|USDA logo**United StatesDepartment 
      ofAgriculture**ARS logo**AgriculturalResearchService**NAL logo**NationalAgriculturalLibrary**AWIC logo***Animal WelfareInformation 
      Center*** | Information Resources for Animal Facility Sanitation and Cage 
Wash
      AWIC Resource Series No. 19 - February 2003*Prepared for USUHS Lab Animal Medicine Residency ProgramCMO 
      504Facility Sanitation Program*Also see: Laboratory 
      Animal Facilities and Management, 1995**Compiled by:**Tim Allen, M.S.
      Animal 
      Welfare Information Center
      National Agricultural Library
      U.S. Department of Agriculture**Published by:**U. S. Department of Agriculture
      Agricultural Research Service
      National Agricultural Library
      Animal 
      Welfare Information Center
      Beltsville, Maryland 20705
      E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov
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CONTENTS



Management

Ventilation 
and Air Quality

Health, Safety 
and Ergonomics

Cleaning and 
Sterilization

Cage Cleaning 
and Animal Health/Behavior Effects

Selected World 
Wide Websites

Information
  on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the
  National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Document Delivery 
Services 
  Branch website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb.  Please read carefully as there are certain 
restrictions on media and 
  document types.

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MANAGEMENT



Crouch, R. (1996). Polymer floor and wall solutions.Lab Animal25(7): 34-36.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: animal housing; materials; 
laboratories.

Deitrich, E.A. (1982). Conserve without compromise: a practical application 
to cage washers. Lab Animal 11(6): 57.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
facilities; design; management; cages; washers; maintenance; operations; energy 
conservation.

Douglas, F.; Harris, H.J. (1993). Facility design: choosing the right flooring.Lab Animal 22(5): 51-57.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratories; floors; 
design.

Freson, S.J. (1998). Animal room finishes: selecting and overseeing a 
resinous finish system.

Lab Animal27(6): 32-36.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory animals; animal 
housing; laboratory rearing; design; finishes; resins; floors; floor type; 
walls; ceilings.

Hempel, P.; Merx, R.; Schulz, M.; Zillmann, U. 
  (2000). Computerised animal house management 
  system (CAMS).AUTHOR EMAIL: m.schulz@dkfz-heidelberg.de Journal 
  of Experimental Animal Science41(4): 149-158.

Descriptors: computer system; housing 
experimental animal; information processing; practice guideline; health care 
facility; data base; computer program; computer terminal; laboratory personnel; 
documentation; control system; animal welfare; breeding; storage; cost benefit 
analysis; calculation; automation; management; nonhuman; mouse; rat; animal 
experiment; controlled study.



Iwaki Takamasa (1996). Environmental control of laboratory animals. 
  Tokyo Jikeikai Ika Daigaku Zasshi (Tokyo Jikeikai Medical Journal) 111(5): 
  567-581.Descriptors: laboratory animal; environmental management; breeding machine 
  and tool; rearing box; microorganism contamination; prevention of pollution; 
  cleaning device; air cleaning; dust; indoor air pollution; dung processing machine; 
  automatic control; waste water treatment; research and development; water intake 
  (organism); laboratory organism; organism; management; rearing facilities; pollution; 
  environmental pollution control; countermeasure; preclusion (protection); equipment; 
  cleaning (purification); pollutant; matter; environmental pollution; processing 
  equipment; control; sewage treatment; water and sewage treatment; treatment; 
  development; feeding (food intake); animal behavior.



Leary, S.L.; Majoros, J.A.; Tomson, J.S. 
(1998). Making cagewash facility design a 
priority. Lab Animal 27(6): 28-31.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory animals; animal 
housing; laboratory rearing; design; cleaning and sterilization; cleaning 
equipment; cages.

Roe, P. (2002). Cage processing and waste management: a cost-analysis 
and decision-making exercise. Lab Animal 31(1): 43-46.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory workers; 
laboratory animals; cages; washing; animal wastes; litter; ergonomics; safety at 
work; cost analysis; labor costs; productivity; automation; decision 
making.



Ruggiero, R.F. (2002). Considerations for an automated cage-processing 
system. Lab Animal 31 (1): 50-56.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratories; laboratory 
animals; laboratory workers; cages; washing; power washers; automation; vacuum; 
robots; cleaning and sterilization; animal wastes; litter; dust control; labor 
productivity; occupational hazards; planning; design.



