| **United StatesDepartment of Agriculture****AgriculturalResearch Service****NationalAgricultural Library*****Animal Welfare InformationCenter*** | Information Resources on the Care and Use of InvertebratesAWIC Resource Series No. 8May 2000**Slightly Revised October 2000****Edited by: Michael D. Kreger, M.S.
**Published by:  United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705-2351

E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov**Contents- How to Use this Guide General Resources
Annelids
Crustaceans
EchinodermsSea Urchins
 - 
Care
 |   
Research
 | 
ResourcesInsects
Natural History |     Care |    Research | ResourcesMollusks
Bivalves
Cephalopods -  Natural History |    Care |   Research |  Resources
Gastropods - ResourcesPorifera
Anthozoa
How to Use this Guide
Invertebrates are playing an increasingly important role in biomedical  research.  Because many of their biological processes are temperature  dependant, they have allowed us to view biochemical pathways and intermediate  steps in ways that would be impossible with birds or mammals.  Some have  cells or organs similar to those found in man but greatly enlarged.  The  giant axon in the squid and the muscle cells in barnacles are the largest in  the animal kingdom.  Earth worms have been used to study pesticide and  heavy metal toxicity, horseshoe crabs are used in vision and color perception  studies, and sea urchins are used to study heredity, cell division, and  embryology.
From scallop to sand dollar, invertebrates have served as models of human  and animal disease.  Sea squirts have been used to study kidney stones and  squid used in multiple sclerosis research.  Hermit crabs have been used as  models for Parkinson's disease.
Invertebrates are relatively easy to maintain, less expensive, and less  labor intensive than more traditional laboratory animals.  From a societal  standpoint, invertebrates may be more acceptable as laboratory animals than  vertebrates.  Many researchers, either by law or policy, are required to  consider ways to reduce the number of animals proposed for an experiment,  refine their techniques to minimize pain and distress to the animals, and  replace the animal model with a non-animal model or a taxonomically lower  species.  Use of the invertebrate is considered a replacement alternative  to the use of vertebrates.  Since research has not yet shown invertebrate  cognition of what would be considered pain in mammals and birds, their use  is also a refinement alternative.
This guide, *Information Resources on the Care and Use of  Invertebrates*, provides a snap shot of how invertebrates are being used  in research and, just as important, how they are cultured, reared, and housed  in the laboratory.  The bibliographic citations cover the publication years  January 1990 to February 2000 unless there is a key reference before  that period.  The bibliographic citations resulted from searching several  databases and the Smithsonian Institution Cephalopod Bibliography.   The call number is included for materials in the National  Agricultural Library's (NAL) collection.  NAL's document delivery policies  can be found on the Document Delivery Services Branch webpage at  http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.
The websites and organizations at the end of some sections were current  as of October 2000.  They were found by running general searches on the  World Wide Web.  As sites can become outdated or relocated and new sites  emerge, a general search on one of the commercial search engines should  help locate address changes or new sites if the addresses included in this  document no longer function.
**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaGeneral Resources

Barnes, R.S.K., P. Calow, and P.J.W. Olive (1993).  *The Invertebrates: A New Synthesis*.  Blackwell Scientific: Boston, 488p. NAL call number:  QL362 B26 1993

Brusca, R.C. and G.J. Brusca (1990).  *Invertebrates.*  Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, 922p. NAL call number:  QL362 B924

Corkum, L.D., E.C. Hanes (1989).  **A laboratory aeration system for rearing aquatic invertebrates**.  *Entomological News* 100(4):169-172.   NAL call number:  421 En88 Descriptors: aeration, rearing, ephemeroptera, laboratory.

Fiorito, G. (1986).  **Is there Apain@ in invertebrates?***Behavioural Processes* 12:383-388. NAL call number:  QL750 B4 Descriptors: pain, perception, invertebrates.

Kaul, P.N. and P. Daftari (1986).  **Marine pharmacology: bioactive molecules from the sea**. *Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology* 26:117-142. NAL call number:  396.8 An72

Leake, L.D. and R.J. Walker (1980).  *Invertebrate Neuropharmacology*.  Wiley: New York, 358p. NAL call number:  QL364 L4

Mather, J.A. (1989).  **Ethical treatment of invertebrates: How do we define an animal?**  In: *Animal Care and Use in Behavioral Research: Regulations, Issues, and Applications* J.W. Driscoll, ed., National Agricultural Library: Beltsville,  MD, pp. 52-58. NAL call number:  aHV4762 A3A64 Descriptors: invertebrates, consciousness, pain, nociception, ethical consideration.

National Research Council (1981).  *Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates*.  National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 382p. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors: aquarium, transport, anesthesia, collection, rearing, bioassays and tissue culture, suppliers.

**NETVET: Invertebrates**http://netvet.wustl.edu/invert.htm A list of websites about bees, arthropods, Drosophila, worms, pest management, crustaceans and sea life, general entomology, and commercial organizations such as animal and equipment suppliers.
**Plant & Insect Parasitic Nematodes Home Page http://ianrwww.unl.edu/IANR/PLNTPATH/NEMATODE/WORMIANR.HTM
 Nematology 406 Plant Science Department of Plant Pathology University of Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68583-0722 E-mail:  aszalans@unlinfo.unl.edu
Contains fact sheet on nematodes, nematode diagnostics, nematodes for biological control of insects, images, bibliography, software, nematology lab at UN-L, extension information, national needs and priorities in nematology, nematodes of the Northern  Great  Plains, nematodes of quarantinable concern, the soybean cyst nematode, molecular identification of nematodes manual, nematology regional projects, an employment bulletin board, nematology mailing list NEMA-L, and information about the Society  of Nematologists.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaAnnelids

Reish, D.J. (1981).  **Culture methods for rearing polychaetous annelids through sexual maturity**.  *Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy Press:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Washington, DC, pp. 180-198. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  segmented worms, aquaria, life history, handling, Ctenodrilus, Capitella, Neanthes.
**Worm Literature Index**http://elegans.swmed.edu/wli/

Searches a database of bibliographic citations with abstracts related to worms.  Includes recent papers section, the database, and online copies of *The Worm Breeder=s Gazette*.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaCrustaceans

Bookhout, C.G. and J.D. Costlow, Jr. (1981).  **Methods for rearing crabs in the laboratory**.  *Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy Press:  Washington, DC, pp. 250-267. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  Brachyura, life history, breeding, rearing, culture, juveniles.

Brown, G.G. and D.L. Clapper (1981).  **Procedures for maintaining adults, collecting gametes, and culturing embryos and juveniles of the horseshoe crab, *Limulus polyphemus L*.**  Laboratory*Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates*  Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp. 268-290. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  sources, maintenance, breeding, rearing, culture, identification.

Fry-O'Brien, L.L. and M.S. Mulla (1996).**Optimal conditions for rearing the tadpole shrimp, *Triops longicaudatus* (Notostraca: Triopsidae), a biological control agent against mosquitoes.***Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association* 12(3, pt.1):446-453.   NAL call number:  QL536.J686  Descriptors:  branchiopoda, rearing, laboratory, life cycle, rearing, shrimp.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaEchinodermsSea UrchinsCare |   Research | ResourcesSea Urchin Care
Basuyaux, O. and J.L. Blin (1998).  **Use of maize as a food source for sea urchins in a recirculating rearing system**.  *Aquaculture International* 6(3):233-247.  NAL call number:  SH1.A627  Descriptors: aquaculture, corn, growth, rearing, feed conversion.

Bozhkova, V.P., L.V. Sharova, V.B. Petryaevskaya, D.A. Kozlov, Y.R. Khrust, and Z.K.M. Khashaev (1988).  **Influence of local anesthetics and forbol ester on intracellular pH and rate of sea urchin development**.  Ontogenez 19(1):73-81. NAL call number:  QH491 S66 Descriptors:  Scaphechinus mirabilis, EEG, anesthesia, ions, egg intracellular pH.

Eckert, G.L. (1998).  **Larval development, growth and morphology of the sea urchin *Diadema Antillarum*.  *Bulletin of Marine Science* 63(2):443-451. NAL call number:  QH91 A1R45 Descriptors:  morphology, echinoderms, culture.
Fernandez, C. (1997).  **Effect of diet on the biochemical composition of*Paracentrotus lividus* (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) under natural and rearing conditions (effect of diet on biochemical composition of urchins)**. *Comparative  Biochemistry and Physiology A: Physiology* 118(4):1377-1384. NAL call number:  QP1 C6 Descriptors:  fish meal, open sea rearing, inland rearing, food quantity, food quality, aquaculture.

Gonzalez, L.P., J.C. Castilla, and C. Guisado (1988).  **Effect of larval diet and rearing temperature on metamorphosis and juvenile survival of the edible sea urchin *Loxechinus albus* (Molina, 1782) (Echinoidea, Echinidae)**.  *Journal of  Shellfish Research* 6(2):109-115. NAL call number:  SH365 A1J6 Descriptors:  temperature, rearing, diet, Loxechinus albus.

Hinegardner, R.T. and M.M.R. Tuzzi (1981).  **Laboratory culture of the sea urchin *Lytecinus*pictus**.  Laboratory*Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National  Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp. 291-302. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  life cycle, stimulating reproduction, culture, growth, care, feeding. 

Hinkley, R.E., B.D. Wright, and C.A. Greenberg (1986).**Induction of the acrosome reaction in sea urchin spermatozoa by the volatile anesthetic halothane**.  *Biology of Reproduction* 34(1):119-125. NAL call number:  QL876 B5 Descriptors:  Lytechinus variegatus, anesthesia, calcium balance, acrosome.

Ito, S., M. Shibayama, A. Kobayakawa, and Y. Tani (1989).  **Promotion of maturation and spawning of sea urchin *Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus* by regulating water temperature**.  *Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries*  55(5):757-763.  NAL call number:  414.9 J274 Descriptors:  Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, rearing, spawning.

Kanatani, K.T. (1991).**Some comparative electrophysiological effects of the volatile anesthetics halothane, ethrane, and isoflurane on the excitable properties of the sea urchin egg (*Lytechinus variegatus*).***Thesis (M.S.)--Louisiana  State University, Baton Rouge*. Descriptors:  sea urchins, eggs, anesthesia.

Kojima, M.K. (1985).  **Acceleration of the cleavage in sea urchin eggs by treatments with local anesthetics. (1) Treatments with some other local anesthetics than Procaine**.  *Development Growth & Differentiation* 27(5):547-552. NAL call number:   QL951 E4  Descriptors:  Anthocidaris crassispina, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus, embryology, organic chemicals.

Lesser, M.P. and C.W. Walker, eds. (1998).  **Proceedings of a special session on sea urchin aquaculture: molecules to markets, held in conjunction with Aquaculture '98, the Trienniel Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, National Shellfisheries  Association and the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, at Las Vegas, Nevada, February 16-19, 1998.***Journal of Shellfish Research* 17(5):1501-1604.  NAL call number:  SH365 A1J6 Descriptors:  aquaculture, echinoderms, natural history, rearing.

