Changing Times

at the Rocky Mountain

Forest & Range

Experiment Station

Station History from 1976 to 1997

R. H. Hamre

Rocky Mountain Research Station

Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDA Forest Service

General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-146

February, 2005
About the Author

Bob Hamre came to the Rocky Mountain Station from the Forest ProductsLaboratory in September 1962 as Station Editor. He continued under

various titles, including Leader of the Research Information Group, until

June 1993. He was Acting Station Director for 1 day. He has digested and

edited Forest Service research publications  and written about them  for

nearly 50 years, although at a more relaxed pace as a retiree for the past 11

years. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.S. degree in

chemistry in 1952 and an M.S. degree in technical journalism in 1957. He

has five professional children, four daughters and a son.

Authors Personal Note: In several places in this document, I have

mentioned some of the people who have contributed to the character of the

Rocky Mountain Station. Every employee has contributed, but I couldnt

include every name. Most of those named are now retired. To all my friends

and colleagues who remain un-named, I apologize.

Abstract

Changing Times includes a review of early Station history, touches onchanging societal perspectives and how things are now done differently, how the Station has changed physically and organizationally, technology transfer, a sampling of major characters, how some Station research

has been applied, and a timeline of significant and/or interesting events. It

includes references to a number of significant publications, and a listing of

all personnel from 1976 through 1997.

Front Cover Photos (clockwise from top left): 1) water samples

from the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site in southern

Wyoming help scientists evaluate the effects of pollutants on aquatic

resources; 2) studying bald eagle habitat in the southwestern U.S.; 3)

evapotranspiration (loss of moisture from needles) studies on the Fraser

Experimental Forest in Colorado analyze the amount of water used by

the forest overstory; 4) scientists in Bottineau, North Dakota, conduct

greenhouse experiments to find trees best suited for planting in the harsh

environments of the Great Plains.
The Rocky Mountain Research Station is headquartered in Fort Collins, Colorado,

in cooperation with Colorado State University.

R. H. Hamre (retired)

Changing Times

at the

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station

Station History from 1976 to 1997

i
David Herrick (1975-1980) Charles Loveless (1980-1989)

Hank Montrey (1989-1992) Denver Burns (1992-2000)

Station Directors (1975-1997)

ii
Preface

I

n 1976, Raymond Price, a former director of the Rocky Mountain

 Forest and Range Experiment Station, chronicled the early history

of the Station. Included in that document, General Technical Report

RM-27 (see A Few Significant Publications, near the end of this

history update, for availability), was the history of one of its major early

precursors, the Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ray

had also been director of the old Southwest Station before the two

were merged in 1953. Scientists and technicians at both of these

original Stations contributed generously to the rich knowledge base

about forest and range resources in the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains,

and Southwest.

 With the merger of the Rocky Mountain and Intermountain Research

Stations in 1997, a new entity was formed: the Rocky Mountain

Research Station. This update of the Rocky Mountain Station history,

and a planned history of the Intermountain Station up until 1997, will

bring together these two branches that will become the new tree of

research hailed by Raphael Zon on the outskirts of Flagstaff, Arizona,

in 1908. It will be the task of some future historian to chronicle how

this new organization melded its talents and physical resources to

respond to the information needs of a sophisticated, ecologically aware

society, and the technical needs of wildland managers faced with

increasingly complex decisions about how that society can integrate

uses of those resources.

iii
iii Preface

 1 A Quick Review of Early History

 7 Societal Perspectives Have Changed

 9 The Rocky Mountain Station Has Changed in Many Ways

12 Focus of Experimental Forests Has Changed, Too

16 Then and Now

17 Technology Transfer Is Still a Challenge

19 Cooperation with Mexico

21 A Sampling of Major Characters at RM Station

23 How Some Station Research Has Been Applied

36 A Timeline of Significant and/or Interesting Events at the

 Rocky Mountain Station

57 A Few Significant Publications

61 Personnel at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, 1976-1997

Table of Contents

iv
Research in the U.S. Forest

Service was born in the West

 the Southwest, to be more

precise. Former Station Director

Ray Prices original history of the

Rocky Mountain Forest and

Range Experiment Station (RM

Station hereafter) retells the story

leading up to Raphael Zons cry

in 1908, Here we will plant the

tree of research! That seedling of

Forest Service research, planted

near Flagstaff, AZ  the Fort

Valley Experiment Station  grew

to become the Southwest Forest

and Range Experiment Station,

and matured into the RM Station.

The RM Station territory also

nurtured the birth of range

research with the establishment of

the Santa Rita Experimental

Range south of Tucson, AZ, in

1903, and of watershed research

A Quick Review of Early History

with the first paired watershed

experiment in the United States at

Wagon Wheel Gap Watershed in

southwestern Colorado in 1910.

The Fremont Experiment

Station, established in 1909 west

of Colorado Springs, CO,

paralleled the Fort Valley

Experiment Station. The Fremont

supported forest management

efforts in the Forest Services

Rocky Mountain Region (R2),

while the Fort Valley supported

work in the Southwestern Region

(R3). These early stations were

typically low-budget operations

with few, but highly dedicated,

investigators. Gus Pearson in

Arizona and Carlos Gates in

Colorado left indelible tracks for

subsequent researchers to follow,

started trails that led to fields of

research they might only have

dreamed about.

With increasing

recognition of the

importance of National

Forests  and of how

little we really knew

about managing them 

Congress passed the

McSweeney-McNary

Act in 1928, authorizing

the establishment of 12

regional forest

experiment stations.

Thus funds were appropriated in

1930 for establishing the fullfledged Southwest Forest and

Range Experiment Station in

Tucson, AZ, and in 1935 for the

RM Station in Fort Collins, CO.

Forest Service policy was to

establish research facilities in

close cooperation with State

universities, so the SW Station

was originally located on the

campus of the University of

Arizona, and the RM Station at

Colorado A&M, which later

became Colorado State

University.

Fort Valley Experimental Forest headquarters, 1930.

1

Santa Rita Experimental Range, 1915.
Research on shelterbeds (then popularly called windbreaks) at Lincoln was in direct response to the Dust Bowl conditions of

the mid 1930s.

Reorganization within the U.S.

Department of Agriculture in 1953

led to consolidation of forest insect

and disease research into the

Forest Service Research

organization. Also in 1953, the

SW and RM Stations were

consolidated, with Ray Price

moving from Tucson to lead the

new Rocky Mountain Forest and

Range Experiment Station in Fort

Collins. To administer a broader,

more comprehensive program, the

Stations research was organized

on a Research Center basis. As

Director Price put it, this system

had several marked

advantages: (1) because scientists

resided within the areas, they

became more intimately

acquainted with the people and

the problems needing attention;

and (2) the people within the

areas had a greater opportunity to

take part in the programs. Price

had an unusual knack for public

involvement and political savvy.

Rapid growth of forestry

research programs nationwide in

the 1950s led to an 8-year boom

in the construction of facilities.

The Forest Research Laboratory

at Rapid City, SD, in 1960 was

followed by the Forestry Sciences

Laboratory at Flagstaff, AZ, and

the Forest, Range, and Watershed

Laboratory at Laramie, WY, in

1963. The Forest Hydrology

Laboratory at Tempe, AZ, was

dedicated in late 1965, and the

Stations new Headquarters/

Office/Laboratory complex in

Fort Collins in summer 1967.

The Forestry Sciences Laboratory

at Lincoln, NE, was completed in

1968. The Shelterbelt Laboratory

in Bottineau, ND, (built in 1963)

became part of the RM Station in

1966.

The 1950s also saw an

evolution from Research Centers

to laboratories with Project

Leaders directing specific areas of

research, such as watershed,

silviculture, and range.

Growth of the research

program subsequently led to a

1965 restructuring of how Station

research was organized and

administered. The results were four

major areas of research, each

headed by an Assistant Director,

under Ray Price, Director:

• Forest Economics,

Utilization, and Recreation

Research  R.D. Lloyd

• Range Management and

Wildlife Habitat Research 

E.H. Reid

• Timber Management and

Forest Protection Research 

G.L. Hayes

• Watershed Management

Research  H.C. Fletcher

All supporting technical and

administrative services were

coordinated under the heading of

Station Management, led by

D.M. Ilch.

As environmental aspects of

wildland management and

research moved to the fore in the

2
1 Roeser, J. Jr. 1955. A brief chronological history of the Rocky Mountain Experiment Station.(Typewritten report, Apr. 18,

1955, on file, library, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.

Storey, H.C. 1975. History of Forest Service research: Development of a national program. (A working report, Apr. 24,

1975, on file at USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.)

early 1970s, a national trend

toward multifunctional research

work units developed. These

consolidations and reorientations

led to Servicewide reorganizations

of Experiment Station structure in

1973, with a more geographic

approach:

Director:

Karl Wenger

Deputy Director:

David Herrick

Assistant Director for

Continuing Research, South:

Vincent Duval

Assistant Director for

Continuing Research, North:

William Laycock

Assistant Director for

Planning and Application:

Harold Paulsen

Assistant Director for

Research Support Services:

Donald Morton

The ADR South, stationed in

Tempe, had responsibility for

research in New Mexico, Arizona,

and western Texas; the ADR

North, stationed in Fort Collins,

had responsibility for research in

North and South Dakota,

Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska,

and Kansas.

Ray Price was right on target,

as usual, when he closed his

summary of RM Station history

with this observation: As 1975

drew to a close, the theme of the

Eisenhower Consortium

sponsored symposium at Vail,

Colorado in September, Man,

Leisure, and Wildlands: A

Complex Interaction might well

set the course of forestry research

in the central and southern Rocky

Mountain Region in the years

ahead.

In October 1975, the RM

Station staff totaled 220 full-time

employees: 90 Project Leaders

and scientists, 50 technicians, 74

research support and technical,

and 6 Directors immediate staff.

For early grey literature on the

history of Forest Service research

in the Rocky Mountain region,

see the unpublished reports

footnoted below.

3
DIRECTORS OFFICE

DirectorRaymond Price

Divisions of Research

Timber Management

J. H. Buell, Chief

Forest Diseases

L. S. Gill, Chief

Forest Insects

N. D. Wygant, Chief

Forest Utilization

L. A. Mueller, Chief

E. S. Kotok

Range Management

E. H. Reid, Chief

Watershed Management

M. D. Hoover, Chief

Soils Investigations

J. L. Retzer

RESEARCH CENTERS

Arizona

Fort Valley, Flagstaff

E. M. Gaines, Leader

Timber Managament

E. M. Gaines

F. R. Herman

E. C. Martin

Range Management

J. F. Arnold

Santa Rita, Tucson

H. G. Reynolds, Leader

Range Management

H. G. Reynolds

J. W. Bohning

Cooperating ARS

H. M. Hull

M. E. Roach

Sierra Ancha, Tempe

H. C. Fletcher, Leader

Watershed Management

H. C. Fletcher

L. R. Rich

D. R. Cable

Cooperating ARS

F. Lavin

Colorado

Continental Divide, Fort Collins

B. C. Goodell, Leader

Timber Management

R. R. Alexander

Watershed Management

B. C. Goodell

Front Range, Fort Collins

L. D. Love, Leader

Range Management

W. M. Johnson

Cooperating ARS

G. E. Klipple

Watershed Management

L. D. Love

Upper Colorado, Delta

G. T. Turner, Leader

Range Management

G. T. Turner

Watershed Management

H. E. Brown

Nebraska

Prairie Research Project, Lincoln

R. A. Read, Leader

Timber Management

R. A. Read

New Mexico

Upper Rio Grande, Albuquerque

E. J. Dortignac, Leader

Fire

A. W. Lindenmuth, Jr.

Range Management

H. A. Paulsen, Jr.

Watershed Managament

E. J. Dortignac

E. H. Palpant

Wyoming

Big Horn, Laramie

R. M. Hurd, Leader

Range Management

R. M. Hurd

F. W. Pond

FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE LABORATORIES

Albuquerque, New Mexico

J. W. Bongberg, in charge

Forest Diseases

S. R. Andrews

F. G. Hawksworth

T. E. Hinds

Forest Insects

J. W. Bongberg

R. K. Bennett

Fort Collins, Colorado

B. H. Wilford, in charge

Forest Diseases

R. W. Davidson

Forest Insects

B. H. Wilford

C. L. Massey

W. F. Bailey

A. E. Landgraf

R. H. Nagel

F. B. Knight

F. M. Yasinski

Organization of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

after Consolidation, 1954

4
ARIZONA

Flagstaff

Evaluation of Watershed Programs

D. P. Worley, Project Leader

H. E. Brown

W. P. Clary

A. R. Tiedemann

P. F. Ffolliott

Fire Use

A. W. Lindenmuth, Jr., Project Leader

J. R. Davis

ManagementWoodland and Forest Ranges

D. A. Jameson, Project Leader

H. A. Pearson

SilviculturePonderosa Pine

G. N. Schubert, Project Leader

M. M. Larson

L. J. Heidmann

E. C. Martin

Tempe

ManagementChaparral Ranges

F. W. Pond, Project Leader

H. D. Chadwick (attached to Albuquerque)

ManagementRiparian and Wet Sites

J. S. Horton, Project Leader

J. P. Decker

C. J. Campbell

Water Yield ImprovementChaparral

G. E. Glendening, Project Leader

P. A. Ingebo

C. P. Pase

C. M. Skau

Water Yield ImprovementPine-Fir

L. R. Rich, Project Leader

P. T. Koshi

Wildlife Habitat

H. G. Reynolds, Project Leader

Tucson

ManagementSemidesert Ranges

S. C. Martin, Project Leader

D. R. Cable

COLORADO

Fort Collins: (*indicates acted as Project Leader in addition

to Division Chief responsibilities)

Forest Diseases

DiseasesMontane and Subalpine Species

F. G. Hawksworth, Project Leader

J. M. Staley

T. E. Hinds

Forest Economics

Forest Survey

R. L. Miller

Market Development Opportunities

J. M. Hughes, Project Leader

Forest Recreation

L. D. Love, Project Leader

Forest Insects

Biology, Ecology, and Control of Bark Beetles and

Defoliators in the Central Rocky Mountains

N. D. Wygant, Project Leader*

W. F. McCambridge

R. H. Nagel

M. E. McKnight

Timber Management

Mensuration

C. A. Myers, Project Leader

SilvicultureSpruce-Fir and Lodgepole Pine

R. R. Alexander, Project Leader

F. Ronco

SilvicultureMixed Conifers and Aspen

G. L. Hayes, Project Leader*

J. R. Jones

Projects, Project Leaders, Scientists, and Locations, 1962

5
Range Management and Wildlife Habitat

Forest Biometry

M. J. Morris, Project Leader

Forest Game and Fish Habitat

Dwight R. Smith, Project Leader

ManagementMountain Ranges

H. A. Paulsen, Jr., Project Leader

P. O. Currie

G. L. Spain

Watershed Management

Alpine Snow and Avalanches

M. Martinelli, Jr., Project Leader

A. Judson

Water Yield Improvement; Runoff and Erosion

M. D. Hoover, Project Leader*

R. H. Swanson

J. D. Bergen

B. H. Heede

E. C. Frank

Cooperative Watershed Management Research Unit

B. C. Goodell, Project Leader

NEBRASKA

Lincoln

DiseasesShelterbelts and Nurseries

G. W. Peterson, Project Leader

SilvicultureWindbreaks

R. A. Read, Project Leader

D. H. Sander

D. F. Van Haverbeke

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque

DiseasesPonderosa Pine and Associated Species

P. C. Lightle, Project Leader

J. W. Riffle

InsectsBiology, Ecology, and Control of Bark

 Beetles and Defoliators in the Southwest

C. L. Massey, Project Leader

M. J. Stelzer

J. F. Chansler

Range Improvement and Management of Seeded

 Ranges

H. W. Springfield, Project Leader

Watershed Rehabilitation

E. F. Aldon, Project Leader

W. C. Hickey

Water Yield Improvement

H. L. Gary, Project Leader

SOUTH DAKOTA

Rapid City

Forest Utilization (Black Hills)

E. F. Landt, Project Leader

V. P. Yerkes

SilviculturePonderosa Pine (Black Hills)

C. E. Boldt, Project Leader

J. L. Van Deusen

Water Yield Improvement (Black Hills)

H. K. Orr, Project Leader

M. L. Geiger

Wildlife Habitat (Black Hills)

D. R. Dietz, Project Leader

WYOMING

Laramie

ManagementAlpine and Subalpine Ranges

W. M. Johnson, Project Leader

Dixie R. Smith

Water Yield ImprovementSagebrush Lands

H. W. Berndt, Project Leader

R. D. Tabler

B. A. Hutchinson

6
Societal Perspectives Have Changed

Project Leaders meeting, March 1975, Fort Collins, CO.

First row, seated on ground, left to right: D. R. Carder, F. G. Hawksworth, R. E. Stevens, G. D. Lewis, R. W. Tinus, D. R.

Patton, J. W. Lancaster. Second row, seated: D. R. Keefer, H. A. Paulsen, Jr., D. A. Lingwood, D. E. Herrick, W. C. Morris,

M. B. Dickerman (WO), K. F. Wenger, W. J. Lucas (R-2), W. D. Hurst (R-3), R. Lindmark (INT), W. A. Laycock, V. L. Duvall.

Third row, standing: C. A. Myers, A. J. Bjugstad, A. L. Ward, C. Feddema, H. K. Orr, R. S. Boster, D. D. Elser, G. H.

Schubert, H. E. Worth, E. F. Aldon, J. L. Kovner. Fourth row, all remaining standing: G. W. Peterson, M. Martinelli, Jr., J. F.

Thilenius, D. F. Fan Haverbeke, S. C. Martin, R. S. Driscoll, D. G. Fox, W. P. Clary, S. S. Saackett, J. R. Thompson, B. L.

Driver, J. H. Dieterich, R. R. Alexander, R. A. Read, R. H. Hamre, R. D. Tabler, L. L. Manley.

How society perceives thenations forests  and

especially how various specialinterest groups express their views

 has changed dramatically in the

past quarter century. In his

Foreword to Ray Prices 1975

history of the RM Station,

Director Dave Herrick alluded to

research that helped forest

managers get much more from

timber, range, wildlife, water, and

recreation resources than was

possible in earlier years, and how

scientists are seeking answers to

long-term challenges associated

with forest regeneration, improving

growth and yield, and protecting

forests from insects, diseases, and

fires. Foresters were being taught

how to bring wildlands under

management. But societal

concerns over clearcutting in the

Appalachians and Northwest

were making headlines in the

nations newspapers.

Suddenly, or so it seemed, the

spotted owl flew out of the

ancient forests of the Pacific

Northwest and into the national

limelight. Old-growth forests and

natural ecosystems became the

battlegrounds of an intelligent,

well-informed, ecologically

aware  and litigious  public.

Forest management in the West

was no longer the tightly held

domain of professional foresters

and those with economic interest

in wildland resources. Multiple use

was no longer the quick answer to

conflicting demands on forest

resources. Even Smokey Bear

retreated into near hibernation

after the Greater Yellowstone

Fires of 1988 brought widespread

awareness of fire as an integral

part of many natural forest

ecosystems.

Against this backdrop of

enlightened public awareness and

involvement, both forest

management and research had to

evolve quickly to remain

relevant. Where earlier research

tended to be more resourcespecific  silvicultural treatments

to increase timber volume,

vegetation management to

increase water yields, better

7
Participants in a 1985 team-building session.

Front row: Glenn Peterson, Clyde Fasick, Bob Alexander, Glen Brink, Martha

Pforr, Debbie Schofield, Charlie Loveless, Harold Coley, Norma Bath, Dick Tinus.

Second row: Tom Hoekstra, Earl Aldon, Dixie Smith, Doug Fox, Bob Hamre,

Ardell Bjugstad, Rudy King, Debbie Allen, Bev Perotin, Frank Hawksworth, Ron

Tabler. Third row: Jerry Oncken (consultant), Frank Ronco, Marty Raphael,

Leonard DeBano, Hans Schreuder, Clarence Adair, Dave Patton, George Peterson,

Ed Wicker, Sam Krammes, Dick Gillespie (consultant).

grazing systems  the new

paradigm was to develop multifunctional research to understand

the processes involved in

maintaining healthy, dynamic

ecosystems. Research would be

synergized by having scientists

from different disciplines working

together. How people fit into the

resource management picture

became a significant element in

the research equation. Chief F.

Dale Robertson attempted to

institutionalize this more

ecosystem-friendly philosophy

through his four-point New

Perspectives initiative:

Sustaining ecosystems,

integrating science and

management, making flexible

responses to resource

challenges, and enhancing

partnerships with people.

Director Herrick became a

leader in encouraging scientists to

form multi-disciplinary teams to

address emerging issues. The

Stations contribution to the

national SEAM (Surface

Environment and Mining) program

to restore mineland spoils in the

Four Corners area and Wyoming,

and the Beaver Creek project

along the Mogollon Rim south of

Flagstaff are prominent examples.

The trend toward

multidisciplinary research and

quicker application of research

findings was further encouraged by

changes in Washington that eased

resource-oriented budget

restrictions. According to Dixie

Smith, Deputy Station Director at

the time, these fiscal changes in

Washington didnt really change

what we were already trying to do,

but they certainly made budgeting

the Station a whole lot easier!

Designing effective, multifunctional

research work units with broad

missions and problem statements

would not be easy, however  a

situation anticipated by Smith who

said, Defining meaningful

problems and ensuring they were

translated into tactical research

were daunting tasks, with minimal

reward to the scientists.

As Director Hank Montrey

(1989-1992) put it in a keynote

address in Flagstaff celebrating

the 100th anniversary of the Forest

Reserve Act, We must

obviously move from the

functional, single-resource,

single-scientist focus on physical

and biological sciences aimed at

advancing science in a discipline.