Ruggiero, R.F. (1998). Selecting and installing cage washers. Lab 
Animal 27(4): 40-42.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory animals; animal 
housing; cages; cleaning and sterilization; design; decontamination; work flow; 
equipment.

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VENTILATION and AIR 
QUALITY

Kacergis, J.B.; Jones, R.B.; Reeb, C.K.; Turner, 
  W.A.; Ohman, J.L.; Ardman, M.R.; Paigen, B. (1996). Air quality in an animal facility: particulates, ammonia, 
  and volatile organic compounds. American Industrial Hygiene Association 
  Journal 57(7): 634-640.

Descriptors: air pollutants, 
occupational analysis; indoor air pollution; allergens analysis; ammonia 
analysis; laboratory animals; hydrocarbons analysis; mice; animal technicians; 
occupational Exposure, prevention and control; ventilation.

Kowalski, W.J.; Bahnfleth, W.P.; Carey, D.D. 
  (2002). Engineering control of airborne disease 
  transmission in animal laboratories.Contemporary Topics in Laboratory 
  Animal Science41 (3): 9-17.

Descriptors: airborne allergens; air UV 
germicidal irradiation, air treatment method; air filtration, air treatment 
method; dilution ventilation, air treatment method; pressurization, air 
treatment method.

Renstrom, A; Larsson, P.H.; Malmberg, P.; Bayard, 
  C. (1997). A new amplified monoclonal rat allergen 
  assay used for evaluation of ventilation improvements in animal rooms. 
  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 100(5): 649-655.

Descriptors: indoor air pollution 
analysis; allergens analysis; allergens urine; evaluation studies; health 
surveys; methods; mice; mice, inbred BALB C; rats; rats, Sprague-Dawley; 
Sweden.

Rosas, I.; Yela, A.; Salinas, E.; Lacey, J.; 
Milton, D. (1996). Size distribution of 
particles carrying bacteria and endotoxins in animal care facilities. 
Journal of Endotoxin Research 3(SUPPL.1): 53.

Descriptors: air conditioning; air 
sampling; animal care facility; bacteria carrying particle; bacterial toxins; 
cage washing; endotoxin; endotoxin carrying particle; miscellaneous method; 
organic dust dispersal; pollution; ventilation.

Worley, M.S.; Manbeck, H.B. (1993). Modeling contaminant concentrations in ceiling inlet 
ventilation systems. Paper presented at the “1993 International Summer 
Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,” June 
20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington, 17p.

NAL Call Number: 290.9 Am32P

Descriptors: air quality; cages; 
ventilation.



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HEALTH, SAFETY, and 
ERGONOMICS

Bush, R.K.; Wood R.A.; Eggleston, P.A. (1998). 
  Laboratory animal allergy. Journal 
  of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 102(1): 99-112.

Descriptors: asthma, immune system 
disease; respiratory system disease; atopy, immune system disease; laboratory 
animal allergy, allergy skin testing, diagnostic method; laminar flow caging, 
laboratory equipment; wet washings.

Carlton, D.L.; Richards, W. (2002). Affordable noise control in a laboratory animal 
facility. Lab Animal 31(1): 47-48.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
laboratories; noise abatement; acoustic properties; power washers; cages; 
panels; cost analysis; noise pollution; laboratory workers; laboratory hazards; 
occupational health; animal welfare, animal use refinement.

Clough, G; Wallace, J; Gamble, M.R.; Merryweather, 
  E.R.; Bailey, E.A. (1995). Positive, individually ventilated caging system: a local 
  barrier system to protect both animals and personnel.Laboratory Animals 
  29 (2): 139-51.

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
containment of biohazards, instrumentation; animal housing; ventilation; air 
pollutants, occupational; air pressure; laboratory animals, microbiology; 
communicable disease control; environmental monitoring; animal housing, 
legislation and jurisprudence; lighting; mice; sound.

Eggleston, P.A.; Ansari, A.A.; Adkinson, N.F.; 
  Wood, R.A. (1995).Environmental challenge studies 
  in laboratory animal allergy. Effect of different airborne allergen concentrations. 
  American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 151(3 Pt 1): 
  640-646.

