Division of Nursing

NationalSampleSurvey

ofRegisteredNurses - March2000

PreliminaryFindings

February2001

The

Registered

Nurse

Population
The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN) is the nation’s most extensive and 

comprehensive source of statistics on all those with current licenses to practice in the United States 

whether or not they are employed in nursing. It provides information on the estimated number of 

registered nurses (RNs); their educational background and specialty areas; their employment status 

including type of employment setting, position level, and salaries; their geographic distribution; and 

their personal characteristics including gender, racial/ethnic background, age, and family status.

The development of a design for collecting data through sample surveys of RNs was initiated in July 

1975 under a contract with Westat, Inc. Subsequently, the Division of Nursing, Bureau of Health 

Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, DHHS conducted seven sample surveys. 

Reports for six studies, those conducted in September 1977, November 1980 and 1984, and March 

1988, 1992 and l996, have been published and made available to those involved in health care 

planning and evaluation as well as to the public. This report provides preliminary findings from the 

seventh survey. The complete report is expected to be released in spring 2001. 

The Registered Nurse Population

As of March 2000, the total number of licensed RNs in the United States was estimated to be 

2,696,540, an increase of 137,666 over the 2,558,874 licensed RNs reported in 1996. Although this 

was a 5.4 percent increase in the total RN population, it was the lowest increase reported in the 

previous national surveys. By comparison, the highest increase in the RN population was 

experienced between 1992 and 1996 when the total number of RNs increased by an estimated 14.2 

percent or 319,058 (from 2,239,816 to 2,558,874). 

Of the total licensed RN population in March 2000, an estimated 58.5 percent of RNs reported 

working full-time, 23.2 percent reported working part-time, and 18.3 percent reported not being 

employed in nursing (see Chart 1).

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

1

Preliminary Findings from the 

National Sample Survey of 

Registered Nurses 2000

Chart 1. Registered Nurse Population by Nurse Employment Status, 1980-2000

23.4% 21.3% 20.0% 17.3% 17.3% 18.3%

23.7% 23.2%

24.6% 26.5% 25.9% 25.7%

58.5% 59.0%

57.0%

52.2% 54.1%

52.0%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Not employed Employed part-time Employed full-time

Thousands

23.4% 21.3% 20.0% 17.3% 17.3% 18.3%

23.7% 23.2%

24.6% 26.5% 25.9% 25.7%

58.5% 59.0%

57.0%

52.2% 54.1%

52.0%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Not employed Employed part-time Employed full-time

Thousands
The Registered Nurse Workforce

In March 2000, an estimated 81.7 percent, or 2,201,813 of the total licensed RN population reported 

being employed in nursing. This reflects an increase of 85,998 RNs working in nursing over the 

estimated 2,115,815 in 1996.

An estimated 71.6 percent of RNs in the workforce reported working full-time in nursing and 28.4 percent 

of RNs reported working on a part-time basis in 2000. Between 1996 and 2000 the percentage of RNs 

working either full-time or part-time remained unchanged.

Educational Preparation

During the past 20 years there has been a shift in graduations from basic nursing education programs 

away from diploma programs to either associate degree or baccalaureate programs. In 1980, 63 percent 

of licensed RNs (about 1 million of the estimated 1.6 million in 1980) had received their basic nursing 

education in diploma programs; in 2000, this fell to 29.6 percent (about 800,000 of the estimated 2.7 

million licensed RNs). Corresponding figures for RNs who reported completing an associate degree 

program increased from 19 percent (about 308,000) in 1980 to 40.3 percent (about 1.1 million) in 2000. 

For RNs who reported completing their initial preparation in a baccalaureate degree program, the figures 

increased from 17.3 percent (about 288,000) in 1980 to 29.3 percent (about 792,000) in 2000 (see Chart 

2). 

Chart 2. Basic Nursing Education of the Registered Nurse Population, 1980-2000

 

In March 2000 the distribution of the RN population according to the highest nursing education level, 

which incorporates any post-RN degree received, revealed that 22.3 percent (about 609,000) reported 

having a diploma, 34.3 percent (about 925,000) reported having an associate degree, 32.7 percent 

(about 881,000) reported having a baccalaureate degree, 10.2 percent (about 275,000) reported having 

a master’s or doctoral degree. Chart 3 displays the trend from 1980 to 2000.