We need to move toward interdisciplinary, multi-resource

integrated teams that include

social scientists. Managers are

faced with the dilemma of

making major resource decisions

without all the information they

would like from either research or

the public.Resolving this

dilemma is going to require that

we all better understand:

• The basic nature of the

complex ecosystems we are

entrusted with,

• How to protect and conserve

the biodiversity in those

ecosystems,

• How to deal with conflicting

societal demands for resource

outputs, and

• How to keep all those balls in

the air without impairing the

ability of the land to meet the

demands of future

generations!

8
The Rocky Mountain Station

in early 1997 was a very

different place from what it was

in 1975, physically, socially, and

organizationally.

The research staff  project

leaders, scientists, technicians,

and directorate  had declined by

nearly a third, from 146 to 105

(16, 56, 29, and 4, respectively).

The support and technical staff

increased from 74 to 86, but this

total includes an indeterminate

number of people intermingled in

the colocation of the ArapahoRoosevelt National Forest

mentioned below.

Another obvious difference is

the role of women in research.

When Ray Price referred to the

distaff side, the role of women at

the Station in 1975, he meant the

wives of scientists, and the

secretaries. The three exceptions

were Geraldine Peterson

(statistician), Mona Nickerson

(editor), and Frances Barney

(librarian). All three were

exceptional  they had to be to

The Rocky Mountain Station

Has Changed in Many Ways

Karen Burr, Flagstaff, examines the

roots of Douglas-fir seedlings grown

in Tinus book planters after

exposure in mist boxes.

reach professional status. When

Denver Burns became Director in

1992, Marcia Patton-Mallory

was Assistant Director for

Planning and Applications, and

there was one female Project

Leader: Michele Schoeneberger

at Lincoln. By 1997 Karen

Clancy at Flagstaff, Debbie Finch

at Albuquerque, and Linda Joyce

at Fort Collins had joined

Schoeneberger as Project

Leaders, and Patton-Mallory was

Assistant Director for Research.

Susan Evans (Janzen),

Adminstrative Services, Shari

Blakey, Personnel, and Angela

Chavez, Computer Services, were

Group Leaders in Administration.

(In 2004, Marcia Patton-Mallory

is Station Director; 2 of 5

Assistant Directors, 5 of 7 Group

Leaders, and 7 of 29 project

leaders of the new RMRS are

women.)

The physical presence of the

RM Station in the field shrank

significantly due to decreasing

budgets and increasing personnel

costs. What had been the

headquarters of the old Southwest

Station on Tumamoc Hill in Tucson

closed in 1978. The Shelterbelt

Laboratory in Bottineau was

ceded to North Dakota State

University in 1982. A recently

opened wildlife project at Texas

Tech in Lubbock closed in 1983.

The Santa Rita Experimental

Range south of Tucson went to the

University of Arizona as part of a

complex land swap involving the

State of Arizona, the USDI Bureau

of Land Management, and the

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

The Forest Hydrology Laboratory

at Tempe was transferred to

Arizona State University as part of

a complex arrangement that saw a

consolidation of Station research in

Arizona to Flagstaff.

Through a lease arrangement,

the arid land research unit moved

out of downtown Albuquerque

into a well-designed laboratory

near the airport. Wildlife and

archaeological research were

added in later years.

A significant addition to the

Station was a major new facility

in Flagstaff. As part of the deal

where the Tempe laboratory on

the ASU campus was to be

sacrificed to provide space for a

new Goldwater Science and

Engineering Building (which was

eventually redesigned and built

around the lab) a cooperative

arrangement was authorized by

Congress with Northern Arizona

University. The result was the

$20 million Southwest Forest

Sciences Complex housing the

Station and the NAU School of

Forestry. This impressive facility

was dedicated in May 1993.

When Dick Krebill transferred

to the Intermountain Station in

1982, the position of Assistant

Director for Research  South

was moved from Tempe to Fort

Collins.

In March 1983, the ArapahoRoosevelt National Forest

physically colocated with the

Station in the headquarters building

9
Advantages, according to

Director Burns, included:

• Synergy of scientists from

different disciplines, universities

and management attacking

complex issues, rather than

individuals looking at pieces of

problems.

• Larger units with fewer Project

Leaders, with concomitant

savings in paperwork and

travel.

• Limited money and people

resources focused more on

problems of public resource

management, and less on

personal disciplinary interests.

The primary disadvantages were

reduced disciplinary breadth and

capacity at the Station,

particularly in range research and

forest health research.

In a significant program

expansion, the Station established

the Center for Semiarid

Agroforestry  subsequently

renamed the National Agroforestry

Center (NAC)  in 1992 at the

Stations Forestry Science

Laboratory in Lincoln, NE, with

Bill Rietveld as Center Director.

The Center began as a Forest

Service partnership between

Research and State and Private

Forestry, and was expanded to

include the Natural Resources

Conservation Service in 1995.

The NAC conducts research on

how to design and install vegatated

plantings riparian buffers to protect

water quality, and develops and

delivers technology on a broad

suite of agroforestry practices. The

partnership draws upon Forest

Service expertise with forestry and

trees and harnesses it to NRCS

A day in the life of a wildlife biologist:

Teryl Grubb, Tempe, rappels down a

cliff to evaluate a bald eagle nest

along the Verde River on the Tonto

National Forest, AZ.

on Prospect Road. The driving

force for the colocation was the

concept of shared services: tight

budget dollars could be stretched if

duplicative administrative functions

such as personnel, purchasing, etc.

were consolidated for the two

units. Space was a problem, of

course, and several projects and

support units were shuffled to the

Craddock Building, on the east

side of Fort Collins.

During the 1970s and 80s, the

Station leadership worked hard 

and successfully  to strengthen

research ties with the universities

within its territory, and improve

cooperation with National Forest

Systems and State and Private

Forestry units within the Forest

Service.

The Eisenhower Consortium for

Environmental Forestry Research

was established at RM in 1971,

with Gordon Lewis as Program

Manager, to foster cooperative

research among Station scientists

and nine universities within the

Stations territory: Universities of

Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and

New Mexico; Colorado, Arizona,

and New Mexico State

Universities; Northern Arizona

University; and Texas Tech. It

was disbanded 10 years later.

How the Station was organized

to do research also changed. In

the early 1990s, Forest Service

Research in Washington instigated

a Servicewide effort to promote a

strategic planning process at each

Station that would emphasize

multidisciplinary research along

with the more traditional

functional research. The 90s

then saw increased emphasis on

building research work units with

interdisciplinary teams of scientists

focusing on multifaceted problems

facing resource managers. Three

area-specific ecosystem

management RWUs were

established in 1994: Achieving

Ecosystem Management in the

Borderlands of the Southwestern

United States Through a

Coordinated Research/

Management Partnership (Carl

Edminster, Team Leader);

Watershed Processes, Riparian

Zone Responses, and Biological

Diversity of the Rio Grande Basin

(Debbie Finch, Team Leader); and

Sustaining Social, Biological, and

Physical Components of Colorado

Front Range Ecosystems (Brian

Kent, Team Leader).

10
expertise in agriculture and its

technology delivery system to

farmers, ranchers, and

communities. Agroforestry

technologies can be readily

incorporated into most farm and

ranch operations, and provide

cost-effective ways to diversify

production and increase income,

while simultaneously enhancing

 natural resource conservation.

Also in 1992, the National

Stream Systems Technology

Center was established at the

Rocky Mountain Station, with

Larry Schmidt as Program

Manager. The Stream Team, as

it is better known, was chartered

to provide the technology to help

forest managers, hydrologists, and

fisheries biologists maintain

favorable stream flow conditions

from the National Forests.

Emphasis is on instream flow,

channel maintenance and

streamside vegetation, and

watershed condition. Primary

focus areas are on improving

knowledge of stream hydrology

and related watershed processes,

developing operational tools for

managers, providing training and

operational support, and identifying

research needs. Stream Team

findings are applied nationwide by

a multitude of governmental and

private organizations.

Responding to concerns that the

U.S. Department of Agriculture

had too many small units to

maintain effective public service,

the Forest Service began a quest

to streamline many operations,

including the number of regional

Experiment Stations. First to

merge were the Southeastern and

Southern Stations, with

headquarters established in

Asheville, NC. Then, in the spring

1992, Chief Dale Robertson

directed Hank Montrey and

Northeastern Forest Experiment

Station Director Denver Burns to

informally analyze and report to

him on the feasibility, benefits, and

costs of merging the Intermountain

and Rocky Mountain Stations.

Based on their analysis, Chief

Robertson set the stage for the

merger. In the fall 1992, Montrey

transferred to the Forest Service

headquarters in Washington D.C.,

and Burns became the Director of

the Rocky Mountain Station.

From 1993 on, increasing

emphasis on scientists obtaining

soft money accomplished three

things, according to Burns:

• Incoming money focused

research on key problems.

• The ongoing loss of staff was

reversed.

• The worlds research

community became more

aware of the high quality and

capability of Rocky Mountain

Station scientists.

In 1993, Burns was named

Acting Director of the

Intermountain Station in addition to

his responsibilities at Rocky

Mountain. A drastic recision of

appropriated dollars halfway

through fiscal 1995 and major

budget cuts in 1996 not only

frustrated a joint Management

Team, but stressed personnel of

the two Stations, already worried

about consolidation of locations,

programs, and services. During

those difficult years, Burns

focused considerable energy on a

three-pronged effort to ensure that

the new Rocky Mountain

Research Station would be

efficient, effective, and an

enjoyable place to work by:

• Integrating both research and

administrative support

managers from the two

Stations into a seamless

decisionmaking team.

• Keeping scientists and

support personnel informed

about, and involved in,

working out the details of the

consolidation process.

• Involving all four of the

National Forest System

Regions in the combined

Station territory in defining

problems and prioritizing

research efforts.

After 4 years, during which the

entire organization of the Forest

Service was proposed for change

and change again, the

consolidation of the Rocky

Mountain and Intermountain

Stations was officially approved

by the Secretary of Agriculture on

May 4, 1997.

11

Stream Team members measure

bedload movement on E. St. Louis

Creek on the Fraser Experimental

Forest.
Focus of the Experimental

Forests Has Changed, Too

The main lodge, like several other

buildings at Manitou Experimental

Forest headquarters, was

constructed by the Work Projects

Administration (WPA), and is now

on the National Register of Historic

Places.

The Fraser Experimental

Forest, established in 1937

on the Arapaho National Forest

as a representative site for

studying the alpine/subalpine

environment of the Central

Rockies, can still be recognized

from high-flying jets by its

herringbone pattern of timber

harvests. Research was designed

to evaluate effects of tree removal

in lodgepole pine and Engelmann

spruce forests on snow

accumulation and subsequent

water yield. Marvin Hoover and

Bob Alexander were critical

scientists involved. Those

harvesting effects are still being

evaluated, but most new research

addresses questions that deal with

broader aspects of hydrologic

systems and forest, landscape, and

biological diversity  processes

that better define ecosystem

function.

The lower elevation Manitou

Experimental Forest, established

in 1936 on the Pike National

Forest, is best known for early

research to evaluate grazing

systems and range management in

the ponderosa pine type. Wally

Johnson and Pat Currie were

driving forces.

Ongoing research is

focused on gaining a

better understanding

of ponderosa pine

ecosystems, and the

disturbance regimes

active within them

(insects, disease,

fire). Because it has

extensive residential

in-holdings, and is located near the

highly populated Front Range, the

Manitou is also uniquely suited for

studies of ways to best manage

these forests in the wildland-urban

interface (WUI).

GLEES, the Glacier Lakes

Ecosystem Experiments Site on

the Medicine Bow National

Forest in southern Wyoming, is

the Stations newest major study

area, though not a formally

established experimental forest.

GLEES was established in 1987

to conduct long-term integrated

studies on the influence of

atmospheric deposition and

climate change on sensitive

alpine aquatic and terrestrial

ecosystems. Doug Fox was

instrumental in its establishment,

and designing integrated research

to evaluate the impact of air

quality changes on wilderness.

The Santa Rita Experimental

Range, established in 1903 on

Bureau of Land Management

lands adjacent to the Coconino

National Forest in southern

Arizona, was ceded to the State of

12

The first watershed study on the Fraser Experimental Forest involved the paired

Fool Creek (treated) and East St. Louis Creek (control) watersheds.
Fort Valley Experimental

Forest, the first Forest Service

research forest in the nation, was

established in 1908 northwest of

Flagstaff. The site was selected

because ponderosa pine did not

appear to be regenerating

sufficiently. However, in 1919, a

heavy seed crop followed by a wet

spring with no summer drought  a

rare event  appeared to solve the

problem. For the 80 years since,

and in the absence of fire,

silviculturists have been studying

how to deal with the huge 1919

seedling crop. There were other

problems to be solved, however,

and Gus Pearson and Gil

Schubert published monumental

works on the silviculture of

southwestern ponderosa pine,

centered on research at Fort

Valley. Frank Ronco led an effort

to sustain research and upgrade

facilities in the early 1980s,

including stress physiology

research, and Dick Tinuss

greenhouses, used to develop and

apply findings on containerized tree

A Management Team meeting at Rio Rico in southern Arizona, 1987, included a

field trip to the Santa Rita Experimental Range. Left to right, back row: Bob

Alexander, Charlie Loveless, Bill North, Dave Sturgis, Martha Pforr, Ardell

Bjugstad, Len DeBano, Steve McDonald, Marty Raphael, Earl Aldon, Glen Brink,

Clark Martin, Terry Shaw, Dick Tinus, Larry Allen, Doug Fox, Clarence Adair,

Harold Coley, Hans Schreuder, Bill Kruse, Glenn Peterson. Front row: Bob

Hamre, Rudy King, Kieth Severson, Ed Wicker.

Vegetation was treated in the 1950s

and 1960s on Workman Creek, Sierra

Ancha Experimental Forest, in a study

to evaluate possibilities for increasing

water yields in Arizona.

Arizona in 1990 as part of the

complex land exchange that led to

the move of the Tempe lab to

Flagstaff. As stipulated in the

land exchange, the University of

Arizona now manages the Range

for experimental purposes. The

Station is no longer in charge, but

scientists do have input into the

research program. Clark Martin

and Dwight Cable were long-time

scientists on the Santa Rita.

As of 1997, only one stream

gauging station was collecting longterm hydrologic data on the Sierra

Ancha Experimental Forest on

the Tonto National Forest in

central Arizona. The Sierra Ancha,

established in 1932, was a primary

site for major studies to determine

how the interrelated influences of

climate and soils, topography and

geology, and the nature, condition,

and use of watershed vegetation

might affect streamflow, soil

erosion, floods, and sedimentation

from sites ranging from desert

shrub to mixed-conifer forests.

Although the original watershed

studies were closed in 1983, part

of the facility has been used as an

ecological study area by Arizona

State University through a

cooperative agreement. Marvin

Hoover, Ron Hibbert, and Len

DeBano were among the scientists

involved.

Len DeBano and others put

considerable effort into

developing the Battle

Flat Chaparral

Experimental

Watersheds on the

Prescott National

Forest in Arizona in the

1980s. Weirs were

installed on paired

watersheds and

baseline data collected,

but budget reductions

resulted in the area

being assigned to the Prescott for

further development and

monitoring.

13
Flood flow after a rain-on-snow

event at the flume on Woods

Canyon, Beaver Creek Experimental Watershed, AZ, 1978.

Ponderosa pine had been

harvested at various levels to

evaluate effects on streamflow

and water yields.

seedling work. Those efforts have

now been completed, or moved to

the new Forestry Sciences

Complex on the Northern Arizona

University campus.

The Long Valley Experimental

Forest southwest of Flagstaff was

established in 1936 as a

counterpart to Fort Valley because

it is on soils derived from

sandstone/limestone, as opposed

to Fort Valleys basalt. A

rangewide provenance planting of

ponderosa pine and some fireeffects research were still active in

1997.

The White Mountain

Watersheds were set up in eastern

Arizona in the late 1950s to

determine if results from

Workman Creek on the Sierra

Ancha could be confirmed and

transferred to other mixed-conifer

forest areas. Three pairs of

experimental watersheds were

instrumented: Castle Creek East

and West Forks, Willow Creek

East and West Forks, and Thomas

Creek North and South Forks.

Treatments were developed that

would benefit timber production,

wildlife habitat, and streamflow.

Thomas Creek was designed to

evaluate our knowledge of

integrated resource management.

The Station transferred

monitoring responsibilities for

Castle and Willow Creeks to the

Apache-Sitgreaves National

Forest in 1983, and for Thomas

Creek in 1986.

The Beaver

Creek

Watersheds

south of

Flagstaff were

established in

the late 1950s to

evaluate

vegetation

management

programs

designed to

increase water

yields and other multiple resource

benefits in the ponderosa pine

forests and pinyon-juniper

woodlands of the Salt-Verde River

Basin. Scientists under Dave

Worley, Ross Carder, and Dave

Garrett measured the impacts of

various timber harvest intensities

and pinyon-juniper removal on

streamflow, soil erosion and

sediment production, water quality,

timber yield, scenic beauty, and

dynamics of wildlife populations.

Ecological simulation models were

also designed and tested. Beaver

Creek was designated as one of

UNESCOs Biosphere Reserves

in 1976. Information collected at

Beaver Creek has resulted in

nearly 700 publications in 24

subject areas (see the Baker and

Ffolliott annotated bibliography

in A Few Significant

Publications).

Long-term silvicultural

research continues on the Black

Hills Experimental Forest,

designated in 1961 near the

center of the Black Hills National

Forest in South Dakota, but that

research is now directed from Fort

Collins, along with Black Hills

forest health studies. Rangeland/

grassland and wildlife habitat

studies continue out of the Rapid

City laboratory.

Alden (Ron)

Hibbert,

Tempe, checks

an analog-todigital (ADR)

streamflow

recorder on

the Battle Flat

Watersheds,

AZ, 1980.

14
The Coon Creek Study Area

was established in the early 1980s

on the Medicine Bow National

Forest near the Colorado/

Wyoming border as the site for the

Coon Creek Water Yield

Augmentation Project. The

objective was to evaluate how

water-yield increases after

operational-scale timber

harvesting would compare with

increases measured during

research-scale studies such as

those on Fool and Deadhorse

Creeks on the Fraser

Experimental Forest. Effects of

timber harvest patterns on

wildlife, and increased stream flow

on fisheries, are also part of the

research program. Chuck Troendle

was the principal scientist involved

in planning Coon Creek. Marty

Raphael and Len Ruggiero

established major wildlife habitat

studies.

The Denbigh Experimental

Forest in North Dakota was

established in 1931, during the

Dust Bowl days, to evaluate tree

species and seed sources for

shelterbelt plantings in the harsh

environment of the northern

Great Plains. No studies are

currently active, and in 1997 the

Denbigh was in the process of

being decommissioned and

returned to the Custer National

Forest.

The Hastings Tract near

Hastings, NE, acquired by the

Station in 1968, has been devoted

to long-term tree improvement

provenance and progeny

plantations. Designed primarily

by Ralph Reed for shelterbelt

research, they are now important

sources of germplasm for tree

improvement, biotechnology, and

biological control research. The

Tract, however, is being

transferred to the Nebraska

National Forests.

15
Thats cool! John Rinne, Flagstaff, seines for spikedace fish on Arizonas

Gila River.

Then and Now

Rocky Mountain Station

headquarters was a spirited

place to work in the late 1970s.

Budgets were comparatively

good, programs were expanding,

and there was a strong feeling of

family. In Fort Collins, an elected

Social and Courtesy Committee

assessed annual dues, sent flowers

when someone was in the hospital,

and organized summer picnics and

Christmas parties. Everyone from

Directors and Division Chiefs to

scientists, technicians, and

secretaries converged on the

Break Room for a few minutes

mid-morning and mid-afternoon to

discuss everything from budgets

and research to football scores and

their kids accomplishments.

Coffee was an excuse to socialize.

But times change, and the Station

changed with them. The Social

and Courtesy Committee is no

more. People walk into the Break

Room for a cup of coffee, then go

back to their offices to drink

while scanning a computer

screen. This trend is not a

reflection on the headquarters, the

Station, or the Forest Service, but

on a more hectic pace of life

everywhere. Social aspects of the

workplace seem to be a declining

phenomenon, giving way to

everyone being too busy.

And we do things differently

now. Project secretaries no longer

type  and retype  manuscripts,

making an occasional erasure and

correction on four carbon copies.

Today, PCs and spellcheck are

the way. Scientists create their

own manuscripts on personal

computers. Visual Information

Specialist Pete Cunningham no

longer drafts black-and-white

charts on a drawing board. What

the scientist cant build on the

computer, Illustrator Joyce

VanDeWater creates in full color

images and multiple media with

powerful software. Field data

arent laboriously tabulated on

punch-cards for analysis on a

huge computer a few blocks

away on the CSU campus.

Technicians key data into small

recorders hung on a neck strap as

they work in the field. Scientists 

or their technicians then

download recorded data directly

into PCs for analysis in minutes

in the comfort of their offices.

Where scientists previously had

to develop their own analysis

programs in Fortran, the

evolution of readily available

software and computer hardware

has led to more powerful, faster

analyses. And technicians may be

graduate ecologists, plant

physiologists, or electrical

engineers. Phone calls dont go

through an operator at the

switchboard, and voice mail has

replaced the little yellow note

describing a missed call. Typed

letters and speed memos were

replaced by FLIPS, then the

Forest Services Data General

computer terminal, then by IBM

equipment tied to the Internet.

Communication is faster and easier

 technically  but transferring

ideas to others is still a challenge

and still requires face to face

discussion.

16
RMRScience, a quarterly science

newsletter (www.fs.fed.us/rm/

main/rmrs_reports/index.html).