Liao, C. and T. Qio (1987):  **The preliminary study on the artificial rearing of the larvae and juveniles of the purple sea urchin**.*Journal of Fisheries of China*11(4):277-283. NAL call number:  QH90 A1S53 Descriptors:  Strongylocentrotus nudus, rearing, feeding, larvae, development.

Marin, M.G., M. Bressan, and R. Brunetti (1987).  **Early development of sea urchin eggs (*Paracentrotus lividus* Lmk.) in artificial media**.  *Acta Embryologiae et Morphologiae Experimentalis*8(1):31-37. Descriptors:  echinoderm, rearing, ova.

Shaw, W.N. (1987).  **Sea urchin culture**.  *Aquaculture Magazine* 13(3):60-61. NAL call number:  SH1 C65 Descriptors:  rearing, culture, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
Sea Urchin Research
Ettouati, W.S. and R.S. Jacobs (1987).   **Effect of pseudopterosin A on cell division, cell cycle progression, DNA, and protein synthesis in cultured sea urchin embryos**.  *Molecular Pharmacology* 31(5):500-505. NAL call number:  QP901 M6 Descriptors:  Lytechinus pictus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, pseudopterosin A

Heinecke, J.W. and D.E. Battaglia (1989).  **Sea urchin fertilization: a versatile model for studying signal transduction, defenses against oxidant-medicated damage, and extracellular matrix assembly**.  In: *Nonmammalian Animal Models for  Biomedical Research* A.D.  Woodhead, ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL,  pp. 107-119. NAL call number:  QL55.N66 Descriptors:  animal model, fertilization, extracellular matrix.

Kojima, M.K. (1988).   **Marked elongation of the anaphase spindle by treatments with local anesthetics in sea urchin Eggs**.*Zoological Science* (Tokyo) 5(3):645-651. NAL call number:  QL1 Z68     Descriptors:  Anthocidaris crassispina, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus; Temnopleurus toreumaticus, spindle, anaphase.

Larrain, A., A. Riveros, J. Silva, and E. Bay-Schmith (1999).  **Toxicity of metals and pesticides using the sperm cell bioassay with the sea urchin *Arbacia spatuligera*.  *Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology*  62(6):749-757.  NAL call number:  RA1270.P35A1  Descriptors:  bioassay, gametes, toxicology, metals.
Matsuda, R., T. Kitajima, H. Ohinata, Y. Katoh, and T. Higashinakagawa (1988).  **Micromere differentiation in the sea urchin embryo: two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of newly synthesized proteins**.  *Development, Growth, and  Differentiation* 30(1):25-33. NAL call number:  QL951 E4 Descriptors:  Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, culture, embryology, micromere descendant cells.

McClay, D.R., J.R. Miller, C.Y. Logan, P.L. Hertzler, E.S. Bachman, J.C. Matese, D.R. Sherwood, and N.A. Armstrong (1995).  **Cell adhesion and cell signaling at gastrulation in the sea urchin**.  *Theriogenology* 44(8):1145-1165.  NAL call number:  QP251.A1T5  Descriptors:  embryogenisis, adhseion, cleavage. Abstract:  The sea urchin embryo follows a relatively simple cell behavioral sequence in its gastrulation movements. The embryo reaches the gastrula stage as a spherical monolayer of cells. To form the mesoderm, primary mesenchyme cells ingress by  delaminating from the vegetal plate, crossing the basal lamina and moving into the central blastocoelar cavity. These cells then migrate along the basal lamina lining the blastocoel and eventually manufacture the skeleton. The presumptive  secondary mesenchyme and endoderm invaginate as a tubular sheet of cells from the vegetal pole of the embryo. The archenteron extends across the blastocoel until its tip touches and attaches to the opposite side of the blastocoel. Secondary mesenchyme  cells,  originally at the tip of the archenteron, differentiate to form a variety of structures including coelomic pouches, esophageal muscles, pigment cells, and other cell types. The endoderm fuses with an invagination of the ventral ectoderm (the stomodaem),  to form the mouth and complete the process of gastrulation. 

Mitsunaga, K., A. Fujiwara, Y. Fujino, and I. Yasumasu (1989).  **Changes in the activities of H+,K+-ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase in cultured cells derived from micromeres of sea urchin embryos with special reference to their roles in spicule rod  formation**.  *Development, Growth, and Differentiation*  31(2):171-178. NAL call number:  QL951 E4 Descriptors:  ATPase, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, embryology.

Pesando, D., R. Lemee, C. Ferrua, P. Amade, and J.P. Girard (1996).**Effects of caulerpenyne, the major toxin from *Caulerpa taxifolia* on mechanisms related to sea urchin egg cleavage**. *Aquatic Toxicology* 35(3/4):139-155.  NAL call number:  QH541.5.W3A6  Descriptors:  cytotoxins, mitosis, ion transport, protein synthesis, membrane permeability.

Spinelli, G. and I. Albanese (1990).  **Echinodermata: molecular and cellular biology of the sea urchin embryo**.  In: *Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates* K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi, eds.  John Wiley & Sons: New York, pp.  283-390. NAL call number:  QL364.15 R45 1983 Descriptors:  biochemistry, metabolism, embryogenesis, echinoderms.

Unuma, T, K. Konishi, H. Furuita, T. Yamamoto, and T. Akiyama (1996).   **Seasonal changes in gonads of cultured and wild red sea urchin, *Pseudocentrotus depressus*.  *Suisan Zoshoku* 44(2):169-175. Descriptors:  Pseudocentrotus depressus, gametogenesis, seasonality, wild and cultured populations.Sea Urchin Resources**Laboratory of Embryonic Gene Expression: Molecular and Cell Biology of the Sea Urchin Embryohttp://www.its.caltech.edu/~mirsky/
The Eric Davidson Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. The members of this research group study various aspects of the cell and developmental biology of the purple sea urchin, *Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.*  The major focus  of this work is the molecular mechanisms by which spatially restricted gene expression patterns are established and maintained during development.  The site lists staff, publications, and  research overview.
**Sea Urchin Embryology http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/contents.html

A web-based course on embryology including labs, lessons and lesson preparation material, audiovisuals, fact sheets, and extended research applications.  The text is in English, Spanish, and French.  The site is the result of a collaborative  project involving Hopkins Marine Station, universities,  and a high school.
**UrchiNet http://www.csa.ru/Inst/gorb_dep/inbios/genet/Urchin/u0urnt.htm

This site features a sea urchin species index, genetic network maps, and 3-D models of embryology from  2 to 60 cells.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaInsectsNatural History |     Care |    Research | ResourcesInsect Natural History***Australian Journal of Entomology.  Australian Entomological Society: Canberra, A.C.T. NAL call number:  QL487.A87 

Burgess, N.R.H. and G.O. (1992).  ***A Colour Atlas of Medical Entomology*.  Chapman & Hall Medical Atlas Series: London, NY, 144p. NAL call number:  RA639.5.B78 
Elzinga, R.J. (1997).  ***Fundamentals of Entomology*. 4th ed.  Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 475p. NAL call number:  QL463.E48
Gillott, C. (1995).  ***Entomology*. 2nd ed.  Plenum Press: NY, 798p. NAL call number:  QL463.G54 
Gullan, P.J. and P.S. Cranston (1994).  ***The Insects: An Outline of Entomology*. 1st ed.  Chapman & Hall: London, NY, 491p.***Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology.  South Carolina Entomological Society: Clemson, SC. ISBN 0735-939X NAL call number:  SB599.J69
***Journal of Applied Entomology (*Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie*).  P. Parev: Berlin, Germany.  ISBN 0044-2240 NAL call number:  421Z36 
***Journal of Insect Science: A Biannual Journal Devoted to Basic and Applied Aspects of Entomology.  Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect Science: Ludhiana, India.   NAL call number:  QL461.J68

Kettle, D.S. (1995).  ***Medical and Veterinary Entomology*. 2nd ed.  CAB International: Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 725p.  NAL call number:  QL463.K4  
Pedigo, L.P. (1999).  ***Entomology and Pest Management*. 3rd ed.  Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 691p. NAL call number:  SB931.P39
Service, M.W. (1996).***Medical Entomology for Students*. 1st ed.  Chapman & Hall: London, NY,  278p.   NAL call number:  RA639.5.S476 
Wall, R. and D. Shearer (1997).  ***Veterinary Entomology: Arthropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance*. 1st ed.  Chapman & Hall: London, NY, 439p. NAL call number:  SF810.A3W36 Insect Care
Azambuja, P. de and E.S. Garcia (1997).  **Care and maintenance of triatomine colonies**.  In:  *The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual* J.M. Crampton, C.B. Beard, and C. Louis, eds., Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: London,  pp. 56-64. NAL call number:  QL493.5 M66 1997 Descriptors:  rearing, laboratory, husbandry.

Benedict, M.Q. (1997).  **Care and maintenance of anopheline mosquito colonies**.    In:  *The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual* J.M. Crampton, C.B. Beard, and C. Louis, eds., Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: London, pp.  3-12. NAL call number:  QL493.5 M66 1997 Descriptors:  rearing, laboratory, husbandry.

Brown, L.N. and J.E. McPherson (1994).**Life history and laboratory rearing of *Gelastocoris oculatus oculatus* (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Gelastocoridae) with descriptions of immature stages**.  *Entomological Society of Washington*   96(3):516-526.   NAL call number:  420 W27 Descriptors:  rearing, development, life cycle.

Brewer, F.D. and O. Linding (1984). **Ingredients for insect diets: quality assurance, sources, and storage and handling**.   In *Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing* E.G. King and N.C. Leppla, eds.  U.S. Deptartment of Agriculture,  Agricultural Research Service: New Orleans, LA, pp. 45-50. NAL call number:  aSF518.A3 1984 Descriptors:  diets, nutrition, insect, quality control.

Brownbridge, M. and B.J. Selman (1989).  **Improvements in rearing laboratory cultures of leatherjackets (*Tipula spp*.) (Dipt., Tipulidae)**.  *Entomologist's Monthly Magazine* 125: 123-127. NAL call number:  421 En86   Descriptors:  pests, rearing, tipula.

Buatois, A. (1995).  **Insect and temperature. Poikilothermy and domestication of *Bombyx mori* [voltinism, deleterious effects of temperature, thermogenesis, anesthaesia, genetic regulation of diapause, biology of cold related to diapause].**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Annee Biologique 34(4): 193-229.  NAL call number:  442.8 AN7  Descriptors:  anesthesia, temperature, poikilothermy, genetics, silkworms.

Caciagli, P. (1991).  **Effect of anaesthesia with carbon dioxide on vectoring ability and survival of the planthopper *Laodelphax striatellus.**Annals of Applied Biology* 119(2):257-264. NAL call number:  442.8 An72  Descriptors:  anesthesia, plant rhabdoviruses, CO2, virus transmission.
Chilcutt, C.F. and D.P. Cowan (1993).**Methods for artificial rearing of solitary eumenid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)**.  *The Great Lakes Entomologist* 26(1):15-19.   NAL call number:  QL461.M5 Descriptors:  rearing, wasps, laboratory.

