol; Embryo transfer; Cannulation; Viability  Abstract:  A superovulatory and surgical protocol was developed for recovery of bovine zygotes. Holstein cows and heifers were given follicle-stimulating hormone and cloprostenol to induce superovulation. Surgical cannulation and lavage of the uterine tube was performed 40 to 48 hours after the start of standing estrus. In general, cows had more corpora hemorrhagica than did heifers, but a higher percentage (P < 0.05) of ova recovered from cows were infertile. Several heifers were subjected to the procedure twice, and embryo recovery rates were equivalent both times.   153                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Methods in bovine nuclear transfer. Wolfe, B.A.; Kraemer, D.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 5-15; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Cloning; Nuclei; Transfer; Methodology; Equipment  Abstract:  Numerous reports have been published which substantiate the feasibility of nuclear transfer in cattle, but procedural details are generally not presented. The objective of this paper and the demonstration which will be presented is to describe the equipment, methods and procedures which can be utilized for bovine nuclear transfer. The major items of equipment needed are micromanipulators, microscopes, plus electrofusion generator and chambers. Methods and procedures described include: preparation of microtools, cleaning of zona pellucidae, bisection of oocytes, transfer of blastomeres, fusion, and embryo culture. Each of these steps in the process is described in detail.   154                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Micromanipulation of bovine embryos for sex determination. Herr, C.M.; Reed, K.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 45-54; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Sex determination; Micromanipulation; Freezing   155                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Morphology and proportion of inner cell mass of bovine blastocysts fertilized in vitro and in vivo. Iwasaki, S.; Yoshiba, N.; Ushijima, H.; Watanabe, S.; Nakahara, T. Colchester : The Journal; 1990 Sep. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 90 (1): p. 279-284. ill; 1990 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Blastocyst; Fertilization; Oocytes; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Rabbits; Oviducts; Morphology; Quality   156                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Misra, A.K.; Joshi, B.V.; Agrawala, P.L.; Kasiraj, R.; Sivaiah, S.; Rangareddi, N.S.; Siddiqui, M.U. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 May. Theriogenology v. 33 (5): p. 1131-1141; 1990 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Buffalo; Superovulation; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Fsh; Gonadotropin releasing hormone   157                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7 Multiple superovulations in N'Dama heifers. Jordt, T.; Lorenzini, E. Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press; 1990 Aug. Tropical animal health and production v. 22 (3): p. 178-184; 1990 Aug. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; N'dama; Superovulation; Fsh; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy rate   158                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 National genetic improvement programs for dairy cattle in the United States. Wiggans, G.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3853-3860; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cattle; Genetic improvement; Breeding value; Ai bulls; Selection criteria; Breeding programs; Sire evaluation; Type score; Variance; Best linear unbiased prediction; Progeny testing; Performance indexes  Abstract:  Rate of genetic improvement for milk yield has been increasing in recent years. Cows born in 1986 were about 135 kg superior in breeding value for milk yield to those born in 1985. Over 2.2 million cows contribute new data to genetic evaluations for production traits annually. These evaluations are computed with an animal model that provides best linear unbiased predictions of transmitting abilities for milk fat, and protein yields and fat and protein percentages. The model includes effects of management group, permanent environment, herd-sire interaction, and animal genetic merit. Unknown- parent groups represent the genetic merit of base populations defined by birth year and sex. Type appraisal data are collected by breed associations and are evaluated with a sire model. Holstein cow evaluations are computed using scores from all appraisals and a multitrait model; evaluations for other breeds are computed using all appraisal scores, a repeatability model, and a single-trait system. Dystocia data are collected by individual AI organizations and dairy records processing centers; they are analyzed by a categorical-trait sire model at Iowa State University with support from the National Association of Animal Breeders. The AI organizations have been extremely important in increasing rate of genetic progress by increasing numbers of young bulls sampled, increasing selection intensity of bull dams through multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, and shortening generation interval through the use of younger cows and some virgin heifers as bull dams. International sales have made an important contribution to financing AI programs. Future evaluations may include additional traits such as mastitis resistance, longevity, and fertility and may be computed more frequently. Additional factors may also be considered in the models.   159                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A new method for bovine embryo production: a potential alternative to superovulation. Kruip, T.A.M.; Pieterse, M.C.; Beneden, T.H. van; Vos, P.L.A.M.; Wurth, Y.A.; Taverne, M.A.M. London : The Association; 1991 Mar02. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (9): p. 208-210. ill; 1991 Mar02.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Embryos; Collection; Oocytes; Maturity; Ultrasound; Embryo culture   160                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 New techniques for assisted fertilization. Keefer, C.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 101-112. ill; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Fertilization; Laboratory techniques; Zona pellucida; Spermatozoa   161                                  NAL Call. No.: SF600.C82 New technologies for animal improvement and developing countries. Land, R.B. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988. Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science v. 47: p. 137-143; 1988.  In the series analytic: Increasing small ruminant productivity in semi-arid areas / edited by E.F. Thomson and F.S. Thomson.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Developing countries; Livestock; Genetic improvement; Artificial selection; Animal breeding methods; Embryo transfer; Technology   162                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Nonsurgical collection of porcine embryos. Wu, M.C.; Kang, S.R.; Cheng, Y.S.; Kao, Z.C. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 292; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos; Collection   163                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Nonsurgical recovery of degenerative ova from the uteri of mares. Wilson, J.M.; Kreider, J.L.; Potter, G.D.; Kraemer, D.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct. Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 629-636; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mares; Uterus; Embryos; Ova; Recovery; Oviducts  Abstract:  Degenerated ova were recovered with and without viable embryos 6 days after ovulation in 30 of 210 collections from 24 of 66 mares. All ova were approximately 150 jam in diameter, with an intact zona pellucida and at various stages of cytoplasmic degeneration. Most of the ova were collapsed, although some had an oval appearance. Most of the ova were from maiden 2-year-old mares. Thirty-four of the ova were recovered from the first or second collections. Two ova were recovered from the third collection from two mares. Two degenerative ova per collection were recovered from five collections; three of these collections also contained viable embryos. Degenerated ova were recovered from three mares twice; but not from consecutive collection attempts. Recovered ova were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde-PBS for scanning electron microscopy. These data indicate that not all unfertilized ova remain permanently in the oviduct; many traverse it and enter the uterus. Furthermore, these data also suggest that when degenerative ova pass into the uterus they either degenerate further and (or) move into the vagina. This is supported by the fact that not all ova can be accounted for when the uterus and (or) the oviducts are washed.   164                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Normal offspring produced after transfer of hamster embryos grown from two- to eight-cells in a chemically-defined culture medium. Schini, S.A.; Bavister, B.D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jun. Theriogenology v. 33 (6): p. 1255-1262. ill; 1990 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Transfers; Culture media; Phosphates; Glucose; Embryo culture; Survival; Hamsters   165                                    NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on fertilization and embryo production in superovulated cattle with various levels of subcutaneous fat tissue. Bielanski, A.; Yadav, B.R. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1990 Oct. Animal production v. 51 (pt.2): p. 426-430; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Superovulation; Subcutaneous fat; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Fertilization   166                                    NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 A note on the use of mate selection in closed MOET breeding schemes. Toro, M.; Silio, L.; Perez-Enciso, M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Dec. Animal production v. 53 (pt.3): p. 403-406; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Embryo transfer; Genetic improvement; Mating systems; Inbreeding depression; Computer software; Computer simulation   167                                   NAL Call. No.: QH481.G3 Nuclear transfer in the bovine embryo: a comparison of 5-day, 6-day, frozen-thawed, and nuclear transfer donor embryos. Westhusin, M.E.; Pryor, J.H.; Bondioli, K.R. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1991 Feb. Molecular reproduction and development v. 28 (2): p. 119-123; 1991 Feb. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Nuclei; Transfer; Micromanipulation; Electrofusion; Donors   168                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.M64 Nuclear transplantation in bovine embryo: fine structural and autoradiographic studies. Kanka, J.; Fulka, J. Jr; Petr, J. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1991 Jun. Molecular reproduction and development v. 29 (2): p. 110-116; 1991 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Nucleolus; Membranes; Rna; Transcription; Electrofusion; Ultrastructure; Morphology   169                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Nuclear transplantation in early pig embryos. Prather, R.S.; Sims, M.M.; First, N.L. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1989 Sep. Biology of reproduction v. 41 (3): p. 414-418; 1989 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Gilts; Embryos (animal); Nuclei; Transplantation; Cell culture   170                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Observation by ultrasonography of embryonic loss following the transfer of two or three embryos in beef cows. Izaike, Y.; Suzuki, O.; Shimada, K.; Takenouchi, N.; Takahashi, M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Dec. Theriogenology v. 36 (6): p. 939-947; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Embryo transfer; Embryo mortality; Ultrasonography; Pregnancy rate  Abstract:  Ultrasonographic observations were carried out at 10-day intervals from 27 to 107 days of gestation, to monitor embryonic losses in Japanese Black cows which received two or three embryos that had been transferred nonsurgically on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus). Group I cows (n=60) received two embryos, one in each uterine horn. Group II cows (n=31) received three embryos, two embryos in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum and one embryo in the uterine horn contralateral to the corpus luteum. The Group II pregnancy, rate was maintained above 83.9% until Day 37, but it decreased significantly (P<0.05) to 58.1% by Day 107. The pregnancy rates on Day 27 and Day 37 in the three-embryo group (Group II) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the two- embryo group (Group I). The embryonic survival rates of both groups showed almost the same values at Days 27 to 107. The triplet pregnancy rate in pregnant cows was 26.9% on Day 37, but fell to 11.1% on Day 107. The twinning rate in both groups also decreased with the advance of the gestation period. Most of the embryonic losses (46%) in triplet and twin pregnancies in both groups occurred between Day 38 and Day 57. Thirty-four and 22 live healthy calves were born, respectively, to 30 cows in the two-embryo group (Group I) and to 18 cows in the three- embryo group (Group II). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the calf crop or in the number of embryos.   171                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Oestrogen production by the preimplantation donkey conceptus compared with that of the horse and the effect of between species embryo transfer. Heap, R.B.; Hamon, M.H.; Allen, W.R. Colchester : The Journal; 1991 Sep. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 93 (1): p. 141-147; 1991 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Donkeys; Horses; Conceptus; Embryo transfer; Estradiol; Estrone; Androstenedione; Maternal effects   172                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Oocyte maturation and sperm transport in superovulated cattle. Hyttel, P.; Callesen, H.; Greve, T.; Schmidt, M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 91-108. ill; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Superovulation; Oocytes; Steroidogenesis; Spermatozoa; Transport in female genitalia   173                                     NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Oocyte-cumulus interaction in extrafollicular cultivation of cattle oocytes. Kuz'mina, T.I. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991. Soviet agricultural sciences (6): p. 28-30; 1991.  Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (6), p. 28-31. (20 AK1).  Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: Cows; Oocytes; Cultivation; Fertilization; In vitro culture; Embryos; Production; Cumulus oophorus; Embryo culture; Transplantation   174                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Ova and embryos for quality control in reproductive biology. Leibo, S.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 67-76; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Transfers; Embryo culture; Ova; Quality controls   175                           NAL Call. No.: SF371.2.W67 1989 An overview of sheep embryo transfer technologies. Youngs, C.R.; McGinnis, L.K.; Duplantis, S.C. Jr Ashland, Or. : Black Sheep Press; 1989. Colored sheep and wool : exploring their beauty and function : the proceedings of the World Congress on Coloured Sheep, U.S.A. / edited by Kent Erskine. p. 210-214. ill; 1989.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos (animal); Synchronization; Estrus; Superovulation; Transfers; Technology   176                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Ovulation rate and pre- and postimplantation survival in mice with a major gene for rapid postweaning gain. Dilts, R.B.; Famula, T.R.; Bradford, G.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep. Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3590-3596; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Ovulation rate; Growth rate; Alleles; Line differences; Embryo mortality; Embryo implantation; Reproductive performance  Abstract:  Differences in ovulation rate, embryo survival, litter size, and fertility are presented for four lines of mice that have been selected for growth or are homozygous for a recessive gene (hg) imparting rapid postweaning gain. Two of the lines were hg/hg, one in a growth-neutral and one in a growth-selected background. The remaining two were Hg/Hg (the corresponding normal, dominant allele with no effect on postweaning gain) in the same two backgrounds. Average ovulation rates ranged from 10.9 to 17.1 eggs shed, and litter sizes ranged from 8.6 to 14.0. In the growth-selected background, the hg allele reduced the number of ovulations, implantation, and litter size by nearly three compared with the Hg/Hg controls. The impact of the hg allele in the growth- neutral background was not significant. When males of a different line selected for high litter size were mated to females of the four stocks, more than two additional eggs, implants, and pups were recorded, compared with results of mating to males of the same line as the female.   177                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Pattern of sex steroids secretion and their relationship with embryo yield in Jersey cows superovulated with PMSG. Mehmood, A.; Anwar, M.; Ullah, N.; Baig, S.M.; Wright, R.W. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 513-520; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Superovulation; Pmsg; Progesterone; Estrogens; Hormone secretion; Estradiol; Embryos; Yields  Abstract:  The levels of progesterone and estrogen secretion were studied in relationship to the superovulatory response in Jersey cows. Progesterone and estrogen concentrations wer  measured in superovulated Jersey cows with the objective of correlating the patterns of steroid secretion with embryo yield and quality. Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) was used in combination with prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue to induce superovulation in 18 multiparous, cyclic cows. Serum progesterone and estradiol levels from cows which exhibited estrus within 24 to 48 h after prostaglandin administration (n = 13) were used to estimate the superovulatory response. Sex steroid concentrations at the day of estrus (Day 0) was a strong indicator of embryo yield. Progesterone was negatively (r = -0.56) and estrogen positively (r = 0.80) correlated to the number of embryos collected. Dramatic increase in progesterone from Day 0 to Day 7 was a significant indicator of embryo yield. A higher rise of estrogen in the follicular phase was an indicator of a larger number of growing follicles and, consequently, better superovulatory response. Nonresponding animals did not show any significant change in the hormonal profile from the day of PMSG treatment to the day of embryo collection. The estimation of progesterone and estradiol concentrations, simultaneously, gave a more objective prediction of embryo yield.   178                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The post-thaw developmental capacity of frozen bovine oocytes following in vitro maturation and fertilization. Lim, J.M.; Fukui, Y.; Ono, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1225-1235; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Cows; Holstein-friesian; Oocytes; Maturity stage; Developmental stages; Cryopreservation; Freezing; Thawing; Embryonic development; Cleavage; Cryoprotectants; Glycerol; Sucrose; In vitro; Maturation; Cold shock  Abstract:  The present study was designed 1) to investigate and compare the post-thaw developmental capacity of frozen bovine oocytes following in vitro maturation (Metaphase II) and fertilization (pronuclear stage), and 2) to identify the important factors of cryopreservation procedures on the post- thaw developmental capacity of those oocytes. Frozen pronuclear-stage oocytes had a higher cleavage rate (P<0.001) and developmental capacity to the two- (P<0.05) and eight-cell stages (P<0.001) than frozen mature oocytes. The effects of different concentrations of cryoprotectant (1.0 M vs 1.5 M glycerol) and sucrose (0.25 M vs 0.5 M) as well as two freezing curves (A vs B) on post-thaw developmental capacity were examined. The concentration of cryoprotectant was an important factor in the post-thaw developmental capacity of the oocytes frozen at pronuclear and mature stages, and 1.0 M glycerol was a more effective concentration of cryoprotectant than 1.5 M glycerol (P<0.001 for the cleavage rate and the developmental capacity to the eight-cell stage, and P<0.05 for the developmental capacity to the two-cell stage). However, the effects of other factors were not significantly different. We concluded that in vitro mature bovine oocytes were more vulnerable to freezing shock than pronuclear stage oocytes and that the concentration of glycerol as a cryoprotectant was an important factor in the improvement of post-thaw developmental capacity of bovine oocytes frozen at Metaphase II and at the pronuclear stage.   179                                   NAL Call. No.: QH481.G3 Potential of hypertonic medium treatment for embryo micromanipulation: II. Assessment of nuclear transplantation methodology, isolation, subzona insertion, and electrofusion of blastomeres to intact or functionally enucleated oocytes in rabbits. Yang, X.; Zhang, L.; Kovacs, A.; Tobback, C.; Foote, R.H. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990 Oct. Molecular reproduction and development v. 27 (2): p. 118-129. ill; 1990 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos; Micromanipulation; Culture media; Osmotic pressure; Oocytes; Blastomere; Nuclei; Transfer; Electrofusion; Rabbits   180                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Practical experience with commercial embryo transfer in pigs. Cameron, R.D.A.; Durack, M.; Fogarty, R.; Putra, D.K.H.; McVeigh, J. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1989 Oct. Australian veterinary journal v. 66 (10): p. 314-318; 1989 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos (animal); Transplantation; Synchronization; Superovulation   181                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Pregnancy rates after the use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist in bovine embryo transfer recipients. Ellington, J.E.; Foote, R.H.; Farrell, P.B.; Hasler, J.F.; Webb, J.; Henderson, W.B.; McGrath, A.B. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Dec. Theriogenology v. 36 (6): p. 1035-1042; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Gnrh; Pregnancy rate; Progesterone  Abstract:  The use of the gonadotropin releasing hormone analog, Buserelin, was evaluated in a commercial embryo transfer program. Virgin Holstein heifer recipients (n=764) at two embryo transfer facilities were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: 1) control animals, 2) heifers injected with 8 micrograms Buserelin at the time of transfer and 3) heifers receiving 8 micrograms of Buserelin in 4 to 7 days after transfer. Fresh or frozen/thawed embryos were evaluated, equalized across treatments and transferred to recipients on Day 7 or 8 after estrus. Recipient progesterone levels were evaluated on the day of transfer. Pregnancy evaluations were done by palpation per rectum between Days 35 to 60 of gestation. There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates for the three treatment groups, with 68% of the animals pregnant in Group 1, 72% in Group 2 and 66% in Group 3. Progesterone levels at the time of transfer were similar for animals which became pregnant (2.60 +/- 0.05 ng/ml) and animals which did not become pregnant (2.74 +/- 0.09 ng/ml). There was no significant interaction observed between treatment and embryo quality or progesterone level, suggesting that the luteotrophic action of Buserelin at this early stage did not help support additional pregnancies over those seen in the control group.   182                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions to reproductive, maternal, and size-related traits of beef cattle. Gregory, K.E.; Maurer, R.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 961-976; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cattle; Breed differences; Maternal effects; Early weaning; Reproductive traits; Embryo transfer; Body measurements; Size; Crossbred progeny  Abstract:  Brown Swiss-Hereford (BS-H) reciprocal cross embryos were transferred to BS and H recipient cows and Red Poll-Angus (RP-A) reciprocal cross embryos were transferred to RP and A recipient cows to estimate the relative contributions of ovum cytoplasm and uterine influences to prenatal maternal effects. Calves resulting from embryo transfers (ET) were weaned early (3 to 5 d). Reciprocal cross mating also were made by natural service (NS) between BS and H and between RP and A breeds; part of the offspring were weaned at 3 to 5 d, and the remainder nursed their dams to an age of 150 to 180 d. This was done to estimate breed differences in prenatal and postnatal effects combined and to separate the effects of prenatal maternal influences from postnatal maternal influences of these breeds. Females produced in both ET and NS parts of the experiment were retained to produce three calf crops to an age of about 4.5 yr. The following traits were analyzed: percentage of conception rate; percentage of calf survival; percentage of calves produced per cow exposed; birth and weaning weights of calves produced; and periodic weights, heights, and condition scores of females to an age of 4.5 yr. Neither breed of donor (cytoplasmic influence) nor breed of recipient (uterine influence) had consistently important effects on the traits evaluated. In NS matings, differences between reciprocal crosses were small for most of the traits evaluated. Method of rearing (nursed vs weaned at 3 to 5 d) had no effect on reproductive and maternal traits for RP-A reciprocal cross females, but females that nursed generally were heavier, were taller, and had higher condition scores at most ages than early-weaned females. For the BS-H reciprocal cross, early-weaned females were favored over females reared by their dams in percentage of calves produced per cow exposed, but the method of rearing did not affect other reproductive or maternal traits. BS-H reciprocal cross females that nursed their dams were   183                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Preovulatory LH profiles of superovulated cows and progesterone concentrations at embryo recovery. Wubishet, A.; Kesler, D.J.; Graves, C.N.; Spahr, S.L.; Favero, R.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Feb. Theriogenology v. 35 (2): p. 451-457; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Superovulation; Lh; Preovulatory period; Progesterone; Embryos; Fsh; Gnrh; Corpus luteum  Abstract:  Forty-two Holstein cows were randomly assigned to three superovulatory treatment groups of 14 cows each. Cows in Group I received follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; 50 mg i.m.); those in Group II received FSH (50 mg i.m.) along with GnRH (250 ug in 2% carboxymethylcellulose s.c.) on the day of estrus; and cows in Group III were infused FSH (49 mg) via osmotic pump implants. FSH was administered over a 5-d period for cows in Groups I and II (twice daily in declining doses). Cows in Group III received FSH over a 7-d period (constantly at a rate of 7 mg/day). All cows received 25 mg PGF2 alpha (prostaglandin F2 alpha) 48 hours after initiation of the FSH treatment. Blood samples were collected from seven cows from each group at 2 hour intervals on the fifth day of superovulation for serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration analysis by radioimmunoassay, and blood samples were collected from all cows on the day of embryo recovery for plasma progesterone determination. The LH profile was not altered (P>0.05) by either GnRH administration or by the constant infusion of FSH as compared to FSH treatment alone. Plasma progesterone concentrations were highly correlated with the number of corpora lutea (CL) palpated (r=0.92; P<0.01) and with the number of ova and/or embryos recovered (r=0.88; P<0.01). The accuracy of predicting the number of recoverable ova and/or embryos by the concentration of plasma progesterone was 86%.   184                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Production of cell colonies from ovine blastocysts. Rexroad, C.E. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 305; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes abstract.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Blastocyst; Cell culture   185                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Production of embryos in vitro and its impact on livestock production. Gordon, I.; Lu, K.H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 77-87; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ireland; Embryos (animal); Transfers; In vitro; Oocytes; Embryo culture; Cattle; Laboratory techniques   186                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Production of identical bovine offspring by nuclear transfer. Bondioli, K.R.; Westhusin, M.E.; Looney, C.R. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 165-174; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Nuclei; Transfers; Genotypes; Embryos (animal)   187                                     NAL Call. No.: S1.S68 Production of identical twin calves from transfer of embryo halves. Kletsko, N.G.; Madich, A.V. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1988. Soviet agricultural sciences (12): p. 35-38. ill; 1988.  Translated from: Vsesoyuznaia Akademiia Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk, Doklady, (12), 1988, p. 22-24. (20 AK1).  Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Calves; Twins; Embryos (animal); Splitting; Transplantation; Blastocyst; Embryonic development; Pregnancy; Animal breeding methods   188                                 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Production of multiple genetically identical farm animals by nuclear transplantation. Smith, L.C. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Feb. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 32 (2): p. 94-98; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Embryo transfer; Nuclei; Oocytes; Cytoplasm; Electrofusion; Nucleocytoplasmic interaction   189                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Production of normal piglets from hatched blastocysts frozen at -196 degrees C. Kashiwazaki, N.; Ohtani, S.; Miyamoto, K.; Ogawa, S. London : The Association; 1991 Mar16. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (11): p. 256-257. ill; 1991 Mar16.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Blastocyst; Embryo culture; Freezability; Cold tolerance; Survival; Piglet production   190                                   NAL Call. No.: Q320.B56 Production of transgenic cattle by pronuclear injection. Bondioli, K.R.; Biery, K.A.; Hill, K.G.; Jones, K.B.; De Mayo, F.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991. Biotechnology (16): p. 265-273. ill; 1991.  In the series analytic: Transgenic Animals / Edited by Neal L. First; Florence P. Haseltime.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Transgenics; Production; Pronucleus; Injection; Dna; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Animal tissues; Sampling; Analysis   191                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Purification and immunolocalization of ovine placental retinol-binding protein. Liu, K.H.; Gao, K.; Baumbach, G.A.; Godkin, J.D. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1992 Jan. Biology of reproduction v. 46 (1): p. 23-29; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Placenta; Retinol; Binding proteins; In vitro; Cell culture; Protein synthesis  Abstract:  A retinol-binding protein (RBP), synthesized and secreted by ovine allantois in vitro, was purified from culture medium. The protein consisted of three isoelectric variants (pi 5.3-6.1) of identical molecular masses of about 23,000 Da as determined by two-dimensional PAGE under reducing conditions. Thirty-one of the first 34 N-terminal amino acids of the purified protein were sequenced and shown to have complete homology with bovine placental and bovine plasma RBP. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the purified ovine placental RBP indicated the presence of bound retinol. Metabolic labeling studies demonstrated that the protein was synthesized by placental membranes. Using antiserum to bovine placental RBP, ovine placental RBP was immunolocalized in trophectoderm of 13-day-old blastocysts and trophectodermal cells of the chorion, endodermal cells lining the allantois, and ectodermal cells lining the amnion of 23-, 45-, and 53- day-old conceptuses. Results from this study suggest that ovine placental membrane epithelia synthesize and secrete RBP. Transport, storage, and metabolism of retinol mediated by placental RBP may be essential for normal embryonic development during pregnancy.   192                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Quality control in a large-scale embryo transfer program under farm conditions in the Argentine Republic. Munar, C.J.; Nigro, M.A.; Burry, E.R.; Vautier, R.A.; Argerich, C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 5-8; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Argentina; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Dairy cows; Beef cows; Heifers; Quality controls; Record keeping   193                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Quality control in the in vitro fertilization laboratory. Boone, W.R.; Shapiro, S.S. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 23-50; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); In vitro; Fertilization; Quality controls; Laboratory equipment; Embryo culture; Culture media   194                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Quality control measures in an embryo research program. Schiewe, M.C.; Schmidt, P.M.; Wildt, D.E.; Rall, W.F. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Jan. Theriogenology v. 33 (1): p. 9-22; 1990 Jan.  Paper presented at the "Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society," Jan 14-16, 1990, Denver, Colorado.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos (animal); Transfers; Quality controls; Veterinary hygiene; Sanitation; Record keeping   195                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Quantity and quality of embryos collected from mice passively immunized against estradiol. Roberts, A.J.; Hernandez-Ledezma, J.J.; Reeves, J.J.; Wright, R.W. Jr Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 1019-1027; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Estradiol; Passive immunization; Estrus; Ovulation; Pregnancy rate; Ova; Embryos; Isolation; Embryonic development; Immune serum; Dosage effects  Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the effects of passive immunization against estradiol on the occurrence and timing of estrus, ovulation and fertilization rates and on early embryonic development in mice. Swiss Webster female mice were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups to be injected with 0.1 ml saline (control; n=15), 0.1 ml anti-estradiol antisera (high dose; n=17) or 0.1 ml anti-estradiol antisera diluted 1:10 with saline (low dose; n=17) at seven weeks of age. Immediately after injection mice were placed with males and observed daily for the presence of vaginal plugs for 10 d. Three days after vaginal plugs were observed, mice were terminated and the uteri were removed and flushed to determine the number and quality of unfertilized ova and embryos. No differences were observed in the timing of vaginal plug formation, the proportion of mice with vaginal plugs, or the mean number of unfertilized ova or embryos collected from each treatment group. However, the proportion of excellent or good quality embryos was reduced in the high dosage treatment. It was concluded from this study that passive immunization of mice against estradiol did not increase the number of embryos obtained from mice and that a high dosage of antisera against estradiol reduced embryo quality. These results provide evidence that alterations in levels of estradiol may adversely affect embryonic development.   