Symposia

Frustration with the delays of

journal publishing, and a growing

need for focused attention on

specific topics, coupled with the

advent of manuscripts submitted

by authors in a camera-ready

format suitable for publication,

led to a sharp increase in the

popularity of the symposium as a

means of rapid technology

transfer. Instructions for authors

on how to prepare camera-ready

manuscripts developed by Editors

Mona Nickerson and Bob Hamre

were adopted Servicewide.

Because proceedings were

typically off the press within 2

months of the symposium, Rocky

Mountain Station scientists were

actively sought to take the lead in

organizing symposia on pressing

topics. Close to 50 significant

symposium proceedings were

published at the Rocky Mountain

Station from the mid 70s through

the mid 90s on topics ranging

from birds and fish to fire history,

accuracy of remote sensing, and

management of riparian

ecosystems.

FS INFO

FS INFO was the final Servicewide step in the evolution of a

package of library services that

Ranger level throughout Forest

Service Regions in the Stations

territory.

But the investment in research

warrants more than just

announcing new publications,

and mailing them free of charge

to those who take the initiative to

request them. The Rocky

Mountain Station aggressively

tackled the problem in a variety

of ways during the 1976  1997

period. Its scientists are wellknown for supporting field

managers and decisionmakers.

However, numerous ways to put

science and technology in

application have come and gone.

Forestry Research West

In1976, Rick Fletcher came to the

Station from Region 3 as a Public

Affairs Officer. One of his primary

duties was to write articles

popularizing current Station

research for Forestry Research

West, a short, quarterly magazine

cooperatively published by the

Pacific Northwest, Pacific

Southwest, Intermountain, and

Rocky Mountain Stations.

Distributed widely to field

locations throughout the Forest

Service in the West (and to other

agencies and academia), its goal

was to alert resource specialists to

new research that might help them

be better professionals. Rick

subsequently became senior editor,

responsible for coordinating the

writing and publishing of FRW.

FRW has since given way to

Technology Transfer is Still a Challenge

The job of doing research is

never really complete until

the new knowledge is put to use,

not just once, or locally, or even

nationally. Over the decades the

Rocky Mountain Station has

wrestled with the concept of

technology transfer: how to get

results put to use and applied

across the broadest spectrum of

disciplines.

The standard measure of a

scientists productivity  the

publication  is only a starting

point. Getting new technology

into the hands  and minds  of

potential users is a continuing

challenge. Time constraints, lack

of personnel, resistance to

change, organizational inertia 

the roadblocks are many, and the

rewards to the scientist for time

spent on TT are perceived by

many as insignificant.

In addition to standard

Research Papers, General

Technical Reports, Research

Notes, USDA Handbooks,

Technical Bulletins, and so forth,

Station scientists have sought out

well over 100 peer-reviewed

technical, scientific, applied, and

popular journals as recognized

quality outlets for their research.

The Station generates New

Publications (www.fs.fed.us/run/

main/pubs/newpubs.html), a

quarterly list announcing those

reports and articles, and mails it

worldwide to requesting members

of the general public, academia,

State and Federal natural resource

agencies, and to the District

17
about another new tool to improve

communication between

researchers and resource

managers, the HELP Line phone

rang frequently on Bob Hamres

desk, with support from Rick

Fletcher. Use faded over time,

and the HELP Line was turned off

at Bobs retirement in 1993.

Electronic Publishing

Electronic publishing was just

reaching functional acceptance in

the mid 90s. Journals were

accepting submissions in

electronic format, authorformatted symposium papers

were being accepted on disks, and

some highly specialized journals

were being published on the

web.

Nothing, however, seemed

poised to replace synergy

generated by face-to-face

communication in the field,

backed up by understandable,

useable, printed documentation.

paid for the bulk of the costs of

WESTFORNET/FS INFO, under

the user pay philosophy,

continuation of the entire package

of services was dependent on

National Forest System support,

which generally ended in the late

90s.

HELP Line

Director Hank Montrey instituted

the HELP Line, a hot line

telephone service intended to

provide quick answers  or at

least a referral to someone who

might be able to provide a quick

answer  to FS professionals

throughout the Stations territory.

Kicked off with much fanfare

began with CALFORNET at the

Pacific Southwest Station in

Berkeley. The package included a

monthly Alert identifying significant

published articles and reports in the

various natural resource fields in the

world literature, delivery of

documents requested from these

Alerts, and individualized literature

searches of worldwide

computerized data bases on

requested topics. This package of

services, called WESTFORNET

when it was expanded to include the

RM Station and Regions in its

territory, was made available from

the Rocky Mountain Station library

to the Regional Offices and down to

the District Ranger level in Regions

1, 2, 3, and 4. The Alerts were also

made available to other resource

agencies (including BLM and BIA)

and some forestry schools. Station

scientists also used the service,

especially the literature-searching

capability. Information Specialist

Bob Dana developed a strong

reputation for designing productive,

Library staff in the early 1990s, from left: Angie Ruble, Frances Barney, Kathy

Munoz, Carin Batt, Bob Dana, Marie Zegar and Gene Kennedy.

carefully focused literature searches,

which then generated demands on

the document delivery service.

The Alerts alone could generate

requests for hundreds of

documents monthly.

Because the Regional Offices

18
Cooperation With Mexico

A planning meeting of Mexican and U.S. foresters at the Fraser Experimental Forest, around 1994.

Bottom row, left to right: Cele Aguirre-Bravo (RM), Denver Burns (RM), Hugo Manzanilla (INIFAP),

Ernesto Samayoa-Dominquez (INIFAP), Jerry Sesco (WO), Alberto Gomez-Tagle (INIFAP). Middle row:

Fernando Patino-Valera (INIFAP), Deborah Chavez (INIFAP), Marcia Patton-Mallory (RM), Reynaldo

Valenzuela (INIFAP), Gonsalo Navelo-Gonzales (INIFAP), M. Lacayo-Emery (WO), Deborah Shields

(RM), Francisco Javier Musalem-Lopez (INIFAP). Back row: unidentified, Bill Rietveld (RM), Carlos

Gonzales-Vicente (INIFAP), Andrea Koonce (WO), Terry Shaw (RM), Ed Green (FPL), Raphael Moreno

(INIFAP), Sam Sandberg (PNW).

Although records of cooperation between forestry

professionals in Mexico and the

U.S. go back as far as 1911, a

Regional Agreement signed by

Acting Director Dixie Smith in

1981 to establish technical and

scientific collaboration in forestry

between the National Institute of

Forestry Research in Mexico and

the Rocky Mountain Station and

Southwestern Region of the

USDA Forest Service provided

the mechanism for supporting

truly effective cooperation across a

political border artificially dividing

continuous ecosystems.

The primary tool to assure a

continuing program was a series

of roughly biennial symposia, with

locations alternating between the

two countries. The first,

Management and Utilization of

Arid Land Plants, held in Saltillo,

Coahuila, in February 1985, was

coordinated primarily by David

Patton, RM Station, and Carlos

Gonzalez-Vicente, Instituto

Nacional de Investigaciones

Forestales y Agropecuarias

(INIFAP, within SARH, the

Secretaria de Agricultura y

Recursos Hidraulicos). The

second, Strategies for

Classification and Management

of Native Vegetation for Food

Production in Arid Zones, was

held in Tucson, AZ, in October

1987. Integrated Management

of Watersheds for Multiple Uses

followed in March 1990 in

Morelia, Michoacan, then

19
Making Sustainability

Operational in Santa Fe, NM, in

April 1993. The fifth symposium in

the series, Partnerships for

Sustainable Forest Ecosystem

Management, in October 1994 in

Guadalajara, Jalisco, stressed

building research-management

partnerships among natural

resource managers, scientists,

landowners, policymakers, and

public interest groups.

A corollary objective of the

frequent symposium series was to

create opportunities for individual

researchers and managers to

develop mutually beneficial oneon-one cross-border working

relationships.

Gonzalez-Vicente was an

imposing presence throughout the

period; Avelino Villa-Salas, Hugo

Manzanilla, and Leonel Iglesias

Gutierrez were also major

contributors for Mexico. Tom

Schmeckpeper, John Russell, and

Doug Shaw were major players

from the Southwestern Region.

Dixie Smith, Earl Aldon, Len

DeBano, Bob Hamre, and several

others from RM Station

contributed significantly. Bob

Partido (SW Region) and George

Garcia (RM Station) were

invaluable in maintaining smooth

informal communications, since

most U.S. participants had

nowhere near the bilingual

capabilities of their Mexican

counterparts. Although virtually

every Mexican spoke passable

English, there were professional

translators for the technical

sessions. Dan Neary, Debbie

Finch, and Carl Edminster were

involved in the later symposia.

In addition to the formal biennial

series, Biodiversity and

Management of the Madrean

Archipelago: the Sky Islands of

Southwestern United States and

Northwestern Mexico, in Tucson

in September 1994, was also a

major cross-border effort.

In 1994, Cele Aguirre-Bravo

came to the Station to coordinate

cooperative efforts between

INIFAP and the Rocky Mountain

Station, and had the lead for

subsequent symposia. The Rocky

Mountain Station has now

extended its cooperation and

collaboration activities to other

countries in the Americas. These

activities are coordinated through

the Consortium for Advancing the

Monitoring of Ecosystem

Sustainability in the Americas

(CAMESA). CAMESAs

program activities are

coordinated by the Rocky

Mountain Station.

20
A Sampling of Major Characters at RM Station

Todd Mowrer (in uniform), along with Technicians Manual Martinez, Steve Mata,

Jose Negron and other Station employees host high school students at the annual

Hispanic Natural Resources Career Camp at the Fraser Experimental Forest.

Any time you take a sample,there is chance you will miss

something important. The

alternatives here are to say

nothing or mention everyone.

Neither of those is appropriate, so

at the risk of offending the many

worthy of mention, well take a

sample. A preponderance are

retired.

The Leadership Team  When

David Herrick retired in

November 1980, Dixie Smith was

appointed Acting Director. About a

year later, Charles Loveless

arrived from the Washington Office

to take the helm, with Dixie Smith

continuing as Deputy Director.

Charlie, who had spent many

years with the USDI Fish and

Wildlife Service, was Director for

8 years, retiring in June 1989. In

October, Henry (Hank) Montrey

came West from the Forest

Products Laboratory to become

the eighth Director of the Rocky

Mountain Station. Hank moved

on to the Washington Office, and

Denver Burns traded his

Directorate at the Northeast

Station to become our ninth

Director in October 1992. In

November 1993, Chief Robertson

also gave Denver the role of

Acting Director of the

Intermountain Station, another

sign of the pending merger of the

two Stations.

Indispensable to the Directors

were their Secretaries: Barbara

Gary, Debbie Allen (now Hof),

and Martha Pforr.

Dixie Smith put in 11 loyal years

as Deputy Director of the RM

Station. Harold Paulsen, Sam

Krammes, Tom Hoekstra, and

Marcia Patton-Mallory

successively held the title of

Assistant Director for Planning and

Applications. Assistant Directors

for Research included David

Tackle, Vincent Duvall, Clyde

Fasick, Richard Krebill, Stephen

McDonald, Tom Hoekstra, and Ed

Wicker.

Two Rocky Mountain Station

graduates went on to become

Forestry School Deans within the

Stations territory: Jay Hughes at

Colorado State University, and

Dave Garrett at Northern Arizona

University.

Scientists  No listing of RM

scientists of the era would be

complete without citing people

such as Bob Alexander (timber

management and Fraser

Experimental Forest), Frank

Hawksworth (dwarf mistletoes),

Pete Martinelli and Ron Tabler

(blowing snow), Art Judson

(avalanches), Bev Driver

(recreation), Earl Aldon, Jerry

Horton, and Len DeBano

(southwestern watersheds), Clark

Martin (southwestern ranges),

Ralph Read (shelterbelts), Glenn

Peterson (pathology), Jack

Dieterich (fire), Dick Tinus

(containerized seedlings), George

Peterson (economics), Dave Patton

(southwestern wildlife), Gil Schubert

(southwestern timber), Dick Driscoll

(range, remote sensing) and Doug

Fox (atmospheric sciences). They

were some of the well-known

21
Project Leader/scientists. All of them

relied heavily on the input and

support of talented project scientists,

many of whom show up on group

and research photos throughout this

history.

Technicians Technicians are

often the unsung heroes of research.

RM Station has been blessed with

several great technicians, often the

essential glue that held complex

projects and project locations

together. They provided the

practical links between research

ideas and actual collection and

presentation of data. They were

contact points between

researchers and cooperators,

translators, electronics specialists,

jacks-of-all-trades. Outstanding

among them were George Garcia

at Albuquerque, Steve Mata at

Fort Collins, Harvey Hiatt at

Bottineau and Flagstaff, Bob

Jairell at Laramie, Ross Watkins at

Fort Collins and Manitou

Experimental Forest, Bill Kruse at

Flagstaff and the Santa Rita

Experimental Range, Manuel

Martinez at Fraser Experimental

Forest, Steve Denison at Rapid

City, and John Sprackling at

Lincoln. (Steve Mata remains

active in 2004.)

Ted Hovland at Lincoln

presented a unique problem. At a

lanky 6 7 he made even the best

young trees look small in Ralph

Reads photos documenting

shelterbelt provenance studies. The

problem was resolved with role

reversal: Ted became the

photographer and Ralph provided

the size perspective.

Professional Support  A key

in quality control at RM Station

was (and still is) Rudy King. As

Station Biometrician, he provided

guidance on research design, and

evaluation and interpretation of

data. His insightful evaluations of

the most complex manuscripts in

every field of research from

avalanches to zoology were the

envy of the other Stations, and a

particular boon to the Station

Editor.

Bob Hamre gave decades of

solid editorial support for the

Stations scientists, generating the

Stations serial publications and

providing links with a host of

technical journals. His techniques

for ramrodding symposium

proceedings into print quickly

made the Station a major host for

a variety of major symposia. The

library and Frances Barney were

interchangeable names for the

place to go for anyone needing

help finding old  and new 

literature. Frances may have been

on a first-name basis with more

front-line people on the National

Forests in the Regions we serve

than any other person at the

Station.

Administration  Don Keefer,

Jackie Cables, and Harold Coley

had the daunting task of heading

up what was called Research

Support Services. That included

Bill Norths Operations Group

(personnel, fiscal, administrative

services), Biometrics (for a time),

and the Research Information

Group (publications, public affairs,

library). Clarence Adair, a

computer programmer for many

years, found his calling as the

gregarious leader of the Stations

civil rights program. LeRoy

Manley headed up Personnel for

many years, while Harold Kehr

and Sue Janzen (now Evans)

contributed years of leadership in

fiscal and administrative services.

At the project locations, people

such as Zita Kaulitz (Rapid City),

Vera Collins (Laramie), Lucille

Neubauer (Bottineau), Josie

Gomez and Nancy Muecke

(Tempe), Virginia Hittner (Lincoln),

Nora Altamirano (Albuquerque),

and Marion Durham, Diane Prince,

and Judy Kent (Flagstaff and

Tempe) worked many years

under a variety of titles to provide

business, computer, and secretarial

support.

22

Ted Hovland, Lincoln, pollinates

selected Scots pine in one of Ralph

Reads provenance plantations for

improving Great Plains shelterbelts.
How Some Station Research Has Been Applied

A technician takes readings, winter and summer, at the Snowy Range station on the Glacier Lakes

Ecosystem Experiments Site, Wyoming, as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program.

The RM Station took form in1930 with an annual

appropriation of $75,000:

$25,000 each for research on

range, watershed, and timber

management. Highlights of early

research accomplishments were

chronicled in Ray Prices 1976

history. What advances have we

made since then?

As Director Hank Montrey put

it in 1991, Some  research

success was short-lived because it

only solved an immediate, local

problem. Some of it was of lasting

significance because it helped us

understand underlying processes.

Some generated unexpected

benefits, while some simply

contributed to the knowledge base

of specific scientific disciplines.

Some of the latter is still in search

of utility, but it is this bank of

knowledge we frequently draw

upon when new problems arise.

Among the many things we

learned from the long-running,

multifunctional Beaver Creek

Watershed south of Flagstaff, for

instance, was how difficult it is to

model an ecosystem!

Again, Montrey philosophized

about what research is all about:

We must obviously move from

the functional, single-resource,

single-scientist focus on physical

and biological sciences aimed at

advancing science in a discipline.

We need to move toward interdisciplinary, multi-resource,

integrated teams that include

social scientists.. . . If we are to

have much influence over our

future, we must develop an overriding customer ethic in what we

do. Instead of looking inward to

our own interests and disciplines

for guidance in structuring our

research efforts, we need to do a

better job of looking outward to

the land managers, resource

users, policy makers, and various

publics we serve for that

guidance.

Forest Service Chief Jack

Ward Thomas also waxed

philosophically when responding to

23
used in land management planning,

habitat models for wildlife species,

multiresource interaction models,

and models for many other natural

resources. And we addressed new

topics during this period  air

quality, nonmarket values, larger

spatial scales (national assessments

of forest and rangeland resources),

riparian ecology  and expanded

our scope from timber and range

productivity to multiple resource

values of ecosystems and cultural

implications.

When evaluating research

accomplishments, a gnarly

question is, How do we value the

significance of a broad range of

research findings? Simply

counting publications and

consultations isnt enough.

Ideally, the value of research

shows up when it influences

management practices. But not

all research finds quick

application. A recent approach is

the citation index, a measure of

the frequency with which a

questions during a Congressional

budget hearing. A Congressman,

referring to the Forest Service

theme Caring for the land, serving

the people, questioned Who are

you serving? Jack simply replied,

The vast majority of the people

we serve havent been born yet!

Much of our research results in

incremental gains in knowledge.

Weve solved many current

problems, but along the way

weve also broadened the scope

and depth of what we know about

the physical and biological

processes that affect how

ecosystems work. For example,

Jack Dieterichs pioneering work

on fire history and fire return

intervals in southwestern forests

in the 70s and 80s was

originally applied in prescribed

fire. Now it is contributing

significantly to our current

broader understanding of the

essential role of fire in

maintaining healthy forest

ecosystems. Weve banked a lot

of information that will

ultimately help answer many

questions we havent figured out

how to ask yet. That information

bank includes a number of plant

keys and manuals, floristic

inventories of specific geographic

areas, and systems to classify

biotic communities, habitat types,

and ecosystems.

From 1976 to 1997, with the

advancement of personal

computers, Station research

became increasingly quantitative

with models, not only the typical

timber growth and yield models,

but also contributions to fire

weather, optimization models

Ron Tabler, Laramie, records data on snow accumulation behind one

of the snow fences protecting Interstate 80 west of Laramie, WY

(1982). Engineered snow fences can trap large amounts of blowing

snow in long drifts higher than the fences (which may be 12 feet tall),

greatly reducing plowing costs and highway closures, improving

visibility along the highway, and providing water for livestock and

wildlife during snowmelt.

research publication is cited in the

world literature. A 1994 paper in

Forest Science on reduced

photosynthesis rate in old trees,

coauthored by Mike Ryan, was

still cited about 100 times in 2002!

A paper in Nature by Dick

Sommerfeld and others in 1993

on carbon dioxide flux from soil

through a snowpack continues to

be cited in environmental and

global-change journals worldwide

because of its unanticipated

implications for global budgets of

this greenhouse gas.

The following are a few

examples of how Station research

findings over the 1976 to 1997

period have been  or may be 

widely applied.

Snow Fences

The elaborate system of snow

fences along many miles of

Interstate 80 west of Laramie,

WY, is the direct result of years of

24
Richard Reynolds, Fort Collins, and Prof. Tom Gavin, Cornell University (left),

band a male northern goshawk on the Kaibab Plateau north of the Grand

Canyon in Arizona.

Goshawk Management

Recommendations

Present forest conditions  loss of

shrubby understory, reduced

amount of older forests, increased

areas of dense tree regeneration 

often reflect the extent of human

influence on these forests. These

influences may also affect

populations of the northern

goshawk. In response to litigation

in the Southwest, Richard

Reynolds (Fort Collins/Flagstaff)

and a team appointed by the

Regional Forester, Southwest

Region, evaluated earlier research

by Reynolds and others on

goshawk nesting habitat and

foraging behavior, and on food and

habitats of the suite of important

goshawk prey, then synthesized

what they learned to develop a set

of desired forest conditions and

offered management

recommendations to move existing

forest conditions to the desired

conditions for supporting viable

goshawk populations. Key

objectives of the guidelines are to

provide nesting, postfledging, and

foraging areas for goshawks, and

habitat to support abundant

populations of 14 primary

goshawk prey. These guidelines

have since been validated by 10

years of intensive research on the

goshawk on the Kaibab Plateau in

northern Arizona.

Thinning trees in the understory,

creating small openings around

groups of trees in the forest, and

prescribed fires should help

produce and maintain desired

forest conditions. Other critical

elements for both goshawks and

25

research on the physics of trapping

blowing snow. What started out as

an effort to augment water yields

from winter snowpacks on Pole

Mountain in the Medicine Bow

National Forest for the city of

Cheyenne laid the foundation for

an unanticipated long-term cooperative program with the Wyoming

Highway Department. Drifting

snow plagued the highway with

closures and accidents. Ron Tabler

(Laramie) led studies on transport

and evaporation of blowing snow;

most effective density, spacing, and

height of snow fences; shape,

volume, and placement of created

snow drifts; and benefits to highway safety and maintenance. The

resulting system of snow fences not

only drastically reduced snow

plowing costs and highway closures, but also improved conditions so much that fence costs

could be amortized within as little

as 2 years from reduced accident

costs alone.