Clare, G.K. and S. Pritam (1990).  **Use of day-degree estimates for rearing management of *Ctenopseustis obliquana* (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the laboratory**.  *New Zealand Journal of Zoology* 17(4):567-575. NAL call number:  QL1 A1N4 Descriptors:  rearing, heat, reproduction.

Clare, G.K. and S. Pritam (1988).  **A laboratory rearing method for *Epalxiphora axenana* on artificial diet and host plant.***New Zealand Entomologist* 11:42-46.  NAL call number:  421 N48 Descriptors:  insects, rearing, diet, laboratory.

Covarrubias, M., T.B. Vyas, L. Escobar, and A. Wei (1995).  **Alcohols inhibit a cloned potassium channel at a discrete saturable site: insights into the molecular basis of general anesthesia.***The Journal of Biological Chemistry*  270(33):19408-19416.   NAL call number:  381 J824 Descriptors:  Drosophila melanogaster, ethanol, reproduction, animal model.

Courtney, G.W. (1998).  **A method for rearing pupae of net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) and other torrenticolous flies.***Entomological Society of Washington* 100(4):742-745. NAL call number:  420 W27 Descriptors:  pupae, rearing, laboratory.

Dawson, C. (1995).  **The effect of carbon dioxide induced anaesthesia on fecundity of *Callosobruchus maculatus* (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)**.  *Journal of Stored Products Research*  31(1):49-54.  NAL call number:  421 J829 Descriptors:  anesthesia, fertility, pest control, CO2.

Delaplane, K.S. (1996).  **Bumble beekeeping: handling mature colonies, mating queens**. *American Bee Journal* 136(2):105-106. NAL call number:  424.8 Am3 Descriptors:  apiculture, husbandry, rearing, colonies.

Fay, H.A.C. (1988).  **A starter diet for mass-rearing larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, *Ceratitis capitata* (Wied.)**.  *Journal of Applied Entomology* 105(5):496-501. NAL call number:  421 Z36  Descriptors:  nutrition, fruit fly, rearing.

Franks, N.P., A. Jenkins, E. Conti, W.R. Lieb, and P. Brick (1998).  **Structural basis for the inhibition of firefly luciferase by a general anesthetic**.  *Biophysical Journal* 75(5):2205-2211.   NAL call number:  442.8 B5238  Descriptors:  pyralidae, anesthesia, neurotropic drugs, lepidoptera.

Goodenough, J.L. (1984).  **Materials handling in insect rearing**.  In: *Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing* E.G. King and N.C. Leppla, eds., Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: New Orleans, pp.  77-86. NAL call number:  aSF518 A3 1984  Descriptors:  handling, ova, larvae, pupae, packaging, laboratory research.

Gooding, R.H., U. Feldmann, and A.S. Robinson (1997).**Care and maintenance of tsetse colonies**.  In:  *The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual* J.M. Crampton, C.B. Beard, and C. Louis, eds., Chapman and Hall, Ltd.:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 London, pp. 41-55. NAL call number:  QL493.5 M66 1997 Descriptors:  rearing, laboratory, husbandry.

Harrell, E.A. and C.W. Gantt (1984).  **Automation in insect rearing**.  In: *Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing* E.G. King and N.C. Leppla, eds., Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: New Orleans,  pp. 74-76. NAL call number:  aSF518 A3 1984  Descriptors:  rearing, automation, plant pests, laboratory.

Harris, E.J. and R.Y. Okamoto (1991).  **A method for rearing *Biosteres arisanus* (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the laboratory**.  *Journal of Economic Entomology* 84(2):417-422.   NAL call number:  421 J822 Descriptors:  biological control, rearing, predators, pests.

Herms, C.P., D.G. McCullough, D.L. Miller, L.S. Bauer, and R.A. Haack (1996).  **Laboratory rearing of *Lycaeides melissa samuelis* (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), an endangered butterfly in Michigan.***The Great Lakes Entomologist*  29(2):63-75. NAL call number:  QL461.M5 Descriptors:  rearing, butterfly, laboratory.

Hughes, P.R., C.D. Radke, and J.A. Renwick (1993).  **A simple, low-input method for continuous laboratory rearing of the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) for research**.  *American Entomologist* 39(2):109-111.   NAL call number:  QL461.A52 Descriptors:  Danaus plexippus, rearing, method.

Jimenez, C.G. and M.J. Soberon (1988/89).  **Laboratory Rearing of *Sandia xami xami* (Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)**.  *The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera*  27(3/4) p. 268-271.   NAL call number:  421 J827 Descriptors:  life cycle, development, breeding, rearing.

Greene, G.L. (1996).  **Rearing techniques for *Creophilus maxillosus* (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a predator of fly larvae in cattle feedlots**.  *Journal of Economic Entomology* 89(4):848-851. NAL call number:  421 J822  Descriptors:  pests, rearing, laboratory, feeding, reproduction.

Keffer, S.L., S.J. Taylor, J.E. McPherson (1994).  **Laboratory rearing and descriptions of immature stages of *Curicta scorpio* (Heteroptera: Nepidae)**. *Annals of the Entomological Society of America* 87(1):17-26. NAL: 420 En82 Descriptors:  rearing, insects, husbandry, nymphs.

Kiara, H.K., S. Essuman, E.O. Osir, B.A. Okwakpam (1994).  **Rearing Amblyomma variegatum ticks in the laboratory: a simple technique to enhance attachment**.  *Medical and Veterinary Entomology* 8(4):395-397. NAL call number:  RA639 M44 Descriptors: rabbits, rearing, husbandry, laboratory.

Kim, J.B., D.J. Cho, W.K. Shin, and Y.S. Lee (1988).  **New types of insect catcher for small insect collection and handling in laboratory and field.***The Research Reports of the Rural Development Administration Crop Protection* (Korea R.)  30(2):31-34.  NAL call number:  SB187.K8A3 Descriptors:  insects, collecting equipment, suction catcher, parasites.

King, E.G. and N.C. Leppla (1984).   *Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing* E.G. King and N.C. Leppla, eds., Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: New Orleans, 306p. NAL call number:  aSF518 A3 1984  Descriptors:  handling, rearing, breeding, ova, larvae, pupae, packaging, laboratory research.

Koehler, P.G, C.A. Strong, R.S. Patterson (1994).  **Rearing improvements for the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)**.  *Journal of Medical Entomology* 31(5):704-710. NAL call number:  421 J828 Descriptors:  rearing, husbandry, cockroaches, nymphs.

Kramer, L.D., S.B. Presser, E.J. Houk, and J.L. Hardy (1990).**Effect of the anesthetizing agent triethylamine on western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viral titers in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)**.*Journal of Medical                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Entomology* 27(6):1008-1110.   NAL call number:  421 J828 Descriptors:  Aedes dorsalis, Culex tarsalis, anesthesia, viruses, flavivirus, amines, alphavirus.

Kukuk, P.F., D.L. Kilgore, Jr., and P.B. Frappell (1997).  **Larval ejection behavior in *Bombus occidentalis* in response to CO2- or N2- induced narcosis.**  Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 70(4):359-361. NAL call number:  420 K13  Descriptors:  anesthesia, anoxia, bee broods, larvae.

Lin, M.Q. and H.A. Nash (1996).  **Influence of general anesthetics on a specific neural pathway in *Drosophila melanogaster*.***Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 93(19):10446-10451. NAL call number:  500 N21P Descriptors:  neurophysiology, anesthesia, organochlorine compounds.

Loya, L.J. and J.E. McPherson (1997).  **Life history and laboratory rearing of *Oedancala dorsalis* (Say) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), with descriptions of immature stages**.   *Entomological Society of Washington*  99(1):89-100.   NAL call number:  420 W27  Descriptors:  rearing, development, laboratory.

McLeod, P.J. and M.J. Weiss (1992).  **Collection, handling and bioassay procedures for a flea beetle, *Phyllotreta cruciferae* (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae)**.  *Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society* 65(3):352-353. NAL call number:  420 K13 Descriptors:  bioassays, insects, laboratory research. 

Mir, B., S. Iyer, M. Ramaswami and K.S. Krishnan (1997).  **A genetic and mosaic analysis of a locus involved in the anesthesia response of *Drosophila melanogaster*. *Genetics* 147(2):701-712.   NAL call number:  442.8 G28 Descriptors:  anesthesia, genetics, mutation, chloroform. 
Moss, G.W.J., W.R. Lieb, and N.P. Franks (1991).  **Anesthetic inhibition of firefly luciferase, a protein model for general anesthesia, does not exhibit pressure reversal**.  *Biophysical Journal* 60(6):1309-1314.   NAL call number:  442.8 B5238 Descriptors:  coleoptera, anesthesia, oxidoreductase, animal model. 

Munstermann, L.E. (1997).  **Care and maintenance of Aedes mosquito colonies**.  In:  *The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual* J.M. Crampton, C.B. Beard, and C. Louis, eds., Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: London, pp.  13-20. NAL call number:  QL493.5 M66 1997 Descriptors:  rearing, laboratory, husbandry.

Nash, H.A., D.B. Campbell, and K.S. Krishnan (1991).  **New mutants of *Drosophila*that are resistant to the anesthetic effects of halothane**.  *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* 625:540-547.   NAL call number:  500 N484 Descriptors:  drosophila, mutation, anesthesia, halothane.

Necibi, S. and M.J. Linit (1997).  **A new artificial diet for rearing *Monochamus carolinensis* (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)**.  *Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society* 70(2):145-146.   NAL call number:  420 K13  Descriptors:  rearing, diet, laboratory.

Perrotti, E. and M. Maroli (1993).**Carbon dioxide anesthesia in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): CO2 effect upon two laboratory colonies**.  *Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association* 9(1):94-96. NAL call number:  QL536.J686  Descriptors:  Phlebotomus papatasi, CO2, anesthesia, reproduction, rearing.

Petitt, F.L. and D.O. Wietlisbach (1994).  **Laboratory rearing and life history of *Liriomyza sativae* (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on lima bean**.  *Environmental Entomology* 23(6):1416-1421.   NAL call number:  QL461.E532 Descriptors:  rearing, oviposition, husbandry.

Prete, F.R. and R.J. Mahaffey (1993).  **A chamber for mass hatching and early rearing of praying mantids (Orthoptera: Mantidae).***Entomological News* 104(1):47-52.   NAL call number:  421 EN88 Descriptors:  praying mantis, rearing, laboratory. 

Quednau, F.W. (1993).  **Reproductive biology and laboratory rearing of *Ceranthia samarensis* (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasitoid of the gypsy moth, *Lymantria dispar* (L.)**.*The Canadian Entomologist* 125(4):749-759.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                NAL call number:  421 C16 Descriptors:  husbandry, rearing, parasites, moth.