Descriptors: air pollutants, 
occupational analysis; allergens analysis; laboratory animals, immunology; 
asthma immunology; immunoglobulin E immunology; laboratory personnel; 
occupational diseases immunology; adult; occupational air pollutants, adverse 
effects; allergens adverse effects; asthma diagnosis; asthma physiopathology; 
bronchial hyperreactivity immunology; bronchial provocation tests; dose-response 
relationship, immunologic; occupational diseases diagnosis; occupational 
diseases physiopathology; radioallergosorbent test; rats; rats, Sprague-Dawley 
immunology; skin tests.



Fox, J.G.; Donahue, P.R.; Essigmann, J.M. 
(1980). Efficacy of inactivation of 
representative chemical carcinogens utilizing commercial alkaline and acidic 
cage washing compounds. Journal of Environmental Pathology and 
Toxicology 4(1): 97-105.

NAL Call Number: RB152.J6

Descriptors: carcinogens analysis; 
detergents; animal housing; surface active agents; 
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene analysis; aflatoxin-B1; aflatoxins analysis; 
chemistry; chromatography; high-pressure-liquid.



Gordon, S; Fisher, S.W.; Raymond, R.H. (2001). 
  Elimination of mouse allergens in the working 
  environment: assessment of individually ventilated cage systems and ventilated 
  cabinets in the containment of mouse allergens. Journal of Allergy 
  and Clinical Immunology 108(2): 288-294.

Descriptors: allergens; asthma 
prevention and control; animal housing; occupational exposure, prevention and 
control; ventilation; alpha-globulins immunology; containment of biohazards 
methods; laboratory animal science instrumentation; mice.

Gordon, S.; Kiernan, L.A.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; 
  Cook, A.D.; Tee, R.D.; Taylor, A.J.N. (1997). Measurement of exposure to mouse urinary proteins in 
  an epidemiological study.Occupational and Environmental Medicine54(2): 135-140.

Descriptors: humans; laboratory workers; 
laboratory work; rodents; biochemical analysis; dust analysis; occupational 
exposure; air sampling; exposure levels; airborne particles; laboratory 
animals.

Gordon, S.; Tee, R.D.; Lowson, D.; Wallace, J.; 
  Newman Taylor, A.J. (1992). Reduction of airborne 
  allergenic urinary proteins from laboratory rats. British Journal 
  of Industrial Medicine 49(6): 416-422.

Descriptors: indoor air pollution, 
prevention and control; allergens, urine; laboratory animal science methods; air 
analysis; allergens analysis; asthma immunology; asthma prevention and control; 
hypersensitivity immunology; hypersensitivity prevention and control; laboratory 
animal science instrumentation; laboratory personnel; occupational diseases 
immunology; occupational diseases prevention and control; population density; 
rats; rats, inbred strains.

Gordon, S.; Wallace, J.; Cook, A.; Tee, R.D.; 
  Newman Taylor, A.J. (1997). Reduction of exposure 
  to laboratory animal allergens in the workplace. Clinical and Experimental 
  Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 
  27(7): 744-751.

Descriptors: air pollutants, 
occupational analysis; allergens analysis; animal technicians; laboratory 
animals; hypersensitivity prevention and control; occupational air pollutants, 
adverse effects; allergens, adverse effects; animal husbandry instrumentation; 
hypersensitivity etiology; mice; rats; safety; ventilation.

Hollander, A.; Gordon, S.; Renstrom, A.; Thyssen, 
  J.; Daces, G.; Larsson, P.H.; Malmberg, P.; Vendables, KM; Heederik, D. (1999). 
  Comparison of methods to assess airborne rat 
  and mouse allergen levels. I. Analysis of air samples.Allergy 
  54(2): 142-149.

Descriptors: environmental air 
pollutants analysis; allergens analysis; mice immunology; rats immunology; 
Allergens, urine; detergents pharmacology; immunoassay; rabbits.

Hollander, A.; Heederik, D.; Daces, G.; Kromhout, 
  H. (1998). Determinants of airborne rat and 
  mouse urinary allergen exposure.Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment 
  & Health24(3): 228-35.