2

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Associate Degree Diploma Baccalaureate

Thousands 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

 
Chart 3. Highest Educational Preparation of Registered Nurses 1980-2000

Age

The average age of the RN population in March 2000 was estimated to be 45.2 years, nearly one 

year older than in 1996 when the average age was 44.5. The average age of RNs working in 

nursing increased from 42.3 years in 1996 to 43.3 in 2000.

In 1980, 52.9 percent of all RNs were estimated to be under the age of 40, compared to 2000 when 

only 31.7 percent reported being under the age of 40. The most significant drop in numbers was 

seen among those RNs under the age of 35. In 1980, 40.5 percent of RNs were under the age of 35, 

compared to 18.3 percent in 2000. The RN population under 30 dropped from an estimated 25.1 

percent in 1980 to only 9.1 percent in 2000 (see Chart 4).

Chart 4. Age Distribution of the Registered Nurse Population, 1980-2000

3

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Diploma Associate Degree Baccaureate Master's &

Doctorate

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

< 25 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 +

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000
Gender

Although still a small percent of the RN population, more men are entering nursing. Between 1996 and 

2000 the percent of men in the RN population increased from 4.9 percent to 5.4 percent. The percent men 

employed in nursing increased from 5.4 percent in 1996 to 5.9 percent in 2000. 

Racial/ Ethnic Background 

In March 2000, an estimated 86.6 percent of the RN population reported being white (non-Hispanic), while 

12.3 percent reported being in one or more of the identified racial and ethnic minority groups (see Chart 5). 

An additional 1.1 percent of the respondents chose not to report their racial and ethnic background. In 1996, 

an estimated 10.3 percent reported being in one of the racial/ethnic minority groups identified.

Chart 5. Distribution of Registered Nurses by Racial/Ethnic Background, March 

2000

Registered Nurse Population U.S. Population

Note: In Chart 5, the breakout for the U.S. population was based on projections using the 1990 Census. 

This will be changed to reflect the 2000 Census data once it is released. For comparison, the RN population 

is shown using the same categories.

Respondents to the 2000 survey reported the following: 4.9 percent or 133,041 reported being Black/ African 

American (non-Hispanic); 3.5 percent or 93,415 reported being Asian; 2.0 percent or 54,861 reported being 

Hispanics; 0.5 percent or 13,040 reported being American Indian/Alaska Native; 0.2 percent reported being 

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; and 1.2 percent reported being of two or more racial backgrounds. 

4

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

2.0% 0.5% 3.7% 1.2%

86.6%

4.9%

White (non-Hispanic) Hispanic Black (non-Hispanic)

American Indian/Alaskan Native Asian/Pacific Islander Two or more races

3.9% 12.2% 0.07%

11.4%

71.8%
5

Due to a change in definitions, comparisons of the racial/ethnic composition of the RN population 

should be viewed carefully. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the 

question regarding racial and ethnic background in the March 2000 survey was changed from the 

previous surveys. Respondents were asked to identify their ethnic background and then asked to 

identify all races that could best describe them. The information was aggregated to categories similar 

to those reported in previous years, with one additional grouping of non-Hispanics that reported being 

of mixed race (two or more races). In previous surveys, respondents had to choose from one of the 

racial/ethnic categories presented.

Employment Settings

Five major employment settings were identified for RNs: hospitals, nursing homes and extended care 

facilities, community and public health settings, nursing education, and ambulatory care settings.

In March 2000, out of estimated 2,201,813 RNs employed in nursing, 59.1 percent worked in hospital 

settings. Public and community health settings, including State and local health departments, visiting 

nursing services and other health agencies, community health centers, student health services, and 

occupational services continued to show the largest increase in the employment of RNs. In 2000, an 

estimated 18.3 percent of RNs reported being employed in public or community health settings. 

In 2000, an estimated 9.5 percent RNs reported being employed in ambulatory care settings, including 

physician-based practices, nurse based practices, and health maintenance organizations, and an 

estimated 6.9 percent of RNs reported being employed in nursing homes and extended care facilities. 

The remaining RNs employed in nursing reported working in such settings as nursing education, federal 

administrative agencies, State boards of nursing or other health associations, health planning agencies, 

prisons/jails, or insurance companies. (See Chart 6).