Sillans, D. (1990).   **Effect of repeated CO2 anaesthesia on the growth of *Bombyx mori L*. larvae**.  *Sericologia* (France)  30(3):283-291.  Descriptors:  silkworms, anesthesia, side effects, larvae, embryology, carbon dioxide.

Simco, J.S. (1988).  **A technique for handling field-collected horn flies**. *The Southwestern Entomologist* 13(4):301-304.   NAL call number:  QL461.S65  Descriptors:  Haematobia irritans, laboratory, insecticides.

Summerlin, J.W. (1989).   **Techniques for collecting, rearing and handling histerid beetles**.  
*The Southwestern Entomologist 14(2):127-132.   NAL call number:  QL461.S65 Descriptors:  manure, rearing techniques, Haematobia irritans, Stomoxys calcitrans.

Syed, A. (1994).  **Notes on the biology and rearing of the carrion fly *Prochyliza brevicornis* (Melander) (Diptera: Piophilidae)**.  *Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia*  91:55-57. NAL call number:  420 B77  Descriptors:  rearing, development, larvae, feeding.

Temeyer, K.B. (1998).  **Antifungal agents and solvents for use in horn fly larval rearing or bioassays**.  *The Southwestern Entomologist*  23(3):237-245.   NAL call number:  QL461.S65  Descriptors:  rearing, Haematobia irritans, larvae, bioassay.

Teulon, D.A.J. (1992).   **Laboratory technique for rearing western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)**.*Journal of Economic Entomology* 85(3):895-899.   NAL call number:  421 J822 Descriptors:  thrips, rearing, larvae, pupae, laboratory.

Tinklenberg, J.A., I.S. Segal, G. Tianzhi, and M. Maze (1991).   **Analysis of anesthetic action on the potassium channels of the Shaker mutant of Drosophila**. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* 625:532-539.   NAL call number:  500 N484 Descriptors:  anesthesia, rearing, mutants, potassium. 

Toba, H.H. and P.D. Lingren (1984).  **Handling and shipping laboratory reared live specimens.***Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture* 1684:121-125. NAL call number:  1 Ag84Te Descriptors:  arthropods, lepidoptera, packaging, costs.

Vetter, R.S. and P.K. Visscher (1995).  **Laboratory rearing of western yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) through a foundress-to-gyne colony cycle**. *Annals of the Entomological Society of America*  88(6):791-799.   NAL call number:  420 En82  Descriptors:  housing, rearing, yellowjackets, hives.

Vibe, P.S. (1998).  **Laboratory rearing of the urine fly, *Scatella* (Teichomyza) *fusca* and observations on feeding and oviposition on pig farms.***Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata* 87(3):325-327. NAL call number:  421 En895 Descriptors:  insects, swine, rearing.

Weber, R.G. and T.A. Horner (1994).  **Techniques for handling mosquito egg rafts and raft samples (Diptera: Culicidae)**.  *Entomological News* 105(2):103-109. NAL call number:  421 En88 Descriptors:  Culex pipiens, Culex restuans, ova, laboratory research.

Wilkaniec, Z. and M. Maciejewska (1995). **Survival rate of the workers of honey bee (*Apis mellifera L*.) anaesthetized by different methods in laboratory studies.***Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe* (Poland) 39(1):7-11.  NAL call number:  424.8 P954 Descriptors:  bees, anesthesia, ether.

Xiong, X.Z. (1992).  **Laboratory rearing method and life history of *Falsogastrallus sauteri* Pic (Coleoptera: Anobiidae).***The Coleopterists' Bulletin* 46(3):321-324. NAL call number:  421 C674 Descriptors:  rearing, laboratory.
Insect Research
Andre, R.G., R.A. Wirtz, and Y.T. Das (1989).  **Insect models for biomedical research**.  In:   *Nonmammalian Animal Models for Biomedical Research* A.D. Woodhead, ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 61-72.  NAL call number:  QL55.N66  Descriptors:  research, animal models, genetics, disease.

Carlini, C.R., A.E.A. Oliveira, P. Azambuja, J. Xavier-Filho, and M.A. Wells (1997).   **Biological effects of canatoxin in different insect models: evidence for a proteolytic activation of the toxin by insect cathepsinlike enzymes**.  *Journal of                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Economic Entomology* 90(2):340-348. NAL call number:  421 J822 Descriptors:  jackbean, toxin, rodents, Manduca sexta, Schistocerca americana, Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, Rhodnius prolixus, Callosobruchus maculatus, toxicity testing, larvae.

Chen Y.L., F.E.R. Simons, Z.K. Peng (1998).  **A mouse model of mosquito allergy for study of antigen-specific IgE and IgG subclass responses, lymphocyte proliferation, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production**.*International Archives of Allergy and  Immunology* 116(4):269-277. NAL call number:  RC583.I57 Descriptors:  animal model, natural sensitization, hypersensitivities, Aedes aegypti, lymphocytes.

Cherry, R.H. (1991).  **Use of insects by Australian Aborigines**.  *American Entomology* 37(1):8-13.  NAL call number:  QL461.A52  Descriptors:  tradition, medicinal use, Australia, art.

Covarrubias, M., T.B. Vyas, L. Escobar, and A. Wei (1995).  **Alcohols inhibit a cloned potassium channel at a discrete saturable site: insights into the molecular basis of general anesthesia.***The Journal of Biological Chemistry*  270(33):19408-19416.   NAL call number:  381 J824 Descriptors:  Drosophila melanogaster, ethanol, reproduction, animal model.

Ezeifeka, G.O., J.U. Umoh, C.D.  Ezeokoli, and N.E. Gomwalk (1993).  **Experimental transmission of Ife virus by *Aedes aegypti* mosquitoes**.*Insect Science Applications* 14(1):89-92. NAL call number:  QL461.I57  Descriptors:  public health, disease transmission, mice, virus, Nigeria.

Goddard, J. (1998).  **Arthropods and medicine**.  *Journal of Agromedicine* 5(4):55-83. NAL call number:  RC965 A5J68 Descriptors:  taxonomy, clinical cases, parasites, insect bites, diseases, arthropod-human interactions.

Haddad, G.G. (1998).  **Mechanisms of anoxia tolerance. A novel approach using a *Drosophila* model system**.  *Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology* 454:273-80.  NAL call number:  QP901 A33 Descriptors:  genetics, physiology, oxygen consumption.

Hill, N., C. Stam, R.A. van Haselen (1996).  **The efficacy of Prrrikweg R gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial**. *Pharmacy World and Science* 18(1):35-41. NAL call number:  RS1 P537 Descriptors:  homeopathic treatment, mosquito bite, erythema, itching, human subjects, medicinal plants.

Kay, M.M. (1991).  ***Drosophila* to bacteriophage to erythrocyte: the erythrocyte as a model for molecular and membrane aging of terminally differentiated cells**.  *Gerontology* 37(1-3): 5-32. Descriptors:  senescent cell antigens, immunology, model, pharmacokinetics.

Moss, G.W.J., W.R. Lieb, and N.P. Franks (1991).   **Anesthetic inhibition of firefly luciferase, a protein model for general anesthesia, does not exhibit pressure reversal**.  *Biophysical Journal* 60(6):1309-1314.   NAL call number:  442.8 B5238 Descriptors:  coleoptera, anesthesia, oxidoreductase, animal model. 

Samoilova, M.V., E.V. Frolova, N.N. Potapjeva, I.M. Fedorova, V.E. Gmiro, and L.G. Magazanik (1997).  **Channel blocking drugs as tools to study glutamate receptors in insect muscles and molluscan neurons**.*Invertebrate Neuroscience*  3(2/3):117-126. Descriptors:  anesthesia, neurotropic drugs, larvae, gastropods, insects. 

Thomas, S., M. Jones, S. Shutler, and S. Jones (1996).  **Using larvae in modern wound management**.  *Journal of Wound Care* 5(2):60-69.  Descriptors:  maggot therapy, greenbottle (Lucilia sericata) larvae.
Insect Resources**The Butterfly Website** http://mgfx.com/butterfly/index.htm E-mail: butterfly@mgfx.com
Billing itself as "the most complete information on butterfly gardening, farming, ecology and education", the site contains articles, photos, conservation alerts, fact  sheets, mailing lists, chat rooms, and a very comprehensive list of links to entomology and lepidoptera societies worldwide.  The site is geared towards butterfly natural history and hobbyists.  It is managed by private individuals with strong  interests in butterflies.  Contributors include lepidopterists  and naturalists.
**The Chironomid Home Page** http://www.sci.ouc.bc.ca/fwsc/iwalker/intpanis/
Dr. Ian R. Walker Science Building, Room 161 Department of Biology North Kelowna Campus Okanagan University College 3333 College Way Kelowna, British Columbia Canada V1V 1V7 Tel: (250) 762-5445 local 7559, Fax: (250) 470-6004,  E-mail: iwalker@okanagan.bc.ca
This site is geared towards researchers interested in chironomids (midges).  It contains newsletters, extensive bibliographies, discussion groups, a directory of chironomid workers, and links to related pages as well as aquatic biology and other  insects.
**Entomology Index of Internet Resources**http://www.ent.iastate.edu/List/
This very comprehensive site is maintained at Iowa State University and is compiled by J.K. VanDyk and L.B. Bjostad.  Categories include checklists, companies, bibliographies, databases, images, insect collections, pest management, listserves,  online courses, regulations, professional societies, and software.  The organisms and species section contains descriptions and links to tens of other sites ranging from*Drosophila* to arachnids.  Of particular interest is the medical  entomology category which contains links to veterinary parisitology to vector  biology to forensic entomology.
**Florida Entomologist**http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/ E-mail: tjw@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu
Free web access to journal articles from *Florida Entomologist* since 1917 sponsored by the Florida Entomological Society and Florida Center for Library Automation.  Articles focus on insect issues in the Americas and include natural history,  genetics, conservation, physiology, anatomy, pest control, and laboratory rearing.   The database is easily searched.
**Insect Bibliography Server**http://129.93.226.138/bibwww/bib.htm
USDA Agricultural Research Service Midwest Livestock Insects Research Laboratory University of Nebraska - Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68583-0722 E-mail: dbt@unlinfo.unl.edu  or  aszalans@unlinfo.unl.edu
Bibliographies on Chironomidae (midges), FORMIS 95 (ants), Face Fly, Fire Ant, Horn Fly, Screw worm, and Stable Fly are currently available.  Bibliographies under development include ITS (Intergenic Transcribed Spacer region, genetics), Insect  Genetics, Insect Nematodes (entomopathogenic nematodes), and Parasitoids (filth fly parsitoids).  The status of the individual bibliographies varies.  Also contains links to  other insect sites.
**Flybrain: An Online Atlas and Database of the Drosophila Nervous System**http://flybrain.neurobio.arizona.edu/
Developed at the University of Freiburg, the site contains an atlas of the *Drosophila* brain using a hypertext tour to the basic structural elements of the nervous system.  It links schematic representations and serial sections through the  brain, Golgi impregnations of individual cells, enhancer-trap images, and other gene expression data.  Includes JAVA applets and VRML manipulatable reconstructions.  Also includes information on staining for neuractive substances and  comparisons of *Diptera* with *Drosophila*.
**The University of Florida Book of Insect Records 1999** http://gnv.ifas.ufl.edu/~tjw/recbk.htm
Department of Entomology & Nematology University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Fax: 352-392-0190,  E-mail: tjw@ufl.edu
Since 1994, graduate students in the Insect Ecology course at the University of Florida have contributed chapters to the University of Florida Book of Insect Records, a book that names insect champions and documents their achievements. Each  chapter deals with a different category of record.  Records range from fastest flier to most tolerant to cold or largest blood meal or greatest bioluminencence.  All records include a research  paper and references.  