196                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Quick freezing of one-cell mouse embryos using ethylene glycol with sucrose. Rayos, A.A.; Takahashi, Y.; Hishinuma, M.; Kanagawa, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 595-603; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos; Freezing; Survival; Cryoprotectants; Ethylene glycol; Sucrose; Blastocyst; Mice  Abstract:  One-cell mouse embryos were frozen by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor after equilibration in 3 M ethylene glycol with 0.25 M sucrose (freezing medium) for 5 to 40 minutes. After thawing, the embryos were cultured in vitro and the effects of the equilibration period and dilution method were examined. No significant difference was observed in the in vitro survival of embryos when 0.5 or 1.0 M sucrose was used for the dilution of the cryoprotectant for each equilibration period. The highest survival rate (67.2%) was obtained when the embryos were equilibrated for 10 minutes, and the cryoprotectant diluted with either 0.5 or 1.0 M sucrose after thawing. Shorter (5 minutes) or prolonged (40 minutes) equilibration of embryos in the freezing medium yielded significantly lower survival rates. Dilution by direct transfer of the frozen-thawed embryos into PB1 resulted in lower survival rates than when 0.5 or 1.0 M sucrose was used. The in vitro development to the blastocyst stage of one-cell mouse embryos frozen after 10 minutes equilibration in the freezing medium and diluted after thawing in 0.5 M sucrose was significantly lower than the control (68.0 vs 92.7%). However, transfer of the blastocysts developing from frozen-thawed one- cell mouse embryos into the uterine horns of the recipients resulted in fetal development and implantation rates similar to the control.   197                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Radioimmunoassay of a bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in serum: its application for pregnancy diagnosis. Zoli, A.P.; Guilbault, L.A.; Delahaut, P.; Ortiz, W.B.; Beckers, J.F. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1992 Jan. Biology of reproduction v. 46 (1): p. 83-92; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Cows; Pregnancy; Glycoproteins; Serum; Radioimmunoassay; Pregnancy diagnosis  Abstract:  A sensitive and specific double-antibody RIA for a bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (bPAG) is described. The limit of detection was 0.2 ng/ml. The assay was specific for bPAG in that pituitary and placental gonadotropic hormones and other placental or serum proteins assayed in serial dilutions did not cross-react. The RIA allowed measurement of bPAG in placental extracts, fetal serum, fetal fluids, and serum or plasma of pregnant cows. About 20% of unbred heifers and nonpregnant cows had detectable levels ranging from 0.30 +/- 0.09 to 0.50 +/- 0.17 ng/ml (mean +/- SD), and 15% of bull sera showed higher concentrations (3.01 +/- 1.73 ng/ml) of bPAG or bPAG-like protein. Variations among animals was observed in fetal serum bPAG concentrations. Bovine PAG was detected in maternal peripheral blood at Day 22 of pregnancy (mean +/- SD, 0.38 +/- 0.13 ng/ml) in some animals and at Day 30 in all pregnant cows. Peripheral serum bPAG levels increased progressively to 3.60 +/- 1.73 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) at Day 30 of pregnancy, to 24.53 +/- 8.81 ng/ml at Day 120, and to 1551.91 +/- 589.68 ng/ml at Day 270. Peak concentration of bPAG was 2462.42 +/- 1017.88 ng/ml and it occurred 1-5 days prior to parturition. After delivery, bPAG concentrations decreased steadily to 499.63 +/- 267.20 ng/ml at Day 14 postpartum (pp), 10.12 +/- 7.84 ng/ml at Day 60 pp, and 1.44 +/-  1.08 ng/ml at Day 90 pp. The undetectable concentration (<0.20 ng/ml) was reached by Day 100 +/- 20 pp. An investigation undertaken in Holstein heifers, Holstein cows, and Hereford cows used as recipients for purebred Holstein embryos supplied evidence of the influence of breed of recipient and sex of fetuses on peripheral concentrations of bPAG. A herd of 430 Holstein-Friesian heifers that had received transferred embryos were bled at Day 35 postestrus (pe) for measurement of bPAG. The bPAG was detected in 287 of 430 scrum samples analyzed. By rectal palpation performed at Day 45 pe, 267 heifers with detectable   198                                    NAL Call. No.: SF1.S68 Raising the effectiveness of embryo transplantation with the help of gonadotropic preparations. Sovetkin, S.V.; Nazarov, E.A.; Dolgokhatskii, A.I.; Prokof'eva, E.S. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1989. Soviet agricultural biology : Part 2 : Animal biology (1): p. 49-52; 1989. Translated from: Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, (2), 1989, p. 40-43. Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Cows; Ovaries (animal); Superovulation; Embryos (animal); Fsh; Fshrh; Transplantation; Reproductive performance; Pmsg   199                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.R47 Rapid cryopreservation of sheep embryos by direct transfer into liquid nitrogen vapour at--180 degrees C. Szell, A.; Zhang, J.; Hudson, R. East Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Reproduction, fertility, and development v. 2 (6): p. 613-618; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sheep; Embryos; Cryopreservation; Rapid methods; Glycerol; Propylene glycol; Nitrogen; Vapor; Viability; Survival; Exposure; Duration   200                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Recipient management and embryo transfer. Broadbent, P.J.; Stewart, M.; Dolman, D.F. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 125-139; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryo transfer; Estrus; Synchronization; Nutrition; Genotypes   201                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Relationship between energy metabolism and development of early mammalian embryos. Rieger, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jan. Theriogenology v. 37 (1): p. 75-93; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, held Jan 12-14, 1992, Denver, CO.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryonic development; Mammals; Glucose; Glutamine; Metabolism; Oxygen; Hypoxanthine; Free radicals  Abstract:  Early embryo development requires the production and expenditure of large amounts of cellular energy for cell growth, division and differentiation. Consequently, information about energy metabolism is important for both fundamental and applied aspects of embryo biology. During early cleavage, the in-vitro development of embryos from a number of mammalian species is inhibited by glucose, hypoxanthine, and oxygen, and favoured by glutamine and antioxidants. The common factor in these effects may be oxygen radicals, which are severely detrimental to early embryo development. Glucose, hypoxanthine and oxygen can all increase the cellular production of oxygen radicals, while antioxidants can detoxify them. Glutamine metabolism can Provide reducing equivalents for energy production and to counteract lipid peroxidation, under conditions where the metabolism of other substrates cannot. An understanding of the mechanisms of production and elimination of oxygen radicals in embryos may lead to significant improvements in the success of embryo culture and the practical techniques which depend on it.   202                                   NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5 Relationship between nuclear remodeling and development in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. Collas, P.; Robl, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Sep. Biology of reproduction v. 45 (3): p. 455-465; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rabbits; Ova transfer; Blastocyst; Embryonic development  Abstract:  The present study characterized the profile of nuclear remodeling in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos and investigated the relationship between chromatin behavior after transfer and embryo development. The developmental potential and pattern of remodeling of donor nuclei from cleavage-, morula-, and blastocyst- (inner cell mass, ICM, and trophectoderm, TE) stage donors were evaluated. In addition, we determined whether a modification in the synchrony between blastomere fusion and oocyte activation altered the profile of nuclear remodeling and affected development of reconstituted embryos. Development to blastocysts similar with 8- and 32- cell-stage donor nuclei (42% and 33%, respectively, p > 0.1). However, it was reduced with ICM transplants (17%, p < 0.05), and development of TE transplants did not progress beyond the 8-cell stage. Upon blastomere fusion into nonactivated oocyte cytoplasm, nuclear remodeling was characterized by premature chromosome condensation (PCC), followed by pronuclear (PN) formation and swelling. PCC occurred synchronously within 1.2-1.5 h post-fusion with all stages of donor nuclei (p > 0.1). PN formation in 8- and 32-cell transplants occurred approximately 4 h after fusion, and was synchronous to that of female pronuclei in activated oocytes; however, it was delayed in ICM and TE transplants (p < 0.01). With all stages of donor nuclei, final nuclear diameter was similar to, or larger than, that of female pronuclei. Fusion to activated oocyte cytoplasm, as opposed to nonactivated cytoplasm, prevented PCC and extensive nuclear swelling (16.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 30 +/- 0.7 micromole, respectively, p < 0.01). Nuclear diameter in early embryos was smaller (p < 0.01), and development to blastocysts was reduced (p < 0.05). The results indicate that remodeling of the donor nucleus is not essential for development to blastocysts; however, it is beneficial. Furthermore, complete reprogramming seems possible only after remodeling of the donor nucleus, i.   203                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 A reliable sex determination assay for bovine preimplantation embryos using the polymerase chain reaction. Peura, T.; Hyttinen, J.M.; Turunen, M.; Janne, J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 547-555; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Sex determination; Polymerase chain reaction  Abstract:  We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for accurate sex determination of preimplantation bovine embryos. The method utilizes three different sets of primers in the PCR. The first pair of primers recognizes the bovine-specific satellite sequence that is amplified in both females and males. In addition, two pairs of primers recognize bovine Y chromosome-specific sequences that are amplified in males only. Duplicate embryo extracts were used in the PCR; the first sample was run in the presence of bovine-specific as well as one set of the Y chromosome- specific primers; the second sample was run in the presence of the other male-specific primers. The method has been specifically designed for screening bovine embryos. Based upon examining blood cell DNA from adult males and females, the assay is extremely accurate, as no single incorrect result has occurred yet. Missing samples were easily detected by the absence of the bovine-specific signal. The method has been used for the transfer of bovine embryos on which sex determinations have been performed.   204                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Repeated embryo recovery attempts and subsequent fertility of two-year-old fillies. Wilson, J.M.; Kraemer, D.C.; Potter, G.D.; Pipkin, J.L. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Dec. Theriogenology v. 36 (6): p. 1027-1034; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mares; Age; Female fertility; Embryos; Collection  Abstract:  The objectives of this study were to determine if 2-year-old fillies could be used successfully for embryo donors and whether repeated embryo recovery attempts would affect subsequent fertility. Twenty-three (Year 1) and 16 (Year 2) 2-year-old fillies were evaluated as embryo donors. The fillies were teased and palpated daily. When a follicle was palpated, the fillies were inseminated (500 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa) every other day until ovulation was detected. Nonsurgical embryo recoveries were attempted on Days 5 and 6 (-120 and 144 hours) postovulation for a total of 32 times for 16 fillies (Year 1). No embryos were recovered on Day 5. However, seven embryos were recovered during the subsequent collection on Day 6. Fifty-one additional embryos and 19 degenerated ova were recovered from 120 collection attempts which were performed only on Day 6 (Year 1). Eighteen embryos and eight degenerated ova were recovered from 38 collection attempts on Day 6 in Year 2. Mean collections per filly were 8 (range 3 to 16) and 2.69 (range 1 to 4) for Years 1 and 2, respectively. No differences (P>0.05) were found in the interval from collection (prostaglandin injection) to the first day of estrus or from the first day of estrus to ovulation for the collection periods during either year. Moreover, no differences (P>0.05) were found in the interval between collections within or between years. The influence of repeated embryo recovery on subsequent fertility was studied using eight fillies which had undergone collections a mean of 12 times in Year 1. Five of the eight fillies conceived during the first estrous cycle and the remaining three conceived during the second cycle. All fillies produced normal healthy foals and were rebred on the first or second estrous cycle postpartum. These results indicate that repeated embryo recovery attempts yield multiple embryos and do not compromise the subsequent reproductive performance of 2-year-old fillies.   205                                  NAL Call. No.: 100 K133P Repopulation of pseudorabies-infected swine herds by embryo transfers. James, J.E.; James, D.M.; Martin, P.A.; Davis, D.L. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station; 1982 Nov. Report of progress - Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (422): p. 118-119; 1982 Nov.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Herds; Infection; Aujeszky virus; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Serums; Antibody titer   206                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.R47 Salivary oestradiol and progesterone after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer using different luteal support regimens. Wong, Y.F.; Loong, E.P.L.; Mao, K.R.; Tam, P.P.L.; Panesar, N.S.; Neale, E.; Chang, A.M.Z. East Melbourne, Vic., Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Reproduction, fertility, and development v. 2 (4): p. 351-358; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Salivary glands; Estradiol; Progesterone; Fertilization; In vitro; Embryos (animal); Transfers   207                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Seasonal effects on caprine response to synchronization of estrus and superovulatory treatment. Senn, B.J.; Richardson, M.E. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 579-585; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Synchronized females; Superovulation; Seasonality; Breeding season; Embryos; Photoperiod  Abstract:  Nubian doelings (n = 21, 7 of which were repeats) were synchronized and superovulated with Norgestomet ear implants and follicle stimulating hormone-pituitary (FSH-p) and were then mated during early and late periods of their breeding season in the southeastern United States. A 100% response rate to estrus synchronization treatment was found in doelings (n = 15, 2 of which were repeats) treated early in the breeding season, and the superovulation regimen resulted in the surgical collection of an average of 15.1 viable embryos per doeling. But only a 66.7% response rate to estrus synchronization treatment was observed in doelings (n = 6, 5 of which were repeats) treated late in the season; only 50% of these doelings (or 33.3% of the initial doelings treated) responded to superovulatory treatment, resulting in an average of 3.33 viable embryos collected surgically per doeling. Thus, a significantly higher number of viable embryos can be obtained from Nubian doelings when treated for estrus synchronization and superovulation early in the breeding season.   208                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Sex detection of rat embryos by a visual colorimetric assay of the X-linked enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Kim, C.I.; Huh, S. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 249; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Rats; Sex ratio; Embryo implantation   209                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Some factors affecting the efficacy of oviduct tissue- conditioned medium for the culture of early bovine embryos. Eyestone, W.H.; Jones, J.M.; First, N.L. Colchester : The Journal; 1991 May. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 92 (1): p. 59-64; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Zygotes; Morula; Blastocyst; Embryo culture; Embryonic development; Culture media; Freezing; Thawing; Oviducts; Estrous cycle   210                               NAL Call. No.: SF5.E96 1986 Splitting and sexing of bovine embryos. Brem, G. New York : Published by arrangement with the FAO of the UN by Plenum Press; 1989. Biotechnology for livestock production / prepared by the Animal Production and Health Division, FAO. p. 71-78; 1989.  Paper presented at the "Expert Consultation on the Application of Biotechnology in Livestock Production and Health in Developing Countries," October 6-10, 1986, Rome, Italy.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Cell division; Sex diagnosis; Sex chromosomes; Dna probes; Enzyme activity; Enzymes; X chromosome; Sex linkage; Histocompatibility antigens; Embryo transfer; Twinning; Twins   211                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Spontaneous embryonic death on days 20 to 40 in heifers. Kasatelic, J.P.; Northey, D.L.; Ginther, O.