Descriptors: indoor air pollution 
analysis; laboratory animals urine; environmental monitoring methods; laboratory 
personnel; occupational diseases immunology; occupational exposure analysis; 
allergens, adverse effects; analysis of variance; animal housing standards; 
mice; Netherlands; occupational diseases epidemiology; occupational diseases 
etiology; particle size; prevalence; rats; regression analysis; risk factors; 
ventilation.

Kerst, J.; et al (2003). An ergonomics process for the care and use of research 
animals.

ILAR Journal44(1): 3-12.

Descriptors: animal experimentation; 
human engineering; musculoskeletal diseases etiology; occupational health; 
safety; workplace; biomechanics; musculoskeletal diseases, prevention and 
control; organizational policy; posture; risk assessment.

Langley, R. (1999). Physical hazards of animal handlers. Occupational 
  Medicine 14(2): 181-194.

Descriptors: occupational accidents, 
statistics and numerical data; animal husbandry, statistics and numerical data; 
animal technicians, statistics and numerical data; bites and stings 
epidemiology; bites and stings etiology; occupational health; veterinarians, 
statistics and numerical data; wounds and injuries epidemiology; wounds and 
injuries etiology; bites and stings prevention and control; population 
surveillance; risk factors; United States epidemiology; wounds and injuries 
prevention and control.



Lieutier-Colas, F.; Meyer, P.; Larsson, P.; Malmberg, 
  P.; Frossard, N.; Pauli, G.; de Blay, F. (2001). Difference in exposure to airborne major rat allergen 
  (Rat n 1) and to endotoxin in rat quarters according to tasks. Clinical 
  and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical 
  Immunology 31(9): 1449-1456.

Descriptors: occupational air 
pollutants, adverse effects; air pollutants, occupation analysis; allergens 
adverse effects; allergens analysis; endotoxins adverse effects; endotoxins 
analysis; occupational exposure, adverse effects; occupational exposure 
analysis; rats immunology; respiratory hypersensitivity immunology; animal 
husbandry methods; animal technicians; France; animal housing; laboratory 
personnel; task performance and analysis; workplace.



Minakami, K.; Obara, T.; Yamauchi, C. (1986). 
  Filter efficiency of commercial face masks of 
  particles and airborne bacteria. Experimental Animals35(3): 293-298.

Descriptors: glasswool, surgery mask, 
three-sheet synthetic fiber mask, charcoal single-sheet synthetic fiber mask, 
gauze mask, gas mask.

Pelkonnen, K.H.O. (1993). Ergonomy in the laboratory animal unit.Lab 
Animal22(4): 37-41.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratories; 
ergonomics.

Olfert, E.D. (1993). Allergies to laboratory animals--aspects of monitoring 
and control.

Lab Animal22(2): 32-35.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: allergies; laboratory 
animals.

Peterson, T.; Farley, J. (2001). Unique design for fixed ventilated changing station.Lab Animal30(4): 43-46.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: mice; design; laboratory 
infections; disease control; barrier husbandry; allergens; occupational 
disorders; stress; safety at work; ergonomics.

Priddy, D.C.; Cunningham, J.J. (1995). Ergonomically designed hand tools for rodent water 
bottle maintenance.Lab Animal24(9): 45.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: laboratory equipment; 
bottles; maintenance; ergonomics.

Renstrom, A.; Bjoring, G.; Hoglund, A.U. 
(2001). Evaluation of individually ventilated 
cage systems for laboratory rodents: occupational health aspects.Laboratory Animals 35(1): 42-50.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L3

Descriptors: mice; laboratory mammals; 
cages; design; artificial ventilation; animal husbandry; allergens; occupational 
hazards; laboratory hazards; laboratory workers; safety at work; 
ergonomics.

Rosas, I.; Calderon, C.; Salinas, E.; Martinez, 
  L.; Alfaro-Moreno, E.; Milton, D.K.; Osornio-Vargas, A.R. (2001). Animal and worker exposure to dust and biological particles 
  in animal care houses. Aerobiologia(Netherlands) 17(1): 49-59.

Descriptors: environmental exposure; 
organic dust worker; air conditioning; room ventilation; fungus identification; 
bacterium identification; fungus culture; bacterium culture; fungus spore; 
gravimetry; parameter; lung lavage; cage; atmospheric dispersion; indoor air 
pollution; air quality; Basidiomycetes; Ascomycetes; bed; cell count; airborne 
particle; human; nonhuman; rat; controlled study; review.