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms - Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaMollusksBivalves |  Cephalopods |  Gastropods

Bivalves
Chanley, M.H. (1981).  **Laboratory culture of marine bivalve molluscs**.  *Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp.  233-249. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  life cycle, water quality, spawning, eggs, culture, feeding.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaCephalopodsNatural History
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Care
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Research
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Resources
Cephalopod Natural History
Caddy, J.F.  (1983).  **The cephalopods: Factors relevant to their populations dynamics and to the assessment and management of stocks**.  *Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society* 231:416-452.  NAL call number:  420 K13  Descriptors:  fishing stocks, wild populations, management.

Carvalho, G.R., A. Thompson, A.L. Stoner (1992). **Genetic diversity and population differentiation of the shortfin squid *Illex argentinus*in the south-west Atlantic**.  *Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology*  158(1):105-121. NAL call number:  QH91 A1J6 Descriptors:  electrophoresis, genotypes, population modeling, conservation.

Dawe, E.G., J.C. Shears, N.E. Balch, and R.K. O=dor (1990).  **Occurrence, size, and sexual maturity of long-finned squid (*Loligo pealei*) at Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada**. *Canadian  Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* 47(9):1830-1835. NAL call number:  442.9 C16J Descriptors:  squid, Illex illecebrosus, geographic range, movements, abundance, fisheries.

Fiorito, G. and F. Gherardi (1999).  **Prey-handling behaviour of *Octopus vulgaris* (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) on bivalve preys**.  *Behavioural Processes* 46(1):75-88.  NAL call number:  QL750 B4 Descriptors:  handling time, learning, behavioral repertoir, prey.

Jackson, G.D. and J.H. Choat (1992). **Growth in tropical cephalopods: An analysis based on statolith microstructure**.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49(2):218-228.  NAL call number:  442.9 C16J Descriptors:  Loliolus noctiluca, Loligo chinensis, Idiospius pygmaetus, size-age relation, seasonal growth.

Jagger, W.S. and P.J. Sands (1999).**A wide-angle gradient index optical model of the crystalline lens and eye of the octopus**.  *Vision Research* 39(17):2841-2852.  Descriptors:  evolution, no cornea, spherical lens, eyes, sensory system.

Landman, N.H., J.M. Arnold, and H. Mutvei (1989).  **Description of the embryonic shell of *Nautilus belauensis* (Cephalopoda).***American Museum Novitates* 0(2960):1-16.  NAL call number:  500 N483N Descriptors:  ultrastructure, shell development, embryology, cicatrix, morphology.

Landman, N.H., J.K. Cochran, J.A. Chamberlain, Jr., and D.J. Hirschberg (1989).  **Timing of septal formation in two species of Nautilus based on radiometric and aquarium data.***Marine Biology* (Berlin) 102(1):65-72. NAL call number:  QH91 A1M35 Descriptors:  nautilus, growth rate, radiometry, septum fromation.

Landman, N.H., J.K. Cochran, D.M. Rye, A.J.M. Tanabe-Kazushige (1994).**Early life history of Nautilus: Evidence from isotopic analyses of aquarium-reared specimens**.  Paleobiology 20(1):40-51.  Descriptors:  embryology, septa formation, habitat, ecology, Nautilus belauensis.

Murphy, E.J., P.G. Rodhouse, and C.P. Nolan (1994).**Modelling the selective effects of fishing on reproductive potential and population structure of squid**. *ICES Journal of Marine Science* 51(3):299-313. Descriptors:  artificial selection, harvest, Illex argentinus, population dynamics, maturation.

Solis-Ramirez, M.J. and E.A. Chavez (1986). **Evaluation and optimal regimen of octopus capture in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico**.*Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico* 13(3):1-18.                                                                                                                                                                                                              Descriptors:  Octopus maya, capture technology, population recruitment, growth of individuals.

Sweeney, M.J. (1992).*"Larval" and Juvenile Cephalopods: A Manual for Their Identification*  Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, 282 pp. NAL call number:  QL21 U5S6 no.513 Descriptors:  octopus, squid, larvae, classification, zoology.
Cephalopod Care
Agnisola, C., P. Castaldo, and G. Fiorito (1996).  ***Octopus vulgaris* (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) as a model in behavioral pharmacology: A test of handling effects**.  *Physiology and Behavior* 59(4-5): 729-733.  NAL call number:  QP1 P4 Descriptors:  anesthesia, branchial heart injections, ethics, behavioral pharmacology, behavior.

Anderson, R.C. (1997).  ***Octopus dofleini* and *O. rubescens*: Animal Husbandry**. In: *Proceedings of the Workshop on The Fishery and Market Potential of Octopus in California*. Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC, pp.  141-149.
Bailey, S., G. Tzinas, J. Dayton, and S. Spina (1996).  **Husbandry of one species of squid**. *Freshwater and Marine Aquarium* 19:196-202. NAL call number:  SF456 F7 Descriptors: Loliginidae, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, growth, rearing, larvae, eggs, behavior.

Bello, G. and E. Rizzi (1991).  **Behavior of three female *Argonauta argo* in an aquarium (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae)**.  *Atti Della Societa Italiana Di Scienze Naturali E Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Di Milano* 131(28):450-452.   NAL call number:  507 SO12 Desriptors:  care, feeding, shrimp, phototropism, thigmotaxis.

Berry, D., M.D. Kreger, and J.L. Lyons-Carter (1992).*Information Resources on Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, and Cephalopods Used in Biomedical Research*.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, Animal Welfare Information  Center: Beltsville, MD, 87p. NAL call number:  aZ7994.L3B47 1992  Descriptors:  bibliography, animal models in research.

Boal, J.G., R.A. Hylton, S.A. Gonzalez, and R.T. Hanlon (1999). **Effects of crowding on the social behavior of cuttlefish (*Sepia officinalis*)**.  *Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science* 38(1):49-55. NAL call number:  SF405.5 A23 Descriptors:  tanks, group size, social behavior, crowding, aggression.

Boletzky, S.V. (1989). **Rearing cephalopods in aquaria: some recent advances**. *Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France* 114(4):57-66. [French with English abstract]. NAL call number:  410.9 P214B Descriptors:  squid, octopus, aquaculture, aquarium, rearing.

Boletzky, S.V. (1989).  **Recent studies on spawning, embryonic development, and hatchling in the Cephalopoda**.  *Advances in Marine Biology* 25:86-115.  NAL call number:  QH91 A1A3 Descriptors:  rearing, nautilus, squid, octopus, embryology, growth, reproduction.

Boletzky, S.V. and R.T. Hanlon (1983).  **A review of the laboratory maintenance, rearing and culture of cephalopod molluscs**.  *Memoirs of the National Museum Victoria* 44:147-187. NAL call number:  Q93 M45 Descriptors:  captive rearing, breeding, laboratory.

Bower, J.R., Y. Sakurai, Y. Yamamoto, J. Ishii (1999)  **Transport of the ommastrephid squid *Todarodes pacificus* under cold-water anesthesia**.  *Aguaculture* 170(2):127-130.  NAL call number:  SH1.A6  Abstract:  We describe a method for transporting live squid, *Todarodes pacificus* (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), using cold-water anesthesia. Squid were placed individually in 30-1 plastic bags with 5-1 of 0-1 degrees C seawater and 10-15 1 of  oxygen gas. Thirteen of 14 anesthetized squid survived 6.5 h transport by car and airplane with no signs of distress or shock. The longest survival under  anesthesia was 10 h.  Descriptors:  animal transport, oxygen, anesthesia, distress, squid.

Boyle, P.R. (1991). **The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Cephalopods in the Laboratory**.  Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, UK, 63p.  NAL call number:  SF407.M37B68  Descriptors:  cephalopod, breeding, housing, rearing, feeding, parasites.

Boyle, P.R. (1981).   **Methods for the aquarium maintenance of the common octopus of British waters, *Eledone cirrhosa*.  *Laboratory Animals* 15:327-331. NAL call number:  QL55 A1L3 Descriptors:  salinity, pH, temperature, growth rates, feeding, breeding, maturation, life span, survival, transport, handling, anesthesia.
Bronikowski, E.J., Jr. (1984).**Octopuses and their culture at the Cleveland aquarium**. *AAZPA 1984 Annual Conference Proceedings*, pp. 468-479.  NAL call number:  QL76.5 U6A472 Descriptors:  Octopus briareus, O. bimaculoides, O. dofleini, rearing,  aquaculture, anesthesia.

Bullock, T.H. and B.U. Budelmann (1991).  **Sensory evoked potentials in unanesthetized unrestrained cuttlefish: A new preparation for brain physiology in cephalopods.***Journal of Comparative Physiology. A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral  Physiology*  16:141-150. NAL call number:  QP33 J68 Descriptors:  techniques, visual evoked potentials, event related potentials, microelectrode monitoring without anesthetic or restraint.

Chyn, S.S. and K.T. Lee (1994).  **Swordtip Squid (*Loligo edulis*) behavior in response to light in water tank**.  *Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan* 21(1):11-29.  NAL call number:  SH135 T3 Descriptors:  behavior, spatial distribution, phototaxis, light intensity, light color.

DeRusha, R.H., J. Forsythe, F.P. DiMarco, and R.T. Hanlon (1989).  **Alternative diets for maintaining and rearing cephalopods in captivity.***Laboratory Animal Science* 39(4):306-312. NAL call number: 410.9 P94 Descriptors:  polychaete worms, marine crabs, brine shrimp, crayfish, Octopus maya, Octopus bimaculoides, growth rates, cuttlefish, juveniles.

Forsythe, J.W. and R.T. Hanlon (1980). **A closed marine culture system for rearing *Octopus joubini* and other large-egged benthic octopods.***Laboratory Animals* 14:137-142. NAL call number:  QL55 A1L3 Descriptors:  water conditioning, water quality, pH, nitrate levels, hatchlings, feeding, disinfection, absorption.