Tablers research has been

published as Design Guidelines

for Control of Blowing And

Drifting Snow by the Strategic

Highway Research Program of the

National Research Council (see

citation in A Few Significant

Publications), and is being used

nationwide in a variety of related

snow control and accumulation

applications. An unexpected value

is that many snow fences are not

dismantled after 3 to 5 years, sold

as weathered barn wood panels,

and new fences are reconstructed.
seedlings before storage and

outplanting. Working closely with

other Forest Service nursery

specialists, Tinus coauthored the

six-volume Agriculture Handbook

674, The Container Tree Nursery

Manual (citation in A Few

Significant Publications) used

worldwide.

Resource Planning Act

Assessments

When Tom Hoekstra came to the

Station (Fort Collins) from the

WO in 1979 to join the Resource

Evaluation Techniques Program,

he brought with him the task of

preparing the Wildlife and Fish

component of the RPA

Assessment. The Resources

Planning Act of 1975 mandates

this national assessment by the

Forest Service every 10 years,

with an intermediate, fifth-year

update. The result is a

comprehensive document that

addresses the recent historical,

their prey are large-diameter snags

and downed logs, and an all-aged

forest composed of highly

interspersed groups of similar-aged

trees across the goshawks home

range.

Reynolds Management

Recommendations for the

Northern Goshawk in the

Southwestern United States (see

citation in A Few Significant

Publications) are now being used,

with appropriate modifications for

local forest types, nationwide. Use

of the guidelines has also had

significant legal implications in

environmental lawsuits.

Tree Diseases on the

Great Plains

Diseases of Trees in the Great

Plains, a publication produced by

Jerry Riffle and Glenn Peterson at

the Stations Shelterbelt

Laboratory at Lincoln, NE, has

been the most frequently re-printed

publication in the Stations history.

Recognizing the reputations of

Riffle and Peterson as leading tree

pathology researchers in the area,

the Great Plains Agricultural

Research Council asked them to

coordinate a technical publication

that arborists, land owners,

pathologists, pest management

specialists, and others desperately

needed to diagnose, treat, and

prevent tree diseases in

shelterbelts in the stressful

environment of the Great Plains.

The two Station scientists recruited

another 29 pathologists, and

together they authored over 60

articles on hosts, distribution,

symptoms, disease cycle, and

control measures for 46 hardwood

and 15 conifer diseases.

The publication has been

distributed by State Foresters and

Extension Specialists throughout

the Plains States, and used in

graduate school forest pathology

courses.

Greenhouses for Containerized

Tree Seedlings

Todays extensive greenhouse

nursery production of containerized

conifer seedlings requires careful

control not only of temperature and

moisture, but nutrients, light

intensity, and photoperiod.

Richard Tinus pioneered the

science of containerized nurseries,

first at Bottineau, ND, then at

Flagstaff, AZ.

His research covered use of

irrigation water and soil medium to

deliver nutrients, levels of light

intensity for photosyhsthesis and

growth, intermittent light to control

photoperiod and prevent

dormancy for continuous seedling

growth, design of containers and

treatment of inner surfaces to direct

root growth, and inducing

dormancy and cold-hardiness of

26

Glenn Petersons research (Lincoln) on the

biology and control of phomopsis blight

minimized a major problem in Great Plains

nurseries, and allowed them to greatly

increase production of eastern red cedar

seedlings for shelterbelt plantings.

Dick Tinus, Flagstaff, evaluates

bristlecone pine seedlings grown in

containers under sodium arc light from

a beam flicker in a Colorado State

Forest Service nursery.
Valuing Nonmarket Resources

Through years of pioneering

research, members of George

Petersons (Fort Collins)

Research Work Unit on

Identification and Valuation of

Wildland Resource Benefits have

developed ways to identify and

evaluate the monetary and nonmonetary benefits of wildland

management. In addition to

numerous publications in scientific

and applied journals and other

forums, they have produced

several important books, including

Public Amenity Resource

Valuation: Integrating

Economics with Other

Disciplines; Valuing Wildlife

Resources in Alaska; Instream

Flow Protection; and Nature and

the Human Spirit: Toward an

Expanded Land Management

Ethic (see citations in A Few

Significant Publications). The

units research findings have been

widely used, both in this country

and around the world, in such

diverse applications as the

Resource Planning Acts

Assessment and Program, the

Exxon-Valdez tanker spill damage

assessment in Alaska, forest health

policy, water resource

management and valuation,

sensitive species conservation, fire

management policy, and the United

Nations Environmental Programs

Global Biodiversity Assessment.

Because the units scientists have

been active in many national and

international activities, including

leadership in the International

Union of Forest Research

Organizations, Fulbright

exchanges, and invited lectures and

consultations in many foreign

countries, they have received

numerous Forest Service Superior

and Distinguished Scientist awards.

John Lundquist (left), Fort Collins, and a technician examine root rot

at the base of a pine subsequently killed by bark beetles. Note the globs of pitch

produced by the tree in an unsuccessful attempt to repel the beetles.

current, and probable future status

of the nations forest and rangeland

resources. For the 1984

assessment update, scientists in

Hoekstras unit were selected to

evaluate three of the six major

resource areas. In addition to

Hoekstras wildlife and fish area,

Linda Joyce handled range, and

John Hof dealt with multi-resource

integration. Later, John Mitchell

assumed responsibility for the

range assessment, Curt Flather

took over wildlife and fish, and

Linda Joyce was responsible for

the climate change special

assessment study. Tom Brown led

the water assessment. These were

monumental tasks.

In addition to broad science

responsibilities for the 1989

Assessment and 1994 Update, the

RM Station also assumed

responsibility for editing, printing,

and distributing the entire

expanded collection of 11 separate

resource documents. Under Editor

Bob Winokurs guidance, the

Station generated and mailed tons

of these documents (see reports by

Brown, Flather, and Joyce in A

Few Significant Publications) to

Federal, State, and local

governmental agencies, interest

groups, and concerned individuals

across the nation, and indeed

throughout the world. The Station

has continued its role as the major

player in the national RPA

Assessment effort. The number of

resource-oriented topics has

increased, authors have changed,

and some publication

responsibilities have been shifted to

other Stations, but to the WO,

RPA still equates with RMRS.

27
Joe Ganey checks the fit of a radio

transmitter prior to releasing a

Mexican spotted owl in a study of owl

habitat needs.

they are viewed as natural

components of landscapes that

may have neutral, detrimental, or

beneficial impacts on ecological

processes and landscape patterns

that perhaps should be preserved

or even mimicked. Landscape

pathology was introduced by

station pathologists as an extension

of our traditional view of forest

pathology.

Spatial analyses, spatial

modeling, and other landscapescale methods of assessing and

quantifying disease impacts based

on spatial patterns have been

developed by station pathologists

to examine the effects of diseases

on wildfire fuels, wildlife diversity,

and other timber and nontimber

resources. An assessment and

monitoring method called profiling

was developed to simplify and

quantify the complex impacts

symptomatic of diseased

landscapes. Station pathologists

have also developed methods for

measuring and quantifying similarity

of canopy gaps caused by diseases

and other types of disturbance

(insects, wind, fire, etc) so the their

impacts can be mimicked in gapbased silviculture (see Lundquist

and Beatty, in A Few Significant

Publications).

Mexican Spotted Owl

Recovery Plan

Listing of the Mexican spotted owl

as a Threatened Species in 1993

resulted in severe restrictions on

forest management in the Southwest.

Bill Block (Flagstaff) led a recovery

28

Ecosystem Management

General Technical Report RM-246,

An Ecological Basis for

Ecosystem Management, published

in 1994 helped establish ecosystem

management as a basis for land

stewardship. A team of scientists and

managers from a number of Federal

and State agencies prepared this

publication, with Station Scientist

Merrill Kaufmann (Fort Collins) as

senior author (see citation in A Few

Significant Publications). The team

illustrated that social and economic

issues play a large role in attaining

ecological sustainability, while

ecological capability of land is

relatively fixed. Achieving ecological

sustainability may thus require

adjustments in social and economic

perspectives. The publication

provides guidelines for examining

ecosystems to determine their current

condition, and to identify what might

be needed to maintain or restore

ecological sustainability. These

guidelines used conservation biology

principles and historical and current

conditions at multiple spatial and

temporal scales as the basis for

ecological assessment.

This publication also helped

place ecological issues on the same

level as social and economic issues

in the decisionmaking process.

Previously, many natural resource

management decisions had been

made with limited emphasis on

long-term ecological consequences

of human activities. The teams

findings helped clarify how and

where in the planning process

ecological issues could be

addressed, and outlined how

monitoring and evaluation could

provide feedback to improve

decisions in the ongoing planning and

implementation process  collectively

known as adaptive management.

The approaches outlined have been

used widely in the development and

implementation of natural resource

plans, and have had a significant

influence on land stewardship. The

current approach of using historical

ecology in 21st century decisionmaking stems directly from the

importance of reference condition

information in ecosystem

assessments noted in the GTR.

A Different Perspective on

Forest Diseases

Traditionally, forest disease

research has focused primarily on

stand-scale timber production

systems, where diseases were

viewed as harmful because they

killed trees and reduced timber

productivity. With a better

understanding of forest ecology,

however, perspectives on diseases

have expanded to the point where
At the Forestry Sciences

Laboratory in Rapid City, Ardell

Bjugstad, Dan Uresk, and others

did similar work with forbs,

shrubs, and small trees for

revegetating mine spoils in the

SEAM program. Bentonite and

gold mine spoils were major

concerns, in addition to coal and

uranium.

The Colorado Avalanche

Warning Program

Early in his Forest Service career,

Art Judson (Fort Collins) was a

Snow Ranger on the Arapaho

National Forest and avalanche

forecaster on Berthod Pass,

northwest of Denver. He joined

Pete Martinellis Blowing Snow

project at the RM Station in 1962,

where he refined his avalanche

modeling and prediction techniques

through research on the physics of

blowing snow and avalanche

release, and upgrading and

expanding instrumentation in

critical high-elevation snow

accumulation areas (see his

research model, in A Few

Significant Publications).

The formal Avalanche Warning

Program  which includes media

bulletins, telephone hotline, and

awareness training  became

operational in the 1970s. It

continued to evolve, with

contributions from Martinelli, R.A.

Schmidt, and Colorado State

Universitys Owen Rhea. Knox

Williams joined the project in

1970, and took over the warning

program by the end of the decade.

Knox led the program through a

turbulent funding period in the early

29

Regions, the National Park

Service, Bureau of Land

Management, Department of

Defense, and various Indian

Tribes throughout the

Southwestern United States.

The recovery plan also defined

scientifically credible monitoring

schemes for owl populations and

habitat, and experiments to

determine cause-and-effect

relationships between forest

treatments and trends in key owl

habitat and prey. Station scientists

continue to serve on the recovery

team.

In addition, Bill Block and

Debbie Finch (Albuquerque) led

an effort to summarize knowledge

on songbirds inhabiting ponderosa

pine forests in the Southwest. This

effort was mandated by a courtordered settlement agreement in a

lawsuit (Silver vs. Thomas, 1996)

for recovering the owl. They

synthesized available information

about the owl and its habitat, most of

which existed as a direct result of

their own studies, and identified the

types of habitats and resources key

to recovering the owl. They then

crafted a recovery strategy that

afforded protection to the owl while

simultaneously allowing management

for other resource values in most of

the landscape. This recovery plan

(see the USDI report in A Few

Significant Publications) was

formally adopted by the

Southwestern Region of the Forest

Service through an amendment to

the land management plans for

each of its National Forests. It is

also being used in the

Intermountain and Rocky Mountain

pertaining to the owl. Block and

Finch assembled a station team,

which included Joe Ganey, Brian

Geils, Wil Moir, and Carol Raish,

to synthesize information on

songbird ecology in southwestern

ponderosa pine (see Block and

Finch citation in A Few

Significant Publications). This

document is now the key

reference on ecology of numerous

bird species in this vegetation type

and geographic area, and resulted

in the lifting of an injunction on

most forest management activities

in the Southwestern Region.

Mine Spoil Reclamation

Basic studies of native plants with

potential for revegetating degraded

watersheds and ranges in the

Southwest were a staple at the

Stations Forestry Sciences Lab at

Albuquerque. Laboratory studies

established initial moisture and

temperature requirements for

germination of such hardy species

as alkali sacaton and four-wing

saltbush (a salt-tolerant grass and

shrub, respectively). Studies

progressed through greenhouse

trials to small- and large-scale field

plots to factor in seasonal and soil

effects. Earl Aldon and Wayne

Springfield then took this

knowledge to the Surface

Environment and Mining (SEAM)

program, and applied it to mine

spoils exposed after coal was

strip-mined in northwestern New

Mexico. Their findings were

applied to meet revegetation

requirements not only on coal mine

spoils, but also after uranium and

copper mining.

team, including Joe Ganey, Wil Moir,

and Pat Ward, to develop a strategy
classification of the worlds dwarf

mistletoes laid the groundwork for

subsequent models to predict the

impact of these host-specific plants

on growth of various forest trees.

Hawksworth (Fort Collins) and

Carl Edminster combined to write

several computer models

(RMYIELD, etc) so that managers

could estimate future growth and

yields of infected forests. Dwarf

Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology,

and Systematics, an Agriculture

Handbook by Hawksworth and

Wiens, will likely remain a classic

text for students, researchers, and

managers for decades.

Dan Uresk, Rapid City, often relied on Joker to locate collared deer during

habitat research with Kieth Severson on the Badlands of South Dakota.

30

Maintaining Wildlife on the

Great Plains

As human-related pressures

increase on grasslands of the

northern Great Plains, resource

managers need better tools to

monitor how plants, and the

wildlife species that depend on

them, may be responding to

impacts on the natural

environment. To fill the need,

Research Biologist Dan Uresk at

the Rapid City Forestry Sciences

Laboratory, working with Station

Biometrician Rudy King, used

elaborate statistical techniques to

develop easily-applied methods

managers can use to evaluate

range conditions (see Uresk 1990,

in A Few Significant

Publications). His research

identified key plant variables

managers can measure to

1980s to its current stable

operating base, independent of the

Forest Service. Its warnings

continue to save lives among skiers

and other back-country winter

recreationists, motorists,

snowplow operators, and

mountain residents. The program

has been duplicated in most other

Western States.

Another product of Martinellis

Blowing Snow project was the

Avalanche Handbook, Agriculture

Handbook 489, co-authored by

Ron Perla (see A Few Significant

Publications). First published in

1976, it quickly became a

Government Printing Office bestseller among those who worked,

played, traveled, or did research in

the mountains in winter,

worldwide. It was reprinted three

times within five years, and

translated into several languages.

discriminate among ecological

stages, then establish resource

value ratings that can be used to

guide decisions on resource uses,

including livestock grazing, and

predict their impacts on wildlife.

His vegetation-based methods are

not only easy and accurate, but

predict responses of wildlife 

even rare species  faster than

methods that require monitoring

the animals themselves. Uresks

successful efforts to get this

research applied quickly over a

variety of habitats earned him the

prestigious New Perspectives

Award from Forest Service Chief

Dale Roberston in 1992.

Dwarf Mistletoe Impacts

Frank Hawksworths decades of

research on the biology and
Minimizing Mortality Caused

by Bark Beetles

After focusing on the spruce beetle

in the 1970s, culminating in his

Spruce Beetle in the Rockies

coauthored with R. H. Frye, John

Schmid (Fort Collins, Flagstaff)

turned his attention largely to the

mountain pine beetle. After

working on various aspects of the

mountain pine beetle, particularly

relating to silvicultural treatments to

manage for beetle outbreaks and

quantifying beetle-caused mortality

in ponderosa and lodgepole pines

31

Increased Water Yield Through

Forest Management

Chuck Troendles (Fort Collins)

research in high-elevation forests

at the Fraser Experimental Forest

in Colorado in the late 70s and

early 80s clearly documented

that the portion of increased water

yield due to increased snow

accumulation after any pattern of

partial harvest was primarily due

to reduced evaporation from

snow intercepted on foliage. This

finding reversed an earlier

interpretation that this increased

water yield from snow was almost

entirely due to altered

aerodynamics and redistribution of

intercepted snow into clear-cut

openings.

To show that results from such

relatively small-scale research

could be applied at an operational

scale, the Station cooperated with

the Rocky Mountain Region in the

Coon Creek Water Yield

Demonstration Project on the

Medicine Bow National Forest in

southern Wyoming. After the

accurately predicted water yields

documented that a major forest

management project could be

implemented with minimal

detrimental effect on other

resources.

in Colorado and the Black Hills of

South Dakota, Schmid developed

a hazard rating system to help land

managers rate stand susceptibility

to beetles. Since retiring in 1991,

Schmid has continued his longterm entomology research as a

volunteer.

Measuring the Benefits of

Outdoor Recreation

Bev Driver came from the

University of Michigan faculty to

direct the new Outdoor Recreation

Research Work Unit established at

the Station in 1973. His focus was

to consider all benefits of outdoor

recreation: social, economic, and

environmental, as well as

psychological. With Perry Brown

of Colorado State University, he

developed the Recreation

Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)

system for inventorying and

managing outdoor recreation

resources, a system needed to

meet requirements mandated by

Congress in the 1976 National

Forest Management Act for the

4,000-acre Coon Creek and a

companion control watershed

were carefully calibrated for 7

years, Coon Creek was partially

harvested according to Troendles

research-based prescription. The
32

Bev Drivers (Fort Collins) recreation research helped identify conflicting

motivations and values of recreationists, such as these backpackers, and how

those conflicts could be avoided or reduced.

USFS and similar Federal Land

Management and Policy Act for

the Bureau of Land Management

(see Driver et al. 1987, in A Few

Significant Publications). That

system is now used throughout the

US, Canada, and many other

countries. A related effort resulted

in the Wilderness Opportunity

Zoning management system,

widely used by the USFS and

BLM, and which led, in part, to

development of the Limits of

Acceptable Change concept for

managing negative impacts of

recreation.

Drivers efforts in developing

and editing the book Benefits of

Leisure (see Driver et al. 1991)

significantly advanced our

knowledge about the socially

important benefits of leisure. That

text led to the development of a

new approach to evaluating the

benefits of leisure called the

Beneficial Outcomes Approach to

Leisure (BOAL), now being

widely taught here and abroad and

used to guide allocation decisions

by park and recreation policy

makers and managers.

.

region. Numerous partners,

including the Malpai Borderlands

Group, USDA Natural Resources

Conservation Service, Animas

Foundation, Coronado National

Forest, The Nature Conservancy,

universities, and local ranchers, are

cooperating to apply knowledge

gained from earlier range, wildlife,

fire, and watershed research to

management of both private and

public lands. These practical

applications also provide

opportunities for further research

on management-scale

implementation of research results.

Reintroduction of fire as an

ecological restoration tool is one of

the more significant efforts.

Ecosystem Management in the

Southwestern Borderlands

The Southwestern Borderlands

project was established in 1994

with Carl Edminster (Flagstaff) as

Project Leader. Focused on

southeastern Arizona and

southwestern New Mexico near

the border with Mexico, it is

intended to Contribute to the

scientific basis for developing and

implementing a comprehensive

ecosystem management plan to

restore natural processes, improve

the productivity and biological

diversity of grasslands and

woodlands, and sustain an open

landscape with a viable rural

economy and social structure in the
33

In other publications (for

example, see the paper on the

Colorado River Basin in A Few

Significant Publications) Brown

determined the value of water yield

increases due to forest

management by simulating the

routing, storage, and delivery of

water yield increases throughout

the watershed. His results showed

that - because of the timing of the

increases in the management of

reservoirs - much of the increases

evaporate or flow on to the sea,

and thus their value tends to be

less than expected.

Maintaining Streamflow in the

Wests Rivers

Maintaining adequate instream

flow is a critical concern, especially

in the West where water tends to

be scarce. The National Forests

play a key role in maintaining

instream flow because they are the

source of much of the Wests

water. In Instream Flow

Protection: Seeking a Balance in

Western Water Use (see citation

in A Few Significant

Publications), Tom Brown (Fort

Collins) and coauthor David

Gillilan provided a comprehensive

overview of Western water use

and the issues that surround it. The

authors explained instream flow

and its historical, political, and legal

context; described instream flow

laws and policies; and presented

methods of protecting instream

flow. They provided numerous

examples to illustrate their

discussions, with case studies of

major river systems including the

Bitterroot, Clarks Fork,

Colorado, Columbia, Platte,

Snake, Wind, and others. This

book helped numerous groups

policymakers, land and water

managers at local, State, and

Federal levels, attorneys, students

and researchers of water issues,

and others concerned with

instream flow protectiongain a

richer understanding of Western

water management in general and

of instream flow protection in

particular.
34
35
This timeline is intended not only to document

many of the important events at the Station

over the period 1976 to 1997, but also to provide

some insights into the character and daily life of the

people who made up the Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Stations extended family

during that period. Most of the dates have been

gleaned from Rick Fletchers Rocky Mountain

Update and Directors Notes newsletters.

January 76  Evaluation of Watershed Programs in

the Salt-Verde River Basin in Tucson is combined

with Beaver Creek National Multiple Use Evaluation

Project in Flagstaff.

The RWU Economics of Recreation Related

Developments in the Rocky Mountain West RWU

in Fort Collins is terminated; Gordon Lewis

becomes Program Manager of the Eisenhower

Consortium for Western Environmental Forestry

Research in Fort Collins.

The SEAM (Surface Environment and Mining)

program reports adopting Plant Physiologist Dick

Tinus (Flagstaff) containerized seedling approach

for revegetating mine spoils.

Clerical workers throughout the Station were

united under the banner of the Clerical Staff

Organization, with Clerk Helen Waag (Fort

Collins) as first chairperson.

A Timeline of Significant and/or Interesting Events

at the Rocky Mountain Station

Dick Sommerfeld, Fort Collins, contemplates

the entrance to a buried research structure

on the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments

Site in southern Wyoming.