Sharpnack, D.D.; Hull, R.D. (1996). Strategies for safe use of chemicals in animal research. 
  Working Safely with Research Animals, Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium 
  on Biosafety, Atlanta, Georgia, January 27-31, 1996, J. Y. Richmond, Editor; 
  p. 71-75.

Descriptors: laboratory animals; health 
survey; chemical manufacturing industry; chemical processing; inhalants; skin 
exposure; occupational exposure.

Thulin, Hans; Bjorkdahl, Marianne; Karlsson, 
  Anne-Sophie; Renstrom, Anne (2002). Reduction 
  of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in a research laboratory. 
  Annals of Occupational Hygiene 46(1): 61-68.

Descriptors: air pollutants, occupation 
analysis; allergens analysis; laboratory animals; hypersensitivity prevention 
and control; occupational exposure prevention and control; immunoglobulin E, 
blood; laboratory personnel; mice; questionnaires; ventilation.



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CLEANING and 
STERILIZATION

Andersen, H.E.A.; Fosse, K.; Fosse, R.T. 
(1998). Microbiological quality control of a 
cage washing machine by means of a thin film culture system (PetrifilmTM).Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 25 (2): 
74-80.

Descriptors: cages; hygiene; quality 
controls; washing; animal housing; laboratory animals; detergents.



Banerjee, A.K.; Angulo, A.F.; Kershof, A.M. (1985). 
  The use and microbiological monitoring of specialised 
  washing equipment for a central animal laboratory. Zeitschrift fur 
  Versuchstierkunde 27(5): 209-213.

Descriptors: animal diseases; disease 
prevention; disinfectants; animal housing; hygiene; cages; laboratory animals.

Bozik, R.; Nebiar, F.; Greenstein, G.; 
Drozdowicz, C.K. (1995). A comparative study of 
an automated diagnostic system with standard manual techniques for microbiologic 
water analysis in an animal facility environment. Contemporary Topics 
in Laboratory Animal Science34(1): 52-55.

NAL call no.: SF405.5.A23

Descriptors: water quality; bacterial 
count; microbial contamination; testing; automation; culture techniques; reverse 
osmosis.

Ednie, D.L.; Wilson, R.P.; Lang, C.M. (1998). 
Comparison of two sanitation monitoring methods 
in an animal research facility.Contemporary Topics in Laboratory 
Animal Science 37(6): 71-74.

NAL call no.: SF405.5.A23

Descriptors: laboratory animals; animal 
housing; monitoring; cleaning and sterilization; plate count; rapid methods; 
atp; detection; luminescence; correlation; cost analysis.

Faith, R.E.; McCarty, D.R. (1986). Effectiveness of cage washers operated without 
detergents. Laboratory Animal Science 36(5): 581.

Descriptors: abstract; laboratory 
animals; sanitation.

Farrell, T.M.; Ridgway, R.L.; Thakur, A.K.; 
Ridder, W.E. (1997). Determination of 
microbiological contamination during long-term storage of sanitized equipment.Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science36(2): 60-61.

NAL call no.: SF405.5.A23

Descriptors: laboratory equipment; 
microbial contamination; cleaning and sterilization; storage; duration; animal 
experiments.

Klein, H.; Frankenberg, L.; Conboy, T.; 
Frankenfield, D.; Trogstam, M. (1999). Development, design, and operation of a robotic rodent 
cage washing and waste handling system. Lab Animal 28(7): 34-37.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: cages; rodents; robots; 
washing; waste treatment.

Krause, J.; McDonnell, G.; Riedesel, H. (2001). 
  Biodecontamination of animal rooms and heat-sensitive 
  equipment with vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Contemporary Topics in 
  Laboratory Animal Science 40(6): 18-21.

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
animals, local anti-infective agents, pharmacology; decontamination methods; 
animal housing; hydrogen peroxide pharmacology; ventilation; Bacillus 
stearothermophilus isolation and purification; heat; laboratories; 
volatilization. M

Kuchowicz, E.; Rydzynski, K. (1998). Risk assessment of morpholine (tetrahydro-2H-1,4-oxazine): 
  A time for reevaluation of current occupational exposure standards?Applied 
  Occupational and Environmental Hygiene13(2): 113-121.