Forsythe, J.W., R.T. Hanlon, and R. DeRusha (1991). **Pilot large-scale culture of *Sepia* in biomedical research.**  In: *The Cuttlefish: Acta I. International Symposium Cuttlefish Sepia* E. Boucaud-Camou, ed. Centre de Publications de  l'Universite de Caen: France, pp. 313-323. Descriptors:  Sepia, cuttlefish, mariculture, reproduction, neurobiology.

Forsythe, J.W., R.T. Hanlon, and P.G. Lee (1990).  **A formulary for treating cephalopod mollusc diseases.**  In: *Pathology in Marine Science*  F.O. Perkins and T.C. Cheng, eds., Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, CA, pp. 51-63. NAL call number:  SH171 I56 Descriptors:  treatment, skin diseases, bacteria, parasites, therapeutic agents, safe concentrations, method of application.

Gilbert, D.L., W.J. Adelman, Jr., and J.M. Arnold, eds. (1990). *Squid as Experimental Animals* Plenum Press: New York, NY, 516 pp. NAL call number:  QL430.2 S66 Descriptors:  laboratory animals, welfare, nervous system, mollusks, cytology.

Hanley, J.S, N. Shashar, R. Smolowitz, R.A. Bullis, W.N. Mebane, H.R. Gabr, and R.T. Hanlon (1998).**Modified Laboratory Culture Techniques for the European Cuttlefish *Sepia officinalis*.  *Biological Bulletin* 195:223-225.  NAL call number:  442.9 T83 Descriptors:  culture, cuttlefish, research.
Hanlon, R.T. (1990).  **Maintenance, rearing and culture of Teuthoid and Sepioid squids.**  In: *Squid as Experimental Animals* D. Gilbert, H. Adelman, and and J. Arnold (eds.), Plenum Press: New York, NY, pp. 35-62. NAL call number:  L430.2 S66 Descriptors:  transport, maintenance, Loligo, Sepia, rearing, culture.

Hanlon, R.T., M.F. Claes, S.E. Ashcraft, and P.V. Dunlap (1997).  **Laboratory culture of the sepiolid squid *Euprymna scolopes*: A model system for bacteria-animal symbiosis**.  *Biological Bulletin Woods Hole* 192(3):364-374.  NAL call number:  442.8 B52 Descriptors:  cultured sepiolid, paralarval, plankton, predation, diet, maturity, breeding.

Hanlon, R.T. and J.W. Forsythe (1985). **Advances in the laboratory culture of octopuses for biomedical research.***Laboratory Animal Science* 35(1):33-40. NAL call number:  410.9 P94 Descriptors:  Octopus bimaculoides, growth, behavior, management.

Hanlon, R.T. and J.W. Forsythe (1990). **Diseases caused by microorganisms.** In: *Diseases of Marine Animals, Vol. III: Cephalopoda to Urochordata* O. Kinne, ed., Biologisch: Hamburg, Germany, pp. 23-46. NAL call number:  SF997.5 M33D5 Descriptors:  wound healing, haemoglutinin, immune response, octopus, squid, cuttlefish.

Hanlon, R.T. and J.W. Forsythe (1990). **Diseases of mollusca: Cephalopoda.** In: *Diseases of Marine Animals, Vol. III: Cephalopoda to Urochordata* O. Kinne, ed., Biologisch: Hamburg, Germany, pp. 21-22. NAL call number:  SF997.5 M33D5 Descriptors:  skin, treatment, pathology.

Hanlon, R.T. and R.F. Hixon (1983).**Laboratory maintenance and culture of octopuses and loliginid squids.** In: *Culture of Marine Invertebrates: Selected Readings*  C.J. Berg, Jr. (ed.), Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co.: Stroudsburg, PA,  pp. 44-61. NAL call number:  QL362.8 C84 Descriptors:  capture, maintenance, care, requirements, culture, housing, tank design.

Hanlon, R.T., R.F. Hixon, and W.H. Hulet (1983).**Survival, growth, and behavior of the loliginid squids *Loligo plei*, *Loligo pealei*, and *Lollinguncula brevis* (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in closed sea water systems.***Biological                                                                                                                                                                                                     Bulletin* 165(3):637-685. NAL call number:  442.8 B52 Descriptors:  recirculation systems, survival rates, growth rates, health, aggression, transport, feeding, behavior.

Hanlon, R.T., R.F. Hixon, and W.H. Hulet (1978).**Laboratory maintenance of wild-caught loliginid squids.**  In: *Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Report 833* N. Balch, T. Amaratunga, and R.K. O'Dor (eds.), Dalhousie Univeristy: Halifax,                                                                                                                                                                                                     Nova Scotia, Canada, pp. 20.1-20.14. Descriptors:  distribution, stress, capture, physical conditions, care maintenance, growth, tank systems, raceway system, circular system.

Hanlon, R.T., P.E. Turk, and P.G. Lee (1991).  **Squid and cuttlefish mariculture: An updated perspective.***Journal of Cephalopod Biology* 2(1):31-40. Descriptors: mariculture, nutrition, water quality.

Hanlon, R.T., W.T. Yang, P.E. Turk, P.G. Lee, and R.F. Hixon (1989).  **Laboratory culture and estimated life span of the Eastern Atlantic squid *Loligo forbesi* (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).***Aquaculture and Fisheries Management* 20:15-33.  NAL call number:  SH1 F8 Descriptors:  eggs, hatching, feeding, growth, survival, behavior, sexual maturation, survivability.

Hulet, W.H., R.T. Hanlon, and R.F. Hixon (1980).***Lolliguncula brevis* - a new squid species for the neuroscience laboratory.***Trends in Neurosciences* 3(4):4-5. NAL call number:  RC321 T74 Descriptors:  culture, case, handling, neurobiology.

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Committee on Marine Invertebrates (1981).  *Marine Invertebrate: Laboratory Animal Management*  National Research Council, National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 382 pp. NAL call number:  SF407 M37M37 Descriptors: normal values, fish, squid, care, suppliers, permit organizations.

LaRoe, E.T. (1971). **The culture and maintenance of the loliginid squids *Sepioteuthis sepioidea* and *Doryteuthis plei*.  *Marine Biology* 9(1):9-25.  NAL call number:  QH91 A1M35 Descriptors:  aquaculture, squid, rearing, breeding.
Lippe, K. (1984). **The care and feeding of Joubin's octopus**.  *Freshwater and Marine Aquarium* 7(10):40-43. NAL call number:  SF456 F7 Descriptors:  aquarium, husbandry, care, octopus. 

Marthy, H.J. and L. Aroles (1987).  **In vitro culture of embryonic organ and tissue fragments of the squid *Loligo vulgaris* with special reference to the establishment of a long term culture of ganglion-derives nerve cells**.  *Zoologische                                                                                                                                                                                                     Jahrbucher, Physiology* 91:189-202.  NAL call number:  410 Z751Z Descriptors:  squid, culture, embryos, nerve cells.

Moon, M.A. (1991).  **Culture of Cephalopods at the Marine Biomedical Institute**.  *Reporter* 15(11):13-14. NAL call number:  IPSG1655 Descriptors:  aquaculture, squids, neurology, octopus, diet, maintenance.

Nabhitabhata, J. (1995).  **The culture of cephalopods in Thailand**.*INFOFISH International* 6:28-33.  NAL call number:  HD9450.1 I54 Descriptors:  culture, life cycle, incubation, hatching, management, Sepioteuthis lessoniana (bigfin squid), Sepiella inermis (spineless cuttlefish), Sepia pharaonis (pharaoh cuttlefish).

Oestmann, D.J., J.M. Scimeca, J. Forsythe, R. Hanlon, and P. Lee (1997).**Special considerations for keeping cephalopods in laboratory facilities**.  *Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science* 36(2):89-93.  NAL call number:  SF405.5.A23  Descriptors:  cephalopoda, husbandry, breeding, laboratory-rearing.

Okubo, S., T. Tsujii, N. Watabe, D.F. Williams (1991).**Hatching of *Nautilus belauensis* Saunders, 1981, in captivity: culture, growth and stable isotope compositions of shells, and histology and immunohistochemistry of the mantle epithelium  of the juveniles**.  *The Veliger*, 38(3):192-202. Descriptors:  culture, growth, research, captivity. 

Panks, J.R. (1991).  **Breeding octopuses - a challenge for the best**.  *Tropical Fish Hobbyist* 39(11):54-60. Descriptors:  aquaria, rearing, larvae, water conditions. 

Sakurai, Y., R.E. Young, J. Hirota, K. Mangold, M. Vecchione, M.R. Clarke, and J. Bower (1995).**Artificial fertilization and development through hatching in the oceanic squids *Ommastrephes bartramii* and *Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis*  (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)**. *The Veliger* 38(3): 185-191. Descriptors:  rearing, aquaculture, feeding. 

Sweeney, M.J. (1992).*"Larval" and Juvenile Cephalopods: A Manual for Their Identification*  Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, 282 pp. NAL call number:  QL21 U5S6 no.513 Descriptors:  octopus, squid, larvae, classification, zoology.

Toll, R.B. and C.H. Strain (1988).  **Freshwater and terrestrial food organisms as an alternative diet for laboratory culture of cephalopods**.  *Malacologia* 29(1):195-200.  Descriptors: nutrition, diet, captive rearing.

Turk, P.E. and P.G. Lee (1991).  **Design and economic analyses of airlift versus electrical pump driven recirculating aquaculture systems.**  In: *Engineering Aspects of Intensive Aquaculture: Proceedings from the Aquaculture Symposium at Cornell                                                                                                                                                                                                     University, Northeast Regional Aquaculture Engineering Service, Ithaca, NY* 49:271-283. NAL call number:  S675 N72 no.49 Descriptors:  offspring, egg incubation, water quality, operating costs.

Van Heukelem, W.F. (1977).  **Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of the Yucatan octopus (*Octopus maya*)**.*Laboratory Animal Science* 27:852-859. NAL call number:  410.9 P94 Descriptors: husbandry, care, maintenance, octopus.

Vevers, H.G. (1962).  **Maintenance and breeding of*Octopus vulgaris* in an inland aquarium**. *Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique, Monaco* 1A:125-130.  Descriptors:  aquarium, rearing, breeding, care.

Yang, W.T., R.T. Hanlon, P.G. Lee, and P.E. Turk (1989). **Design and function of closed seawater systems for culturing loliginid squids.***Aquacultural Engineering* 8:47-65. NAL call number:  SH1 A6 Descriptors:  housing, care, husbandry, growth rate, recirculatory systems, bioloads, water quality, behavior, physiology, maintenance, rearing.

Yang, W.T., R.F. Hixon, P.E. Turk (1983).  **Culture of California market squid from hatching - completion of the rearing cycle to second generation hatchlings**.  *Aquabiology* 5(5):328-339. [Japanese with English abstract]  NAL call number:  QH90 A1K35 Descriptors:  squid, rearing, captivity.