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Feb. Theriogenology v. 35 (2): p. 351-363; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Embryo mortality; Corpus luteum; Conceptus; Embryo transfer; Animal breeding; Pregnancy rate  Abstract:  Transrectal ultrasound examinations were used in nulliparous Holstein heifers to study the association between time of spontaneous embryonic death (cessation of heartbeat) and luteal regression, and to determine the fate of the conceptus after embryonic death. There was no significant difference between nonbred heifers (n = 135) and bred, nonpregnant heifers (embryonic heartbeat never detected, n = 40) for day of onset of luteal repression (means, 17.6 and 17.9, respectively) or for length of interovulatory interval (means, 20.6 and 20.9 days, respectively). Pregnancy was confirmed by detection of an embryonic heartbeat on Day 24 (ovulation = Day 0) or later, or on two consecutive days prior to Day 24; on average, an embryonic heartbeat was detected on Day 22.0 (n = 104). Pregnancy rate on Day 24 was higher (P<0.02) in heifers bred on Day -1 (116/149, 77.8%) than in heifers bred on Day -2 (51/79, 64.6%), and was higher (P<0.05) in heifers with an embryo transferred ipsilateral to the corpus luteum than in heifers with an embryo transferred contralateral to the corpus luteum (3/4 vs 0/5). Embryonic death (lack of embryonic heartbeat following confirmation of pregnancy) and presumptive embryonic death (embryonic heartbeat detected on one day only, prior to Day 24) were detected prior to Day 25 in one and two bred heifers, respectively, and in one and two heifers with an embryo transferred contralateral to the corpus luteum, respectively. In these six heifers, luteal regression preceded, and apparently caused, embryonic death. In seven of eight heifers in which embryonic death was detected between Days 25 and 40, the onset of luteal regression was detected at least 3 d (range, 3 to 42 d) after detection of embryonic death. The incidence of embryonic death on Days 29 to 32 was lower (P<0.02) in heifers bred on Day -1 than in heifers bred on Day -2 (0 of 96 vs 3 of 40, respectively). In heifers in which luteal regression preceded embryonic death, the conceptus was lost   212                                   NAL Call. No.: QH324.C7 Status of cryopreservation of embryos from domestic animals. Fahning, M.L.; Garcia, M.A. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Feb. Cryobiology v. 29 (1): p. 1-18; 1992 Feb.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Domestic animals; Embryos; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotectants; Freezing; Thawing; Survival; Literature reviews   213                                  NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Stochastic modeling of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer breeding schemes in small closed dairy cattle populations. Jeon, G.J.; Mao, I.L.; Jensen, J.; Ferris, T.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (7): p. 1938-1944; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Breeding programs; Stochastic models; Genetic change; Genetic drift; Milk yield; Linkage disequilibrium   214                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Studies on maternal transmission of scrapie in sheep by embryo transfer. Foster, J.D.; McKelvey, W.A.C.; Mylne, M.J.A.; Williams, A.; Hunter, N.; Hope, J.; Fraser, H. London : The Association; 1992 Apr18. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 130 (16): p. 341-343; 1992 Apr18.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Scrapie; Scrapie agent; Vertical transmission; Congenital infection; Transovarial transmission; Lambs   215                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Successful nonsurgical collection of Macaca mulatta embryos. Goodeaux, L.L.; Anzalone, C.A.; Thibodeaux, J.K.; Menezo, Y.; Roussel, J.D.; Voelkel, S.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Dec. Theriogenology v. 34 (6): p. 1159-1167; 1990 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Embryos; Collection; Methodology; Macaca mulatta   216                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Successful pregnancies afater transfer of embryos recovered from ewes induced to ovulate 24-29 days post partum. Wallace, J.M.; Robinson, J.J.; Aitken, R.P. Colchester : The Journal; 1989 Jul. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 86 (2): p. 627-635; 1989 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ewes; Embryos (animal); Puerperium; Transfers; Pregnancy; Ovulation   217                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Successful transfer of vitrified goat embryos. Yuswiati, E.; Holtz, W. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1990 Oct. Theriogenology v. 34 (4): p. 629-632; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Goats; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Cryopreservation; Viability   218                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Superovlation of dairy cows with purified FSH supplemented with defined amounts of LH. Herrler, A.; Elsaesser, F.; Parvizi, N.; Niemann, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 633-643; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Superovulation; Fsh; Lh; Progesterone; Embryos; Yields  Abstract:  This study investigated the effects of a purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) preparation supplemented with three different amounts of bovine luteinizing hormone (bLH) and a commercially available FSH with a high LH contamination on superovulatory response, plasma LH and milk progesterone levels in dairy cows. A total of 112 lactating Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows were used for these experiments; the cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups consisting of purified porcine FSH (pFSH) supplemented with bLH. Group 1 was given 0.052 IU LH/40 mg armor units (AU) FSH (n = 6); Group 2 was given 0.069 IU LH (n = 32); Group 3 received 0.423 IU LH (n = 34); while Group 4 cows (n = 36) were superovulated with a commercially available FSH-P. This compound appeared to contain 8.5 IU LH/40 mg AU FSH according to bioassay measurement. All animals received a total of 40 mg AU FSH at a constant dose twice daily over a 4-d period. Levels of milk progesterone and plasma LH were determined during the course of superovulatory treatment. The Group 1 treatment did not reveal multiple follicular growth, and no embryos were obtained. Superovulation of Group 3 cows resulted in significantly (P<0.05) more corpora lutea (CL; 12.6+/-1.1) and fertilized ova (5.1+/-1.3) compared with Groups 2 and 4 (10.1+/-O.9 and 2.6+/-O.6, 9.0+/-O.9 and 2.7+/-O.5, respectively). Due to a high percentage of degenerated embryos (33%) Group 3 yielded only one more transferable embryo than Groups 2 and 4. Among groups, LH levels differed in the period prior to induction of luteolysis and were similar thereafter. The progesterone pattern following FSH/LH administration reflected the amount of LH supplementation. Milk progesterone levels on the day prior to embryo collection were correlated to the number of CLs and recovered embryos. It is concluded that under the conditions of our experiment superovulation with 0.423 IU LH/40 mg AU FSH may yield a significantly improved superovulatory respons   219                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Superovulation and embryo quality in beef cows using PMSG and a monoclonal anti-PMSG. Zeitoun, M.M.; Yassen, A.M.; Hassan, A.A.; Fathelbab, A.Z.; Echternkamp, S.E.; Wise, T.H.; Maurer, R.R. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 653-667; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Superovulation; Pmsg; Monoclonal antibodies; Embryos  Abstract:  The long half-life of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) reduces its application in the superovulation of cattle; thus, a monoclonal antibody to PMSG (anti-PMSG) was administered at the onset of estrus to increase the number of transferable embryos. Angus, Hereford and Angus X Hereford cows (n = 149) 3 to 9 yr old were assigned randomly to one of three dosages of PMSG (1500, 3000 or 6000 IU) with or without an equivalent dosage of anti-PMSG. Embryos were collected nonsurgically on Day 8 (estrus = Day 0), and all cows were ovariectomized on Day 9. The percentage of cows exhibiting estrus and ovulating decreased (P<0.05) with an increasing dosage of PMSG (82, 76 and 44% for 1500, 3000 and 6000 IU, respectively). Ovarian and total corpora lutea (CL) weight increased (P<0.001) linearly as PMSG dosage increased, but were reduced (P<0.001) curvilinearly by anti- PMSG, resulting in a PMSG by anti-PMSG interaction (P<0.001); the interaction was also significant (P0.1) in diameter than embryos collected prior to the period of oviductal transport (162.5 +/- 3.7 vs 156.7 +/- 3.1 micrometer, respectively). During the period of oviductal transport, embryos collected from the uterus were not significantly larger (P>0.1) in diameter than embryos collected from the oviduct (160.7 +/-3.2 vs 164.3 +/- 7.0 micrometer respectively). During this same period 12/14 embryos were compact morulae, and 2/14 embryos were blastocysts.   224                              NAL Call. No.: SF1.F64 no.77 Training manual for embryo transfer in cattle. Seidel, George E.; Seidel, Sarah M. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,; 1991. xii, 164 p. : ill., forms ; 21 cm. (FAO animal production and health paper ; 77).  Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-164).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle   225                              NAL Call. No.: SF1.F64 no.84 Training manual for embryo transfer in water-buffaloes. Drost, Maarten Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,; 1991. xi, 58 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (FAO animal production and health paper ; 84). "M-22"--T.p. verso.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-58).  Language:  English  Descriptors: Buffaloes   226                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Transfer of porcine embryos after 3 days of in vitro culture. Blum-Reckow, B.; Holtz, W. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3335-3342; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Culture media; Synchronized females; Viability; Blood serum; Progesterone  Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted to determine the viability of porcine embryos transferred after long-term in vitro culture. In Exp. 1, four-cell embryos were kept in culture for 120 h. Embryos that were exposed to fresh culture medium every 12 h survived better than embryos kept in the same medium throughout the culture period. In Exp. 2, four- and eight-cell embryos were cultured in vitro for 72 h before transfer to estrus-induced recipient gilts. Each gilt received, on average, 19 embryos. If recipients were synchronous with donors 3/32 (9%) recipients remained pregnant with an average of 4.0 +/- .6 viable young. If the sexual cycle of the recipients was 24 h behind that of the donors the pregnancy rate was 18/34 (53%) with 4.4 +/- .5 viable young. Average embryo survival rate for the two groups was 1.8 and 12.5%, respectively. A 24-hourly medium replacement during the in vitro culture period had no significant effect on transfer results. When transferring freshly collected blastocysts, pregnancy rate, number of viable young and survival rate of embryos were 6/10 (60%), 7.8 +/- 1.4, and 23.9% for synchronous recipients and 7/10 (70%), 9.3 +/- 1.8, and 32.9.% for asynchronous recipients, respectively. Recipients with very high plasma progesterone levels or numerous follicular cysts at the time of transfer were less likely to remain pregnant than others.   227                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Transitory acidification of semen as a potential method for the inactivation of some pathogenic microorganisms. Effect on fertilization and development of ova in superovulated heifers. Bielanski, A.; Eastman, P.; Hare, W.C.D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul. Theriogenology v. 36 (1): p. 33-40; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Heifers; Holstein-friesian; Semen; Acidification; Artificial insemination; Cryopreservation; Superovulation; Superovulated females; Ova; Embryo transfer; Embryos; Fertilization; Acrosome; Disease control; Viruses; Viral diseases; Motility; Spermatozoa  Abstract:  The fertilizing capacity of transitorily acidified semen was investigated with respect to using acidification as a method for destroying or inactivating acid labile pathogenic microorganisms in semen prior to freezing. Ejaculates diluted 1:1 with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were acidified to pH 5.0 for 2 or 5 minutes before being returned to their original pH. They were then frozen by commercial methods and used to artificially inseminate superovulated heifers. A total 739 ova and embryos was collected from 119 inseminated donors. The fertilization rate was 88%, and 78% of the embryos were of transferable quality. Semen acidification had no apparent effect on the post-thaw percentage of intact acrosomes.   228                                    NAL Call. No.: SF1.S68 Transplantation of bovine embryos after prolonged storage at a temperature of +5 degrees C. Shakhbazyan, A.K.; Krivokharchenko, A.S.; Serobyan, G.A.; Gazaryan, K.G. New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1989. Soviet agricultural biology : Part 2 : Animal biology (3): p. 33-35; 1989. Translated from: Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, (4), 1989, p. 28-29. Includes references.  Language:  English; Russian  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Cold storage; Embryo implantation   229                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration of bovine oocytes. Pieterse, M.C.; Vos, P.L.A.M.; Kruip, T.A.M.; Wurth, Y.A.; Beneden, T.H. van; Willemse, A.H.; Taverne, M.A.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr. Theriogenology v. 35 (4): p. 857-862; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Oocytes; Collection; Graafian follicles; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonics; Estrous cycle; Estrus; Vagina  Abstract:  A transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration technique was developed for the repeated collection of bovine oocytes from natural cycling cows. In addition, the feasibility of using this method for collecting immature oocytes for in vitro embryo production was also evaluated. Puncturing of visible follicles for ovum pick-up was performed in 21 cows over a three month period. All visible follicles larger than 3 mm were punctured and aspirated three times during the estrous cycle on Day 3 or 4. Day 9 or 10 and Day 15 or 16. The mean (+/- SEM) estrous cycle length after repeated follicle puncture was 22.2 +/- 0.3 days. The mean total number of punctured follicles per estrous cycle was 12.6 +/- 0.3. The largest (P < 0.05) number of follicles punctured (5.1 +/- 0.3) for ovum pick-up was on Day 3 or 4 of the estrous cycle. The overall recovery rate of 541 punctured follicles was 55%. Most oocytes (P < 0.05) were aspirated from follicles smaller than 10 mm. Following in vitro maturation and fertilization (IVM/IVF), 104 oocytes were transferred to sheep oviducts. Six days later, 75 ova/embryos were recovered, after flushing the oviduct of the sheep, of which 24% developed into transferable morulae and blastocysts. In this study, a reliable nonsurgical, follicular aspiration procedure was used for the repeated collection of immature oocytes which could be used successfully for in vitro production of embryos. This procedure offers a competitive alternative to conventional superovulation/embryo collection procedures.   230                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration of bovine oocytes. Pieterse, M.C.; Vos, P.L.A.M.; Kruip, T.A.M.; Wurth, Y.A.; Beneden, T.H. van; Willemse, A.H.; Taverne, M.A.M. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 19-24; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Oocytes; Follicles; Ultrasound; Collection; Estrous cycle   231                                  NAL Call. No.: RG135.T76 Trophoblast invasion and endometrial receptivity novel aspects of the cell biology of embryo implantation. Denker, Hans-Werner,_1941-; Aplin, John Dalzell, Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Study Group, Meeting_1986 :_Heidelberg, Germany) New York : Plenum Medical Book Co.,; 1990. xi, 462 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. (Trophoblast research ; v. 4).  "Derived from a workshop ... held during the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture Study Group (C.T.O.C.) in 1986, at Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany"--T.p. verso.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Human embryo; Transplantation; Congresses; Trophoblast; Physiology; Congresses; Endometrium; Physiology; Congresses; Surgery, Experimental; Congresses   232                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Trypsin treatment of bovine ova after in vitro exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus. Stringfellow, D.A.; Lauerman, L.H.; Thomson, M.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (6): p. 990-992; 1989 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Ova; Vesicular stomatitis virus; Serotypes; Trypsin; Disease control  Abstract:  Preimplantation bovine ova were exposed in vitro to vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, to document adherence of the virus to the zona pellucida. To determine the efficacy of this treatment, some of the ova were treated with trypsin after exposure to the virus. Vesicular stomatitis virus was isolated from 5 of 10 groups of zona pellucida- intact ova after 12 sequential washes without trypsin treatment. Vesicular stomatitis virus was also isolated from 4 of 11 groups of zona pellucida-intact ova after trypsin treatment.   233                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Turnover of dominant follicles in cattle of different reproductive states. Roche, J.F.; Boland, M.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 81-90; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Estrous cycle; Follicles; Postpartum period   234                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Ultrarapid freezing of 1- and 2-cell mouse embryos fertilized in vivo or in vitro. Chung, K.M.; Im, K.S.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, C.K.; Lee, Y.B. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 247; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Embryos; Freezing; Fertilization; In vitro   235                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Ultrasonography for detection of early pregnancy following embryo transfer in unknown breed of Bos indicus cows. Totey, S.M.; Singh, G.; Taneja, M.; Talwar, G.P. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Mar. Theriogenology v. 35 (3): p. 487-497; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Pregnancy diagnosis; Ultrasonography; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  Real time, B mode ultrasound was used from Days 18 to 64 to detect and monitor the conceptus in 30 unknown breeds of Bos indicus recipients following embryo transfer. The embryonic vesicle was first visible within te measured in su Days 18 and 20 (mean +/- SD 18.5 +/- 0.7 d) d). The embryo proper was detected at Day 19.5 +/- 0.7. The heartbeats were detected at Day 22.6 +/- 0.9. The average day of first detection of the allantois, the C -shaped embryo and the amnion was 23.1 +/- 0.8, 23.8 +/- 1.4 and 25.1 +/- 1.4 d, respectively. The fore limb, the limb buds, the spinal cord and the optic area were observed on Days 32.7 +/- 1.3, 32.9 +/- 1.3, 33.0 +/- 1.5 and 33.6 +/- 1.4, respectively. Fetal movements could be detected at Day 50.7 +/- 1.0. Ribs and vertebrae were detected on Day 60.9 +/- 1.7. The mean length of the embryo proper was 4.5 +/- 0.8 mm on Day 19. At Day 60 it was 52.5 +/- 7.0 mm. The growth of the embryo proper increased steadily until Day 39, growing rapidly thereafter. Embryonic death was detected in one recipient on Day 32. The echongenic area started increasing and recipient appeared in estrus on Day 40. Sixteen recipients exhibited estrus on Days 22 to 24. An increase in intrauterine fluid was observed on Days 18 to 24.   236                                NAL Call. No.: SF5.A8 1990 Uniformity and recovery of porcine embryos. Chen, L.R.; Sheen, Y.W.; Hsu, T.T.; Wu, M.C. Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan : The Organization Committee, Fifth AAAP Animal Science Congress; 1990. Proceedings, the 5th AAAP Animal Science Congress, May 27-June 1, 1990, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. v. 3 p. 370; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Embryos; Collection   237                         NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 SUPPL. A unifying hypothesis for the control of blastocyst growth based on observations of the pig. Flint, A.P.F. Cambridge, U.K. : The Journals of Reproduction and Fertility Ltd; 1981. Journal of reproduction and fertility: Supplement (29): p. 215-227; 1981.  In the series analytic: Embryonic diapause in mammals / edited by A.P.F. Flint, Marilyn B. Renfree, and Barbara J. Weir. Proceedings of a symposium held February 1980, Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Blastocyst; Endometrium; Embryo implantation; Diapause; Growth; Estrogens; Chorionic gonadotropin; Growth inhibitors   238                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Unsatisfactory results with the transfer of embryos from gilts superovulated with PMSG and hCG. Holtz, W.; Schlieper, B. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1237-1249; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; German landrace; Pig breeds; Superovulation; Pmsg; Hcg; Embryos; Survival; Embryo transfer; Pregnancy rate; Viability; Dosage effects  Abstract:  Prepuberal gilts received an intramuscular injection of either a single dose of PG 600 (400 IU pregnant mare serum and 200 IU human chorionic gonadotropin) (n=21), twice (n=18) or three times (n=24) that amount. This was followed by 500 IU hCG 56 h later. Most of the gilts were inseminated 36 h following treatment. Of the 63 donors, 58 responded to treatment with, on average, 20.8, 36.7 and 55.8 ovulations, and embryo/ova recovery rates of 80, 76.3 and 53.8% for the three respective dosages. Within 2 to 4 h after collection, synchronized gilts received 16 to 18 morphologically normal embryos transferred into the oviduct. The recipients were slaughtered at 28 to 32 d after embryo transfer, and 10 of 11, 6 of 11 and 9 of 13 gilts in the three treatment groups were found to be pregnant; the average number of viable conceptuses was 6.6, 6.1 and 6.6. There was a lower embryo recovery and pregnancy rate associated with the administration of increasing dosages of PMSG and hCG; thus this regimen is not recommended.   239                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Use of bovine FSH for superovulation and embryo production in beef heifers. Bellows, R.A.; Staigmiller, R.B.; Wilson, J.M.; Phelps, D.A.; Darling, A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth- Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1069-1082; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Zebu; Beef cows; Heifers; Hereford; Brahman; Fish; Superovulation; Embryos; Isolation; Graafian follicles; Corpus luteum; Progesterone; Blood serum; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  A biologically active dimeric glycoprotein gonadotropin (bFSH) produced by recombinant DNA technology was used to determine superovulation response and embryo production in Hereford F1 and Brahman F1 heifers. Heifers received a total dose of either 18- or 24-mg bFSH administered intramuscularly and given twice daily over a 3-d period. Luteal regression was induced with either dinoprost (Lutalyse) or cloprostenol (Estrumate) administered immediately before the fifth bFSH injection. Blood samples were obtained just prior to the first and fifth bFSH injection and 12 h after the last injection. Progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Embryos were collected by routine nonsurgical procedures. Superovulatory response (P<0.01) and the number of embryos recovered (P<0.05) were greater in Brahman F1 than Hereford F1 heifers. No significant differences were found due to luteolytic agent or bFSH dosage. Serum progesterone concentration in the initial sample was higher (P<0.01) in Hereford F1 than in Brahman F1 heifers, and there were interactions in progesterone concentrations between heifer breed and bFSH dose (P<0.05) and between breed and luteolytic agent (P<0.05). Residual correlation analyses showed heifers with high progesterone concentrations in the initial sample yielded more normal, quality Grade-1 embryos recovered and frozen (P<0.10 to P<0.05). This new compound had high biological activity and gave an excellent superovulatory response within the dosage range studied. Variation in ovarian-embryo traits was similar to that of presently available gonadotropins.   240                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Use of embryo transfer in future cattle breeding schemes. Christensen, L.G. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 141-149. ill; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Embryo transfer; Breeding programs; Selection; Cloning   241                                 NAL Call. No.: SF207.B442 Use of embryo transfer to induce twinning in beef cattle: embryo survival rate, gestation length and birth weight of calves. Davis, M.E.; Harvey, W.R.; Bishop, M.D.; Gearheart, W.W. Wooster, Ohio : The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; 1988 Mar. Beef cattle research report (88-1): p. 9-21; 1988 Mar.  In subseries: Animal Science Series.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Beef cows; Embryo transfer; Twinning; Birth weight; Survival; Splitting   242                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Use of ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant for bovine embryos allowing direct transfer of frozen-thawed embryos to recipient females. Voelkel, S.A.; Hu, Y.X. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Mar. Theriogenology v. 37 (3): p. 687-697; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cows; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Cryoprotectants; Ethylene glycol; Freezing; Rehydration; Survival  Abstract:  Four experiments were conducted to define a system for the direct transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos to recipient females. In Experiment 1, nonsurgically recovered embryos were frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG), 1.5 M propylene glycol (PG), 1.5 M DMSO or 1.4 M glycerol (GLY), and then thawed and placed directly into holding medium. Viability at 72 hours of post-thaw culture was 70, 11, 25 and 30% for the four groups, respectively. In Experiments II and III, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M concentrations of EG were compared; a concentration of 1.5 M appeared to provide optimal cryopreservation and survival after direct rehydration. In Experiment IV, embryos were packaged in straws containing only 1.5 M EG, in straws containing a column of 1.5 M EG and the embryo and two columns of PB1 in a 1:3 ratio of volumes (EG/PB1), or were frozen in 1.4 M glycerol. After thawing, embryos in EG and EG/PB1 treatments were transferred directly to recipient females, while embryos frozen in GLY were rehydrated using a three-step procedure. In the first trial, pregnancy rates at approximately 60 days of gestation for embryos frozen in EG and GLY groups were 39 and 62%, respectively (P < 0.10). In the second trial, the pregnancy rate for embryos frozen in EG/PB1 was equal to that of embryos frozen in GLY (50% in both groups). These experiments demonstrate the potential for using ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant for bovine embryos, thus permitting direct transfer of frozen-thawed embryos to recipient females.   243                                    NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The use of increased female reproductive rates in dairy cattle breeding schemes. Meuwissen, T.H.E. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb. Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 21-31; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Nucleus scheme; Selection program; Embryo transfer; Progeny testing; Genetic gain; Female fertility; Superovulation; Deterministic models   244                                   NAL Call. No.: 100 L939 Using computerized image analysis to evaluate cattle embryos before transfer. Casey, P.L.; Youngs, C.R.; Godke, R.A. Baton Rouge, La. : The Station; 1990. Louisiana agriculture - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station v. 33 (4): p. 9-12; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Embryo transfer; Image processors; Computer techniques   245                                  NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Using embryo sexing within closed mixed multiple ovulation and embryo transfer schemes for selection on dairy cattle. Colleau, J.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3973-3984; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Embryo transfer; Sex diagnosis; Genetic gain; Simulation models; Selection; Nucleus scheme; Dams  Abstract:  Two types of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer schemes that included bull progeny testing were compared. In the juvenile schemes, embryos were collected at 16 to 18 mo of age without sexing, whereas, in the adult schemes, donors were chosen based on their first lactation record, and their embryos were systematically sexed. With the latter schemes, natural calves obtained at the first two calvings could compete with embryo transfer calves to be replacements. The optimal structure of this scheme was derived algebraically for the same number of transferred embryos as in the juvenile schemes. Predicted asymptotic annual genetic gains, after stabilization of genetic parameters taking into account the Bulmer effect, were found to be slightly in favor of the adult schemes for a given set of parameters (overall number of transferred embryos, number of embryos per collection, and embryo survival rate). In the adult schemes, the nucleus sizes were much larger than in the juvenile schemes, which allowed a higher selection differential on male paths, thus compensating for the longer generation interval. Asymptotic rate of genetic gain for Monte Carlo simulations were about 10 and 7% lower for juvenile and adult schemes, respectively, but still higher (20%) than the predicted value for the corresponding conventional scheme. Consequently, adult schemes with embryo sexing can be an efficient alternative to juvenile schemes without embryo sexing.   246                                  NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Utilization of dominance variance through mate allocation strategies. DeStefano, A.L.; Hoeschele, I. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (6): p. 1680-1690; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Simulation models; Specific combining ability; Genetic gain; Dominance; Genetic parameters; Inbreeding depression; Prediction; Accuracy; Mating combinations; Embryo transfer  Abstract:  Simulation was used to evaluate the increase in progeny performance from three mating strategies based on predicted specific combining abilities among sires and maternal grandsires over random mating that do not use specific combining ability but avoid inbreeding. Specific combining abilities were equal to the sum of combination effects from dominance plus the effect of inbreeding depression. Mates were allocated by linear programming with two approximations. Genetic parameters were h(2) in the narrow sense equal to .05, .15, or .25 and the ratio of dominance to phenotypic variance equal to .05, .10, or .15. A population of 400 bulls were grouped by .99, .85, and .70 PTA reliability; the first group was sires and maternal grandsires of others. Recurrence equations for combination effects that were due to dominance, not including inbreeding depression, were used to create a matrix of true combination effects among bulls. Predicted specific combining abilities were computed from true combination effects using low, intermediate, and high levels of accuracy plus the effect of inbreeding. Twenty herds of cows were generated for each bull populations. Within a herd, four mating groups of 123 cows were mated to 10 bulls from all bull groups. The three mating strategies yielded progeny merits slightly but significantly higher than random mating. Scaled by standard deviation of milk yield, increases with linear programming were 12.3 to 40.1 kg for low, 16.4 to 46.4 kg for intermediate, and 31.0 to 80.3 for high accuracy.   247                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Variation among donor females in mammalian preimplantation embryo research. Pomp, D.; Eisen, E.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1209-1224; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mice; Embryos; Cryopreservation; Freezing; Survival; Embryonic development; Blastocyst; In vitro; Donors; Genotypes; Genetic variation; Experimental design; Statistical analysis  Abstract:  Data from two investigations involving preimplantation mouse embryo survival rates were analyzed by statistical methods which considered (Analysis I) or ignored (Analysis II) variation among-donor females. The first investigation studied in vitro development of zygotes in two culture media. Embryos from each donor female were randomly allocated to treatments. Analysis I utilized donor female as a block, removing among-donor female variation from the mean- square error. Analysis II ignored this variation, as if embryos from all donor females were pooled prior to random allocation to treatment. Media effects were large in both cases, and interpretation of results did not differ among analyses for an outbred stock or for an outbred X inbred cross. However, level of significance was consistently more extreme in Analysis II than in Analysis I. The second investigation studied genotypic responses in development of eight-cell embryos following cryopreservation. Survival rate was measured per donor female within genotype. Analysis I utilized donor females nested within genotype as the error term. Analysis II again utilized categorical pooling of data, ignoring donor females. In several cases, genotype differences and interaction effects were significant in Analysis II but not in Analysis I. Interpretation of results was dependent upon type of analysis. Consideration of among-donor female variation consistently yielded conservative tests of hypotheses relative to analyses which ignored this source of variation. Failure to consider among-donor female variation may lead to improper hypothesis testing, thus increasing the risk of false rejection of null hypotheses (Type-I error).   248                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 The viability of late morulae and blastocysts produced by nuclear transplantation in cattle. Willadsen, S.M.; Janzen, R.E.; McAlister, R.J.; Shea, B.F.; Hamilton, G.; McDermand, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1991 Jan. Theriogenology v. 35 (1): p. 161-170; 1991 Jan.  Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Jan 13-15, 1991, Bournemouth, England.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle; Morula; Blastocyst; Viability; Transplantation; Nuclei   249                                 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Viability of vitrified mouse embryos using various cryoprotectant mixtures. Ishimori, H.; Takahashi, Y.; Kanagawa, H. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 481-487; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Morula; Blastocyst; Cryoprotectants; Cryopreservation; Viability; Embryo culture; Embryo transfer; Embryo mortality; Mice; Temperature; Ethylene glycol; Propylene glycol; Glycerol; Dimethyl sulfoxide  Abstract:  Mouse morulae and blastocysts were cryopreserved by vitrification using six types of solutions. Each solution was composed of two types of cryoprotectants, glycerol (GL) + ethylene glycol (EG), GL + propylene glycol (PG). GL + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). EG + PG, EG + DMSO, and PG + DMSO at an each cryoprotectant concentration of 25% v/v. Embryos were exposed to each type of vitrification solutions, which had been diluted 50% in PBS, for 5 minutes at room temperature, then for another 5 minutes at 4 degrees C. The embryos were loaded into straws containing vitrification solution at 4 degrees C and plunged into liquid nitrogen within 30 seconds. After warming in water at 0 degrees C and following one-step dilution of the cryoprotectant in 0.5 M sucrose + PBS, the embryos were cultured in vitro. The survival rates of morulae were 51, 16, 78, 44, 79 and 50%. respectively, for the six solutions. The survival rates of the morulae using GL + DMSO and EG + DMSO were significantly higher than those of the other solutions (P < 0.01). The survival rates of blastocysts were 72, 29, 55. 46, 79 and 46%, respectively, for the six solutions. The survival rates using GL + EG and EG + DMSO were significantly higher than those of the other solutions (P < 0.05). A high in vitro survival rate was obtained when both morulae and blastocysts were vitrified using EG + DMSO. Therefore, embryos vitrified in EG + DMSO were transferred to recipient mice, and their development into live fetuses was investigated. The in vivo development rates of morulae and blastocysts were 34 and 49%, respectively. These values were not significantly different from those of fresh control embryos. 