Descriptors: eye injury epidemiology; 
nose irritation epidemiology; risk assessment; occupational exposure; rubber 
industry; laundry; textile industry; occupational hazard; carcinogenicity; 
human; nonhuman.

Macheak, M,E,; Claus, K.D. (1970). Effects of certain anticorrosives in steam on 
clostridia.American Journal of Veterinary Research31(12): 
2301-2304.

Descriptors: amines pharmacology; 
bacteriological techniques; clostridium, drug effects; cyclohexanes 
pharmacology; heart; morpholines pharmacology; oxazines pharmacology; 
clostridium, growth and development; culture media.

Mayeux, P.; Dupepe, L.; Dunn, K.; Balsamo, J.; 
  Domer, J. (1995). Massive fungal contamination 
  in animal care facilities traced to bedding supply.Applied and Environmental 
  Microbiology61 (6): 2297-2301.

Descriptors: feeds; contamination; 
litter; air; animal housing; digestive tract; laboratory animals

Cryptococcus uniguttulatus.

Musachio, M.B.; Karamian, N.A. (1969). Volatile amines in hospital steam systems.Hospital 43 (15): 70-72.

Descriptors: amines; gases; maintenance 
and engineering, hospital; steam; sterilization.

Orlando, R.A.; Lao, Y.J. (1993). An assessment of exposure to cyclohexylamine arising 
  from steam humidification of indoor air.Journal of Environmental 
  Health56(5): 6-9.

Descriptors: boiler; indoor air 
pollution air sampling; article; environmental exposure; humidifier; United 
States; volatilization.

Pan, T.M.; Shimoda, K.; Maejima, K.; Kuhara, 
  T.; Tsukumi, K.; Urano, T. (1992). [Efficacy 
  of ozone fumigation for laboratory animal sanitation] Jikken Dobutsu. 
  (Experimental Animals) 41(2): 181-187.

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
fumigation; ozone pharmacology; sanitation; Bacillus, drug effects; dogs; animal 
housing; mice; rabbits; rats; spores, drug effects; sterilization methods.

Porter, J.D.; Lyons, R.M. (2002). Virucidal effects of rodent cage-cleaning practices 
  on the viability of adenovirus vectors. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory 
  Animal Science 41(5): 43-46.

Descriptors: Adenoviridae physiology; 
Adenoviridae infections, prevention and control; containment of biohazards 
methods; disinfection methods; animal housing; animal husbandry; genetic vectors 
physiology; Rodentia.

Sebesteny, A.; Milite, G.; Martelossi, P. 
(1992). Microbiologically monitored fumigation 
of a newly built SPF laboratory rodent facility.Laboratory Animals26(2): 132-139.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L3

Descriptors: rats; mice; laboratories; 
fumigation; gnotobiotic animals; sterilizing; methyl bromide; monitoring; 
specific pathogen free laboratories.

Smith, M.D. (4 Jan 2000). Britz-Heidbrink Inc. Mini-CRADA, Powder Coating of 
Animal Enclosures. Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, MO (US). Sponsor: 
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Report Number: KCP-613-6196; CRADA 
96-KCP-1040 9p. Journal Announcement: USGRDR0124

Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 
1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at 
(703)605-6900; and email at orders@ntis.gov 
NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA.

NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01

Country of Publication: United States

Contract Number: AC04-76DP00613

Descriptors: animal enclosures; 
coatings; animals; phosphoric acid; stainless steels; testing; powder 
coatings.

Wardrip, C.L.; Artwohl, J.E.; Oswald, J.; Bennett, 
  B.T. (2000). Verification of bacterial killing 
  effects of cage wash time and temperature combinations using standard penicylinder 
  methods.Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39(4): 
  9-12.

Descriptors: laboratory animals; 
anti-infective agents; bacteria; animal housing; infection control methods; 
temperature; time factors.

Zwarun, A.A.; Weisbroth, S.H. (1979). Development of an 82.2 degrees C (180 degrees F) temperature 
  indicator system for monitoring equipment washing and sanitizing programs. 
  Laboratory Animal Science 29(3): 395-397.

Descriptors: animal housing; sanitation 
standards; temperature; thermometers.