Yang, W.T., R.T. Hanlon, M.E. Krejci, and R.F. Nixon (1986).  **Growth, behavior, and sexual maturation of the market squid, Loligo opalescens, cultured through the life cycle**.  *Fishery Bulletin* 84(4):771-798. NAL call number:  157.5 B87 Descriptors:  squid, growth, behavior, rearing, captivity. 
Cephalopod Research
Abbott, N.J., R. Williamson, and L. Maddock, eds. (1995).  *Neuroscience Studies in Squid, Octopus, and Cuttlefish*.  Oxford University Press: London, 560pp. Descriptors:  molecular biology, electrophysiology, nervous system, sensory systems, locomotion, learning, social behavior.

Abbott, N.J., N.J. Lane, and M. Bundgaard (1992).  **A fibre matrix model for the restricting junction of the blood-brain barrier in a cephalopod mollusc: Implications for capillary and epithelial permeability**.  *Journal of Neurocytology*  21(4):304-311.  Descriptors:  cuttlefish,*Sepia officinalis*, restricting junction, permeability, fibre matrix, glial sheath. 

Adhikari, A. and K. Bhaumikk (1991).  **Theoretical simulation of the calcium action potential in squid giant synapse: The plateau termination**.  Journal of Biological Physics 18(2): 151-165. NAL call number:  QH505 J66 Descriptors:  mathematical model, repolarization, biophysics.

Agnisola, C., P. Castaldo, and G. Fiorito (1996).  ***Octopus vulgaris* (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) as a model in behavioral pharmacology: A test of handling effects**.  *Physiology and Behavior* 59(4-5): 729-733.  NAL call number:  QP1 P4 Descriptors:  anesthesia, branchial heart injections, ethics, behaivoral pharmacology, behavior.

Arnaya, I.N. and N. Sano (1990). **Studies on acoustic target strength of squid: VI. Simulation of squid target strength by prolate spheroidal model**.  *Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University* 41(1):32-42 Descriptors:  Todarodes pacificus, target strength, backscattering, sonics, biophysics.

Boyle, P.R. and D. Knobloch (1984).  **Reproductive maturity in fresh and aquarium-held *Eledone cirrhosa* (Cephalopoda:Octopoda)**.  *Journal of the Marine Biology Association* 64(3):581-585. Descriptors:  age, reproductive physiology, longevity.

Brady, S.T., K.K. Pfister, and G.S. Bloom (1990).  **A monoclonal antibody against kinesin inhibits both anterograde and retrograde fast axonal transport in squid axoplasm**. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States                                                                                                                                                                                              of America* 87(3):1061-1065 NAL call number:  500 N21P Descriptors:  squid kinesin, axoplasm, membrane-bound organelles.

Budelmann, B.U.**(1992). Hearing in crustacea.**  In: *The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing* D.B. Webster,  R.R. Fay, and A.N. Popper (eds.), Spinger-Verlag: New York, NY, pp. 131-139. Descriptors:  auditory, anatomy and physiology, receptor systems, sound production, sound reception.

Budelmann, B.U. (1992).  **Hearing in nonarthropod invertebrates.** In: *The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing* D.B. Webster, D.B., R.R. Fay, and A.N. Popper (eds.), Spinger-Verlag: New York, NY, pp. 141-155. Descriptors:  superficial receptor systems, internal statocyst receptor systems, evolution, underwater sound, auditory anatomy.

Chow, R.H. (1991).  **Cadmium block of squid calcium currents: Macroscopic data and a kinetic model**.*Journal of General Physiology* 98(4):751-770. NAL call number:  447.8 J822 Descriptors:  squid neurons, calcium, cadmium currents, whole-cell patch clamp, transmembrane.

Fiorito, G. and P. Scotto (1992).**Observational learning in *Octopus vulgaris*.***Science* 256:545-547. NAL call number:  Q1 A3S3 Descriptors:  behavior, conditioned, untrained, task selection.

Gilbert, D.L., W.J. Adelman, Jr., and J.M. Arnold, eds. (1990). *Squid as Experimental Animals* Plenum Press: New York, NY, 516 pp. NAL call number:  QL430.2 S66 Descriptors:  laboratory animals, welfare, nervous system, mollusks, cytology.

Gutfreund, Y., T. Flash, Y. Yarom, G. Fiorito, I. Segev, B. Hochner (1996). **Organization of octopus arm movements: A model system for studying the control of flexible arms**. *Journal of Neuroscience* 16(22):7297-7307.  Descriptors:  bending, kinematics, stereotyped movements, motor control.

Hulet, W.H., R.T. Hanlon, and R.F. Hixon (1980).***Lolliguncula brevis* - a new squid species for the neuroscience laboratory.***Trends in Neurosciences* 3(4):4-5. NAL call number:  RC321 T74 Descriptors:  culture, case, handling, neurobiology.

Laptikhovskii, V.V. (1991).  **A mathematical model to study the duration of embryogenesis for Cephalopoda**.  *Biologicheskie Nauki* (Moscow) 0(3): 37-48. NAL call number:  442.8 N22 Descriptors:  embryology for 39 squid species, mathematical model, biophysics.

Lee, P.G., P.E. Turk, W.T. Yang, and R.T. Hanlon (1994).  **Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid *Sepioteuthis lessoniana* cultured through multiple generations**.  *The Biological Bulletin*  186(3):328-341. Descriptors:  biomedical research, applications, basic research, squid.

Marthy, H.J. and L. Aroles (1987).  **In vitro culture of embryonic organ and tissue fragments of the squid *Loligo vulgaris* with special reference to the establishment of a long term culture of ganglion-derives nerve cells**.  *Zoologische                                                                                                                                                                                              Jahrbucher, Physiology* 91:189-202. NAL call number:  410 Z751Z Descriptors:  squid, culture, embryos, nerve cells.

Messenger, J.B. and M. Nixon, eds. (1977). *The Biology of Cephalopods: the Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Zoological Society of London on April 10-11, 1975*  Zoological Society of London: Academic Press, London, England, 615 pp. NAL call number:  QL430 B5 Descriptors:  anatomy, physiology, function, structure, zoology, evolution, bioluminescence, nerve fibers, giant axon, optic testing, neuronal calcium metabolism.

Rakowski, S.F. (1989).  **Simultaneous measurement of changes in current and tracer flux in voltage-clamped squid giant axon**. *Biophysical Journal* 55(4):663-672. NAL call number:  442.8 B5238 Descriptors:  ionic currents, Na/K pump, electrogenic transport model, membrane potentials.

Revin, V.V., V.T. Nikolaev, O.R. Kols (1989). **Content of free fatty acids and calcium absorption in the squid giant axon at rest and under excitation**.  Biofizika 28(3):504-507.  NAL call number:  442.8 B5294AE Descriptors:  free fatty acids (FFA), axon, calcium absorption, phophoinositides.

Rodhouse, P., E.G. Dawe, and R.K. O'Dor (1998).  **Squid recruitment dynamics: the genus*lIlex* as a model, the commercial *Illex* species and influence on variability**.  *FAO Fisheries Technical Paper*  0429-9345, 376.  Rome:  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 273p.   NAL call number:  SH1.F2-no.376 Descriptors:  squid, fishery management, populations.

Terasaki, M., A. Schmidek, J.A. Galbraith, P.E. Gallant, and T.S. Reese (1995). **Transport of cytoskeletal elements in the squid giant axon**.  *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* 25:11500-11503.   NAL call number:  500 N21P Descriptors:  dextrams, actin filaments, cytoskeletal proteins, axon, transport, confocal microscopy, particle size.

Wells, M.J. (1978).  *Octopus: Physiology and Behaviour of an Advanced Invertebrate*  Halsted Press: New York, NY, 417 pp. NAL call number:  QL430.3 O2W44 Descriptors:  mollusks, anatomy, models of learning.

Wells, M.J. and J. Wells (1989).**Water uptake in a cephalopod and the function of the so-called "pancreas"**.  *Journal of Experimental Biology* 145: 215-226. NAL call number:  442.8 B77 Descriptors:  Octopus vulgaris, kidney sac, body fluid transport, branchial heart appendage, osmolality, digestive gland.

Young, J.Z. (1971).  *The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris* Clarendon Press: Oxford, England, 690 pp. NAL call number:  QL430.3 O2Y6 Descriptors:  axons, anatomy, invertebrates, physiology, behavior.
Cephalopod Resources**Cephalopods in Action http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/ E-mail: MNHIV041@SIVM.SI.EDU
Publications with JPEG photos and AVI videos from Smithsonian Institution researchers who have been working with in-situ observations on deep-sea cephalopods from submersibles for several years.  These WWW pages have been created to serve  as a multimedia appendix to traditional  scientific publications on squids, octopods and their relatives.
**Cephalopod International Advisory Council    (Addresses of current officers are posted on the website)http://www.nbs.ac.uk/public/mlsd/ciac/index.html E-mail: P.rodhouse@bas.ac.uk
Founded in 1983, the aims of CIAC are to stimulate, accelerate and influence the direction of cephalopod research, to provide help and advice on aspects of cephalopod biology, including those relevant to the management of the  increasingly important cephalopod fisheries, and to spread  information on past and current research.

CIAC holds workshops and symposia, endorses meetings organized by cephalopod workers, and produces workshop proceedings and a newsletter.  Publications produced by CIAC include:

*List of Cephalopod Workers of the World*  (http://www.cephbase.dal.ca/cephdir.cfm),  a *Computerised Bibliography of Cephalopod Research*, *Keys for the Identification of Cephalopods*, and *State of the Art* papers in selected areas                                                                                                                                          of research.
**The Cephalopod Pagehttp://is.dal.ca/~ceph/TCP/ E-mail: ceph@is.dal.ca
This site is maintained by graduate student James B. Wood, a graduate student at Dalhousie University.  The comprehensive site contains in-house articles ranging from procurement, housing, and breeding cephalopods to cephalopods in cinema.  T here are species factsheets with photos, a list of suppliers by species with links to the supplier=s sites, conference information, news, and links to related sites including CephBase.  In addition to the  information,  your mouse will turn into a squid and squirt black ink all over the screen in its trail.
**The Cephalopod Page Listserver
The Cephalopod Page listserver is devoted to promoting discussion of  cephalopod biology, husbandry and behavior. This list moderated and open to  everyone. The site is maintained by James B. Wood, a graduate student at  Dalhousie University.  To post a message to everyone on the ceph-list,  mail it to: ceph-list@ac.dal.ca
To subscribe to ceph-list, send mail to: mailserv@ac.dal.ca  with the single line message: subscribe ceph-list 

To remove yourself from ceph-list, send mail to:  mailserv@ac.dal.ca with the single line message: unsubscribe ceph-list 

To retrieve a file from the list archive, send mail to:  mailserv@ac.dal.ca with the single line message:  send ceph-list.yyyymm where "yyyymm" is the year and month (e.g., 199410) for which you would like the archived messages.  The Cephalopod Page FAQ                                                                                                                                                        at  http://is.dal.ca/~ceph/TCP/faq.html  and for information about keeping octopuses in aquaria, see   http://is.dal.ca/~ceph/TCP/octokeep.html.
**CephBasehttp://www.cephbase.dal.ca/ E-mail: ceph@ia.dal.ca
CephBase is a dynamic html relational database-driven interactive web page. The purpose of CephBase is to provide life history, distribution, catch and taxonomic data on all living species of cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish and nautilus).   It also provides predator-prey information.  A search engine allows searching records by species.  CephBase is created and maintained by James B. Wood and Catriona L. Day under the supervision of Dr. Ron K. O'Dor,  Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
**Directory of Cephalopod Workers http://www.cephbase.dal.ca/cephdir.cfm
A list of researchers working with cephalopods.  Includes contact information, projects, and links to related reports and publications.  The database is searchable and allows users to enter or delete their own information.
**The EuroSquid World Wide Web Page http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~nhi104/ E-mail: g.j.pierce@abdn.ac.uk

This site contains information about research on cephalopods at the Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen and collaborating institutions, along with some general information about cephalopods and people working on them. There are also links to                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             the "marine mammal" and "fisheries" pages and more general pages about Marine and Fisheries Science at the University of Aberdeen. "Eurosquid" was the nickname given to the EC-funded project on "Fishery Potential of North East Atlantic Squid Stocks"  (1990-92). 