March 76 National Renewable Resource Supply

and Evaluation Techniques becomes an R&D

program: Resources Evaluation Techniques. Dick

Driscoll (Fort Collins) is Program Manager.

In an RWU realignment, three Fort Collins projects

 Forest and Mountain Meteorology, Developing

More Productive Markets for Forest Resources of

the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent High Plains,

and Development and Application of a National

Fuel Inventory and Appraisal System  now report

to Vincent Duvall, AD for Continuing Research,

Tempe, AZ.

April 76  Stan Hirsch is named Project Leader for

the new National Fuel Inventory and Appraisal

System RWU (Fort Collins).

May 76  Director and staff spend 3 days focusing

on how to develop Station research programs to

meet the goals of the Resources Planning Act.

Scientists R.A. Schmidt (Fort Collins) and Ron

Tabler (Laramie) receive the USDA Superior

Service Award in Washington for adapting their

research results . . .into the operational procedures

needed to monitor and control blowing snow under

severe winter conditions along the Interstate

Highway through Wyoming.

June 76  At Laramie, two projects are combined

to form RM-1712, Land Use Impacts on Big Game

and Ecological Relationships of Mining, with Lorin

Ward as Project Leader.

Josie Gomez (Tempe) is the new Spanish-Speaking

Program Coordinator for the Station.

July 76  The Station completes its three series

status of knowledge papers, on Timber,

Watershed, and Range Management Research.

36
The Multiresource Management for Southwest

Semidesert Rangelands RWU (RM-1706) is

combined with the Habitat Criteria Development

for Southwestern Wildlife RWU (RM-1710) at

Tempe, with Dave Patton as Project Leader.

Six researchers from the Pacific Southwest Station

come to Dick Driscolls Resource Evaluation

Techniques Program (R&D RM-4151): Bob

Aldrich, Bob Dana, Wally Greentree, Norm

Merritt, Dick Myhre, and Ed Roberts.

Some 115 people attend the Station picnic/

barbeque (Dick Sommerfeld and Pat Currie, Fort

Collins, volunteer as chefs) at Demmel Lake near

Waverly, CO.

September 76  Dave Tackle comes from the WO

to be Assistant Director for Continuing Research at

Fort Collins.

Station scientists Tom Mills, Jim LaBau, Pat

Currie, and Dave Patton take on significant

assignments for the 1979 RPA Assessment.

November 76  Josie Gomez, Spanish-Speaking

Program (Albuquerque), Barbara Gary, Federal

Womens Program (Fort Collins), and Deputy

Director Dixie Smith are in the WO for a Servicewide Civil Rights Program gathering.

December 76  Project Leader Pete Martinellis

(Fort Collins) Avalanche Handbook is published as

Agriculture Handbook 489.

Funding is approved for an extension of the

Laramie lab.

January 77  Len DeBano is the new Project

Leader for Multiresource Response Evaluation 

Southwest Watersheds (RM-1606) in Tempe.

February 77  The Directors Office staff, Project

Leaders, and Program Managers meet in Tempe to

discuss research planning and management.

March 77  Directors of the Intermountain (Roger

Bay) and Rocky Mountain (Dave Herrick) Stations

meet in Denver to discuss coordination of research

efforts.

April 77  The newly funded wildlife unit at

Texas Tech, Lubbock, has been officially titled the

Great Plains Wildlife Research Laboratory. The

Forest Hydrology Lab at Tempe has been retitled

Forestry Sciences Laboratory.

Scientist Dick Sommerfeld (Fort Collins) takes

project clerks, secretaries, and other personnel on a

rugged field trip to Berthoud Pass and Mines Peak

to observe equipment for monitoring blowing snow

and predicting avalanches.

June 77  Dick Krebill comes to Tempe as

Assistant Director for Research, replacing Vinse

Duvall.

July 77  J. Sam Krammes is the new Assistant

Director for Planning and Application, replacing

Bud Paulsen, who retired.

Scientist Frank Ronco is reassigned to Flagstaff to

head the Culture of Southwest Conifers and Aspen

unit.

September 77  Jay Hughes, former Economist at

the Station in Fort Collins, returns to town as Dean of

the College of Forestry and Natural Resources at

CSU.

Staff at the Forestry Sciences Lab in

Lincoln in the mid-1970s. From left: Glenn

Peterson, Jerry Riffle, Mike Kuhl, Ted

Hovland, Virginia Pierson, John

Sprackling, David VanHaverbeke, Ralph

Read, and James Walla.

37
November 77  Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins)

reports that this years contributions to the Combined

Federal Campaign by Fort Collins employees was

the highest in recent years.

Management specialists at CSU are evaluating

several RM Station Work Units to assess the

relative effectiveness of multifunctional research

work units, identify organizational and individual

problems, and develop alternative approaches for

improving their effectiveness. A report is due

around the end of the year.

December 77  The November 6 to 10 Project

Leaders Meeting refines overall Station research

plans. Working groups came up with priorities, and

developed a 3-point Mission Statement:

• Package research results in forms useful to

practitioners, and encourage the application of

new knowledge and technology for improving

resource management to meet the goals of

society.

• Obtain a better understanding of the

interactions among fundamental processes in

forest and range environments so that the effects

of management practices on all resources can

be predicted.

• Determine how interacting processes affect the

costs, results, and benefits to be obtained from

alternative management programs.

Fraser Experimental Forest is officially designated a

Biosphere Reserve by the Man and Biosphere

program.

March 78  WESTFORNET (Western Forest

Research Information Network) comes to the RM

Station territory. It will include standard library

service, plus literature searching and document

delivery to National Forests in Regions 2 and 3.

Librarian Frances Barney (Fort Collins) will be

coordinator.

A contract is awarded for construction of a new

Albuquerque lab; Station personnel should move

from downtown to the new facility near the airport

by the end of the year.

April 78  Station Director Dave Herrick appoints

Jack Dieterich, Ron Hibbert, Dave Patton, Frank

Ronco, Bev Driver, and Bob Stevens to a newly

formed Committee of Scientists. The committee

will advise the Directorate on scientific issues,

monitor the scientific climate at the Station,

recommend changes, and mentor new scientists.

June 78  Scientists Stan Hirsch, Pete

Roussopoulos, and Jack Dieterich are working with

three Forests in Region 2 to implement and

evaluate a new national fire management planning

process.

Dick Driscolls Resources Evaluation Techniques

Program relocates to the Craddock Building in Fort

Collins.

Using Lorin Wards (Laramie) research, the

Wyoming Highway Department constructs nearly 7

miles of 8-foot-high fence to channel deer under

Interstate 80 in southern Wyoming.

Fool Creek Watershed, Fraser Experimental Forest.

38
A Stationwide survey shows practically all employees

favor continuation of flexitime.

Scientist Ron Tablers (Laramie) paper Visibility in

Blowing Snow and Applications in Traffic

Operations receives the National Research

Councilss Mickle Award for best paper in the area

of operation and maintenance of transportation

facilities.

February 79  Secretary Mona Wolf (Fort Collins)

is the new chairperson of the Clerical Staff

Organization.

April 79  Forest Service Chief John McGuire

talks at a Station Family Meeting about possible

reorganization, and how a proposed Department of

Natural Resources would affect the Forest Service.

May 79  An Easter photo of the Bottineau Lab

shows the building nearly buried in snow.

Merrill Kaufmann has 100-foot cables stretched

throughout the first-floor hallways as he constructs

unique gas exchange chambers for measuring

transpiration rates on different tree species at

Fraser.

The quarterly Region 2/RM Station Joint Staff

Meeting is held in Denver to improve coordination

between the two.

Fred Stormer arrives in Lubbock from Michigan

Technological University to head the new wildlife

habitat research project there.

August 78  Beaver Creek Watershed, south of

Flagstaff, is named a Biosphere Reserve by the Man

and the Biosphere Program.

Cavity-Nesting Birds of North American Forests, a

USDA Agriculture Handbook by Project Leader

Dave Patton (Tempe) and others, brings kudos to

Chief McGuire.

October 78  The Multiresource Management for

Subalpine Forests and the Multiple Use Research in

the Montane and Foothills Zones units in Fort Collins

are to be combined, with Bob Alexander as Project

Leader.

Assistant Director Dick Krebilll and Scientist Ron

Hibbert (Fort Collins) brief a delegation of scientists

from the Peoples Republic of China on Forest

Service research.

November 78  Station Director Dave Herrick is

appointed Federal Co-Chairman of the Western

Regional Planning Committee of the Regional and

National Agricultural Research Planning System.

December 78  Protect Your Pines from Bark

Beetles, by scientists Bob Stevens and Bill

McCambridge (Fort Collins), is published in

cooperation with the Colorado State Forest Service.

(It is reprinted for many years.)

Burchard Heede, Hydrologist at Tempe, spends a

week helping the Manti-LaSalle National Forest

plan how to deal with stream dynamics after a

massive landslide blocks Manti Creek.

January 79  Station Director Dave Herrick meets

with 11 retirees, mostly Project Leaders and

Assistant Directors, to bring them up-to-date on

what is happening at the Station.

Debbie Finchs (Albuquerque) research

showed that the southwestern willow

flycatcher has greater nest success and

lower brood parasitism by brownheaded cowbirds when it uses boxelder

trees in riparian areas in the Southwest.

39
Clyde Fasick comes to the Station from the WO,

taking Dave Tackles place as Assistant Director

for Research.

December 79  The Fort Collins Coloradoan

newspaper features the Stations Avalanche

Warning Center, and its new 24-hour telephone

hotline.

January 80  Dave Garrett is the new Project

Leader for Multiresource Management Evaluation

and Improvement, the Beaver Creek Project, at

Flagstaff, replacing Ross Carder.

February 80  The Stations Science Seminar

Series begins, with guest speaker Hans Gubler from

the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche

Research. The biweekly series is intended to provide

a forum for visiting scientists, give new Station

scientists a chance to speak before a technical

audience, and have older scientists bring us up-todate on their work.

March 80  Barbara Gary is reassigned from

Directors Secretary to Equal Opportunity

Specialist. Debbie Allen is the new Directors

Secretary.

May 80  RM Station hosts a conference on

Research on Multiple Use of Forest Resources at

Flagstaff, with 90 scientists from 21 countries

attending. The International Union for Forestry

Research Organizations and UNESCOs Man and

the Biosphere program are cosponsors.

July 80  A new Snow and Avalanche Center at

the Station is approved. It is to be a joint effort

involving the Station, several Western Forest Service

Regions, WO, and Colorado State University.

Scientist Duane Knipe, Tempe, is tending 240

angora goats near Payson, AZ, in a study on bioconversion of chaparral.

Louise ODeen analyzes a water sample

from Fraser at the Fort Collins

Water Laboratory.

Debbie Finch, a Coop. Ed. Student with the Habitat

Criteria Development Project, Tempe, is spending

the summer along the Colorado River in western

Arizona studying wildlife in riparian habitat. [Debbie

is now a Project Leader]

August 79  The Mitigation Symposium: A National

Workshop on Mitigating Losses of Fish and Wildlife

Habitat, attracts over 600 people to CSU. The

Station is a cosponsor, and is publishing the

proceedings.

The Resources Evaluation Techniques R&D Program

is reorganized into four Research Work Units and

three Support Groups: National Land Classification

System, Dan Merkel, Project Leader; National

Resource Analysis Techniques, Tom Hoekstra,

Project Leader; National Resource Inventory

Techniques, Gyde Lund, Project Leader; and

Remote Sensing for Renewable Natural Resources

and Land Management Evaluation, Bob Aldrich,

Project Leader. Hans Schreuder is Group Leader for

Statistical Support, Glen Brink for Data Support and

Computer Systems, and Debbie Allen for Clerical

Support.

September 79  Project Leader Pete Martinelli and

scientist Dick Sommerfeld (Fort Collins) are major

organizers of the Snow in Motion symposium at

CSU, attended by 200 scientists representing 14

countries. Art Judson, Knox Williams, Ron Tabler,

R.A. Schmidt, and Doug Fox also present papers.

October 79  Dave Tackle retires as Assistant

Director for Research at Fort Collins after 38 years

of Federal service.

40
October 80  Scientist Dick Sommerfeld (Fort

Collins) leaves for a year of work at the Swiss

Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.

RM Station and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring

Research sponsor the Fire History Workshop in

Tucson.

November 80  Dave Herrick retires as Station

Director after 33 years of Federal service; Deputy

Director Dixie Smith is Acting Director.

December 80  Arid Land Resource Inventories

workshop in LaPaz, Mexico, sets stage for a series

of workshops between Mexico, RM Station and

Region 3.

Linda Joyce is the new Range Scientist with the

National Resource Analysis Techniques unit in Fort

Collins.

February 81  Debbie Finch arrives at Laramie as

Research Wildlife Biologist with the Land Use

Impacts on Big Game unit. (Both Linda and Debbie

later become RM Project Leaders.)

June 81  Charlie Loveless is named RM

Stations seventh Director. He comes from the WO

where he was Director of Forest Environment

Research.

July 81  The Stations new interactive display,

designed by Public Affairs Officer Anne Harrison,

is unveiled at the National Audubon Societys

biennial convention in Estes Park.

Don Keefer, Assistant Director for Research

Support Services, and Gordon Lewis, Program

Manager for the Eisenhower Consortium, leave

Fort Collins  Don to the Geometronics Service

Center in Utah, Gordon to the Southeast Station in

Asheville, NC.

The new electronic security system installed at the

Headquarters building in Fort Collins replaces keys

with a plastic card.

August 81 Scientist Jerry Riffle, Lincoln, spends

four weeks in Japan in the Scientist Exchange

Program.

October 81  Jackie Cables is appointed Assistant

Director for Research Support Services.

At the Project Leaders Meeting in Fort Collins,

Acting Station Director Dixie Smith gives an

update on program changes:

• The two projects at Lincoln are combined into a

single new one, with Glenn Peterson Project

Leader.

• The insect unit at Fort Collins is closed, with

personnel reassigned to Bob Alexanders unit.,

• The Resource Evaluation Techniques Program

is terminated, and a new R&D Program with

two Projects established: Resource Inventory

Techniques (Gyde Lund, Project Leader) and

Resource Classification (Dan Merkle, Project

Leader).

• A new Resource Planning Techniques project

will have Tom Hoekstra as Project Leader.

• The Forest Recreation and the Markets and

Uses of Forest Resources units are terminated

in favor of a new unit, Valuation of Forest

Products and Services, with Hal Worth as

Acting Project Leader.

The frustrating OMB-imposed moratorium on

printing of publications (including our Stations

series) will likely be lifted soon, with approval of a

USDA publications control plan.

January 82  Station Director Loveless says the

uncertain 1982 budget situation is unsettling for

all of us but what ever happens, we will do our

best to protect people and jobs.

Project Leader Hal Worth (Fort Collins) brings top

scientists from around the country to Fort Collins to

discuss the issue of assigning values to wildland

resource values. George Peterson, Northwestern

University, coordinates the presentations. (In

August, George joins the Station to head the new

Valuation of Wildland Resource Benefits project,

Fort Collins).

41
February 82  Research Forester Chuck Boldt

retires at Rapid City after 30 years of Federal

service.

Director Loveless kicks off the idea of a Hobby

Corner, where employees can display unique

hobbies.

July 82  Ed Wicker comes to the Station as

Assistant Director for Research, replacing Dick

Krebill, who transfers to the Intermountain Station.

Ed will be in Fort Collins, however, rather than

Tempe.

The professional employees of the Station vote 31 to

18 to have the National Federation of Federal

Employees be their exclusive bargaining agent.

The Station loses three outstanding, long-time

Business Management Assistants to retirement: Zita

Kaulitz, Rapid City; Vera Collins, Laramie; Lucille

Neubauer, Bottineau.

August 82  The 4,000-acre Coon Creek

Watershed on the Medicine Bow National Forest in

Wyoming is selected as the site for a demonstration

project applying research results gained at the Fraser

Experimental Forest. Scientist Chuck Troendle will

provide Station input.

Smokey Bear shows up, along with some 70 of the

Station family, at the Annual Summer Picnic at

Mountain Park Campground in Poudre Canyon

west of Fort Collins.

Technicians measure sublimation (evaporation) of intercepted snow on part of

water yield studies at the Fraser Experimental Forest.

April 82  WO proposes that, due to proposed

budget cuts in FY 83, 30 to 35 Research Work

Units will be terminated and nine field locations

closed, Servicewide.

Richard Lindeborg, Technical Publications Editor,

Fort Collins, is selected as the first Employee of the

Month for his work with mentally and physically

handicapped people in a swimming program.

Some 2,000 hazardous nitrate-based negatives

retrieved from around the Station make a

spectacular blaze when ignited and destroyed by

the Fort Collins Police Department.

42

Project Leader Pete Martinelli (Fort Collins) is

interviewed on the Good Morning America TV show

concerning high avalanche incidence in the West.

Computer Specialist Clarence Adair (Fort Collins)

coordinates a potluck luncheon as part of Black

History Month.

May 82  Project Leader Dave Patton (Tempe)

receives one of ten National Conservation Awards,

presented in Washington, DC, by Gulf Oil.

June 82  Secretary Fay Pope (Fort Collins)

makes Station-sponsored first-aid training pay off

by successfully using the Heimlich Maneuver on a

choking restaurant patron.
Scientist R. A. Schmidt (Laramie) will spend the

winter in Davos, Switzerland, as part of the

Cooperative Scientist Exchange Program.

January 83  Director Charlie Loveless shares his

skills and experience in fly tying in a unique Hobby

Corner display.

February 83  The Bottineau Lab is officially

transferred to North Dakota State University.

Responding to Project Leaders concerns at a Project

Leaders Meeting in Fort Collins, Director Loveless

proposes development of a Station Direction Statement

emphasizing:.

• A shift toward basic, problem-oriented research.

• Increased emphasis on quality of research and

research products.

• A need to aggressively exploit delegated authorities

to improve management of research resources.

June 83  The Station investigates the benefits of tying

into FLIPS (Forest Level Information Planning System),

an agencywide computerized information storage and

retrieval system.

A newly formed Word Processing Committee reports

that the IBM Personal Computer is essentially the same

as the Displaywriter now being used, but only costs

roughly 1/5 as much.

• Seedling Physiology  Flagstaff. Dick Tinus,

Project Leader

• Management of Ponderosa Pine, Mixed

Conifers, and Pinyon-juniper Ecosystems of the

Southwest  Flagstaff. Frank Ronco, Project

Leader

• Management of Southwest Watersheds 

Tempe. Len DeBano, Project Leader

• Range, Wildlife, and Fish Habitat Research in

the Southwest  Tempe. Dave Patton, Project

Leader

November 83  The threatened Avalanche Warning

Center has new life  to be partly sponsored by the

Colorado Department of Natural Resources.

January 84  Harold Coley comes on board from

the WO as Assistant Director for Research Support

Services, vice Jackie Cables.

Judy Hager, Lead Clerk in the Word Processing

Center, is providing training in how to use the new

mag card typewriter.

November 82  The Forest Services National

Herbarium, maintained at RM Station headquarters

for years, is loaned indefinitely to the University of

Wyoming to become part of the Rocky Mountain

Herbarium, one of the largest in the Nation.

43

Director Loveless announces a major

reorganization of Station research in Arizona,

resulting in four new projects from five existing

ones:

From 1967 to 2000, Station headquarters

was located at 240 W. Prospect Road in

Fort Collins.

March 83 Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest colocates with RM Station at Station headquarters.

Projected annual savings from shared administrative

services: $292,000.

The Stations Lubbock laboratory at Texas Tech closes.

April 83  The Stations first Outstanding Publication

Awards are announced. First recipients: Ron Tabler for

1980, Merrill Kaufmann 1981, and R. A. Schmidt

1982.
Zheng Quan Li, a forestry engineer from the Peoples

Republic of China, is spending a year in the

Multiresource Inventory Techniques project, with

Hans Schreuder.

November 84  Seven of 10 Research Highlights

submitted by the Station are accepted for the

Chiefs annual Research Accomplishments Report.

Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins) is elected a

Fellow of the Academy of Leisure Sciences.

December 84  The Stations Civil Rights

Committee announces that the Station met or

exceeded all its goals in several hiring categories.

January 85  The new Rolm telephone system

goes on stream. Calls no longer need go through a

switchboard, and we have call-forwarding, callwaiting and conference calling.

February 85  The Rocky Mountain Station,

Region 3, and the Secretaria de Agricultura y

Recursos Hidraulicos hold a conference on

Management and Utilization of Arid Land Plants in

Saltillo, Mexico, as part of a continuing cross-border

scientific exchange.

March 85  Charlie Lovelesss Directors Corner

again emphasizes the importance of maintaining

physical fitness: Come sweat with me!

Charlie is recognized as Outstanding Alumnus

by the University of Floridas School of Forestry

and Conservation, an award only presented twice

before.

Project Leader Ardell Bjugstad (Rapid City)

receives the Stations first Civil Rights Award.

May 85  A new Data General MV 8000 with

four megabytes of memory is installed at Station

headquarters.

June 85  The Stations first smoking (or nonsmoking) policy is issued.

A special issue of the Station Newsletter, the Rocky

Mountain Update, is devoted to FLIPS  the

Forest Level Information Processing System  and

the Data General workstations will soon render most

typewriters obsolete.

Dave Garrett, past Beaver Creek Project Leader,

returns to Flagstaff as Dean of the NAU Forestry

School.

April 84  The Publications Control Committee is

still struggling to minimize delays in printing

Station publications resulting from President

Reagans moratorium on government publishing.

May 84  Scientist Art Judson (Fort Collins)

receives the Outstanding Publication Award for

1983.

July 84  Marty Raphael comes to Laramie as

Project Leader for Effects of Multiple-use Land

Management on Wildlife in the Central Rocky

Mountains.