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CAGE CLEANING and ANIMAL HEALTH / 
BEHAVIOR EFFECTS

Carissimi, A.S.; Chaguri, L.C.A.A.; Teixeira, 
M.A.; Mori, C.M.C.; Macchione, M.; Sant' Anna, E.T.G.; Saldiva, P.H.N.; Souza, 
N.L.; Merusse, J.B.L. (2000). Effects of two 
ventilation systems and bedding change frequency on cage environmental factors 
in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Animal Technology : Journal of the Institute 
of Animal Technicians 51(3): 161-170.

NAL Call Number: QL55.I5

Descriptors: rats; laboratory animals; 
litter; cleaning; frequency; ventilation; ammonia; air flow; epithelium; nose; 
respiratory system; membrane potential; cilia; activity.

Davis, T.S.; Virgous, C.K. (2000). Healthy looking rabbit with a decreased 
appetite. Lab Animal 29(8): 19-21.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33

Descriptors: rabbits; laboratory 
animals; appetite; feed intake; feed dispensers; pelleted feeds; alfalfa meal; 
anorexia; animal husbandry; cage cleaning.

Duke, J.L.; Zammit, T.G.; Lawson, D.M. (2001). 
The effects of routine cage - changing on 
cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(1): 17-20.

NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23

Descriptors: rats; laboratory mammals; 
animal husbandry; cleaning; blood pressure; heart rate; telemetry; data 
collection; physical activity; animal behavior; duration; frequency; 
fearfulness; stress, arousal behavior.

Fox, J.G.; Helfrich-Smith, M.E. (1980).Chemical contamination of animal feeding systems: 
evaluation of two caging systems and standard cage-washing equipment. 
Laboratory Animal Science 30(6): 967-973.

NAL Call Number: 410.9 P94

Descriptors: sanitation; animal 
feed.

Gray, S. Hurst, J.L. (1995). The effects of cage cleaning on aggression within 
groups of male laboratory mice. Animal Behaviour 49(pt.3): 
821-826.

NAL call no.: 410 B77

Descriptors: mice; aggressive behavior; 
cages; cleaning; odors; male animals

Loo, P.L.P. van; Kruitwagen, C.L.J.J.; Zutphen, 
L.F.M. van; Koolhaas, J.M.; Baumans, V. (2000). Modulation of aggression in male mice: influence of 
cage cleaning regime and scent marks. Animal Welfare 9(3): 
281-295.

NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557

Descriptors: mice; male animals; 
laboratory animals; age differences; fighting; odors; litter; sawdust; nests; 
social dominance; body weight; testes; testosterone; adrenal cortex; 
territoriality; cages; cleaning; animal welfare; urine, group housing, nesting 
material.

Milligan, S.R.; Sales, G.D.; Khirnykh, K. (1993). 
  Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: 
  an uncontrolled daily variable.Physiology & Behavior53(6): 
  1067-76.

Descriptors: animal welfare; laboratory 
animals; arousal; noise; social environment; callithrix; cats; circadian rhythm; 
ferrets; loudness perception; mice; pitch perception; psychoacoustics; rabbits; 
rats; sound spectrography; species specificity; ultrasonics.

Pellowski, M.W.; Rosenwasser, A.M. (1996). Circadian 
  phase shifting associated with routine cage maintenance: A retrospective analysis. 
  Biological Rhythm Research 27(2): 130-137.

Descriptors: behavior; 
biosynchronization; physiology; sense organs (sensory reception);

Cricetidae; Rodentia; Syrian hamster; cage 
cleaning; lighting conditions; phase response curve.



Reeb-Whitaker, C.K. Paigen, B.; Beamer, W.G.; 
Bronson, R.T.; Churchill, G.A.; Schweitzer, I.B.; Myers, D.D. (2001). The impact of reduced frequency of cage changes on the 
health of mice housed in ventilated cages. Laboratory Animals 
35(1): 58-73.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L3

Descriptors: liveweight gain; bites; 
mice; laboratory mammals; cages; animal husbandry; air pollution; ammonia; 
carbon dioxide; animal health; artificial ventilation; reproductive performance; 
weaning weight; blood plasma; corticosterone; relative humidity; air 
temperature; litter size; mortality; nose; epithelium; histopathology; lesions; 
growth curve; leukocyte count;

Saibaba, P.; Sales, G.D.; Stodulski, G.; Hau, 
J. (1996).Behaviour of rats in their home 
cages: daytime variations an effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed by 
time sampling techniques. Laboratory Animals 30(1): 13-21.