Chart 6. Employment Settings of Registered Nurses, 2000

9.5% 3.6%

18.3%

2.1% 6.9%

59.1%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Hospital Nursing

Homes/

Extended Care

Facilities

Nursing

Education

Public/

Community

Health*

Ambulatory

Care

Other

Thousands

*includes occupational and school health settings.

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
6

Average Earnings

Changes in average earnings for RNs were examined using two separate measures. The first is the 

actual average earnings of RNs employed full-time in the labor market, while the second is the “real” 

average earnings based on consumer price index (CPI) for 1982-84. The actual average annual 

earnings of RNs employed full-time in 2000 was $46,782. However, when changes in the purchasing 

power of the dollar were taken into account utilizing the CPI, the “real” salaries of RNs employed fulltime in 2000 was $23,369. “Real” salaries have remained relatively flat since 1992 (see Chart 7). 

Chart 7. Actual and “Real” Average Annual Salaries of Full-Time Registered 

Nurses, 1980-2000

Racial/Ethnic Background and Employment Status

In March 2000, 86.4 percent of RNs from minority backgrounds were employed in nursing compared to 

81 percent of white (non-Hispanic) RNs. Minority RNs were more likely than non-minority nurses to 

work full-time. 86 percent of Black/African American (non-Hispanics), Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other 

Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native reported being employed full-time compared to 70 

percent of white (non-Hispanic) RNs. 

Racial/Ethnic Background and Highest Educational Preparation

In March 2000, 54.3 percent of RNs who reported being Asian and 55.7 percent of RNs who reported 

being Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander graduated from baccalaureate programs. However, when 

both the initial and the post-RN education are taken into account, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific 

Islanders, and Black/African American RNs were more likely than Hispanics and white (non-Hispanic) 

RNs to have at least baccalaureate preparation. Among Blacks/African American, 11.1 percent 

reported having master’s or doctoral degree compared to 10.4 percent among white (non-Hispanic), 

10.2 percent among Hispanics, and 5 percent among Asian nurses (see Chart 8).

23,369

46,782

$17,398 $19,079 20,839

23,166 23,103

42,071

$17,398

$23,505

28,383

37,738

$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Survey Year

Real Average Annual Salary Actual Average Annual Salary

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

Salary
7

Chart 8. Distribution of Registered Nurses in Each Racial/Ethnic Group by 

Highest Educational Preparation, March 2000

Age at Graduation from Basic Nursing Education Programs

The average age at graduation for RNs from all basic nursing education programs in the five 

years before the March 2000 survey was estimated to be 30.5 years. In comparison, the average age 

for RNs graduating between 1986 and 1994 was 28.7, and 24.3 years for those graduating in 1985 or 

earlier. 

The average age at graduation from basic nursing programs varies by the type of program. Graduates 

of associate degree programs tend to be older, while graduates of baccalaureate programs tend to be 

younger. For the five-year period before the March 2000 survey, the average age of diploma graduates 

was 30.8; associate degree graduates averaged 33.2 years and baccalaureate graduates averaged 

27.5 (see Chart 9).

Chart 9. Average Age at Graduation from Basic Nursing Education Programs 

24.3 22.1 27.4 23.4

28.7 27.2 32.4 26.5

27.5

33.2 30.5 30.8

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

A ll Graduates D ip lo m a

Graduates

Associate Degree

Graduates

Baccalaureate

Graduates

1985 or earlie r 1986-1994 1995-2000

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

Age

DIP DIP DIP DIP

DIP

DIP

DIP

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD AD

AD

BSN

BSN

BSN

BSN

BSN

BSN BSN

MS/PhD MS/PhD MS/PhD MS/PhD MS/PhD MS/PhD MS/PhD

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

White (non

Hispanic)

Hispanic Asian Native

Hawaiian /

Pacific

Islander

Black (non

Hispanic)

American

Indian /

Alaskan

Multi-Ra cial

Diplo ma Associate Degree BSN MS/PhD
Gender and Education

In March 2000, 52.7 percent of men RNs reported graduating from an associate degree program 

compared to 39.6 percent of women; 30.5 percent of women RNs graduated from a diploma program 

compared to 14.3 percent of men. The percent of women and men completing a baccalaureate or 

higher degree program was 29.6 percent and 32.5 respectively. 