Nineteen foresters from 12 nations visit the Flagstaff

lab as part of an international forestry workshop on

arid environments at the University of Arizona.

44

A flammulated owl feeds a moth to one of

her young on the Manitou Experimental

Forest, Colorado. Brian Linkhart and

Richard Reynolds have the longestrunning study ever on this diminutive

owls behavior, habitat requirements, and

territorial size.
July 85  RM Station celebrates its 50th

anniversary! An elaborate Open House takes the

efforts of almost everyone in Station Headquarters.

Assistant Director Clyde Fasick and his committee

run the show.

Station scientists also play a major role in the annual

meeting of the Society of American Foresters, at

CSU this year, overlapping our anniversary

celebration.

Elbert Little, 77-year-old retired Chief Dendrologist

for the Forest Service, returns to his old haunts

around Flagstaff to work as a volunteer with Frank

Ronco and Jerry Gottfried. Little picked up on a

study of pinyon phenology he started nearly 50 years

ago.

September 85  Scientist Debbie Finch, Laramie,

receives the 1984 Outstanding Publication Award.

November 85  Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins)

receives the Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt

award for excellence in Recreation and Park

Research, from the National Recreation and Park

Association.

January 86  Retirements take a toll on Station

scientists and Project Leaders: Duane Knipe, Range

Scientist at Tempe; Dave Patton, Wildlife Biologist

and Project Leader, Tempe; Ron Tabler,

Hydrologist and Project Leader, Laramie; Lorin

Ward, Wildlife Biologist, Laramie.

March 86  About 125 employees, including

several Project Leaders from field labs, hear

Director Loveless frankly discuss austere FY 86,

87, and 88 budget projections and their

implications.

Kieth Severson is the new leader for the wildlife

project in Tempe, vice Dave Patton.

The Directorate and Management Team develop

Vision and Mission statements to formalize the

Stations research and management philosophies.

WESTFORNET evolves to FS INFO as the

package of library and information retrieval services

continues to spread east, and goes national.

April 86  Computer Specialist Clarence Adair

and Personnel Specialist Wil Dixon (Fort Collins)

arrange a potluck luncheon as part of Black

History Month prior to a meeting of the Stations

Civil Rights Committee.

June 86  Dixie Smith, Station Deputy Director

for the past 11 years, retires after a lengthy Federal

career as Rangeland Scientist and research

administrator.

Jim McCallum is the new computer specialist

working on the Data General equipment.

August 86  Along with a new mission for the Fort

Collins Insect and Disease project comes a new

Project Leader, Charles (Terry) Shaw III. Frank

Hawksworth steps down as PL, but stays on as

Research Plant Pathologist.

Forest Fire and Atmospheric Science Research is

reorganized nationally. The fire project at Flagstaff

closes and personnel are transferred to the Pacific

Southwest Station and the Atmospheric Deposition

unit at Fort Collins.

RM Station is working with The Nature Conservancy

to finalize designation of 28 Research Natural Areas

in the Southwest.

45

No, its not for Thanksgiving dinner! Mark

Rumble (left) and crew band and evaluate

the condition of a Merriams turkey, a

species now expanding its range in the Black

Hills of South Dakota.
September 87  Eighteen members of the Forest

Insect and Disease Staff, WO, come to RM Station

for a Technical Assistance Visit. All Station units with

FIDR responsibilities are involved.

October 87  Scientist Frank Hawksworth (Fort

Collins) is keynote speaker at the National

Symposium on Forest Entomology and Pathology in

Durango, Mexico. Rumor is Frank generated mucho

laughs  he gave his presentation in Spanish.

November 87  Scientist John Hof (Fort Collins)

receives the Outstanding Research Publication Award

for 1986.

December 87  Director Loveless ticks off some

highlights of 1987:

• Our Station scientists publish a new high of over

260 technical papers.

• The Fraser 50-year anniversary symposium and

rededication.

• Our frequency rates for vehicle accidents and

personal injuries are cut in half from last year.

• We met our FY 87 targets for hiring women and

minorities.

The Station gets hints that the Santa Rita

Experimental Range and the Tempe Forestry

Sciences Lab are on the negotiating block in a

complex series of Federal/State land swaps in

Arizona.

The Laramie lab holds an open house to celebrate

25 years of research. Over 200 attend.

January 88  Two mobile trailers along the east side

of the parking lot behind the Fort Collins

Headquarters building will provide needed space, one

for atmospheric deposition researchers, the other for

maintenance personnel.

February 88  A joint decision announced by the

Forest Service, Arizona State University, and

Northern Arizona University confirms the move:

Station research at Tempe will be relocated to

Flagstaff. ASU wants to build a $25 million

Goldwater Center for Science and Engineering on the

Tempe site. The move is at least 3 to 5 years away.

September 86  About 40 people enjoy a program

and bueno potluck lunch in celebration of National

Hispanic Heritage Week at Station headquarters.

October 86  Editor Bob Winokur (Fort Collins)

inaugurates innovative use of the DG system to

electronically compile proceedings of a

symposium, the first such use in the Forest Service.

December 86  Computer Specialist Jim

McCallum and Clarence Adair (Fort Collins) install

the Stations new Data General MV 10,000 mainframe computer.

January 87  Director Loveless says 1986 was a

banner year for the RM Station. Sixty-three

scientists in 15 work units produced 252 scientific

publications, the highest number ever at the

Station, and with a significantly reduced staff.

March 87  Stephen McDonald is new Assistant

Director for Research  North, replacing Clyde

Fasick, who has transferred to the WO.

The Directorate, Project Leaders, and Group

Leaders spend 3 days at Rio Rico in southern

Arizona focusing on Expanding the Research

Perspective. The meeting ends with a field trip to

the Santa Rita Experiment Range.

June 87  A committee of scientists (Frank

Vertucci, R. A. Schmidt, Brian Geils, and Merrill

Kaufmann) is appointed to assess the laboratory

space and equipment situation at Fort Collins.

About 50 Station retirees and their spouses attend

a luncheon in their honor in Fort Collins.

July 87  Management of Subalpine Forests:

Building on 50 Years of Research is the theme as

Fraser Experimental Forest celebrates its 50th

anniversary. About 130 scientists and managers

participate in the technical conference in nearby

Silver Creek. Scientist Chuck Troendle (Fort

Collins) is organizer.

46
June 88  Project Manager Wayne White and Sue

Janzen (Administrative Services), Fort Collins,

receive a 1988 USDA Honor Award for developing

the Automated Purchase Order system (APOS)

now being used nationwide.

Station Scientist Dan Uresk takes over Project

Leader duties at Rapid City so Ardell Bjugstad can

devote more time to research and special

assignments.

December 88  Scientist Chuck Troendle (Fort

Collins) is selected to receive the 1987 Outstanding

Research Publication Award.

January 89  A revised smoking policy stipulates

the Break Room at Headquarters will be smoke-free.

March 89  Strategic planning is the dominant

theme of the Stations 1989 Management Team

meeting in Fort Collins. A draft plan for RM

Station is being synthesized from information

generated by six small groups. Earl Aldon, George

Peterson, and Bob Hamre should have a draft ready

by May 1.

Bob Winokur, Station editor, is selected Mayor of

Fort Collins by the City Council. Trapper has

been a Councilman since l987.

May 89  Station Librarian Frances Barney is

honored with a specially engraved plaque by

Station scientists in a surprise ceremony.

June 89  Charlie Loveless retires after nearly 40

years as a professional in natural resources, the last

8 as Director at RM Station.

Jim McCallum, Computer Specialist in Fort Collins,

reports that the Forest Service has purchased the

new Oracle Relational Data Base Management

System, which will give us the power we didnt have

before to integrate data and share information.

Project Leaders Marty Raphael, Laramie, and Len

Ruggiero, Pacific Northwest Research Station, trade

places.

Glenn Peterson, Lincoln, evaluates Dothistroma

pini on Austrian pine on the Horning Farm

experimental area.

47

October 89  Hank Montrey comes from the

Forest Products Lab in Madison to be the Stations

eighth Director.

Fire causes considerable damage to a Station

building adjacent to the Rapid City lab; much

research equipment inside is destroyed.

Project Leader Doug Foxs (Fort Collins)

Atmospheric Deposition Research unit is broadened

to Effects of Atmospheric Change on Alpine and

Subalpine Forest Ecosystems as part of the U.S.

Global Change Research Program.

A Fisheries Habitat Research Team is established as

part of Laramies Wildlife Habitat unit.
Scientist Frank Hawksworth (Fort Collins) receives

the Chiefs Award for Excellence in Technology

Transfer for 1989, for over 40 years of research on

dwarf mistletoes.

Three scientists from La Madera Experiment

Station in Chihuahua, Mexico, come to the Tempe

lab to learn about our research on fire effects and

erosional processes.

GLEES (Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments

Site) in southern Wyoming is host to several

students from Howard University in Washington,

D.C. The week-long program introduces minority

students to a broad range of Forest Service research

efforts.

September 90  Station Director Hank Montrey

selects Larry Sandoval (Technician at Flagstaff) to be

the Stations Innovation Coordinator, heading up

Project 3E (energy, excellence, empowerment).

Larrys task is to coordinate the stimulation,

evaluation, and implementation of RM employee

ideas for improving the Station and adding value to

what we do.

December 90  To focus responsibility for research

data management in one administrative unit, the

Leadership Team establishes Biometrics and

Research Data Systems, to be led by Biometrician

Rudy King (Fort Collins). BARDS will cover

biometrics support, systems analysis and computer

programming analysis, management and protection

of Station research data and long-term data bases,

and development and support of the Stations GIS

strategy.

John Rinne, Fisheries Biologist at Tempe, goes

international, participating in conferences on rare

fish in England and Japan this past year, and in

Greece next year.

January 91  Range Scientist John Mitchell (Fort

Collins) pilots a Huey medical evacuation

helicopter on night missions in Kuwait during the

brief Gulf War.

The 1990 spending bill for Interior and Related

Agencies earmarks $1.5 million for planning the

combined RM/NAU Forestry Sciences Complex at

Flagstaff. Wayne White is detailed to the Directors

staff to handle planning.

April 90  Tom Hoekstra, arriving from the North

Central Station, becomes new Assistant Director for

Planning and Applications.

Joe Mitchell comes on board at Rapid City as

Native American Liaison. This is a pilot effort for the

Forest Service.

June 90  A 4-day strategic planning session in

Fort Collins focuses on understanding and

packaging our current and projected research

programs, and the decisionmaking criteria that should

be used to make future program adjustments.

July 90  RM Station will play a major role in the

next national RPA Assessment, a congressionally

mandated projection of future supply and demand

for all forest and rangeland resources. Our scientists

will author many sections, and Publications will

edit, print, and distribute the reports.

48

December 89  Director Montrey convenes a

major, 3-day Management Team retreat at CSU,

where participants develop a three-element Vision

Statement and a series of eight Organizational

Commitments to serve as guiding principles for all our

organizational and personal statements, decisions,

and actions.

January 90  George Peterson and Bev Driver

(Fort Collins) receive, as a team, a Superior Scientist

Award for their research in valuing public amenity

goods and services.

February 90  With 3.6 publications per scientist

year, Rocky Mountain and Southeastern

Stations share the lead in productivity last year.

Fort Collins scientists Tom Brown and John Hof

receive the Outstanding Research Publication

Awards for 1988 an 1989, respectively.
Debbie Finch, Wildlife Research Biologist at

Laramie, is chosen to coordinate the new

interagency, international Neotropical Migratory Bird

Conservation program, Partners in Flight. She will be

on assignment to the WO for 1 or 2 years.

May 91  Ground is broken for the new $21.5

million Southwest Forestry Sciences Complex on

the NAU campus. This is the first Federal/State

partnership of its kind in the nation.

Rocky Boyd returns to the Station from the WO as

Operations Group Leader.

June 91  The new building being constructed in

the back of the Headquarters parking lot will be

home for procurement, budget, and fiscal

employees.

August 91  Can sewage sludge improve water

quality? Soil Scientist Richard Aguilar,

Albuquerque, receives a grant from the New

Mexico Water Resources Research Institute to

study the effects of sewage sludge on vegetation

and water quality in a semiarid environment.

December 91  Michele Schoeneberger is Acting

Project Leader for Improvement of Stress and Pest

Resistance of Great Plains Tree Species in Lincoln

vice Bill Rietveld, who becomes Director of the

Center for Semiarid Agroforestry.

February 92  Range scientist Linda Joyce and

Project Leader John Hof (Fort Collins) again receive

Outstanding Research Publication Awards for 1990

and 1991, respectively.

Scientist Bev Driver, Fort Collins, is installed as

President of the Academy of Leisure Sciences.

John Hof, Fort Collins, is selected as one of three

FS scientists to receive a Superior Science Award.

Additional leadership changes: Carl Edminster is

Acting Project Leader for the Multiresource Unit at

Fort Collins, Doug Fox is Acting Program Manager

for the Interior West Global Change RD&A at Fort

Collins, Chuck Troendle is Project Leader

developing an integrated Watershed/Fisheries unit

at Laramie, and Bob Musselman is Acting Project

Leader for Effects of Atmospheric Change.

Ned Nikolov arrives from Bulgaria to work with the

Effects of Atmospheric Change project, Fort Collins.

March 91Rocky Mountain Station (primarily

Chuck Troendle) assists the Department of Justice in

the rebuttal portion of Colorado Water Division I

Reserved Water Rights Case. (This effort led to the

establishment of the Stream Team the following

year.)

April 91  Director Montrey announces Tom

Hoekstra will assume duties as both Assistant

Director for Research  North and Acting Assistant

Director for Research  South. Marcia PattonMallory comes from the WO as Assistant Director

for Planning and Applications.

Anna Schoettle examines white pine

blister rust on a western white pine.

(photo credit: D. Croswell)

49
March 93  The RM Update newsletter initiates a

Temporary Topics column as a forum for

concerns of temporary employees.

Project Leader Dan Uresk, Rapid City, and Station

Biometrician Rudy King, Fort Collins, are part of a

Station/Region research team selected to receive the

Chiefs Leadership in New Perspectives Award.

May 93  The Southwest Forest Science Complex

in Flagstaff is formally dedicated. The technical

side of the dedication will culminate with a

Conference on Sustainable Ecological Systems in

July.

Linda Joyce becomes Project Leader for Sustaining

Alpine and Forest Ecosystems Under Atmospheric

and Terrestrial Disturbances, Fort Collins.

July 93  Clarence Adair (Fort Collins) is

appointed to the new position of Civil Rights

Director for the Station.

Joe Tainter starts as Project Leader for the new

Cultural Heritage unit at Albuquerque.

August 93  Joe Mitchell, Native American

Educational Liason, moves from Rapid City to Fort

Collins as the program is expanded to a national

focus.

October 93  INT and RM Leadership Teams meet

in Ogden to discuss a proposed merger of the two

Stations.

First issue of the Stations weekly internal

newsletter, Directors Notes, is published. Rick

Fletcher is editor.

June 92  Project Leader Earl Aldon

(Albuquerque) joins the exclusive club of GM-15

scientists via the panel evaluation process in the

Chiefs Office. Other GM-15s at the Station include

Tom Hoekstra, George Peterson, Doug Fox, Hans

Schreuder, John Hof, Bev Driver, and Len DeBano.

Peterson went on to become the Stations first

GS-16 scientist. Linda Joyce and Karen Clancy

became the Stations first female GM-15 scientists

in 1999.

Larry Schmidt comes to Fort Collins from the WO

to lead the Stations new Stream Systems

Technology Center, better known as the Stream

Team.

September 92  Denver Burns becomes the

Stations ninth Director, succeeding Hank Montrey,

who is moving to the WO. Denver comes from the

Northeastern Station.

Michele Shoeneberger is now the official Project

Leader for Improvement of Stress and Pest

Resistance of Great Plains Tree Species in Lincoln.

November 92  Project Leader Dan Uresk, Rapid

City, is nominated for the Chiefs Award for

Excellence in Technology Transfer for his creation of

an ecological classification and monitoring system for

rangeland resources.

Scientists Terry Shaw and Wil Moir, Fort Collins,

receive a Chiefs Award from F. Dale Robertson for

Leadership in New Perspectives for successfully

applying all four principles of the New Perspectives

concept to their recent project on Integrated Pest

Management and Timber Sales.

January 93  TERRA, the Terrestrial Ecosystems

Regional Research and Analysis laboratory (Doug

Fox, leader), celebrates its beginning with an open

house at its new facility on Oak Street in Fort

Collins. TERRA is a joint effort by USDA and

USDI to integrate multidisciplinary ecosystem

research projects within the US Global Change

Research Program.

February 93  Burchard Heede, Hydrologist at

Tempe, receives the Chiefs Distinguished Scientist

Award.

Don Reichert, Forestry Technician at Fort Collins, is

elected National Secretary/Treasurer for the National

Federation of Federal Employees in Washington,

DC. Don is taking a 2-year leave of absence from

the Station.

50
May 94  Harold Coley and Peg Harris pick up

some Acting duties at INT to ensure that

administrative activities for both RM and INT

proceed as normal after the recent buyout (paid

early retirement program).

June 94  Seven students from 1890 Historically

Black Colleges are spending their summer working

with RM scientists.

July 94  Dave Kimbrough, Intermountain

Station, is named Facilities Manager for RM and

INT; he will also serve as Project Manager for the

Natural Resources Research Center.

Angela Chavez is now officially our Director of

Computer Systems. She comes from the Southern

Region.

August 94  The Albuquerque unit receives both

regional and national EPA awards for its research

on developing ways to improve rangelands by

applying sewage sludge.

RBAIS is an acronym for the new Research Budget

and Attainment Information System software being

developed to replace the outmoded RAR (Research

Attainment Report). Glen Brink will oversee

development at RM and is instrumental in

developing the system for Research.

A trial with the Charged-as-Worked accounting

system, where the cost of a job or service is

assigned to the benefiting RWU, shows the task

isnt easy.

September 94  The Management Team spends

two days evaluating various participative management

experiments tried over the past several months.

November 93  Forest Service Chief Dale

Robertson appoints RM Station Director Denver

Burns as Acting Director, Intermountain Station.

Debbie Finch is appointed Project Leader for

Sustainability of Southwestern Grassland

Watersheds, Albuquerque.

Dan Neary is appointed Project Leader for

Management of Southwestern Watersheds,

Flagstaff.

Director Burns presents a proposal for an interagency Natural Resources Research Center in Fort

Collins to Assistant Agriculture Secretary Wardell

Thompson.

December 93  The RM Technicians Workshop in

Denver gives these members of the research team an

opportunity to exchange how-to-do-it ideas.

January 94  Peg Harris comes from the Northeast

Station as Acting Assistant Director for Planning

and Applications, filling in for Marcia Patton-Mallory.

Feb. 94  RM Station is one of the pilot units in

Project 615, the working title for the new

telecommunications system being designed to

replace the Data General system.

Linda Joyce, Program Leader in Fort Collins, plays a

major role in the Society for Range Management

annual meeting in Colorado Springs, where she

receives an Outstanding Achievement Award for

advancing the art and science of range

management.

March 94  The RM/INT Management Team

meeting in Albuquerque is a shot in the arm for

moving the two Stations toward merger.

Director Burns appoints Project Leaders Terry

Shaw, Len Ruggiero, George Peterson, and Debbie

Finch to an innovative effort to increase Project

Leader participation in decisionmaking.

51
Assistant Director Tom Hoekstra says our

collaborative research with INIFAP (Mexicos

counterpart to FS Research) extends literally from A

to Z: Agroforestry to Zenaida doves.

Celedonio Aguirre-Bravo is the major facilitating

force between RM and INIFAP. The Station is

printing a directory containing over 700 names of

US and Mexican scientists and 5,000 keywords in

English and Spanish for easy reference.

RM hosts the Second Annual Fraser Experimental

Forest Natural Resources Career Camp for 20

Hispanic high school students. Technicians Manual

Martinez and Steve Mata lead the effort.

October 94  RM Station produces 311

publications in FY 94, according to the new

Research Attainment Report, an average of about

five per scientist.

Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins) receives the

Agencys Distinguished Science Award for 1994

for sustained scientific contributions to improve

management of outdoor recreation resources.

November 94  Dick Tinus, Flagstaff, takes over

the Global Change Program vice Linda Joyce, who is

stepping down.

December 94  Harold Coley retires as Assistant

Director for Administration.

Scientist Brian Kent (Fort Collins) is selected to be

Acting Assistant Director for Research, with

responsibility for research units in Fort Collins and

Laramie. John Hof will fill in as Acting Project

Leader behind Brian.

January 95  Project Leader Terry Shaw (Fort

Collins) accepts a 2-year detail with R-10 in Alaska.

Brian Geils will be Acting Project Leader.

The name of our Center for Semiarid Agroforestry

in Lincoln is now officially the National

Agroforestry Center to reflect its national and

international basis.

Jim Haskell, arriving from USDA, begins a 120-

day detail as Assistant Director for Administration.

April 95  The Center for Great Plains Ecosystem

Research is created at Rapid City, with Dan Uresk

as Program Leader.

The Natural Resource Conservation Service

assigns three people to our National Agroforestry

Center, Lincoln.

June 95  The Rapid City lab is recognized by the

Forest Service for its research on the black-tailed

prairie dog as a keystone species supporting such

rare species as the black-footed ferret, swift fox,

and burrowing owl.

July 95  Driving less but crashing more  seems

to be the pattern with chargeable motor vehicle

accidents this year.

August 95  Proposed significant budget cuts have

employees worrying about downsizing, furloughs

and reductions-in-force. The proposed merger of

RM and INT should not be affected, however.

Project 615 equipment is installed at Fort Collins;

it should be operational in September.