NAL call no.: QL55.A1L3

Descriptors: rats; activity sampling; 
diurnal activity; animal husbandry

Sales, G.D.; Milligan, S.R.; Khirnykh, K. (1999). 
  Sources of sound in the laboratory animal environment: 
  A survey of the sounds produced by procedures and equipment.Animal 
  Welfare8 (2): 97-115. May, 1999

Descriptors: animal welfare; laboratory 
animal environment; laboratory noise; sound sources.

Sales, G.D.; Wilson, K.J.; Spencer, K.E.V.; 
Milligan, S.R. (1988).Environmental ultrasound 
in laboratories and animal houses: a possible cause for concern in the welfare 
and use of laboratory animals.Laboratory Animals(London) 22(4): 
369-375.

NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3

Descriptors: laboratory animals; animal 
experiments; animal welfare; animal housing; laboratories; ultrasound; 
environment.



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SELECTED WORLD WIDE 
WEBSITES

Biosafety in 
Biomedical and Microbiological Laboratories

http://bmbl.od.nih.gov/contents.htm

Cage Wash Caustic Odor Exhaust. A Case 
Study.

http://www.strobicair.com/pdf/CageWash.pdf

Cleaning Mickey’s Mess–How do you clean house for 
130,000 mice?Article on cage cleaning robots.

http://www.emory.edu/WHSC/HSNEWS/PUB/Momentum/Spring02/lastword.html

Detach Robotic Cage Wash System(Steris 
Corporation USA)--The system utilizes robots, one at each end of the cage 
washer. The robot with its interchangeable mechanical gripper is programmed to 
handle different cage types, baskets containing bottles or cage lids, and the 
pallets on which the cages are transported.

http://www.steris.com/

IWT Cage and Rack Washers, Cabinet Washers, Bottle 
Washers and Fillers, Kronos, Tunnel Washers [IWT is part of the 
Techniplast Group]

http://www.iwtsrl.it/prodotti_ing.htm

Lab Animal Buyers' 
Guide–Husbandry

http://guide.labanimal.com/guide/product2.jsp?a=4

NIH Policies Related to Occupational Safety and Health 
in the Care and Use Laboratory Animals

http://oacu.od.nih.gov/safety/program_sum.htm

Pharmacal Research Laboratories Alkaline Detergents, Urine Scale Removers, 
Disinfectants, Neutralizers-Floor Cleaners -Foam Boosters -Deodorants, 
Antimicrobial Skin Care, Monitoring Products, Material Safety Data Sheets, 
Automatic Chemical Dispensing Systems for Rack, Tunnel and Bottle Washing 
Machines, Drum Handling Equipment, Spill Containment Pallets

http://www.pharmacal.com/chemicaldiv.htm

Roe Bio-Medical Products Vacuum Disposal System, 
Automatic Dump Station, Bulk Vacuum Transfer System, Automatic Bedding 
Dispenser

http://www.roebiomed.com/



Steris Cage and Rack Washing Cleaners, Cage and Rack 
Washing-Bedding Equipment, Chemical Indicators, Biological 
Indicators

http://www.steris.com/

Tecniplast Washing Division Introduces Kronos Bottle 
Automation Technologies

http://www.tecniplastusa.com/kronos/bottlewash.html

Techniplast Waste Disposal and Cage Changing 
Units

http://www.tecniplast.it/laminar.php

SANITATION 
SOPS

University of California at Irvine--Changing Animals 
in a Hood

http://www.rgs.uci.edu/researchprotections/iacuc/changinginahood.htm

University of California at San Francisco–Occupational 
Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research 
Animals

http://www.iacuc.ucsf.edu/Safe/OHSpdf.pdf

University of Nebraska at Lincoln–Animal Maintenance 
and Management

http://www.unl.edu/research/ReComp/IACUC/mntmgmt.htm

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USDA logoARS logoNAL logo*The Animal Welfare Information 
Center, awic@nal.usda.govhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/cagewash.htmUpdated 
July 10, 2004*