Family Status 

In March 2000, an estimated 71.5 percent of all RNs were married, 17.9 percent were widowed, 

divorced or separated and 9.9 percent were never married. 53.2 percent had children living at home, 

and 36.4 percent had children ages six years or older. Married RNs with children were more likely to 

work on a part-time basis. About 28.4 percent of the estimated 2,201,813 employed RNs reported 

working on a part-time basis in March 2000. Of those, 25 percent were married RNs with children under 

the age of six.

Additional Nursing Education Preparation

About 18.6 percent of the RN population in 2000 had completed additional academic nursing or nursing 

related preparation after they graduated from basic nursing education. An estimated 15.5 percent of 

those initially prepared in associate degree programs and 23.8 percent of those prepared in diploma 

programs had obtained post-RN nursing or nursing related degrees. In most instances, the highest 

level achieved was a baccalaureate degree. 

Advanced Practice Nurses

Advanced practice nurses include clinical nurse specialists, nurse anesthetist, nurse midwives and 

nurse practitioners. In March 2000, the number of RNs prepared to practice in at least one advanced 

practice role was estimated to be 196,279, or 7.3 percent of the total RN population, compared to an 

estimated 161,712, or 6.3 percent in 1996. As noted in Chart 10, the largest group among the 

advanced practice nurses included the nurse practitioners, followed by the clinical nurse specialists. 

These two groups together, including those with dual training as a nurse practitioner and clinical nurse 

specialists made up approximately 80 percent of all advanced practice nurses. 

Chart 10. Registered Nurses Prepared for Advanced Practice, March 2000

Total : 196,279 (7.3 % of Registered Nurse Population)

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings

8

Clinical N urse 

Spe cialist

27.7%

Nurse Midw ife

4.7%

Nurse Anesthetist

15.2%

NP a nd CNS

7.5%

Nurse Practitioner

44.9%

88,186

29,844

9,232

54,374

14,643
9

Nurse Practitioners

Nurse practitioners (NPs) included all RNs prepared beyond basic nursing education in a NP program of 

at least three months. In March 2000, there were an estimated 88,186 NPs, an increase of 23,995 NPs 

from 1996. About 62 percent of NPs had completed a master degree program; 6.5 percent had 

attended post-RN certificate programs. An estimated 89 percent of NPs were employed in nursing, 

although not necessarily with the position title of nurse practitioner. 

Clinical Nurse Specialists

Clinical nurse specialists included those RNs who had formal clinical preparation resulting in a master’s 

degree. The number of CNSs increased from 53,500 in 1996 to 54,374 in 2000. However, this 1.6 

percent increase does not take into account those CNSs with dual training as NPs. 

About 86.9 percent of these CNSs were employed in nursing; however, only 24 percent were practicing 

with the position title of clinical nurse specialist. About 24.7 percent reported being in nursing education 

positions and the remaining CNSs reported a variety of position titles spanning multiple functional areas.

Nurse Practitioner/Clinical Nurse Specialist

The number of RNs prepared as both NPs and CNSs increased nearly 88 percent from an estimated 

7,802 in 1996 to 14,643 in March 2000. The 2000 survey data show that those prepared as both NPs 

and CNSs are more likely to function in the nurse practitioner role.

Nurse Anesthetist

The third largest group of advanced practice nurses was the nurse anesthetists. The number of nurse 

anesthetist reported in March 2000 was 29,844 compared to 30,386 in 1996. In 2000, 85.7 percent of 

the nurse anesthetists were employed in nursing; 89.1 percent held the position title of nurse anesthetist 

and 93.2 percent held national certification. 

Nurse-Midwives

In March 2000, there were an estimated 9,232 RNs formally prepared as nurse-midwives compared to 

6,534 in 1996. 85.7 percent of the nurse-midwives were employed in nursing in 2000 compared to 82 

percent in 1996.

Geographic Distribution of the Registered Nurse Population

In March 2000, the New England area of the country had the highest concentration of employed RNs in 

relation to the area's population, 1,075 employed nurses per 100,000 population. The West South 

Central area had one of the lowest concentrations, 650 RNs per 100,000 population. However, the 

Pacific area, with 596 employed RNs per 100,000 population, had a lower ratio than the West South 

Central. This ratio is lower than the 621 per 100,000 estimated for the 1996 study. In the West South 

Central area, the ratio of employed RNs per 100,000 nurses was 650, slightly higher than the 642 per 

100,000 in 1996.