October 95  The Interior West Global Change

Program is terminated due to lack of funding.

Measuring water content of the snow pack

on Willow Creek, White Mountain Watersheds, Arizona.

52
November 95  Project Leader Linda Joyce, Fort

Collins, earns a Forest Service Superior Scientist

Award.

The National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, is now

a joint venture with the USDA Natural Resources

Conservation Service. A new RWU description is

being developed.

December 95  Project Leader Joe Tainter,

Albuquerque, helps organize Environmental

Dimensions of Cultural Conflict, a unique conference

focused on the potential for violence between

peoples of different cultures.

The RM/INT Leadership Team meeting focuses on

ways the Stations could integrate key operations

when the merger becomes final.

Marcia Patton-Mallory returns to her post as

Assistant Director for Planning and Applications.

She will also be Acting Assistant Director for

Administration.

January 96  Station employees return to work

after a two-week furlough forced by a Congressional

impasse on the Federal budget.

Technology Transfer Program Leader Jerry Bratton

reports the National Agroforestry Center in Lincoln

has cost-shared 45 demonstration/application

projects and 10 assessment projects over the past 4

years.

February 96  Tom Swetnam, Laboratory of TreeRing Research, University of Arizona, starts a 3-

month sabbatical at RM Headquarters studying fire,

insect, and other disturbance histories in forests.

May 96  Marcia Patton-Mallory and Brian Kent

are selected for 1-year details as Assistant Directors

for Research. Jim Haskell returns to RM as

Assistant Director for Administration. Marcia and

Brian will share Planning and Applications AD

duties.

The RM Station Management Team meets for a

week in Fort Collins.

June 96  Director Burns announces realignment

of Research Work Units: Flagstaff (4152, 4251,

4302), Fort Collins (4803, 4851, 4852), and Rapid

City (4252) report to AD Marcia Patton-Mallory.

Albuquerque (4351, 4853), Fort Collins (4802),

and EM units 4651, 4652, 4653 report to AD

Brian Kent. Biometrics and Information

Management report to Marcia. The Stream Team

and National Agroforestry Center report directly to

Denver. Brian has Planning.

The INT Leadership Team is now participating in

RM staff briefings, via conference call.

August 96  The General Services Administration

and Colorado State University wrap up negotiations

on land south of Prospect Road for the Natural

Resources Research Center.

September 96  Thieves break into the

Albuquerque lab, stealing much computer equipment.

Octcober 96  RM Station hosts the Researchwide

Assistant Directors and Program Managers

meeting, in Fort Collins. Major emphasis is on

making the science/management partnership work.

November 96  A Departmentwide moratorium on

purchase of information technology products

freezes Project 615.

January 97  A joint RM/INT Leadership team

meeting in Fort Collins concentrates on joint research

priorities and budget strategies.

Regional Foresters from Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4

meet with the RM/INT Leadership team to

coordinate joint research/management efforts.

53
Todd Mowrer, Research Forester at Fort Collins,

Joe Ganey, Wildlife Biologist at Flagstaff, and Dan

Uresk, Wildlife Biologist at Rapid City, receive

awards from their professional organizations.

April 97  Down-sizing continues: from October

1992 through February 1997, Forest Service

Research employment has dropped from 2,628 to

1,989.

May 97  Its official! The Washington Office says

the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station and the Intermountain Research Station are

now one entity: the Rocky Mountain Research

Station. (Station headquarters moved into the

National Resources Research Center [NRRC] in

Fort Collins in 2000.)

Carol Klopatek, Microbial Ecologist at Flagstaff,

reports on the unique National Below Ground

Sustainability Workshop she headed last fall in

Washington, DC: how to preserve organisms and

processes below ground that sustain forest

ecosystems.

February 97  Over 20 people participate in the

Technical Assistance Visit with Karen Clancys

Impacts of Ecological Disturbances on

Southwestern Conifers project, Flagstaff.

March 97  Project Leader Debbie Finch,

Albuquerque, and Scientist John Rinne, Flagstaff,

are technical advisors to Region 3 teams working to

protect threatened and endangered birds and fish.

Studies at Rapid City showed that the swift fox relied

on prairie dogs for half its diet.

Station headquarters relocated to the new Natural

Resources Research Center in 2000.

54
1997 Station Organization Chart (Prior to Merger)

Station Director

Denver Burns

Stream Systems

Technology Center

Larry Schmidt

Assistant Director

for Research

Marcia Patton-Mallory

(Acting)

Impacts of Ecological

Disturbances/ W. Conifer

RWU-4152

Karen Clancy

Sustainability of SW

Forests & Woodlands

RWU-4251

Bill Block

Ecosystems/Northern &

Central Plains

RWU-4252

Daniel Uresk

Sustaining Riparian

Systems in SW Forests

RWU-4302

Daniel Neary

Resource Analysis

Research

RWU-4803

John Hof

Valuation of Wildland

Resource Benefits

RWU-4851

George Peterson

Nat. Resource Assessment

Ecology & Management

RWU-4852

John Hof (Acting)

Biometrics

Rudy King

Publications

Land Eskew

Library

Frances Barney

Public Affairs

Rick Fletcher

Assistant Director

for Research

Brian Kent (Acting)

Fish & Watersheds

Aquatic/Riparian Ecosystems

RWU-4352

Charles Troendle

Soils, Plants, Animals,

Humans/Rio Grande Basin

RWU-4652

Deborah Finch

Cultural Heritage

Research/SW

RWU-4853

Joseph Tainter

SW Grassland &

Riparian Ecosystems

RWU-4351

Deborah Finch

Atmospheric & Terrestrial

Disturbances on Ecosystems

RWU-4451

Linda Joyce

Ecosystem Management in

Borderlands of the SW

RWU-4651

Carleton Edminster

Soc., Bio., and Physical

Comp./CO Front Range

RWU-4653

Brian Kent

Resource Inventory

Techniques

RWU-4802

Raymond Czaplewski

National Agroforestry

Center

Willis Rietveld

Tree-based Buffer Strips

Technology

RWU-4551

Michele Schoeneberger

Assistant Director

for Administration

Jim Haskell

Computer Systems

Angela Chavez

Personnel & Civil Rights

Shari Blakey

Facilities Management

David Kimbrough

Management Analyst

Wilbert Boyd

Administrative Services

Susan Janzen

Budget & Finance

Harold Kehr

Safety, Health, &

Environment

Mike Anderson

Cooperative Agency

Saving U

Don Reichert

55
56

The first Management Team meeting of the newly formed Rocky Mountain Research Station: Ogden, Utah, 1997.

1. Bill Block, Flagstaff 2. Don Latham, Missoula 3. Karen Clancy, Flagstaff 4. Mark Hutchins, Ogden 5. Robin Tausch,

Reno 6. Larry Schmidt, Fort Collins 7. Louise Kingsbury, Ogden 8. Richard Krebill, Ogden 9. Mike Anderson, Fort

Collins 10. Patrick Corts, Missoula 11. Dennis Ferguson, Moscow 12. Dan Neary, Flagstaff 13. Shary Kennedy, Rapid

City 14. Shari Blakey, Fort Collins 15. Chuck Troendle, Fort Collins 16. Warren Clary, Boise 17. Ward McCaughey,

Bozeman 18. Michael Williams, Fort Collins 19. Lane Eskew, Fort Collins 20. Carl Edminster, Flagstaff 21. George

Peterson, Fort Collins 22. William Elliot, Moscow 23. Jesse Logan, Logan 24. Andy Lawrence, Moscow 25. Durant

McArthur, Provo 26. Barbi Rate, Ogden 27. Dristen Stuart Lincoln 28. Karen Charlton, Ogden 29. Lori Kelly, Laramie

30. John Hof, Fort Collins 31. Debbie Finch, Albuquerque 32. Dwane Van Hooser, Ogden 33. Brian Kent, Fort Collins 34.

Linda Joyce, Fort Collins 35. Michele Schoeneberger, Lincoln 36. Jim Haskell, Fort Collins 37. Carol Ayer, Ogden 38.

JoAn Steele, Ogden 39. Martha Pforr, Fort Collins 40. Maurine Stettler, Ogden 41. Pat Ford, Provo 42. Cecelia Johnson,

Missoula 43. Harold Kehr, Fort Collins 44. Angie Evendon, Missoula 45. Keith Evans, Ogden 46. Rudy King, Fort

Collins 47. Erv Schuster, Missoula 48. Chuck Fierro, Ogden 49. Marcia Patton-Mallory, Fort Collins 50. Dean Knighton,

Ogden 51. Raymond Brown, Logan 52. Tamara Hanan, Ogden 53. Russell Graham, Moscow 54. Carmen Gallegos,

Albuquerque 55. Linda Baer, Logan 56. Denver Burns, Fort Collins 57. Leslie Parrott, Boise 58. Vicki Berrett, Ogden 59.

Darold Ward, Missoula 60. Kevin Ryan, Missoula 61. Alan Harvey, Moscow 62. David Parsons, Missoula 63. Elaine

Poser, Odgen 64. Dan Uresk, Rapid City 65. Len Ruggiero, Missoula 66. David Tippets, Ogden.
Aguirre-Bravo, Celedonio; Eskew, Lane;

Gonzalez,-Vicente, Carlos; Villa-Salas, Avalino B.;

technical editors/compilers. 1995. Partnerships for

Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management: Fifth

Mexico/US Biennial Symposium. 1994 October

17-20, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. General

Technical Report RM-GTR-266. Fort Collins, CO:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station. 201 p. (English), 218 p. (Spanish).

Alexander, Robert R.; Edminster, Carleton B.

1980. Management of Spruce-fir in Even-aged

Stands in the Central Rocky Mountains. Research

Paper RM-217. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p.

Block, W.M.; Finch, D.M., technical editors. 1997.

Songbird Ecology in Southwestern Ponderosa

Pine Forests: a Literature Review. General

Technical Report RM-GTR-292. Fort Collins, CO:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station. 152 p.

Brown, Thomas C.; Binkley, Dan. 1994. Effect of

Management on Water Quality in North American

Forests. General Technical Report RM-248. Fort

Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 27 p.

Brown, T.C.; Harding, B.L.; Payton, E.A. 1990.

Marginal Economic Value of Streamflow: a Case

Study for the Colorado River Basin. Water

Resources Research 26(12): 2845-2859.

Covington, Wallace W.; DeBano, Leonard F.

(technical coordinators). 1994. Sustainable

Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological

Approach to Land Management.1993 July 12-15;

Flagstaff, AZ. General Technical Report RM-247.

Fort Collins CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 363 p.

 Currie, Pat O. 1975. Grazing Management of

 Ponderosa Pine-bunchgrass Ranges of the

Central Rocky Mountains: the Status of Our

Knowledge. Research Paper RM-159. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station.

 24 p.

Daniel, Terry C.; Boster, Ron. S. 1976. Measuring

Landscape Esthetics: the Scenic Beauty

Estimation Method. Research Paper RM-167. Fort

Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 66 p.

DeBano, Leonard F.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; OrtegaRubio, Alfredo; and others, technical coordinators.

1995. Biodiversity and Management of the

Madrean Archipelago: the Sky Islands of

Southwestern United States and Northwestern

Mexico. 1994 Sept. 19-23; Tucson, AZ. General

Technical Report RM-GTR-264. Fort Collins, CO:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station. 669 p.

DeByle, Norbert V.; Winokur, Robert P., editors.

1985. Aspen: Ecology and Management in the

Western United States. General Technical Report

RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 283 p.

Driver, B.; Brown, P.; Gregoire, T.; Stankey, G.

1987. The ROS Planning System: Evolution,

Basic Concepts, and Research Needed. Leisure

Sciences 9(3):203-214.

Driver, B.; Brown, P.; Peterson, G., editors. 1991.

Benefits of Leisure. State College, PA: Venture

Publishing. 484 p.

 A Few Significant Publications

57
Driver, B.L.; Dustin, Daniel; Baltic, Tony; Elsner,

Gary; Peterson, G.L. (editors). 1996. Nature and

the Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded Land

Management Ethic. College Station, PA: Venture

Publishing, Inc. 488 p.

Flather, Curtis H.; Hoekstra, Thomas W. 1989. An

Analysis of the Wildlife and Fish Situation in the

United States: 1989  2140. General Technical

Report RM-178. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

147 p.

Flather, Curtis H.; Joyce, Linda A.; Bloomgarden,

Carol A. 1994. Species Endangerment Patterns in

the United States. General Technical Report RM241. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42 p.

Gary, Howard L. 1985. A Summary of Research at

the Manitou Experimental Forest in Colorado,

1937-1983. General Technical Report RM-116.

Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 24 p.

Gillilan, D.M.; Brown, T.C. 1997. Instream Flow

Protection: Seeking a Balance in Western Water

Use. Island Press, Wash. D.C. 417 p.

Hawksworth, Frank G.; Wiens, Delbert. 1996.

Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and

Systematics. Agriculture Handbook 709.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. 410 p.

Heede, Burchard H. 1976. Gully Development

and Control: the Status of Our Knowledge.

Research Paper RM-169. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

42 p.

Hof, John G.; Lee, Robert D.; Dyer, A. Allen; Kent,

Brian M. 1985. An Analysis of Joint Costs in a

Managed Forest Ecosystem. Journal of

Environmental Economics and Management. 12:

338-352.

Joyce, Linda A. 1989. An Analysis of the Range

Forage Situation in the United States, 1989-

2040: a Technical Document Supporting the

1989 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment.

General Technical Report RM-180. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 136 p.

Joyce, Linda A.; Fosberg, Michael A.; Comanor,

Joan M. 1990. Climate Change and Americas

Forests. General Technical Report RM-187. Fort

Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 12 p.

 Judson, Arthur; King, Rudy M.; Brink, Glen E.

1986. Multi-basin Avalanche Simulation: a

Model. Cold Regions Science and Technology

13:35-47.

Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Graham, Russell T.; Boyce,

Douglas A. Jr; and others. 1994. An Ecological

Basis for Ecosystem Management. General

Technical Report RM-246. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

22p.

Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Moir, W.H.; Bassett,

Richard L., technical coordinators. 1992. OldGrowth Forests in the Southwest and Rocky

Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a Workshop.

1992 March 9-13, Portal, AZ. General Technical

Report RM-213. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

200 p.

58
Landis, Thomas D.; Tinus, Richard W.; McDonald,

Stephen E.; Barnett, James P. Various years. The

Container Tree Nursery Manual. Agriculture

Handbook 674. Washington, DC: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service.

 Vol. 1 Container nursery planning,

 development, and management. 1995.

 Vol. 2 Containers and growing media. 1990.

 Vol. 3 Container nursery environment. 1992.

 Vol. 4 Seedling nutrition and irrigation. 1989.

 Vol. 5 The biological component: nursery pests

 and mycorrhizae. 1990.

 Vol. 6 Seedling propagation. 1999.

Lundquist, J.E. 1995. Characterizing Disturbance

in Managed Ponderosa Pine Stands in the Black

Hills. Forest Ecology and Management 74:61-74.

Mowrer, H. Todd, technical compiler. 1997.

Decision Support Systems for Ecosystem

Management: an Evaluation of Existing Systems.

General Technical Report RM-GTR-296. Fort

Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 154 p.

Musselman, R. C., technical coordinator. 1992.

The Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site.

General Technical Report RM-249. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 94 p.

Perla, Ronald I.; Martinelli, M. Jr. 1976.

Avalanche Handbook. Agriculture Handbook 489.

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. 238 p

Peterson, George L.; Driver, Beverly S.; Gregory,

Robin (editors). 1988. Public Amenity Resource

Valuation: Integrating Economics With Other

Disciplines. University Park, PA: Venture Press.

260 p.

Peterson, George S.; McCollum, Daniel W.;

Swanson, Cindy S.; Thomas, Michael. 1992.

Valuing Wildlife Resources in Alaska. Boulder,

CO: Westview Press. 357 p.

Price, Raymond. 1976. History of Forest Service

Research in the Central and Southern Rocky

Mountain Regions, 1908  1975. General

Technical Report RM-27. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

100 p. (Available on the web at: http://

www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr027.html)

Reynolds, Richard T.; Graham, Russell T.; Reiser,

M. Hildegard; and others. 1992. Management

Recommendations for the Northern Goshawk in

the Southwestern United States. General

Technical Report RM-217. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

90 p.

Riffle, Jerry W.; Peterson, Glenn W. (technical

coordinators). 1986. Diseases of Trees in the

Great Plains. General Technical Report RM-129.

Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 149 p.

Rinne, John N.; Minckley, W. L. 1991. Native

Fishes of Arid Lands: a Dwindling Resource in

the Desert Southwest. General Technical Report

RM-206. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 45 p.

Schmid, J.M.; Frye, R.H. 1977. Spruce Beetle in

Colorado. General Technical Report RM-49. Fort

Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 38 p.

Schreuder, Hans T.; Gregoire, Timothy G.; Wood,

Geoffrey B. 1993. Sampling Methods for

Multiresource Forest Inventory. John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 446 p.

59
Shaw, Douglas W.; Finch, Deborah H.,

technical coordinators. 1996. Desired

Future Conditions for Southwestern

Riparian Ecosystems: Bringing Interests

and Concerns Together. 1995 Sept. 18-22;

Albuquerque, NM. General Technical

Report RM-GTR-272. Fort Collins, CO:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 395 p.

Shepperd, W. D.; Troendle, C. A.; Edminster, C. B.

1992. Linking Water and Growth and Yield Models

to Evaluate Management Alternatives in Subalpine

Ecosystems. Pp. 42-48. In: Getting to the future

through silviculture. Proceedings of the National Silviculture Workshop. May 6-9, 1991. Cedar City, UT.

General Technical Report INT-291. Ogden, UT: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Sommerfeld, R. A.; Mosier, A. R.; Musselman, R. C.

1993. CO2, CH4 and N2O Flux Through a Wyoming

Snowpack and Implications for Global Budgets.

Nature. 361(6408): 140-142.

Stokes, Marvin A.: Dieterich, John H. (technical coordinators). 1980. Proceedings of the Fire History Workshop. General Technical Report RM-81. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

142 p.

Tabler, R. D. 1994. Design Guidelines for Control of

Blowing and Drifting Snow. SHRP-H-381. Strategic

Highway Research Program, National Research Council. 364 p.

Tainter, Joseph A.; Hamre, R.H., editors. 1988. Tools

to Manage the Past: Research Priorities for Cultural

Resources Management in the Southwest. 1988 May

2-6, Grand Canyon, AZ. General Technical Report

RM-164. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and

Range Experiment Station. 214 p.

Tellman, Barbara; Finch, Deborah M.; Edminster,

Carl; Hamre, Robert (editors). 1998. The Future

of Arid Grasslands: Identifying Issues, Seeking

Solutions. Proceedings RMRS-P-3. Fort Collins,

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 392 p.

Troendle, Charles A.; Kaufmann, Merrill R.;

Hamre, R. H.; Winokur, Robert P. (technical

coordinators). 1987. Management of Subalpine

Forests: Building on 50 Years of Research.

Proceedings of a technical conference, July 5-7,

Silver Creek, CO. General Technical Report

RM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 253 p.

Troendle, Charles A.; King, Rudy M. 1987. The

Effect of Partial Cutting and Clearcutting on

the Deadhorse Creek Watershed. Journal of

Hydrology 90: 145-157.

Uresk, Daniel W. 1990. Using Multivariate

Techniques to Quantitatively Estimate Ecological Stages in a Mixed Grass Prairie.

Journal of Range Management 43(4):282-285.

USDA Fish and Wildlife Service. 1955.

Recovery Plan for the Mexican Spotted

Owl. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service,

Albuquerque, NM. 172 p.

Yoder, B. J.; Ryan, M. G.; Waring, R. H.; and

others. 1994. Evidence of Reduced

Photosynthetic Rates in Old Trees. Forest

Science. 40(3)513-527.

Tellman, Barbara; Cortner, Hanna J.;

Wallace, Mary G.; DeBano, Leonard F.;

Hamre, R. H. (technical coordinators). 1993.

Riparian Management: Common Threads and

Shared Interests. General Technical Report

RM-226. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station. 419 p.