The website contains bibliographic citations, abstracts, and posters from researchers in the program; abstracts from ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) annual meetings; job information; squid-related links; news items;  and a page hosting the ICES Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History.
**Mote Marine Laboratory Octopus Pages E-mail:  debi@marinelab.sarasota.fl.us 
 http://www.marinelab.sarasota.fl.us/OCTOPI.HTM Describes the natural history of the octopus and includes a short reference list.

 http://www.mote.org/~lauren/motenews/winter96/octopus.phtml Describes the octopus circulatory system.
**National Resource Center for Cephalopodshttp://www.nrcc.utmb.edu
Marine Biomedical Institute The University of Texas Medical Branch 301 University, Ewing Hall-ground floor Galveston, TX 77555-1163 Tel: (409) 747-0768, Fax: (409) 772-1822, E-mail:  lswalsh@utmb.edu
The National Resource Center for Cephalopods (NRCC) offers cephalopods, including squid and nautalus for use in education and research projects. The website includes the species available, prices per animal, transport costs, and fees to use NRCC  facilities.  The site also includes a recommended reading list and a searchable citation database.  Current research emphasizes sub-cellular ion channel formation and function, equilibrium receptor function and pharmacology, skin pigment synthesis,  aspects of aging, cataract formation, regulation of reproduction and development, respiratory and cardiac physiology, and biochemistry of  gene repair, and behavior.
**The Ocean Lab Giant Squid Page http://www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk/archi/
The Aberdeen University Ocean Research Laboratory is based in the Zoology Department. The research group includes biologists and engineers investigating the ecology and behavior of marine animals.  This site contains information and photos of the giant                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             squid (*Architeuthis sp.*).  Topics include strandings, factsheets, and links.
**Smithsonian Institution Cephalopod Bibliography http://www.siris.si.edu/
Cephalopod Bibliography  Department of Invertebrate Zoology-Mollusks  NMNH MRC-118 Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 USA  Fax: (202) 357-2343, E-mail: CEPHBOX@SIVM.SI.EDU
The *Cephalopod Bibliography* describes publications (books, journal articles, etc.) about recent cephalopods and cephalopod related subjects (predators, prey, etc.).  It is searchable by keyword, title, author, and subject.  This  bibliography comprises publications located at the Division of Mollusks, NMNH. At present, the entries concentrate primarily on works in English or those with an English summary. Future additions to this catalog will include foreign language publications.                                                                                                                                                                       No attempt has                                                                                                                                                        been made for comprehensive coverage of cephalopod publications on fossils or neurophysiology. 
**Tree of Life - Cephalopoda http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/tree/cephalopoda/cephalopoda.html
Dept of Oceanography University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 96822 E-mail:  ryoung@hawaii.edu
An international site containing general characteristics, a reference list, and related links.  Also links to the Index of Cephalopod taxa,   http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/tree/cephIndex.html, which contains  detailed information on every order, family, genus, and species.  Families and genera can also be searched alphabetically:  http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/tree/alphabetIndex.html.**Zoological Record Internet Resource Guide for Zoology: Cephalopoda http://www.york.biosis.org/zrdocs/zoolinfo/moll_cep.htm
List of websites relating to cephalopods.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaGastropods
Alkon, D.L., L.D. Matzel, and  C. Collin (1991).  **Molecular mechanisms of memory and drug dependence**. *Alcohol and Alcoholism* (Supplement 1):35-38. Descriptors:  nudibranchs, drug addiction, research model.

Avila, C. (1995).  **Natural products of opisthobranch molluscs: a biological review**. *Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review* 33:487-559.

Boudko, D. and M.G. Hadfield (1995).  **Pharmacological analysis of chemoreception in the nudibranch *Phestilla sibogae*.  *American Zoologist* 35(5):27A. NAL call number:  410 Am3
Boudko, D., M. Switzer-Dunlap, and M.G. Hadfield (1997).  **Morphology, electrophysiology and pharmacology of anterior sensory pathways in the nudibranch mollusc, *Phestilla sibogae*.***Society for Neuroscience Abstracts* 23(1-2):1787.  NAL call number:  QP351.S6

Carroll, D.J. and S.C. Kempf (1990).  **Laboratory culture of the aeolid nudibranch *Berghia verrucicornis* (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia): some aspects of its development and life history**.  *Biological Bulletin* 179(3):243-253. NAL call number:  SK459 A2B5 Descriptors:  nudibranch, husbandry, rearing, laboratory culture.

Carroll, D.J. and S.C. Kempf (1989).  **The laboratory culture and life cycle of the nudibranch *Berghia verrucicornis*.  *American Zoologist* 29(4):26A. NAL call number:  410 Am3 Descriptors:  nudibranch, husbandry, rearing, laboratory culture.
Collier, J.R. (1981).  **Methods of obtaining and handling eggs and embryos of the marine mud snail *Ilyanassa obsoleta.  Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed.,  National Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp. 217-232. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  life cycle, parasitism, collection, transportation, laboratory maintenance, egg production, feeding, rearing, larvae.
Kabat, A.R. (1990).  **Predatory ecology of naticid gastropods with a review of shell boring predation**.  *Malacologia* 32(1):155-193.

McDonald, G.R. (1983).  **A review of the nudibranchs of the California coast**.  *Malacologia* 24(1-2):114-276.

McDonald, G.R. and J.W. Nybakken (1997).  **A worldwide review of the food of nudibranch mollusks. 1. Introduction and the suborder Arminacea**.  *Veliger* 40(2):157-159.

Miller, M.C. (1996).  **The dorid nudibranch genus Jorunna Bergh, 1876 (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) in New Zealand**.  *Journal of Natural History* 30(7):1095-1109. NAL call number:  QH7 J6

Morse, M.P. (1971).  **Biology and life history of the nudibranch mollusc, Coryphella stimpsoni (Verrill, 1879)**.  *Biological Bulletin* 140(1):84-94. NAL call number:  SK459 A2B5

Rozsa, K. (1984).  **The pharmacology of molluscan neurons**.  *Progress in Neurobiology* 23(1-2):79-150. NAL call number:  QP361.P7

Rudman, W. B. 1986.  **Nudibranchs: nature's thieves**. *Australian Natural History* 22(1):2-6. NAL call number:  Q1 A3A53

Samoilova, M.V., E.V. Frolova, N.N. Potapjeva, I.M. Fedorova, V.E. Gmiro, and L.G. Magazanik (1997).  **Channel blocking drugs as tools to study glutamate receptors in insect muscles and molluscan neurons**.*Invertebrate Neuroscience*  3(2/3):117-126. Descriptors:  anesthesia, neurotropic drugs, larvae, gastropods, insects.

Soliman, G.N. (1991).  **A comparative review of the spawning, development and metamorphosis of prosobranch and opisthobranch gastropods with special reference to those from the northwestern Red Sea**.  *Malacologia* 32(2):257-271.

Switzer-Dunlap, M. and M.G. Hadfield (1981).  **Laboratory culture of *Aplysia.  Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy Press: Washington, DC,  pp. 199-216. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  opisthobranch molluscs, care, spawning, spawn maintenance, feeding and care of larvae, metamorphosis, juvenile care and development.
Todd, C.D. (1981).  **The ecology of nudibranch molluscs**.  *Oceanography & Marine Biology Annual Review* 19:141-234.
Gastropod Resources**Aplysia Hometank http://ganglion.med.cornell.edu/Aplysia/Hometank.html
Information resource for the molluscan neuroscience community produced at Cornell University Medical College.  Includes the searchable Aplysia Database.
**Bibliographia Nudibranchia http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/indexes/mcdonald.html
Gary McDonald's bibliography of the nudibranch literature.  This bibliography attempts to list all publications which mention nudibranchs, with the exception of textbooks and field guides to local marine  animals. Citations were compiled from Biological Abstracts, its  RRM counterpart and antecedent, BIOSIS, Current Contents, Zoological Record, Russells's Index Nudibranchia and supplement, and*Opisthobranch Newsletter*.  Additional citations were gleaned from the "references cited" sections of  numerous major nudibranch articles.  A search engine allows keyword and Boollean literature searches.
**NIH/University of Miami National Resource for *Aplysia* http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/sea-hares/
RSMAS - University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149Tel: (305) 361-4946, Fax: (305) 361-4934, E-mail:  tcapo@rsmas.miami.edu
Provides laboratory cultured *Aplysia*.  The site contains the newsletter *Slime Lines*, the NIH qualification form, a 3-D tour of the laboratory, and information about  rearing and ordering *Aplysia* and  red seaweed *Gracilaria*  needed to feed the *Aplysia*.
**Sea Slug Forum http://www.seaslugforum.net/welcome.htm
An Australian Museum website that allows you to ask questions and post information on nudibranchs and related sea slugs such as bubble-shells, sea hares and side-gilled slugs.  Past questions are categorized for easy searching.  Topics range from  medical use to captive care.  A species list, book reviews, participant list, and links  are also provided.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: AnthozoaPoriferaAnthozoa
Hessinger, D.A. and J.A. Hessinger (1981).  **Methods for rearing sea anemones in the laboratory**.  *Laboratory Animal Management: Marine Invertebrates* Committee on Marine Invertebrates, National Research Council, ed., National Academy  Press: Washington, DC, pp. 153-179. NAL call number:  SF407.M37M37  Descriptors:  culture, equipment, feeding, water quality, cleaning.

**To:****Top of Document | Contents | How to Use this Guide | General Resources | Annelids | Crustaceans | Echinoderms: Sea Urchins  | Insects | Mollusks: Bivalves | Mollusks: Cephalopods | Mollusks: Gastropods | Porifera: Anthozoa
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