Specific State data is provided in Tables A and B. Table A provides information on the registered nurse 

population in each State and area by activity status, March 2000. Table B provides information on the 

supply of registered nurses in each State and area according to whether employed on a full-time or parttime basis, March 2000.

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
10

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es 35,358 2,696,540 2,201,813 81.7 494,727 18.3 782

N

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gla

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d 2,959 183,060 149,632 81.7 33,428 18.3 1,075

C

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t 487 41,767 32,073 76.8 9,694 23.2 942

M

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e 440 15,793 13,072 82.8 2,720 17.2 1,025

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ts 850 91,628 75,795 82.7 15,833 17.3 1,194

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e 371 13,281 11,321 85.2 1,960 14.8 916

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Mid

dle

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tic 4,100 451,501 351,286 77.8 100,215 22.2 885

N

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nia 1,223 165,989 123,997 74.7 41,992 25.3 1,010

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as 1,732 150,251 126,436 84.1 23,815 15.9 606

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_

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_

_

_

_

_

_

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_

_

(Continued)

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
Table A. (cont.) Registered nurse population in each State

and area by activity status: March 2000 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Employed

Not employed nurses per

State and area Number Employed in nursing in nursing 100,000

in sample Total Number Percent Number Percent population* __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ East North Central 4,120 468,203 375,295 80.2 92,907 19.8 831

Illinois 1,169 126,166 101,660 80.6 24,507 19.4 819

Indiana 589 60,888 46,244 75.9 14,644 24.1 761

Michigan 669 100,769 79,353 78.7 21,417 21.3 798

Ohio 1,063 121,722 100,144 82.3 21,578 17.7 882

Wisconsin 630 58,658 47,895 81.7 10,763 18.3 893

West North Central 4,094 217,343 187,580 86.3 29,763 13.7 975

Iowa 620 35,089 31,020 88.4 4,069 11.6 1,060

Kansas 568 29,134 23,779 81.6 5,355 18.4 885

Minnesota 756 54,920 47,102 85.8 7,818 14.2 957

Missouri 601 62,403 53,730 86.1 8,673 13.9 960

Nebraska 477 18,550 16,399 88.4 2,151 11.6 958

North Dakota 579 7,661 7,039 91.9 622 8.1 1,096

South Dakota 493 9,587 8,511 88.8 1,075 11.2 1,128

Mountain 4,280 148,929 118,869 79.8 30,060 20.2 654

Arizona 594 42,658 32,222 75.5 10,435 24.5 628

Colorado 627 40,084 31,695 79.1 8,389 20.9 737

Idaho 504 10,069 8,230 81.7 1,839 18.3 636

Montana 532 9,299 7,327 78.8 1,973 21.2 812

Nevada 473 12,940 10,384 80.2 2,556 19.8 520

New Mexico 470 13,723 11,932 87.0 1,791 13.0 656

Utah 580 15,648 13,229 84.5 2,419 15.5 592

Wyoming 500 4,508 3,849 85.4 659 14.6 780

Pacific 4,627 327,620 268,363 81.9 59,257 18.1 596

Alaska 390 5,900 4,914 83.3 986 16.7 784

California 2,583 226,352 184,329 81.4 42,024 18.6 544

Hawaii 441 10,228 8,518 83.3 1,710 16.7 703

Oregon 528 30,369 27,121 89.3 3,249 10.7 793

Washington 685 54,771 43,482 79.4 11,289 20.6 738 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ * Population data were based on April 1, 2000 estimates of resident population of states from Census Bureau Press

Release CB00-C

11

The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
12

T

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B. Su

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ply

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

U

nit

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d St

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es 29,394 2,201,813 100.0 1,576,675 71.6 625,139 28.4 1,889,244

N

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d 2,474 149,632 100.0 91,682 61.3 57,950 38.7 120,657

C

o

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t 376 32,073 100.0 20,740 64.7 11,333 35.3 26,407

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e 367 13,072 100.0 8,801 67.3 4,271 32.7 10,936

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assa

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t

ts 704 75,795 100.0 43,973 58.0 31,822 42.0 59,884

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N

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Dist

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a 898 125,439 100.0 100,032 79.7 25,407 20.3 112,735

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(C

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The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
13

T

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B. (c

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C

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W

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

* N

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plus o

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The National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses

March 2000: Preliminary Findings
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Health Resources and Services Administration

Bureau of Health Professions

Division of Nursing

Rockville, MD 20857

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use $300