****AUTHOR INDEX
- Aalto, J.  138  Aarts, T.  15 Acree, J.A.  114 
- Agrawala, P.L.  156  Aitken, R.P.  29, 63, 80, 147, 216 Alabart, J.L.  77 
- Alcivar, A.A.  101  Alekseenko, A.N.  1 Allen, W.R.  171 
- Altschul, M.  132  Amoah, E.A.  78 Anderson, G.B.  66, 100 
- Anderson, L.L.  101  Anwar, M.  177 Anzalone, C.A.  215 
- Aoyagi, Y.  47  Aplin, John Dalzell,  231 Argerich, C.  192 
- Ashworth, C.J.  80  Australian Association of Cattle Veterinarians, University of Sydney, Post-Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science  85 Avila, J.  105 
- Axford, R.F.E.  107  Baig, S.M.  177 Baker, R.  19 
- Baker, R.D.  67  Balise, J.J.  142 Balke, J.  115 
- Ball, B.A.  132  Barker, I.K.  115 Barnes, F.L.  52 
- Barth, A.D.  99  Batt, P.A.  125, 151 Baumbach, G.A.  191 
- Bavister, B.D.  44, 164  Bawden, C.S.  129 Beckers, J.F.  141, 197 
- Bellows, R.A.  239  Beneden, T.H. van  159, 229, 230 Betteridge, K.J.  42 
- Betts, C.L.  26  Bielanski, A.  165, 227 Biery, K.A.  190 
- Bills, N.D.  118  Bilodeau, S.  58 Bishop, M.D.  241 
- Biswas, J.C.  27  Blair, R.M.  53 Blanchard, T.  55 
- Blum-Reckow, B.  226  Bo, G.A.  57 Boer, P. de  81 
- Boiko, A.G.  31  Boland, M.P.  3, 220, 233 Bolin, S.R.  96 
- Bondioli, K.R.  26, 167, 186, 190  Boomsma, R.A.  20 Boone, W.R.  193 
- Brackett, B.G.  136  Bradford, G.E.  176 Bredbacka, P.  138 
- Brem, G.  8, 210  Breuel, K.F.  67 Broadbent, P.J.  200 
- Brown, C.M.  107  Brown, K.F.D.  93 Buckrell, B.C.  115 
- Burry, E.R.  192  Butcher, R.L.  67 Butler, J.E.  23 
- Callesen, H.  172  Cameron, A.W.N.  151 Cameron, R.D.A.  180 
- Canseco, R.S.  35  Carney, N.J.  28 Carson, R.L.  18 
- Cartee, R.E.  69  Casey, P.L.  244 Caudle, A.B.  146 
- Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Study Group, Meeting 1986 : Heidelberg, Germany  231  Challis, J.R.G.  115 Chalupa, W.  55 
- Chang, A.M.Z.  206  Chang, W.K.  121 Chen, L.R.  236 
- Cheney, S.  87  Cheng, W.T.K.  135 Cheng, Y.S.  162 
- Christensen, L.G.  240  Christie, W.B.  71 Chung, K.M.  75, 234 
- Clifford, A.J.  118  Cocero, M.J.  77 Coenen, K.  58 
- Coghill, C.  115  Cognie, Y.  77 Collas, P.  56, 109, 142, 202 
- Colleau, J.J.  245  Cook, V.M.  28 Cox, A.  53 
- Crawshaw, G.J.A 115  Cummings, A.M.  72 Curtis, John L.  16, 17 
- Czlonkowska, M.  12, 122  Dailey, R.A.  67 Darling, A.  239 
- Davies, L.  134  Davis, D.L.  205 Davis, M.E.  241 
- De Mayo, F.J.  190  Delahaut, P.  197 Denker, Hans-Werner  231 
- Desaulniers, D.M.  103  DeStefano, A.L.  246 Dey, S.K.  50, 144 
- Dickerson, G.E.  100  DiGiacomo, R.F.  113 Dilts, R.B.  176 
- Dolgokhatskii, A.I.  198  Dolman, D.F.  200 Donoghue, A.M.  97 
- Downey, B.R.  37  Draincourt, M.A.  120 Dronin, A.P.  1 
- Drost, M.  64  Drost, Maarten  225 Dufour, J.J.  141 
- Duplantis, S.C. Jr  175  Durack, M.  180 Dziak, J.  12 
- Eastman, P.  227  Ebert, K.M.  25 Echternkamp, S.E.  114, 219 
- Eisen, E.J.  124, 247  Ellington, J.E.  14, 41, 132, 152, 181 Elsaesser, F.  218 
- Elsden, R. P.  89  Eppig, J.J.  48 Evans, G.  221 
- Evans, M.J.  38  Evermann, J.F.  113 Exsel, A.C.A. van  15 
- Eyestone, W.H.  52, 209  Eysymont, U.  12, 122 Fahning, M.L.  212 
- Fairclough, R.J.  125  Famula, T.R.  176 Farrell, P.B.  41, 152, 181 
- Fathelbab, A.Z.  219  Favero, R.J.  183 Fayrer-Hosken, R.A.  146 
- Ferguson, J.  55  Ferris, T.A.  213 First, N.L.  36, 45, 169, 209 
- Flint, A.P.F.  237  Fogarty, R.  180 Folch, J.  77 
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  224   Foote, R.H.  41, 152, 179, 181 Foote, W.C.  9 
- Foster, J.D. I214  Fox, T.C.  222 Fraser, H.  214 
- Freeman, D.A.  23, 223  Fry, R.C.  125 Fukui, Y.  46, 49, 178 
- Fulka, J. Jr  168  Funahashi, H.  47 Gao, K.  191 
- Garcia, M.A.  212  Garrett, P.D.  18 Gartley, C.J.  115 
- Gavrikov, A.M.  1  Gazaryan, K.G.  228 Gearheart, W.W.  241 
- Geary, R.T.  23, 223  Geisert, R.D.  53, 222 Gelaye, S.  78 
- Gerber, C.  73  Ginther, O.J.  211 Godke, R.A.  244 
- Godkin, J.D.  191  Goldman, E.E.  41 Goodeaux, L.L.  215 
- Goodrowe, K.L.  115  Goodwin, M.L.  54 Gordon, I.  185 
- Goulding, D.  3, 220  Grasso, F.  119 Graves, C.N.  183 
- Gray, B.W.  69  Gray, K.R.  26 Green, R.D.  100 
- Greer, R.C.  116  Gregory, K.E.  182 Greve, T.  172 
- Gries, L.K.  53  Guay, P.  103 Guerra-Martinez, P.  100 
- Guibault, L.A.  119  Guilbault, L.A.  141, 197 Guszkiewicz, A.  12, 122 
- Gwazdauskas, F.C.  35  Hagen, D.R.  45 Haley, C.S.  80 
- Hamilton, G.  248  Hamon, M.H.  171 Hansen, P.J.  73 
- Hare, W.C.D.  39, 227  Harper, K.M.  136 Harris, S.T.  72 
- Hart, K.G.  127  Harvey, W.R.  241 Hasler, J.  55 
- Hasler, J.F.  181  Hassan, A.A.  219 Heap, R.B.  171 
- Heard, T.M.  129, 131  Heid, M.K.  118 Henderson, B.  55 
- Henderson, W.B.  181  Hernandez-Ledezma, J.J.  195 Herr, C.M.  154 
- Herrler, A.  218  Hibburt, Chris  85 Hill, K.G.  190 
- Hinrichs, S.H.  118  Hishinuma, M.  196 Hoeschele, I.  246 
- Hoeven, F.A. van der  81  Holbrook, F.R.  114 Holtz, W.  217, 226, 238 
- Hope, J.  214  Howard, J.  97 Hruska, K. Jr  59 
- Hsu, T.T.  135, 236  Hu, Y.X.  51, 242 Huang, J.C.  135 
- Hudson, R.  199  Hudson, R.H.H.  110 Huh, S.  208 
- Huhtinen, M.  138  Hunter, N.  214 Hyttel, P.  172 
- Hyttinen, J.M.  203  Illera, M.J.  130 Im, K.S.  75, 90, 234 
- Inskeep, E.K.  67  International Office of Epizootics. Regional Commission for Europe. Conference 1988 : Madrid, Spain  82 Ireland, S.  147 
- Iritani, A.  123  Ishikawa, Y.  30 Ishimori, H.  249 
- Iwasaki, S.  155  Izaike, Y.  170 Jabbour, H.N.  221 
- Jackson, Peter  86  James, D.M.  205 James, J.E.  205 
- James, L.F.  60  Janne, J.  203 Janzen, R.E.  248 
- Jasko, D.J.  28  Javed, M.H.  40 Jenkins, A.S.  66 
- Jensen, J.  213  Jeon, G.J.  213 Jikken Dobutsu Chuo Kenkyujo (Kawasaki-shi, Japan), Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha  149 
- Jochle, W.  35  Johnson, D.C.  50, 144 Johnson, Judith A.  7 
- Johnson, W.H.  54, 115  Johnston, L.A.  97 Joly, T.  126 
- Jones, J.M.  209  Jones, K.B.  190 Jordt, T.  157 
- Joshi, B.V.  156  Jovicin, M.  117 Jovin, N.  117 
- Jung, J.K.  121  Kanagawa, H.  140, 196, 249 Kang, M.J.  74 
- Kang, S.R.  162  Kanka, J.  168 Kao, Z.C.  162 
- Kappes, S.M.  114  Kasatelic, J.P.  211 Kashiwazaki, N.  189 
- Kasiraj, R.  156  Kato, H.  123 Keefer, C.L.  160 
- Keller, D.S.  65  Kennedy, B.W.  68 Kennedy, D.J.  147 
- Kesler, D.J.  183  Khalifa, R.M.E.  106 Kida, H.  140 
- Kim, C.I.  208  Kim, H.S.  90 Kim, J.K.  74 
- Kim, S.H.  75, 234  Kim, Y.H.  74 King, W.A.  37, 42 
- Kinghorn, B.P.  104  Kippax, I.S.  71 Kirkland, P.D.  127 
- Kletsko, N.G.  187  Kogo, H.  144 Kosarcic, D.  92, 96, 117 
- Kossakowski, M.  12, 122  Kot, K.  79 Koul, G.L.  27 
- Kovacevic, K.  117  Kovacs, A.  179 Kraemer, D.C.  153, 163, 204 
- Krausslich, H.  8  Kreider, J.L.  163 Krivokharchenko, A.S.  228 
- Kruip, T.A.M.  159, 229, 230  Kuz'mina, T.I.  173 Kuzmanov, D.  92 
- Land, R.B.  161  Lauerman, L.H.  232 Laurie, S.  38 
- Lavilla-Apelo, C.  140  Lee, C.K.  75, 234 Lee, K.S.  90 
- Lee, Y.B.  75, 234  Leibo, S.P.  174 Lerner, S.P.  67 
- Lewis, G.S.  106  Li, R.  151 Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, United States, Congress, House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight  7 
- Lim, J.M.  49, 178  Lin, A.C.  135 Lin, Y.C.  143 
- Liu, K.H.  191  Looney, C.R.  186 Loong, E.P.L.  206 
- Lorenzini, E.  157  Love, L.  55 Lu, K.H.  185 
- Lucas-Hahn, A.  137  Lucy, M.C.  64 Luedke, A.J.  114 
- Lussier, J.G.  119  Macmillan, K.L.  64� Madich, A.V.  187 
- Madison, L.V.  31  Madison, V.V.  31 Mahmood, S.  27 
- Maki-Tanila, A.  138  Malmakov, N.I.  13 Mandic, L.  117 
- Mao, I.L.  213  Mao, K.R.  206 Mapletoft, R.J.  57, 99 
- Martin, P.A.  205  Martinod, S.  73 Masaki, J.  43 
- Maslev, T.I.  1  Massey, J.M.  6 Matsuoka, M.  62 
- Matton, P.  119  Maurer, R.R.  21, 73, 101, 182, 219 Mavrogianis, P.A.  20 
- McAlister, R.J.  248  McDermand, D.  248 McFarlane, C.  37 
- McGinnis, L.K.  113, 133, 175  McGrath, A.B.  41, 181 McKelvey, W.A.C.  214 
- McKinnon, A.O.  102  McLaughlin, K.J.  129, 134 McVeigh, J.  180 
- Mebus, C.A.  84  Mehmood, A.  177 Mehren, K.G.  115 
- Memon, M.A.  25  Menezo, Y.  215 Meuwissen, T.H.E.  243 
- Mieusset, R.  70  Mihajlovic, B.  96 Miljkovic, V.  92 
- Mirck, M.H.  15  Misra, A.K.  156 Miyamoto, K.  189 
- Moker, J.S.  99  Molyneux, R.J.  60 Monfort, S.L.  97 
- Moor, R.M.  38  Morgan, G.L.  53, 222 Mori, K.  43 
- Moyle, A.  127  Mrvos, G.  92 Munar, C.J.  192 
- Munson, L.  14  Murgaski, S.  92 Mutiga, E.R.  139 
- Mylne, M.J.A.  214  Mysinger, P.W.  18 Nakahara, T.  155 
- Nazarov, E.A.  198  Neale, E.  206 Nibart, M.  126 
- Nielsen, D.B.  60  Niemann, H.  33, 94, 137, 218 Nigro, M.A.  192 
- Ninkov, I.  92  Nishikata, Y.  62 Northey, D.L.  211 
- Notarianni, E.  38  Nowshari, Manzoor Ahmad  34 Numabe, T.  30 
- Ogawa, S.  189  Oh, S.J.  90 Ohisa, N.  30 
- Ohta, K.  140  Ohtani, S.  189 Okamoto, K.  62 
- Oliveira, M.A.L.  136  Onihara, T.  47 Ono, H.  49, 178 
- Ooe, M.  62  Ortiz, W.B.  197 Owen, J.B.  107 
- Panangala, V.S.  145  Panesar, N.S.  206 Panter, K.E.  60 
- Papis, K.  122  Parks, J.E.  108 Parr, R.A.  125 
- Parrish, J.J.  116  Parvizi, N.  218 Pearson, J.E.  114 
- Pearson, R.E.  35  Perez-Enciso, M.  166 Petr, J.  168 
- Petters, R.M.  130  Peura, T.  203 Phelps, D.A.  239 
- Pierson, R.A.  57  Pieterse, M.C.  159, 229, 230 Pinto-Correia, C.  56 
- Pinyopummintr, T.  44  Pipkin, J.L.  204 Plante, L.  42 
- Pomp, D.  124, 247  Ponce de Leon, F.A.  56 Pope, W.F.  98 
- Posadas, E.  105  Potter, G.D.  163, 204 Powell, A.M.  61 
- Prather, R.S.  36, 45, 169  Prokof'eva, E.S.  198 Pryor, J.H.  167 
- Pugh, P.A.  46  Pursel, V.G.  92 Putra, D.K.H.  180 
- Quintana Casares, P.  70  Rainio, V.  138 Rajamahendran, P.  143 
- Rall, W.F.  4, 194  Rangareddi, N.S.  156 Rayos, A.A.  196 
- Reed, K.C.  154  Reed, M.L.  130 Reeves, J.J.  195 
- Rehnberg, G.L.  72  Rexroad, C.E. Jr  61, 184 Richardson, M.E.  207 
- Riddell, K.P.  69, 145  Riddell, M.G.  18, 69 Rieger, D.  54, 201 
- Rikihisa, Y.  143  Roberts, A.J.  195 Roberts, R.M.  150 
- Robertson, I.S.  29, 147  Robinson, J.J.  29, 63, 147, 216 Robl, J.M.  56, 109, 142, 202 
- Roche, J.F.  3, 220, 233  Rogan, E.  127 Rogers, G.E.  129 
- Rorie, R.W.  42  Rose-Hellekant, T.A.  44 Ross, G.S.  114 
- Rouillier, P.  119  Roussel, J.D.  215 Rowan, T.G.  71 
- Roy, G.L.  141  Ruane, J.  128 Ruffing, N.A.  108 
- Ruvuna, F.  10  Sadykov, Sh.M.  31 Sakata, A.  62 