60
Personnel at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

1976-1997

Abt, Steve  FC

Acheson, Ann  FC

Adair, Clarence  FC

Adams, Judy  FC

Aguilar, Richard  Alb

Aitkin, J. Kevin  Tem

Aldon, Earl  Alb

Aldrich, Robert  FC

Alexander, Robert  FC

Alig, Ralph  FC

Allasia, David  FC

Allen, D. Neil  FC

Allen, Deborah  FC

Almaguer, Diane  FC

Altamirano, Nora  Alb

Alward, Gregory  FC

Ames, Sheila  FC

Amundson, Arlene  FC

Anderson, Jana  FC

Anderson, Mark  RC

Anderson, Michael  FC

Anderson, Patricia  Flag

Angel, Kathleen  Tem

Anglin, Willis  FC

Armstrong, Mary  Lar

Armstrong, Sally  RC

Bailey, Robert  FC

Baker, Malchus, Jr.  Flag

Baker, Sandra  Flag

Ball, Laurie  FC

Ballard, Sue  FC

Ballinger, Cynthia  FC

Balser, Janet  FC

Baltic, Tony  FC

Barkdoll, Donna  FC

Barney, Frances  FC

Barnhart, Michael  Lin

Barreth, Tracy  RC

Bartscher, Janet  RC

Bath, Norma  FC

Batt, Carin  FC

Bauer, Sue  FC

Baughman, Valerie  FC

Bayman, Nancy  FC

Beagle, Larry  RC

Beasom, Sam  Lub

Beaugh, Debra  FC

Bedan, Rebecca  FC

Belfit, Scott  Tem

Belish, Timberley  Lar

Bemis, Laura  FC

Bergen, James  FC

Bevers, B. Michael  FC

Bernhardt, Lee  FC

Blakey, Shari  FC

Block, William  Flag

Bird, Kenneth  Lar

Bjugstad, Ardell  RC

Blair, Glen  Tem

Block, William  Flag

Bloyd, Judith  FC

Boboricken, Sherry  FC

Boldt, Charles  RC

Booker, Melvin  FC

Bornong, Joanne  Lar

Bouldes, Charlene  FC

Bowden, Kenneth  FC

Bowman, Dale  Flag

Bowman, Sharon  FC

Boyce, Barbara  Flag

Boyd, Wilbert  FC

Bradley, John  Flag

Bradley, Linda  FC

Brady, Steve  FC

Brain, Janice  FC

Bratton, Gerald  Lin

Brink, Glen  FC

Brockway, Dale  Alb

Brown, Douglas  FC

Brown, Gary  Lar

Brown, Karen  FC

Brown, Thomas  FC

Bunker, Jean  FC

Burd, John  Lub

Burnett, Alan  Flag

Burns, Denver  FC

Burr, Karen  Flag

Burris, Victoria  FC

Butler, Norma  FC

Butler, Robert  Flag

Cable, Dwight  Tuc

Cables, Jacqueline  FC

Cade, Delloris  FC

Cain, Daria  FC

Campbell, Ralph  Flag

Carberry, Robert  FC

Carder, D. Ross  Flag

Carman, Dan  Lin

Carpenter, David  Flag

Carpenter, Henry  Lar

Carter, Deborah  FC

Casner, Wilson  Tem

Cefkin, Rose  FC

Chalk, David  FC

Chamberlain, Valden  Tem

Champ, Patricia  FC

Champagne, Norman  Flag

Chapman, Carl  FC

Chavez, M. Angela  FC

Christensen, Karla  Lar

Christensen, Sylvia  Lin

Chung, Lois  FC

Chung-McCoubrey, Alice  Alb

Clancy, Karen  Flag

Clark, Andrea  FC

Clausen, Dru  FC

Cocanour, Rebecca  FC

Cockrell, Kathy  RC

Cogar, Virginia  Tem

Coley, Harold  FC

Collins, Loa  FC

Collins, Vera  Lar

Comer, Sherilyn  FC

Connell, Bernadette  FC

Conrad, Mark  Lar

A

B

C

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Cook-Obedzinsky, Connie  FC

Cooper, Sharon  Flag

Cottier, Jan  FC

Cottrell, Kimberly  Lin

Cox, Don  FC

Creg, Burt  Lin

Crenshaw, Toni  FC

Cress, William  Alb

Crouch, Glenn  FC

Crowley, Mary  Flag

Crutchfield, Marie  FC

Cunningham, Charles  FC

Curran, Ed  FC

Currie, Pat  FC

Czaplewski, Raymond  FC

Czech, Doris  Flag

DAngelo, Bonnie  FC

Dailey, Mai  FC

Damon, Bernece  Flag

Dana, Robert  FC

Daniels, Joan  RC

Daron, Sally  FC

Davenport, Walt  FC

Davis, Edwin  Tem

Davis, Phyllis  FC

Davis, Vaughn  FC

Dean, Julie  FC

DeBano, Leonard  Tem

DeHerrera, Beverly  FC

Denison, Steve  RC

Dieterich, John  Tem

Dillon, Madelyn  FC

Dillon, Patricia  FC

DiSenso, Ann  FC

Dix, Mary Ellen  Lin

Dixon, Gary  FC

Dixon, Victoria  FC

Dixon, Willie  FC

Dodds, Margie  FC

Doherty, Erin  Lar

Dolanski, Sharon  FC

Donnelly, Dennis  FC

Donovan, Cheryl  FC

Donovan, Dennis  FC

Dosskey, Michael  Lin

Dotts, Hazel  FC

Dove, Deborah  FC

Driscoll, Richard  FC

Driver, Beverly  FC

Duidley, Sheralyn  FC

Durham, Marion  Flag

Duvall, Vinson  Tem

Dwyer, Jill  Flag

Eades, Chris

Earley, Denise  FC

Edminster, Carleton  Flag

Egeland, Leanne  FC

Ellison, Gail  Lin

Ellsworth, Alan  Lar

Eoff, Joan  FC

Erickson, Bernard  FC

Ertl, Mary  Flag

Eskew, Lane  FC

Evridge, Jenny  RC

Fager, Barbara  FC

Farlee, Janet  Lin

Farrar, Pamela  FC

Fasick, Clyde  FC

Feable, Lawrence  RC

Fedde, Kari  FC

Feddema, Charles  FC

Finch, Deborah  Alb

Fisher, Richard  FC

Fitch, Shirley  Flag

Flather, Curtis  FC

Fletcher, Charles (Rick)  FC

Fletcher, Tonya  FC

Flores, Deborah  FC

Forbs, Linda  Flag

Ford, Paulette  Alb

Fornwalt, Nevin  Lar

Fosberg, Michael  FC

Fox, Douglas  FC

Francis, Kerry  FC

Francis, Richard  Alb

Frank, Ernest  RC

Freeman, Duane  FC

Freeman, Lee  FC

Freeman, Linda  FC

Fresquez, Phillip  Alb

Funderhide, Emma  FC

Furman, R. William  FC

Galida, Cheryl  FC

Gallegos, Carmen  Alb

Gallup, Darrell  FC

Ganey, Joseph  Flag

Garcia, Diana  FC

Garcia, George  Alb

GarciaSanchez, Elizabeth  Alb

Garrett, Lawrence  Flag

Gary, Barbara  FC

Gary, Howard  FC

Gasperetti, Sheila  FC

Gatz, William  FC

Geary, Joann  FC

Geils, Brian  Flag

Gilbert, Bonnie  FC

Gilbert, Mary  Tem

Gilbert, Michael  FC

Gilmore, Becky  FC

Girard, Michele  RC

Girard, Van  FC

Glass, Kathy  FC

Gomez, Josephine  Tem

Gonzales, Manuel  Alb

Good, Mary  FC

Goodwin, Gregory  Lar

Gorman, Susan  Alb

Gottfried, Gerald  Flag

Greentree, Wallace  FC

Greenwald, Emilie  FC

Griego, Rudy  Tem

Grubb, Teryl  Flag

Gurley-Davis, Karen  Flag

Gutierrez, Rudy  FC

Gutzwiller, Pamela  Lar

D

E

F

G

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Haase, Sally  Tem

Hager, Judy  FC

Hager, Victor  FC

Hagihara, James  FC

Halvorsen, Marsha  FC

Hamre, Robert  FC

Hansen, Sigrid  FC

Hanson, Esther  FC

Harrington, Michael  Tem

Harris, Barbara  FC

Harris, Margaret  FC

Harrison, Anne  FC

Hart, Joyce  FC

Hart, Steve  FC

Hart, Timothy  FC

Haskell, Jim  FC

Hastings, Evelyn  Flag

Hawkes, Clifford  RC

Hawksworth, Frank  FC

Hayes, Deborah  Alb

Hayes, Pamela  FC

Haynes, Richard  FC

Hayward, Gregory  Lar

Heede, Burchard  Tem

Hegg, Karl  FC

Hehn, Theodore  FC

Heidmann, LeRoy  Flag

Heidrich, Mary  Alb

Henry, Hank  Lar

Henry, Stephen  Lar

Hernandez, Xavier  Tem

Herrick, David  FC

Hiatt, Harvey  Flag

Hibbert, Alden  Tem

Hinds, Thomas  FC

Hirsch, Stanley  FC

Hittner, Virginia  Lin

Hodorff, Robert  Lar

Hoek, Roger  FC

Hoekstra, Sharon  FC

Hoekstra, Thomas  FC

Hof, John  FC

Holland, Eric  Tem

Holub, E. William  FC

Hooten, Vicki  Lub

Horton, Bonita  Lub

Horton, Jerry  FC

Hovland, Teddy  Lin

Hubbard, Robert  FC

Huebner, Daniel  Flag

Huerta, Deborah  FC

Hulbert, Frank  FC

Humphries, Hope  FC

Huntsberger, Janine  Flag

Huwa, Daryl  Bot

Ippolito, Kelly  FC

Irwin, Jennifer  Lin

Irwin, Kris  Lin

Isaacson, Kim  Lin

Jacob-Mua, Joyce  Lin

Jacobs, Debbie  FC

Jacobs, Joyce  Lin

Jairell, Robert  Lar

Jakle, Martin  Tem

James, Marsha  FC

Jameson, Donald  FC

Janzen, Susan  FC

Javersak, Jody  RC

Jeffrey, Katherine  FC

Jemison, Roy  Alb

Jenkins, Philip  Tem

Jensen, Debra  FC

Johnson, Curtis  Flag

Johnson, Philip  FC

Joy, Suzanne  FC

Joyce, Linda  FC

Judson, Arthur  FC

Karnuth, Leif  Alb

Kaufmann, Merrill  FC

Kaulitz, Zita  RC

Keefer, Donald  FC

Kehr, Harold  FC

Kelley, Donald  RC

Kelley, Margaret  FC

Kelly, Lorraine  Lar

Kelly, Jeff  Alb

Kennedy, Sharyce  RC

Kent, Brian  FC

Kent, Judy  Tem

Kerbs, Roger  FC

Kidneigh, Connie  FC

Killoran, Kathryn  Bot

Kimbrough, David  FC

King, Rudy  FC

Klein, David  FC

Kleinschmit, Sarah  RC

Klopatek, Carole  Flag

Klopfenstein, Ned  Lin

Knaub, Judy  FC

Knipe, Oren  Tem

Knott, F. William  FC

Knutson, Tonya  FC

Kovner, Jacob  FC

Krammes, J. Sam  FC

Krebill, Richard  Tem

Kress, Marsha  FC

Krug, Virginia  FC

Kruse, William  Flag

Kuharski, Kathy  FC

Kuhl, Michael  Lin

Kulongowski, Barbara  Tem

Kunis, Daniel  FC

LaBau, V. James  FC

Lance, Barbara  Tem

Lane, Mark  Tem

Laird, Kay  FC

Larson, Frederic  Flag

Laskowski, Peggy  Lar

Latterell, Dolores  FC

Layman, Robert  Flag

Leaf, Jennifer  FC

Lee, Susan  FC

Leibbrandt, Luann  FC

Lemieux, April  FC

Lewis, Gordon  FC

Lewis, Nancy  Tem

Lightfoot, Frank  Flag

H

I

J

K

L

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Lindeborg, Richard  FC

Litten, Carol  FC

Litten, Sharon  FC

Lizarraga, Alicia  FC

Loftin, Sam  Alb

Lopez, Jamelyn  FC

Lopez, Roy  Flag

Loring, Michael  RC

Loveless, Charles  FC

Lozano, Fay  Flag

Lucero, August  Alb

Luffman, Tina  Flag

Lukens, Don  FC

Lukoic, Jacquelyn  FC

Lumar, Carolyn  FC

Lund, H. Gyde  FC

Lundquist, John  FC

Lynch, Ann  Flag

MacDonald, Patricia  FC

Manley, LeRoy  FC

Manthos, Barbara  FC

Markstrom, Donald  FC

Marsden, Michael  FC

Marsh, Linda  FC

Martin, S. Clark  Tuc

Martin, Vicki  FC

Martinelli, Mario  FC

Martinez, Dorothy  FC

Martinez, Manuel  FC

Martinez, Raymond  FC

Martischang, Martin  Tem

Massey, Barbara  Flag

Massman, William  FC

Mata, Stephen  FC

Mattingly, Christine  FC

Mattson, Julie  Lar

McCallum, James  FC

McCambridge, William  FC

McCartney, Catherine  FC

McCollum, Daniel  FC

McConnell, Jerry  Flag

McCormick, Dean  FC

McCoy, R. Diane  FC

McCutchan, Morris  FC

McDonald, Stephen  FC

McDonnell, Susan  FC

McElderry, Sue  FC

McElvain, William  Tem

McGuire, Patricia  FC

McGuire, Richard  FC

McKinney, William  FC

McLendon, Judy  FC

McNutt, Betty  Tem

Means, Margarite  FC

Means, Michael  Alb

Medina, Alvin  Flag

Melendrez, Valentine  FC

Mehl, Garnet  FC

Meisinger, Doris  FC

Meisinger, Lynnette  FC

Merkel, Daniel  FC

Merrill, Laura  FC

Merritt, Norman  FC

Messner, Harold  RC

Meyer, Joni  RC

Michel, Pat  FC

Millard, Ann  FC

Miller, LindaLu  FC

Mills, Thomas  FC

Miranda, Fernando  FC

Mitchell, James  Flag

Mitchell, John  FC

Mitchell, Joseph  FC

Moir, William  Flag

Montrey, Henry  FC

Moore, Darleen  FC

Mora, Karen  FC

Morris, Karen  FC

Morris, Meredith  FC

Mossburg, Glynndora  FC

Mowrer, H. Todd  FC

Muchow, Linda  FC

Muecke, Nancy  Tem

Mulcahy, Patti  FC

Muniz, Shirley  FC

Murray, Marjorie  FC

Musselman, Robert  FC

Myhre, Richard  FC

Nankervis, James  FC

Neary, Daniel  Flag

Neeld, Vaughn  FC

Nelson, Brytten  Flag

Negron, Jose  FC

Neubauer, Lucille  Bot

Nevarez, Elizabeth  Alb

Nichols, Winnie  FC

Nickerson, Mona  FC

Nightingale, Monty  Flag

Noble, Daniel  RC

Norris, DeDe  FC

North, William  FC

Nungesser, Martha  FC

Nuvamsa, Benjamin  Flag

Obedzinski, Robert  FC

OConnell, Beverly  FC

ODeen, Louise  FC

ODoherty, Erin  Lar

OKeefe, Judy  FC

Oglesby, Carla  FC

Oler, Eleanor  Lin

Olsen, William  FC

Omeg, Karen  FC

Omdal, Daniel  FC

Organo, Martha  FC

Orr, Howard  RC

Ortmann, Kristeen  FC

Overby, Steven  Flag

Owens, Janet  FC

Ozment, Arnold  Tem

Padilla, Charles  FC

Padilla, Mary  FC

Parchman, Marguerite  FC

Parker, Lloyd  FC

Parrish, Kelly  FC

Parrish, Tracy  FC

Parsons, Linda  RC

Pase, Charles  Alb

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Pasek, Judy  Lin

Patterson, Joyce  FC

Pattison, Jennifer  Alb

Patton, David  Tem

Patton-Mallory, Marcia  FC

Paulsen, Harold  FC

Periman, Richard  Alb

Perotin, Beverly  FC

Perry, Hazel  Tem

Perry, Judy  FC

Peters, Debbie  FC

Petersen, Louis  FC

Petersen, Lynnette  FC

Peterson, George  FC

Peterson, Glenn  Lin

Pettigrew, Sharon  Flag

Pforr, Martha  FC

Pierson, Virginia  Lin

Pinther, Linda  FC

Piotter, Laura  FC

Pippett, Kerwin  Tem

Pomeroy, John  Lar

Pope, V. Fay  FC

Porth, Laurie  FC

Pott, Alfred  Flag

Potyondy, John  FC

Prince, N. Diane  Flag

Prine, Virginia  FC

Prosser, Joseph  Flag

Pursley, Barbara  FC

Qualls, Debra  FC

Rader, Russell  Lar

Radloff, David  FC

Rafsnider, Giles  FC

Raish, Carol  Alb

Range, Patricia  FC

Raphael, Martin  Lar

Ray, Marsha  FC

Read, Ralph  Lin

Redden, Terry  FC

Regan, Claudia  FC

Reichert, Don  FC

Reid, Janie  FC

Reynolds, Richard  FC

Rietveld, Willis  Lin

Riffle, Jerry  Lin

Rinne, John  Flag

Ritterhouse, Patricia  FC

Rivera, Shannon  FC

Roberts, David  Tem

Roberts, Edwin  FC

Rochelle, Shannon  FC

Rodgers, Lonnie  FC

Rogers, James  Tem

Ronco, Frank  Flag

Ronne, Ruth  Lin

Rosenthal, Donald  FC

Ross, Kim  Flag

Ross, Sharon  FC

Roth-Tucker, Karen  FC

Roussopoulos, Peter  FC

Ruble, Angela  FC

Rudzek, Vickie  FC

Ruggiero, Leonard  Lar

Rumble, Mark  RC

Russo, Katherine  FC

Rutledge, Carolyn  FC

Ryan, Joseph  Tem

Ryan, Michael  FC

Ryan-Burkett, Sandra  Lar

Sackett, Stephen  Flag

Sagmeister, Renay  FC

Salas, Anthony  FC

Sampson, George  FC

Sanchez, Henry  Flag

Sanders, Deborah  FC

Sanderson, Darlene  FC

Sandoval, Larry  FC

Sawell, Laniece  RC

Schanhols, Sue  FC

Schenderline, Inez  FC

Schmid, John  FC

Schmidt, Larry  FC

Schmidt, Ralph  FC

Schneider, Richard  FC

Schoeneberger, Michele  Lin

Schoettle, Anna  FC

Schofield, Debra  FC

Scholl, David  Alb

Schopfer, Walter  FC

Schreuder, Hans  FC

Schubert, Gilbert  Flag

Schultz, Yvonne  Bot

Schumann, Carol  Lin

Schwab, Caroline  FC

Schweitzer, Dennis  FC

Scott, Jeffrey  FC

Scritchfield, William  FC

Seaver, Rhonda  RC

Seaworth, Sharon  FC

Seltzer, Amy  Lin

Senn, Sara  FC

Serrano, Lynette  FC

Severson, Kieth  Tem

Shallman, James  Flag

Shaw, Charles  FC

Shefferd, Jessie  FC

Shelton, Clover  Lin

Shepperd, Wayne  FC

Shields, Deborah  FC

Short, Henry  Tem

Shriver, D. Jane  Lar

Sieg, Carolyn  RC

Sieverding, Rebecca  FC

Simpson, Deborah  FC

Sims, Jeffrey  Flag

Smika, Jennifer  FC

Smith, Bobbie  FC

Smith, Dixie  FC

Smith, Dwain  FC

Smith, Ernest  Tem

Smith, Harold  Tem

Snow, Jerry  Flag

Snyder, Caroline  Tem

Solomon, Alberta  FC

Sommerfeld, Richard  FC

Sorg, Cindy  FC

Spaulding, Judy  Flag

Sprackling, John  FC

Sprenger, Terry  FC

Squires, John  Lar

Staley, John  FC

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Steed, James  Flag

Stevens, Robert  FC

Stevenson, Orvil  Flag

Stormer, Fred  FC

Stottlemeyer, Robert  FC

Straw, Judy  Lar

Straus, Patricia  FC

Streedbeck, Janet  Lin

Strohmeyer, Brenda  Flag

Stuart, Kirsten  Lin

Sturges, David  Lar

Swanson, Cindy  FC

Swanson, Marjorie  FC

Szaro, Robert  Tem

Tabler, Ronald  Lar

Tackle, David  FC

Tagestad, Arden  Bot

Tapia, Esteban  FC

Tainter, Joe  Alb

Telles, Lorenzo  Flag

Tewa, Fermina  FC

Tharalson, Teresa  Tem

Thilenius, John  Lar

Thomas, Mary  Alb

Thompson, Debra  FC

Thompson, Jesse  FC

Thornton, Jana  FC

Tidwell, Ted  FC

Tinus, Richard  Flag

Traywick, Rose  RC

Troendle, Charles  FC

Trowbridge, Nora  FC

Trujillo, David  Flag

Turnbull, Gene  FC

Turner, Gladys  FC

Twito, Tina  FC

Uresk, Daniel  RC

Vahle, Robert  Tem

Valenzuela, Elias  Flag

Van Deusen, James  RC

Van Deusen, Larry  FC

Van Glarik, Janet  FC

Van Haverbeke, David  Lin

Vertucci, Frank  FC

Vigil, Deborah  FC

Voorhees, Marguerite  FC

Wagg, Helen  FC

Wager, Tracy  FC

Waite, Audrey  Tem

Waity, Charla  FC

Walker, Leon  FC

Walker, Sheila  FC

Waltermire, Karel  FC

Ward, A. Lorin  Lar

Ward, Pat  Flag

Watkins, Ross  FC

Weis, Eleanor (Hamre)  FC

Werth, Lee  FC

West, A.Viola  FC

West, Linda  FC

West, Phyllis  Tem

Wester, Ronald  FC

Weymouth, Richard  FC

Wheatley, George  FC

Wheeler, Jean  FC

Whelan, James  FC

White, P. Wayne  FC

Whitfield, Marilyn  FC

Whitedove, Meria  FC

Whiteman, Brenda  Flag

Whitney, Donice  FC

Whitney, Rachel  FC

Wicker, Ed  FC

Wight, Bruce  Lin

Wiley, Ardath  FC

Williams, Jill  FC

Williams, Knox  FC

Williams, Leon  FC

Williams, Michael  FC

Williams, Penny  FC

Williams, Tod  Alb

Wilson, Virginia  FC

Winder, Carol  FC

Wingstrom, Betty  FC

Winokur, Robert  FC

Winter, Charles  Lar

Wittenauer, Paula  FC

Wolf, Mona  FC

Wolfe, Frank  FC

Wolfe, Marvin  FC

Wolters, Gale  Alb

Wood, Diane  Flag

Wood, Sarah  Alb

Wooten, Sharon  FC

Workman, Sarah  Lin

Worth, Harold  FC

Yamamoto, Teruo  RC

Yancik, Richard  FC

Yarrington, Charlotte  FC

Yockey, Carol  FC

Yontz, Mavis  FC

Young, Michael  Lar

Zegar, Marie  FC

Zeller, Karl  FC

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