- Sanchez Partida, L.G.  70  Satayapunt, C.  91 Sayre, B.L.  106 
- Schaeffer, L.R.  68  Schalue-Francis, T.  150 Schiewe, M.C.  4, 194 
- Schini, S.A.  164  Schlafer, D.H.  14 Schlieper, B.  238 
- Schmidt, M.  172  Schmidt, P.M.  194 Schmutz, S.M.  99 
- Schouten, M.  81  Schroeder, A.C.  48 Scudamore, C.L.  29, 63, 147 
- Seamark, R.F.  129, 131, 134  Seidel, G.E. Jr  28, 83, 95 Seidel, George E.  89, 224 
- Seidel, Sarah M.  224  Selgrath, J.P.  25 Selk, G.  88 
- Sen, M.  50, 144  Senn, B.J.  207 Serobyan, G.A.  228 
- Setchell, B.P.  70  Shakhbazyan, A.K.  228 Shapiro, S.S.  193 
- Shea, B.F.  248  Sheen, Y.W.  236 Shelton, J.N.  112 
- Shimada, K.  170  Siddiqui, M.U.  156 Siegenthaler, B.  73 
- Silio, L.  166  Simkin, M.E.  41, 152 Sims, M.M.  36, 45, 169 
- Singh, E.L.  84  Singh, G.  235 Singhajan, S.  91 
- Sirad, M.A.  58  Sirivejapundu, S.  91 Sivaiah, S.  156 
- Sivaprasad, A.V.  129  Smidt, D.  94 Smith, C.  76 
- Smith, L.C.  111, 188  Smith, T.E.  25 Sovetkin, S.V.  198 
- Sowerbutts, S.F.  70  Spahr, S.L.  183 Squires, E.L.  2, 28, 102 
- Squires, Edward L.  24  Staigmiller, R.B.  116, 239 Stancic, B.  92 
- Stewart, M.  200  Stringfellow, D.A.  18, 69, 145, 232 Stuart, L.D.  4 
- Studer, E.  113  Sugawara, S.  43 Sujarit, V.K.S.  91 
- Sul, D.S.  90  Surjanovic, M.  963 Suzuki, O.  170 
- Suzuki, T.  62  Swan, A.A.  104 Szell, A.  110, 199 
- Takada, N.  30  Takagi, Y.  43 Takahashi, M.  170 
- Takahashi, T.  43  Takahashi, Y.  196, 249 Takeda, T.  47, 55 
- Takenouchi, N.  170  Talwar, G.P.  235 Tam, P.P.L.  206 
- Tan, H.S.  64  Taneja, M.  235 Tarr, S.F.  2 
- Taverne, M.A.M.  159, 229, 230  Taylor, J.F.  10 Teepker, G.  65, 76 
- Tervit, H.R.  46  Thallman, R.M.  10 Thatcher, W.W.  64 
- Thibier, M.  126  Thibodeaux, J.K.  215 Thompson, J.G.  46 
- Thomson, M.S.  232  Thuemmel, A.E.  35 Tischner, M.  79 
- Tobback, C.  179  Tomizawa, M.  43 Toro, M.  166 
- Totey, S.M.  235  Townsend, E.C.  67 Trounson, A.O.  151 
- Turner, J.W.  10  Turunen, M.  203 Ullah, N.  177 
- Underhill, K.L.  37  University of Sydney, Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science  86 Ushijima, H.  155 
- Utsumi, K.  123  Vaillancourt, D.  103 Valencia, J.  105 
- Van de Sandt, J.J.M.  48  Vautier, R.A.  1923 Verhage, H.G.  20 
- Verma, P.J.  129  Veselinovic, S.  92, 92, 96, 96, 117, 117 Voelkel, S.A.  51, 215, 242 
- Vos, P.L.A.M.  159, 229, 230  Walker, S.K.  129, 131 Wallace, J.M.  216 
- Walter, J.P.  10  Walton, J.S.  54 Watanabe, S.  155 
- Webb, J.  19, 181  Weber, J.A.  23, 223 Wells, M.E.  222 
- Wentink, G.H.  15  Westhusin, M.E.  167, 186 Wettemann, R.P.  222 
- Wiggans, G.R.  158  Wildt, D.E.  4, 97, 194 Willadsen, S.M.  248 
- Willemse, A.H.  229, 230  Williams, A.  214 Williams, D.H.  220 
- Williams, G.  107  Wilmut, I.  80, 111 Wilson, I.B.H.  107 
- Wilson, J.M.  163, 204, 239  Wise, T.H.  21, 219 Wolfe, B.A.  153 
- Wolfe, D.F.  18  Wong, Y.F.  206 Woods, G.L.  23, 223 
- Wrathall, A.E.  93  Wright, J.C.  69 Wright, R.W. Jr  40, 177, 195� 
- Wu, H.K.  135  Wu, M.C.  162, 236 Wubishet, A.  183 
- Wurth, Y.A.  159, 229, 230  Xu, K.P.X.  42 Yadav, B.R.  42, 165 
- Yamamoto, M.  62  Yang, B.S.  90 Yang, X.  179 
- Yassen, A.M.  219  Yellin, T.  53 Yoo, S.H.  90 
- Yoshiba, N.  155  Youngs, C.R.  133, 175, 244 Younis, A.I.  136 
- Yuswiati, E.  217  Zarco, L.  105 Zavy, M.T.  53, 222 
- Zeitoun, M.M.  219  Zhang, J.  199 Zhang, L.  179 
- Ziomek, C.A.  48  Zoli, A.P.  197 Zuelke, K.A.  136 
- Zupp, J.L.  70   
****SUBJECT INDEX
- Aberdeen-angus  67  Accuracy  246 Acidification  227 
- Acrosome  227  Adhesion  14 Adverse effects  60 
- African swine fever  82  Age  10, 27, 28, 67, 110, 204 Ai bulls  158 
- Air transport  28  Alanine aminotransferase  31 Alleles  176 
- Analogs  50, 103  Analysis  190 Anatomy  24 
- Androstenedione  77, 171  Anesthesia  27 Anestrus  1, 46 
- Animal breeding  8, 211  Animal breeding methods  161, 187 Animal culture  7 
- Animal experimentation  149  Animal production  91 Animal testing alternatives  31 
- Animal tissues  190  Animal welfare  149 Animals  82, 87 
- Antibody titer  205  Aphthovirus  84 Appaloosa  28 
- Aragonese  77  Argentina  192 Artificial insemination  7, 8, 9, 97, 106, 147, 227 
- Artificial selection  8, 66, 161  Atresia  57 Aujeszky virus  96, 205 
- Aujeszky's disease  96  Australia  127 Ayrshire  141 
- Barbiturates  27  Beef  32 Beef breeds  22 
- Beef bulls  99  Beef cattle  1, 8, 10, 26, 68, 100, 127, 182 Beef cows  21, 57, 67, 99, 101, 116, 170, 192, 219, 239, 241  
- Beef herds  127  Beef production  100 Belgian blue  32 
- Best linear unbiased prediction  158  Bibliographies  87 Binding proteins  191 
- Biological development  46, 120, 132  Biotechnology  11, 83, 95, 148 Birth  12 
- Birth weight  141, 241  Blastocyst  13, 14, 20, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 98, 102, 105, 112, 123, 126, 133, 140, 151, 155, 184, 187, 189, 196, 202, 209, 237, 247, 248, 249 Blastomere  134, 179 
- Blood plasma  31, 54  Blood serum  226, 239 Bluetongue virus  114 
- Body measurements  182  Body temperature  70 Body weight  124 
- Bovine diarrhea virus  15, 127  Bovine leukosis  113 Bovine oncovirus  113 
- Bovine serum albumin  126  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy  93 Brahman  239 
- Breed differences  104, 182  Breeding methods  65 Breeding programs  8, 76, 107, 158, 213, 240 
- Breeding season  207  Breeding value  10, 158 Buffalo  156 
- Buffaloes  225  Bulgarian brown  1 Calves  15, 127, 141, 187 
- Calving rate  67  Cannulation  152 Capacity  139 
- Carbendazim  72  Carbon dioxide  45 Case reports  15 
- Cats  20  Cattle  5, 6, 14, 16, 17, 19, 30, 35, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 62, 71, 73, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 120, 123, 137, 138, 145, 150, 153, 154, 155, 167, 168, 172, 178, 181, 185, 186, 190, 203, 209, 210, 224, 227, 228, 233, 244, 248 Cattle breeds  141 
- Cell culture  14, 38, 123, 169, 184, 191  Cell division  210 Cell membranes  14 
- Cell suspensions  42  Cell ultrastructure  14 Cells  12 
- Certification  19  Cervix  106, 147 Charolais  67 
- Chlordecone  50, 144  Choriomammotropin  141 Chorionic gonadotropin  237 
- Chromatin  56  Chromosome aberrations  37, 99 Chromosome translocation  99 
- Chromosomes  56  Cleavage  43, 52, 123, 178 Clones  148 
- Cloning  6, 10, 22, 32, 109, 153, 240  Cloprostenol  152 Coat  79 
- Cold shock  178  Cold storage  228 Cold tolerance  189 
- Collagen  43  Collection  18, 25, 64, 102, 103, 105, 110, 146, 159, 162, 204, 215, 229, 230, 236 Computer simulation  166 
- Computer software  166  Computer techniques  244 Concentration  62 
- Conception  27  Conception rate  30, 37, 55, 102 Conceptus  80, 171, 211 
- Congenital infection  214  Congresses  85, 86, 86, 231, 231, 231, 231 Containers  4 
- Cooling  4, 28  Corpus luteum  27, 105, 183, 211, 239 Correlation  31 
- Cost benefit analysis  100  Costs  88 Cows  1, 3, 18, 31, 38, 42, 69, 105, 107, 117, 119, 123, 146, 159, 173, 177, 178, 197, 198, 222, 229, 230, 232, 235, 242 
- Crossbred progeny  182  Crossbreeding  104 Crosses  80 
- Cryopreservation  2, 4, 49, 51, 59, 94, 108, 112, 122, 137, 178, 199, 212, 217, 227, 247, 249  Cryoprotectants  4, 51, 62, 78, 112, 122, 137, 178, 196, 212, 242, 249 Cultivation  173 
- Culture  109  Culture media  2, 23, 35, 43, 44, 45, 48, 61, 129, 130, 131, 133, 137, 164, 179, 193, 209, 226 Culture techniques  48, 125 
- Cumulus oophorus  43, 58, 116, 173  Cytochalasin b �109 Cytogenetics  37 
- Cytoplasm  188  Dairy cattle  8, 76, 89, 104, 113, 128, 158, 213, 240, 245, 246  Dairy cows  54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 138, 141, 152, 165, 166, 183, 192, 218, 243 Dairy traits  76 
- Dams  245  Dams (mothers)  104 Ddt  50 
- Dehydration  110  Deterministic models  243 Developing countries  161 
- Development  48, 64, 151  Developmental stages  13, 71, 110, 178, 223 Diameter  223 
- Diapause  237  Diet  118 Dietary fat  22 
- Dietary proteins  55  Differentiation  38, 120 Dilation  106 
- Dilution  62  Dimethyl sulfoxide  249 Disease control  84, 227, 232 
- Disease prevention  126  Disease transmission  39, 84, 96, 114, 127, 145 Dna  142, 190 
- Dna probes  210  Domestic animals  212 Dominance  138, 246 
- Donkeys  171  Donors  13, 28, 31, 94, 167, 247 Dosage  37, 67 
- Dosage effects  29, 195, 238  Dual purpose cattle  8 Duration  28, 199 
- Early weaning  182  Econometric models  10 Economic factors  76 
- Edta  133  Electrofusion  167, 168, 179, 188 Embryo culture  2, 12, 23, 35, 42, 45, 61, 97, 126, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 155, 159, 164, 173, 174, 185, 189, 190, 193, 209, 226, 249 
- Embryo implantation  14, 20, 50, 72, 124, 143, 144, 176, 208, 228, 237  Embryo mortality  28, 29, 66, 70, 72, 77, 92, 98, 99, 124, 126, 170, 176, 211, 249 Embryo transfer  2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 67, 71, 73, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 147, 148, 152, 155, 157, 161, 165, 166, 170, 171, 181, 182, 188, 190, 200, 210, 211, 217, 221, 222, 226, 227, 228, 235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249 
- Embryo transplantation  24, 82, 149  Embryogenesis  97 Embryology  83, 95 
- Embryonic development  29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 53, 61, 98, 102, 105, 133, 134, 140, 178, 187, 195, 201, 202, 209, 222, 223, 247  Embryos  1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 86, 94, 103, 105, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 121, 122, 125, 130, 131, 132, 137, 140, 142, 154, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 173, 177, 179, 181, 183, 195, 196, 199, 203, 204, 207, 210, 212, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, 227, 228, 234, 236, 238, 239, 242, 247 Embryos (animal)  18, 19, 30, 39, 41, 52, 55, 64, 65, 68, 76, 87, 102, 107, 111, 145, 150, 151, 156, 164, 169, 174, 175, 180, 185, 186, 187, 192, 193, 194, 198, 205, 206, 216 
- Endometrium  14, 20, 231, 237  Energy intake  124 Enzyme activity  31, 210 
- Enzymes  210  Epidermal growth factor  43 Epistasis  104 
- Epithelium  12, 14, 42  Equipment  153 Estradiol  53, 57, 61, 101, 106, 171, 177, 195, 206 
- Estrogenic properties  50  Estrogens  177, 237 Estrone  141, 144, 171 
- Estrous cycle  209, 220, 229, 230, 233  Estrus  103, 105, 175, 195, 200, 222, 229 Ethylene glycol  112, 196, 242, 249 
- Europe  11  Ewes  4, 12, 29, 63, 70, 73, 77, 106, 115, 125, 129, 134, 139, 147, 191, 214, 216, 221 Experimental design  247 
- Exposure  199  Extracts  221 Family size  128 
- Fat percentage  32  Fecundity  77 Female fertility  37, 73, 99, 117, 204, 243 
- Females  72  Fertilization  2, 12, 30, 37, 43, 46, 47, 52, 55, 99, 123, 135, 136, 146, 155, 160, 165, 173, 193, 206, 221, 227, 234 Fetus  71, 141 
- Fish  239  Flushing  124 Folic acid  118 
- Follicles  3, 58, 64, 98, 119, 120, 146, 230, 233  Foot and mouth disease  84 Free radicals  201 
- Freezability  49, 189  Freezing  4, 33, 62, 75, 112, 121, 122, 151, 154, 178, 196, 209, 212, 234, 242, 247 Freezing techniques  74 
- Frozen storage  78, 126  Fsh  25, 27, 54, 67, 69, 101, 105, 119, 136, 147, 152, 156, 157, 183, 198, 218, 220, 221 Fshrh  198 
- Genetic change  213  Genetic correlation  76 Genetic drift  213 
- Genetic gain  8, 243, 245, 246  Genetic improvement  158, 161, 166 Genetic models  8 
- Genetic parameters  246  Genetic variation  124, 247 Genotypes  104, 186, 200, 247 
- German landrace  238  Gestation period  141, 151 Gilts  36, 37, 53, 80, 92, 98, 169, 205, 238 
- Glucose  40, 133, 164, 201  Glutamine  201 Glycerol  4, 62, 112, 178, 199, 249 
- Glycolysis  40  Glycoproteins  197 Gnrh  105, 181, 183 
- Goat breeds  27  Goats  9, 25, 27, 78, 86, 136, 151, 207, 217 Gonadotropin releasing hormone  156 
- Gonadotropins  3, 13, 31, 120  Gossypol  143 Graafian follicles  57, 69, 116, 123, 138, 229, 239 
- Granulosa cells  46, 58  Growth  48, 80, 120, 237 Growth inhibitors  237 
- Growth rate  10, 176  Hamsters  164 Hatching  151 
- Hcg  37, 133, 238  Heat treatment  70 Heifers  1, 15, 21, 47, 54, 101, 103, 114, 141, 152, 157, 192, 197, 211, 220, 227, 239 
- Herd size  65  Herds  113, 205 Hereford  1, 239 
- Heritability  76  Heterosis  104 Histochemistry  14 
- Histocompatibility antigens  210  Holstein-friesian  54, 178, 227 Hormone secretion  101, 177 
- Hormones  21, 78  Horses  2, 23, 28, 132, 171 Human embryo  231 
- Human menopausal gonadotropin  101, 147  Hyaluronic acid  126 Hypophysectomy  50, 144 
- Hypoxanthine  201  Image processors  244 Immune serum  195 
- Immunity  15  Immunization  77 Implantation  57 
- In vitro  2, 14, 30, 43, 46, 47, 48, 62, 123, 126, 136, 137, 142, 145, 178, 185, 191, 193, 206, 234, 247  In vitro culture  49, 132, 135, 173 Inbreeding depression  166, 246 
- Infection  140, 205  Inhibition  143 Inhibitors  125 
- Injection  21, 143, 190  Insemination  88 Instruments  13 
- Insulation  70  Insulin  43 Interferon  73, 150 
- Intramuscular injection  57, 73, 101  Intrauterine insemination  63 Intravenous injection  101 
- Ireland  185  Isolation  27, 63, 94, 195, 239 Japan  5, 49 
- Japanese  30  Japanese black  43 Karyotypes  99 
- Kenya  139  Korea republic  90 Laboratory equipment  193 
- Laboratory techniques  160, 185  Lactating females  55 Lambing rate  4, 73, 77 
- Lambs  12, 214  Landrace  37, 80 Laparoscopy  63, 146, 147 
- Large white  80  Latent infections  96 Lectins  14 
- Leukemia  125  Leukemia in animals  82 Lh  101, 136, 183, 218, 221 
- Line differences  66, 176  Linkage disequilibrium  213 Literature reviews  98, 212 
- Litter size  66, 124, 143  Livestock  7, 7, 7, 33, 94, 135, 161, 188 Liveweight gain  100 
- Luteolysis  64, 105  Macaca mulatta  215 Male fertility  70 
- Mammals  108, 201  Mares  24, 24, 28, 79, 102, 163, 204, 223 Market research  11 
- Maternal effects  72, 171, 182  Mathematical models  104, 116 Mating combinations  246 
- Mating systems  166  Matrices  104 Maturation  12, 58, 123, 178 
- Maturity  159  Maturity stage  178 Membranes  168 
- Metabolism  201  Metabolites  143 Methanol  122 
- Methodology  68, 153, 215  Methoxychlor  50 Mice  35, 48, 66, 74, 81, 118, 124, 126, 130, 140, 149, 176, 195, 196, 234, 247, 249 
- Mice as laboratory animals  149  Micromanipulation  154, 167, 179 Milk  138 
- Milk production  141  Milk yield  65, 213 Models  14 
- Monoclonal antibodies  11, 219  Monte carlo method  128 Morphology  20, 59, 102, 120, 155, 168 
- Mortality  127  Morula  36, 45, 105, 112, 126, 133, 140, 209, 248, 249 Motility  70, 227 
- Murine paramyxovirus  140  Mycoplasma  145 Mycoplasma bovigenitalium  145 
- N'dama  157  Natural mating  73 Nervous system diseases  118 
- Neuroleptics  63  Nitrogen  199 Nuclei  111, 142, 153, 167, 169, 179, 186, 188, 248 
- Nucleocytoplasmic interaction  188  Nucleolus  168� Nucleus scheme  128, 243, 245 
- Nutrition  200  Oocytes  12, 33, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 58, 98, 108, 109, 116, 123, 134, 136, 146, 155, 159, 172, 173, 178, 179, 185, 188, 229, 230 Oogenesis  98, 119 
- Osmotic pressure  179  Outbreaks  127 Ova  57, 63, 67, 99, 105, 119, 163, 174, 195, 221, 227, 232  
- Ova transfer  12, 146, 202  Ovariectomized females  2, 144 Ovaries  57, 116, 146 
- Ovaries (animal)  198  Oviducts  12, 18, 23, 36, 41, 42, 44, 123, 130, 132, 155, 163, 209, 223 Ovis dalli  115 
- Ovulation  54, 68, 76, 98, 107, 151, 195, 216, 221  Ovulation rate  29, 37, 57, 77, 99, 124, 147, 176 Oxygen  201 
- Oxytocin  106  Parametric programming  10 Passive immunization  77, 195 
- Penetration  123  Pentose phosphate cycle  40 Performance indexes  158 
- Persistence  15  Phenotypic correlation  76 Phosphates  164 
- Photoperiod  79, 207  Physiology  24, 231, 231 Pig breeds  80, 238 
- Piglet production  189  Pigs  36, 37, 38, 45, 96, 121, 130, 162, 180, 189, 226, 236, 237, 238 Pituitary  221 
- Placenta  20, 191  Plane of nutrition  116, 124 Pmsg  25, 27, 37, 147, 177, 198, 219, 220, 238 
- Pneumonia  127  Poisonous plants  60 Polled hereford  67 
- Polymerase chain reaction  203  Postpartum period  233 Prediction  246 
- Pregnancy  12, 20, 41, 43, 50, 70, 81, 115, 127, 144, 150, 187, 197, 216, 222  Pregnancy diagnosis  197, 235 Pregnancy rate  28, 59, 62, 67, 92, 112, 123, 143, 157, 170, 181, 195, 211, 238 
- Preimplantation period  12, 66, 140  Preovulatory period  183 Production  173, 190 
- Progeny testing  158, 243  Progesterone  54, 61, 116, 138, 141, 144, 177, 181, 183, 206, 218, 222, 226, 239 Progestogens  29 
- Pronucleus  190  Propanediols  62 Propylene glycol  4, 199, 249 
- Prostaglandins  21, 64, 101, 103, 141  Protein degradation  55 Protein synthesis  20, 191 
- Pseudopregnancy  20, 81  Puerperium  216 Quality  102, 155 
- Quality controls  174, 192, 193, 194  Quarter horse  28 Rabbits  41, 56, 109, 123, 142, 155, 179, 202 
- Radioimmunoassay  197  Rams  70 Rapid methods  199 
- Rats  50, 72, 143, 144, 208  Recombinant vaccines  11 Record keeping  192, 194 
- Recovery  79, 152, 163  Rectal palpation  105 Rehydration  242 
- Removal  13  Reproduction  7, 149 Reproductive efficiency  60 
- Reproductive performance  176, 198  Reproductive traits  182 Research  39 
- Research support  5  Resorption  72 Retinol  191 
- Rna  168  Salivary glands  206 Sampling  190 
- Sanitation  194  Scrapie  93, 214 Scrapie agent  214 
- Screening  127  Scrotum  70 Seasonality  79, 207 
- Selection  76, 124, 240, 245  Selection criteria  8, 158 Selection differential  65 
- Selection methods  31  Selection program  128, 243 Selection responses  128 
- Semen  227  Semen characters  70 Serology  127 
- Serotypes  232  Serum  43, 197 Serums  205 
- Sex chromosomes  210  Sex determination  154, 203 Sex diagnosis  8, 210, 245 
- Sex linkage  210  Sex ratio  6, 208 Sheep  4, 9, 13, 29, 36, 46, 60, 61, 63, 73, 77, 86, 93, 110, 112, 115, 120, 122, 126, 131, 133, 150, 175, 184, 199 
- Simmental  67  Simulation models  245, 246 Sire evaluation  158 
- Sires  104  Size  57, 182 Somatotropin  54 
- Sow pregnancy  53  Sows  205 Specific combining ability  246 
- Spermatogenesis  70  Spermatozoa  46, 70, 123, 160, 172, 227 Splitting  26, 71, 110, 187, 241 
- Spontaneous abortion  77, 99, 150  Statistical analysis  247 Steers  10 
- Steroidogenesis  172  Stochastic models  213 Subcutaneous fat  165 
- Sucrose  62, 110, 112, 178, 196  Superovulated females  54, 63, 78, 101, 116, 128, 140, 227  Superovulation  1, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 54, 57, 63, 64, 
- 65, 67, 69, 79, 81, 88, 94, 99, 103, 105, 115, 117, 119, 138, 147, 152, 156, 157, 165, 172, 175, 177, 180, 183, 198, 207, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 227, 238, 239, 243  Surgery, Experimental  231 Surgical operations  18, 78 
- Survival  27, 33, 41, 53, 62, 63, 66, 71, 73, 80, 81, 108, 110, 112, 122, 137, 164, 189, 196, 199, 212, 222, 238, 241, 242, 247  Susceptibility  127, 140  Synchronization  25, 61, 103, 175, 180, 200 Synchronized females  102, 138, 207, 226 
- Synthetic pituitary hormones  54  Synthetic progestogens  57, 63 Techniques  13 
- Technological innovations  7  Technology  161, 175 Temperature  249 
- Testes  70  Testosterone  77 Texas  22 
- Thailand  91  Thawing  33, 62, 122, 178, 209, 212 Timing  63 
- Tissue culture  20  Toxicity  50, 72, 144 Toxins  60 
- Trade associations  19  Transcription  168 Transfer  153, 167, 179 
- Transferrin  43  Transfers  19, 39, 41, 107, 156, 164, 174, 175, 185, 186, 192, 194, 205, 206, 216 Transgenics  6, 190 
- Transovarial transmission  214  Transplantation  7, 30, 68, 76, 85, 86, 86, 87, 102, 109, 111, 169, 173, 180, 187, 198, 231, 248 Transplants  1 
- Transport in female genitalia  172, 223  Treatment  13, 31 Trehalose  75 
- Triflupromazine  27  Trophoblast  14, 132, 150, 231 Tropics  139 
- Trypsin  232  Twinning  8, 100, 210, 241 Twins  2, 8, 187, 210 
- Type score  158  U.S.A.  7, 9, 19, 158 U.S.S.R.  187, 198 
- UK  5  Ultrasonics  229 Ultrasonography  69, 138, 170, 229, 235 
- Ultrasound  64, 159, 230  Ultrastructure  168 Uterine tissue  143 
- Uterus  35, 53, 66, 139, 143, 147, 163, 222  Vagina  229 Vapor  199 
- Variance  158  Vertical transmission  93, 113, 114, 214 Vesicular stomatitis virus  232 
- Veterinary embryology  24  Veterinary hygiene  7, 194 Veterinary products  11 
- Viability  4, 37, 42, 59, 107, 108, 111, 129, 131, 134, 152, 199, 217, 226, 238, 248, 249  Viral diseases  227 Viruses  227 
- Vitamin deficiencies  118  Welsh black  107 Wildlife  97 
- Wildlife conservation  97  X chromosome  210 Yields  177, 218 
- Zebu  105, 239  Zona pellucida  4, 71, 140, 145, 160 Zygotes  41, 129, 152, 209 
Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural Library*USDA Cooperative Agreement No. 58-0520-5-076 - July, 1995*************         |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|